content
stringlengths 0
1.88M
| url
stringlengths 0
5.28k
|
|---|---|
OverviewHow have you impacted someone’s life today?
At Hackensack Meridian Health our team members are focused on changing the lives of our patients by providing the highest level of care and coaching each and every day.
Through the comprehensive care we provide, we are confident that you will be able to apply your skills while building your career within New Jerseys premier healthcare system.The primary role of the Supervisor-Pediatric Subspecialty to provide coverage and support, under the direction of the assistant regional practice administrator of the practice, to coordinate and supervise clerical team members, practice operations, and business functions including, but not limited to, scheduling, registration, billing, collection, patient and team member satisfaction, and purchasing.ResponsibilitiesA day in the life of a Supervisor
– Pediatric Subspecialty at Hackensack Meridian Health includes:Assists assistant regional practice administrator in serving as a liaison between the Regional Practice Administrator, the providers, and the team members.
Ensures timely communication of issues of importance.
Coordinates, when requested, activities between clinical and clerical team members.Oversees team members and leads by example to ensure patients and visitors are greeted in a prompt, courteous and helpful manner.
Smiles, making patients/visitors feel welcome and important; makes direct eye contact; answers patient’s questions and concernsAssists assistant regional practice administrator with addressing facility issues through coordination of property work orders and repairs as needed.Follows appropriate protocol for engaging vendor’s services, seeks required approvals prior to engaging servicesAssists assistant regional practice administrator in developing and enforcing team member work assignments and maintaining master work schedule.
May assist in payroll process.Assists with maintaining accurate personnel records for each team member, and documenting information.Assists assistant regional practice administrator in hiring, training, and supervising team members.
Provides team members with all information required for effective job performance.
Assists with new team member orientation and duty specific training/retraining.Assists with ensuring office has adequate inventory.
Monitors purchasing to ensure approved vendors are utilized and orders remain within budget parameters.
Seeks out opportunities to improve efficiencies and reduce expenses.Manages and/or assists in the recruitment, development and supervision of team members.
Creates and sustains an environment that fosters team member engagement.
Establishes clear objectives tied to department and/or organizational strategic goals.
Coaches, counsels and evaluates performance of direct reports.
Involved in the development and/or management of budget for assigned areas.Regularly monitors relevant key financial indicators and performance metrics, modifying business activities where needed in response to changing financial situations.Track, analyze, and report on relevant data and metrics as needed and/or requested.
Develop, recommend and/or implement actions or process improvements as appropriate. | https://www.healthcarejob.co/healthcare/supervisor-pediatric-subspecialty-practice-8464e9/ |
If you don't get an e-mail with your access data, please make sure that you have already registered with us. As soon as you are registered, you can login with your e-mail address or your customer number and your password.
In case you still have problems logging in, please turn to us by e-mail: [email protected]
|Weight|
|g||<->||oz|
|Temperature|
|°C||<->||°F|
|Length|
|cm||<->||in|
|Life Cycle:||Perennial|
|Family:||Asteraceae|
|Basic Colour:||(yellow / gold)|
|Flower Colour:||golden yellow with a double set of petals|
|Natural Flowering Period:||April - May|
|Winter Hardiness Zones:||Z4 - Z8|
|Growth Habit:||compact|
|Height with Flowers:||35 cm|
|Soil Requirements:||well-drained / average|
|Location:|
|Characteristics:||groundcover|
|Usage:||flowering pot plant|
|Grams per 1000 seeds:||0.64516 Gram|
|Seeds per Gram
|
(does not correspond to the number of plants!):
|1550|
|Gram to get 1000 plants
|
(if sown directly into pots etc. you will need a larger quantity):
|2 Gram|
|Sowing Direction:||
|
(15) Rapidly germinating, keep seed in constant moisture (not wet) with temperatures of about +20°C [68°F]. Seeds must be covered thinly. Do not cover very small seeds, but tightly press into the earth. Keep in cooler conditions after germination occurs. | https://www.jelitto.com/Seed/Random+browse/DORONICUM+orientale+Little+Leo+Portion+s.html |
My child is deep in the transformation that happens between the ages of 5 ½ and 7 years old. It’s something we all go through but most of us haven’t heard of it– which is ironic because it’s about finding yourself.
Anthroposophical theory (can you say that three times fast?) suggests that during the phase when a child loses her milk teeth and grows adult ones, she is also losing her baby self and growing her deeper core self that she will use for the rest of her life.
The long and the short of it is that before this change happens a child looks for guidance from the outside. For example a 3-year old will first draw a picture and afterwards look at it to know what it is whereas an older child will decide what she wants to draw and then sit down to draw it. A 4-year old does things because other people say that’s what she needs to do – including things like eating, sleeping and going to the toilet. And older child is motivated to do things by her own inner drives.
So what happens during this very important transition is that the child loses her source of guidance about herself and life and she has to find and learn about the new source of guidance which lives deep within her.
It’s no easy task – actually we spend the rest of our lives on it. Some call this phase “the first adolescence” because the child separates from the adults a little bit and starts to be her own person.
Just like in adolescence, the impact of this process on the child and the family is pretty astounding. Your sweet little darling who previously listened and was so gentle suddenly gets irritable, eats more than the grown-ups, is restless and overactive, challenges boundaries with fiery determination and shouts out the war cry of this age, “You’re not the boss of me!” She’s coming into her own. It’s bloody terrifying for everyone involved.
She doesn’t really know what the hell is going on with her and she needs a LOT of safe emotional holding, boundary setting and calm reassurance. Anxiety, fears, insecurities and anger are the name of the day – for the child as well.
Oh it’s such a hectic time – trying to stay calm and loving while your raging monster of a child is hacking away at your boundaries. While it really helps to understand that she’s in her own terrifying process, boy does it stir up a parent’s anger and fear. And of course what complicates matters is that whenever your child goes through a particular life phase, it unconsciously reminds you of your own experience of that life phase and any unresolved stuff you have from back then is going to pop up to say, “Hello!”
Ugh.
My son’s teacher looked at me kindly the other day and while gently shaking her head she said, “It’s so hard to be the parent of a six year old”. And I wasn’t misbehaving at the time, I promise! Maybe it was the rings under my eyes and the slightly panicked look in my eye that made her say it…
So anyway, why the education?
Well I’m currently in my own deep transformation aren’t I? I mean I keep writing about looking within, finding yourself, stop looking to others to know what to do, listen to yourself… I’m busy shifting my source of motivation from the outside to the inside – my child and I, mirrors of each other as usual. | https://ifilovedmyself.com/parenting/deep-in-transformation/ |
Volume index - Journal index - Article index - Map ---- Back
This paper explores the creation and content of apps about Donald Trump (n=412) published in Google Play between June 2015 and January 2018. The relevance of the study stems from both its objectives and its methodology. On the one hand, the aim was to characterise the profile, motivations and purposes of the developers of Donald Trump apps; and on the other, to identify the main features of the discourses in the most downloaded apps. The study relied on two resources: a qualitative questionnaire of open questions for developers (n=376), and a quantitative analysis of the content of apps that exceeded 5,000 downloads (n=117). The questionnaire identified the influence of political current affairs in the developers’ ideological and economic motivations, while the content analysis revealed the trends found over time, as well as the themes, discourses and ideological positioning of the most popular apps about Donald Trump. The findings provide an empirical basis for how the content of these apps was articulated with the news; the influence of content that went viral; hegemonic discourses; and the role played by developers of new expressive, commercial, informative and persuasive proposals in the intersection between mobile apps and political campaigns.
Political communication, Donald Trump, quantitative analysis, infotainment, mobile apps, mobile devices, entertainment industries, Google Play
Mobile devices have a significant impact on all areas of everyday life and are now new mass media channels capable of meeting multiple needs (Ahonen, 2008). The services provided through these devices are based on applications (apps), which increase the original functions of mobile devices and are accessible on distribution platforms. The most well-known platforms are the App Store (for iOS-based devices) and Google Play (for Android devices), both of which have grown significantly in recent years. Google Play, for example, has gone from offering 30,000 apps in March 2010 to providing more than 3,500,000 apps in December 2017 (Statista, 2017).
The information available on Google Play and a questionnaire administered to all the app developers that made up the sample (n=376) were used in order to build the profile and identify the purposes of content creators. The questionnaire used open-ended exploratory questions since it sought information about a specific area, but the interviewees' possible responses were not known beforehand.Three fundamental aspects were addressed: development characteristics (people linked to the project, infrastructure and production times), motivations, and purposes (reasons for choosing this media channel and topic). Responses to the questionnaire were received from 74 of the 376 developers. The exploratory analysis of response rates was based on previous theoretical frameworks on the creation of political content for the internet (Neys & Jansz, 2010):
• RQ1. What are the profiles, motivations, and purposes of creators of Donald Trump apps?
• RQ2. What type of message is conveyed in the most downloaded Donald Trump apps, and what are the main features of their discourse?
The objective of the study is therefore twofold. Firstly, it provides an approach to one of the less visible aspects of the Trump phenomenon which has not yet received scholarly attention, due to its novelty and uniqueness. Secondly, it addresses the current methodological challenge involved in research focused on apps and app developers (Light, Burgess, & Duguay, 2016), and proposes some elements to build an analytical model.
The Google Play search engine and Sensor Tower, an app monitoring tool, were used to identify and select the sample. The App Store platform was not included due to its opacity. It does not provide some pieces of data which were essential for this study, such as the number of times a particular app has been downloaded.
The keyword “Donald Trump” was used for the search, which was completed by linked terms suggested by the platform. The sample included 412 apps published from June 2015, when Donald Trump announced his intention to run as a candidate in the Republican Party primary, until January 2018, when he had been president for one year. Based on this list, a database was created that contained all the information provided by the platform on each of the apps. The analysis contained in the study was limited by the reliability of the data provided by the platform. The results were first classified according to the number of downloads (based on the range of downloads available in the platform).
As shown in Table 1 (see the next page), the apps about Trump were estimated to have exceeded 37 million downloads by the end of May 2018. The distribution of apps according to their number of downloads was uneven, as 99.2% of the estimated downloads were concentrated in a quarter of the sample (n=117).
The twofold focus of this study, app creators and app messages, involved the use of different methods. A qualitative questionnaire was developed based on the app's database to determine the profile of the developers, whereas a coding sheet for quantitative content analysis was employed to analyse the message.
The information available on Google Play and a questionnaire administered to all the app developers that made up the sample (n=376) were used in order to build the profile and identify the purposes of content creators. The questionnaire used open-ended exploratory questions since it sought information about a specific area, but the interviewees' possible responses were not known beforehand.Three fundamental aspects were addressed: development characteristics (people
linked to the project, infrastructure and production times), motivations, and purposes (reasons for choosing this media channel and topic). Responses to the questionnaire were received from 74 of the 376 developers. The exploratory analysis of response rates was based on previous theoretical frameworks on the creation of political content for the internet (Neys & Jansz, 2010):
• Recording purpose. The developer wanted to provide an information service about Trump and his activities.
• Expressive purpose. The developer stressed that the medium was unique as an expressive vehicle.
• Persuasion purpose. The developer sought to express an opinion, participate in a public debate, or generate a climate of opinion around Trump.
• Engagement purpose. The developer intended to promote a specific action in the political or social context.
• Commercial purpose. The developer’s strategy was using topical issues that go viral to obtain financial gains, visibility, self-promotion or app promotion.
• Entertainment purpose. The developers intended to provide entertainment to the users of their applications.
• Self-realisation purpose. The developers did not consider the connotations conveyed by the content and created the app for educational or hedonistic purposes.
The quantitative analysis of the apps and the definition of the discursive variables were both framed within the idea of the computational turn (Berry, 2012), which advocates the need for the social sciences and the humanities to build specific theoretical tools to identify the discursive features of apps. The analysis was only applied to the most popular apps (n=117), which were those that exceeded 5,000 downloads as of 31 May 2018.
Two associated researchers did the coding using a coding sheet for quantitative content analysis recorded in a codebook. The inter-coder reliability was measured using Cohen's Kappa coefficient for each of the variables to increase the integrity of the process (Riffe, Lacy, & Fico, 2005). The following variables were collected:
a) Thematic approaches (K=0.91). These approaches were developed by using the references and prior sample analysis. The resulting classification included: popularity, physical appearance, private life, entrepreneur, presidential candidate, president of the United States, and political initiatives (both national and international).
b) Discourse type (K=0.86). Four categories were used (Haigh & Heresco, 2010): escapist (discourse that is not linked to reality, which provides an unreal or a merely viral construction); informative (discourse that offers information about Trump's activities, such as his presidential campaign); meaningful (discourse intended to give an opinion); and dramatic-satirical (discourse that highlights emotional elements with an ironic purpose). The initial results suggested the need to include a fifth category: circumstantial (a discourse that used the popularity of Trump as a character, but without proposing a complementary construction).
c) Discourse focus (K=0.79). An analysis was made to see if the characters (Trump, Hillary, etc.), topics (United States immigration, health and so on) and events linked to current affairs (presidential elections, and the construction of a wall on the border with Mexico, among others) played a leading role.
d) Ideological positioning (K=0.94). The aim was to identify whether Trump (as an individual) and/or Trump’s actions were portrayed in a positive, negative or neutral way.
The developers (n=376) were classified according to the total number of apps they had published on Google Play Store (Wang, Liu, Guo, Xiangqun, Miao, Guoai, & Jason, 2017), and were related to the number of downloads for the apps in the sample (Table 1).
Table 2 relates the activity of the developers to the popularity of the Trump apps they had published. This relationship was not clear from the available data. The relationship between both variables showed that “developers who created more apps are likely to have more accumulated installs” (Wang & al., 2017: 167). However, this statement should not be taken to include commercial apps when their content or theme has ideological or political premises. The data obtained in this study show that the distribution of downloads for the apps was even across the different types of profiles, with a tendency for active developers to obtain a greater number of downloads.
Another aspect of interest was that the number of apps and developers in terms of creating content was not constant, since only 31 of the developers published more than one Trump app. This divergence between the creators’ app publishing activities, and their Trump apps shows that the latter were circumstantial, heterogeneous and discontinuous, rather than being part of an ideological mobilisation strategy.
The questionnaires reflected that for the majority of the apps created by sporadic or moderately active developers, creators had teams of 1 or 2 people, while the developers that qualified as active or prolific involved teams of more than 5 members. Specialist development tools were largely used. An analysis of the most popular apps (n=117) using code comparison tools (Wang, Guo, Ma, & Chen, 2015), detection of third-party libraries (Ma, Wang, Guo, & Chen, 2016) and a formal content analysis identified similarities (interface, game mechanics, aesthetic elements, etc.) among 84 of the 117 apps (71.7%). These coincidences revealed a relatively simple rationale for the creation of contents, based on virality and popular genres, with slight aesthetic variations to secure the maximum number of downloads as quickly as possible. The development times of the apps also showed disparate values that were proportionally distributed between 1-6 days, between 1-3 weeks and between 1-3 months. The two extreme values were found for Trump Dab Simulator 2K17 (GadenDetErMig), which the developer claimed to have created in 30 minutes, and Border Clash (Catta Games), which took its single developer 13 months to complete.
The questionnaires revealed that developers had three reasons for creating apps. Firstly, a pragmatic one, insofar as this line of work involved a lower investment in terms of production and distribution compared to other options. Secondly, they had an expressive purpose, as the apps was perceived as being unique means of conveying a different opinion or discourse compared to other options, mainly due to their narrative peculiarities, or the platform or distribution channel they used. And thirdly, there was an interest in using these apps as self-promotion tools. As noted by Box10, “in addition to offering a funny interpretation, we wanted to prove that we could successfully develop high-quality applications” (Box10, Whack the Trump).
The developers largely chose to develop games (286 apps, 69%) and entertainment apps (72,17%), as opposed to other categories that were in the minority (54,13%). This trend was accentuated even further when considering the estimated downloads by gender. The apps that did not correspond to the two main categories (games, 70% of the total downloads; and entertainment, 25% of the total downloads) accounted for only 5% of the total downloads of the sample. This data set provides information to establish the optimal way for the developers to achieve their objectives.
The constant presence of Trump in the media was key for the developers who used his popularity as a source of inspiration: “we took advantage of internet trends and memes to create content” (The Meme Buttons, Real Trump Button).
Figure 2 shows the influence between political current affairs and the publication of apps. It also indicates that the campaign of the 2016 presidential elections (when Trump was already the official Republican party candidate), and the first months of Trump’s presidency (from August 2016 to March 2017) were the time periods in which almost half of the sample was concentrated (202 apps, 49%).
The developers' reasons for creating an application about Trump were focused on various areas. The most frequent was merely entertainment, as “the application didn't have any deeper meaning, aside from the fact that it is a simple runner with a celebrity” (Josh Barton, Trump Countdown), or the interest in spreading a message inspired by “a concern about the idea of building the wall” (Ignacio Rabadán, Chili for Trump). In this vein, some developers said: “the main reason was to lampoon Trump and make fun of one of his outrageous statements (Mexico wall)” (Esayitch, Taco Trump Down). This communication potential was important both inside and outside the United States: “everybody is talking about Trump, and American politics is influencing everybody around the world. So as I can’t vote in America, I can at least make fun of what they are doing” (Rudie Productions, Trump Escape).
Despite this general trend, other developers stated that their Trump app was for information purposes but also had several additional aims. The official campaign applications and the Political Action Committees (America First and Great America) offered news about Trump, and provided information about geo-localised campaign events, organised door-to-door information activities, and donations. The same purpose was sought by another set of apps, although with a more critical intention. These allowed users “to have a record of the things Trump said that was easy to search” (Marshall Gordon, Trump Tweets Archive); as one of the developers said “his tweets about immigration inspired me to make a game to satirically ‘make fun’ of him” (Catta Games, Border Clash).
The aim to provide information was usually combined with a persuasive or engaging purpose. The official applications obviously went beyond a purely informative purpose, since they reinforced a positive view of Trump with a further engaging motive. However, apps that provided a negative construction of the candidate worked at different levels. The expressive capacity of the apps was combined with a sense of frustration, as stated by Rudie Productions: “I felt frustrated with the current politics all over the world and wanted to contribute something to the critique” (Rudie Productions, Trump Escape); or, as in the case of Marshall Gordon, “it was made to call out Trump on lies and hypocrisy” (Marshall Gordon, Trump Tweets Archive). The purpose of apps such as Boycott Trump was to create a climate featuring “a unified grassroots movement centred on holding companies and individuals that help Trump in any way accountable” (Democratic Coalition Against Trump).
The commercial or viral purpose also mobilised a large number of developers. As claimed by one of them, “the figure of Trump attracts a lot of people, and that means consumers” (Yunus Kulyyev, Trump'em!). Along these lines, another developer argued: “I used Donald Trump as a character because I felt that it would encourage more people to play the game as he was, and still is, a controversial figure” (Josh Barton, Trump Countdown). This trend was seen in the apps that were available in the database which exceeded 5,000 downloads (n=117). A line of distribution of the content can be identified through free apps (100%) that relied on advertising (87.3%) or purchases within the apps (34.9%) to obtain their revenues.
The popularity of the character (n=65) and his running as a presidential candidate (n=25) were the most popular reasons when compared with the rest, which were in the minority: political initiatives (n=14), president of the United States (n=5), entrepreneur (n=4), physical appearance (n=4) and private life (n=0). The majority of approaches subscribed to the logic of viral promotion that had been pointed out by the developers and was behind their specific uses. The more common option involved using the image of Trump without altering the essence of the original content. Existing resources and codes were used to simplify this work in similar apps such as soundboards (10), spoof calls (6) or mainly, versions of popular games (73), including Angry Birds, Super Mario Bros or Mahjong, among others.
The combination of the most recurrent approaches, popularity, and choices, explain the main peaks in the production of apps shown in Figure 2. The average number of apps published monthly in the stage when Trump announced he would run as a presidential candidate was 21.1, and it declined as the circumstances that made him popular (the novelty of his presence in the political sphere and the presidential campaign) were no longer current. Thus, the monthly average of Trump apps after his inauguration as president decreased to 14.2 apps.
The analysis of the discourse focus was based on three aspects: characters, themes, and events. The central character of the search, Donald Trump, was obviously the leading figure in the apps in the sample. Political campaigns can currently be personalised (Garzia, 2017), which explains the high average number of apps published in the periods when the primary and the presidential elections took place. The political figure that appeared most frequently (after Trump) was his main political rival, Hillary Clinton (14). Other Democratic politicians were also featured in the apps, albeit more symbolically (Barack Obama, Bernie Sanders), as well as some non-US political figures (Vladimir Putin, Kim Jong-Un). Trump's personal circle was not much in evidence, and none of the apps analysed mentioned other Republican politicians. The hegemonic status of Trump in his own party was reflected in the app Trump on Top (IDC Games), which involved a fight between two sides: Republican and Democratic politicians. One side was made up of characters who were Democratic politicians, including Hillary Clinton, Barack Obama, and Joe Manchin. The other side was composed of different characters that all referred to Trump (Entrepreneur, Trumpoline, SuperTrump). This reflected the perception of the heterogeneous Democratic leadership as opposed to the homogeneous leadership on the Republican side.
The analysis of specific issues and events revealed the ambiguous nature of this type of content. There were hardly any direct references to particular events, except for two important ones: the presidential election in the United States (n=24), and the proposal to build a wall on the border with Mexico (n=10). The discourse on the US presidential election adopted a confrontation perspective, while in the discourse related to the wall, most apps provided satirical or critical views about the building process of the wall, its demolition, and attempts to cross it. These constructions lacked complexity, but their repeated use indicated their significance within the overall themes being addressed.
The narratives contained in the Donald Trump apps mainly focused on a circumstantial discourse (37.6%), followed by those that used dramatic-satirical (28.2%), escapist (18.8%), and meaningful (13.7%) discourses, and almost anecdotally, some of the discourses were provided for information purposes (1.7%). There were a series of apps (56.4%) circumstantial and escapist in their approach that sought to make their creators visible within the platform by using viral self-promotion techniques. Another group (41.9%) adopted an editorial strategy (dramatic-satirical and meaningful) to create a negative construction of the character, exploring the discursive capacities of this channel. It should also be noted that the apps were rarely used for information purposes about social and political actors. In contrast, it was particularly interesting to see how the discourses evolved over time in the three major segments identified by the study, as shown in Figure 3 (next page).
Two trends were identified in the publication of apps over the different periods. The first was the growth in the number of apps linked to viral strategies and an aseptic (circumstantial and escapist) construction of Donald Trump. The second trend reflected the reverse process, as largely editorial apps (dramatic-satirical and meaningful) were found. It was observed that the discourses pivoted around support or political confrontation in the campaign periods (primary and presidential elections), and later shifted to a more commercial view, banking on Trump’s popularity as US president and focused on content monetisation and self-promotion.
The apps that portrayed a neutral representation of Donald Trump were in the majority (68.3%), compared to those that advocated a negative (28.2%) or a positive (3.4%) view. This distribution points to a correlation between circumstantial and escapist discourses together with a positioning that exposed their interest in using Trump for commercial or satirical ends, rather than for ideological purposes. This pattern is shown in Figure 4 over the period of the sample (see next page).
The controversial popularity of Donald Trump in the American political sphere, and its manifestations in other countries, have spawned efforts to define a new political context, in an attempt to recognise the elements that contributed to his victory in the US presidential elections of 2016 (Rodríguez-Andrés, 2018; Azari, 2017). This phenomenon is intertwined with a new plane of the media ecosystem, namely mobile applications, where links are made that are currently studied in academic research (Aguado, Martínez, & Cañete-Sanz, 2015). This paper provides an interpretation of this intersection through two research questions related to the messages produced and the creators of those messages. The creators of app content in the sample have heterogeneous profiles, although some common trends were identified. There were four major types of developers, according to their level of production. This may have involved creating apps of higher or lower formal quality, but was unrelated to their success after being published on Google Play. The largest number of apps came from sporadic and moderately productive developers (71.6%).
The purposes of these developers in creating the apps were either economic or ideological. For the majority of them, the revenues from creation and distribution, or directly produced by the app as it went viral, were part of the logic of “earned media”. This is the same economic logic that led US television channels to provide comprehensive coverage on Donald Trump without any editorial control (McIntyre, 2018: 109). In the same vein, this was the rationale used by one of the main architects of “fake news” about Donald Trump, Beqa Latsabidze, who stated that he had no political motive; he was just following the money (McIntyre, 2018: 121). However, very few developers reported on whether they had obtained the expected results from these apps, although the creators of one of the most popular ones –Dump Trump (Daydream)– identified its viral nature as a key element to its success. In contrast, the least popular motivation, ideological positioning, was found to occur unevenly. Interestingly, the neutral apps that parodied Trump had more downloads than the apps that were markedly critical. In these cases, the developers favoured applications that created content (images, videos, memes, etc.) to be shared on social networks in order to go beyond the borders of the app ecosystem.
The developers’ intentions were reflected, both consciously and unconsciously, in the apps' discourse. One of the main characteristics was that the apps simplified discourses, both by the use of caricature (aesthetics) and satire (message). It was therefore confirmed that the most popular set of apps (n=117) proposed archetypes and clichés through graphic humour. In this process, two issues of interest were identified. The first was that the apps with a more critical discourse were in the minority (both in number and the quantity of downloads) compared to those that opted for greater simplification and virality. This trend can be explained by using the Elaboration Likelihood Model of Persuasion (Petty & Cacioppo, 1986). This was also seen in the case of games on social networks (Schulze, Schöler, & Skiera, 2014), because when users searched for apps merely for their enjoyment, they did not seek something more profound, or which could be used outside the scope of entertainment. The second question of interest was that the apps proliferated in parallel to the latest news. Since creation processes have become more automated and simplified, developers were able to obtain some kind of benefit (financial gain, prestige or self-realisation). This was directly linked to three converging vectors: the influence of current affairs on the users' behaviour when consuming news on a mobile device (Westlund, 2015); the “prosumer” and “produser” logics attached to the digital environment (Bruns, 2012); and the controversial practice of cloning in mobile apps (Crussel, Gibler, & Chen, 2012).
The increasingly neutral content of the apps (shown in Figure 4) meant that it was not permeated by the news to the same extent that both the developers and apps themselves were. By cross-referencing the data presented in Figures 2 and 3, it could be seen that the apps dealt with the most topical issues. It has been confirmed that the current affairs of a given period were diluted in the sample; the message contained in the apps, therefore, was a simple construction based on stereotypes, rather than being based on issues related to the political agenda. The failure to include specific issues was only overcome (according to the data from the most popular apps) during the presidential election and when a proposal was made by Trump to build a wall on the US-Mexico border, a phenomenon that articulated cross-border public opinion (Meneses, Martín-del-Campo & Rueda-Zarate, 2018). These factors indicated that there was no specific political discourse (other than a few isolated initiatives), and that the majority of the apps took advantage of political current affairs to gain virality and influence. Therefore, the ideological positioning in app discourse resulted from a direct critique on the part of the less productive developers, which became weakened and leaned towards cathartic and timeless positions (Figure 4). All in all, they moved away from the trends mostly found in the social networks, which privileged basic, visceral and uncivil discourses (Ott, 2017). In view of the above, two future lines of research can be outlined: firstly, conducting a detailed analysis of the discourse in politically-focused apps and, secondly, investigating the penetration and modes of reception of the political contents disseminated through mobile apps.
In short, Trump's popularity in the mobile app ecosystem derived from the combination of a series of apparently unrelated factors: the developers’ motive of self-promotion; their interest in experimenting with new expressive formulas; the social, political and media importance of the political figure involved; and the simplified creation process and the current use of app content. However, while this set of features shapes the dynamics of the political content created in app distribution platforms, these ultimately adhere to the rationale that “there is no business like show business”.
This paper is the result of the R & D & i Research Project “Politainment in the post-truth environment: new narratives, clickbait and gamification” (CSO2017-84472-R), funded by the Spanish Ministry of Economy, Industry and Competitiveness. It has also resulted from an agreement under the Training Programme for University Lecturers (FPU 14/05297), funded by the Spanish Ministry of Education, Culture and Sport. The article was translated into English by Julian Thomas.
Aguado, J.M., Martinez, I.J., & CañeteSanz, L. (2015). Tendencias evolutivas del contenido digital en las aplicaciones móviles. profesional de la información, 24(6), 787795. https://doi.org/10.3145/epi.2015.nov.10
Ahonen, T. (2008). Mobile as 7th of the Mass Media: Cellphone, cameraphone, Iphone, smartphone. Londres: Futuretext.
Azari, J.R. (2016). How the news media helped to nominate Trump. Political Communication, 33, 677-680. https://doi.org/10.1080/10584609.2016.1224417
Berrocal, S., Redondo, M., & Campos, E. (2013). Una aproximación al estudio del infoentretenimiento en Internet: Origen, desarrollo y perspectivas futuras. AdComunica, 4, 63-79. https://doi.org/10.6035/2174-0992.2012.4.5
Berry, D.M. (2012). Introduction: Understanding the digital humanities. In Berry D.M. (Eds.), Understanding digital humanities. (pp.1-20). London: Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230371934_1
Boase, J., & Humphreys, L. (2018). Mobile methods: Explorations, innovations, and reflections. Mobile Media & Communication, 6(2), 153-162. https://doi.org/10.1177/2050157918764215
Bruns, A. (2012). Reconciling community and commerce? Collaboration between produsage communities and commercial operators. Information, Communication & Society, 15(6), 815-835. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2012.680482
Carroll, J.K., Moorhead, A., Bond, R., LeBlanc, W.G., Petrella, R.J., & Fiscella, K. (2017). Who uses mobile phone health apps and does use matter? A Secondary data analytics approach. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 19(4), e125. https://doi.org/10.2196/jmir.5604
Crescenzi-Lanna, L., & Grane-Oro, M. (2016). An analysis of the interaction design of the best educational apps for children aged zero to eight. [Análisis del diseño interactivo de las mejores apps educativas para niños de cero a ocho años]. Comunicar, 46, 77-85. https://doi.org/10.3916/C46-2016-08
Crussell, J., Gibler, C., & Chen, H. (2012). Attack of the clones: Detecting cloned applications on android markets. European Symposium on Research in Computer Security, 37-54. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-33167-1_3
De-Aguilera, M., & Casero-Ripollés, A. (2018). ¿Tecnologías para la transformación? Los medios sociales ante el cambio político y social. Presentación, Icono 14, 16(1), 1-21. https://doi.org/10.7195/ri14.v16i1.1162
Garzia, D. (2017). Personalization of politics between television and the Internet: Leader effects in the 2013 Italian parliamentary election. Journal of Information Technology & Politics 14(4), 403-416. https://doi.org/10.1080/19331681.2017.1365265
Gomez-Garcia, S., & Cabeza, J. (2016). El discurso informativo de los newsgames: el caso Bárcenas en los juegos para dispositivos móviles. Cuadernos.Info, 38, 137-148. https://doi.org/10.7764/cdi.38.593
Gunwoong, L. & Raghu, T.S., (2014). Determinants of mobile apps' success: Evidence from the app store market. Journal of Management Information Systems, 31(2), 133-170. https://doi.org/10.2753/MIS0742-1222310206
Haigh, M., & Heresco, A. (2010). Late-night Iraq: Monologue joke content and tone from 2003 to 2007. Mass Communication & Society 13(2), 157-173. https://doi.org/10.1080/15205430903014884
Katz, J.E. (2008). Handbook of mobile communications studies. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press. https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/9780262113120.001.0001
Light, B., Burgess, J., & Duguay, S. (2016). The walkthrough method: An approach to the study of apps. New Media & Society, 20(3), 881-900. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444816675438
Ma, Z., Wang, H., Guo, Y., & Chen, X. (2016). Libradar: Fast and accurate detection of third-party libraries in Android apps. In Proceedings of the 38th International Conference on Software Engineering Companion (ICSE ’16), 653-656. https://doi.org/10.1145/2889160.2889178
Martin, J.A. (2014). Mobile media and political participation: Defining and developing an emerging field. Mobile Media & Communication, 2(2), 173-195. https://doi.org/10.1177/2050157914520847
McCabe, W., & Nelson, R. (23/03/2016). App store data offers unique insights into the 2016 Presidential Race. [Mensaje en un blog]. https://bit.ly/2ccpGW3
McIntyre, L. (2018). Posverdad. Madrid: Cátedra. | https://www.revistacomunicar.com/indice-en/articulo.php?numero=59-2019-05 |
This is the 1st Long Course Meet of the Season. The Meet will be swum at the full 50 Meters length at the SwimRVA/Collegiate Pool in Richmond. Your Swimmer can enter any Event. The 13 & overs will swim in the A.M. Session and the 12 & unders will swim in the P.M. Session. As this is the 1st Meet of the Season, your Swimmer can enter as many events as they want to swim to get times. That means that they can swim upto 6 events per day.
The deadline for entries will be April 6th.
|
|
Forms/Documents:
|
|
Photos: | https://www.teamunify.com/EventShow.jsp?id=1234051&team=vawac |
Human Rights Are Increasingly ImportantHOW THE EU HAS USED COMMERCIAL AGREEMENTS TO PROMOTE RESPECT FOR HUMAN RIGHTS, IN A PAPER BY LEONARDO BORLINI
Progress is an ideal notion, whereas development is a pragmatic fact, yet true progress is not conceivable unless the economic premises needed to realize it are created, Pier Paolo Pasolini wrote in the essay Scritti corsari.
This quotation opens a paper by Leonardo Borlini on the European Union’s promotion of human rights through preferential trade agreements. “The EU is the perfect laboratory for understanding the tension between development and progress”, he says. In The EU’s Promotion of Human Rights and Sustainable Development through PTAs as a Tool to Influence Business Regulation in Third Countries, professor Borlini discusses the steps that have marked the EU’s action in using trade agreements and development cooperation to promote the respect of human rights, the environment and labour standards.
“The Treaty of Lisbon is a milestone. With the introduction of Arts. 3(5) and 21 TEU, the protection and promotion of human rights is established as a foreign policy directive”. However, the inclusion of human rights clauses in bilateral trade agreements dates back to the mid-1990s. Those clauses define the reciprocal obligations of the parties, so that human rights violations of a certain scale by one of them can justify suspension or other counter-measures. Over time, sustainable development obligations and corporate social responsibility clauses have been incorporated to the agreements. This latest initiative makes it all the more evident that the EU wants to influence business activities beyond its borders by promoting market regulation in other countries. “Some claim that projecting the EU model worldwide complies with an ideal of sustainable global development, while others believe that the failure to export its standards would penalize European firms”, Leonardo Borlini notes.
Read more about this topic: | https://www.knowledge.unibocconi.eu/notizia.php?idArt=20766 |
Learn more about what Beckman Young Investigator Dr. Prashant Jain (UIUC '14) has been working on: ABSTRACT: Multi-electron redox reactions, although central to artificial photosynthesis, are kinetically sluggish. Amidst the search for synthetic catalysts for such processes, plasmonic nanoparticles have been found to catalyse multi-electron reduction of CO2 under visible light. This example motivates the need for a general, insight-driven framework for plasmonic catalysis of such mu ..
Learn more about what Beckman Young Investigator Dr. Kang-Kuen Ni (Harvard University ’15) has been working on: ABSTRACT: Chemical reactions typically proceed via stochastic encounters between reactants. Going beyond this paradigm, we combined exactly two atoms in a single, controlled reaction. The experimental apparatus traps two individual laser-cooled atoms [one sodium (Na) and one cesium (Cs)] in separate optical tweezers and then merges them into one optical dipole trap. S ..
Since 1990, the Beckman Young Investigator program has given 360 awards totaling more than $98 million. The program provides research support to the most promising young faculty members in the early stages of their academic careers in the chemical and life sciences, particularly to foster the invention of methods, instruments and materials that will open up new avenues of research in science. Arnold and Mabel Beckman Foundation is pleased to welcome 10 new BYIs for 2018: Dmitriy Ar ..
Learn more about what Beckman Scholar Jared Balik (Allegheny College '14) has been working on: ABSTRACT: Understanding the amount of variation in functional traits between closely related species within guilds is critical for understanding links between community composition and ecosystem processes. Nutrient excretion is an important link between animals and their environments, and aquatic invertebrate communities can supply a considerable proportion of ecosystem nutrient deman ..
Then: 1992 Beckman Young Investigator Award Recipient, Northwestern University Now: Director of the International Institute for Nanotechnology and the George B. Rathmann Professor of Chemistry, Professor of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Professor of Biomedical Engineering, Professor of Materials Science & Engineering, and Professor of Medicine at Northwestern University AMBF: When you heard about the Beckman Young Investigator opportunity, what inspired you to apply? .. | http://www.beckman-foundation.org/alumni-highlights/calendar/2018/5/ |
NASHVILLE, Tenn. — A law to give terminally ill patients access to medicines that have passed Phase 1 of the FDA approval process but are not yet on pharmacy shelves has passed the state House and Senate on a unanimous vote.
Governor Bill Haslam has 10 days to sign or veto the bill once it reaches his desk.
HB0143 (the Tennessee Right to Try Act) is sponsored by State Reps. Jon Lundberg, Tilman Goins, Sheila Butt, Terri Lynn Weaver, Steve McManus, Bryan Terry and Martin Daniel.
The act allows doctors to prescribe to terminally ill patients medicines being used in clinical trials.
States that already have such laws include Arizona, Arkansas, Colorado, Indiana, Louisiana, Michigan, Mississippi, Missouri, Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota, Utah, Virginia, and Wyoming. Lawmakers in Oklahoma have sent a similar bill to their governor for approval. Another 20 states are considering the law this year.
“Americans shouldn’t have to ask the government for permission to try to save their own lives,” said Darcy Olsen, president of the Goldwater Institute, a constitutional freedom advocacy organization. “They should be able to work with their doctors directly to decide what potentially life-saving treatments they are willing to try. This is exactly what Right To Try does — it removes barriers that limit medical practitioners from providing care they are trained to give.”
The FDA has a process that allows people to ask permission to access investigational medicines, but fewer than 1,000 people a year receive help. Others die while waiting on their approval. The FDA recently announced plans to shorten the application form. “A simpler form is window dressing on an archaic and inhumane system that prevents the vast majority of Americans with terminal illnesses from accessing promising investigational treatments. Patients must still beg the federal government for permission to try to save their own lives — it’s just a shorter form,” said Olsen.
Right To Try is limited to patients with a terminal disease who have exhausted all conventional treatment options and cannot enroll in a clinical trial. All medications available under the law must have successfully completed basic safety testing and be part of the FDA’s ongoing approval process.
Approval pending on act to prevent racial profiling
NASHVILLE, Tenn. — Legislation which requires Tennessee law enforcement agencies to implement policies against racial profiling is on its way to Gov. Bill Haslam after approval by the House of Representatives on Monday by a vote of 93-0.
The “Racial Profiling Prevention Act,” sponsored by Senate Judiciary Committee Chairman Brian Kelsey (R-Germantown) and Rep. John DeBerry (D-Memphis), defines the discriminatory practice and calls for all law enforcement agencies in the state to adopt a written policy on the subject by Jan. 1, 2016.
“I am very pleased that this legislation has passed,” Kelsey said. “Racial profiling has no place in law enforcement in our state. This bill will also protect officers by providing them clear guidelines for appropriate action. That will make us all safer.”
Rep. DeBerry added, “The State of Tennessee must take lead in insuring that every citizen is treated fair, and that personal bias will have no place in successful policing.”
Senate Bill 6 defines racial profiling as the detention or interdiction of an individual in traffic contacts, field contacts, or asset seizure and forfeiture efforts solely on the basis of the individual’s actual or perceived race, color, ethnicity, or national origin. The bill would apply to all police departments and sheriff’s departments in Tennessee.
The bill becomes effective upon the governor’s signature. | http://bartlett-express.com/2015/04/23/acts-to-prevent-racial-profiling-and-help-terminal-patients-await-approval/ |
Even in one of the most densely populated places on Earth, nature is still capable of some big surprises. Biologists have described a new species of leopard frog discovered in New York City.
Only the second new frog species found in the continental United States in the past 30 years, it remained hidden in plain sight in a city of 8.4 million people.
"It's a pretty unique event," said Rutgers University ecologist Jeremy Feinberg, part of a group of researchers who made the discovery.
As reported by National Geographic, Feinberg and colleagues—including Louisiana State University geneticist Catherine Newman, fellow Rutgers ecologist Joanna Burger, University of Alabama biologist Leslie Rissler, and biologist Brad Shaffer of the University of California, Los Angeles—first revealed the existence of the new amphibian two years ago in the journal Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution.
As the title of that journal suggests, however, they focused their initial work narrowly on the genetic uniqueness of the then-unnamed frog, which until then was considered a southern leopard frog.
Now, in a study published Wednesday in PLOS ONE, they describe what makes the native New Yorker so unique that it deserves a new species designation: Rana kauffeldi—named after the great herpetologist Carl Kauffeld, who in the mid-20th century speculated that an as-yet-unidentified leopard frog might reside in New York City.
Though its skin has subtly distinctive spots, R. kauffeldi's most revealing characteristic is the mating call of the males. The researchers describe it as a "single-note unpulsed chuck," unlike the pulsing and snore-like calls of the region's other leopard frog species.
Those calls are what led the researchers to the new frog, said Feinberg. While conducting southern leopard frog field studies, every so often they'd hear the unusual "chuck" sound above the pulses. Eventually they realized that the two calls rarely occurred in the same habitat.
Closer examination showed that R. kauffeldi predominated in open-canopied coastal marshes, "places where you can almost see and smell the ocean," said Feinberg, as well as bottomland floodplains within a few miles of river mouths.
That they heard mating calls at all was fortunate: R. kauffeldi breeds for just a few weeks each year. Within that brief time their chorus is often drowned—at least to our ears—by the sound of spring peepers.
"That helps keep them hidden," said Feinberg. "You have to win the jackpot to hear them."
Call of a Survivor
Since R. kauffeldi's first description two years ago, quite a few people have been listening closely enough to win that jackpot. Many reports of hearing the call have been filed, extending the species' range in a coastal ribbon from Connecticut to northeastern North Carolina.
Much of the newly found frog's habitat, however, has already been lost to development. That's especially true in New York City. Likely once found throughout the region, R. kauffeldi is now restricted to the borough of Staten Island, where Feinberg first discovered them and where wetland development is an ever-present threat.
"There's one population in Staten Island where all it would take is filling in one pond, and it would be gone," said Feinberg. What habitat does remain tends to be fragmented, producing isolated populations that may lack the genetic diversity necessary for long-term health.
Still, they've stuck around this long—and on a positive note, it appears that R. kauffeldi may be able to resist the chytrid fungal disease that elsewhere has caused an amphibian apocalypse. Even as other leopard frog populations in the region have declined or disappeared, said Feinberg, R. kauffeldi has persisted.
| |
5a-Hydroxy Laxogenin capsules contains 50mg per capsule for 60 capsules, totaling 3000mg.
Known as 5 alpha hydroxy laxogenin or 5a hydroxy laxogenin, laxogenin is a compound derived from a plant and is best-known as a member of the compound group collectively referred to as brassinosteroids. While its mechanism of effect is still being investigated, given its status as a brassinosteroid, the prevailing conclusion from preliminary studies to date is the possible effect it can have on increase of protein synthesis whilst reducing protein breakdown. Laxogenin could also potentially have the ability to enhance muscle growth and recovery by inhibiting the stress hormone cortisol.
5a-Hydroxy Laxogenin
CAS Number: 56786-63-1
Molar Mass: 446.6g.mol-1
Chemical Formula: C27H42O
IUPAC Name: (1S,2S,4S,5’R,6R,7S,8R,9S,12S,13R,16S,18R)-16,18-dihydroxy-5′,7,9,13-tetramethylspiro[5-oxapentacyclo[10.8.0.02,9.04,8.013,18]icosane-6,2′-oxane]-19-one
Annihilate Capsules
Annihilate contains 90 capsules.
Annihilate is a powerful compound that may have the potential to suppress circulating estrogen levels. Annihilate is a potent mix of Arimistane, Safed Musli, and NAC. Arimistane is a well-known compound that may decrease circulating levels of estrogen as it has the potential to prevent the conversion of testosterone to estrogen. Arimistane does this by binding to the aromatase enzyme and has a binding rate much stronger that that of other popular inhibitors such as ATD and 6-oxo. Annihilate also contains Safed Musli and NAC, both of which are compounds that has the ability to enhance glutathione, which is a powerful antioxidant that may protect the liver and detoxify the body. It has shown to increase spermatogenesis and erectile strength.
Ingredients
Arimistane 50mg
N-Acetyl-Cysteine (NAC) 260mg
SAFED Musli 50% – Chlorophytum 260mg
Cycle It
Cycle It supplement contains 120 capsules.
Cycle It capsules consist of a number of beneficial herbs, amino acids, vitamins and plant extracts. These ingredients are beneficial as each contains different protective properties and may help with hepatoxicity, aid in supporting a healthy lipid profile, and restoring any damage done to organs.
Cycle It capsules can provide advanced organ restoration and protection. This supplement contains a combination of TUDCA and Milk thistle along with some vitamins and grape seed extract. Milk Thistle is a plant extract that can help with the protection of your liver and lower blood sugar. NAC is an amino acid that works as a powerful antioxidant that can help with the detoxification of the kidney and liver. TUDCA is a protective agent and bile acid that may help to revert liver cirrhosis.
Ingredients
Vitamin B6 10mg
Vitamin K2 12mcg
n-Acetyl Cysteine (NAC) 100mg
Grape Seed Extract 75mg
Hawthrone 75mg
Milk Thistle 50mg
Saw Palmetto 50mg
Tauroursodeoxycholic Acid (TUDCA) 30mg
MK 677
MK 677 capsules contains 20mg per capsule for 60 capsules, totaling 1200mg.
MK 677 or Ibutamoren is an anabolic research compound that showed promising results in current animal studies on the potential of effectively increasing lean body mass in an aim to grow muscle. Due to the potential ability to increase growth hormone levels, the research aims have shifted towards proving MK 677 supplementation as a means of elevating muscle mass, muscle strength, and reducing overall body fat.
Studies indicate that MK-677 compounds may enhance the growth of new muscle cells by stimulating the pituitary gland into creating more growth hormone and by stimulating IGF 1 release in the liver. According to studies, these hormones together may increase protein synthesis and strength while simultaneously boosting recovery rate and enhancing nitrogen retention.
In a double-blind randomized controlled trial, 24 obese mice received MK 677 therapy for two months. Results showed their basal metabolic rates and muscle mass increased. Another study on mice found that MK 677 effects reversed muscle wasting and muscle loss. Meanwhile, another study carried out on mice suffering hip fractures found evidence of improved muscle strength when administering a MK 677 cycle. | https://behemothlabz.com/product/post-cycle-extreme |
Yes, you read that right! We’ve made an important enhancement in HackerEarth Recruit which has made creating tests much simpler.
Why did we do this? A quick flashback…
Last March, during our periodic exercise of interacting with our customers we came upon an interesting problem. We spoke to a bunch of recruiters who were hiring full-stack developers and below are the two job descriptions that carry the same job title. We have marked the differences in red to highlight the problem.
Job description 1
Job description 2
So, there are a couple of problems with this.
Same designation, different skillsWhile the job title of both the JDs is Full-stack developer, the skills that the organizations are looking for are not the same. Most roles are similar across organizations but specific skills can vary significantly. With the advent of multiple frameworks and tools, similar tech stacks across different organizations can result in varied but specific skills. Skills are the core focus for a job description and a good technical-screening process should not only focus on the role but also focus on assessing the candidate on the required skills.
No standard designation across organizations
A role-based assessment assumes that everyone uses the same designation for a similar set of skills. However, this is not always the case. For example, a full-stack developer with a certain set of skills may be referred to as ‘Full-stack developer’ in one organization and as ‘Software engineer’ in another organization. Unless a recruiter understands all the possible titles for a given job description, a role-based assessment is not very intuitive.
We were facing the dilemma of how to address this issue. How do we allow recruiters to create tests for any role and any skill set without having to manually add or select questions?
Et voila! Say hello to skill-based test creation.
One should not only be looking at skill-based assessments for technical screening but the entire hiring process should be based on skills. According to Randstad, in 2016, the US had roughly three million more STEM jobs available than it had skilled workers to fill them! The skill gap is so huge that it has prompted companies like IBM to hire employees with the right skill set even if they did not hold a 4-year college degree.
We can move closer to solving the STEM pipeline problem if we start focusing on skill-based hiring and reduce our reliance on other aspects (like pedigree, past experience, etc.), which are no longer significant these days.
With that, let’s jump into how you can conduct skill-based assessments using HackerEarth Recruit.
Creating skill-based tests
- Click on Create New Test and choose the required skills from the drop down. If you want to search for a skill, you can simply type it in the Search bar.
- Now choose the desired experience level. You can choose from 3 options:
- a. Junior hire (0 to 3 years)
- b. Mid-level hire (4 to 6 years)
- c. Senior hire (more than 6 years)
- Click Next to see a preview of the test. Here you can view the details of each question and change settings such as question type, difficulty level, question count, and total score.
Here’s how you do it:
The test that is generated has question sets. One set contains questions of different difficulty levels for a given question type and skill.
If you want to edit or delete a question set, you can click on the edit or delete icons. You can also add your own question sets by clicking on Add question set.
For more information about creating skill-based tests, see Creating tests automatically.
Editing question-sets
To edit a question set, follow these steps:
- Click ✎ to edit the question set of a skill.
- Edit the number of questions for each difficulty level.
- Click Save question set.
You have successfully edited the question set. A notification is displayed on your computer with the information about the number of questions added and duration of the test.
Adding question-sets
To add a new question set, follow these steps:
- Click Add question set.
- In the Select skills list, select the name of the skill that you want to test the candidates in.
- In the Question type list, select the type of question that you want to include in the test.
- Click Save question set.
Once you are satisfied with the test that you have created, click on Create test and your test is ready to rolled out.
The UX has user-friendly language and makes it easy even for non-tech test creators to build comprehensive tests in just few clicks. So go ahead and start creating your tests and if you need any help with it, shoot us an email at [email protected] and we will be happy to help. Happy testing! | https://www.hackerearth.com/blog/talent-assessment/skill-based-hiring/ |
IPL 2019: Match 26, Kolkata Knight Riders vs Delhi Capitals – Lesser Known Stats
Here are lesser known stats and numbers recorded during Delhi’s clinical 7-wicket win over KKR.
Published - Apr 13, 2019 11:14 am | Updated - Apr 13, 2019 11:14 am
186 Views
The Delhi Capitals (DC) moved up in the points table with their 2nd win against the Kolkata Knight Riders (KKR) as they are now placed at No.4 position with four wins. The Delhi franchise has usually struggled against the KKR team but not in this season. Shubman Gill and Andre Russell’s knocks, while batting first, were overshadowed once the left-handed Shikhar Dhawan got going. He struck an unbeaten 97 to take his team home with seven deliveries and seven wickets to spare.
Here are lesser known stats and numbers recorded during Delhi’s clinical 7-wicket win over KKR:
Dhawan’s best show:
Shikhar Dhawan registered his highest Twenty20 score of 97* while he scored his 50th half-century in this format. By finishing on 97*, Dhawan registered his 3rd score in the 90s in the IPL; the joint second most for any player. David Warner (5), Virat Kohli (3) and Glenn Maxwell (3) are other players with three 90s apiece in the IPL.
Advertisement
Overall, this game is the 5th time where Dhawan has remained in the 90s during a Twenty20 game. He thus became only the 6th player and the first from India to have five scores in the 90s in Twenty20 cricket. Among Indian players, Suresh Raina and Virat Kohli have been either dismissed or remained unbeaten in the 90s on four occasions.
A milestone six for Ingram:
Colin Ingram received a little bit of flak for hitting a six when Shikhar Dhawan needed five more runs for a century. However, Ingram ensured the Delhi Capitals didn’t mess up yet another close chase by finishing off it in a big hit. Interestingly, the six helped Ingram complete 6,000 runs in Twenty20 cricket. Before the six, Ingram was five runs short of this milestone. He is now the 4th South African after AB de Villiers (7,569), David Miller (6,318) and JP Duminy (6,076) to score 6,000+ T20 runs.
Russell climbs up top IPL charts:
Andre Russell is well known as an all-rounder but his consistency with the bat has to be hailed in this season. The Caribbean player has 40+ scores in all the six innings he batted in this IPL season. Thus, Russell became only the 2nd player to hit six or more consecutive 40+ scores in an IPL season after Robin Uthappa. The current KKR top-order batsman had as many as ten 40+ scores in a row in 2014.
Later, with the ball, Russell picked up a wicket to complete 50 wickets in the IPL. Russell thus became only the 7th player in the history of the IPL with an all-round double of 1,000+ runs and 50+ wickets. Russell needed only 57 matches to complete this double and set a new record for being fastest to the double by surpassing the 62 matches needed for Kieron Pollard and Shane Watson.
Get the latest Cricket News and updates from the Indian Premier League (IPL), Match Predictions, Fantasy Cricket Tips and lots more on CricTracker.com. | https://www.crictracker.com/ipl-2019-match-26-kolkata-knight-riders-vs-delhi-capitals-lesser-known-stats/ |
5 Answers
5
JIT compilation is a tricky balancing act between not spending too much time doing the compilation phase (thus slowing down short lived applications considerably) vs not doing enough analysis to keep the application competitive in the long term with a standard Ahead of Time compilation.
Interestingly the ngen compilation steps are not targeted to being more aggressive in their optimizations, I suspect this is because they simply don't want to have bugs where the behaviour is dependent on whether the JIT or ngen was responsible for the machine code.
The CLR itself does support tail call optimization, but the language specific compiler must know how to generate the relevant opcode and the JIT must be willing to respect it.
F#'s fsc will generate the relevant opcodes (though for a simple recursion it may just convert the whole thing into a while loop directly). C#'s csc does not.
Thanks for the suggestion. We've
considered emiting tail call
instructions at a number of points in
the development of the C# compiler.
However, there are some subtle issues
which have pushed us to avoid this so
far: 1) There is actually a
non-trivial overhead cost to using the
.tail instruction in the CLR (it is
not just a jump instruction as tail
calls ultimately become in many less
strict environments such as functional
language runtime environments where
tail calls are heavily optimized). 2)
There are few real C# methods where it
would be legal to emit tail calls
(other languages encourage coding
patterns which have more tail
recursion, and many that rely heavily
on tail call optimization actually do
global re-writing (such as
Continuation Passing transformations)
to increase the amount of tail
recursion). 3) Partly because of 2),
cases where C# methods stack overflow
due to deep recursion that should have
succeeded are fairly rare.
All that said, we continue to look at
this, and we may in a future release
of the compiler find some patterns
where it makes sense to emit .tail
instructions.
By the way, as it has been pointed out, it is worth noting that tail recursion is optimised on x64.
C# does not optimize for tail-call recursion because that's what F# is for!
For some depth on the conditions that prevent the C# compiler from performing tail-call optimizations, see this article: JIT CLR tail-call conditions.
Interoperability between C# and F#
C# and F# interoperate very well, and because the .NET Common Language Runtime (CLR) is designed with this interoperability in mind, each language is designed with optimizations that are specific to its intent and purposes. For an example that shows how easy it is to call F# code from C# code, see Calling F# code from C# code; for an example of calling C# functions from F# code, see Calling C# functions from F#.
You can use trampoline technique for tale recursive functions in C# (or Java). However, the better solution (if you just care about stack utilization) is to use this small helper method to wrap parts of the same recursive function and make it iterative while keeping the function readable.
| |
The IT industry is facing an enormous problem: there’s a skills shortage of cybersecurity talent. Forty-five percent of organizations report a “problematic shortage” of cybersecurity skills—more than any other area of IT. The problem is so bad that the cybersecurity workforce gap is on pace to hit 1.8 million by 2022, a 20% increase from 2015.
This shortage will have a drastic impact upon the public and private sectors. However, the right technology can help ease the burden. Identity and Access Management (IAM) solutions are productivity multipliers that can alleviate the issues caused by this talent shortage.
In the first part of this two-part series, you’ll learn how IAM automates repetitive, manual, and tedious tasks, so that your IT team can do more with less.
What’s the Impact of the Shortage?
A 2016 study performed by the Information Security Systems Association (ISSA) shows how critical this skills shortage is across the globe. Fifty-four percent of ISSA members surveyed said that the shortage increased the cybersecurity staff’s workload, while 35 percent said that they’ve had to hire and train junior staff rather than hire personnel with the appropriate level of experience. Another 35 percent believe that the skills shortage creates a situation in which the cybersecurity team hasn’t had the time to learn or use these technologies to their full potential.
Moreover, the lack of qualified professionals and the overwhelming cybersecurity workload only exacerbate security events and data breaches. There are simply too many things to do (such as investigate alerts, scan for software vulnerabilities, remediate risks, etc.) for cybersecurity teams to keep up with.
Organizations are feeling the pinch; in a 2017 report published by Frost & Sullivan for the Center for Cyber Safety and Education, 66 percent of respondents said they didn’t have enough workers to address current threats.
As a result, hiring managers are filling cybersecurity roles with individuals who have more diverse skill sets and non-technical backgrounds. These workers lack in-depth prior cybersecurity experience, only further perpetuating security issues.
How Does Modern IAM Help?
The right technology plays a significant role in allowing an IT department to do more with less, and an IAM solution is that technology.
End-User Self-Service
For starters, IAM solutions automate time-consuming and repetitive tasks. With an IAM solution, you can enable end user self-service, which allows users to manage their own accounts and perform such tasks as setting and resetting passwords. End user self-service minimizes help desk workloads, so IT personnel can deal with other, higher-priority cybersecurity issues. Moreover, the end user experience is better, because end users get the help they need faster.
Lone Star College is an excellent example of what an IT department can do with IAM solutions. The third-largest higher education system in the US implemented our IAM solution, RapidIdentity, including end user self-service functionality. As a result, help desk calls dropped by 50 percent, representing a soft cost savings of more than $400,000 per year.
Automated Lifecycle Management
Second, IAM solutions automate the process of lifecycle management. IT no longer has to waste valuable time and resources creating accounts, managing them, and deprovisioning them. For many Identity Automation customers, these activities consumed one to two full-time equivalent hours prior to implementing IAM—time that is now much better spent on more strategic initiatives.
So, for example, when the HR department adds someone to the HRIS system, an account is automatically created and provisioned with the correct access. If a change is made in the HRIS system, the IAM solution recognizes that modification and automatically pushes the update to the Active Directory as well as all downstream systems. And when HR terminates an employee in the HRIS system, his or her access to corporate systems is also automatically terminated.
One benefit of this approach is that there’s no entitlement creep—employees have what they need to do their jobs and no more. Moreover, there are no accounts left open after an employee leaves the company, so he or she can’t cause damage or steal information.
Delegated Administration
Third, IAM solutions allow you to delegate administrative tasks. Delegation empowers business managers to create and manage accounts and handle access requests for contractors and other third parties. After all, who knows better than the business manager or specific system owner about which employee or contractor needs what level of access, and for how long?
With IAM solutions, you can manage the evolving threat landscape, while remaining efficient and agile, delivering excellent value to your organization. The cybersecurity skills shortage isn’t going away anytime soon, but the right technological solutions allow your department to weather the storm.
In part two of this series, we’ll discuss the other ways in which IAM solutions help IT departments navigate the cybersecurity staffing shortage. | https://blog.identityautomation.com/cybersecurity-talent-shortage-modern-iam-to-the-rescue |
The IETM-Australia Council Collaboration Project is pleased to announce the second and final program of supported projects for the 2012-13 financial year.
The aim of the project is to create new opportunities for Australian performing artists, companies and producers in Europe. Sophie Travers, Project Director seeks to match the market development aspirations of Australian artists with opportunities and resources.
Residencies, exchanges and collaborations
Going Nowhere is an international event exploring the ways that we, as artists and audiences can sustainably generate and share creative experience without getting on a plane. Building on the experience and outcomes of the inaugural Going Nowhere event in 2012, the project is supporting Melbourne’s Arts House to seek further international partners for the creation of collaborative works and the presentation of these in 2014. Arts House is being supported to research sustainable arts initiatives in Europe that have an interest in commissioning work and sharing presentation platforms. Arts House are active IETM members and this project speaks to urgent concerns expressed within the network.
Having supported Brisbane based independent producer Britt Guy to travel to the IETM meeting in Zagreb in 2012, the project is now following up with support for her Dance Exchange with Slovenia and Croatia. In August 2013, choreographers Matthew Day and Rhiannon Newton will travel to Maribor in Slovenia to participate in the Nagib Festival. In September selected Eastern European and Australian solo dance artists will then come together over a two week period travelling between Zagreb, Rijeka and Dubrovnik to participate in a residency dance lab as part of Perforations Festival. This format is then repeated at the Brisbane Powerhouse in late September with the same artists. The Lab will open up an opportunity for ongoing dialogue between the European and Australian Dance communities, opening up communication for collaboration beyond the partnership.
Sam Haren of Sandpit in South Australia will undertake a residency at Akuyeri Theatre in the far north of Iceland, in the framework of a developing partnership with the small but dynamic performing arts scene in Iceland. The Director of Akuyeri Theatre will host Haren in a residency in which he will work with the resident ensemble of young performers. She will host his research practice and make connections with the local arts community as well as introducing Sam to her networks in Rejkavik, where she is Director of the increasingly well known Lokal festival.
Rockie Stone is a contemporary circus maker and Fran Swinn is a composer and musician. Together and separately they have been exploring improvised performance. Their interest in collaboration led them to working in Europe, in particular France, where there are extensive infrastructural resources for researching this kind of new performance. The project has supported their engagement with partners in France in a joint residency where they were both able to develop their practice and their relationships with producers and presenters that will lead to presentation opportunities, commissions and co-productions in future.
Dublin Dance Festival
In collaboration with Dublin Dance Festival and Arts Projects Australia, Sophie Travers produced an international presenter program during the Australian presentations at Dublin Dance Festival. Targeting fourteen influential presenters of contemporary dance in France, Scotland, England, Denmark, Sweden, Germany and Poland, she was able to put together several strong networking platforms for Lucy Guerin Inc, Ros Warby, Stephanie Lake and Larissa McGowan and their producers. Also included in the platform were Rosalind Richards of Artful, Anne Dunn of Sydney Dance Company, and Margie Medlin of Critical Path.
In collaboration with On the Move and Asia Europe Foundation, Sophie Travers represented Australia Council at the Platform Meeting of Asian and European Cultural Mobility Funders in Prague in June. Attended by fifty representatives of all the major stakeholders in cross-cultural mobility, she was able to present the work of the Australia Council and its partners in supporting artists exchange between Australia, Asia and Europe.
Research, networking and advocacy
Kath Papas, Melbourne based independent producer of diverse contemporary performance will be supported to travel to Belgium, Germany, UK and The Netherlands in 2013, to visit Kunstenfestivaldesarts, Tay Tong festival and Tanzmesse. Kath will continue the dialogue with presenters and artists regarding the contextualising of indigenous and cross-cultural work and how it is created and distributed in Europe. Her aspiration is to build markets for the artists with whom she works and to influence her producing of related events in Australia.
Liz Burcham, Director of Metro Arts in Brisbane, was supported to attend the IETM meeting in Dublin to consolidate and extend some of the conversations she has initiated in Europe on behalf of the MAPS QLD and other independent artists supported by Metro Arts. Liz was also interested to form new relationships with presenter and producer peers in the run up to APAM in Brisbane where Metro Arts will form a connection to the local independent arts community alongside the arts market.
Director of Ten Days on the Island Festival, Jo Duffy, was supported to attend the Dublin IETM meeting to connect with the larger than usual Greek contingent for commissioning, collaborating and exchange discussions linking the festival and the Greek Islands. The next IETM meeting will be held in Athens in October 2013, thus there were many independent producers, presenters and artists with whom Duffy could connect to create deeper, longer term relationships between Tasmanian, Australian and Greek arts communities. | https://australiacouncil.gov.au/news/media-releases/ietm-australia-council-for-the-arts-collaboration-project-second-program-update-2012-2013/ |
The present invention relates generally to a control apparatus for controlling a system of an automotive vehicle in response to sensed dynamic behavior, and more specifically, to a method and apparatus for controlling the system of the vehicle by determining attitude of the vehicle using suspension height sensors.
In modern vehicle control systems for automotive vehicles, the vehicle attitude control systems directly influence the comfort, handling and safety of the vehicle. For example, the ride comfort of a vehicle requires regulating the dynamic variation of the vehicle body pitch and roll attitudes; the rollover prevention (active safety) requires regulating the roll attitude between the vehicle car body and the average road surface; the air bag requires determining both the vehicle global roll attitude and its velocity before it is deployed; an active anti-roll-bar may be activated based on the vehicle roll attitude; vehicle pitch attitude may be used to predict vehicle load transfer between front axle and rear axle. The control system uses the available actuators to alter actual vehicle attitude based on the sensed or predicted vehicle body attitudes.
Two types of vehicle attitudes must be distinguished. One is the global attitude, which is relative to an earth frame (also called the inertial frame), sea level, or a flat and horizontal road. The global attitude can be directly related to measurements taken by inertial acceleration sensors or GPS-based angular rate sensors. The other is the relative attitude, which defines the angular positions of the vehicle with respect to the road surface on which the vehicle is driven. Since the relative attitude of the vehicle must be measured with respect to the road surface on which the vehicle rests at any given moment, the angle and slope of which is continuously changing, relative attitude can not be directly related to the output of inertial or GPS-type acceleration sensors.
In order to successfully achieve the desired vehicle attitude control goal as mentioned before, predicting the aforementioned relative and global attitudes with high accuracy from available sensor signals is of great importance.
A vehicle attitude sensing method has been proposed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,408,411. In that patent, a sensor module using six linear acceleration sensors is mounted on the vehicle to get vehicular attitude information. Although this method is able to sense vehicle attitude, the sensor set is believed to provide little advantage in terms of performance and cost.
It would therefore be desirable to provide an attitude control system to predict attitude angle for vehicle dynamics control that includes the interdependency among the roll, pitch, and yaw motions while compensating for long term maneuvers.
The present invention is particularly suited for an automotive vehicle equipped with a yaw stability control system and a controllable suspension system. The sensor set used in a yaw stability control system typically includes vehicle lateral and longitudinal acceleration sensors, and a yaw rate sensor. The controllable suspension system used here is equipped with four suspension height sensors mounted at the four corners of the vehicle. The yaw stability control system aims to prevent a vehicle from spinning-out during driving, and to regulate the vehicle side-slip angle (which could be thought of as a relative yaw attitude with respect to the desired course of the vehicle). The controlled suspension systems aims to improve vehicle ride comfort and provide a leveling function. The suspension height sensors are used to provide feedback signals so that vehicle leveling and suspension controlling may be performed. The present invention employs the suspension height sensors to obtain the pitch and roll characteristics of the vehicle. That is, the present invention senses vehicular relative attitude with respect to the average road surface of various terrains, and vehicular absolute attitude with respect to the sea level for vehicular attitude control applications. Advantageously, the system can be used for roll stability control, controllable suspensions, active anti-roll-bars, and other vehicle dynamics control systems.
In one aspect of the invention, a control system for an automotive vehicle includes a lateral acceleration sensor, a yaw rate sensor, four suspension height sensors generating four suspension height signals, and a longitudinal acceleration sensor. The controller determines a roll characteristic from the suspension height signals, the lateral acceleration signal and a pitch characteristic from the four suspension height signals and the longitudinal acceleration signal.
In a further aspect of the invention, a method of controlling a safety device for an automotive vehicle having a body comprises measuring a lateral acceleration of the vehicle body; measuring a longitudinal acceleration of the vehicle body; measuring a yaw rate of the vehicle body; measuring four suspension height signals corresponding to the four suspension heights of the four corners of the vehicle; determining a roll angular rate of the vehicle body from the suspension height signals and the lateral acceleration signal; determining a pitch angular rate of the vehicle body from the suspension height signals and the longitudinal acceleration signal; determining the global roll and pitch attitude angles based on the predicted roll and pitch angular rate signals; determining the relative roll and the pitch attitude angle of the vehicle body with respect to the average road surface based on the four suspension height signals; and activating a safety device in response to the estimated relative roll angle, the estimated relative pitch angle, the estimated global roll and estimated global pitch angle.
The present invention aims to estimate and predict the vehicular attitude used in vehicle attitude control systems such as a controllable suspension system, a roll stability control system, a yaw stability control system, an active anti-roll-bar system and other vehicle dynamics control systems. The estimated and predicted variables are used for setting the feedback control action flag and as the feedback signals to construct the desired control command to activate the actuators.
Other advantages and features of the present invention will become apparent when viewed in light of the detailed description of the preferred embodiment when taken in conjunction with the attached drawings and appended claims.
| |
Research interestsMy research interests are - behavioral and experimental economics, topics on deception, decision making under risk, preference change. Depi has submitted her thesis and is due to start a position with Warwick Business School.
Signalling in Games with Asymmetric Information, Persuasion, Vulnerability in Strategic Interactions, Experimental Game Theory.
Research interestsBehavioural Game Theory, Experimental Economics. Main focus on how simple behavioral mechanisms that take into various forms of social preferences to improve cooperation and coordination efficiency. Lu is currently a visiting researcher at Monash University.
Research interests Behavioural Economics, Experimental Economics, Development Economics. Main focus on social preferences and social norms and how these affect individual economic decision making. I am also interested in saving behaviour and financial inclusion in poor communities in developing countries.
Research interestsCindy's research interests are - Labour economics and experimental economics (currently on the topic of labour market matching with friction). Cindy has submitted her thesis and is currently employed as a Teaching Fellow at the University of Nottingham, School of Economics.
email: [email protected]
Research interestsMethodology of Experimental Economics, Biases in Decision Making Under Risk and Uncertainty (overconfidence bias), Non-cooperative Games (Cognitive Hierarchy models).
Research interestsBehavioural game theory and experiments, nature, formation and evolution of preferences, other-regarding and pro-social preferences and behaviour. Vas has submitted his thesis.
Research interestsSystematically behavioural differences between people from different cultures, societies or religious backgrounds; evolution and determination of social preferences. Li has submitted his thesis.
Experimental studies at the interface of economic behaviour and psychological influences (cognitive bias, bounded rationality), applied to an environmental policy context.
Research interestsMy research interests include "Experimental Economics, Behavioral Economics, Game Theory, topics on Anti-corruption Policies". Georgia has submitted her thesis and will be joining the Burgundy School of Business at LESSAC as a Post-Graduate Researcher.
Research interestsMy research interests are "Behavioural Economics, Experimental Economics, Industrial Organisation, Game Theory and Bargaining".
Research interestsRuslan describes his interests as "Experimental Economics" and his research topic is the punishment of unfair behaviour.
Gian Luca joined us in October 2016 and is supervised jointly by Professor Abigail Barr (CeDEx) and Dr Roberto Bonfatti.
Research interestsIndividual decision-making, especially decision-making under ambiguity; social preferences; behavioral finance.
Research interestsMy research interests are "behavioural economics, experimental economics, pro-social preferences, cooperation and social norms". Till has submitted his thesis and has taken up a new position in Dublin.
Research interestsZhixian has research interests in game theory, behavioral economics and industrial organisation - his supervisors are Professor Seidmann and Dr Sonderegger.
Sir Clive Granger BuildingUniversity of NottinghamUniversity Park
Nottingham, NG7 2RD
telephone: +44 (0)115 951 4763
Enquiries: [email protected]: [email protected]
Connect with the University of Nottingham through social media and our blogs.
Campus maps | More contact information | Jobs
Browser does not support script. | http://www.nottingham.ac.uk/cedex/people/pgr-students/index.aspx |
The Moon is targeted by several countries and in recent months it has become a priority after having been forgotten for decades.
Here we have the example of China, Japan, Israel, India and of course the United States with NASA and its Artemis mission.
But they are not the only ones, since a few years ago Russia showed its intention to mount a lunar base, something that returns to the table now in the form of a lunar observatory.
According to the Russian state news agency (TASS), the Russian space agency Roscosmos has announced its intentions to build an observatory on the Moon, which would serve to monitor and track the activity of asteroids that could be a threat to the planet.
Roscosmos is finishing fine-tuning the details of a mission that would take a ship to the south pole of the Moon, whose objective would be to mount a base where equipment would be installed to study deep space, as well as special telescopes to “track asteroids and comets that represent a collision hazard with Earth”, as explained Alexander Bloshenko, executive director of Science and long – term programs Roscosmos.
Currently, Russia has a land system that serves to warn of possible asteroid impacts against the planet, this after the 2013 incident, when an asteroid exploded and fell into hundreds of pieces on Cheliabinsk , leaving more than 1,200 people injured.
The current automated alert system began operations in 2016, and consists of optical-electronic stations in Russia, Armenia and Brazil.
This platform is dedicated to monitoring near-Earth objects in space, tracking space debris and ensuring that its satellites are also safe.
The reason for this new lunar observatory would be to expand the capabilities of its current system on land, whose intentions are to “protect the planet.”
The project is long-term and includes several stages from 2040, which include, for example, the manufacture of the base using 3D printing, as well as the printing of tools and some objects using lunar dust.
Also, Roscosmos is currently working with ESA on three missions to the moon called ‘Luna’, in which they will launch two ferries and an orbiter.
The first mission is scheduled to start in July 2021. | https://www.wingsherald.com/russia-wants-to-place-telescopes-on-the-moon-to-protect-the-earth-from-possible-dangerous-asteroids/ |
Grażyna Bacewicz (1909-69) pursued three musical careers until she was in her forties. Although she considered herself primarily a composer, she was also an accomplished pianist and professional violinist with orchestral and solo experience at home and abroad. She premiered her First Violin Concerto in 1938, her Second Piano Sonata in 1953, and a number of her works for violin and piano, such as the Fifth Violin Sonata (1952), with her brother, the pianist Kiejstut Bacewicz (1904-93). She left the concert stage after a serious car accident in 1954.
Bacewicz was Polish-Lithuanian (Polish mother, Lithuanian father). She and her three siblings were born and brought up in Łódż, an industrial city in the centre of Poland as it is today (the country was then still under the partition and occupation among Russia, Prussia and Austria that had driven Chopin out of the country in 1830). It was a creative household, with three of the four children becoming significant musical figures. The oldest was Kiejstut. The second-born, the composer Vytautas Bacevičius (1905-70), identified with the Lithuanian side of the family, while the youngest, Wanda (1914-2011), became a writer. Their lives were conditioned by the political and military events of their time, and Bacewicz, like her better-known colleagues such as Witold Lutosławski and Andrzej Panufnik, reflected not only these traumas but also the shifting stylistic currents of twentieth-century music.
Her seven string quartets, written between 1938 and 1965, are a telling barometer of these changes. They also stand as a timeline of her resolute compositional outlook and as a testament to her profound understanding of string instruments. Three early and discarded contributions to one side (Two Double Fugues, 1928, and two quartets, 1930 and 1931) may be put to one side. String Quartet no.1 comes after her studies in Paris in 1932-35 with Nadia Boulanger (composition), André Touret and Carl Flesch (both violin), no.2 was written in Warsaw during World War II, nos 3, 4 and 5 date from the post-war decade, a time of socialist-realist cultural upheavals, while nos 6 and 7 were composed during the avant-garde musical explosion that thrust Polish music onto the world stage in the late 1950s.
Bacewicz was ruthless in shelving works that, in her view, did not come up to the mark, even if subsequently they have reached new and appreciative audiences. After their first performances, this quartet and its successor remained hidden until they were published and performed again thirty years after her death. The First Quartet was premiered in Paris in April 1939 by a quartet led by the Puerto Rican violinist José Figueroa, whom Bacewicz had met during her studies with Boulanger.
The First Quartet is contemporaneous with the First Violin Concerto (CHAN 10533) and shares with it a refreshing disregard for a straightforward musical argument. The opening section of the Moderato, while giving a nod towards a Classical exposition, has an elusive, preparatory air. The first idea, on the two violins, develops immediately (this is a Bacewicz trait) and is soon followed by two subsidiary motifs: a three-note striding descent, which subsequently becomes an important chordal punctuation, and a skittish staccato rhythm played sul ponticello. The central section is dominated by the chords and a delicately tripping texture, before a hint of the first idea is followed by an exact repetition of the subsidiary motifs and a final reprise of the opening.
The Andante tranquillo – a theme (mostly in 3/8 metre) and five variations – is more straightforward and overtly lyrical, although the third and fourth variations are noticeably less stable. The fifth variation acts as a double recapitulation of the theme. Bacewicz reached back into her childhood for this melody. It is a demure Lithuanian folksong, ‘Vai žydėk, žydėk’, in which the singer exhorts a white, dry and leafless apple tree to ‘flower, flower’. The jaunty finale has folkdance overtones and fugal aspirations, although its main thrust is to wrong-foot the listener. For the most part it is nominally in 2/4, but Bacewicz frequently undermines and cuts across the metre with teasing ingenuity.
Bacewicz spent most of the Second World War in Warsaw with her husband and their baby daughter, Alina (b. 1942). Her best-known composition was the defiant orchestral Overture (1943). The Second String Quartet was premiered in May 1943 in one of the city’s artistic cafes, run by the composer and pianist Bolesław Woytowicz. The quartet was led by one of the foremost Polish violinists of the time, Eugenia Umińska, the other distinguished players including the future head of the postwar Polish Music Publishers PWM, Tadeusz Ochlewski.
How composers dealt with their wartime traumas varied hugely. Panufnik’s Tragic Overture (1942) is disturbed, while Lutosławski’s Variations on a Theme of Paganini (1941) is joyous. Bacewicz’s Second String Quartet lies closer to Lutosławski: remarkably unruffled, even if darker currents are occasionally sensed. It is more conventionally neoclassical in idiom than its predecessor, more evidently tonal and regular in metre. The outer movements run along seemingly without a care in the world, although Bacewicz’s impulse to extemporise thematically now seems self-contained rather than liberated. The woven textures, calling to mind Debussy and Szymanowski, afford moments of illumination and repose, and the viola is given a significant lyrical role, especially in the first movement.
The lyrical core of the work, as in so many of her subsequent pieces, lies in the central movement, where the subdued, chromatic opening is counterbalanced by a folk-style idea, part mazurka, part lullaby (viola again). The quietly dissonant conclusion is followed, if not resolved, by the finale, whose carefree nature is embodied by the silky manner in which Bacewicz slips into 6/8 partway through.
Having survived the war almost unscathed, Bacewicz wrote two works, the Third Quartet and the Concerto for String Orchestra (1948), which have become her best known. They show a composer totally at ease expressively and technically, manifesting a taut combination of vigour and subtlety. Bacewicz composed the Third Quartet while on a concert tour in Paris, and its French ancestry is readily apparent. The premiere was given in December 1947, at a PWM concert in Kraków, by the Kraków Quartet.
The chugging introduction of the Allegro ma non troppo offsets two lyrical themes, while the reticent second subject gives rise to a motif (a descendant of the opening of the First Quartet) that is central to the short development. The underlying sonata structure is typically disguised by thematic distractions, as in the reconfiguring of the recapitulation. The main theme of the Andante is initially diatonic but moves quickly into more modern realms, as do the accumulated sonorities and motivic flickers of the secondary idea. The thematic reminder at the end is a foretaste of one of Bacewicz’s favourite devices, the abbreviated reprise.
The diatonic hints of the first two movements are given free rein in the vivacious finale, as is the increasing use of sequences to move the music into new territory. The first main melody is given to the viola (F major), the second has the air of a popular song (G major), while the chromatic inflections of the third clearly recall Bartók (A major). The next whole-tone step would be B major, the underlying chord that closed the first movement. Bacewicz presents a momentary, Bartókian confrontation between F major and B natural just before the end. Whatever the links, these melodic and tonal elements are tied together by the light-touch motoric propulsion for which she became famous.
At a time of creative repression, when the Polish socialist government followed the Soviet line of art for the masses (typified by the exhortation to use folk music as material), it was difficult for composers to balance their personal creative instincts with the requirement to address common needs. Bacewicz largely ignored such pressures, was the foremost advocate of non-programmatic music and almost single-handedly kept the genre of the string quartet alive during the postwar decade. Moreover, this Fourth Quartet won first prize at the First International Competition for Composers of a String Quartet at Liège, where the Quatuor Municipal premiered it in September 1951. This cemented her position as one of the leading Polish composers of the time.
Whereas the Second Quartet shows marginal evidence of being influenced by circumstances, the Fourth is newly sombre, apart from the finale. The main themes of the first movement are less forthright than the surrounding ideas, as if Bacewicz is turning convention inside out, and the movement vibrates under the power of such disparities. The initial idea, despite its great presence, is discarded. The unusually retiring first subject is in the style of a simple mazurka. It abandons its opening canon between the two violins to accumulate harmonic resonances before being disrupted by chords, Allegro energico (each of the movement’s themes has its own tempo). The second subject is another of Bacewicz’s pale ruminations (melancolico, p dolce), where the cello is imaginatively cradled by the other instruments. A contrasting section, the liveliest of the movement, replaces a development and returns at the coda.
The Andante also has an unrelated central section, with its attempts at fugato, but it remains an episode in a movement of harmonic richness and delicate textures. The principal idea is folk-like and generically close to the first subject of the preceding movement, and it leads to passages that range from the impassioned to the exquisite. The final Allegro giocoso lives up to its description, setting out as a cheeky gigue. Characteristically, Bacewicz allows enticing new ideas to interject, as if impatient to join the dance, the textures dissolving and regrouping in virtuosic fashion.
All of Bacewicz’s string quartets follow a three-movement pattern of fast-slow-fast apart from Nos 5 and 6. Also a prizewinner at the annual competition in Liège, in 1956, and premiered by the Quatuor Municipal in June that year, the Fifth Quartet has four movements. It is also arguably the most ambitious and accomplished of the set. Its intensity is Beethovenian while its motivic concentration brings it close to middle-period Bartók. The tonal and harmonic language makes a decisive break with those of its predecessors, and integration is a principal facet both of the work as a whole and of individual movements.
Bacewicz treats the customary sonata structure with a curious mixture of reverence and disregard. Where the introduction of the Fourth Quartet was transitory, here the introductory idea resurfaces at key junctures as well as having a subtle influence elsewhere. Perhaps the most striking aspect is the dramatic balance Bacewicz achieves between the kinetic energy of the first subject group and the remote stillness of the second. This latter idea shows her acute sense of string colour: a folk-style theme in artificial harmonics, counterpointed ostinati (both arco and pizzicato) and a pedal harmonic.
The quest for integration takes a very specific path in the Scherzo (Fuga). It is a double fugue of great wit and verve. Each instrument begins the subject of the first fugue begins for on different beats of the 3/8 metre and the subject is itself syncopated. The music evaporates in trills and glissandi. Enter the second, shorter fugue in 2/4 and its amiable grotesquerie. After a brief allusion to the opening of the first movement, Bacewicz shows her technical panache by combining the two subjects.
The third movement, Corale, is one of her most remarkable. It is eloquently dissonant, its solemnity relieved only briefly by the short quasi-recitatives and fugatos of the middle section. The finale is a theme and six variations. Not for Bacewicz a classically simple theme: hers is already a racy variation, its metre changing virtually every bar, with tutti pizzicati masking its motivic and harmonic basis. Each variation has a distinct persona, creating a compendium that encapsulates the many moods of this unusual quartet.
In its historical Polish context, in the no-man’s land between the outgoing socialist realism and the incoming avant-garde from the West, the Fifth Quartet was advanced, especially in its dissonance. As it happened, the new music explosion heralded by the first ‘Warsaw Autumn’ festival, in 1956, soon overtook Bacewicz. By the time that she wrote No.6 (it was premiered at the Fourth ‘Warsaw Autumn’ in September 1960, by the Quatuor Parrenin) she was already playing catch-up with her younger, more experimental colleagues.
In the Sixth Quartet, Bacewicz partially adopted twelve-note principles, but not without some creative anguish. Twelve-note traces are evident in the first movement, but thereafter the music becomes more loosely chromatic. She was able to proceed by matching this new atonality with familiar motivic gestures and, especially in the faster movements, her customary rhythmic élan. There is little backtracking formally: all four movements extend the non-repetitive, developmental trends heard in earlier pieces.
The elusive presentation of the first movement has its ancestry in preceding quartets, and Bacewicz embraces the in-vogue pointillism with her customary aural acuity. The mercurial scherzo resembles a series of rapid-fire variations, while the Grave downplays motivic content to emphasise shifting harmonies and textures. This is perhaps the closest Bacewicz ever came to the new, athematic sonorities that so entranced other Polish composers at the time. True to herself, she ends the quartet, tongue in cheek, with a scuttling quasi-rondo fragmented by avant-garde gestures.
When her Seventh Quartet was premiered in May 1966, in Łancut, Poland, by the Dimov Quartet from Bulgaria, Bacewicz was recovering from a year that had been busy even by her standards. In 1965 she had composed eight pieces, including her Seventh Violin Concerto, Second Piano Quintet and two orchestral works. There is the sense that she was working against time, not least because some of these works share musical ideas. Bacewicz was going through a process of retrenchment, seeking for balance between her ordered musical past and the untamed present. Conventional forms may be more discernible, thematic recurrences more classically regular and tonal centres clearer, yet the musical atmosphere sometimes borders on the unhinged.
The Seventh Quartet is one of the least hidebound of the prolific output of 1965. Following precedent, the ideas of the opening section seem introductory, short-lived and transitional. It is left to the low tessitura and grinding dissonances of the sustained second subject to provide stability (a stark reduction, perhaps, of the slow movement from the Sixth Quartet). Unpredictability soon returns in the development and the reprise, where the second subject is notable by its absence. It is quite possible that Bacewicz did not want to pre-empt at close quarters the strange austerity of the central Grave, which inhabits a world of grim, dislocated spectres.
The finale, Con vivezza, is an ingenious and catchy rondo. Its opening bars give a good idea of the clever way in which Bacewicz rethought the notion of a fast finale, here incorporating irregular rhythmic pulse, registral displacement and textural hiccups. It is akin to deconstruction, where the joke is only partly understood without knowledge of the music’s ancestry, in this instance the six earlier string quartets. Bacewicz is one of the few postwar composers who have succeeded in writing music that is authentically playful. | https://onpolishmusic.com/cd-notes/bacewicz-cds/%E2%80%A2-grazyna-bacewicz-complete-string-quartets/ |
The Skeptics Association of South Australia accepts evidence-based chiropractic but advocates further research for unsubstantiated practices.
Chiropractic was founded by Daniel David Palmer in September 1895 in Davenport, Iowa. He performed his first chiropractic adjustment on a janitor named Harvey Lillard. Palmer examined Lillard and allegedly found an out-of-place vertebra in his spine. After applying pressure that moved the vertebra back into place, Lillard’s hearing returned.
Palmer believed he had succeeded in one of his life’s quests – to find the secret of disease – why one person falls ill whilst his or her neighbour does not. He confided his discovery to a friend – Reverend Samuel Weed, who suggested the name chiropractic, from the Greek for “done by hand”.
Palmer had no medical training and was unaware that the nerves of hearing are entirely within the skull. He believed he had restored the man’s hearing by relieving pressure on a spinal nerve affecting hearing. Palmer proposed the principle of the spinal subluxation, and established chiropractic based upon it.
Palmer believed that the body requires an unobstructed flow through the nervous system of an ethereal substance called Innate Intelligence. Vertebral subluxations – minor dislocations of the spinal column – were believed to interfere with the flow of Innate Intelligence, and caused an alteration in nervous tone.
By depriving areas of the body of Innate Intelligence, subluxations were thought to produce disease, and Palmer claimed that 95% of all diseases were caused by subluxed vertebrae. Treatment involved identifying the subluxations and manually restoring the vertebrae to their normal alignment, thus releasing the Innate Intelligence and allowing the body’s natural healing powers to cure the patient.
From its inception, chiropractic was defended as a science. For chiropractors, though, scientific knowledge was not acquired by experimental control of variables in a carefully designed study. Instead they examined and treated patients and argued, as many still do today, that the results of their clinical treatments constituted scientific proof.
Chiropractic was described by its supporters as “the only truly scientific method of healing”. Chiropractors believed that their science was superior to medicine clinically and morally, and attempted to appeal to those who were concerned about the growth of science and the perceived decline in spiritual values.
During the early years of the 20th century, legislation was introduced in many states of the USA mandating basic scientific training. In response, chiropractic colleges taught sufficient science to pass the basic tests, whilst continuing to stress the importance of the earlier teachings.
This was an important period during which chiropractic tried to retain sufficient distance from scientific medicine to be seen as a distinct alternative, whilst absorbing enough of the teachings of science and medicine to retain credibility. Initially these attempts were unsuccessful, and chiropractic entered a period of decline.
Beginning in the 1970s the tide began to turn, and it was a growing scepticism about medicine and science that helped to produce change.
Scientific medicine was accused of being reductionist, and of having ignored the more human aspects of health care. Chiropractic joined this chorus of criticism, and an alliance was formed between chiropractic and the growing holistic health movement. In some quarters, chiropractic even dusted off its spiritual emphasis, having once again found a receptive audience.
The dramatic improvements in chiropractic education lowered the barriers between it and orthodox science, conferring greater academic credibility.
The result was, and is, an increasingly bitter debate over the content and character of chiropractic. Principally the debate is about whether chiropractors are limited practitioners like dentists or podiatrists, primary care practitioners who incorporate some of medicine’s tools and knowledge, or primary care practitioners who reject orthodox medicine.
Those who cling to the original concepts of Palmer believe that to accept the assumptions of orthodox science is to destroy crucial elements of chiropractic’s identity, whilst those who see chiropractors as valid limited practitioners believe that accepting orthodox science will help establish the efficacy of chiropractic and confer upon it legitimacy.
...the chiropractic profession as a whole spends more on competing with each other in the Yellow Pages than it does in supporting research.
Some members of our profession would like us to believe that medicine is our greatest enemy. I think it is becoming obvious that arrogant ignorance within our own profession is really what is holding us back.
Over the years there have been a number of scientific reviews that have included an assessment of the evidence for and against chiropractic. The three most recent of these were from Canada, the UK and the USA.
After reviewing these reports, and many of the scientific papers discussed within them, the Australian Skeptics have concluded that the evidence supporting spinal manipulation as a valid treatment for lower back pain is strong, though there is still some debate about its relative efficacy in chronic pain states.
As for claims of the superiority of specific chiropractic manipulation, our assessment of the available evidence leads us to conclude (like many within chiropractic) that, at present, such claims are unproven.
In light of the evidence, what are the Australian Skeptics’ recommendations regarding chiropractic, and chiropractors?
Firstly, as a scientific organisation we believe that the evidence that does exist must be accepted by all health professionals. Chiropractic manipulation is, on the basis of existing evidence, a valid management option for lower back pain, and has no more or no less evidence to support its use than other treatments, such as physiotherapy.
Secondly, there is insufficient evidence to support the claim that chiropractic is useful in the management of “visceral conditions” (e.g. asthma, headache, gastric ulcers). Either as a primary treatment or complementary therapy, its use in such cases should be discouraged until supportive evidence is available.
Thirdly, as there is insufficient evidence to support the claim that patients may benefit from preventative or maintenance adjustments, their use should be limited to a research setting.
Fourthly, the clinical and academic chiropractors who are fighting the battle for more research into chiropractic deserve our full support. Perhaps chiropractic does have something unique to offer. Perhaps it can help in some “visceral” conditions. Perhaps patients can benefit from preventative adjustments. Only sound scientific research will allow us to answer these questions.
Finally, and most importantly, we must try to create a spirit of cooperative dialogue between chiropractic and “orthodox” medicine, and seek to break down the “us vs them” barriers that have been built up over many years by those on both sides who cannot accept that they just might be wrong.
Reproduced with permission from the Skeptics Association of South Australia (www.skeptics.com.au/sa). | http://www.issuesmagazine.com.au/article/issue-september-2008/skeptics%E2%80%99-guide-chiropractic.html |
Astrophysicists for the to start with time have calculated the initial mass and size of a dwarf galaxy that was shredded in a collision with the Milky Way billions of years ago. Reconstructing the original dwarf galaxy, whose stars nowadays thread by means of the Milky Way in a stellar “tidal stream,” will support researchers have an understanding of how galaxies like the Milky Way formed and could assist in the look for for dark matter in our galaxy.
“We have been running simulations that acquire this massive stream of stars, back it up for a pair of billion years, and see what it looked like before it fell into the Milky Way,” reported Heidi Newberg, a professor of physics, astrophysics, and astronomy at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. “Now we have a measurement from information, and it is really the initially massive stage toward working with the facts to come across dim subject in the Milky Way.”
Billions of decades in the past, the dwarf galaxy and other individuals like it near the Milky Way ended up pulled into the much larger galaxy. As each and every dwarf galaxy coalesced with the Milky Way, its stars ended up pulled by “tidal forces,” the exact same variety of differential forces that make tides on Earth. The tidal forces distorted and eventually ripped the dwarf galaxy apart, stretching its stars into a tidal stream flung across the Milky Way. These types of tidal mergers are reasonably prevalent, and Newberg estimates that “immigrant” stars absorbed into the Milky Way make up most of the stars in the galactic halo, a approximately spherical cloud of stars that surrounds the spiral arms of the central disk.
Critically, the placement and velocities of the tidal stream stars carry data about the Milky Way’s gravitational subject.
Reconstructing the dwarf galaxy is a analysis activity that combines information from star surveys, physics, and Newberg’s [email protected] distributed supercomputer, which harnesses 1.5 petaflops—a evaluate of laptop or computer processing speed—of residence computer system energy donated by volunteers. This big sum of processing electrical power makes it possible to simulate the destruction of a substantial amount of dwarf galaxies with different styles and sizes, and discover a product that best matches the tidal stream of stars that we see today.
“It is really an huge issue, and we fix it by jogging tens of thousands of distinct simulations until we get one particular that really matches. And that requires a lot of computer electrical power, which we get with the enable of volunteers all above the planet who are element of [email protected],” Newberg claimed “We’re brute-forcing it, but given how sophisticated the difficulty is, I feel this strategy has a great deal of benefit.”
As revealed nowadays in The Astrophysical Journal, Newberg’s crew estimates the whole mass of the original galaxy whose stars right now type the Orphan-Chenab Stream as 2×107 moments the mass of our solar.
Having said that, only a tiny far more than 1% of that mass is believed to be manufactured up of common make any difference like stars. The remainder is assumed to be a hypothetical material termed dark make any difference that exerts gravitational pressure, but that we are unable to see since it does not soak up or give off light-weight. The existence of dim make a difference would describe a discrepancy among the gravitational pull of the mass of the subject we can see, and the much more substantial pull essential to account for the formation and movement of galaxies. The gravitational pull from darkish issue is estimated to make up as substantially as 85% of the issue in the universe, and tidal streams of stars that fell in with dwarf galaxies could be utilized to figure out where by darkish matter is located in our galaxy.
“Tidal stream stars are the only stars in our galaxy for which it is doable to know their positions in the past,” Dr. Newberg reported. “By looking at the present-day speeds of stars along a tidal stream, and realizing they all utilised to be in about the same place and relocating at the similar velocity, we can determine out how a lot the gravity improvements along that stream. And that will inform us wherever the dim subject is in the Milky Way.”
The study also finds that the progenitor of the Orphan-Chenab stream has fewer mass than the galaxies calculated in the outskirts of our galaxy now, and if this tiny mass is confirmed it could alter our being familiar with of how small stellar programs sort and then merge jointly to make bigger galaxies like our Milky Way.
Dr. Newberg, an qualified in the galactic halo, is a pioneer in pinpointing stellar tidal streams in the Milky Way. A single working day, she hopes that [email protected] will assist her measure more than the houses of a person disintegrated dwarf galaxy. Preferably, she would like to concurrently healthy lots of dwarf galaxies, their orbits, and the qualities of the Milky Way galaxy alone. This goal is challenging by the actuality that the properties of our galaxy modify about the billions of several years that it can take for a little galaxy to drop in and be ripped apart to make these tidal streams.
“By painstakingly monitoring the path of stars pulled into the Milky Way, Dr. Newberg and her crew are creating an image that displays us not just a dwarf galaxy extended-considering the fact that ruined, but also sheds light-weight on the development of our galaxy and the really mother nature of make a difference,” claimed Curt Breneman, dean of the Rensselaer Faculty of Science.
Gaia reveals that most Milky Way companion galaxies are newcomers to our corner of room
Eric J. Mendelsohn et al, Estimate of the Mass and Radial Profile of the Orphan–Chenab Stream’s Dwarf-galaxy Progenitor Employing [email protected], The Astrophysical Journal (2022). DOI: 10.3847/1538-4357/ac498a
Citation:
Historical dwarf galaxy reconstructed with [email protected] volunteer laptop or computer (2022, February 17)
retrieved 23 February 2022
from https://phys.org/news/2022-02-historical-dwarf-galaxy-reconstructed-milkywayhome.html
This document is issue to copyright. Apart from any truthful dealing for the function of personal research or study, no
portion may be reproduced devoid of the published authorization. The information is furnished for details applications only. | https://www.xtreme-wheelz.com/ancient-dwarf-galaxy-reconstructed-with-milkywayhouse-volunteer-computer-system.html |
Neutrinos are extremely light neutral particles; for a long time, it was believed that they were massless. Now we know that they have a very small mass and that they can be of three types or flavours.
The peculiarity of these particles is that they very rarely interact with matter. In fact, neutrinos pass undisturbed through any object they meet (almost) without leaving a trace: even now, while you are reading, 100 billion neutrinos per second are passing through your thumb, but on average, only one neutrino a year might interact with it! Capturing neutrinos is a very arduous task and can only be done in particular circumstances, such as in places that can be reached only by neutrinos; it is for this reason that laboratories are built at a great depth underground, under the Gran Sasso Massif, for example.
The curiosity around neutrinos increased when the phenomenon, known as neutrino flavour oscillation was discovered: in fact, in certain conditions, neutrinos are able to change flavour as they travel. In short, neutrinos seem to be phantom particles with an inclination for transformism.
Neutrinos can be of both natural and artificial origin. The Sun is a powerful source of neutrinos that are emitted by the nucleus during the nuclear fusion reactions. Since they rarely interact with matter, these particles are able to escape the Sun immediately, in contrast with light that takes 10 million years to reach the surface. Neutrinos are a very important subject of study, being the only carriers of direct information regarding what occurs in the nucleus of our star. | https://www.eniscuola.net/en/2011/05/17/neutrinos/ |
Questionnaire: What To Do When a Contract is Breached?
A breach of contract is defined as a failure by one party to perform its obligations as required under a contract. The requirement to perform may be expressly incorporated into the contract, whether in writing or orally, or may be implied by common law or by statute law. If a breach of contract is suffered by one party, they should be able to claim damages as long as the damages are proven. A breach of contract may be a breach of warranty, an intermediate breach of contract or a breach of condition.
People enter into contractual situations with the best of intentions but for all manner of reasons the terms of the contract can be broken. A breach of contract can be major, minor, intentional, accidental, capable or incapable of remedy. Contract terms can be broken as a result of an event or occurrence that was outside both parties’ control. So what happens when a contract is breached?
Is the Contract Verbal or Written Down?If the contract is verbal, you should write to the breaching party informing them of the fact that they have breached the contract and stating the timescale within which you would like the breach put right.
If the Contract is in Writing, Does it Specify What to do in the Event of a Breach?A lot of contracts will have clauses in them that dictate what the parties should do in the event of a breach of contract. There may also be classifications for what constitutes a ‘major’ or ‘minor’ breach of contract. Therefore the first thing to do if you consider that there has been a breach is check whether there are any such provisions. In most commercial agreements, the applicable section is called ‘breach of this agreement’ or ‘breach and termination’ or ‘procedure in the event of breach of contract.’
Is There a ‘Notices’ Section in the Contract?You should then inform the breaching party that they have breached the contract. The way in which this should be communicated may be contained in the ‘Notices’ section of the contract. In the absence of any such section or specific requirement for a particular method of communication, it is always advisable to communicate the breach to the breaching party in writing.
What is the Nature of the Breach?Depending on the nature of the breach of contract, it may be that the contract will simply be allowed to continue as usual. For example, if you have a contract with a broadband service provider and your service is interrupted for a few days, there is likely already to be a provision in the service agreement that allows for service interruptions which means that this will not make the contract void.
Are You Asking for Damages?In some situations it will merely be a matter of notifying the breaching party who will then either admit or deny the breach. If the breach is admitted, damages may be payable to the aggrieved party. If the breach is denied, it may be appropriate to go to mediation or arbitration, if the issue cannot be settled amicably.
Was it the Other Party’s Fault?Force Majeure is a contract law term that, simply put, provides a ‘get out clause’ for parties to a contract in the event that the contract is breached because of something out of their reasonable control. If this is a specific clause in the contract, then ‘force majeure’ will apply. In its most basic terms, force majeure seeks to exclude acts of terrorism, war, strikes, lockouts, floods, acts of God etc from being seen to be the fault of a party to a contract. Contracts sometimes contain a further clause that stipulates the timeframe within which one party should inform the other of the force majeure event, and the means by which they should do this. In the case of a genuine force majeure event, neither party will be liable for the failure of the other to perform under the contract.
If a contract does not contain a ‘force majeure’ clause, or if the contract is agreed orally, an event that is outside either party’s control may ‘frustrate’ the contract under the legal doctrine of ‘Frustration.’ Again, neither party will be liable for breaches which occur otherwise than within their reasonable control. | https://www.contractsandagreements.co.uk/questionnaire-what-do-when-contract-breached.html |
Digital Producer
CHICOPEE, Mass. (WWLP) – The Digital Producer leads the transition from broadcast focused newsrooms to multi-platform newsrooms through active daily example; providing training in methods, processes and tactics; as well as in creating/editing origin content beyond that which is produced for on-air.
Ensures that all content meets company standards for journalistic integrity and production quality
Builds and calendars digital campaigns to promote local shows and specials.
Writes stories for the web and other digital platforms
Performs other duties as assigned
Finds new ways to use Social Media and our website to engage with viewers
Requirements & Skills:
Develops and leads winning strategy for station content
Expert understanding of Facebook, Twitter, and other social media platforms
Reviews copy and will correct errors in content, grammar, and punctuation, following prescribed editorial style and formatting guidelines
Use our Social Media and Website to build and reinforce brand recognition and drive viewers to television | |
As the Fracking Water Treatment industry shifts, the report presents the emerging market trends, factors driving the Fracking Water Treatment market growth, and potential opportunities over the forecast period. The trends underpinning the profitability of Fracking Water Treatment companies are shifting rapidly, forcing companies to carefully align their strengths in synchronization with Fracking Water Treatment industry trends.To avoid getting left behind in an intensive competitive Fracking Water Treatment market, global companies need a new approach to ensure they create value in this environment. Amid increasing activities of M&A and growing activist-investor activity, Fracking Water Treatment companies must strengthen their capabilities to maintain their market shares in the Fracking Water Treatment industry.To assist Fracking Water Treatment manufacturers and vendors to formulate their strategies and analyze their business in the global front, the publisher has published its 2020 series of "Fracking Water Treatment market size, share, opportunities, and outlook to 2026". The report explores changing Fracking Water Treatment market landscape, capital markets, strategies, mergers & acquisitions in the global and country-level markets.The report presents an introduction to the Fracking Water Treatment market in 2020, analyzing the COVID-19 impact both quantitatively and qualitatively. It presents the strategies being adopted by leading Fracking Water Treatment companies, emerging market trends, Fracking Water Treatment market drivers, challenges, and potential opportunities to 2026. The market attractiveness index is also included to assess the impact of suppliers, buyers, competitive landscape, new entrants, and substitutes on the Fracking Water Treatment market.The global Fracking Water Treatment market size is forecast across different scenarios including the actual forecasts and COVID-19 affected forecasts from 2019 to 2026. Further, Fracking Water Treatment market revenue and market shares in global industry are forecast across different types of Fracking Water Treatment, applications, and end-user segments of Fracking Water Treatment and across 18 countries. Report Guide
COVID-19 Impact is specifically included in the research
This report is in its 12th version since first publication in September 2010 | |
BORON -- is important in calcium and magnesium metabolism and in necessary for membrane function.
CALCIUM -- is present in greater quantity in the body than any other mineral. It builds and maintains bones and teeth. Calcium helps to regulate certain body processes such as normal nerve behavior, muscle tone and irritability, and the clotting of blood. All people need calcium throughout their lifetime.
CHLORINE -- is very important in digestion of food in the stomach and in regulating the body's acid-base balance.
CHROMIUM -- improves carbohydrate metabolism through facilitation of insulin activity and decreases serum cholesterol level.
COBALT -- is a stimulant to the production of red blood cells, is a component of vitamin B12 and is necessary for normal growth and appetite.
COPPER -- is necessary for absorption and utilization of iron, is a catalyst in the synthesis of hemoglobin. It is also a cofactor for several enzyme systems.
FLUORINE -- helps prevent tooth decay and is important to bone structure.
IODINE -- is essential to the health of the thyroid gland and helps to regulate the metabolic rate.
IRON -- is an important part of compounds necessary for transporting oxygen to the cells and making use of the oxygen when it arrives.
LITHIUM -- is essential for growth. It also helps keep the chemical balance in the brain.
MAGNESIUM -- is found in all body tissues. It is an essential part of many enzyme systems associated with normal cardiovascular function and energy conversions in the body. It helps maintain normal blood pressure and reduction of irregular heart beat. It is required for vitamin C and calcium metabolism. It is essential for normal functioning of the nervous and muscular system.
MANGANESE -- activates various enzymes and other minerals and is related to the proper utilization of vitamins B1 and E.
MOLYBDENUM -- is essential in the function of two enzyme systems and is necessary in the metabolism of iron.
NICKEL -- is necessary for the effective action of certain hormones.
PHOSPHORUS -- is a structural component of all cells including soft tissues. It is fundamental to the growth, maintenance and repair of all body tissues, and is necessary for protein synthesis.
POTASSIUM -- is found mainly in the fluid inside individual body cells. It helps to regulate body fluids and maintain cellular integrity. It is important in nerve transmission, heart action and for strong bones and muscles.
RUBIDIUM -- acts as a substitute for potassium in some important physiological activities.
SELENIUM -- plays a major role as an antioxidant and thus complements the other trace elements and vitamin E and reduces toxicity from mercury contamination. It also functions in cancer prevention and in the prevention of cardiac disorders.
SILICON -- is essential for the proper structure and development of the skull and long bones.
SODIUM -- works with potassium in nerve transmission and with proteins, phosphates and carbonates to keep the balance between acid and alkali in the blood. It is vital in keeping a normal balance of water in the cells and the fluids.
STRONTIUM -- is built into bones and teeth. It may help prevent tooth decay and broken bones in older people.
SULFUR -- is essential to life and is found in all body tissue. It is related to protein nutrition as a component of various important amino acids. It is essential for healthy skin, hair and nails. It is a component of two vitamins, thiamine and biotin.
TIN -- is important for growth and reproduction.
VANADIUM -- inhibits the formation of cholesterol in the body, helps prevent tooth decay and it regulates the way that fats are used by the body. Vanadium is also a part of the mechanism that surrounds the use of essential amino acids in the body.
ZINC -- is important for insulin activity, for protein and DNA synthesis, for normal taste and wound healing, to maintain normal vitamin A levels and usage, in the structure of the bones, the immune system and in the normal oil gland function of the skin. | http://clarksminerals.com/why.php |
WE ENVISION A GENERATION OF ARCHITECTS dedicated to crafting the buildings, places and institutions that create vibrant, vital, and sustainable cities.
Using the rich environmental, historical, and cultural landscape of New Orleans as a laboratory, our architecture programs engage students directly in an ongoing effort to reconsider and rebuild New Orleans. We believe that architects are uniquely suited to be leaders in a movement toward an urban renaissance of sustainable design and community engagement, and our architecture programs provide students with the knowledge, education, and experience they need to be those leaders.
The mission of the Tulane School of Architecture is to prepare students for leadership positions in the design professions and in their communities. This school aspires to provide the highest quality professional education in architecture, to develop and conserve knowledge, and to promote excellence and innovation in architecture, landscape urbanism, preservation, and urban and environmental design and development. We recognize the centrality of design thinking as a process of synthesis that incorporates history, theory, technology, economics, behavior, and culture. The school supports diversity and meaningful engagement with urban and community issues, while embracing the creative potential and imperative of sustainable design.
The Tulane School of Architecture offers both undergraduate and graduate degrees in architecture. | http://architecture.tulane.edu/programs/architecture |
Geological materials are used in significant quantities for construction purposes, structurally and for cladding, but are subject to damage, deformation and deterioration through natural weathering processes in combination with the stress state induced in service. As a consequence, structural performance can be reduced, durability is compromised and there may be aesthetic or heritage issues with regard to preservation of the original structural form. Currently, such issues are addressed either through initial overdesign, implementation of maintenance programmes, or both. The proposal seeks to explore the potential for providing such materials with the ability to self-heal – to automatically respond to damage or deterioration, instigating a healing process that restores or even enhances the desirable structural or aesthetic properties. Such technology will take inspiration from, and work in parallel with, current research into self-healing in cementitious, polymeric and other engineering materials.
Previously, biological methods of treatment of geological materials have been employed, e.g. cementation through bacterial mineralisation of calcite, to enhance structural properties as well as to protect and conserve valuable structures. Similar technologies have been employed in the self-healing of cementitious materials. It is therefore envisaged, for the first time, to introduce the concept of biological self-healing to geological materials, combining the Fellow's expertise in geo-material conservation with that of the Host in self-healing materials and biomineralisation. A major part of this work is to identify and assess suitable healing mechanisms, and methods of triggering them, for the particular environments under consideration. Ultimately it is hoped that the technology would be applicable to both new and existing engineered structures comprising geological materials. | https://cordis.europa.eu/project/id/745891 |
Mentally simulating the actions of others is thought to be a key component of empathy. Yet new research suggests that our so-called mirror neurons may also expose hidden divisions. A study published in October in the journal PLOS ONE reveals that these copycat neurons do not reflect all people equally.
Mirror neurons were discovered in the early 1990s, and their existence was a neuroscientific revelation: brain cells not only fire when we perform a given action, they also fire when we see someone else doing the deed. Much subsequent work has suggested that mirror neurons undergird social cognition. Now emerging research is finding that our mirror neuron system distinguishes between people who are physically and culturally similar and those who are not. The new work probed these differences further. In the study, investigators asked 17 young adult Jewish men to review the biographies and photographs of eight individuals who physically resembled the participants. Half these characters, portrayed by actors, were identified as neo-Nazis. The subjects reported they strongly disliked the anti-Semitic characters but not the others. Next, the participants underwent functional MRI scans while watching a video of each character drinking from a water bottle. The researchers focused on the ventral premotor cortex, a region typically active when we carry out an action or watch someone else do so. They found that neurons in this region activated differently when subjects viewed detestable and likable characters.
Because mirror neuron activity is thought to be a very basic part of brain function—and it can be seen in many animals besides humans—the new finding supports the notion that our brain is predisposed to distinguish “us versus them.” This distinction can be beneficial, encouraging caution around those with harmful intentions, or dangerous, further entrenching prejudices. To weaken unwelcome biases, lead author Lisa Aziz-Zadeh, a cognitive neuroscientist at the University of Southern California, suggests that exposure and perspective taking could go a long way. | https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/mirror-neurons-can-relfect-hatred/?error=cookies_not_supported&code=bf99a690-8e32-477b-a884-865ae9d7ea98 |
Youplus - Insight Lead (4-10 yrs)
Brief JD:
Manage projects independently from end to end (Proposals to project management to preparing reports)
- Analyze the research findings and draw inferences and conclusions in response to the research query.
- Report the findings in the form of a structured report or a pre-defined framework.
- Build deep understanding of all sectors covered by the team with the aim to derive better Insights.
- Complete understanding of the proprietary research platform.
- Display understanding of qualitative research.
- Ability to independently analyze data, draw conclusions and provide recommendations
- Have a natural curiosity and an independent thinker
- Pay attention to details
- Flexibility to work late evenings and sporadic weekends.
- Seek Continuous Feedback. | https://www.updazz.com/j/youplus-insight-lead-4-10-yrs-64339.html?ref=cl |
Brunner’s Ken Johns Talks Retargeting at OMMA Behavioral
At OMMA Behavioral yesterday, DGC‘s Kendra Peavy had a chance to see Moderator Ken Johns, SVP, Digital and 1:1 Strategy at Brunner, in action leading a panel of experts from TrueAction, Netmining, Criteo, RAPP and Neo@Ogilvy on the topic of Targeting the Retargeters.
Although the practice hasn’t changed significantly over the last year, there are changes on the horizon. Ken took a few minutes to sit with her and share his thoughts on the panel, as well as the future of retargeting:
The Panel
Consumer Knowledge and Best Practices
The Future of Retargeting
Posted on March 23, 2011, in DiGennaro Communications, OMMA, Video and tagged Brunner, DGC, DiGennaro Communications, Ken Johns, Kendra Peavy, Mobile, OMMA Behavioral, Retargeting, Targeting. Bookmark the permalink. Leave a comment. | https://thehitboard.com/2011/03/23/brunners-ken-johns-talks-retargeting-at-omma-behavioral/ |
This year marks a significant year in the field of research compliance, not just because we've had to learn and adapt to very different ways of approaching our roles working and connecting remotely, but also because we've had to embrace technology in research more than ever. Technology has advanced in its own right, but it has also taken on a central role in our daily lives as both researchers and research administrators are working from home in the midst of a pandemic.
It has been a year and a half since we've made this transition, and I think we need to take a pause and give ourselves a generous pat on the back. We've had to quickly adapt to a new way of thinking and working, reaching out across the regulatory compliance field and sharing resources, knowledge, and expertise between colleagues across the nation and world. Together, we've found ways to ensure that research can continue efficiently, ethically, and responsibly in virtual and hybrid settings.
As we've adapted and expanded our approach to research compliance and how we do that from remote locations, we've come to see just how much all bodies of the regulatory world are interconnected and rely upon each other. From privacy to technology risk, to grants and contracts, all the way to on-site laboratory services, we've broken down siloed thinking and come together remotely. We identify ways in which we can further advance ethics across the research spectrum, encouraging ideas and resource sharing, and opening the lines of communication among offices and personnel involved in the various aspects of research oversight. We've come to realize just how interconnected we are and how critical operation and coordination across these separate but related programs is.
While this year is particularly unique in that it speaks more about my favorite topic—novel technology and ethics—as always, the PRIM&R Advancing Ethical Research (AER) Conference truly represents this concept of coming together to network, learn, and grow as a team. In my 16 years of attending PRIM&R conferences, I've always walked away with more knowledge and a deeper understanding of the ever-evolving research regulations, and how I can do my job better. I also walk away with more support and resources through networking. And so, with much gratitude, I look forward to learning from all my colleagues, once again, at the 2021 AER Conference!
Tamiko T. Eto, MS, CIP, is the Division of Research Manager for Compliance, Privacy, and IRB Support Services at the Permanente Medical Group of Kaiser Permanente, Northern California. She has over 16 years of experience in human subjects research protections. Prior to that, Tamiko served as Acting Director at Stanford Research Institute's (SRI) Office of Research Integrity and Chair of the SRI IRB. She leverages her experience to implement regulatory policies to health care research projects that delve into AI and novel technology research.
Tamiko works closely with AI researchers and institutional/regulatory bodies in addressing ethical and regulatory challenges related to AI, and has developed tools and checklists for IRBs to use in their review of AI research. She also actively collaborates on research, in an effort to be at the forefront of developing an ethical and regulatory framework for research involving human subjects.
SBER21 and AER21 take place virtually November 16–19, 2021. Browse the agendas and register by November 12. Learn more and register online! | https://blog.primr.org/breaking-down-silos-connecting-remotely/ |
An initiative to identify and properly treat children living with HIV has gained new momentum as international organizations and pharmaceutical companies respond to a Vatican push to look past profit to doing the right thing.
AMSTERDAM — An initiative to identify and properly treat children living with HIV has gained new momentum as international organizations and pharmaceutical companies respond to a Vatican push to look past profit to doing the right thing.
The initial focus of the meetings, according to Vitillo, was to get antiretroviral drugs that treat HIV into formulations that work for children.
“We now have some dosages and formulations which are more child-friendly, but some of the most important medications still need to be refrigerated, and you don’t have a regular supply of electricity in many countries. Some of the formulations taste terrible, so children won’t tolerate them. Some companies have begun to develop what they call sprinkles, like granulated sugar, and you can mix it with porridge. We need more of that,” Vitillo told Catholic News Service. | https://cruxnow.com/vatican/2018/08/09/vatican-makes-progress-on-pushing-drug-availability-for-kids-with-hiv/ |
How many chocolates are in the third shelf when at the 8th shelf are 41 chocolates in any other shelf is 7 chocolates more the previous shelf.
Result
Result
Leave us a comment of example and its solution (i.e. if it is still somewhat unclear...):
Showing 0 comments:
Be the first to comment!
To solve this example are needed these knowledge from mathematics:
Next similar examples:
- Soaps
Each box has the same number of soaps. A quarter of all boxes contain only white soaps, and in each of the remaining 120 boxes there are always half the white soaps and half the green. White soaps total 1200. (a) the number of all soap boxes; (b) the sma
- Angles in a triangle
The angles of the triangle ABC make an arithmetic sequence with the largest angle γ=60°. What sizes have other angles in a triangle?
- Three ints
The sum of three consecutive integers is 2016. What numbers are they?
- Arithmetic progression
In some AP applies: 5a2 + 7a5 = 90 s3 = 12 Find the first member a =? and difference d = ?
- Angle in RT
Determine the size of the smallest internal angle of a right triangle whose sides constitutes sizes consecutive members of arithmetic progressions.
- Sequence
In the arithmetic sequence is given: Sn=2304, d=2, an=95 Calculate a1 and n.
- AP 6
Calculate the first five items of an arithmetic sequence if it is given: a2 – a3 + a5 = 20 a1 + a6 = 38
- Angle
Determine the size of the smallest internal angle of a right triangle which angles forming the successive members of the arithmetic sequence.
- Have solution
The sum of four consecutive even numbers is 96. Determine these numbers.
- Odd numbers
The sum of four consecutive odd numbers is 1048. Find those numbers ...
- A bridge
A bridge over a river is in the shape of the arc of a circle with each base of the bridge at the river's edge. At the center of the river, the bridge is 10 feet above the water. At 27 feet from the edge of the river, the bridge is 9 feet above the water. H
- Alice
Alice spent 5/11 of her money on a back pack. She has $42 dollars left. How much was her back pack?
- The sides
The sides of a rectangle are in a ratio of 2:3, and its perimeter is 1 1/4 inches. What are the lengths of its side? Draw it. | https://www.hackmath.net/en/example/3718 |
BACKGROUND
SUMMARY
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
FOL Grammar
Representation of the FOL Grammar
Representations of FOL Predicates and FOL Functions
Son(“John”, “David”)
Father(“John”)
FOL_P(“loves”, John, Mary)
FOL_P(“loves”, “John”, “Mary”), and
FOL_P(“loves”, John, “Mary”)
3.1 EXAMPLES
3.3.1 Examples in Native Style
Example A
Example B
Example C
(a) FOL_P(“member”, “Hoofer Club”, “Tony”);
(b) FOL_P(“member”, “Hoofer Club”, “Shikuo”);
(c) FOL_P(“member”, “Hoofer Club”, “Ellen”);
Example D
(e) FOL_P(“cat”, “Tuna”);
Example E
(a) FOL_P(“man”, “Marcus”);
(b) FOL_P(“Pomperian”, “Marcus”);
(d) FOL_P(“ruler”, “Caesar”);
(h) FOL_P(“assassinate”, “Marcus”, “Caesar”);
Example F
(b) FOL_P(“Enermy”, “Nano”, “America”);
(e) FOL_P(“American”, “West”);
3.3.2. Examples in Prose Style
FOL_P(“unary”, (((0, −i), (i, k))
Example G
Example H
Example I
Reasoning is an essential part of mathematical educations. The theoretical foundation such as first-order-logic (FOL) and algorithms for reasoning are well established. However, reasoning functionality is largely missing from major math software available in the market, which unfortunately is also what commonly available for educational applications.
The grammar of FOL may include many constructs including predicate, FOL function, term, and quantifiers. Its expressive power makes it a common choice of representation of mathematics axioms/theorems, as well as “meaning” in natural language processing, although it may not be always straightforward in translating English sentences into a corresponding FOL representation.
Traditional math software or computer languages are generally not able to parse and interpret (including reason) logical statements such as logical puzzles or mathematical theorems in FOL syntax directly. Being able to communicate with software in native FOL syntax is desirable at least for educational users such as STEM students who are learning formal reasoning, since it largely eliminates the needs to learn a new language.
1. only allowing a subset of FOL sentences called Horn clauses (disjunction of one or more boolean literals with at most one positive literal);
2. assuming variables to be universally quantified. Such restriction makes it hard for using it in mathematical reasoning, where existentially quantified variables are indispensable in defining many mathematics concepts and theorems, such as limit and the intermediate-value-theorem in single-variable calculus;
3. reasoning algorithms based on backward-chaining. Other common methods such as forward-chaining (which is perhaps the most intuitive to human reasoners) and resolution refutation (a versatile procedure that only require sentences written in clause forms, i.e. disjunction of Boolean literals), may not be available.
There are several programming languages that are directed to logical reasoning. Many of these languages suffer several limitations including:
While the above restrictions may provide enhanced efficiency of such languages, the deficiency in logical expressiveness is adversely impacted. Furthermore, there exist some noticeable syntactic difference between many such languages and FOL. For example, implication may be expressed in some languages in a reversed manner with the “:−” operator being used for the universally accepted symbol “=>” and comma ‘,’ for conjunction ‘’ (i.e., the FOL sentence pq=>r in such a case would be expressed as r :− p, q in Prolog). While such languages may well be a powerful language for language processing and expert systems, it is possibly not a good choice for teaching and learning logical reasoning.
The languages used by major math software are mostly functional languages and lack the features that enable the definition of logical statements, let alone the ability to reason.
Various aspects of the present disclosure enable parsing and subsequently interpreting logical statements that are written in syntax similar to that of FOL or in English prose, or both.
The present disclosure generally relates to one or more improved systems, methods, and/or apparatuses for parsing and interpretation of logical statements. Aspects disclosed herein provide entering logical statements into computer (software) in native FOL syntax using ASCII and providing solutions to reasoning problems presented in the logical statements, the solutions determined based on math theorems (specifically theorems in single-variable calculus) in FOL that are used to solve the math reasoning problems, and linking different theorems to the FOL statements.
As mentioned above, various aspects of the present disclosure enable parsing and subsequently interpreting logical statements that are written in syntax similar to that of FOL or in English prose, or both. This is achieved by expanding Leibniz language—a hybrid language that mixes simple English with mathematical expressions that is described in more detail in U.S. Pat. No. 8,943,113, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
In this section, various aspects of FOL grammar are discussed, followed by how FOL constructs are represented and how the FOL grammar is merged according to various aspects of the disclosure. Finally a few examples of reasoning problems, both English words problems and math reasoning problems in single-variable calculus, that are parsed and interpreted (i.e. solved) according to aspects of the disclosure are discussed.
To facilitate the discussion, first discussed are grammar rules for FOL and the propositional logic (PL). The production rules are defined in Backus-Nour form, which is a standard format commonly used when defining the syntax of a computer language:
<sentence> -> <atomic sentence> |
<sentence> <connective> <sentence> |
<quantifier> <variable list> <sentence> |
~<sentence>
<atomic sentence> -> <predicate> | <term> = <term>
<connective> -> => | <img id="CUSTOM-charACTER-00003" he="2.12mm" wi="2.12mm" file="US20170046139A1-20170216-P00003.TIF" alt="custom-character" img-content="character" img-format="tif" /> | <img id="CUSTOM-charACTER-00004" he="2.12mm" wi="2.12mm" file="US20170046139A1-20170216-P00004.TIF" alt="custom-character" img-content="character" img-format="tif" /> | <=>
<quantifier> -> ∀ | ∃
<predicate> -> <predicate head> ‘(‘ <term list> ‘)‘
<term> -> <function> | <constant> | <variable>
<function> -> <function head>‘(‘ <term list> ‘)‘
<variable> -> x|y|u|T...
<constant> -> C|Ann|limon bar|tea| ...
<predicate head> -> love|hate|alive|...
<function head> -> tax|mother|age|...
<term list> -> <term> <term tail>
<term tail> -> ‘,‘ <term> | λ
As can be seen, the grammar is context-free since all grammar symbols appeared in the left-hand sides of the rules are single non-terminal symbols (symbols written as < . . . >). Simply, non-terminal symbols are place-holders or abstract notions that are meant to be replaced by terminal symbols (those can not be replaced any further like “2”, “x”, “slope”), or other non-terminal symbols. λ in the last rule is a special terminal symbol that literally means void or nothing; It is needed in terminating recursive structures such as list (e.g., (“John”, “Dave”, x, u, . . . )).
PL is simpler than FOL and it can be treated as a subset of FOL. There are no functions and predicates, and there are no quantifiers. Below are the grammar rules that define the simple logic:
<sentence> -> <atomic sentence> |
<sentence> <connective> <sentence> |
~<sentence>
<atomic sentence> -> true|false|<boolean variable>
<connective> -> => | <img id="CUSTOM-charACTER-00005" he="2.12mm" wi="2.12mm" file="US20170046139A1-20170216-P00003.TIF" alt="custom-character" img-content="character" img-format="tif" /> | <img id="CUSTOM-charACTER-00006" he="2.12mm" wi="2.12mm" file="US20170046139A1-20170216-P00004.TIF" alt="custom-character" img-content="character" img-format="tif" /> | <=>
<boolean variable> -> p|q|u|...
To incorporate FOL into a computer language, one has to consolidate the FOL grammar and the grammar rules representing arithmatics and math entities such as set, function and matrix. These entities provide the content for logical framework to reason.
Such consolidation is described for various aspects of the disclosure, including specifically (i) how the FOL grammar is merged into the existing grammar defining the language; (ii) how the FOL constructs such as predicate and FOL function are represented; and (iii) how quantifications and quantified statements are delimited in a manner that is faithful to the native FOL syntax yet with improved readability.
FOL predicates are used to describe relation among objects within the domain the predicates are used to model. For instance, some examples may use predicate
to represent the son-father relationship “John is David's son”. A predicate can be considered as a function with domain being the set of objects concerned and the range being simply the Boolean value “true.”
On the other hand, FOL functions represent objects (cars, humans, etc)—objects that can be uniquely determined by another object or objects, again within the domain concerned. For example, one can use
to represent John's father. FOL function, it is to be noted, is associated with a unique mapping, or a one-to-one relation. Functions can be used as the arguments of predicates but not predicates in FOL.
1
2
1
2
As can be seen, FOL predicate and FOL function share the same syntax “some words” (t, t, . . . ), where t, t, . . . are FOL terms as defined by the FOL grammar. One has to state explicitly whether such construct represents a predicate or a function. In addition, there is potential confusion with the syntax of mathematical functions ƒ(x,y, . . . ), where the arguments are usually numbers (real, integer, etc) instead of objects.
To avoid the ambiguity, some aspects of the present disclosure introduce the notion of FOL constructors, whose sole purpose is to generate the corresponding FOL construct with given parameters. Notice the first parameter is always a string naming the FOL construct. The table below lists exemplary syntax and functionalities of these constructors:
Con-
structor
FOL Expression Generated
FOL_P
(“some words”, t<sub>1</sub>, t<sub>2</sub>, ...) predicate: “some words”( t<sub>1</sub>, t<sub>2</sub>, ...)
FOL_A
(“some words”, t<sub>1</sub>, t<sub>2</sub>, ...) function: “some words”( t<sub>1</sub>, t<sub>2</sub>, ...)
FOL_C
(“some words”, t<sub>1</sub>, t<sub>2</sub>, ...) class/set: “some words”( t<sub>1</sub>, t<sub>2</sub>, ...)
It should be noted that the expression generated by FOL_C is not a genuine FOL term. Rather, it is introduced into the language for the needs of expressing the set-membership or subset relations more transparently. There are many such relations in mathematics such as (function vs antiderivatives). It's convenient to use FOL_C to generate a symbol representing a collection of entities with certain characteristics. Some examples use a FOL_C operator along with “{”(set membership) and “[”(subset) than predicate for this type of relations since the readability of the statements so constructed is arguably improved when capered to a predicate that capturing the same relation. Such techniques may be used for defining types. For example, the declaration “A is a square matrix” can be represented by
A {FOL_C(“square matrix”)
with the implied unary arity. It can trigger the instantiation for A during semantic checking.
Various examples have also used the convention of using double quotations for strings that represent constants—such as “John” as a person, “Olive Garden” as the Italian restaurant chain, etc. As can be seen, it is not clear at all from the grammar specification that how <constant> and <variable> are to be differentiated but such differentiation is important for knowledge representation and reasoning. For instance, if both John and Mary in the predicate
are flagged as constants (through statement such as “John, Mary are constant;” where constant is recognized as adjective), the sentence simply means “The person named John loves the person named Mary.” On the other hand, if John is flagged as variable (It seems odd but is entirely reasonable. For instance, software languages recognize strings with the first letter capitalized as variables) and Mary remains a constant, the same sentence will carry drastically different meaning; The sentence now claims “everybody love Mary” since by FOL convention John is universally quantified. It should be noted that FOL itself does not have a mechanism for specifying whether a symbol is a variable or constant. As mentioned, some examples use the double quotation convention as an intuitive solution to this problem. Using this convention, the two statements involving Mary's affection affair would be
As explained John here is assumed universally quantified. If however it is quantified as existential by adding quantification “for some John”, the modified sentence means “there is at least one person, if not more, who loves Mary.”
3.2.2 Delimiting FOL Quantification.
No punctuation is specified as delimiter to separate quantification and the quantified statement followed in the formal specification of FOL grammar. In practice, an empty space may be used as a delimiter, or a different font style such as italic for the quantified statement so the quantification and the statement can be identified clearly. While it is not practical to introduce font style in a grammar specification, using empty space as delimiter may also be undesirable due to, for example, diminished readability.
In some examples, a comma ‘,’ is selected as the delimiter for both universal and existential quantifications (when expressed using “for some . . . ”). For example, the following statement with nested quantifications can be used to define ( as the logical collective for definition) the notion of sibling-hood and parenthood:
FIG. 1
for all s, for all c, FOL_P(“sibling”, s, c)<=>˜(s=c)(for some p, FOL_P(“parent”, p, s)FOL_P(“parent”, p, c))
The corresponding abstract-syntax-tree (AST) is given in .
Notice that “there exist(s) . . . such that . . . ” phrase structure can also be used to express existentially quantified statements. For example, one may rewrite the existential statement on the right-hand side in the above statement using such a structure, and the statement now reads
for all s, for all c, FOL_P(“sibling”, s, c)<=>˜(s=c)(there exists p such that FOL_P(“parent”, p, s)FOL_P(“parent”, p, c))
The AST is exactly the same as it should be. In the case that there is only single quantified variable, one may place an indefinite article (a′ or “an”) in front of the quantified variable.
3.2.3 Incorporating FOL Grammar into a Hybrid Language that Mixes Simple English with Mathematical Expressions (e.g., the Leibniz Language).
As mentioned above, various aspects of this disclosure provide enhancements to a hybrid language that mixes natural language and symbolic expressions (e.g., the Leibniz language), and allows declarative definition of assertions, commands, and questions with simple but common syntactic structures found in natural math language. As such, considerable fraction of the existing grammar is devoted to capture the syntactic structures of hybrid sentences and the embedded or stand-alone symbolic expressions, which represent important math concepts/entities such as set, functions and matrices. Understandably, to add FOL grammar into a hybrid language that mixes simple English with mathematical expressions, one has to consolidate it with the existing rules instead of simply injecting them into the language.
Specifically, such consolidation should be such that the math software or computer language can recognize (i) sentences written in native FOL syntax; and (ii) sentences written in simple but well-structured natural math language whose semantics can be captured by FOL. In other words, sentences like
<math overflow="scroll"><mtable><mtr><mtd><mrow><mo>“</mo><mrow><mrow><mrow><mi>f</mi><mo></mo><mrow><mo>(</mo><mi>x</mi><mo>)</mo></mrow></mrow><mo>=</mo><mi /><mo></mo><mrow><mrow><mo>(</mo><mrow><mrow><mi>x</mi><mo>^</mo><mn>2</mn></mrow><mo>-</mo><mn>4</mn></mrow><mo>)</mo></mrow><mo>/</mo><mrow><mo>(</mo><mrow><mi>x</mi><mo>-</mo><mn>2</mn></mrow><mo>)</mo></mrow></mrow></mrow><mo>,</mo><mrow><mrow><mi>if</mi><mo></mo><mstyle><mspace width="0.8em" height="0.8ex" /></mstyle><mo></mo><mi>x</mi></mrow><mo><</mo><mn>2</mn></mrow></mrow></mrow></mtd></mtr><mtr><mtd><mrow><mrow><mo>=</mo><mi /><mo></mo><mrow><mrow><mi>a</mi><mo>*</mo><mrow><mi>x</mi><mo>^</mo><mn>2</mn></mrow></mrow><mo>-</mo><mrow><mi>b</mi><mo>*</mo><mi>x</mi></mrow><mo>+</mo><mn>3</mn></mrow></mrow><mo>,</mo><mrow><mrow><mi>if</mi><mo></mo><mstyle><mspace width="0.8em" height="0.8ex" /></mstyle><mo></mo><mn>2</mn></mrow><mo><=</mo><mi>x</mi><mo><</mo><mn>3</mn></mrow></mrow></mtd></mtr><mtr><mtd><mrow><mrow><mrow><mo>=</mo><mi /><mo></mo><mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn><mo>*</mo><mi>x</mi></mrow><mo>-</mo><mi>a</mi><mo>+</mo><mi>b</mi></mrow></mrow><mo>,</mo><mrow><mrow><mrow><mi>if</mi><mo></mo><mstyle><mspace width="0.8em" height="0.8ex" /></mstyle><mo></mo><mi>x</mi></mrow><mo>>=</mo><mn>3</mn></mrow><mo>;</mo></mrow></mrow><mo>”</mo></mrow></mtd></mtr></mtable></math>
and
“the geometric series Sum(a*r̂(n−1)@(1<=n<inf) is convergent
if |r|<1;”
as well as
“for all x, ˜(member(“kingdom hall”, x))human(x)=>mortal(x);”
must be generated from the same set of grammar rules. As can be seen, the first sentence defines a piecewise function in a purely symbolic fashion. The second sentence, on the other hand, is a hybrid statement about the convergence radius of the geometric series, whereas the last sentence is a quantified implication written in native FOL syntax. They seem quite different structure wise, and indeed they are, and yet common patterns among them need to be established for a hybrid language. Various aspects of the present disclosure provide an establishment for common patterns among such statements.
According to some aspects of the disclosure, a “dispersion” strategy is used, instead of isolating the FOL grammar as a separated group of production rules in the language. For instance, the FOL constructs are introduced into the hierarchy of terminals and non-terminal symbols as if they were user-defined (mathematical) functions. The logical negation clause formed by the “˜” operator is treated as the same of a (algebraic) negation expression formed by the unary minus (−) operator. Implication and definition, namely, complex sentences form by “=>” and “” connectives are treated as assertions and the precedence of the operators are immediately adjacent to that of the assignment operator (=). FOL constructs formed by the “” and “” collectives are treated as expression although they are classified as “complex sentences” in FOL grammar, and the precedence assign to the connectives is adjacent to that of multiplication (*) and addition (binary +/−) operators.
Various examples can generate, and thus recognize, FOL sentences in two dialects: (i) native FOL syntax for assertions in any domain including those that are beyond mathematics domain currently addressed by Leibniz; and (ii) natural math language for assertions in the domain of mathematics including algebra, pre-calculus, and single variable calculus. Such dialects are referred to herein (i) as “native” style and (ii) as “prose” style, respectively.
Several concrete examples are provided to demonstrate the definition of reasoning problems using a hybrid language that mixes simple English with mathematical expressions and the corresponding solutions. The solutions are obtained using the well-established reasoning algorithms.
To start, a determination of what FOL sentences are known axioms/conditions, and what is the conclusion to be deduced. In some examples, that is done by adding a production rule such as:
<assertion> -> “assume that” <list of assertion>
“show that” <assertion>
Note that the non-terminal symbol <assertion> can be replaced by a FOL sentence.
The statements in Examples A and B are expressed in PL.
The problem statement is listed below:
assume that
(a) P=>Q
(b) LM=>P
(c) BL=>M
(d) AP=>L
(e) AB=>L
(f) A
(g) B
prove Q;
200
FIGS. 2A and 2B
The proof uses forward-chaining based on Modus Pollens is completed in 4 steps, as can be seen from the solution listed in the example of .
Several examples involving logical puzzles are now discussed. They are originally stated in English but are translated into FOL sentences manually. All the problems are solved with resolution refutation except Example F, which is solved by forward-chaining. This is because forward-chaining requires that the given conditions are all in definite clause forms (disjunction of Boolean literals with exactly one positive literal). Such a requirement is more demanding than what is required for resolution refutation, which only needs all assumptions expressed as clauses.
300
FIGS. 3A and 3B
The first such example is a kinship riddle “brothers and sisters I have none, that man's father is my father's son.” This example and solution is illustrated in example on . It is desired to show that “I” am that man's father. FOL function FOL_A(“father”, x) is used to represent the father of a person x, and the binary predicates FOL_P(“son”, x, y) and FOL_P(“sibling”, x, y) are used to represent the relationship for “x is y's son” and “x, y are sibling”. As can be seen, the sentences include negation and both universally quantified and existentially quantified statements.
The problem statements in FOL are listed below.
assume that
(a) for all s, for all f, FOL_P(“son”, s, f)=>(FOL_A(“father”, s)=f);
(b) for all x, for all y, (there exists p such that (FOL_A(“father”, x)=p)(FOL_A(“father”, y)=p))(˜(x=y))=>FOL_P(“sibling”, x, y);
(c) for all x, FOL_A(“father”, x)=FOL_A(“father”, x);
(d) ˜(there exists z such that FOL_P(“sibling”, z, “I”));
(e) FOL_P(“son”, FOL_A(“father”, “thatman”), FOL_A(“father”, “I”));
show that
FOL_A(“father”, “thatman”)=“I”;
It will be noted that just enough axioms (assertions that are given without proof) are used for family relationship, with a deliberate use of only a single branch of the definition for “son” and “sibling” relationship ((a), (b) are true when the implication operators (=>) are changed to equivalent operator ()). The reason for doing so is to decrease the spurious reasoning steps generated by the resolution refutation algorithm, is discussed in further detail below.
Also, note the implied one-to-one relation by the FOL function FOL_F(“Father”, x) must be given explicitly through the statement
i
for all x, FOL_A(“father”, x)=FOL_A(“father”, x)
since the FOL grammar itself does not enforce the one-to-one semantics for FOL function.
SKF( . . . ) denotes a Skolem function symbolizing an existentially quantified variable with its dependency on other variables explicitly given.
FIGS. 3A and 3B
The proof for this problem using the method of contradiction and the reasoning steps leading to the contradiction is listed in .
The logical foundation for the method of contradiction is:
α|=β iff (αβ) un-satisfiable
where α, β are FOL sentences. Simply speaking, the necessary and sufficient conditions for α|=↑(α entails β, i.e., β can be derived from α) is that α and β can not be satisfied simultaneously. So to prove that β can be derived from α, we can first assume that β is not true (i.e., β is true). If such assumption leads to any contradiction against α, then it can be concluded that β must be true. Notice that a can be a conjunction of FOL sentences, which is the case for most of the examples discussed herein, where the FOL sentences included in any itemized list are assumed connected to each other through conjunction ().
An inference rule called resolution is used in the algorithm for method of contradiction. The basic idea is that when two FOL clauses are conjuncted (combined through operator), the result can be formed by simply annihilating the two complement literals if any. To see why this is the case, a simple example is discussed involving unit resolution: giving pq, and q, it follows inevitably p.
Tony, Shikuo and Ellen belong to the Hoofers Club. Every member of the Hoofers Club is either a skier or a mountain climber or both. No mountain climber likes rain, and all skiers like snow.
Ellen dislikes whatever Tony likes and likes whatever Tony dislikes. Tony likes rain and snow. Show that there exists at least one Hoofers club member who is a mountain climber but not a skier.
The above narratives can be expressed by the following FOL sentences:
assume that
Hoofer's Club. The original problem in this example is from the University of Wisconsin's lecture notes (http://pages.cs.wisc.edu/˜dver/cs540/notes/fopc.html), and can be stated in English as follows:
(d) for all x, FOL_P(“member”, “Hoofer Club”, x)=>FOL_P(“skier”, x)FOL_P(“mountain climber”, x);
(e) for all p, FOL_P(“mountain climber”, p)=>FOL_P(“likes”, p, “rain”);
(f) for all q, FOL_P(“skier”, q)=>FOL_P(“likes”, q, “snow”);
(g) for all z, FOL_P(“likes”, “Tony”, z)=>˜FOL_P(“likes”, “Ellen”, z);
(h) for all w, ˜FOL_P(“likes”, “Tony”, w)=>FOL_P(“likes”, “Ellen”, w);
(i) FOL_P(“likes”, “Tony”, “snow”)FOL_P(“likes”, “Tony”, “rain”);
show that
for some c, FOL_P(“member”, “Hoofer Club”, c)FOL_P(“mountain climber”, c)˜FOL_P(“skier”, c);
400
FIGS. 4A-4C
As can be seen from the output included in the example of , not all clauses upon conversion to conjunctive normal form (CNF) are in the form of definite clauses (a disjunction of boolean liberals with exactly one positive literal). Consequently, resolution refutation instead of forward-chaining is used to solve this problem. Note the conclusion to be proved in this example involves an existentially quantified variable c. However, upon negating the conclusion as the first step of resolution refutation, c becomes a universally quantified variable.
As can be seen, the contradiction is about whether Ellen is a skier. In a nutshell, the reasoning goes like this: Tony likes snow and Ellen dislikes whatever Tony likes, so Ellen must dislike snow. Therefore Ellen is NOT a skier since all skiers like snow. On the other hand, to satisfy the given condition (4) and the assumption (0), every member of the Hoofer club is a skier, and thus Ellen must be a skier, which contradicts to the derived assertion that Ellen is NOT a skier.
Similar to forward-chaining, many irrelevant resolutions are performed by the refutation algorithm although only a few of them lead to the proof (i.e. the contradiction). It should be noted that several heuristics exist for improving the efficiency of the resolution refutation algorithm.
, Artificial Intelligence—A Modern Approach
Everyone who loves all animals is loved by someone;
Anyone who kills an animal is loved by no one;
Jack loves all animals;
Either Jack or Curiosity killed the cat, who is named Tuna;
Show that Jack did not kill the cat;
The FOL representation is:
assume that
(a) for all x, (for all y, FOL_P(“animal”, y)=>FOL_P(“loves”, x, y))=> for some alpha, FOL_P(“loves”, alpha, x);
(b) for all x, (for some beta, FOL_P(“animal”, beta)FOL_P(“kills”, x, beta))=>˜(for some gamma, FOL_P(“loves”, gamma, x));
(c) for all y, FOL_P(“animal”, y)=>FOL_P(“loves”, “Jack”, y);
(d) FOL_P(“kills”, “Jack”, “Tuna”)FOL_P(“kills”, “Curiosity”, “Tuna”);
Jack Did Not Kill the Cat. The original problem of this example is from Stuart Russell, Peter Norvig, 2003, Chapters 9, Prentice Hall, and is stated in English as follows:
(f) for all y, FOL_P(“cat”, y)=>FOL_P(“animal”, y);
show that ˜FOL_P(“kills”, “Jack”, “Tuna”);
FIG. 5
Note that, in this example, parentheses are used to control the scope of the quantification imposed on y in sentence (a). The abstract-syntax-tree (AST) for the sentence and the AST for the same sentence but without the parentheses are shown in side-by-side for comparison.
2
Animal(SKF3(x))Loves(SKF4(x),x)
Loves(x,SKF3(x))Loves(SKF4(x),x)
whereas for the case without parentheses, the CNF only contains one disjunctive clause.
Animal(y)Loves(x,y)Loves(SKF2(x,y),x)
If the subtle differences in the semantics carried by the sentences above may not be so obvious, the differences are quite clear in the corresponding clause forms after both sentences are converted to CNF: for the case with parentheses, the CNF of the sentences is a conjunction of 2 disjunctive clauses:
FIG. 5
FIGS. 6A-6C
600
As mentioned, illustrates a comparison of AST for sentence (a) in Example D and the AST of the same sentence after parentheses enclosing the premise for the outmost implication is removed. The proof is given in the example illustrated in
Marcus Hated Cesar. The example is originally from Boris Stilman's AI course notes (http://www.stilman-strategies.com/bstilman/teaching/AI.html), which written in English is listed below:
Marcus was a man;
Marcus was a Pomperian;
All Pomperians were Romans;
Caesar was a ruler;
All Romans were either loyal to Caesar or hated him;
Everyone is loyal to someone;
Persons only try to assassinate rulers they are not loyal to;
Marcus tried to assassinate Caesar;
Show that Marcus hated Caesar;
The corresponding FOL representation is:
assume that
(c) for all x, FOL_P(“Pomperian”, x)=>FOL_P(“Romans”, x);
(e) for all x, FOL_P(“Romans”, x)=>FOL_P(“loyal to”, x, “Caesar”)FOL_P(“hate”, x, “Caesar”);
(f) for all x, for some alpha, FOL_P(“man”, x)FOL_P(“man”, alpha)=>FOL_P(“loyal to”, x, alpha);
(g) for all x, for all y, FOL_P(“person”, x)FOL_P(“ruler”, y)FOL_P(“assassinate”, x, y)=>˜FOL_P(“loyal to”, x, y);
(i) for all x, FOL_P(“man”, x)=>FOL_P(“person”, x);
show that FOL_P(“hate”, “Marcus”, “Caesar”);
700
FIGS. 7A-7C
The proof is given in the example illustrated in
, Artificial Intelligence—A Modern Approach
The laws say that it is a crime for an American to sell weapons to hostile nations. The country Nano, an enemy of America has some missiles, and all of its missiles were sold to it by Colonel West, who is American. Show that West is a criminal.
Upon translation, the problem can be expressed as:
assume that
(a) for all x, for all y, for all z, FOL_P(“American”, x)FOL_P(“Hostile”, y)FOL_P(“Weapon”, z)FOL_P(“Sell”, x, y, z)=>FOL_P(“Criminal”, x);
West is a Criminal. The original problem of this example is also from Stuart Russell, Peter Norvig, 2003, Chapters 9. Prentice Hall, which stated in English is as follows:
(c) for some w, FOL_P(“Missle”, w)FOL_P(“Owns”, “Nano”, w);
(d) for all m, FOL_P(“Owns”, “Nano”, m)=>FOL_P(“Sell”, “West”, “Nano”, m);
(f) for all N, FOL_P(“Enemy”, N, “America”)=>FOL_P(“Hostile”, N);
(g) for all p, FOL_P(“Missle”, p)=>FOL_P(“Weapon”, p);
show that FOL_P(“Criminal”, “West”);
Forward-chaining for sentences written in FOL is more complex than that for sentences written in PL. Like resolution refutation, the algorithm uses unification—series of substitutions that make two predicates look identical, in searching facts that can satisfy a rule (implication) to derive a new conclusion.
800
FIGS. 8A-8B
The proof is given in the example illustrated in
While FOL is efficient for expressing mathematical statements, it's rare that people write mathematics or define problems in strictly FOL syntax. Instead, people use hybrid sentences that mix English prose with embedded symbolic expressions—the prose style as referred to herein. Normally, the structural signatures such as implications (if . . . then . . . , . . . implies . . . ) and quantifications (for all x . . . , for some c . . . ) is evident, but the descriptive declarations and relations between entities are hidden in English sentences and phrases rather than expressed in FOL predicts and FOL functions. As a result, semantic routines associated with grammar rules need to capture the hidden structures and generate the corresponding FOL constructs.
According to various aspects, problems defined in “prose” style are first translated into FOL presentation automatically by the software.
The domain constraint associated with this style means that the vocabulary is limited to what is commonly included for the aforementioned mathematics domains. For instance, while the various examples of the computer language understands (or more precisely, recognizes) the word “limit” in the sense of Weierstrass's ε/δ language, it does not recognize that “father” means a male who has at least one offspring. Below is a simple example of assertions expressed in this style:
the matrix ((0, −i), (i, k)) is unary
The interpreter according to various aspects will generate the following FOL sentence from it:
which can be considered as a constraint imposed on the variable k. Notice the argument—a nested list is a single mathematical entity, or in FOL terminology, a term.
Theorems are rules that are universally applicable within its intended domain(s). In various aspects of the computer language described herein, they can be entered using either the “native style” or the “prose style,” or both. In some examples such theorems may be treated just as regular statements except that after interpretation, they become what is referred to as system knowledge (like certain grammar and lexicon(s)) that can be accessed and used by any users.
Theorems can be entered one-by-one or in a mini-ensemble where several related theorems are entered together. The theorem statement, in various examples, is accented with a key word “theorem” or “definition” followed by a short phrase naming the theorem. In some examples, it is still a perfectly legal statement even after the key word and the parenthesized label are removed, although the statement will no longer holds the status as a theorem. It is not consequential whether the statement is called “theorem” or “definition,” which is just a convention to label theorems that are logically implications (“=>” or “imply|implies” or “if . . . then”), and theorems that are equivalences (“<=>” or “iff” or “mean|means” or . . . if|iff”).
Listed below is an example for defining several theorems that are related to limit. Note that a list of assertions is assumed to be conjunctive, meaning its member statements are connected through the “and” () connective.
Several theorems in single-variable calculus.
definition(“continuity definition”): for all function f, f is continuous at x_0 iff
(a) f(x_0) is defined;
(b) lim(f(x))@(x->x_0) is defined;
(c) lim(f(x))@(x->x_0)=f(x_0);
theorem(“continuity differentiability theorem”): for all function f, if f is differentiable at x_0, then f is continuous at x_0;
definition (“definition of limit”):for all function f, lim(f(x))@(x->x_0) is defined iff
(a) lim(f(x))@(x->x_0̂+) is defined;
(b) lim(f(x))@(x->x_0 ̂−) is defined;
(c) lim(f(x))@(x->x_0̂+)=lim(f(x))@(x->x_0 ̂−);
definition (“The epsilon/delta definition of limit”): for all function f, for all x_0, lim(f(x))@(x->x_0)=L iff
(a) for some interval I, (x_0 {I)FOL_P(“defined”, f, I\{x_0});
(b) for all epsilon, for some delta, ((epsilon >0)(delta >0)|x−x_0|<delta)=>|f(x)−L|<epsilon;
end#
900
FIG. 9
The AST of the last definition is drawn is , where “S-List” refers to the two conditions (a) and (b). Notice that “A” is used for denoting the universal quantifier ∀ and “E” is used for denoting the existential quantifier ∃ in the tree.
As can be seen, the definition states the equivalence between the existence of the limit of a function and its micro-behavior in a small neighborhood around the location where the limit is considered. There are two conditions: First, there must exist some intervals around x_0, which may or may not include x_0 itself, such that the function is defined:
for some interval I, (x_0 {I)FOL_P(“defined”, f, I\{x_0});
Second, the function can get arbitrarily close to the limit (L) as is desired, which is fully articulated by
for all epsilon, for some delta, ((epsilon >0)(delta >0)|x−x_0|<delta)=>|f(x)−L|<epsilon.
The readability of the theorem, in some instances, may be deteriorated somewhat when compared to what are stated in calculus textbooks, but the FOL representation is well structured with explicitly declared quantifications, and can be used to drive the procedure for determining the existence of limits of functions.
For comparison, the statement of the theorem by/in Stewart (James Stewart, 2008, “Single Variable Calculus—Early Transcendentals for UC Berkeley,” p 110, Cengage Learning) is listed:
lim(f(x))@(x->a)=L
if for every number ε>0 there is a number δ>0 such that
if 0<|x−a|<δ then |f(x)−L|<ε.
With function f and x-value x_0 being assumed universally quantified implicitly, the statements can be expressed as
Theorem: Let f be a function defined on some open interval that contains the number a, except possibly at a itself. Then we say that the limit of f(x) as x approaches a is L, and we write
p=>(q=>r)
where p, q denote the two conditions that are defined in our version of the theorem (see above), and r denotes the assertion lim(f(x))@(x->a)=L.
It should be noted that when a particular theorem is invoked during reasoning or problem solving, it will be recompiled and standard variable standardization procedure will be invoked to resolve any symbol conflict.
Users, in some aspects of the disclosure, may define their own theorems using the same statements. A consistency check is performed against the theorems that have already been defined, in some examples, to avoid redundancy and inconsistency (satisfiability). Such design makes it relatively easy for math and CS students to develop their own axiom systems in learning logical reasoning.
Next discussed are two reasoning examples in single-variable calculus. The first involves the connection between limit, continuity, and differentiability, and the second involves proving an assertion through the mean-value-theorem.
Differentiability and Limit. This is a simple reasoning exercise involving limits, continuity and differentiability. The problem is defined as following:
assume function g is differentiable at a;
lim(g(x))@(x->â+)=lim(g(x))@(x->â−);
show that
1000
2
FIGS. 10A-10B
The proof is carried out, as indicated in example of , using forward-chaining, which in its final form involves three steps: First, the function is differentiable at a, thus it must be continuous at a. Second, the continuity of g at a implies that the limit off must be defined at the same location a. Third, from the existence of the limit, it follows that the single-sided limits off as x approaching a aleft and aright must be equal.
1100
FIG. 11
One may notice from the screenshot of this example, from the interpreter, as indicated in , that the left branch to the entailment operator (“|=”) in the AST for the deduction statement is empty. That is intentional since it is unknown what theorems will be needed to derive the conclusion other than the given assumptions.
FIG. 11
It is worthwhile to point out that the internal representation for limit has been changed such that the approaching operator now bearing the information about its approaching direction, aleft, aright, or from both, as illustrated in , for approaching from left, it is represented by “−>−”, and when approaching from right, it is represented by “−>+”, and simply “−>” when approaching from both sides. That is more reasonable than attaching the approaching direction info to the postfix operator that is applied to location (a, x_0, etc). This is because, when an operator including postfix operator is applied to its operand, it is expected that some decisive modification taking place to the value of the operand (example ĉ*, where c is a complex number). This expectation certainly does not match what the “̂+” operator means in the expression lim(f(x))@(x->â+). Indeed if applying the common interpretation of ̂+ as a postfix operator to, for example, a, lim(f(x))@(x->â+) it would simply mean the limit of f(x) as x approach â+, a fixed location somewhere very close to but always above a. Does x->â+ tell from which direction it approaches â+, not really. Nevertheless, this syntax for limit is maintained unchanged in some examples because it may be desirable to keep it to be similar to what is used with natural math notation.
FIG. 11
One may also notice that the consequent (28) from the last reasoning step of reads
931
931
931
931
931
931
931
lim(g(x))@(x−>â+)=lim(g(x))@(x−>â−),
and it may be concluded that the assertion is proved despite that it differs slightly from the goal statement, where the variable name is x instead of x. This is because universally quantified variables xand x are dummy variables or bound variables in both contexts. Namely, it really does not matter if the variable is named x or xor John for that matter, since they will be bound to a particular value or values and consequently, the semantics of the mathematical statements will not be altered.
931
xis created at the beginning of the last reasoning step when variable standardization is invoked to avoid symbol conflicts between statement (10), which is a theorem automatically loaded, in some examples, by the reasoning engine, and a derived fact (10).
Application of Lagrange's Mean-Value-Theorem. The problem is defined by the following statements in an exemplary language, such as Leibniz:
g is a function;
alpha, beta, m, M are constant;
assume that
(a) g is continuous on [alpha, beta];
(b) g is differentiable on (alpha, beta);
(c) for all x_0, x_0 {(alpha, beta)=>m<(d/dx)g(x)@(x=x_0)<M;
(d) u {(alpha, beta);
1200
1300
FIGS. 12A-12C
FIG. 13
FIGS. 11A-11B
m<((g(u)−g(alpha))/(u-alpha))<M;
The solution is presented in , and a screenshot from the interpreter showing the first page of the output and the flow diagram is given in . Notice only 7 reasoning steps (5 applications of modus ponens and 2 demodulations) are actually needed to derive the conclusion, although the reasoning algorithm carries out far more derivations. As can be seen, the reasoning involved is more complex than what is involved in Example H of , since it uses demodulation in addition to forward-chaining. Demodulation is an inference procedure that involves the application of equality derived to other assertions that contain sub-expressions included in the equality. In this example, the equality equates the derivative of a function at a specific location within an interval and the function values evaluated at the boundary of the interval, and the assertions that it applies to include the inequalities that bound the value of the derivative.
show that
The problem involves existentially quantified variable, which as was discussed earlier, is not handled directly by various other available programs, such as Prolog.
1400
FIG. 14
It should be noted that the application of the mean-value-theorem can lead the reasoning engine into an infinite loop, as indicated in the example of . This is because the premises for the theorem are satisfiable in any of the sub-intervals within the initial interval, the reasoning algorithm will continue to apply the mean-value-theorem in smaller and smaller intervals. Accordingly, the type of theorems that will result in this type of unwanted repetitions may be identified in order to prevent an infinite loop from happening.
The solution provided in some examples to this relatively straightforward reasoning problem is automatically including the selection of relevant axioms/theorems. Potential obstacles that may prevent the reasoning engine from solving more complex problems will be likely due to the “little algebra” involved in demodulation—there are more than one possible substitutions exist that can be made from a single equality, when the equality contains more then one variable. The question is then what heuristics should be selected to reach the goal statement, and reach it fast if it is reachable at all.
Also notice that there is no hint is given regarding what theorems need to be used to prove the goal statement. The reasoning engine has to decide what theorems are likely to be relevant and then load them subsequently.
FIG. 15
FIG. 16
FIG. 16
FIGS. 11 and 12
1500
1505
1510
1505
1510
1515
1515
1520
1525
1505
1505
1515
1520
1525
1600
1610
1615
1620
1615
1610
The above examples provide a number of exemplary inputs, outputs, and intermediate steps that may be displayed according to methods and systems of the present disclosure. With reference now to , an exemplary system of an embodiment is described. The system includes an interface module , that may provide an interface between a user interface and one or more other modules. The interface module may include one or more communications interfaces on a computer system, for example, that interact with one or more of a monitor, keyboard, and/or mouse of user interface . A conversion module is communicatively coupled to the interface module, and functions to convert received input into mathematical expressions and one or more ASTs. In order to perform conversion, the conversion module accesses a grammar library , and evaluates received input relative to the grammar library to perform conversion functions. An evaluation module evaluates the ASTs according to functions determined by the conversion module, and outputs results to the interface module . As mentioned above, the evaluation may be performed in intermediate steps, with the results of one or more intermediate steps output as well. In other embodiments, various functions of the interface module , conversion module , grammar library , and evaluation module may be performed on a local system, or on a remote system connected to a local system through a network. Such a system is illustrated in . In the embodiment of , a user system is connected through a network to a central server computer system , that may perform some or all of the functions described above. The network may a local or wide area network, such as the Internet. The user system may include any of a number of user devices, such as a personal computer, tablet computer, handheld device, or other mobile device as are well known. illustrate screen shots of exemplary outputs that may be provided to a user of such systems.
The detailed description set forth above in connection with the appended drawings describes exemplary implementations and does not represent the only examples that may be implemented or that are within the scope of the claims. The term “exemplary” used throughout this description means “serving as an example, instance, or illustration,” and not “preferred” or “advantageous over other embodiments.” The detailed description includes specific details for the purpose of providing an understanding of the described techniques. These techniques, however, may be practiced without these specific details. In some instances, well-known structures and devices are shown in block diagram form in order to avoid obscuring the concepts as described.
The various illustrative blocks and modules described in connection with the disclosure herein may be implemented or performed with a general-purpose processor, a digital signal processor (DSP), an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC), a field programmable gate array (FPGA) or other programmable logic device, discrete gate or transistor logic, discrete hardware components, or any combination thereof designed to perform the functions described herein. A general-purpose processor may be a microprocessor, but in the alternative, the processor may be any conventional processor, controller, microcontroller, or state machine. A processor may also be implemented as a combination of computing devices, e.g., a combination of a DSP and a microprocessor, multiple microprocessors, one or more microprocessors in conjunction with a DSP core, or any other such configuration.
The functions described herein may be implemented in hardware, software executed by a processor, firmware, or any combination thereof. If implemented in software executed by a processor, the functions may be stored on or transmitted over as one or more instructions or code on a computer-readable medium. Other examples and implementations are within the scope and spirit of the disclosure and appended claims. For example, due to the nature of software, functions described above can be implemented using software executed by a processor, hardware, firmware, hardwiring, or combinations of any of these. Features implementing functions may also be physically located at various positions, including being distributed such that portions of functions are implemented at different physical locations. Also, as used herein, including in the claims, “or” as used in a list of items prefaced by “at least one of” indicates a disjunctive list such that, for example, a list of “at least one of A, B, or C” means A or B or C or AB or AC or BC or ABC (i.e., A and B and C).
Computer-readable media includes both computer storage media and communication media including any medium that facilitates transfer of a computer program from one place to another. A storage medium may be any available medium that can be accessed by a general purpose or special purpose computer. By way of example, and not limitation, computer-readable media can comprise RAM, ROM, EEPROM, CD-ROM or other optical disk storage, magnetic disk storage or other magnetic storage devices, or any other medium that can be used to carry or store desired program code means in the form of instructions or data structures and that can be accessed by a general-purpose or special-purpose computer, or a general-purpose or special-purpose processor. Also, any connection is properly termed a computer-readable medium. For example, if the software is transmitted from a website, server, or other remote source using a coaxial cable, fiber optic cable, twisted pair, digital subscriber line (DSL), or wireless technologies such as infrared, radio, and microwave, then the coaxial cable, fiber optic cable, twisted pair, DSL, or wireless technologies such as infrared, radio, and microwave are included in the definition of medium. Disk and disc, as used herein, include compact disc (CD), laser disc, optical disc, digital versatile disc (DVD), floppy disk and blue-ray disc where disks usually reproduce data magnetically, while discs reproduce data optically with lasers. Combinations of the above are also included within the scope of computer-readable media.
The previous description of the disclosure is provided to enable a person skilled in the art to make or use the disclosure. Various modifications to the disclosure will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art, and the generic principles defined herein may be applied to other variations without departing from the spirit or scope of the disclosure. Thus, the disclosure is not to be limited to the examples and designs described herein but is to be accorded the widest scope consistent with the principles and novel features disclosed herein.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1
illustrates an abstract syntax tree (AST) in accordance with examples of the present disclosure;
FIGS. 2A and 2B
illustrate an example of definite clauses of an example of the present disclosure;
FIGS. 3A and 3B
illustrate an example of a contradiction and the reasoning problem in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure;
FIGS. 4A through 4C
illustrate an example of a resolution refutation problem in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure;
FIG. 5
illustrates an example of a comparison of ASTs in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure;
FIGS. 6A through 6C
illustrate an example of a problem and solution in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure;
FIGS. 7A through 7C
illustrate another example of a problem and solution in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure;
FIGS. 8A through 8B
illustrate an example of a problem and solution in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure;
FIG. 9
illustrates an example of another AST in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure;
FIGS. 10A through 10B
illustrate another example of a problem and solution in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure;
FIG. 11
is a screenshot of an example of an interpreter according to some examples of the present disclosure;
FIGS. 12A through 12C
illustrate another example of a problem and solution in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure;
FIG. 13
is a screenshot of an example of an interpreter and flow diagram according to some examples of the present disclosure;
FIG. 14
is an illustration of the mean-value-theorem that can lead the reasoning engine into an infinite loop according to some examples of the present disclosure;
FIG. 15
is a block diagram of an exemplary system according to some examples of the present disclosure; and
FIG. 16
is a block diagram of an exemplary computing network according to some examples of the present disclosure. | |
Do i qualify?
Do it yourself
Heating Assistance
Contact
Our Mission
Our Mission Goals
Our Mission Initiatives
Heating
Ventilation
Air conditioning
Energy efficiency of HVAC
Air filtration and cleaning
HVAC industry and standards
Head-end power
Fan coil unit
A ship is a large watercraft that travels the world's oceans and other sufficiently deep waterways, carrying passengers or goods, or in support of specialized missions, such as defense, research and fishing. Historically, a "ship" was a sailing vessel with at least three square-rigged masts and a full bowsprit. Ships are generally distinguished from boats, based on size, shape, load capacity, and tradition.
As of 2016, there were more than 49,000 merchant ships, totaling almost 1.8 billion dead weight tons. Of these 28% were oil tankers, 43% were bulk carriers, and 13% were container ships.
The first known vessels date back about 10,000 years ago, but could not be described as ships. The first navigators began to use animal skins or woven fabrics as sails. Affixed to the top of a pole set upright in a boat, these sails gave early ships range. This allowed men to explore widely, allowing for the settlement of Oceania for example (about 3,000 years ago).
The ancient Egyptians were perfectly at ease building sailboats. A remarkable example of their shipbuilding skills was the Khufu ship, a vessel 143 feet (44 m) in length entombed at the foot of the Great Pyramid of Giza around 2500 BC and found intact in 1954.
A panel found at Mohenjodaro depicted a sailing craft. Vessels were of many types; their construction is vividly described in the Yukti Kalpa Taru, an ancient Indian text on shipbuilding. This treatise gives a technical exposition on the techniques of shipbuilding. It sets forth minute details about the various types of ships, their sizes, and the materials from which they were built. The Yukti Kalpa Taru sums up in a condensed form all the available information. The Yukti Kalpa Taru gives sufficient information and dates to prove that, in ancient times, Indian shipbuilders had a good knowledge of the materials which were used in building ships. In addition to describing the qualities of the different types of wood and their suitability for shipbuilding, the Yukti Kalpa Taru gives an elaborate classification of ships based on their size.
Until the Renaissance, navigational technology remained comparatively primitive. This absence of technology did not prevent some civilizations from becoming sea powers. Examples include the maritime republics of Genoa and Venice, Hanseatic League, and the Byzantine navy. The Vikings used their knarrs to explore North America, trade in the Baltic Sea and plunder many of the coastal regions of Western Europe.
Maritime trade was driven by the development of shipping companies with significant financial resources. Canal barges, towed by draft animals on an adjacent towpath, contended with the railway up to and past the early days of the industrial revolution. Flat-bottomed and flexible scow boats also became widely used for transporting small cargoes. Mercantile trade went hand-in-hand with exploration, self-financed by the commercial benefits of exploration.
During the 19th century the Royal Navy enforced a ban on the slave trade, acted to suppress piracy, and continued to map the world. A clipper was a very fast sailing ship of the 19th century. The clipper routes fell into commercial disuse with the introduction of steam ships with better fuel efficiency, and the opening of the Suez and Panama Canals.
In 2002, there were 1,240 warships operating in the world, not counting small vessels such as patrol boats. The United States accounted for 3 million tons worth of these vessels, Russia 1.35 million tons, the United Kingdom 504,660 tons and China 402,830 tons. The 20th century saw many naval engagements during the two world wars, the Cold War, and the rise to power of naval forces of the two blocs. The world's major powers have recently used their naval power in cases such as the United Kingdom in the Falkland Islands and the United States in Iraq.
Lake freighters, also called lakers, are cargo vessels that ply the Great Lakes. The most well-known is SS Edmund Fitzgerald, the latest major vessel to be wrecked on the Lakes. These vessels are traditionally called boats, not ships. Visiting ocean-going vessels are called "salties." Because of their additional beam, very large salties are never seen inland of the Saint Lawrence Seaway. Because the smallest of the Soo Locks is larger than any Seaway lock, salties that can pass through the Seaway may travel anywhere in the Great Lakes. Because of their deeper draft, salties may accept partial loads on the Great Lakes, "topping off" when they have exited the Seaway. Similarly, the largest lakers are confined to the Upper Lakes (Superior, Michigan, Huron, Erie) because they are too large to use the Seaway locks, beginning at the Welland Canal that bypasses the Niagara River.
Passenger ships range in size from small river ferries to very large cruise ships. This type of vessel includes ferries, which move passengers and vehicles on short trips; ocean liners, which carry passengers from one place to another; and cruise ships, which carry passengers on voyages undertaken for pleasure, visiting several places and with leisure activities on board, often returning them to the port of embarkation. Riverboats and inland ferries are specially designed to carry passengers, cargo, or both in the challenging river environment. Rivers present special hazards to vessels. They usually have varying water flows that alternately lead to high speed water flows or protruding rock hazards. Changing siltation patterns may cause the sudden appearance of shoal waters, and often floating or sunken logs and trees (called snags) can endanger the hulls and propulsion of riverboats. Riverboats are generally of shallow draft, being broad of beam and rather square in plan, with a low freeboard and high topsides. Riverboats can survive with this type of configuration as they do not have to withstand the high winds or large waves that are seen on large lakes, seas, or oceans. | http://www.terredebrut.org/ship.html |
Most vertebrate brains exhibit a visible distinction between grey matter, which consists of the cell bodies of the nerve cells (neurons), and white matter, which consists of the fibers (axons) that connect them. The axons are surrounded by a fatty insulating sheath called myelin, giving the white matter its color. The topmost outer layer of the mammalian brain is grey matter called cerebral cortex. Deep in the brain, compartments of white matter (fasciculi, fiber tracts), grey matter (nuclei) and spaces filled with cerebrospinal fluid (ventricles) are found.
The brain innervates the head through cranial nerves, and is continuous with the spinal cord, which innervates the body through spinal nerves. Fibers that transmit signals from the brain are called efferent fibers, and fibers that transmit signals to the brain are called afferent (or sensory) fibers. The brain controls a wide variety of functions. It is the site of reason and intelligence, which include such components as cognition, perception, attention, memory and emotion. It controls posture and movements. It makes possible cognitive, motor and other forms of learning. The brain performs many functions automatically, without the need for conscious awareness, such as controlling hormone secretion and homeostatic functions such as control of heart rate, blood pressure, respiration (breathing), fluid balance, and body temperature.
Neurons are the electrically active brain cells that process information, but are outnumbered in the brain by Glial cells which perform important supporting functions. Neurons use considerable amounts of energy; as well as being electrically active, neurons must constantly synthesise neurotransmitters - the chemical messengers by which neurons 'talk' to each other. The human brain contains about 100 billion neurons, each of which talks directly to about 10,000 other neurons at specialised junctions called synapses. This communication is partly electrical and partly chemical; neurons are electrically excitable cells, meaning that they can generate electrical signals that travel along their axons, coding information. At the ends of the axons there are nerve terminals where chemicals are released in response to these electrical signals. These chemicals, called neurotransmitters, activate (or inhibit) the neurons adjacent to the nerve endings.
The human brain uses a huge number of different chemical signals for this communication. The most abundant neurotransmitters are the excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate and the inhibitory transmitter GABA, but different neurons may use acetylcholine, histamine or catecholamines such as noradrenaline and dopamine, or any of more than 100 different neuropeptides, such as the opioid peptides, neurosteroids, endocannabinoids and even gases such as nitric oxide. Some neurons also communicate directly with each other by direct electrical coupling (via gap junctions). Neurons differ from each other in what substances they use to communicate to other neurons, in what substances they are sensitive to, in which parts of the brain or body they project to, and in many features of their electrical properties that determine exactly how they process information. Exactly how many different types of neuron there are is not clear, but some very important populations of neurons have only a few hundred members.
The study of the brain is known as neuroscience.
History
The Edwin Smith Surgical Papyrus, written in the 17th century BCE , contains the earliest recorded reference to the brain. The papyrus describes the symptoms, diagnosis, and prognosis of two patients, wounded in the head, who had compound fractures of the skull. It contains descriptions of the cranial sutures, the meninges, the external surface of the brain, the CSF, and the intracranial pulsations.
Early human views on the function of the brain regarded it to be a form of “cranial stuffing”. In Egypt, from the late Middle Kingdom onwards, in preparation for mummification, the brain was regularly removed, for it was the heart that was assumed to be the seat of intelligence. This view was challenged by Hippocrates (Hippocrates of Cos, 460–370 BCE, often referred to as 'The Father of Medicine'), who believed that the brain must be involved with sensation as the eyes, ears, nose and tongue were all located in the head, and was also likely to be the seat of intelligence. However, Aristotle (384–322 BCE) continued to maintain that the heart was the center of intelligence and the brain was a mere "cooling device". This view was accepted until the time of Galen(129-200 CE). Galen, as a physician to Roman gladiators, had ample opportunity to observe the consequences of injuries to the brain and spinal cord; he also performed numerous public dissections of animals for teaching the principles of medicine, and he described the cerebrum, cerebellum and ventricles. When he observed the fluid inside the ventricles his observations seemed to confirm the prevalent notion that the body functioned according to the balance of the four 'vital fluids' or bodily humors. He proposed that the brain contained a pneuma physicon (animal spirit) that controlled movement, perception, and the senses.
Galen's authority dominated medicine until the 16th century, partly because his detailed anatomical texts survived the Fall of Rome. Most of Galen's writings were first translated to the Syriac language by Nestorian monks in Persia. Muslim scholars (mainly in Baghdad) subsequently translated these into Arabic, and they became important sources for Arabian scholars such as Avicenna, Rhazes, and Maimonides.
Mind and brain
A distinction is often made in the philosophy of mind between the mind and the brain, and there is some controversy as to their exact relationship, consideration of which is called the mind-body problem.
Neuroscientists have found that some patterns of neural network activities correlate with some mental states, and have identified regions of the brain that participate in various personality disorders, mood disorders, addictions, and dementias, such as Alzheimer's disease. It should be noted, however, that the activities of these regions are not entirely localized, but are coupled by the brain's circuitry, not in a static, fixed manner, but in an ever-changing dynamic manner.
Comparative anatomy
Three groups of animals have notably complex brains: the arthropods (insects and crustaceans), the cephalopods (octopuses, squids, and similar mollusks), and the craniates (vertebrates). The brain of arthropods and cephalopods arises from twin parallel nerve cords that extend through the body of the animal. Arthropods have a central brain with three divisions and large optical lobes behind each eye for visual processing.
The brain of craniates develops from the anterior section of a single dorsal nerve cord, which later becomes the spinal cord. In craniates, the brain is protected by the bones of the skull. In vertebrates, increasing complexity in the cerebral cortex correlates with height on the phylogenetic and evolutionary tree. Primitive vertebrates such as fish, reptiles, and amphibians have fewer than six layers of neurons in the outer layer of their brains. This cortical configuration is called the allocortex (or heterotypic cortex).
More complex vertebrates including mammals have a six-layered neocortex (or homotypic cortex, neopallium), in addition to having some parts of the brain that are allocortex. In mammals, increasing convolutions of the brain are characteristic of animals with more advanced brains. The folds are called gyri, while the spaces between the folds are called sulci.
Although the general histology of the brain is similar from person to person, the structural anatomy can differ. Apart from the gross embryological divisions of the brain, the location of specific gyri and sulci, primary sensory regions, and other structures differs between species.
Invertebrates
In insects, the brain comprises two optical lobes, the protocerebrum, the deutocerebrum, and the tritocerebrum. The optical lobes are behind each eye and process visual stimuli. The protocerebrum contains the mushroom bodies, which respond to smell, and the central body complex. In some species such as bees, the mushroom body receives input from the visual pathway as well. The deutocerebrum includes the antennal lobes, which are similar to the mammalian olfactory bulb, and the mechanosensory neuropils which receive information from touch receptors on the head and antennae. The antennal lobes of flies and moths are quite complex.
In cephalopods, the brain has a 'supraesophageal mass' and a 'subesophageal mass', separated by the esophagus. These masses are connected to each other on either side of the esophagus by the basal lobes and the dorsal magnocellular lobes. The large optic lobes are anatomically separate from the rest of the brain, and are joined to it by optic stalks. However, the optic lobes perform much visual processing, and so functionally are part of the brain.
Vertebrates
The telencephalon (cerebrum) is the largest region of the mammalian brain; and is the structure that most people identify as 'the brain'. In humans and several other animals, the fissures (sulci) and convolutions (gyri) give the cerebrum a wrinkled appearance. In non-mammalian vertebrates with no cerebrum, the metencephalon is the highest center in the brain. Because humans walk upright, there is a flexure, or bend, in the brain between the brain stem and the cerebrum. Other vertebrates do not have this flexure.
Behind (or in humans, below) the cerebrum is the cerebellum. The cerebellum is involved in the control of movement, and is connected by thick white matter fibers (cerebellar peduncles) to the pons. The cerebrum and the cerebellum each have two hemispheres. The telencephalic hemispheres are connected by the corpus callosum, another large white matter tract. An outgrowth of the telencephalon called the olfactory bulb is a major structure in many animals, but in humans and other primates it is relatively small, this structure processes information arising from the sense of smell.
Vertebrate nervous systems are distinguished by bilaterally symmetrical encephalization. Encephalization refers to the tendency for more complex organisms to gain larger brains through evolutionary time. Larger vertebrates have a complex, layered and interconnected neuronal circuitry. In modern species most closely related to the first vertebrates, brains are covered with gray matter that has a three-layer structure (allocortex). Their brains also contain deep brain nuclei and fiber tracts forming the white matter. Most regions of the human cerebral cortex have six layers of neurons (neocortex).
An important corollary is the study of Hemispheric_lateralization.
Humans
The structure of the human brain differs from that of other animals in several important ways. These differences allow for many abilities over and above those of other animals, such as the ability to use language to express thoughts and communicate with others. In humans, the neocortex, the most complex part of the cerebral cortex, is particularly large compared with other animals. especially to the prefrontal cortex. Although humans have some unique neural capacities, much of their brain structure is similar to that of other mammals. Basic systems that alert the nervous system to stimuli, that sense events in the environment, and monitor the condition of the body are similar to those of even non-mammalian vertebrates.
Neurobiology
The brain contains two broad classes of cells, neurons and glia, both of which contain several different cell types which perform different functions. Interconnected neurons form neural networks (or neural ensembles). These networks are like man-made electrical circuits in that they contain circuit elements (neurons) connected by biological wires (nerve fibers). These do not form simple one-to-one electrical circuits like many man-made circuits, however. Typically neurons are connected to at least a thousand other neurons.
Histology
Neurons are the cells that generate action potentials and convey information to other cells; these constitute the essential class of brain cells. As well as neurons, the brain contains glial cells, in fact there are about ten times as many glial cells as there are neurons. Glial cells ("glia" is Greek for “glue”) form a complex and sophisticted support system for the neurons. They make the insulating myelin, provide structure to the neuronal network, guide axons to their targets, manage waste, and clean up neurotransmitters. Most types of glia in the brain are present in the entire nervous system. Exceptions include the oligodendrocytes which myelinate neural axons (a role performed by Schwann cells in the peripheral nervous system). The myelin in the oligodendrocytes insulates the axons of some neurons. White matter in the brain is myelinated neurons, while grey matter contains mostly cell bodies, dendrites, and unmyelinated portions of axons and glia. The space between neurons is filled with dendrites as well as unmyelinated segments of axons; this area is referred to as the neuropil.
In mammals, the brain is surrounded by connective tissues called the meninges, a system of membranes that separate the skull from the brain. This three-layered covering is composed of (from the outside in) the dura mater, arachnoid mater, and pia mater. The arachnoid and pia are physically connected and thus often considered as a single layer, the pia-arachnoid. Below the arachnoid is the subarachnoid space which contains cerebrospinal fluid, which provides nutrients to the cells of the brain, and is a 'sink' for diluting and disposing of waste products. Blood vessels enter the central nervous system through the perivascular space above the pia mater. The cells in the blood vessel walls are joined tightly, forming the blood-brain barrier which protects the brain from toxins that might enter through the blood. However, there are some specialised regions of the brain where the blood brain barrier is 'leaky', in some cases in order to allow substances released by neurons to enter the blood, and in some ccases to allow specialised neurons to 'sample' the chemical composition of the blood. these sites are collectively known as "circumventricular organs" . These structures are adjacent to one of the cerebral ventricles, and all are very densely vascularised.
The brain is bathed in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), produced by the vascular choroid plexuses. CSF circulates between layers of the meninges and through cavities in the brain called ventricles, which are continuous with the spinal cord's central canal. The spaces between neurons are filled with extracellular fluid, which is continuously exchanged with CSF. It is important both chemically for metabolism and mechanically for shock-prevention. For example, the human brain weighs about 1-1.5kg; its mass and density are such that it will begin to collapse under its own weight. The CSF allows the brain to 'float', easing the physical stress caused by its mass.
Function
Vertebrate brains receive signals through nerves arriving from the sensors of the organism. These signals are then processed throughout the central nervous system; reactions are formulated based upon reflex and learned experiences. A similarly extensive nerve network delivers signals from a brain to control important muscles throughout the body. Anatomically, most afferent and efferent nerves (with the exception of the cranial nerves) are connected to the spinal cord, which carries signals to and from the brain and the rest of the body.
Sensory input is processed by the brain to recognize danger, find food, identify potential mates, and perform more sophisticated functions. Visual, touch, and auditory sensory pathways of vertebrates are routed to specific nuclei of the thalamus and then to regions of the cerebral cortex that are specific to each sensory system. Olfactory pathways are routed to the olfactory bulb, then to various parts of the olfactory system. Taste is routed through the brainstem and then to other portions of the gustatory system.
To control movement, the brain has several parallel systems of muscle control. The motor system controls voluntary muscle movement, aided by the motor cortex, cerebellum, and the basal ganglia. The system eventually projects to the spinal cord and then out to the muscle effectors. Nuclei in the brainstem control many involuntary muscle functions such as heart rate and breathing. In addition, many automatic acts (simple reflexes, locomotion) can be controlled by the spinal cord alone.
It is hypothesized that in the brains of humans, consciousness emerges from the massively complex interactions between the numerous systems within the brain. Cognitive processing in mammals occurs in the cerebral cortex but relies on midbrain and limbic functions as well. Among "younger" (in an evolutionary sense) vertebrates, advanced processing involves progressively rostral (forward) regions of the brain.
Hormones, incoming sensory information, and cognitive processing performed by the brain determine the brain state. Stimuli from any source can trigger a general arousal process that focuses cortical operations to processing the new information. This focusing of cognition is known as attention. Cognitive priorities are constantly changed by factors such as hunger, fatigue, belief, unfamiliar information, or threat. The simplest dichotomy related to the processing of threats is the fight-or-flight response mediated by the amygdala and other limbic structures.
Brain pathology
Clinically, death is defined as an absence of brain activity as measured by EEG. Injuries to the brain tend to affect large areas of the organ, sometimes causing major deficits in intelligence, memory, and movement. Head trauma caused, for example, by vehicle and industrial accidents, is a leading cause of death in youth and middle age. In many cases, more damage is caused by resultant swelling (edema) than by the impact itself. Stroke, caused by the blockage or rupturing of blood vessels in the brain, is another major cause of death from brain damage.
Other problems in the brain can be more accurately classified as diseases rather than injuries. Neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, motor neurone disease, and Huntington's disease are caused by the gradual death of individual neurons, leading to decrements in movement control, memory, and cognition. Currently only the symptoms of these diseases can be treated. Mental illnesses, such as clinical depression, schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and post-traumatic stress disorder are brain diseases that impact personality and, typically, other aspects of mental and somatic function. These disorders may be treated by psychiatric therapy, pharmaceutical intervention, or through a combination of treatments; therapeutic effectiveness varies significantly among individuals.
Some infectious diseases affecting the brain are caused by viruses and bacteria. Infection of the meninges, the membrane that covers the brain, can lead to meningitis. Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (also known as mad cow disease), is deadly in cattle and humans and is linked to prions. Kuru is a similar prion-borne degenerative brain disease affecting humans. Both are linked to the ingestion of neural tissue, and may explain the tendency in some species to avoid cannibalism. Viral or bacterial causes have been substantiated in multiple sclerosis, Parkinson's disease, Lyme disease, encephalopathy, and encephalomyelitis.
Some brain disorders are congenital. Tay-Sachs disease, Fragile X syndrome, and Down syndrome are all linked to genetic and chromosomal errors. Malfunctions in the embryonic development of the brain can be caused by genetic factors, by drug use, and disease during a mother's pregnancy.
Study of the brain
Other matters
Computer scientists have produced simulated neural networks loosely based on the structure of neuron connections in the brain. Artificial intelligence seeks to replicate brain function—although not necessarily brain mechanisms—but as yet has been met with limited success. Creating algorithms to mimic a biological brain is very difficult because the brain is not a static arrangement of circuits, but a network of vastly interconnected neurons that are constantly changing their connectivity and sensitivity. More recent work in both neuroscience and artificial intelligence models the brain using the mathematical tools of chaos theory and dynamical systems. Current research has also focused on recreating the neural structure of the brain with the aim of producing human-like cognition and artificial intelligence.
References
- ↑ Size isn't everything: The big brain myth.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Butler, AB (2000). "Chordate evolution and the origin of craniates: An old brain in a new head". The Anatomical Record 261: 111–125.
- ↑ Kandel, ER; Schwartz JH, Jessell TM (2000). Principles of Neural Science, 4th ed.. New York: McGraw-Hill. ISBN 0-8385-7701-6.
- ↑ Pinel JPJ (1997) Biopsychology (3rd ed.). Toronto: Allyn & Bacon. | http://citizendium.com/wiki/Brain |
Was there an earthquake today in Massachusetts?
A 3.6 magnitude earthquake hit southern New England on Sunday, causing little serious damage but a rattling plenty of people’s nerves. The quake was first reported as magnitude 4.0, but later downgraded to 3.6. It struck just after 9 a.m. and was centered in Buzzards Bay, off the coast of New Bedford, Massachusetts .
When was the last time Massachusetts had an earthquake?
The 1755 Cape Ann earthquake took place off the coast of the British Province of Massachusetts Bay (present-day Massachusetts ) on November 18. At between 6.0 and 6.3 on the Richter scale, it remains the largest earthquake in the history of Massachusetts .
Was there just an earthquake on Cape Cod?
The USGS initially measured the quake at 4.2 magnitude before downgrading it to a 4.0 and finally to a 3.6. Numerous people reported feeling the jolt across southeastern Massachusetts, including Cape Cod , and Rhode Island, Connecticut and New Hampshire, officials said.
Is there a fault line in Massachusetts?
Clinton-Newbury fault zone consists of many faults along a line that forms a 97-mile arc that trends from its northeast end near Newbury, Massachusetts on the Atlantic coast southwestward to Clinton and Worcester, and then south into Connecticut.
Are earthquakes common in Massachusetts?
Small earthquakes are not quite rare in New England, but one of this magnitude are not common . However, in 1755 an earthquake off the coast of Massachusetts , about 50 miles northeast of Boston near Cape Ann, damaged hundreds of buildings in Boston.
Can Massachusetts get earthquakes?
Strongest recorded earthquake in Massachusetts occurred on this date in 1755 with a magnitude greater than 6.0. Earthquakes are rare in Massachusetts but the natural phenomena is building a reputation in November.
Is a 10.0 earthquake possible?
No, earthquakes of magnitude 10 or larger cannot happen. The magnitude of an earthquake is related to the length of the fault on which it occurs. No fault long enough to generate a magnitude 10 earthquake is known to exist, and if it did, it would extend around most of the planet.
Which two states have the least number of earthquakes?
Florida and North Dakota are the states with the fewest earthquakes. Antarctica has the least earthquakes of any continent, but small earthquakes can occur anywhere in the World.
Was there an earthquake on Cape Cod this morning?
Small earthquake shakes Cape Cod region Officials from the United States Geological Survey confirmed a small earthquake Sunday morning that was felt on the Cape . Blakeman called the seismic activity “fairly unusual” for the Cape , and said the quake was not strong enough to have caused any structural damage.
How many earthquakes have happened in Massachusetts?
In all, over 400 earthquakes centered in Massachusetts are known from the earliest reported event on December 19, 1668 in northeastern Massachusetts through 2016.
Did CT just have an earthquake?
A Sunday morning earthquake off the coast of Massachusetts was felt in Connecticut and across Southern New England. According to the United States Geological Survey, a magnitude 3.6 earthquake occurred at 9:10 a.m. in Buzzards Bay near Bliss Corner, a section of the town of Dartmouth, in southeastern Massachusetts.
Was there an earthquake in Rhode Island today?
A minor earthquake rumbled through parts of Connecticut, Massachusetts and Rhode Island on Sunday morning, according to the United States Geological Survey. The earthquake had a preliminary magnitude of 3.6, the Geological Survey said, though it had initially been measured above 4.0.
What tectonic plate is Massachusetts on?
North American
Is there a fault line on the East Coast?
Compared to the West Coast , there are far fewer fault lines in the East . This is why earthquakes in the East are relatively uncommon and weaker in magnitude. While nowhere near to the extent of the West Coast , damaging earthquakes can and do affect much of the eastern half of the country.
Where is the Ramapo fault line?
The Ramapo Fault System The Ramapo Fault is part of a system of north-east striking, southeast-dipping faults , which are mapped from southeastern New York to eastern Pennsylvania and beyond. | https://www.ravechroy.com/faq/earthquakes-in-massachusetts-today.html |
Prior to making a submission, ensure you are familiar with the theme and sub-themes, and have read through the following guidelines.
The Asia-Pacific Association for International Education annual conference provides a program of workshops and sessions to ensure delegates are at the forefront of international education practices and trends of the Asia-Pacific region.
In 2019, APAIE’s program of pre-conference workshops and parallel sessions will focus on the 2019 conference theme of Diversity and Inclusivity of Higher Education in the Asia Pacific. To be part of the APAIE 2019 program, your proposal will have a clear connection to the conference theme, and where applicable, your nominated sub-theme. It will meet the selection criteria listed below.
In line with the conference theme, group submissions should demonstrate “diversity and inclusivity” amongst their presenters. Groups with representation across the Asia Pacific are encouraged.
NOTE: An individual may be part of up to 3 submissions in total, regardless of type.
The following types of submissions will be considered:
|Pre-conference Workshop||Workshops take place on Mon 25th March 2019, 9.30am-12.30noon. 3 hours, including a brief tea/coffee break.
|
For each workshop:
|Parallel Session||Parallel sessions take place Tues 26th to Thurs 28th March 2019.
|
Delivery mode options:
1. Presentation or panel session
2. World Café-style session
Presenters, chairs/facilitators are eligible to register at the speaker rate.
|Poster||Poster presentations take place during coffee breaks over Tues 26th to Thurs 28th March 2019.
|
Selection Criteria
As more proposals are submitted than can be accommodated, the selection committee considers the following criteria when making their assessment.
- Overall quality of proposal
- Connection and relevance to the conference theme and nominated sub-theme (where applicable)
- Clarity of objectives
- Sound academic content and basis
- Relevance to the Asia-Pacific region
- Proposed content is not a promotion of your products, services nor organisation. (You may use your organisation as an example or case study to support the aim of your presentation but it must be balanced with other examples or case studies.)
- Interest to an APAIE audience: How topical, innovative, and new is the perspective presented? | https://fichet.org.tw/2019-apaie-%E5%BE%B5%E7%A8%BF%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%9F%E9%A0%86%E5%BB%B6%EF%BC%8C%E5%8D%B3%E6%97%A5%E8%B5%B7%E8%87%B396%E6%AD%A2%EF%BC%8C%E6%9C%89%E6%84%8F%E6%8A%95%E7%A8%BF%E8%80%85%E6%83%A0%E8%AB%8B/ |
A new report from former UN director of communications Edward Mortimer says the BBC’s coverage of the Arab Spring uprisings was “reasonably impartial”.
As the BBC Trust – the governing body of the BBC – proclaims on its website, “The BBC exists to serve the public, and its mission is to inform, educate and entertain … and we make sure the BBC delivers that mission.” One way that it tries to do this is by conducting reviews of the impartiality and accuracy of the BBC’s coverage of news and current affairs, choosing a different topic each year. In 2011 the topic chosen was “the events known as the ‘Arab Spring’” and, as part of the review, I was asked to undertake an “independent assessment”.
By what standards can impartiality be judged in such a context? Indeed, are we sure what impartiality means? It can’t be simply a matter of giving equal time to each of two sides, if only because there are many more than two parties involved. The BBC’s Editorial Guidelines say explicitly that impartiality “does not require absolute neutrality on every issue or detachment from fundamental democratic principles”. Does this mean that BBC journalists should uncritically espouse the viewpoint of those who claim to be struggling for democracy? Happily that is not how they interpret it. At most, they allow themselves to display some degree of attachment to democratic principles – “we don’t ask a despot why he isn’t more despotic” – but generally they aim to apply the same sceptical scrutiny to all political actors, including those who advocate democracy or claim to practise it.
The guidelines also state, as one of the principles of impartiality, that “we seek to provide a broad range of subject matter and perspectives over an appropriate timeframe across our output as a whole”. I took this to mean that, in assessing impartiality, I should consider not only whether the coverage included different points of view but also whether all aspects of the story were adequately covered.
My broad conclusion was that, in general, the BBC was reasonably impartial in its approach to the events that it covered, but that in some cases the focus of its coverage was too exclusively the main dramatic story of the moment – Egypt from 25 January to 11 February 2011, Libya from February to October, and Syria for most of the time since. The intense focus on Libya was understandable and to some extent justifiable in view of British involvement in the conflict there, but it did also contribute to skimped or very patchy coverage of other Middle Eastern countries including Bahrain, Yemen, Egypt after Mubarak’s fall, Algeria, Morocco, Jordan, and – perhaps most seriously – Saudi Arabia, a difficult country to cover but one of enormous regional influence and strategic importance.
From a media point of view, the most novel aspect of the “Arab Spring” was the abundance of UGC (user-generated content – meaning video footage and recordings not made by professional journalists), combined with the lack of access for professional reporters and camera crews to many of the crucial scenes of action. UGC is generally provided by activists or citizens with a strong interest in the outcome of a conflict, and therefore has to be treated with caution by news organisations striving for impartiality and accuracy.
On the whole the BBC was well equipped to cope with this, being able to draw on the local knowledge of people from various Arab countries working in its Arabic service and in the unit which monitors foreign broadcasts. Well before the “Arab Spring”, a UGC hub had been established in the BBC newsroom, which sifted all content as it came in and passed it on to the broadcasting departments with comments on the degree of authentication that had been possible and the appropriate level of doubt or confidence with which it could be treated. Caveats about the difficulty of verification were sometimes included in the broadcasts, but – according to content analysis carried out for the Trust by Loughborough University – only in a minority of cases.
I asked senior BBC executives whether viewers and listeners could take the absence of such caveats as an assurance that the BBC had fully authenticated the material in question. The answer was that “the policy is not as clear as that, but perhaps it should be”. My understanding is that in future it will.
Edward Mortimer has written extensively about the Middle East for British newspapers, and is a former Director of Communications for the UN Secretary-General. His report on the impartiality and accuracy of the BBC’s coverage of the events known as the “Arab Spring” was published on June 25, and is available here. | http://freespeechdebate.com/discuss/how-impartial-was-the-the-bbcs-coverage-of-the-arab-spring/ |
There are six interrelated properties that define the state of steam:
- Temperature
- Pressure
- Dryness Fraction (within the saturated zone)
- Enthalpy
- Internal energy
- Entropy
Fixing the value of any two properties defines the value of all the others. Thus fixing the
values of Enthalpy and Entropy is sufficient to define Temperature, Pressure and Internal
Energy of the steam.
The Mollier (or h-s) diagram is one where Enthalpy and Entropy form the vertical and
horizontal axes and in which the values of the other related properties are presented in the
form of curves. In the diagram below:
- green lines show steam temperature;
- blue lines give (absolute) steam pressure; and
- red lines give the dryness fraction (in the saturated zone).
Ideal (isentropic) expansion is represented on the Mollier diagram by a vertical line. Actual expansion of steam always involves some losses represented by an increase in entropy.
In the 5AT FDCs, Wardale gives examples of this, for instance in lines 68 to 84 of FDC 1.3 where he calculates the isentropic efficiency of the 5AT at maximum drawbar power. Here he assumes that the steam enters the cylinders at an absolute pressure of 21.39 bar and temperature of 450oC shown as point A in the diagram below.
He then assumes that the steam will exhaust at an absolute pressure of 1.5 bar. Thus an isentropic expansion line AB can be drawn vertically at a constant entropy of 7.254 kJ/K kg, with point B being
defined by pressure = 1.5 bar.
However in FDC 1.3 line 78 Wardale calculates that the actual exhaust steam enthalpy = 2,803 kJ/kg which allows point C to be located on the 1.5 bar pressure line. Thus the actual steam expansion is defined by the line AC.
The slope of the line AC is indicative of the isentropic efficiency of the expansion: the nearer the line is to vertical, the higher isentropic efficiency. Actual isentropic efficiency is determined by dividing the specific work done in the cylinder (FDC 1.3 line 82) by the isentropic heat drop between admission and exhaust (FDC 1.3 line 83).
Porta used similar lines in his Compounding paper but has simplified them by omitting
all the irrelevant lines from his diagrams. | https://5at.co.uk/index.php/definitions/thermodynamics/mollier-or-h-s-diagram.html |
Wheelchair Basketball Canada (WBC) has expressed frustration at the sport's worldwide body and the International Paralympic Committee (IPC) over the reassessment process after confirming five current athletes have been ruled eligible to compete at the Tokyo 2020 Paralympic Games.
Two-time Paralympic gold medallist and Canada captain David Eng was deemed ineligible last month in the first phase of the reassessment process.
The reassessment follows a dispute between the International Wheelchair Basketball Federation (IWBF) and the IPC over athlete classification.
The IPC said wheelchair basketball was not complying with its classification rules and threatened the sport with removal from Tokyo 2020 if a May 29 deadline to implement an action plan was not met.
Wheelchair basketball has also lost its place at Paris 2024 but this could be reversed if the IWBF becomes "fully compliant" with the IPC Athlete Classification Code by August 2021.
The IPC pushed back the May 29 deadline to August 1 because of the coronavirus crisis.
WBC has confirmed five additional Canadian national team athletes have been deemed eligible, as part of the second and final ruling involving its athletes in phase one of the reassessment process.
The phase one process covers all athletes in the 4.0 and 4.5 sport classes.
WBC executive director Wendy Gittens said the organisation was relieved, but expressed frustration at the "negative impact" the process has had on athletes.
"Wheelchair Basketball Canada is relieved to receive confirmation from the IWBF on the eligibility of the remaining Canadian athletes in phase one of the review and move forward with our preparations for Tokyo 2020,” Gittens said.
"However, we cannot ignore the immense toll this situation has taken on the athletes and the integrity of the game.
“WBC is extremely frustrated with how this process has been handled by the IWBF and the IPC.
"It has been thoroughly unfair to the athletes and the negative impact it has caused cannot be understated.
"The athletes have not had a voice in these life-altering decisions and the timing has caused much uncertainty and undue stress four years into the Paralympic cycle.
"That is fundamentally wrong and underscores the failure of the IWBF and the IPC to put athletes first.
"As a member of the IWBF, WBC is calling for the international federation to take meaningful and immediate action to restore trust in its governance of the sport, improve transparency and communication with its membership and the athlete community, and repair its relationship with the IPC.
"As an organisation that upholds inclusion as a core value, WBC believes wheelchair basketball brings people of all abilities together.
"There will always be a place in the game for everyone in Canada."
The IPC has previously defended the decision to instruct the IWBF to conduct the review close to Tokyo 2020, with the organisation saying it had warned the governing body of their non-compliance for "several years".
Canadian Paralympic Committee chief executive Karen O’Neill was among those to criticise the process, claiming it should be used to ensure athletes not placed into this “precarious position” of year before a Games.
"We are pleased and relieved that our two national teams - who qualified for the Tokyo Paralympic Games and have been playing so well in the lead-up to the Games - will now be able to focus and compete in 2021 without this massive cloud over their heads,” O’Neill said.
"We know how incredibly challenging and draining this entire process, which has been drawn out these past few months, has been for all members of the wheelchair basketball national teams and the community.
"The well-being of the athletes as individuals should be at the forefront of all procedures, and this has not been the case here.
"This process should be used as an opportunity to improve the system going forward to ensure athletes are not being put into this precarious position one year prior to a major Games.
"Our support remains behind Wheelchair Basketball Canada and the athletes throughout this entire process and moving forward." | https://www.insidethegames.biz/articles/1096817/wheelchair-basketball-canada-eligibility |
This item is noncancelable and nonreturnable.
Designed as a safeguard against damage, the Arturia Beatstep Pro Cover from Decksaver is made of a durable polycarbonate material. It is custom-made for the Beatstep Pro to protect fragile parts, such as pads and knobs, from impact during transport. It also keeps the unit free from dust and debris. The transparent cover is lightweight at 1.7 lb / 0.75 kg, and fits in flight cases and controller bags. It is designed to accommodate the unit even when it is fully connected and ready for use, which is convenient for protection during shows when there are multiple performers set up on stage. | https://www.bhphotovideo.com/c/product/1225071-REG/decksaver_dsle_pc_beatsteppro_le_arturia_beatstep_pro.html |
Q:
Is drinking water containing dirt harmful?
I noticed that if I collect water from a stream dense of small debris/thin mud, if I keep the water bottle close to the surface, while it takes a longer time to fill the bottle, the water is cleaner there.
In that occasion, the water was not that muddy, but it was muddy enough not to look clear - it had a very light brownish colour - and to taste "groundy" as well, despite my care in collecting it on the top of the small stream (which made a difference).
I boiled it; for quite some time (one good minute of hard boiling), so I assume it was very safe from a bacteriological point of view.
I am wondering though: there may be any health dangers caused by drinking all that tiny debris?
And, unhealthy or safe, it still tasted bad. Are there any - possibly simple and lightweight - ways to filter that?
Like, may a coffee filter help? Or, what could/should be used, assuming that the water contains no dangerous chemicals and that the biological dangers are removed by boiling?
Please notice that this is not a generic question about water purification but it's very specific to debris and to lightweight backpacking.
A:
The terms to google on seem to be "turbidity," "total suspended solids," and "total dissolved solids." TSS refers to solids that can be eliminated by a filter, and TDS to solids that are in particles so small that they get through a filter. High TSS seems to be harmful to fish because it indirectly reduces the amount of oxygen: https://www.ndhealth.gov/WQ/SW/Z6_WQ_Standards/WQ_TSS.htm. (Note that on 12/1/18 that link is not accessible.)
Re safety for human drinking:
Turbidity itself is not a major health concern, but high turbidity can interfere with disinfection and provide a medium for microbial growth. It also may indicate the presence of microbes[...]
-- http://www.water-research.net/index.php/stream-water-quality-importance-of-total-suspended-solids-turbidity
High TSS in a water body can often mean higher concentrations of bacteria, nutrients, pesticides, and metals in the water. These pollutants may attach to sediment particles on the land and be carried into water bodies with storm water. In the water, the pollutants may be released from the sediment or travel farther downstream [...]
-- http://bcn.boulder.co.us/basin/data/NEW/info/TSS.html
High TDS concentrations can produce laxative effects and can give an unpleasant mineral taste to water.
-- http://bcn.boulder.co.us/basin/data/NEW/info/TSS.html
It sounds like drinking water with dirt in it is not usually a problem in and of itself, but may be correlated with the presence of disease-causing organisms or nasty stuff like pesticides and fertilizers. Of course if the alternative is to get seriously dehydrated, you're going to have to take your chances by drinking the water.
A:
Short answer, it depends.
As with all fresh water sources the the important thing to notice is the context in which the water is in. I.e. where has the dirt come from? Where has the water come from?
Couple of points that affect this:
What is the dirt? Inert clay or run off from a sewer?
What type of terrain are you in? Low agriculture, mountain terrain or a heavily populated city?
What's above the water source? Does this water come from a natural mountain spring or a reservoir or lake.
Dirt, does not mean contaminated (just like clear water does not mean clean). The dirt could be very good for you (some minerals in suspension are actually beneficial)! or it could be very bad. It all depends on the context of where the dirt has come from and what it has been exposed to.
Everything in this question (Do you need to purify all mountain water
sources) is relevant here. The fact that the water contains some particles in suspension is almost irrelevant.
Boiling
Boiling will kill micro-organism contaminants, but not all, this is not a panacea. Lead and other heavy metals are not removed by boiling
A:
To add to Liam's answer, it depends what minerals/chemicals are in the water. Many of these are harmless (e.g. peat or clay), but other can be dangerous. In general, mineral contamination is not effected by boiling. Some chemical impurities can be removed by filtering, but most filters are primarily designed for removing microbes and will be of limited use for removing chemical contamination. There are lots of filters available (e.g. these or this).
Most filters are not effective for chemical contamination as most of the chemicals are small single molecules and/or soluble in water, where as filters designed to remove bacteria have a pore size ~2um. To somewhat effectively remove chemical impurities a carbon filter can be used. Some ceramic pumps have a carbon filter built in. It should be noted that carbon filters clog up and need to be replaced or will stop working effectively.
Depending on your location mineral contamination is not likely to be an issue. It is mostly a concern in areas where there has been significant mining, industrial or agricultural activity, although does occur naturally in some areas. Some chemical contaminates to be aware of are:
Heavy metals: e.g. lead, mercury, arsenic. Are not normally a concern for surface water but if mining or industrial pollution has occurred in the area the wash out may contain high levels heavy metals. Severe exposure can cause vomiting, nausea and diarrhea. Longer term exposure can also lead to many unpleasant illnesses.
Pesticides etc.: Mainly occur as run off from agriculture can also get organic chemicals in mine run off. Can cause liver and kidney problems, primarily after long term exposure.
Uranium: Occurs naturally in some areas, but is more a concern where mining has effected the water supply. Primary health risk is from long term exposure.
Hydrogen sulphide Occurs naturally in some areas and can also be introduced by sewage water. Has a notable rotten egg smell. Drinking such water can cause stomach cramps and diarrhea.
Iron and copper Can occur naturally or from mine run-off. results in foul tasting water. In high concentrations they have been linked to liver failure but are not poisonous at low concentrations.
| |
Many thanks to Kingsley & Riggins, the finalists in the inaugural Invader League, for helping me see the light and inspiring me to write this article for others.
I don’t have much of a mind for strategy.
I wish I did, but I don’t. And that’s why I’m most comfortable writing a blog about the basics of Legion – because if you asked me to do deep dives into statistics, tactics, and minute decision-making, I’d be worthless at it.
There is, however, one thing that I learned that I think is extremely helpful for beginner players to practice from the get-go: mental math.
Coming from X-Wing, I knew this to a small degree. I knew my attack die had a 50% chance of hitting a hit or crit, and my defense die a roughly 37% chance of hitting an evade. I never bothered with the in-depth statistics of when to focus or when to evade based on the numbers; I just went with my gut and that generally worked.
Fortunately for me, once someone showed me how simple the Legion numbers are, it was a much easier sell to memorize.
Because here’s the secret: it’s quite a pleasant pattern.
Attack Dice
Hit/Crit Probability
White No Surge: 2/8 .250 Surge: 3/8 .375 Black No Surge: 4/8 .500 Surge: 5/8 .625 Red No Surge: 6/8 .750 Surge: 7/8 .875
Defense Dice
Block Probability
White No Surge: 1/6 .166 Surge: 2/6 .333 Red No Surge: 3/6 .500 Surge: 4/6 .666
Hopefully seeing it laid out like this helps you in the same way it helped me. It’s nice, isn’t it? How cleanly the numbers line up.
Now, yes, this probably seems painfully obvious to some of you, if not many of you (right after I finished the first draft, I found at least one post that also goes into rerolls). It’s a dice game. It’s basic probability. But for those of you who are maybe more inclined to the crafty hobby aspect of Legion, this might be a revelation. Either way, it’s an important basic skill.
Once you think of the odds in this linear fashion, it’s simple arithmetic: lay out the dice in your head, and picture each probability. Then, add the numerators (the top number) together and divide by the denominator.
Alternatively, if you’re using the decimal version, just add it all up. One probably works better for you, and it’s ultimately inconsequential which one you use. You should get to the same end result either way.
But what does this actually look like in a game setting?
Two Quick Examples
Example 1
We want to compare the efficacy of two fictional weapons we can attach to our vehicle. Weapon 1 adds 6 white attack dice, and Weapon 2 adds 3 red attack dice. The vehicle does not have a surge.
Which weapon adds the higher number of expected hits? Let’s take a look at the numbers.
Weapon 1 2/8 + 2/8 + 2/8+ 2/8 + 2/8 + 2/8 = 12/8 = 3/2 1.5 Expected Hits .250 + .250 + .250 + .250 + .250 + .250 = 1.5
Weapon 2 6/8 + 6/8 + 6/8 = 18/8 = 9/4 2.25 Expected Hits .750 + .750 + .750 = 2.25
So in this case, Weapon 2 comes out .75 expected hits ahead due to the higher chance of hitting paint on the red dice. All other things equal, we should go with that one.
Seen another way, Weapon 1 would need three times the dice as Weapon 2 to come out even. Similarly, if Weapon 1 used black dice it would need 1.5 times the dice to come out even.
Example 2
Now, a more complicated one.
Our trooper unit is ready to attack, and has caught two enemy trooper units without cover. One has white defense dice and 6 remaining units, while the other had red defense dice but only 2 remaining units. Neither has surge.
Our unit attacks with a total of 4 black dice (let’s say it’s impact grenades, range 1), without surges. So first, we calculate our expected number of hits:
Our Unit 4/8 + 4/8 + 4/8 + 4/8 = 16/8 = 2 2 Expected Hits .500 + .500 + .500 + .500 = 2
Now, we look at their units, rolling against 2 expected hits with their D6s:
Enemy Unit 1 1/6 + 1/6 = 2/6 = 1/3 .333 Expected Covers .166 + .166 = .333
Enemy Unit 2 3/6 + 3/6 = 6/6 = 1 1 Expected Cover .500 + .500 = 1
Given the scenario above, we have a decision to make.
Enemy Unit 1 is not expected to roll a block result in this situation, bringing their total from 6 units down to 4.
Enemy Unit 2 is expected to roll 1 block, bringing their total from 2 units down to 1.
Depending on the scenario, it may be more favorable to choose Unit 1 over Unit 2, or vice versa. Perhaps attacking Unit 2 allows you to get rid of a particularly nasty heavy weapon, but attacking Unit 1 allows you to reduce their numbers, place a suppression, and hamper their upcoming activation.
It’s here that some level of tactics and game sense come into play. And maybe you, like me, know that it’s not your strongest suit. But at least you’ll be making an informed decision based on probability. Even a little bit of that, with practice, can go a long way.
You also have to be comfortable with chance: that’s what makes dice games fun and dramatic. Sometimes, everything goes as expected. Sometimes you blank out. Sometimes you roll 6 natural crits on 6 white dice. Statistically it’s bound to happen to someone.
Obviously we haven’t addressed aim or dodge tokens, crits and armor, cover, or abilities. I’ll leave that to another, smarter blog to handle. For now, use the easy math to influence your gameplay where you can fit it in.
Best of luck, you mathematical Commanders!
| |
Primary Source Lesson Plans
The Lehigh County Historical Society and Lehigh Valley Heritage Museum received a grant through the Library of Congress’s Teaching with Primary Sources (TPS) Program. Primary sources are the basic building blocks of history—original sources created at the time of a historical event. The lesson plans listed were created by teachers who participated in our "Teaching with Primary Sources" workshops. We defer to your best professional judgement to decide for yourself about their utility and appropriateness for your students. You can learn more about the Library's TPS program and other resources available to teachers at www.loc.gov/teachers.
The grant from the Library enabled the Lehigh County Historical Society to offer teacher continuing education workshops helping teachers learn to use primary sources to meet Common Core and State Academic Standards while teaching various subjects across the curriculum. Participating teachers were invited to develop and submit lesson plans incorporating primary sources. The Lehigh County Historical Society would like to thank all the educators/teachers, with a special thanks to those who submitted these lesson plans for further review.
We also invite all those who use these lesson plans to provide feedback. How did this lesson plan work in your classroom? Do you have suggestions? Have you created an effective lesson plan using primary sources? If you have comments, suggestions, or would like to submit a primary-source-based lesson plan for possible inclusion on this site, please email [email protected].
We are offering these materials to teachers as resources for you to decide for yourself about their utility and appropriateness for your students. We cannot guarantee that any particular lesson will be appropriate and work well for your class, nor can we guarantee that all information provided in external links is accurate and up-to-date. You must be the judge of that.
The lesson plans are listed below along with brief descriptions. Please note that when the lesson plans refer to “showing,” “displaying,” or “projecting” a primary source, this should be done by projecting the source directly from the website in order to adhere to any possible copyright restrictions. Remember that, ultimately, rights assessment is your responsibility. We cannot make that determination for you.
Each lesson plan may be downloaded as a ZIP file by clicking on the Lesson Topic. These are simply starting points. You must decide for yourself about each lesson's utility and appropriateness for your students.
|
|
Lesson Topic
|
|
Target Grade
|Lesson Summary|
|
|
2-5
|Students read & discuss a letter written by a Civil War soldier, then compose an original letter written from the perspective of a Civil War soldier.|
|
|
3
|Students analyze historical presidential campaign posters, then create their own persuasive campaign poster.|
|
|
William Penn: | http://lehighcountyhistoricalsociety.org/PrimarySourceLessons.htm |
Why Compassion Matters for Our Kids
An interview about fostering compassion with Emiliana Simon-Thomas, Ph.D.
There is a story about the white man, who, at a KKK rally, appearing to be a Klansman, was chased down and attacked, until a teenage African-American woman laid on top of him shielding him from the blows? That was a young Keshia Thomas, whose act of compassion was heroic.
While empathy is a cornerstone of a civilized society, then compassion is the foundation. There’s research to back that acts of kindness towards others feels good. Compassion has a “pay it forward” effect, influencing others to behave, well, compassionately.
Emiliana Simon-Thomas from UC Berkeley’s Greater Good Science Institute, clues us in to the power of compassion – especially for our kids. — Laurel Moglen, Managing Web Editor, TMC
What is the difference between compassion and empathy?
Empathy is much simpler than compassion. Empathy emerges from understanding what someone else is feeling. Compassion arises from the urge to take action to help alleviate someone else’s suffering.
Is compassion linked to the survival of our species?
Ayn Rand said sympathy is the enemy of human progress. I think this idea is dead wrong.
Compassion is a fundamentally adaptive trait to us as humans. We survived because of our capacity to fold into collectives that achieve much bigger things – cooperatively. It’s clear we need to take care of our offspring – we don’t lay eggs and walk away. We take care of ours – (for upwards of 40 years!). We have the biology and mechanism to bypass self-interest for the better of the whole.
For example, research was done at the Moral Cognition Lab at Harvard, to support that when you give people the opportunity to cooperate or defect from a game. It takes longer to defect because the core instinct is to trust and cooperate. As a species, that gives us much more than competing against one another and survival of the fittest.
To be clear, nobody is suggesting there’s no place for competition or self-preservation. It’s just that the pendulum has been a little more overly weighted towards the individualistic approach. Ultimately, a cooperative care-taking element is of equal value.
How does our kids’ behaving compassionately benefit them?
- It strengthens their capacity for empathy.
- It influences kids to be more emotionally balanced. Therefore, they’re able to be sensitive to others without getting overwhelmed themselves.
- It habituates kids to help others, which is important for building up kids’ repertoire of experiences where helping is associated with positive emotional experience. This in turn boosts motivation to help others in the future. Related to this, behaving compassionately can increase a kids sense of inner heroism, and increase their sense of purpose and agency.
- It helps them achieve more social success, by promoting meaningful and supportive friendships.
Emiliana Simon-Thomas, Ph.D., is a neuroscientist and science director of the Greater Good Science Center, where she oversees the GGSC’s Expanding Gratitude project.
Please share any thoughts or questions you might have below in the comments section. We love hearing from you! | https://www.themotherco.com/2015/01/why-compassion-matters-for-our-kids/ |
me emotionally as much as Christopher Hamptons The Philanthropist.
Perhaps it was because Hampton sets his play in two communities I hold dear:
England and higher education. The characters speak in a vernacular I admit I
aspire to, but Hampton reveals a much more bleak image of a culture that assumes
its own intelligence as the highest plane of universal wisdom.
The scenic designer placed the acting space in the corner of the Dudley Experimental black box with the audience on two adjacent sides of the rectangular set. I noticed the blocking mirrored the scenery in its angular, even maze-like movements and wanted the lighting to emphasize this angularity with four distinct functions of area light set at right angles to one another. The key light for each scene came from a high back light, indicating time of day. Evening and night scenes used warm high back light to emphasize the illusion that light was coming from the many practicals on the stage.
In contrast, day time key light was a high cool white back light.
Two sets of fill light were used for visibility for the audience, each at right angles to the other. Color was a medium cool blue, reinforcing the idea of the play being set in England in the late fall.
The production called for six scenes and the lighting helped establish time of day for each scene.
Scene 1 - Early evening
Scene 2 - Early evening (identical to the previous scene)
Scene 4 - Morning
Scene 6 - Early evening (again identical to Scene 1)
To create different looks for each of these scenes, the four lighting functions were used in contrast to one another. In Scenes 1, 2, and 6, warm high back light and front fill were balanced with one another. In Scene 3, less front fill indicated time had moved deeper into the night.
Scene 4 used window patterns of light in warmer tones to indicate a rising sun. Cool white high back light was balanced with cool front fill to indicate morning. Scene 5 used the brightest levels of cool white high back light and the least amount of fill, enhancing the idea of the brightest time of day as well as sculpting actors faces and bodies more profoundly.
A special was also included to light Philip during the scene shift between Scenes 5 & 6.
REVIEW
Posted Saturday, March 15, 2003
Actors in The Philanthropist Can Give Only So Much
by PAUL BRISSETT
for THE DULUTH NEWS TRIBUNE
The Philanthropist is either misnamed or titled with sly irony. Christopher Hampton's play, which opened Thursday at the University of Minnesota Duluth's Marshall Performing Arts Center, is about a man so terrified of offending people that he offends by his very lack of self. Hampton's intent was to invert Moliere's The Misanthrope, an idea he develops with skilled writing, wit and engaging characters. To these assets the UMD Theatre production adds first-rate staging and solid acting. But at its core, The Philanthropist is hollow and ultimately unsatisfying.
The title character is Philip, a scholar of an obscure subspeciality of English at an unnamed but venerable English university who explains that he can't teach literature because he has "no critical faculties whatsoever." Matthew Salmela does an impressive job with a hopelessly paradoxical role. A philanthropist without a self to give is as much an oxymoron as an impoverished benefactor.
Act I centers on a dinner party during which we see that Philip is surrounded by people who embody, in varying degrees, Moliere's humanity-hating Alceste. They include his impatient, passive-aggressive fiancee, Celia, played by Molly McLain, and the spectacularly boorish blowhard Braham, masterfully rendered by Ben Elledge. Hampton also introduces some intriguing characters who never actually appear. They are the students, colleagues and prominent people the guests take turns sneering at, gossiping about and rendering judgment upon.
In Act II, the focus is narrowed to Philip's relationships with individuals, chiefly Celia. It is to her that he confesses that, while he likes people well enough, the driving force in his life is his fear of offending. Philip is more Pee-Wee Herman than Mother Teresa, which leaves the audience without a central character to which to react.
Presented with this conundrum, director Rachel Katz Carey has made Philip not lover, not hater, not fearer. In fact, he's nothing -- alternately an amiable dishrag and such a naif as to seem dull-witted.
The entire play takes place in Philip's quarters at the university, charmingly represented by Jeffrey Johnson's set design, which evidences the same attention to detail as all other aspects of the production: Carey's blocking and stage business; Stacy Mittag's costumes and Kate Ufema's dialect coaching -- the British accents sound authentic and, more importantly, are consistent and never impede intelligibility.
Mark Harvey's lighting design is especially enhancing to several scenes -- and to the creatively handled scene changes. | https://www.d.umn.edu/~mharvey/philanthropist.html |
In this course, you will gain a deeper understanding of your personal leadership style and its impact on others to lead more effectively in your organization. You will assess and reflect on the values and beliefs that support your authentic leadership style, and discover the power of personal passion, engagement and purpose to effectively manage yourself and others. By the end of this course, you will have developed self-awareness, understanding and personal leadership strategies to lead in a variety of contexts. (Formerly LEAD100) This course uses a psychometric evaluation tool and an additional fee will be charged for this tool at time of enrolment.
Note: There are two learning options for this course:
Face-to-Face
OR
ONLINE (NEW): JIBC's Blackboard system requirements: Use the BB system check link to ensure your computer system is properly configured for our web courses. It verifies your browser version, settings and display settings on your computer. Click here for more on BB Browser Support. In this class, video conferencing will be used. Learners must have a camera and microphone. For an improved learning experience learners are encouraged to use a headset with mic rather than the computer speakers and internal mic. This course was previously offered in a face-to-face format only. | https://www.jibc.ca/course/lead-yourself-first |
The past 5 days of my life were free from LaLaLand as I ventured to Big Bear Lake for a retreat in the mountains to get certified as a Christian Wellness Coach. My days there were filled with many realizations, especially when it came to being better about my own self care before I assist anyone else with theirs.
For the past couple of years, my body hasn’t been operating at full capacity. I’ve experienced some sickness, weakness, and lots of discomfort when it comes to my stomach. Since my body fairly consistently feels abnormal, if I keep eating “everything”, I’ll never be able to tell what the cause, trigger, or issue truly is. Because of this, I have decided to be intentional about cutting out most gluten and dairy products for the next month. If my stomach feels better, I will be able to slowly incorporate different foods back into my diet to see what works and what causes the problems.
For any of you who may be experiencing something similar, are looking for a change, or are simply interested in learning some new, easy, cost effective healthy, gluten-free, and dairy-free recipes, stay tunes as I will be sharing my journey with you right here on the blog! 🙂
There are many reasons why I kept putting off my own self care. I love people SO much, and often prioritize others and will much sooner focus on their needs and completely forget that I have needs of my own. Another factor being my business, not always having the time in my schedule to prioritize and spend tons of time on food (which is why I will be posting lots of EASY, quick recipes!). Also, I like to stay within my budget, and definitely struggled with realizing it is not only necessary but biblical to invest in my own wellness.
In Chronicles 29:2-5, David, the king, speaks about what was invested in bringing only the best to the house of God:
“I’ve done my best to get everything together for building this house for my God, all the materials necessary: gold, silver, bronze, iron, lumber, precious and varicolored stones, and building stones—vast stockpiles. Furthermore, because my heart is in this, in addition to and beyond what I have gathered, I’m turning over my personal fortune of gold and silver for making this place of worship for my God: 3,000 talents (about 113 tons) of gold—all from Ophir, the best—and 7,000 talents (214 tons) of silver for covering the walls of the buildings, and for the gold and silver work by craftsmen and artisans.”
If we know that our bodies are a temple that the Holy Spirit abides in, why would we not treat our bodies the same way? Clearly, what I have been putting in my body is not working for me, and it is not creating a healthy temple that glorifies God. It is time for change, and it is time to clean out the temple! 🙂
My first gluten-free fall recipe for you is perfect for a chilly evening! It will give your cold night a spicy kick!
Gluten-Free Pad Thai with Spicy Peanut Sauce
Ingredients:
-1 box of gluten-free pad thai noodles of your choice (I’ve tried a few different types and really love the texture of Annie Chun’s, which you can find at any grocery store)
-2 teaspoons of honey
-A dash of garlic powder to taste (you can also use 3 garlic cloves minced if you have the time and funds)
-3 tablespoons of Tamari gluten-free soy sauce (you are free to use regular soy sauce if gluten is not a serious issue for you)
-A dash of cayenne pepper (depending on how spicy you like it!)
-4 teaspoons of coconut oil
-1/4 cup smooth, all natural peanut butter
-A dash of fresh lemon juice to taste
-Sprinkle of sesame seeds.
Instructions:
-Cook the noodles according to the directions on the box.
-In a medium sauce pan, slowly melt your coconut oil on low.
-Slowly add the peanut butter, honey, tamari, garlic, cayenne, and lemon juice.
-Keep the heat on low, and whisk often until hot and smoothly mixed.
-Drain your noodles and add them to your sauce mixture.
-Mix well, toss, and garnish with your sprinkle of sesame seeds.
You can get really creative with this recipe! That’s the fun of cooking! Turn it into a stir-fry by adding cabbage, steak, chicken, carrots, or kale.
Eating right can be fun, easy, cost-effective, creative, and tasty! Stay tuned with me on this journey as we treat our bodies as temples and fill them with only the best! | https://rachaelleestroud.com/2013/10/29/remembering-to-take-care-of-your-body-and-a-gluten-free-pad-thai-recipe/ |
A pesar de los cambios producidos por las tecnologías de la información e internet en el sector turismo, los pronósticos apuntan a que una nueva revolución se va a producir propiciada por la introducción de robots, inteligencia artificial y realidad virtual en las industrias turísticas. En la actualidad, la adopción de estas tecnologías está en un estadio muy inicial pero la investigación realizada en otros sectores apunta a que las mismas podrían también tener un gran impacto en las operaciones turística.
Descargas
Citas
ACEMOGLU, D. y RESTREPO, P. (2018): “Artificial Intelligence, Automation and Work” (No. w24196), National Bureau of Economic Research. Working Paper 24196. http://www.nber.org/papers/w24196. Revisado el 18 de marzo de 2018.
ALONSO-ALMEIDA, M.M. y RIBEIRO, C. (2018): “Use of Social Media within tourism travel behaviour”, Final Conference Social Networks and Travel Behaviour. Milan, February 14th-16th 2018.
ALONSO-ALMEIDA, M.M.; RIBEIRO, C. (2016): “Use of social networks on travel decision making”, Social Networks and Travel Behaviour 5MC & WGs meetings, Bucharest, 18th-19th 2016.
ALONSO ALMEIDA, M.M. (2018): El nuevo materialismo del siglo XXI: Luces y sombras, Colección Real Academia Europea de Doctores. Barcelona
BOWEN, J. y WHALEN, E. (2017): “Trends that are changing travel and tourism”, Worldwide Hospitality and Tourism Themes, 9 (6), 592-602.
CAPRIELLO, A., MASON, P.R., DAVIS, B. y CROTTS, J.C. (2013): “Farm tourism experiences in travel reviews: A cross-comparison of three alternative methods for data analysis”, Journal of Business Research, 66 (6), 778-785.
CARROZZINO, M. y BERGAMASCO, M. (2010): “Beyond virtual museums: Experiencing immersive virtual reality in real museums”, Journal of Cultural Heritage, 11 (4), 452-458.
CHAO, A.F. y YANG, H.L. (2018): “Using Chinese radical parts for sentiment analysis and domain-dependent seed set extraction”, Computer Speech & Language, 47, 194-213.
CHEN, F.W., GUEVARA PLAZA, A. y ALARCÓN URBISTONDO, P. (2017): “Automatically extracting tourism-related opinion from Chinese social media”, Current Issues in Tourism, 20 (10), 1.070-1.087.
CHEONG, R. (1995): “The virtual threat to travel and tourism”, Tourism Management, 16 (6), 417-422.
DELAMATER, N.A. (2017): Brief History of Artificial Intelligence and How It’s Revolutionizing Customer Service Today. Available in https://images.g2crowd.com/uploads/attachment/file/73099/expirable-direct-uploads_2F469f2619-a917-446d-b2b8-14cf8f8d2c4e_2FChatBotWhitePaper2017.pdf Disponible el 17 de marzo de 2018.
DESAI, P.R., DESAI, P.N., AJMERA, K.D. y MEHTA, K. (2014); A review paper on oculus rift-a virtual reality headset, International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology, 13 (4), 175-179.
DIECK, M.C. y JUNG, T.H. (2017): “Value of augmented reality at cultural heritage sites: A stakeholder approach”, Journal of Destination Marketing & Management, 6 (2), 110-117.
DUAN, W., YU, Y., CAO, Q. y LEVY, S. (2016): “Exploring the impact of social media on hotel service performance: A sentimental analysis approach”, Cornell Hospitality Quarterly, 57 (3), 282-296.
DUNIS, C.L., MIDDLETON, P.W., KARATHANASOPOLOUS, A. y THEOFILATOS, K.A. (Eds.). (2017): Artificial Intelligence in Financial Markets: Cutting Edge Applications for Risk Management, Portfolio Optimization and Economics. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
GAN, Q., FERNS, B.H., YU, Y. y JIN, L. (2017): “A text mining and multidimensional sentiment analysis of online restaurant reviews”, Journal of Quality Assurance in Hospitality & Tourism, 18 (4), 465-492.
GEETHA, M., SINGHA, P. y SINHA, S. (2017): “Relationship between customer sentiment and online customer ratings for hotels-An empirical analysis”, Tourism Management, 61, 43-54.
GIBERSON, J.; GRIFFIN, T.; DODDS, R. (2017): “Virtual Reality and Tourism: Will the Future of Travel be Virtual?”, HTMResearch Working Paper No. 2017/1.
GITTO, S.; MANCUSO, P. (2017): “Improving airport services using sentiment analysis of the websites”, Tourism Management Perspectives, 22, 132-136.
GRIFFIN, T., GIBERSON, J., LEE, S.H., GUTTENTAG, D., KANDAUROVA, M., SERGUEEVA, K. y DIMANCHE, F. (2017): “Virtual reality and implications for destination marketing”, In 48th Annual Travel and Tourism Research Association (TTRA), International Conference, 20-23 June 2017.
GONZÁLEZ-RODRÍGUEZ, M.R., MARTÍNEZ-TORRES, R. y TORAL, S. (2016): “Post-visit and pre-visit tourist destination image through eWOM sentiment analysis and perceived helpfulness”, International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 28 (11), 2609-2627.
GUTTENTAG, D.A. (2010): “Virtual reality: Applications and implications for tourism”, Tourism Management, 31 (5), 637-651.
FUNDACIÓN COTEC (2017): Percepción social de la innovación en España. Informe del estudio cualitativo. http://informecotec.es/media/PRESENTACION-ESTUDIO-DEMOSCOPICO_IMAGEN-COTEC_VFINAL.pdf. Disponible el 16 de marzo de 2018.
HERTZFIELD, E. (2016): Will robots ever replace guestroom mini bars. Disponible en: www.hotelmanagement.net/tech/will-robots-ever-replace-guestroom-minibars. Revisado el 18 de marzo de 2018.
HOSTELTUR (2017): Inteligencia artificial al servicio de la personalización del servicio. Publicado el 13 de enero de 2017. Disponible en: https://www.hosteltur.com/119905_inteligencia-artificial-al-servicio-personalizacion-servicio.html. Revisado el 18 de marzo de 2018.
IVANOV, S., WEBSTER, C. y BEREZINA, K. (2017): “Adoption of Robots and Service Automation by Tourism and Hospitality Companies”, Revista Turismo & Desenvolvimento, 27/28, 1.501-1.517. Disponible en SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2964308. Revisado el 18 de marzo de 2018.
IVANOV, S. y WEBSTER, C. (2017): “Adoption of robots, artificial intelligence and service automation by travel, tourism and hospitality companies – a cost-benefit analysis”. International Scientific Conference “Contemporary tourism – traditions and innovations”, 19-21 October 2017, Sofia University.
JENG, M.Y., PAI, F.Y. y YEH, T.M. (2017): “The virtual reality leisure activities experience on elderly people”, Applied Research in Quality of Life, 12 (1), 49-65.
JONES, L.D., GOLAN, D., HANNA, S. y RAMACHANDRAN, M. (2018): “Artificial intelligence, machine learning and the evolution of healthcare: A bright future or cause for concern?”, Bone & Joint Research, 7 (3), 223-225.
KIM, K., PARK, O.J., YUN, S. y YUN, H. (2017): “What makes tourists feel negatively about tourism destinations? Application of hybrid text mining methodology to smart destination management”, Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 123, 362-369.
KUO, C., CHEN, L. y TSENG, C. (2017): "Investigating an innovative service with hospitality robots", International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 29 (5), 1305-1321.
LEE, M., JEONG, M. y LEE, J. (2017): “Roles of negative emotions in customers’ perceived helpfulness of hotel reviews on a user-generated review website: a text mining approach”, International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 29 (2), 762-783.
MANERO, C.B., GONZÁLEZ, M.G., UCEDA, M.E.G. y GRIJALBA, J.M.M. (2011): “La influencia de las TIC en la estructura del sistema de distribución turístico”, Cuadernos de Turismo, 28, 9-22.
MARTINS, J., GONÇALVES, R., BRANCO, F., BARBOSA, L., MELO, M. y BESSA, M. (2017): “A multisensory virtual experience model for thematic tourism: A Port wine tourism application proposal”, Journal of Destination Marketing & Management, 6 (2), 103-109.
PHILANDER, K. y ZHONG, Y. (2016): “Twitter sentiment analysis: capturing sentiment from integrated resort tweets”, International Journal of Hospitality Management, 55, 16-24.
TUSSYADIAH, I.P. y PESONEN, J. (2016): “Impacts of peer-to-peer accommodation use on travel patterns”, Journal of Travel Research, 55(8), 1022-1040.
MAURER, M., GERDES, J.C., LENZ, B. y WINNER, H. (Eds.) (2016): Autonomous driving: technical, legal and social aspects. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Open.
MELENDEZ-FERNANDEZ, F., GALINDO, C. y GONZALEZ-JIMENEZ, J. (2017): “A web-based solution for robotic telepresence”, International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems, 14(6), 1729881417743738.
PETKUS, E. (2004): “Enhancing the application of experiential marketing in the arts”, International Journal of Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Marketing, 9(1), 49-56.
REN, G. y HONG, T. (2017): “Investigating Online Destination Images Using a Topic-Based Sentiment Analysis Approach”, Sustainability, 9 (10), 1765.
RESEARCH AND MARKETS (2017): “Collaborative Robots Market: Global Industry Analysis, Trends, Market Size and Forecasts up to 2023”, Report.
RODRÍGUEZ ANTÓN, J.M., ALONSO ALMEIDA, M.M., RUBIO ANDRADA, L. y ESTEBAN ALBERDI, C. (2008): “Conocimiento y aprendizaje en las grandes cadenas hoteleras españolas en Iberoamérica: Internet como herramienta de aprendizaje organizativo”, Cuadernos de Turismo, 21, 135-157.
SANTOS, M.J. (2017): “Regulación legal de la robótica y la inteligencia artificial: retos de futuro= Legal regulation of robotics and artificial intelligence: future challenges”, Revista Jurídica de la Universidad de León, 4, 25-50.
TIMMS, M.J. (2016): “Letting artificial intelligence in education out of the box: educational cobots and smart classrooms”, International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education, 26 (2), 701-712.
WATCHARASUKARN, M., PAGE, S. y KRUMDIECK, S. (2012): “Virtual reality simulation game approach to investigate transport adaptive capacity for peak oil planning”, Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, 46 (2), 348-367.
WILLIAMS, P. y HOBSON, J.P. (1995): “Virtual reality and tourism: fact or fantasy?”, TOURISM MANAGEMENT, 16 (6), 423-427.
ZHANG, Z., YE, Q., ZHANG, Z. y LI, Y. (2011): “Sentiment classification of Internet restaurant reviews written in Cantonese”, Expert Systems with Applications, 38 (6), 7.674-7.682.
Las obras que se publican en esta revista están sujetas a los siguientes términos:
1. El Servicio de Publicaciones de la Universidad de Murcia (la editorial) conserva los derechos patrimoniales (copyright) de las obras publicadas, y favorece y permite la reutilización de las mismas bajo la licencia de uso indicada en el punto 2.
2. Las obras se publican en la edición electrónica de la revista bajo una licencia Creative Commons Reconocimiento-NoComercial-SinObraDerivada 3.0 España (texto legal). Se pueden copiar, usar, difundir, transmitir y exponer públicamente, siempre que: i) se cite la autoría y la fuente original de su publicación (revista, editorial y URL de la obra); ii) no se usen para fines comerciales; iii) se mencione la existencia y especificaciones de esta licencia de uso.
3. Condiciones de auto-archivo. Se permite y se anima a los autores a difundir electrónicamente las versiones pre-print (versión antes de ser evaluada) y/o post-print (versión evaluada y aceptada para su publicación) de sus obras antes de su publicación, ya que favorece su circulación y difusión más temprana y con ello un posible aumento en su citación y alcance entre la comunidad académica. Color RoMEO: verde. | https://revistas.um.es/turismo/article/view/404711 |
Informed consent is given when a competent person who has received and understood sufficient information voluntarily decides whether or not to receive treatment or take part in research. It is widely seen as an essential component of most medical research. In the case of neonates, parents must make the decision. However, there are a number of reasons to think that such consent is not likely to meet the criteria for being genuine informed consent.
-
Neonatal research often takes place in fraught circumstances. Parents may be suffering the emotional shock of unexpectedly having given birth to a seriously ill baby.
-
The need for consent may be urgent; in other words, there may only be a few hours in which the parents are able to decide (as in birth asphyxia trials).
-
The trial may be an “emergency trial”.1 These trials combine an urgent need for consent with the fact that the research is into interventions that are aimed at dealing with a life threatening condition—for example, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO).2
-
The trial may involve a number of complexities. These may be difficult for lay people to understand, particularly when under stress.
In other words, the anguished parent of a severely ill baby has to process very complex information and make a decision on behalf of that child in a short period of time. It is hardly surprising that clinicians have long doubted that such decisions constitute informed consent. These doubts seem to be confirmed by recent research.3,4
One of these research projects, the Euricon trial,4 involved neonatologists, ethicists, sociologists, and legal experts from 11 European countries. Their discussions of possible improvements to the informed consent process form the basis of this editorial.
Not all neonatal trials are “fraught”. There are, for example, feeding trials, where there is plenty of time to obtain consent, and where the background condition of the neonate may not be worrying. One of the surprises of the Euricon research was that the standard of consent often seemed poor even in these types of projects. This suggests that those obtaining consent could do better. Researchers often seemed unaware of legal or research ethics committee (REC) guidelines governing the process in their geographical area. This situation seems likely to improve as medical students are increasingly expected to address such issues in their training.5 However, formal training should be available to those who do not.
A second area for improvement relates to the information sheet. Many parents do not read this sheet, or fail to do so before consent.1 Thus, one way to improve the use of information sheets is to draw them up with a trial specific checklist of points of information that the researcher can then go through with parents before their consent decision.
These sorts of measures may improve the general quality of parental consent. However, this leaves the problem of the apparent impossibility of achieving a reasonable standard of informed consent in situations of urgency and emergency. How can we tackle this problem? There are a number of possibilities.
(1) TWO ALTERNATIVE CONSENT PROCEDURES
We should accept that there is likely to be an appreciable reduction in the quality of parental consent in the “fraught” trials. Clinicians may give all the relevant information, but the parents may not have the capacity to understand and process that information in the time available. There are two possible alternative consent procedures here.
The first is a step-like process of consent. This involves giving parents a bare minimum of information (that which is most important for parents to understand) before enrolling the infant in a trial, then giving more information and repeating the request for consent as time goes on. Information sheets should be adjusted accordingly. Parents would receive a preliminary information sheet with a short series of points for the clinician to go through with them.
It might be argued that once parents have committed themselves on the basis of limited information, they will find it hard to withdraw when they gain fuller information. This would raise concerns about the voluntariness of parents’ decisions to remain in a trial following their original consent.
However, these concerns arise equally with a standard consent procedure; for, although parents may have received all the relevant information, they may not have understood and processed it. They are likely to do this only later (when the research is under way). The virtue of the step-like approach is that it enables the researcher to focus parents’ attention on a bare minimum of crucial information, and to emphasise voluntariness then and later. The “bare minimum” would include that: the treatment is being given as part of a trial; their child may be receiving experimental or unproven treatment; they are free to say “no” and opt for the standard treatment; this is preliminary information and that more information is available if they wish to see it now (and will be given to them anyway, at a future point).
However, a further concern with the step-like approach is that parents may find that they receive information later in the research process that would have caused them to refuse consent had they received it earlier. This leads us to the second alternative consent procedure; the continuous consent approach. This involves giving parents all information at the outset (and asking for their consent) and then repeating this at later stages in the research. This avoids the problems of step-like consent while sharing the virtue of recognising that parents may not truly have understood first time around. However, it lacks the virtue of enabling the researcher to focus on a core of essential information. Neither of these approaches has been formally assessed.
(2) RECOGNISING THE LIMITED ROLE OF PARENTAL CONSENT
If the role of parental informed consent were to protect the neonatal research subject, then our acceptance that the consent process is sometimes less than ideal would seem to imply that research subjects have reduced protection in such cases. This would not be acceptable. Hence, parental informed consent should not be seen as being the sole or main safeguard of the neonate’s welfare in research. Researchers drawing up proposals, grant-giving and professional bodies, senior staff within the hospital structure undertaking a scientific review process, and RECs considering the proposals have independent responsibility for the welfare of the child and to ensure that parents are not asked to consent to bad research. This is in keeping with guidelines on research governance.6 The role of parental consent should be to do with respecting parents as decision makers for their children. Protecting neonates’ welfare should be the concern of all involved.
(3) INFORMING PARENTS ABOUT RECS
If we accept this last point, then parents are unnecessarily burdened if they feel that their consent decision is of great import to their child’s welfare. This could be eased. The Euricon study found that parents were usually unaware of the fact that the proposed research had been scrutinised by an REC. Some said it would have helped them if they had known this. Therefore, information sheets should include the fact an independent committee (an REC) has approved the research.7 Parents should be aware that such approval is consistent with its being both reasonable to give or to withhold their consent. Such a statement would need careful wording to prevent its coercing or cajoling parents to enter children into trials. The following is a proposed formulation. “You have been asked to consider whether or not you wish to enter your baby into the x trial. An independent research ethics committee (REC) has looked at the overall likely health risks and benefits of the trial and have given it their approval. You are still entirely free to decide whether or not you want to enter your child into this research. Whatever you decide, your child will receive the best possible care.”
(4) DOING WITHOUT INFORMED CONSENT?
There may be situations in which even step-like consent fails. For example, the time available in which to obtain consent may be so short that it is not possible for most parents to digest even the basic minimum of information. At this point, the key decision must be whether or not to do the research. Euricon partners were divided on this: some felt strongly that neonatal research without parental consent should never occur, others that in extremis it should.
The Helsinki declaration does allow for research to take place, “on individuals from whom it is not possible to obtain consent, including proxy or advance consent . . . [but] only if the physical/mental condition that prevents obtaining informed consent is a necessary characteristic of the research population” (at B26).8
Arguably, neonates with parents in the extreme situations hypothesised would meet this criterion. As such, perhaps there will be rare occasions on which neonatal research ought to be allowed at least to begin without parental consent. If so, there would have to be further safeguards. One would be especially careful review by the relevant RECs; another that parents are informed on admission to hospital that research occurs in the hospital, and allowed to put in place a blanket refusal on all research.
IN CONCLUSION
Finally, the measures discussed in this paper may be described as “supply side”, implemented by clinicians on behalf of parents. Organisations such as Consumers for Ethics in Research (CERES)9 and the Cochrane Collaboration Consumer Network10 show that we should not neglect “demand side” measures. Thus, for example, any proposal for non-consensual research might first be put out to community consultation (an American model implemented following a Food and Drug Administration amendment to consent regulations11). Similarly, such consultation could occur if the “step-like” consent model outlined above were proposed. However, the benefits of such consultation need to be set against concerns such as delaying the research and the difficulty of finding citizens genuinely representative of research participants.
Improvements to the informed consent process for neonatal research are considered
Request Permissions
If you wish to reuse any or all of this article please use the link below which will take you to the Copyright Clearance Center’s RightsLink service. You will be able to get a quick price and instant permission to reuse the content in many different ways. | https://fn.bmj.com/content/88/3/F166.1 |
Maxime Bernier criticizes “Trudeau’s extreme multiculturalism” but is he turning hate into a political belief?
Maxime Bernier, leader of the People’s Party of Canada, stirred up a storm of controversy when he criticized Justin Trudeau of “extreme multiculturalism.” On Aug. 13 an article appeared on CBC that published a series of tweets from Bernier ….
“Trudeau’s extreme multiculturalism and cult of diversity will divide us into little tribes that have less and less in common. These tribes become political clienteles to be bought with taxpayer’s money and special privileges.”
The first question that comes to mind is what is a cult? And does this term have any positive connotation? One dictionary definition of a “cult” is a set of beliefs that only a small minority believe and the majority considers sinister.
Which majority is Bernier speaking of, or speaking to? Could this be dog whistle political wrangling intended to stir up people’s worst fears and exuberate prejudices?
Regarding his comment about minorities being “tribes” who can be bought with special privileges, is he accusing the government of corruption or nepotism? Or something worse? Is Bernier implying that the institutions of Canadian government are feeble?
One thing he seems absolutely clear about ideologically is the old adage of “Them vs us.”
He further tweeted, “Having people live among us who reject basic Western values such as freedom, equality, tolerance and openness doesn’t make us strong. People who refuse to integrate into our society and want to live apart in their ghetto don’t make our society strong.”
Using abstract non-quantifiable, subjective terms while describing Western values is a common theme among the proponent of extreme assimilation and unconditional integration. To them acculturation is out of the question. Missing from this tweet was the historical context.
The fact that it was these exact values that resulted in internment camps for Japanese Americans in America, residential schools for the indigenous people in Canada, Apartheid in South Africa, and the systemic extermination of the native population of the Americas and Australia is beyond the point.
Bernier’s view will carry currency, especially for those who believe that societies that have contradicting values ultimately will have divided loyalties, and cannot function as a homogeneous unit. If these differences become extreme, Bernier suggests than social cohesion and societal consensus will not develop resulting in communities being divided against each other. Lorne Gunter, a former managing editor of the Alberta Report, and reporter with the Edmonton Journal, defended his views.
For Bernier diversity is good, however, divergence is not. Multiculturalism is good, as long as those cultures conform to certain codes of conduct, which are both defined and enforced by the dominant majority. Similar values and perhaps similar biology guarantee unity, and imposes automatic restraint on the definition of both assimilation and integration.
To Bernier internalization of values is the non-negotiable pre-condition for inclusion. This can mean the subjugation of minorities to the will of the majority, in not only visible outlook, but also cultural beliefs, societal attitudes, taste and preferences. Even articles of clothing are considered a statement and an unwillingness to conform to local culture.
On Aug. 22, John Duffy, founding principle at Strategy Corp, said on CBC Radio that this kind of racism could lead to the populism that’s apparent all over the world.
“So far conservative movement after conservative movement around the world has fallen into the hands of people and politicians who are advancing this xenophobic, borderline racist agenda of white nationalism and, so far, honorably, the Conservative Party of Canada has resisted this tendency.”
In a recent interview that was aired on CBC Radio on Sept. 21, Bernier attempted to explain his statement. He drew a comparison to Europe by pointing out that courtiers there were having challenges integrating new immigrants.
Bernier perhaps deliberately equated people forcefully displaced by war and aggression to those willing individuals who qualify for Canadian immigration through a global competitive point system.
Bernier has now legitimized his contempt at best and disgust at worst for minorities by bringing these views completely into the mainstream under the banner of his Peoples Party of Canada. It is precisely movements like these, under the veneer of populism and patriotism, that turn hatred into what Owen Jones, a columnist for The Guardian, called a political belief. | https://spokeonline.com/2018/10/berniers-views-now-a-political-belief/ |
I’ll begin by saying I was awful at math as a child and avoid it like the plague to this day. Thank God for calculators.
That being said; I have become fascinated by the idea of creating fractal patterns in yarn.
A fractal, in the math and science world, is a never-ending pattern or a repeating pattern with the potential to repeat on and on in ever- decreasing size. I won’t take it quite that far, but the same basic definition applies when creating a fractal-spun yarn.
A fractal is created by repeating a simple process over and over in an ongoing feedback loop. By taking the same pattern and making it smaller, you can repeat that same pattern multiple times in the same amount of space.
If you think about it, you’ll find fractal patterns to be pretty familiar, since nature is full of fractals. A fern leaf is an easy to visualize fractal pattern.
Fractal spinning takes this idea of repeating patterns at different scales and applies it to yarn, starting with a length of hand-dyed fiber (I’m using wool). The repeat pattern will be in the colors used. Once it is spun up, the finished yarn will have two or more (sometimes many more) different scales of the color repeats found in the dyed fiber.
Are you still with me?
I’m starting my project with three large, 4 oz. skeins of yarn, using hand-dyed Cheviot wool roving in three different colorways.
Each colorway graduates from light to dark, which will play an important role in the planning process for the finished yarn. I’ll be creating not only a fractal yarn, but a color-gradient fractal yarn.
Let me walk you through the process I used. By the way, there are a myriad of ways to creat a fractal spun yarn. This is simply the direction I chose for my yarn.
I’ll use the orange (fall foliage) gradient as my example, but will follow the exact same prepping process for each of the three color groups. By the way, it took me about three weeks to complete this project, working on it as time allowed.
Taking first the 4 oz length of yellow/orange/brown roving; I split it lengthwise, pulling it into three equal-size strips, each 1 1/3 oz in weight. A digital kitchen scale comes in real handy here, although eye-balling the size is fine, too.
I set one 1.3 oz strip aside. The other two strips were then divided lengthwise into three more strips each.
Three of the six medium-size strips were set aside as is. I then took the last three medium-size strips and split each in half lengthwise, ending up with six much smaller full-length strips.
Each strip of wool roving, although now separated into three different diameters, are identical in the gradient color change from pale yellow at one end, through orange shades and ending in brown at the far end. They are all the same length.
Size matters! The plan is to use three bobbins; first spinning the largest roving – beginning the spin at the pale yellow end and, finishing one color before moving to the next, gradually moving along from one color to the next, ending by spinning the brown. I took this finished bobbin, with just the single, straight-through color repeat, off my wheel, replacing it with a fresh bobbin.
Here is where the fun starts. On the second bobbin, I spin all three medium-size strips, always starting with pale yellow and ending on brown – one after the other – a repeat of the same exact pattern three times. Since they are narrower strips of fiber, I can move from color to color more quickly than on the first bobbin, which keeps me interested. I removed this bobbin from my wheel and set it with the first bobbin.
Placing another fresh bobbin on the wheel (are you beginning to understand why I had to clear off all those bobbins last week now? 😉), I’m ready to tackle my last series of pattern repeats.
This time I am spinning all six smaller, pencil-thin strips of fiber, one after the other, starting as always with pale yellow and ending with brown. Having less fiber to work with, this moves quickly from color to color and gives me six repeats of the exact same gradient color pattern on this bobbin as are on the other two bobbins.
In case you lost track; I now had one bobbin with a single, fat run of the color gradient from yellow to orange to brown, one bobbin with three repeats of the same color gradient, and one bobbin with six repeats of the same color run. Each bobbin holds approximately 1.3 oz of Cheviot wool.
It might seem strange to some, but I found the decision making challenge of creating this yarn both mentally and artistically satisfying. Figuring out how many repeats would be enough (too many will tend to muddy up the final yarn, losing clarity) comes through trial and error.
Now the magic happens (and talk about delayed gratification – that was a lot of spinning). I placed all three bobbins on my tensioned Lazy Kate, switched out my regular-size flyer and bobbin for my larger Jumbo Plying flyer and over-size bobbin on my spinning wheel … and plied the three separate bobbins together into a single, 400 yd 3-ply yarn.
Each bobbin held a single part of the final three-ply yarn. To ply, you spin the three singles together but spinning the wheel the opposite direction that you spun the original singles. It takes some practice and finger coordination to keep the three singles properly tensioned and twisting evenly into the ply.
In the final yarn, you will see sections where colors aligned in bright spots of solid orange, yellow or brown and many others where two and even three colors plied together in seemingly wild abandon. However, the finished skein of yarn has an overall pleasant sense of balance and symmetry achieved by the multiple repeats of the original colors.
You can see how I followed the same steps with the dark blue/medium blue/aqua/gray gradient fiber and then the purple/violet/pink fiber.
The final plying of the 3 bobbins of shades of blue into a single, 4 oz 3-ply yarn.
And lastly, using the same process for the pink/violet/purple 4 oz 3-ply yarn.
This, my first attempts at creating fractal yarn, was satisfying at many levels. It was also my first time spinning Cheviot wool and I couldn’t be more pleased with the bouncy, sport/DK weight yarn it produced.
Settling on 1, 3 & 6 repeats was a choice I was glad I’d made. Had I gone with 1, 4, & 8 repeats, I believe it would have given the browns and grays to many opportunities to muddy up and overpower the softer shades.
Here is the final yarn. You be the judge. | https://derambles.com/2022/10/20/a-never-ending-pattern/ |
There no better way at solving a problem than using a little bit of creativity, and workers at the Nagasaki Bio Park zoo in Japan have done just that.
The zoo features a great number of different animals, including a large enclosure of guinea pigs. When they needed to move them from enclosure to enclosure they came up with an inventive solution.
What can only be described as the world’s smallest function suspension bridge, the guinea pigs are free to cross from one area to the next. The fact they do so in one by one fashion is great sight to see as evidenced by the video below. Let just hope there are no traffic jams to worry about. | https://themindcircle.com/guinea-pig-road-japan/ |
Celebrity problem A celebrity among a group of n people is a person who knows nobody but is known by everybody else. The task is to identify a celebrity by only asking questions to people of the form: ”Do you know him/her?” Solution Select two people from the group given, say, A and B, and ask A whether A knows B. If A knows B, remove A from the remaining people who can be a celebrity; if A doesn’t know B, remove B from this group. Solve the problem recursively for the remaining group of people who can be a celebrity
Which design strategy does the following solution use?
A-)Decrease-by-a-constant factor algorithm
B-)Variable-size-decrease algorithm
C-)Decrease-by-a-constant algorithm
D-)Divide-and-Conquer
Experts are waiting 24/7 to provide step-by-step solutions in as fast as 30 minutes!*
Q: GENERAL setup for arduino projects using C++ programming language
A: General setup for Arduino projects: The general setup for Arduino projects using C++ programming lan...
Q: DataBase questions a. State and explain five (5) types of Database keys. b. Briefly explain four (4)...
A: Hey, since there are multiple questions posted, we will answer first question. If you want any speci...
Q: Implement the following method to sort the rows in a two-dimensionalarray. A new array is returned a...
A: Code: //import the required packages import java.util.Scanner; //class definition public class Main...
Q: A publishing house prints and distributes two types of publication: books and journals. Each book ha...
A: Click to see the answer
Q: what is Windows Form Designer window ?
A: Windows Form Designer window: The user uses the “Form Designer” window to create the Graphical User...
Q: c++ programt to Draw a pattern of 0’s surrounded by *’s. The pattern should be like.
A: Program Plan: Include the necessary header files in the main program declare the variables i,j. che...
Q: Define an information system and describe its components
A: Information System (IS): Information system is the system that deals with the organisation, storage,...
Q: What happens if you attempt to compile and execute a program that contains syntax errors?
A: Syntax error: The mistake that happens due to the misspelled keyword, incorrect usage of punctuati...
Q: Discuss why relational operators can be used with enumeration types. Provide at least 2 examples of ...
A: Few Examples of Relational Operators: equal to ==, Not equal to !=, Greater than >, Less than &l... | https://www.bartleby.com/questions-and-answers/celebrity-problem-a-celebrity-among-a-group-of-n-people-is-a-person-who-knows-nobody-but-is-known-by/0cc01caf-cb1f-4415-8825-6f6fbdb3349c |
The Importance Of Your Mindset In Anything You Do In Life
Generally speaking, there are two very different approaches to one’s mentality and the results yielded from either one are usually going to be at opposite ends of the spectrum.
One way of approaching things is known as a “fixed mindset”, and the other is referred to as a “growth mindset”, and overwhelmingly, those with a growth mindset are often more successful in whatever venture in which they choose to participate.
Those with the “fixed mindset” frame of mind tend to feel that their skills, potential and abilities are pre-determined and are not able to be improved upon, whereas those with the latter mentality are open to the idea that there is always room for improvement if they are willing to work enough at it.
Those in the “fixed” category tend to feel powerless over any ability to manipulate their pre-ordained, possibly genetic skills and talents while those in the growth category are far more optimistic about who is calling the shots concerning their own aptitude and competence.
There are a few other significant differences in relation to these two attitudes toward the concept of mindset and how much control any given person has over their own lives.
The primary one being how a person views mistakes or obstacles and the attitude that they foster when the inevitable hindrances arise….
For example, those with a fixed mindset are apt to become easily discouraged by impediments and are far more likely to “throw in the towel” so to speak at the first setback, whereas those with a growth mindset are far more optimistic in their outlook and adopt more of an opportunistic approach to problems, meaning that they “make the best of it” and try to turn negativity into a chance to learn and hopefully grow from whatever hindrance they might encounter.
Given what is already understood about the two opposite approaches to mindset, clearly the fixed mindset does not leave much room for growth, learning or personal prosperity, while the growth mindset is the healthier, more positive option that is most likely to maximize an individual’s success and subsequent overall happiness in life.
It is also important when discussing this particular topic to consider the ways in which our mindset can affect us other than in our ability to grow and prosper and be successful.
For one, there is the knowledge that our mindset can have a major impact on our health and physical well-being, in that a person who tends to consistently be discouraged or depressed is far more likely to have that morose mentality suppress their immune system, which in turn means that those with a fixed mindset are more prone to illnesses and tend to take longer to recover from whatever ailment to which their defeated attitude has subjected them.
People with a growth mindset tend to become sick less often and most certainly tend to be happier and healthier.
It is generally agreed upon among psychology and other professional experts on the subject that any person ultimately does have control over which mentality they choose to foster, meaning that simply because someone has been operating with the fixed mindset for any part or all of their lives, this in no way means that they can’t choose to make the transition to far more positive growth mindset, no matter what phase of their life they are in.
That means that there is hopeful news for those who find themselves stuck in the pessimistic fixed mindset in that their fatalistic attitude toward their accomplishments and success need not be permanent and can always be improved upon. | https://www.centerforeverydayleadership.com/blog/55531-the-importance-of-your-mindset |
LOADING...
Pathogens are foreign bodies that enter an organisms immune system. Antigens are proteins that are found on the surface of the pathogen. Antigens are unique to that pathogen. The whooping cough bacterium, for example, will have different antigens on its surface from the TB bacterium. When an antigen enters the body, the immune system produces antibodies against it. Antigens are "targeted" by antibodies. Each antibody (immune response) is specifically produced by the immune system to match an antigen after cells in the immune system come into contact with it; this allows a precise identification or matching of the antigen and the initiation of a tailored response. The antibody is said to "match" the antigen in the sense that it can bind to it due to an adaptation performed to a region of the antibody; because of this, many different antibodies are produced, each with specificity to bind a different antigen while sharing the same basic structure.Back to Main Menu
There are five classes of antibodies, each having a different function. They are IgG, IgA, IgM, IgD, and IgE. Ig is the abbreviation for immunoglobulin, or antibody.
IgM is present in the blood and is the largest of the antibodies, combining five Y-shaped units. It functions similarly to IgG in defending against antigens but cannot cross membranes because of its size.
IgA antibodies are present in tears, saliva, and mucus, as well as in secretions of the respiratory, reproductive, digestive, and urinary tracts.
IgG antibodies are the most common and the most important. They circulate in the blood and other body fluids, defending against invading bacteria and viruses. The smallest of the antibodies.
IgE antibodies are present in tiny amounts in serum (the watery part of body fluids) and are responsible for allergic reactions.
IgD is present in small amounts in the blood. This class of antibodies is found mostly on the surface of B cells—cells that produce and release antibodies.
There are various types of pathogen: Bacterial, Viral, Fungal, Prionic, Algal and other parasites. Here are some examples..
HIV is a is a lentivirus (a subgroup of retrovirus) that causes HIV infection and over time acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). AIDS is a condition in humans in which progressive failure of the immune system allows life-threatening opportunistic infections and cancers to thrive.
Pathogenic fungi are fungi that cause disease in humans or other organisms. Approximately 300 fungi are known to be pathogenic to humans.
This is a bacterial pathogen. Currently, over 50 species are recognised in this genus. This genus has been found to be part of the salivary microbiome.
There are many different types of cell in an organisms body.
Red blood cells, also called erythrocytes, are the most common type of blood cell and the vertebrate's principal means of delivering oxygen (O2) to the body tissues—via blood flow through the circulatory system.
These cells are used to build the bodies of organisms. The body contains trillions of cells, the fundamental unit of life. At maturity, there are roughly 30–37 trillion cells in the body, an estimate arrived at by totalling the cell numbers of all the organs of the body and cell types. DNA sits within the nucleus of a cell. Here, parts of DNA are copied and sent to the body of the cell via RNA.
There are 2 types of similation. 'Sandbox' is a free play canvas where you can place any type of cell onto the canvas and watch what happens. This is relaxing and shows you how each cell reacts to the other.
'Play' is a timed survival game. You have to match the colour of your Antibodies with the colour of the Pathogens to cancel them out and prevent them destroying your good cells..
This is produced in the game as a collectable. Collect it to increase your Antibody store. Certain types of Pathogen like to steal it. This part of the experience is fantasy. | http://samsara-gs.co.uk/Affinity/index.php |
“Traumatic events are extraordinary, not because they occur rarely, but rather because they overwhelm the ordinary human adaptations to life.” — Dr. Judith L. Herman, “Trauma and Recovery”
A common response to traumatic episodes is a “freeze” state, a sort of paralysis that affects the whole person - mind, body and emotions. Traditional therapy requires survivors to verbalize their experiences, however, this can be impossible or have a re-traumatizing effect on the individual. Creative Art Therapy (CAT) allows victims to express their “frozen” feelings on an emotional, non-verbal level, on their own timing, and outside their traumatized cores.
The Changing Room 11 has developed a group framework, providing a safe space for the individual survivor to find gentle ways to heal themselves:
The 11 Challenges©, a step-by-step program designed as a platform for self-examination, leads to a deeper understanding of the cyclical nature of violence, abuse and discrimination. It serves as a transformative journey of holistic healing in a safe space where group participants and facilitators work eye-to-eye.
Our ‘Companion Network’, a system of mutual aid, is cultivated within the group in which the person who has already benefitted from the support of the group work assists the newcomer.
One of the factors that leads to an individual relapsing into newly abusive situations is the fact that they find themselves on their own after counseling and therapy, recreating the mental isolation so familiar to the survivor. It is vital that the individual finds a network in which there is a sense of safety, belonging, and consistency.
The Changing Room 11 provides this platform for the survivor, not only to find this type of network for the duration of the 12-week group work, but beyond. Each participant is made aware of the importance their healing will have for the next survivor. They will be the one to encourage, guide, and support within the framework of future groups. The healing individual finds immense self-esteem in the fact that they are not only part of something larger, but capable of helping others. We are creating awareness of the impact the recovering survivor has on her fellows.,
By working with Dance/Movement Therapy, clients reconnect with their body. They develop increasing tolerance for difficult bodily sensations and suppressed emotions, subsequently releasing traumatic shock, which is central to transforming PTSD and the wounds of trauma.
By incorporating Creative Art-Therapy into the group work, we address its effectiveness to assist in overcoming denial and shame. We draw on its capacity to tap into trauma memory on a sensory plane rather than a verbal one. | https://www.thechangingroom11.org/how/ |
If you planned to move home in the immediate future or even in the short term there are a number of things you will need to consider during this period of Government imposed controls over society. Here we’ll examine what your options are and how you can navigate these uncertainties.
Contrary to media speculation, there is no ‘Ban’ on selling your home or moving house, but there are some very tight controls during this period of ‘Social Distancing’.
The most immediate and important point of reference is the Government Advice on home moving during the coronavirus (COVID-19) outbreak. This can be found on www.gov.uk and applies to people buying or selling private homes in which they intend to live. The principle here is that where possible people should be flexible in their approach to the situation and where possible follow guidance to stay away from other people (Social Distancing). What does this mean?
1. The Government guidance suggests that you do not need to pull out of transactions.
2. If you are moving into a vacant property then you can continue with this transaction but you should follow the guidance on Home Removals (see below).
3. If you are moving into a property which is currently occupied, the guidance encourages all parties to do what they can to amicably agree to alternative dates for the move, to a time when stay at home measures are no longer in place (reviewed on a 3 weekly basis).
There are some exceptions to this, for example where a move is considered ‘critical’ or where a new move date cannot be agreed – importantly, in the powers given to police to restrict movement this is also an exemption. This is likely to mean that if your move is in the immediate future and if you delayed the move there would be severe hardship for the people involved, you may be able to proceed, but following guidance where possible.
It’s important to recognise that the advice suggests that wherever possible a home move should be delayed. However where this is not possible then people must follow advice on staying away from others. If you can, delay your move, and also be aware that if any person is self-isolating on medical grounds a home move should not go ahead!
Your Mortgage: The UK Governments have worked with ‘UK Finance’ to provide support to customers who have already committed to a move (missives or contracts exchanged) to ensure mortgage lenders support an extension by agreeing to offer a 3 month extension of a mortgage offer to cover this situation. It is important you stay in touch with your lender and mortgage broker for advice in this regard. See www.ukfinance.org.uk
Your Solicitor: Always seek guidance and advice from your solicitor in these circumstances. In Scotland the Law Society of Scotland and the Registers of Scotland (land registry) are working together to make sure that transactions can still proceed even though the ‘Application Record’ has been closed. There is no ‘ban’ on transactions but there are procedures in place your solicitor can provide advice on. See www.ros.gov.uk/coronavirus-covid-19
Your Home Removals provider: The guidance from Government is that where absolutely unavoidable, removers should honour their commitments to immediate home moves, but following guidance to ensure that this only proceeds where it can be done safely for all people involved. The most recent Government guidance (26/03/2020) states that work can still be carried out in people’s homes provided the provider has no symptoms and is following distancing and hand hygiene guidance. However this is just guidance – any individual removals company may have their own policy to ensure staff safety. See www.bar.co.uk for advice – the home movers trade association.
These are challenging times and you should always be aware of Government advice. We hope this has helped provide information on this subject – most importantly please Stay Safe, protect our NHS and Stay at Home!
Information correct as at 31/03/2020 based on guidance available 26/03/2020. | https://homereportscotland.scot/novel-coronavirus-and-covid-19-home-report-scotland-and-harvey-donaldson-gibson-2/ |
5 Steps to Heal After Marriage
No matter how a marriage ends, the healing process is difficult. Shrouded by the negative, it can be a long and lonely path that, at times, seems unbearable. The good news, though, is that you will heal. In your own time, in your own way, there will be a light at the end of your journey.
Like any loss, you’re going to find yourself having good days and bad days filled with a lot of ups and downs. At times you might feel like you’re not centered, with many contradicting emotions coming and going. All of this is natural, especially in the healing process. However, there are steps you can take to awaken the healing process and accept the new chapter in your life — mind, body, and soul.
- Accept ALL of your feelings. First and foremost, you need to allow yourself to grieve and with grief comes a rainbow of emotions. Shame, guilt, anger, sadness, resentment, relief, and more. Healing from within cannot begin until you accept these feelings and learn what they mean. It’s painful, but suppressing your feelings won’t allow you to heal. Instead, identify and evaluate your emotions to see things objectively and begin your process to a better understanding of yourself.
- Seek support from family and friends. Surround yourself with positive people and feed off their energy. Don’t be afraid to reach out to your loved ones, let them know you are hurting and that you need a sympathetic ear. Doing this is not a weakness, it’s actually a sign of strength to know when you need help.
- Practice self-care. Affirmations are a great way to tap into your conscious and unconscious mind to help restore your strength and motivate you to push forward. If you already practice meditation in your daily routine, don’t stop now. Mediation can help keep you grounded and your mind clear during this difficult time.
- Reconnect. Whether with old friends, distant relatives, or forgotten hobbies and passions, this might be time to revive these connections. Take some time to see if there were aspects of your life or yourself that were put aside for your marriage. Then, see if reconnecting could help you find yourself again and get to where you want to be.
- Let go. Purge the negativity and get rid of anything that doesn’t bring you joy. This could be anything, even your wedding jewelry; but before you toss it, consider selling it. Companies like Worthy can help and take care of the whole process so you don’t have to think about it. It’s risk-free, painless, and designed to get sellers the most for their diamond jewelry. Plus, you can use the money you get to fund something just for you and your new future.
However, your journey looks and wherever it takes you, just remember to always be gentle with yourself and forgiving.
Sponsored by Worthy. As a selling partner that you can trust, Worthy works hard to help you get the most for the diamond jewelry you’ve outgrown. To learn more about selling with Worthy, visit worthy.com. | https://www.zoesuccessmktg.com/5-steps-to-heal-after-marriage/ |
There are increasing threats and incidents of violence within school grounds and officials will not know. Here’s a fun statistic, Educator’s School Safety Network study reported that violence increased 113 percent during the 2017-2018 school year for 279 violent incidents. For the previous year, there were 131 such incidents.
There are numerous reasons for the increasing numbers of school campus violence:
Risk Factors
For school superintendents, there are many challenges when trying to tackle school violence. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), youth violence begins early on. Physical aggression is common among toddlers but most children learn alternatives to solve problems and express emotions before beginning school. However, some may remain aggressive and become more violent.
Some risk factors include:
- Impulsive behavior
- Lack of social and problem-solving skills
- Poor emotional control
- Chronic stress
A student may also have actual difficulties in understanding the material that’s being taught, serious issues regarding the home environment, or having a medical condition that inhibits learning.
Harassment and Bullying
Where does bullying occur?
Bullying can occur at anytime. Even though most are reported within the school, a large percentage also happens outside school grounds or in the bus. It can also occur going to or from school, in the child’s neighborhood, or … on the Internet.
Cyberbullying takes many forms such as:
- Text messages
- Social media like Facebook, Snapchat, Twitter, and Instagram
- Social media messaging features
Fighting as a Result of Harassment
Any of the above may cause fighting, whether it’s the bully or the victim, or students who are carrying grudges. As problems arise and go away within schools, superintendents have a great deal on their plates. Their administrators have a large number of school obligations.
Complaints regarding harassment must be investigated to determine what happened and resolve them through the following:
- Immediate and appropriate action to learn what happened
- A prompt, thorough, and impartial enquiry
- An interview with the targeted students, offending students and witnesses, and maintain written documentation of the investigation
- Communication with the targeted student(s) about the steps taken to end the harassment
- See the targeted students to ensure the harassment has ended
If the investigation shows that harassment occurred, the school should take steps to:
- End the harassment.
- Prevent the harassment from recurring.
- Prevent any retaliation against the targeted students(s) or complainant(s).
Violence to Severe Violent Incidents
In some cases, violence in schools can escalate into severe incidents. There are the heartbreaking recent occurrences, and there are also the increasing frequencies with which violent threats and acting upon situations are extremely disconcerting. Any one of these may act as a trigger for someone contemplating the unimaginable. Consider these:
- Bullied and/or cyberbullied
- Pre-existing emotional behaviors – such as Anxiety Disorder, Bipolar Disorder, and Oppositional-Defiant Disorder
- Pre-existing medical conditions – such as asthma, obesity, seizure disorders, anxiety, influenza, diabetes, and vision problems
- Chronic absenteeism
Chronic Absenteeism
A US Department of Education Civil Rights Data Collection First Look report showed that nationwide:
- More than 6.8 million students— or 14% of all students— are chronically absent for 15 or more school days during the school year.
- More than 3 million high school students—19% of all high school students—are chronically absent.
- More than 3.8 million elementary school students—or 11% of all elementary school students—are chronically absent.
If these students are absent, where are they? And how many of these students have fears of bullying or violence, whether it’s in school or traveling to and from school? It’s very important to understand the impact of chronic absenteeism with students and the school. That is the core root of the issue toward student safety and success.
Your Job
School district superintendents can come under heat from the tiniest issue to the largest ones. As a superintendent, you have a great deal to face each and every day. You have to protect children with their federal civil rights in mind, but you also have to maintain a safe and secure school premises from violence, especially from school absentees and unauthorized individuals.
There’s the ongoing need for you to:
- Prevent violent or harassment-related incidents.
- Perform your day-to-day duties.
- Leverage any student resources.
- Lower your state-reportable fights and bullying incidents.
- Reconcile inaccurate attendance procedures and data.
- Keep government mandates for legislation upheld.
- Maximize your district’s community views.
If you’re losing your funding, or about to, your concern turns to:
- Poor test results.
- Drops or significant drops in attendance and graduation.
- Ways to improve your school district report card or ranking.
Good News for Schools
Every superintendent’s concern is how they can improve their schools’ security, but there’s a concern over money. There are proactive ways to receive monies for your district in order to introduce new student resources:
- Investigate and apply for state and federal government grants
- Consider grants specifically designed for issues with school violence
Some schools and districts were successful in obtaining awards for implementing their security situations:
- The Michigan State Police awarded $25 million under the 2019 Competitive School Safety Grant program to 135 public schools, 20 charter schools and nine intermediate school districts/regional educational service agencies.
- Several area school districts in Ohio received funding for School Safety Training Grants. The grants were through a provision of Ohio State Amended Substitute House Bill 318 for school safety.
- The Commonwealth of Pennsylvania awarded $6.5 million in grants for prevention and violent incident reductions through programs and security equipment.
- The Department of Justice (DOJ) announced a $70 million grant to support school safety through the STOP School Violence Act.
Incorporate Technology
There are a tone of proactive solutions to solving and reducing issues that arise with student and school safety. Technology will help prevent school violence and increase your student resources in your schools.
With a new, smart technology as a potential and proactive way to help improve student resources and safety, you will need a dedicated partner in crime.
A Proactive Solution to School Safety
In the 21st century, student and school safety are critically important. Administrators must have the ability to track students as well as manage visitors on school property. It’s also crucial that campus visitors are tracked both on the grounds as well as inside school buildings.
ScholarChip has a few services that help offer confidence in tackling student and school safety:
ScholarChip’s Alternative Behavior Educator (ABE) teaches better behavior and monitors student behavior throughout his or her career. For students exhibiting aggressive, defiant, disruptive anti-social, impulsive, or over-active behaviors, ABE is able to flag these behaviors and take actions for these at-risk students. ScholarChip also offers the One Card, that lets students and staff tap embedded chip cards onto readers so they’re automatically identified. Students are held accountable for their own attendance. The school is able to track and notify once a student may be chronically absent. Lastly, their Visitor Management System will help screen new visitors onto your campus, allowing a quick background check and crosscheck toward a registered sex-offender database.
ScholarChip is an all-in-one platform solution to comprehensively help reduce school threats and address the important issues surrounding school safety and violence. Data from students, faculty, and stakeholders are leveraged to manage school access, attendance, and behavior management through the platform’s tools to improve campus climate, promote safety, and prevent violence.
To learn more about how you can increase student resources for reducing student and school violence, schedule a 1-on-1 strategy session with one of our specialists today! | https://www.scholarchip.com/student-resources/ |
Lincoln fly-tipping spikes by 20%, costing taxpayers over £70k in a year
The number of fly-tipping incidents in Lincoln has risen by 20% in one year, costing the City of Lincoln Council over £70,000 in cleanup and action costs.
Annual Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs statistics have revealed that the city is increasingly being littered with black bags full of household waste, construction rubble and white goods, with taxpayers footing the cleaning bill.
Despite rising costs however, not a penny was recovered in fines through council action. Officers put it down to a ‘lack of evidence’.
The city council recorded 1,258 incidents of fly-tipping in the year 2014/15 – a rise of over 21% from the 1,039 cases recorded in the previous year.
The majority of incidents involved household waste items, with the dumping spot of choice being on the edge of the area’s highways.
The total, clearance costs for Lincoln amounted to £58,734.00, from just over £50,000 in the previous year.
Action was taken in 395 incidents. This came with a price tag of £11,352.00, however according to the DEFRA publication not a penny was recovered in fines.
In North Kesteven there were 962 incidents of fly-tipping (down from the 1,056 reported in the previous year).
The total cleanup cost was £52,841.00 and action was taken 982 at a cost of £31,581.00.
Some £2,660 was recovered by NKDC during the year in fines.
West Lindsey District Council recorded a total of 982 fly-tipping incidents (an increase on the 602 incidents noted in the year 2013/14) and marked a £74,620.00 slice in their expenditure to clear the waste.
Action was taken in 131 cases and £1,001.00 was recovered in fines.
The study of local councils in England also reported the total cost of clearing illegally dumped waste was just over £49.5 million, compared to £45.2 million in 2013–14.
The total cost to Lincolnshire’s local authorities was £882,130.
Sam Barstow, Service Manager for Public Protection and Anti-Social Behaviour at the City of Lincoln Council, said: “Fly tipping is a national issue – in most areas of the country it is on the rise.
“Due to the increasing number of incidents there is additional demand for both investigations and cleansing.
“The problem is that it’s difficult to gather evidence against fly tippers, who tend to dump rubbish under cover of darkness, in areas with no CCTV and, as we are an urban area, the most regularly dumped items are things like TVs and mattresses.
“We have also been working hard recently to make sure our understanding of the scale of fly tipping is accurate and this may account for some of the rise in numbers.
“Not only is fly tipping an eyesore, it can cause serious health and safety hazards.
“We take this crime very seriously and continue to try a number of ways to tackle the problem.
“We offer support to local communities who want to carry out clean ups, target the areas we know are most affected, and have recently piloted a project in Sincil Bank trying to deter people from fly tipping and encouraging people to report it, with more plans in the pipeline.
“We will continue to try new ways of reducing fly tipping, but we are reliant on witnesses and victims coming forward with evidence.
“If anyone sees someone fly tipping they should let the council know by calling 01522 873378 or by going to www.lincoln.gov.uk, giving us as much detail as possible, such as a vehicle registration or descriptions of people.
“Household waste can be disposed of for free at the Household Waste Recycling Centres in Great Northern Terrace and Whisby, so there really is no excuse. | https://thelincolnite.co.uk/2015/10/lincoln-fly-tipping-spikes-by-20-costing-taxpayers-over-70k-in-a-year/ |
- Research Grants
This page of Research Supported by FAPESP assembles referential information on scholarships and research grants from several research modalities awarded by FAPESP, classified in the area of knowledge Agricultural Engineering, 2nd level of hierarchical organization.
The Classification Schemes are an instrument of support to information arisen from research activities in science, technology and innovation. The 1st level of hierarchical organization assembles the Broadest Areas; the 2nd level shows the Areas; and the 3rd level presents the Sub-Areas.
The display board "FAPESP Support in Numbers" presents the number of ongoing or completed scholarships and research grants, awarded by the Foundation, classified in the area Agricultural Engineering. In the center of the page, you will see some information on scholarships and research grants for development in Brazil and abroad.
Use the "Refine results" list of options to filter research information classified in the area Agricultural Engineering and to get results that are more specific for your search, according to the following parameters: type of Research Grants, modality of Scholarships, Institution and Start Date.
The Maps and Graphs contribute to identifying the geographical distribution of FAPESP sponsorship in the State of São Paulo and to visualizing the historical sequence of funded research, by year, on the research projects classified in the area Agricultural Engineering.
Robotics is one of the vanguard technologies that can effectively maximize productivity and minimize the use of inputs as well as human labor in plant production in protected environments. The researchers involved in this project started in 2018 the development of an agricultural robot prototype for use in protected environments. The expertise of Labtrix and associated researchers, obta...
The project will address water supply problems in rural communities without access to conventional electricity through the use of photovoltaic pumping systems. In this context, you want to answer the following question:How to estimate the daily volume pumped without the need to characterize the motor pump in the laboratory? (AU)
(Only some records are available in English at this moment)
Agricultural defenses are widely used in Brazil, especially in intensive monoculture planting, in order to reduce the susceptibility of crops to pest attack and, in this way, increase productivity per planted hectare. Among the stages of the process of the use of pesticides there is a great diversity in the use of technological processes. On the one hand, there has been a considerable m...
(Only some records are available in English at this moment)
Chicken is one of the most consumed proteins in the world, which has made the productive system intensive. The intensification of the rearing system can be a source of stress to animals, making it necessary to search for alternatives to manage and monitor the physical condition of animals in a less invasive way and to promote an environment that allows genetic optimization for weight ga...
Recent studies in animal production have investigated technologies and computational models for predicting the level of thermal comfort through noninvasive and automatic measurements. To contribute to this theme, the project aims to construct and test computational models to predict the thermal comfort level of dairy cattle using a database constructed by climate chamber experiment. The...
(Only some records are available in English at this moment)
Pork is the most consumed meat in the world and, in Brazil, out of the 2.4 million existing pigs, 66.67% have been produced in a highly technological way. The main goal of the market is to achieve maximum productivity using the lowest possible financial resources, which directly affects the life quality of the animal, as the stocking rate per pen increases and climatic conditions are no...
Irrigation management aims to maximize plant production at the lowest possible cost, both in environmental and economic aspects. Thus, the use of artificial intelligence (AI) in meteorological stations, capable of monitoring the environment in real time and adapting to the different phenological stages of the plant can be a viable alternative technically and economically. This work aims...
(Only some records are available in English at this moment)
Essential oils (EOs) exhibit high antimicrobial activity against phytopathogens, but their volatile nature, low solubility in water and strong aroma limit their application in food. To overcome these characteristics and protect EOs from degradation, microencapsulation and incorporation into edible coatings have been explored as alternatives which can help improve stability while retaini...
Since conventional sampling and laboratory soil analysis do not provide a cost-effective capability to obtain georeferenced measurements with adequate frequency to precision agriculture approaches, different sensing techniques have been attempted. Our original project is exploring "new" sensing tools (XRF, LIBS and Vis-NIR sensors) and the synergism between then to access fertility attr...
This project aims to assist IRENA in preparing a report on Scaling Up Sustainable Sugarcane Bioenergy [in Africa and the Caribbean], which will assess bioethanol potential from sugarcane and energy cane, the costs of sugarcane or energy cane bioethanol compared with petroleum-derived petrol, the costs of electricity from sugarcane or energy residues compared with electricity from other ...
This research project will be developed in Distributed Autonomous Systems Laboratory (DASLab) in University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign as part of a partnership between Mobile Robotics Laboratory (LabRoM) and DASLab. The main goal of this research is to design, develop and test automatic systems for balancing sensors for precision agriculture. In this context, this project aims to d...
(Only some records are available in English at this moment)
|20 / 19||Ongoing research grants|
|781 / 272||Completed research grants|
|34 / 34||Ongoing scholarships in Brazil|
|587 / 188||Completed scholarships in Brazil|
|1 / 1||Ongoing scholarships abroad|
|32 / 20||Completed scholarships abroad|
|1,455 / 534||All research grants and scholarships|
|Associated processes|
Left-click and hold. Drag the cursor on the map until you see the view you want.
Select year: | https://bv.fapesp.br/en/area_conhecimento/241/agricultural-engineering/%22%20+%20item.href.slice( |
Set clear goals: Define your vision and purpose, and create specific, measurable, achievable, relevant, and time-bound goals that align with your vision.
Communicate effectively: Develop strong communication skills, including listening, speaking, and writing, and use them to clearly and effectively convey your messages and ideas.
Embrace change: Be open to new ideas and approaches, and be willing to adapt and adjust as needed to meet the changing needs of your team and organization.
Foster collaboration: Encourage collaboration and teamwork, and create an environment that supports and values diverse perspectives and contributions.
Build trust: Establish trust and credibility with your team by being transparent, consistent, and reliable, and by following through on your commitments.
Develop your team: Invest in the development of your team members, and provide them with the support and resources they need to grow and succeed.
Lead by example: Set the tone for your team by modeling the behavior and values you expect from others, and by demonstrating a strong work ethic and a commitment to excellence.
Take responsibility: Accept responsibility for your actions and decisions, and be willing to learn from your mistakes.
Practice empathy: Seek to understand the perspectives and needs of others, and use that understanding to build strong relationships and to create a positive and inclusive work environment.
Stay focused: Stay focused on your goals and priorities, and use time management strategies to stay organized and productive. | https://www.jaeelleconsulting.com/post/5-steps-to-mastering-leadership |
Less than half of all young adults facing mental health issues access professional help. Instead, they turn to friends and family for help with personal and emotional problems. Why?
The mental health and well‐being of young people is critical, particularly as severe mental illnesses often emerge during childhood and adolescence. But according to new research, young people often face barriers in accessing the very support they need.
And the COVID-19 pandemic raised the stakes.
Many young people faced new and unfamiliar barriers to accessing health care, just as their needs increased with disruptions to schooling and tougher job prospects.
A team from Monash Business School’s Centre for Health Economics, including Karinna Saxby, Dr Clement Wong, Dr Sonja de New and Associate Professor Dennis Petrie along with co-authors Professor Peter Butterworth (ANU) and Dr Chris Schilling (University of Melbourne), looked at how young Australians currently use mental health care and interact with the healthcare system, including the barriers they face in accessing mental health care.
“We found that young people generally turn to friends at their time of need. Given the COVID-19 pandemic has led to enforced social distancing and generally reduced access to health care, our research would suggest that during this time many young Australians would have struggled with their mental health needs,” Dr Sonja de New says.
The study also sheds some light on how and when young people seek help.
“We believe this study is important as it helps us find better ways to support young adults and children in dealing with their mental health issues. This is important because of the large future economic implications of mental ill-health” Dr de New says.
Early treatment could reduce costs
The annual costs of mental illness to the economy in Australia have been estimated to be up to $70 billion, and the costs of disability, premature death due to mental ill‐health, suicides and self‐harm are estimated to be an additional $151 billion.
Large cost savings are expected if mental health problems can be prevented or reduced through early intervention and treatment during childhood or adolescence.
The most recent National Survey of Mental Health and Wellbeing estimated that the rates of mental disorders were highest in adolescence and early adulthood.
These statistics are also consistent with findings that self‐harm and suicide is the leading cause of death among Australians aged 15–44 years.
The rates of mental disorder and psychological distress are also increasing, particularly among young people. Previous work has shown a pattern of worsening mental health concentrated in young adults and significant increases in the rates of suicide among Australians under 25 years.
According to Dr Wong, these trends could be due to cultural changes, such as the increasing role of technology and screen time in influencing the mental health and wellbeing of young people, particularly amid the rise and prevalent use of social media.
“Various studies have also considered whether screen time and social media affect health through impaired sleep, reduced physical activity, experiences of cyber-bullying, or even the burden of multi-tasking,” he says. “It’s definitely an area where more research is needed.”
Not seeking professional help
Despite the high prevalence of mental disorders emerging in adolescence and early adulthood, access to treatment usually only occurs in later years.
The study finds that less than half of all young adults in very high psychological distress had recently accessed mental health care.
“This lack of help‐seeking in younger populations is consistent with previous work and has been a key factor behind the rollout of Australia’s Headspace centres starting in 2006,” Ms Saxby says
“These centres were specifically designed to improve mental healthcare access for young people by providing a youth‐friendly and non-stigmatising environment in which to get mental health care.”
This investment in accessible youth mental health services has been a promising step in reducing barriers to care. Understanding the reasons for the enduring treatment gap is important to reduce the burden of mental ill-health in the community.
Even for those who access services, it is unclear whether the type and quality of treatment they receive are appropriate.
Accessing treatment
In Australia, treatment usually consists of either medication, psychotherapy or a combination of both. Typically, psychotherapy rather than medication is the recommended first line of treatment for depressive disorders in children and adolescents.
While the use of medication, especially prescribed by a general practitioner (GP), could easily broaden access to some form of mental healthcare treatment, there is also the potential for tension between improving access but lowering the quality of care.
“Our research shows that there is a significant proportion of children with mental healthcare needs and those younger cohorts are increasingly accessing prescription medicine for the treatment of mental health disorders as well as mental health services,” Ms Saxby says.
“Although the proportion of those accessing mental health medications, plateaus as individuals age, young Australians are accessing these medications earlier. This is particularly evident in females, with steep increases in these scripts occurring between the ages of 15 and 20.”
For some groups such as Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples and individuals living in socioeconomically disadvantaged regions, the proportion accessing mental health medications continues to rise well into their late 20s.
These findings are consistent with a growing body of research that suggests that there are increasing rates of poor mental health among young Australians.
“Of those in high need who did access mental health care, around one in 10 used a mental health script without accessing a Medicare-subsidised mental health service, including those provided by GPs, psychologists or psychiatrists,” Dr Wong says.
“Just under half of the children and young people with very high psychological distress — and fewer than two in five who self-harmed or attempted suicide — had accessed mental health care in the preceding year.”
Relying on friends and family
Instead of seeking professional treatment, young people often rely on pre-existing relationships and informal sources of support, with the vast majority turning to friends and family for personal and emotional problems.
“Although social support from these sources likely remains a valuable protective factor that is readily accessible for many adolescents and young adults, there is a substantial opportunity to improve access and utilisation of professional mental health services among the most vulnerable young Australians,” Dr de New says. | https://impact.monash.edu/health-economics/why-is-mental-healthcare-treatment-among-children-and-young-adults-so-low/ |
Recent advancements in imaging techniques and image analysis has broadened the horizons for their applications in various domains. Image analysis has become an influential technique in medical image analysis, optical character recognition, geology, remote sensing, and more. However, analysis of images under constrained and unconstrained environments require efficient representation of the data and complex models for accurate interpretation and classification of data. Deep learning methods, with their hierarchical/multilayered architecture, allow the systems to learn complex mathematical models to provide improved performance in the required task.
The Handbook of Research on Deep Learning-Based Image Analysis Under Constrained and Unconstrained Environments provides a critical examination of the latest advancements, developments, methods, systems, futuristic approaches, and algorithms for image analysis and addresses its challenges. Highlighting concepts, methods, and tools including convolutional neural networks, edge enhancement, image segmentation, machine learning, and image processing, the book is an essential and comprehensive reference work for engineers, academicians, researchers, and students.
The many academic areas covered in this publication include, but are not limited to: | https://www.igi-global.com/book/handbook-research-deep-learning-based/256635 |
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to devices and methods for training a golfer in order to improve and correct the golfer's golf stroke and, in particular, to devices that are attachable to a golf glove of, the golfer's leading hand for improving and correcting the golfer's golf stroke.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
One of the most challenging aspects of the sport of golf is for the golfer to develop a proper stroke. With a proper stroke, when the golfer strikes the golf ball, the ball travels to the target (usually the hole) in a straight path, usually referred to as the ball's flight path or as the target line of direction, which is an imaginary substantially straight line that extends from the target and through the ball. This line of direction is an important guide as a control for the direction of travel for the backward and forward swing arcs of the golfer's stroke.
To achieve the goal of properly striking the golf ball, the golfer must not only correctly grip the shaft of the golf club, but must also insure that his or her hands are properly oriented throughout their stroke. In this manner, when the golf club is gripped properly, the golfer may insure that the face of the golf club is always properly oriented for striking the ball.
While the stance and stroke effected by many golfer's may vary, it is generally accepted that, during a proper golf stroke, the face of the golf club and the back of the golfer's leading hand should be coincidental in relation to the target proper. In right-handed individuals, the golfer's leading hand is the golfer's left hand and, in left-handed individuals, the golfer's leading hand is the golfer's right hand. If the back of the golfer's leading hand and the face of the golf club are oriented properly during the golfer's golf stroke, then the golf ball should proceed towards the target along the target line of direction.
To aid in providing for the proper orientation of the golfer's hands, numerous devices have been disclosed.
Several devices have been disclosed which attempt to provide a proper positioning of the golfer's hands in respect to the golf club by placing a peak, mound, or some raised disc on the back of the thumb portion of a golf glove. In this manner, the peak, mound, etc., permits a golfer to feel or sense any separation between his or her hands during a golf stroke. However, in that each golfer's stroke is individualistic and each grip is highly varied, such raised elements may interfere with a number of golfer's grips and may also lead to the golfer incorrectly striking the golf ball.
A similar device is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,257,607 issued to Nedwick. In that disclosure, an arrowhead-shaped device is attached to the belt of the golfer and another such device is attached to the back of the golfer's hand. To determine if the golfer's stroke is correct, a second person (the golf instructor) must eyeball both of these devices and form an imaginary triangle. It cannot be utilized by one person alone. However, such a determination requires the instructor to not only perform complicated eyeballing of the two devices, but it also requires the instructor to form proper calculations in order to determine if the golfer's stroke is correct. Also, due to the wind resistance offered by the device attached to the hand of the golfer, the actual stroke of the golfer is affected and made more difficult.
Furthermore, with the use of such a device, the golfer may still flex his or her wrists, so that even with the use of that device, the back of the golfer's hands would not properly align. This is the case even though it may appear to the instructor that the golfer's hands are properly aligned. Accordingly, it can be seen that use of that device may result in incorrect instruction.
Also, due to the various elements of the device of Nedwick, the use of that device in the field (on the golf course itself) is extremely limited.
Finally, while perhaps being useful for correcting particular golf strokes, such as tee strokes, these devices are of little aid for correcting other golf strokes, such as the putting stroke.
Other devices that have been disclosed for correcting a golf stroke include sensory means that warn the golfer if their stroke is proper or improper. Examples of such devices can be found in U.S. Pat. Nos.: 4,776, 595 issued to Wilkins; 3,918,721 issued to Trask, Jr.; and 3, 707,291 and 3,811,684 issued to Tredway, Sr.
While being useful for their purposes, such devices are complicated, expensive and not readily adaptable for use while the golfer is actually playing on the golf course. Also, such devices (particularly in the case of Wilkins) can interfere with or effect the golfer's stroke.
In U.S. Pat. No. 4,167,268 issued to Lorang, a device is disclosed which is attached to the golf club itself in order to aid in properly swinging the golf club during a putting stroke. Unfortunately, this device, must be directly attached to a golf club. As such, this device can easily affect the golfer's stroke by adding weight to the club, or otherwise effecting the way in which the golf club feels in the golfer's hand. Also, such a device is not readily usable in the field. Finally, such a device is only useful for improving a golf putting stroke and is not useful to aid in improving other golf strokes, such as a drive or a chip stroke.
It has also been disclosed to provide both golf gloves and golf clubs for use therewith, which are equipped with indicia means. The indicia means are to be aligned when the golfer, wearing the golf glove equipped with such indicia, grips the golf club that is also equipped with such indicia. An example of such an arrangement is U.S. Pat. No. 3, 848,874 issued to Elkins, Jr. Unfortunately, such an arrangement requires the provision not only of a special golf glove, but also of a set of special golf clubs, which can be quite expensive, especially for a beginner, just the type of person most likely to have need of the use of such devices.
To try to correct such a defect, in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,962,547 issued to Minnick and 3,278,944 issued to Gowers, gloves have been disclosed that include areas that are incorporated therein which aid the golfer to have proper hand alignment. While being unobtrusive, such arrangements are of little value in indicating to either the user thereof, or to the instructor of such a user, whether or not twisting of either the golfer's hands, wrists or body occurs. Such twisting can also effect the golf stroke, so that such a device may neither detect nor be useful for correcting undesired motions in the golfer's stroke.
Thus, it can be seen that there remains a need for a device that may be utilized with existing and conventional golf gloves and golf clubs and also may be utilized by golfers without golf gloves. It can further be seen that there remains a need for such a device which permits either the golfer himself or herself, or the golfer's instructor, to easily and simply determine if the back of the golfer's leading hand is properly positioned during all manners of golf strokes, including both a golf tee stroke and a golf putting stroke. It can still further be seen that there remains a need for such a device which is substantially unobtrusive and which may be used in the field without effecting the golfer's stroke.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
A primary object of the present invention is to provide a device useful for training and correcting all manner of golf strokes, including both the tee stroke, chip strokes and the putting stroke.
A further primary object of the present invention is the provision of a training device that either a golfer, or a golfer's training instructor, may easily and readily view for instantly determining whether the back of the golfer's leading hand is properly positioned during the entire golf stroke, including the backswing portion of the golf stroke, the impact point portion of the golf stroke and the forward swing portion of the golf stroke.
Yet another object of the present invention is to provide a device which may be used for self-instruction by a golfer to easily and readily determine the position of the golfer's own hand in relation to the club during the swing of the golf club.
A still further object of the present invention is to provide such a device which may be utilized not only in special training locations, but which may also be utilized in the field, such as when the golfer is actually on the golf course itself.
A still yet further object of the present invention is to provide such a device that may be utilized with conventional golf gloves and golf clubs and by golfers without golf gloves.
In accordance with the teachings of the present invention, a golf stroke training device to be worn on the backside of the golfer's leading hand is disclosed. The device includes means for wearing the training device on the golfer's hand and a base that is secured to the means for wearing the device on the golfer's leading hand. A pointer is mounted on the base, so as to extend outwardly therefrom and from the back of the golfer's leading hand. The pointer is disposed on a longitudinal axis that substantially perpendicularly intersects both the base and the back of the golfer's leading hand. In this manner, when during the golfer's stroke, the orientation of the longitudinal axis of the pointer in relation to both the vertical plane of the target line of direction and the horizontal plane of the ground may be observed for indicating whether the backside of the golfer's leading hand is properly aligned during the golfer's stroke.
Preferably, the pointer is a dowel rod.
It is further preferred that the mean for wearing the device on the golfer's hand be an elastic band having a first end, a second end, a first side and a second side. At least one attachment means is mounted on the first side near the first end thereof. A second attachment means is mounted on the second side near the second end thereof. The elastic band may be wrapped about the golfer's hand.
It is also preferred that the attachment of the training device include a means for removably securing the attachment on the backside of the means for wearing the device on the golfer's leading hand. Preferably, this means includes straps that are carried by the base and which include hook and loop fasteners. The hook and loop fasteners mate with respective hook and loop fasteners that are secured to and form a part of the backside of the means for wearing the device on the golfer's hand.
Within the concept of the present invention, a golf instructor, or even the golfer himself or herself, can tell whether a golfer's stroke is correct simply by noting the orientation of the pointer of the attachment relative to both the vertical plane of the ball's flight path (or the target's line of direction) and the horizontal plane of the ground. In this regard, such a determination can be accurately made merely by noting whether the pointer of the attachment is either perpendicular or parallel to both the vertical plane of the ball's flight path (or the target's line of direction) and the horizontal plane of the ground, in a manner that shall be discussed below. Such determination may be made without the need for any further complicated assessments or calculations.
These and other objects of the present invention will become readily apparent from a reading of the following specification, taken in conjunction with the enclosed drawings.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 is a perspective view of the training device of the present invention.
FIG. 2 is an exploded view of the training device of FIG. 1.
FIGS. 3-5 illustrate the means for removably securing the training device to the backside of a conventional golf glove that is worn on the golfer's leading hand.
FIG. 3 illustrates the training device being positioned on the top side of the securing strap of a conventional golf glove and how the straps of the training device are looped around and removably secured to the bottom side of the securing strap.
FIG. 4 illustrates the securing strap of the golf glove being closed, such that the glove is secured on the golfer's leading hand with the training device being secured in place on the back of the golfer's leading hand.
FIG. 5 is a cross-section view taken along lines 5--5 of FIG. 4.
FIG. 6 illustrates the training device of FIG. 1, with a flashlight incorporated therein to facilitate the golfer's use of the device when alone.
FIGS. 7-9 schematically illustrate the proper vertical orientation of the pointer of the training device of the present invention during various positions of a golf stroke.
FIG. 7 illustrates the proper vertical orientation of the training device of the present invention at the apex of the golfer's backswing.
FIG. 8 illustrates the proper vertical orientation of the training device of the present invention at the point of impact of the golf ball.
FIG. 9 illustrates the proper vertical orientation of the training device of the present invention at the apex of the golfer's forwardswing.
FIGS. 10-13 are plan views looking down on the golfer utilizing the training device of the present invention and which further illustrate the proper as well as improper vertical orientation of the pointer of the training device of the present invention relative to the vertical plane of the ball's flight path or target line of direction during the critical points of the golfer's golf stroke.
FIG. 10 shows the proper vertical orientation of the device relative to the vertical plane of the ball's flight path during "set-up".
FIG. 11 shows proper and improper vertical orientations of the device relative to the vertical plane of the ball's flight path at the top (apex) of the golfer's backswing.
FIG. 12 shows proper and improper vertical orientations of the device relative to the vertical plane of the ball's flight path at the point of impact during the golfer's forward swing, when the head of the golf club strikes the ball.
FIG. 13 shows proper and improper vertical orientations of the device relative to the vertical plane of the ball's flight path at the top (apex) of the golfer's follow-through during the forward swing.
FIGS. 14-16 are elevation views of the golfer utilizing the training device of the present invention and which further illustrate the proper as well as improper horizontal orientation of the pointer of the training device of the present invention relative to the horizontal plane of the ground during the critical points of the golfer's golf stroke.
FIG. 14 shows proper and improper horizontal orientations of the device relative to the horizontal plane of the ground at the top (apex) of the golfer's backswing.
FIG. 15 shows proper and improper horizontal orientations of the device relative to the horizontal plane of the ground at the point of impact during the golfer's forward swing, when the head of the golf club strikes the ball.
FIG. 16 shows proper and improper horizontal orientations of the device relative to the horizontal plane of the ground at the top (apex) of the golfer's follow-through during the forward swing.
FIG. 17 is an exploded view of the training device of FIG. 1 removably secured to an elastic strap to be worn about a golfer's hand.
FIG. 18 is a perspective view of the training device of the present invention attached to the elastic strap.
FIG. 19 is a cross section view taken along the lines 19--19 of FIG. 18.
FIG. 20 is a cross section view taken along the lines 20--20 of FIG. 18.
FIG. 21 illustrates the training device of the present invention worn on the hand of a golfer.
FIG. 22 is a perspective view of a snap means to secure the strap for wearing the device on the golfer's hand.
FIG. 23 is a perspective view of a buckle means to secure the strap for wearing the device on the golfer's hand.
FIG. 24 is an exploded view of the training device attached to the head of a golf club.
FIG. 25 is a perspective view showing the alignment of a device worn on the hand and a device attached to the head of a golf club.
DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
Referring now to the drawings, and in particular to FIGS. 1 and 2, the attachment 10 of the present invention is seen to include a base 11, a pointer 12 and means 13 for removably securing the device 10 to the backside of the golf glove worn on a golfer's leading hand.
The base 11 of the device 10 of the present invention is a flat member having a pair of substantially parallel opposite sides 14A and 14B. When the base 11 is secured to the backside of the glove worn on the golfer's leading hand, one of the sides (the bottomside) 14A thereof is disposed against the glove, as will be discussed at length below. The other of the sides (the topside) 14B faces outwardly from the backside of the said glove. In this manner, the base 11 is disposed parallel with the backside of the golfer's leading hand.
The base 11 may be fabricated from any suitable lightweight material, such as wood or plastic. It is also preferred that the topside 14B of the base 11 have a hole or blind-ended bore 15 formed therein for receiving therein the pointer 12, as will be discussed, so that the pointer 12 may be mounted on the base 11.
Preferably, the base 11 is formed so as to be substantially 1 inch by 1 and 1/2 inch.
The pointer 12 is mounted on the base 11 (preferably centrally of the base 12), so as to extend outwardly therefrom. The pointer 12 is in the form of a pointer rod such as a wood dowel, plastic or metal that is disposed on a longitudinal axis which substantially perpendicularly intersects the plane of the base 11 (as well as the plane of the backside of the golfer's leading hand). In this fashion, a substantially ninety degree angle is formed between the longitudinal axis and the plane of the base 11. Preferably, the pointer 12 is secured to the base 11 by having a first lower end 16 of the pointer 12 being frictionally received in the hole or blind-ended bore 15 that is formed in the base 11, so that the pointer 12 is retained therein. In this respect, the pointer 12 may be either removably retained, as by i.e., friction, or glue or any other suitable means may be employed for permanently securing the pointer 12 in the bore 15.
The pointer 12 may be of any desired length. In a preferred embodiment, the pointer 12 is approximately four (4) inches in length. However, a pointer 12 of approximately twelve (12) inches may also be employed for use during practice swings, wherein the golfer would stop movement of the arms at the critical points during the golf stroke and check the position and orientation of the pointer 12 with respect to the club and the ball's flight path, as shall be discussed at length below. In this regard, a longer pointer 12 may be more easily seen by the golfer.
Also in order to increase the visibility of the pointer, it is preferred that the pointer be painted with a distinctive fluorescent or highly visible color. When the pointer is made of plastic, the color can be formed in body of the pointer.
It is noted that the use of the pointer 12 presents an attachment 10 that offers little wind resistance during the golf stroke. The base 11 is soundly attached to the golfer's glove 1 and the pointer 12 rides through the air. Hence, unlike other devices which present areas of large wind resistance that may effect the user's golf stroke, the attachment 10 of the present invention is aerodynamically sound. In this manner, the attachment 10 is particularly suited for use in the field.
The means 13 for removably securing the attachment 10 to the backside of a conventional golf glove 1 that is worn on the golfer's leading hand includes a pair of fastener straps 17. Each of the straps 17 is slidingly disposed and secured in a respective slot 18 that are formed in the two opposite edges of the base 11, so as to extend outwardly therefrom. Any suitable means, well-known to those skilled in the art, may be utilized to secure the straps 17 in the respective slots 18. Alternately, a channel 24 may be formed which extends longitudinally through the base and the strap 17 is formed as a single piece which is received in the channel 24 and extends outwardly from both sides of the base 11. In both embodiments, the straps 17 are carried by the base 11.
Each of the fastener straps 17 incorporate loop fasteners 19 and hook fasteners 20. These loop 19 and hook 20 fasteners are so provided in order to mate with respective hook fasteners 3 and loop fasteners 4 that are located on the securing strap 2 and the backside of conventional golf gloves 1. In conventional golf gloves 1, the hook 3 and loop 4 fasteners permit the strap 2 of the golf glove 1 to be easily closed, so that the glove 1 may be worn, or easily opened, so that the glove 1 may be placed on or removed from the golfer's hand.
As perhaps best seen in FIGS. 1 and 2, it is preferred that the loop fasteners 19 are formed, so as to be on the top surface of each of the straps 17, while the hook fasteners 20 are formed, so as to be on the bottom surface of each of the straps 17. This is because conventional golf gloves have the loop fasteners 4 thereof incorporated on the bottomside (underside) of the securing strap 2 while the hook fasteners 3 are incorporated on the backside of the glove 1.
Referring now to FIGS. 3-5, the manner in which the straps 17 are utilized to secure the attachment 10 to the backside of a conventional golf glove 1 of the golfer's leading hand is now discussed.
First, the base 11 of the attachment is placed or positioned on the top side of the securing strap 2 that is provided on conventional golf gloves.
Next, the straps 17 are looped in the direction indicated by the arrows 21 in FIG. 3 around the bottomside of the securing strap 2. In this fashion, the hook fasteners 20 that are carried by the straps 17 mate with the loop fasteners 4 that are conventionally found on the underside (or bottomside) of the securing strap 2. In this manner, the attachment 10 is secured to the securing strap 2 that is located on the backside of conventional golf gloves 1 which are worn on the golfer's leading hand.
Finally, with particular reference to FIGS. 4 and 5, the loop fasteners 20 that are carried by the straps 17 are bought into contact with the hook fasteners 3 that are found on the backside of the glove 1, such that the loop fasteners 20 are engaged and secured by the hook fasteners 3. In this fashion, the attachment is removably secured to the backside of the golf glove 1 on the golfer's leading hand. Also, in this fashion, the securing strap 2 is closed and the conventional golf glove is secured on the user's leading hand for use.
It is noted that when the attachment 10 of the present invention is secured to the backside of the golf glove 1 in the manner described above, the longitudinal axis of the pointer 12 is oriented, so as to substantially perpendicularly intersect both the base 11 and the back of the golfer's leading hand. This is perhaps best seen by reference to FIG. 4.
It is further noted that when provided with the means 13 described above, the attachment 10 of the present invention may be easily and simply removably secured to the glove 1, so that it is always properly positioned for use. In this manner, having the device 10 improperly installed is avoided. Further in this manner, the attachment 10 may be utilized with virtually all existing conventional golf gloves 1 and existing golf clubs, thereby eliminating the necessity to purchase specialized equipment.
Referring now to FIG. 6, if desired, the attachment 10 may further include a small, lightweight flashlight 22 which could be slipped over or fixed to the pointer 12 and secured to the base 11 by the use of velcro or any other suitable means. Preferably, such a flashlight 22 is substantially cylindrical in shape having an upper end that includes the light source 23 and a lower end that has a blind ended bore formed therein which permits the top end of the pointer 12 to be snugly, but removably, disposed in the bore of the flashlight 22. Such an arrangement is preferred in that it permits that the light 23 to be coaxial with the longitudinal axis of the pointer 12. This feature would facilitate the user's use of the attachment 10 to practice their golf stroke at their leisure in the home, office or any other desired place.
With the attachment 10 of the present invention being secured to the backside of the glove 1 worn on the golfer's leading hand, either the instructor or the golfer may simply and easily view whether the backside of the golfer's leading hand is properly oriented both vertically and horizontally. This may be achieved by viewing the attachment 10, and in particular by viewing the direction in which the pointer 12 of the attachment 10 is oriented (or pointing). In this respect, either the golfer or the instructor must simply note whether the attachment 10 is either perpendicular to, or parallel to, the vertical plane of the target line of direction 5.
Referring now to FIGS. 7-9, the proper vertical orientation of the longitudinal axis 23 of the pointer 12 relative to vertical plane 5 of the ball's flight path or target line of direction during various critical positions of a golf stroke are illustrated.
At the apex of the backswing of the golfer's stroke, it is necessary that the longitudinal axis of the pointer 12 be oriented towards the vertical plane 5 of the ball's flight path, so as to be perpendicular to the said vertical plane 5 of the ball's target line of direction, so that a substantially 90° angle is formed therebetween (FIG. 7).
At the point of the forward swing of the golf stroke where the head of the golf club impacts the ball (the point of impact), it is necessary that the longitudinal axis of the pointer 12 be oriented forwardly towards the target and substantially parallel to the vertical plane of the target line of direction (FIG. 8).
At the apex of the forward swing of the golfer's stroke, it is necessary that the longitudinal axis of the pointer 12 be oriented rearwardly away from the target and substantially parallel to the vertical plane 5 of the ball's target line of direction (FIG. 9).
Referring now to FIGS. 10-13, when looking down on the golfer utilizing the training attachment 10 of the present invention, the proper as well as common improper vertical orientations of the pointer 12 relative to the vertical plane 5 of the flight path (target line of direction) of the ball 6 are illustrated during the critical points of the golfer's golf stroke.
When addressing a golf ball, the golfer makes a golf stroke that is substantially even, so that when the face of the head of the golf club strikes the ball 6, the ball 6 will travel along the vertical plane 5 of the target line of direction and towards the desired target. In this respect, the movement of the golf club during the golf stroke will travel substantially along the vertical plane 5.
During "set-up", the pointer 12 is seen to be properly vertically oriented when the pointer 12 is oriented forwardly towards the target and substantially parallel to the vertical plane 5 of the target line of direction (FIG. 10).
As seen in FIG. 11, at the top (apex) of the backswing of the golfer's stroke, the pointer 12 is seen to be properly vertically oriented when the pointer 12 is oriented towards the vertical plane 5 of the target line of direction and perpendicular to the vertical plane 5 of the ball's target line of direction, so that a substantially 90. degree. angle is formed therebetween. If the pointer 12 is oriented towards the vertical plane 5 of the target line of direction, but, so that an angle is formed therebetween that is either substantially greater or less than 90°, then it is known that the golfer's hands are not properly vertically oriented at this critical position of the golf stroke.
As seen in FIG. 12, at the point of the forward swing of the golf stroke where the face of the head of the golf club impacts the ball 6 (the point of impact), the pointer 12 is seen to be properly vertically oriented when the pointer 12 is oriented forwardly towards the target and substantially parallel to the vertical plane 5 of the target line of direction. If the pointer 12 is oriented, so that the pointer 12 intersects the vertical plane 5 of the target line of direction, then it is known that the golfer's hands are not properly vertically oriented at this critical position of the golf stroke.
As seen in FIG. 13, at the apex of the forward swing of the golfer's stroke, the pointer 12 is seen to be properly vertically oriented when the pointer 12 is oriented rearwardly away from the target and substantially parallel to the vertical plane 5 of the ball's target line of direction. If the pointer 12 is oriented towards the vertical plane 5 of the target line of direction, so that the pointer 12 intersects the vertical plane 5 of the target line of direction, then it is known that the golfer's hands are not properly vertically oriented at this critical position of the golf stroke.
Referring now to FIGS. 14-16, when utilizing the training attachment 10 of the present invention, the proper as well as common improper horizontal orientations of the pointer 12 relative to the horizontal plane of the ground are illustrated during the critical points of the golfer's golf stroke.
As seen in FIG. 14, at the top (apex) of the backswing of the golfer's stroke, the pointer 12 is seen to be properly horizontally oriented when the pointer 12 is horizontally oriented parallel to the horizontal plane of the ground. If the pointer 12 is oriented so as to intersect the horizontal plane of the ground, then it is known that the golfer's hands are not properly horizontally oriented at this critical position of the golf stroke.
As seen in FIG. 15, at the point of the forward swing of the golf stroke where the face of the head of the golf club impacts the ball 6 (the point of impact), the pointer 12 is seen to be properly horizontally oriented when the pointer 12 is horizontally oriented parallel to the horizontal plane of the ground. If the pointer 12 is oriented, so that the pointer 12 intersects the horizontal plane of the ground, then it is known that the golfer's hands are not properly horizontally oriented at this critical position of the golf stroke.
As seen in FIG. 16, at the apex of the forward swing of the golfer's stroke, the pointer 12 is seen to be properly horizontally oriented when the pointer 12 is horizontally oriented parallel to the horizontal plane of the ground. If the pointer 12 is oriented so as to intersect the horizontal plane of the ground, then it is known that the golfer's hands are not properly horizontally oriented at this critical position of the golf stroke.
Many golfer's prefer not to wear a golfer's glove and the training device of the present invention may also be used by these golfers. Referring now to FIGS. 17-23, a means is shown for wearing the training device on the golfer's hand.
An elastic band 30 having a first end 31 and an opposite second end 32, a first side 33 and a second side 34 is provided. At least one attachment means 35 is mounted on the first side 33 of the band 30 near the first end 31. A further attachment means 36 is mounted on the second side 34 of the band near the second end 32 thereof. The securing means 13 on the base 11 of the device 10 are removably mated with the at least one attachment means 35 on the elastic band to fasten the device 10 to the elastic band 30. Preferably, the fastening means are hook and loop type fasteners, there being hook fasteners 20 on the underside of the securing means 13 and loop fasteners as the at least one attachment means 35. Although FIG. 17 shows the at least one attachment means 35 as two separate members, a single member, having a size to accommodate both securing means 13 on the device 10, may be used. This configuration of the means for wearing the device on the golfer's hand permits the device 10 used with the golfer's glove 1 to also be used by golfers without gloves with no changes in the device 10. The elastic band 30 may be wrapped about the golfer's hand with the second side 34 of the band 30 adjacent to the golfer's hand. In this manner, the at least one attachment means 35 is disposed on the backside of the golfer's hand. To secure the band 30 about the golfer's hand, the further attachment means 36 is attached to the securing means 13 on the base 11 of the device 10. Preferably, the further attachment means 36 includes hook and loop type fasteners for rapid and easy connection and to cooperate with the securing means 13 on the base 11 of the device 10. The further attachment means 36 may be male/female snaps 37 (FIG. 22) with cooperating female/male snaps on connecting segment 38. The connecting segment 38 is attached to the securing means 13 on the base 11 of the device 10, preferably by hook and loop fasteners. This feature retains the device 10 unchanged for use with and without golfer's gloves and permits the use of snap-type connectors. The use of several pairs of spaced-apart snap-type fasteners 37, together with the hook and loop fasteners provides a means to wrap about the hand of the golfer irrespective of the size of the hand. Other types of connectors may be used by persons skilled in the art.
As shown in FIG. 23, the means for wearing the device on the golfer's hand may be a strap means 40 having an end 41, a first side 43 and a second side 44. The strap means is similar to the elastic band 30 in that the device 10 may be attached to the strap means 40 so as to be disposed on the backside of the golfer's hand. A buckle means 45 is provided to connect the end 41 of the strap means to the second end 42 thereof. A typical buckle means 45 is shown in FIG. 23 but other buckle means, known to persons skilled in the art, may be used.
In order to permit the golfer to wear the device 10 more comfortably about the golfer's hand, a pad 50 may be placed on the end of the elastic band 30 or of the strap means 40. The pad has a first side 51 to which the device 10 is attached and a second side 52 which is in contact with the backside of the golfer's hand. The pad 50 is made from an outer layer 53 and a cushioned inner layer 54. Preferably the outer layer 53 is moisture resistant to prevent perspiration from entering the cushioned inner layer 54. The cushioned inner layer 54 may be foam type plastic or fabric. The elastic band 30 or strap means 40 may be attached to the top 51 or the bottom 52 of the pad, or alternately, may be inserted into the pad 50 between the top 51 and the bottom 52.
Thus it can be seen that the attachment 10 of the present invention may be used not only for vertically and horizontally orienting the golfer's hands in proper position at the start of the golf stroke and for indicating if the club is parallel to the flight path of the ball, but it is also useful for showing if the golfer's wrists are collapsing which will be revealed by the pointer 12 being oriented in directions or manners other than has been discussed above relative to the vertical plane of the target line of direction and the horizontal plane of the ground.
Referring now to FIG. 24, the device may also have a magnet 60 attached to the bottom side 14A of the base 11. Preferably the magnet 60 is attached by an adhesive means. Also, two strips 61 having fastening means thereon are attached to the top side 14A of the base 11. The strips 61 are mounted on opposite sides of the dowel rod 12, i.e. the dowel rod 12 is between the strips 61. The securing means 13 carried by the base 11 are folded upwardly until the fasteners on the securing means 13 may be fastened to the fastening means on the respective two strips 61. Preferably hook and loop fasteners are disposed on both the securing means 13 and both of the strips 61, although other fastening means may be used. In this manner, the securing means 13 no longer extend outwardly from the base and the magnet 60 on the base 11 may be easily attached to the head of a golf club 62. This provides the golfer with an additional training device to improve and correct the golfer's stroke. Not only may the device be attached to the golfer's glove or hand, but the device may also be attached to the golf club where it is readily visible to the golfer and to an observer. During the golfer's stroke, the perpendicular and parallel orientation of the longitudinal axis of the pointer 12 relative to the vertical plane of the target line of direction and the horizontal plane of the ground may be observed for indicating whether the head of the club is properly aligned during the golf stroke. The same device 10 as is used on the hand, as described above, may be used with the head of the golf club by the addition of the magnet 60 and the strips of fastener 61. These can easily be added by use of adhesive backed components which can be provided as a separate kit if desired.
Furthermore, a training device 10 worn on the golfer's glove or the golfer's hand can be used simultaneously with the training device 10 attached to the head of the golf club 62. When so used, both devices 10 can be observed to determine whether the respective rods 12 are parallel and indicating the proper alignment of the hand and the head of golf club 62 during the golfer's stroke (FIG. 25).
If desired, the device 10 could be formed without the securing means 13 extending from the base 11 and with as magnet 60 attached to the bottom side 14A of the base. This would not permit the device 10 to be worn on the hand but would allow use with the head of the golf club.
Obviously, many modifications may be made without departing from the basic spirit of the present invention. Accordingly, it will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that within the scope of the appended claims, the invention may be practiced other than has been specifically described herein. | |
Many Ukrainians all across the country mark the Day of Dignity and Freedom; the new public holiday was established in 2014 under the decree of President Poroshenko.
November 21 became a truly historical day for the Ukrainian state and its nation. The Euromaidan movement, which supported Ukraine’s EU integration, grew into the series of protests against the-then pro-Russian president Yanukovych and the government, which blocked the signature of EU-Ukraine Association Agreement. The protests turned violent on November 30 and then in early 2014, when the riot police tried to disperse the crowd several times – up to the use of lethal weapons. In February 2014, the conflict reached its hottest point; about a hundred of people, most of them unarmed peaceful protesters, were gunned down by snipers – by the light of day, in the downtown Ukrainian capital.
Today, when Ukrainian citizens mark the solemn date, about 18,000 law enforcers will maintain security all across the country. 380 public actions are to take place all over Ukraine, with over 66,000 people planning to join them. 11,000 of those will join rallies in Kyiv. | https://112.international/society/ukrainians-mark-day-of-dignity-and-freedom-11221.html |
A Quartermaster in the Army is in charge of buying and managing the supplies in the unit. He keeps an inventory of supplies in the unit and reports any shortages to the unit commander. He also maintains the food and water supply, and the sleeping arrangements inside the barracks. Quartermasters inspect the equipment and vehicles in the unit. They take care of all aspects of keeping the equipment and vehicles in the unit working and ready to use..
Table of Contents
What Is A Quartermaster In The Army? – Related Questions
What does quartermaster mean in the Army?
Quartermaster is a non-combat job in the Army. You may wonder why a non-combat job is needed, and I couldn’t agree more. Quartermasters are a supply and logistics job. Their job is to supply the deployed units with what they need. They’re also in charge of maintaining the day-to-day records of the unit..
What rank is a quartermaster in the Army?
Quartermaster is a rank of non-commissioned officer in the United States Army, ranking above sergeant and below master sergeant, and is equivalent to chief petty officer in the United States Coast Guard and petty officer third class in the United States Navy and United States Marine Corps. The rank of quartermaster sergeant is currently used in the US Army and cadets of the United States Military Academy and the United States Air Force Academy. Quartermaster sergeants serve as primary staff non-commissioned officers for battalion and brigade commanders. They ensure the command group has everything it needs to accomplish its mission and that soldiers under their charge are taken care of..
What is the role of quartermaster?
Quartermaster is an officer in the United States Navy or United States Marine Corps that is responsible for material oversight (in the broadest sense of the term) for an entire unit. Quartermaster is also one of the special duties in the United States Coast Guard..
How long is Army Quartermaster School?
How long is Army Quartermaster School? Well, according to the website of U.S. Army Quartermaster School, the total duration of the program is over one year . The duration of training at other institutions may differ. Those who pass the course receive the qualification “Quartermaster” and their respective rank..
What is another name for quartermaster?
The Quartermaster is responsible for supply in an army. The Quartermaster is in charge of food, equipment, arms, ammunition, fuel, uniforms, and everything else that is needed for daily use in an army. Quartermaster is another name for QM. Another name for Quartermaster (QM) is Chief Quartermaster (CQM). Quartermaster is an army officer who is responsible for logistics.
What is a quartermaster Battalion?
The Quartermaster Corps is one of the eight Army logistics branches. Its mission is to provide general supply support to the Army. It provides supplies, food, water, petroleum, medical, construction materials, petroleum, clothing, textiles, repair parts, equipment, commercial mail, dining services, laundry, recreation, environmental quality, and mortuary services to soldiers on the battlefield..
What Mos are quartermaster?
The Quartermaster Corps is one service in the US Army which provide Army units with equipment and supplies such as food, clothing, and medical supplies. It also provides mail services, military vehicles and ammunition. Quartermaster units also operate and maintain military storehouses that stock and inventory essential supplies and equipment. They purchase, store and issue clothing and equipment, and then provide it to soldiers when they need it. The Quartermaster Corps in the US Army is the oldest supply and support military organization in the US Army. It was established in 1775 and since then has undergone changes and acquired new missions. The Quartermaster responsibilities in the US Army include: Personnel service support Catering services Construction and maintenance of buildings and support facilities Operating and maintaining Army vehicles and equipment Accounting Supply Property disposal Transportation Military police Supply cataloging Procurement Expeditionary logistics Logistics planning Ordering Service support Preparation of supply catalogs Preparation of supply drawings Preparation of supply tables Army supply manuals Foreign military sales.
What did a quartermaster do in the Civil War?
A quartermaster was a leader in the army that took care of supplies and rationing of food and clothes. The officer in charge of the quartermaster was given the rank of Captain. In the Civil War, the quartermaster was in charge of making sure that the soldiers had the clothes they needed. They were in charge of making sure that the soldiers were fed. They also were in charge of making sure that the soldiers had a place to sleep. If a soldier was given a job to do, he had to ask a quartermaster for the supplies he needed in order to complete the job..
What Mos is quartermaster officer?
The Quartermaster is the Army’s logistician and the Army Acquisition Career Manager (AACM) for logistics. The Quartermaster Corps provides the Army with ready and trained logisticians and support soldiers to ensure that Army ready forces and Army civilians deploying or on deployment have what they need to accomplish their mission and return safely..
Does the army have quartermasters?
Quartermaster is a word used to describe the individual in charge of supplies for an army. Quartermasters are responsible for keeping track of supplies, inventory, purchasing, budgeting, shipping, warehousing, and distribution of supplies for an army. Each branch of the military has separate Quartermasters. For example, the Quartermaster for the US Army is responsible for handling supplies for the Army. The Coast Guard has it’s own Quartermaster. Each Quartermaster must be familiar with the properties of the items that they are responsible for..
What skills does a quartermaster need?
The quartermaster is the person in the company who is responsible for keeping track of the equipment and supplies that the company needs in order to operate. This includes making sure that there is enough food and water for everyone and that an inventory is conducted regularly. The quartermaster also needs to be able to figure out the cost of the equipment and supplies and work out how much money the company has and how much more it needs to run well. The quartermaster may also need to perform the duties of a supply sergeant, such as taking care of getting necessary equipment and supplies to the men and also making sure that the equipment and supplies are well maintained..
How can I be a good quartermaster?
To be a good quartermaster, the first and most important thing is to be friendly and courteous to everyone: your captain, the crew and the passengers. Your job is to see everyone is well fed and comfortable. There is no reason for anyone to go hungry or to be cold or wet. Also make sure that everyone respects and follows the rules. It might mean that you have to be tough with the crew sometimes but no-one will respect you if you let them get away with things. That means that you must check what the rules are and be sure that everyone is following them. It’s also your responsibility that everyone is safe and that the ship is kept in a good condition..
What is quartermaster training?
Quatermaster training is an official term used by the United States Military. The term refers to various jobs performed by Soldiers in all branches of the military. The jobs described below are ones which include the “QM” designation. A Quartermaster is responsible for all facets of troop logistics. These include specialized areas such as specialized supplies and ammunition, procurement, inventory, transportation and distribution. The Quartermaster is responsible for procurement and distribution of consumable items such as food, clothing, equipment and fuel. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quartermaster_(United_States_Army).
What color is military intelligence blue?
Military blue is a medium dark shade of blue, which also appears as a light shade of cyan. It is a compromise between practicality and the sight of a true blue, a lighter shade of blue. Military Intelligence Blue is a unique color that is a combination of Navy and Electric blue. The Blue is symbolic of the honor, integrity, wisdom and glory associated with the United States Navy. The insignia of the Blue denotes the United States Navy as a whole..
What units are at Fort Lee?
Fort Lee is a major United States Army post located along the Hudson River in northeastern New Jersey. Fort Lee has been historically known as the entry point to the U.S. Military Academy that is located at West Point. The fort is named for Confederate General Robert E. Lee. Fort Lee is the fifth-largest single installation in terms of acreage in the United States Army, and the largest in the Army Reserve.. | https://paperjaper.com/what-is-a-quartermaster-in-the-army/ |
Successful management and operation of a joint venture (JV) is a difficult achievement that requires a substantial amount of planning, and often long and candid debate between the parties, and it is important for the attorneys involved in the process of drafting agreements, policies and procedures to ensure that parties address as many of the contingencies as they can early in the process. In order to facilitate all of this, attorneys should pose the following key questions to their clients regarding JV management and operation:
1. What governance structure model should be selected for the JV?
Devising an appropriate structure for the management and control of the JV is one of the most important matters to be negotiated between the parties. In general, there are three basic governance structures from which the parties can choose when deciding upon how to manage the business operations of a JV-- operator, shared and autonomous -- and the attorney should be prepared to discuss each of these alternatives with the client.
2. How should control of the board initially be allocated?
Obviously, one of the most important issues for the parties to resolve is the initial allocation of control of the board and the parties may choose from among several commonly used structural forms: one party controls the board with no restrictions on the rights of the controlling party; one party controls the board but certain actions cannot be taken without the consent of all of the directors; one party controls the board initially but provisions are made for a shift in control upon the occurrence of one of several events specified in advance by the parties; the parties share control of the board but provisions are included in advance for resolving deadlocks and/or shifting control to a single party upon the occurrence of one of several events specified by the parties; and provision for one or more mutually selected independent directors (i.e., directors not affiliated with either party who have relevant experience in the activities being addressed by the JV) accompanied by voting procedures which vest final decision-making authority in the independent directors in those situations where the parties are unable to reach a consensus.
3. What procedures should be implemented for shifting control of the board?
At the same time that initial allocation of board control is being determined consideration should be given to providing a mechanism for shifting control to one party after the passage of a specified period of time or upon the occurrence of one of several events to be agreed upon by the parties. While such "vote-switch" procedures will allow one of the parties to elect a majority of the board of directors, they need not alter the respective interests of the parties in the profits of the JV. Depending upon the circumstances, a change in control of the board may be accompanied by corresponding changes in the scope of authority provided to the body in the charter documents of the JV.
Apart from a change in the primary business activities of the JV, it is most common to see the parties provide for a shift in control when the JV fails to achieve certain performance objectives, thereby placing the success of the JV in jeopardy, or when the activities of the JV are subjected to the effects of one or more specified external events. For example, a party engaging in the JV in order to improve distribution of its existing products in the local market may seek control of the enterprise in the event that the level of sales does not meet certain specified minimum amounts. Once control has been achieved, the party may initiate appropriate changes in local personnel, modify the business and marketing plans of the enterprise, or even suggest that the local party cannot provide the anticipated amount of distribution support. Also, not surprisingly, a party may be required to surrender its ability to control the actions of the board when it defaults in its contractual obligations to the JV.
4. What matters should require approval of both parties?
The parties need to strike an appropriate balance between permitting the officers and managers of the JV to make appropriate decisions regarding the operation of the enterprise and reserving the right, as the owners of the JV, to review and approve certain matters. The matters subject to the "shared control" of the owners, thereby requiring approval of both JV partners, should be limited to those items that are material to the performance of the JV, since making numerous actions subject to a unanimous vote will diminish, or even eliminate, the ability of the JV to quickly respond to appropriate business opportunities and changes in competitive and other environmental conditions.
There are seemingly endless possibilities for the listing of items which might require the unanimous consent of the parties (or a supermajority vote of the board). It should not be surprising to see that the parties must agree on large capital expenditures, sales of material assets, creation on liens or encumbrances on the assets of the JV, approval of the annual operating budget and strategic plan (and material deviations from the budget or plan), admission of new parties, amendments to charter documents and dissolution/liquidation of the JV.
5. What procedures should be implemented for resolving disputes?
Whether the JV is a "50-50" company or one party owns more than 50% of the JV but has agreed to supermajority voting provisions, the possibility of "deadlock" must be taken into account in structuring the enterprise. Although it may be somewhat awkward to spend inordinate amounts of time before the JV is even formed in debating the consequences of any failure of the parties to agree, some procedures for resolving a dispute between the parties without having to resort to the costs and aggravations of litigation are usually desirable. Among the more common methods are mediation and arbitration; bilateral discussions involving senior management from both parties; swing-vote directors, including delegation of the final decision to an independent director; and put-sell options (i.e., both parties may be given a right to "put" their shares to the other party at a fixed price, and the other party must either agree to purchase the shares at the price fixed by the party making the "put" or sell its own shares to the first party at the same price). Hopefully any deadlocks can be resolved; however, in some cases the parties must simply shut down the business, terminate the JV, dissolve the corporation and liquidate and distribute the assets.
6. How will the functional activities of the JV be conducted and managed?
While it may be hard to remember as the parties are slugging through the tedious process of drafting the documentation for a new JV the goal is to create a real living and breathing business that conducts all or most of the main functional activities such as research and development, manufacturing, sales, distribution and service. During the planning phase the parties must determine which functional activities will be conducted by personnel employed directly by the JV and which activities, if any, will be conducted by one or both of the parties pursuant to ancillary contractual agreements between the party and the JV.
For example, in those cases where the JV is to be engaged in significant research and development activities relative to the production and commercialization of specified products, one of the parties may be engaged to conduct a specified program of research and development. The JV may enter into a research and development agreement with the party providing for various payments to be made to the party, while allowing the JV to retain ownership of the results of the development program. Ancillary agreements may also be used for supply arrangements, technology licenses, leases of personal property and administrative services. In many cases, these ancillary agreements are factored into the computation of the overall consideration contributed by the party in exchange for its interest in the JV.
Article courtesy of Alan S. Gutterman. | https://corporate.findlaw.com/corporate-governance/joint-ventures-key-questions-for-successful-management-and-oper.html |
Share on:
My recipe book
My account
Add your recipes
Receive daily menu
Articles
Contact
Appetizer
Starter
Main Dish
Dessert
Drink
Side dish
Other
Advanced search
Home
Recipes
Peanut butter and jelly french toasts
Peanut butter and jelly french toasts
5
servings
10 min
5 min
Very Easy
vote now
Add to favorite
Send this recipe to a friend
Ask a question to the author
Print this page
or
Revisit peanut butter and jelly sandwich turning it into a delicious French toast sandwich ! Perfect for breakfast or as a sweet snack :)
Ingredients
Number of serving:
5
2 cups
milk
2
eggs
2 Tbsp
sugar
1/2 tsp
vanilla
extract
brioche
berry
jam or jelly
peanut butter
butter
Preparation
Pour milk in a bowl. Add eggs, sugar and vanilla and mix.
Spread 2 brioche slices :
* On the first one : spread some berry jell or jam.
* On the second one : spread some peanut butter.
Close the sandwich and dip it into the milk and egg mix.
Melt some butter in a hot pan. Cook the sandwich over medium heat for 3 minutes on each side until golden.
There you are, your sandwiches are ready ! Add some ice cream on tp for a delicious snack time :D
Report a mistake in the recipe text
Video
You
Tube
PetitChef_Official
Photos
Questions:
Ask a question to the author
Rate this recipe:
i cooked this recipe
Secure code:
=
Send
Related recipes
Peanut butter & jelly bars
4
servings
1h10m
Very Easy
Peanut butter and banana dog birthday cake
8
servings
1h7m
Very Easy
4.7 / 5
Peanut butter chocolate chip cookies-day 7 of the 10 days of christmas cookies and bars
3
servings
22 min
Very Easy
Peanut butter and oreo brownies
8
servings
2h40m
Very Easy
Puffed rice bars with peanut butter and chocolate
6
servings
1h30m
Very Easy
Peanut butter cookies - 4 ingredients - no added sugars
4
servings
20 min
Very Easy
Recipes
Vanilla
French
Peanut-butter
Berry
Toast
Ingredients
Preparation
Video
Questions
Comments
Articles
Can't find these ingredients in the supermarket? Follow our recipes!
Easy and tasty butter free desserts!
Make your bread at home!
Daily Menu
Starter
Pumpkin gratin and white sauce
Main Dish
Stir-fried ground pork with holy basil (mou sub pad ka pow)
Dessert
Durian cheesecake
Archived menus
Print
Receive daily menu:
Questions - Answers
What exactly do you mean by 2.3 cups? is it the same as 2 3/4 cups?
Answer this question
Where do I get the emulsifier that you use, what is the brand and the name, they are different kinds
Answer this question
In "Eggless Chocolate Cake" how many ml is 1 tin condensed milk? | https://en.petitchef.com/recipes/peanut-butter-and-jelly-french-toasts-fid-1574243 |
Top substance abuse Experts
Search thousands of experts from around the world.
Arnold Purisch, PhD
Adjunct Faculty - School of Psychology · Fielding Graduate University
Neuropsychology; behavioral change due to traumatic brain injury; psychiatric disorders; forensic psychological evaluation
Neuropsychology Traumatic Brain Injury Forensic Psychology
Kim Goodman
Clinical Associate Professor of Social Work Field Education · USC Suzanne Dworak-Peck School of Social Work
Clinical Associate Professor focused on adults, healthy aging, and behavioral health.
Social Work Education Adults and Healthy Aging Mental Health Counseling Cancer and Women Oncology
Wizdom Powell, Ph.D.
Director of the Health Disparities Institute and Associate Professor of Psychiatry at UConn Health · University of Connecticut
Expert on the role of racism and gender norms in African American male health and healthcare inequities.
Ptsd African American Men Health Health Disparities Military Mental Health
Erin Booker, LPC
Vice President for Community Health and Engagement · ChristianaCare
Erin Booker, LPC, vice president of Community Health and Engagement in the Office of Health Equity
Strategic Collaborations Community Health Community Education Community Partnerships
Jody Terranova
Assistant Professor of Pediatrics · University of Connecticut
Dr. Jody Terranova is an expert in the field of pediatrics and Graduate Medical Education
Post Graduate Training Immunizations Pediatrics Medical Education
Lori Foroozandeh
Author · Author
Speaker for WOMENS rights EVERYWHERE: Domestic Violence, Childhood sexual abuse, fighting for Womens Rights in IRAN!!!
Childhood Sexual Abuse Prevention Laws and Culture in Iran (What to Avoid) Domestic Violence (Sharing and Motivation) Islam Muslim
Lawrence Palinkas
Albert G. and Frances Lomas Feldman Endowed Professorship in Social Policy and Health · USC Suzanne Dworak-Peck School of Social Work
Dr. Palinkas is an expert in the areas of preventive medicine, cross-cultural medicine and health services research
Implementation Science Disaster Mental Health Systems Preventive Medicine Medical Anthropology Global Health
Rebecca Natow
Assistant Professor of Specialized Programs in Education · Hofstra University
Dr. Natow teaches higher educational leadership and policy in the Department of Specialized Programs
Program Evaluation Qualitative Research Methods Higher Education Educational Policy Student Affairs
Deborah Stienstra
Professor · University of Manitoba
author, researcher, advocate, speaker on inclusion, accessibility, gender-based analysis, disability policy, and global development
Disability Rights Disability Access and Advocate Gender analysis Women International Development
Allan Colman
CEO and Managing Director · The Closers Group
Mentor/Tormentor specializing in marketing business development strategies and improving long-term client engagement
Market Strategy Assessment Basic Tactics for Business Development Own the Closing Zone
Cliff Broman
Professor of Sociology · Michigan State University
An expert in substance abuse, drinking among youth, mental health and stress, race and ethnicity, and family studies.
Mental Health Racial Inequality Health & Disease Families Race Culture and Ethnicity
Terry Horton, M.D.
Chief of Division of Addiction Medicine · ChristianaCare
Terry Horton, M.D., is a national expert on addiction and substance abuse.
Substance Use Disorders Addiction Medicine Internal Medicine Addiction and Primary Care Withdrawal Management
Mariann Piano
Nancy and Hilliard Travis Professor of Nursing · Vanderbilt University
Expert in substance abuse and cardiac disease, particularly binge drinking by young adults.
Unhealthy Alcohol Consumption Smoking and Cardiovascular Disease Alcohol and Young Adults Alcohol and Cardiovascular Disease Cardiac Risk Factors
Patrick Bordnick
Dean, Tulane University School of Social Work · Tulane University
Bordnick is a pioneer in the use of virtual reality for substance abuse assessment and intervention.
Self-Care Virtual Reality Technology Health Autism
Marisa Domino, PhD
Professor in the Department of Health Policy and Management, Gillings School of Public Health and Director of the Program on Mental Health and Substance Abuse Systems and Services at the Cecil G Sheps Center for Health Services Research · UNC-Chapel Hill
Marisa Domino is a Professor the Gillings School of Public Health whose research focuses on the economics of mental health.
Persons with multiple chronic conditions Medical Homes Health Care Expenditures Mental Health and Criminal Justice Medicaid Policy
Fay Craton
Extension Instructor and Coordinator, Continuing Education Programs · Loyola Marymount University
Continuing Education
Andrew E. Worrell, MBA
Lecturer, EMBA Program · Loyola Marymount University
Part-Time Faculty
Financial Analysis Excel Modeling Budgeting Accounting Systems Cash Flow Management
Adam Elisha
Rheumatology · St. Luke's Rheumatology Associates
Adam Elisha, D.O. is a rheumatologist in Duluth, Minnesota.
Rheumatologist Medicine
Jolomi Ikomi, M.D.
Medical Director of Project Recovery · ChristianaCare
Jolomi Ikomi, M.D., specializes in the rare combination of both psychiatry and addiction psychiatry.
Addiction Treatment Substance Use Disorders Addiction and mental health counseling
Adam Goldstein, M.D., M.P.H. | https://expertfile.com/search-experts?q=substance+abuse&page=4 |
Alterations in mechanical behaviour of articular cartilage due to changes in depth varying material properties--a nonhomogeneous poroelastic model study.
The depth dependence of the material properties is present in normal adult cartilage and is believed to have significant implications in its normal mechanical function. Cartilage pathology may alter the depth dependence, e.g. a reduced depth dependence of the fibril stiffness has been observed in osteoarthritic cartilage. The objective of the present study is to investigate the alterations in the mechanical response of articular cartilage when the depth dependence of the material properties is varied to simulate healthy and pathological situations. This study is made possible by a recently developed nonhomogeneous poroelastic model. Depth variations of the strains and stresses for individual material phases (collagen, proteoglycan and fluid) are obtained for cartilage disks in unconfined compression using the finite element method. The mean nominal axial strain considered is up to 15%, while the axial strain at the articular surface can reach 33%. This paper demonstrates how the mechanical behaviours of cartilage are affected by individual depth dependent cartilage properties, while such observations are not fully available in experimental investigations. This study suggests the possibility of diagnosing cartilage health by analysing its mechanical behaviours.
| |
A persuasive essay involves using logic and reason to try and persuade the reader. It can be used to persuade the reader to adopt a certain point of view, or it can be used to persuade the reader to take some kind of action. If you find yourself writing such an essay, check out these tips and examples for writing your persuasive essay.
If you’re interested in reading more about this particular essay, consider reading about the four types of essays in this article. Or, learn to write great essays with an online class.
Use the Five-Step Writing Process
One of the most important things about any essay is making certain its organized. This is especially true of a persuasive essay as a disorganized essay will lack the logic and reason necessary to persuade your reader. If you’re having troubles getting started, try using the five-step writing process.
Step One: Prepare with Prewriting
Before you even start with pen to paper or fingers to keyboard, you should prepare your essay. First, you’re going to need a position. Find an issue or topic that interests you, and decide which side you take. Some good examples are the use of cellphones in classrooms, whether or not minimum wage should be raised, and your opinion on the idea of a “droopy pants” law.
Second, you should know some information about your audience. If this is an assignment for a class, you should assume that your teacher is neutral on the topic or issue you pick, and this will make your job as a reader far more easier. However, if you’re preparing a speech that involves audience members that favor one side over the side you’re presenting, you’re going to have to work a little harder.
Don’t forget your evidence. Without evidence, your persuasive essay will fall flat. Research your topic, find out everything you can on both sides of the argument. Don’t use just one source, and use a mix of source types too. If you have a couple of websites, visit your local library to get some physical sources like books or journals. Be sure to use only the most convincing of evidence, and focus on the key points of the opposing view. Take a class in the essentials for writing in college.
Examples of Prewriting
There are a number of ways you can prepare your prewriting. First, decide your position statement by picking your topic and the side you’re going to present. Write down any arguments and their supporting evidence, and think of any objections there might be against your side. Brainstorm answers to these objections to include in your paper. Here’s a PDF document with worksheets to better help you prewrite your essay.
Don’t forget to use all this information to create an outline for your essay. The typical length of a persuasive essay is five to six paragraphs, but you will want to check with your teacher if this is for an assignment. Here’s an example of what to include in your outline:
Introductory Paragraph
- Use a hook to grab the reader’s attention
- Summarize the issue or topic you’re about to present
- Reveal the position you’re taking on the issue or topic
Body Paragraphs
- Focus on one piece of evidence in each body paragraph
- Provide support in each body paragraph
- Include a paragraph detailing the key points of the opposing view, and have evidence to refute each one
Concluding Paragraph
- Restate your position on the issue or topic
- Summarize the evidence you used to support your position
Read an example persuasive essay that’s against smoking bans to give you an idea of the organization involved in this essay type.
Step Two: Draft the Essay
The first thing to remember about drafting your essay is to remember that it is just that: a draft. Don’t be expecting everything to fall into place on this first draft. This is simply to get the ideas down on paper. Be prepared for this draft to lack perfection, but try to cover the following items in a logical order:
- Open with a strong hook to grab the reader’s attention
- State your position clearly
- Separate each point in a separate body paragraph, and be sure to include supporting evidence
- Summarize the opposing view, and give evidence against it
- Summarize the most important evidence, and restate your position
While writing, there are also a couple of important things to keep in mind. Decide how you’re going to persuade your readers. Are you going to use an analogy, illustrate with hypothetical situations, or draw up comparisons? Use these in your draft to strengthen your position. Learn the best way to write academic essays with an online course.
Examples of Drafting
For many people, drafting can be one of the most difficult parts. They expect their essay to simply fall onto the page with little effort on their part. After all, their outline is neatly organized, and they have plenty of research. If they did their prewriting properly, the essay should be perfect on the first shot, right? Wrong.
A draft is where many writers discover they don’t have enough evidence for a specific point, or they might realize they don’t have enough information on the opposing view. The draft is where you’re going to find the errors you didn’t notice during prewriting. This is why you shouldn’t worry about perfection. Even your grammar and spelling can be horrible at this point in your essay.
If you still feel like you’re having difficulties, Barrow County Schools has a well-written drafting document you can use to help you write that first draft. The only item missing from this particular document is the paragraph regarding the opposing view.
Another great way to draft your essay is using Donald Murray’s advice from Writing to Deadline: The Journalist at Work. Put away the notes you wrote for your essay, and hide your outline. Write down your essay from everything you can remember, and check your outline and notes when you’re finished.
Read this rough draft persuasive essay the writer posted on their blog. See if you can spot the errors in her draft using the drafting document from Barrow County Schools. It will hopefully show you why the rough draft is so important.
Step Three: Revise the Essay
Once you’ve written your draft, it’s important to revise that draft. If you used Donald Murray’s advice, one the best ways to revise your essay is to take out your notes and outline to find what you missed. If you simply wrote using your outline as a guide, consider using the questions below to help you revise your essay. Boost your proofreading with an online class.
- Have you firmly presented your position on the issue or topic? Is it supported by evidence like facts, statistics, quotes, or examples?
- Is your hook effective? Try reading your hook aloud to a few friends or relatives. Do they want to read more?
- Does each paragraph focus on a single supporting point for your position? Is the evidence within the paragraph supporting that one point?
- How are your sentences structured? Can you pick better wording for some things? Are your transitions well written?
- Does the concluding paragraph summarize the essay well? Is there an urge to the reader to think on the position or make some kind of action?
Examples of Revision
If you’re able to answer all of the questions with positive answers, you’re ready to move on to editing. However, if something’s missing the mark, you might want to consider writing a thesis for the opposing viewpoint to test the strength of your thesis. Compared to the opposing thesis, does yours lack strength? Consider rewriting the thesis to add strength to the rest of your essay.
Keep in mind that you might need more than one draft and revision before you’re completely satisfied with your essay. If you’re still having difficulties with the assignment, consider talking to your teacher. If this isn’t an academic assignment, try speaking to a few friends. Have them look over your essay, and ask them what they think.
Read this example essay on the drinking age, and ask yourself the above revising questions. Consider what you might change to make the essay stronger. This should give you a better perspective on why these items are so important to the persuasive essay. Here’s a couple of links to helpful revision tools you should consider using:
Step Four: Edit the Essay
Editing can be one of the easiest parts of writing your essay, especially with today’s most advanced tools. The idea behind this particular step is to find grammatical and mechanical errors. You’ve already gone through and revised sentences that are too long and things like that. This is to fix up those last-minute errors like misspelled words.
Most computer programs used for typing include built-in editing tools like spell check, and Microsoft Word also has a grammar check program. However, like any program, it can make errors. The two revision tools listed above can also be useful for editing so consider running your essay through them once more after revising. You can also have a friend look over the essay.
Step Five: Publish the Essay
This can mean different things depending on what your essay was for. If your essay was an assignment, publishing the essay will simply mean turning it in to the instructor. However, if you wrote this essay as a speech to present before an audience, publishing will have a different implication. If your essay is a speech, present that speech in front of the specified audience. That audience will depend on your essay’s topic.
If you didn’t really have a particular audience in mind and just wanted to share your opinion regarding the topic, consider posting it on a blog. In this modern age, studies have shown that people read blogs more often than they read the news so your essay may just reach the audience you had in mind whether you know it or not. If you wrote it well, you might just find many people swayed to your side of the topic or issue. | https://blog.udemy.com/persuasive-essay-examples/ |
To stick with a classic technique, you can simply hang your bouquet upside down. As the air wicks moisture away from the blooms, they should gradually dehydrate. However, this method can be a little finicky: Flowers may shed their petals, and mold can attack them.
Should you carry flowers upside down?
Actually there is a slight advantage to carrying them this way; since they are out of water, the natural sap will stay in the stems more efficiently thus helping the flowers to stay fresher longer, even although gains only a negligible amount of extra freshness time.
Why do flowers need to be hung upside down?
Air Drying:
Hanging them upside down allows for straight stems rather than a wilted, dried flower usually seen draping a vase. To preserve the color of the flower, remove them from sunlight immediately after cutting and dry them in the dark. … Keep dried flowers out of dry, forced airflow as well.
How do you hold flowers?
How to carry flowers in public: a spotter’s guide
- The Bride. Stance: Single or double-handed, bouquet held in front of the body. …
- Nonchalant. Stance: Single-handed, bouquet held upright but tilted at a slight angle. …
- The Sweep. …
- The Torch. …
- The Award. …
- The Microphone.
Do Russians hold flowers upside down?
Answer is simple. Russians think that they can harm flowers if they will carry them upwards, and as in Russian public transport there are often a lot of people and it’s really crowded, such a position is more then reasonable.
How do you preserve a flower upside down?
Find a dark, dry area with good circulation, such as an attic or unused closet. With unflavored dental floss, secure the bottom of the flowers’ stems to a hanger so that they hang upside down to dry. Leave flowers for two to three weeks until completely dry.
How do you keep flowers hanging upside down?
Use string or dental floss to hang flowers upside down in a cool, dark, dry, indoor spot. To prevent mold, space out the blooms so that air circulates well around each bundle (a nearby fan on a low setting can help, too). When flowers are done drying, they will feel dry and stiff to the touch.
When should I hang my flowers upside down?
How Long Should You Hang Flowers Upside Down To Dry? The flowers should be hung for approximately two weeks, until they are completely dried. Some may dry earlier, and some may take a little longer.
What happens if you hang flowers upside down?
The flowers will be hanging upside down, which allows them to dry in the most life-like positions. When hanging flowers to dry, it’s essential that they’re in a dry location where excess humidity won’t interfere with the process.
When should I hang my roses upside down?
Hang it upside down
If you prefer a slightly darker dried rose color, hang them at a window exposed to the sun as it helps dry the rose faster. … You can see why this simple process is one of the most familiar and loved ways to dry your roses.
What does upside down rose tattoo mean?
Upside-down bouquets portrayed the exact opposite of the flowers’ common meanings: to receive an inverted rose was the ultimate form of rejection. It is contrasted by thorns … Love has caused suffering or perhaps even death or the seduction of an individual or other desire has led to destruction.
Why do bridesmaids carry flowers?
“The practice of brides carrying bouquets dates to antiquity,” Owens tells us. “Ancient Greeks and Romans, even Egyptians, carried fragrant herbs and spices to ward off bad luck during weddings.” The flowers symbolized a new beginning and brought hopes of fertility, happiness, and fidelity.
What do pink roses mean in Russia?
When Russians start dating someone, it is common to start by giving white roses, and then move to pink and then to red roses as your feelings deepen.
What flower symbolizes death in Russia?
Calla lily
However, bringing a white lily bouquet to a Russian wedding would not pair so nicely with the responses you would receive from other attendees. These flowers symbolise death and are believed to foreshadow an impending split of the newly-wed couple.
What is Russia’s national flower?
Russia. The national flower of Russia is chamomile. | https://laughingfrogfarm.net/flower-types/are-you-supposed-to-hold-flowers-upside-down.html |
Four quarters wasn't enough to separate the top two teams in Region 9 on Tuesday night.
Pine View moved to the top of the region with a 53-49 overtime win over Cedar at home.
Cedar rallied in the fourth quarter, erasing a six-point deficit to send the game into the extra. But the Panthers bounced back, outscoring the Reds 9-5 in the overtime period. Pine View improved to 4-1 in region play with the win. Cedar suffered its first loss of the region season, falling to 3-1.
Pine View will host Canyon View on Thursday. The Reds will play Hurricane in Cedar.
Snow Canyon 53, Dixie 30
Snow Canyon jumped on the Flyers early and never looked back in a 53-30 win on Tuesday night. The Warriors took full control of the game in the first half and took a 31-14 lead into halftime. Dixie never found an answer and was down by 25 entering the fourth quarter.
Snow Canyon improved to 3-2 in Region 9 play (7-8 overall) and will next play at Hurricane next Tuesday. Dixie dropped to 2-2 (8-8 overall) and will play at Desert Hill on Thursday.
Hurricane 45, Desert Hills 39
The Tigers are on the board.
Alexa Christensen had ten points and Madi Hirschi and Kylee Stevens both chipped to lead Hurricane over Desert Hills on Tuesday, 45-39, and give the Tigers their first Region 9 win.
The Tigers are now 1-3 in region play. Hurricane will play at Cedar on Thursday.
Coming off an upset of Pine View last week, Desert Hills couldn’t keep the momentum going. The Thunder fell to 1-3 in region play and will host Dixie on Thursday.
Region 9 standings
Pine View 4-1 (9-2)
Cedar 3-1 (10-3)
Snow Canyon 3-2 (7-8)
Dixie 2-2 (8-8)
Canyon View 1-3 (3-10)
Desert Hills 1-3 (2-10)
Hurricane 1-3 (6-8)
Thursday’s Region 9 schedule
Canyon View @ Pine View, 7 p.m.
Dixie @ Desert Hills, 7 p.m.
Hurricane @ Cedar, 7 p.m. | https://www.thespectrum.com/story/sports/high-school/2018/01/16/girls-basketball-scoreboard-pine-view-beats-cedar-overtime/1039201001/ |
Arbor Lanes intertwines nature and architecture in a vast 34,315-sqm development with commercial buildings to its north, residential communities to the west, and its main entrance to the east.
Embraced by refreshing spaces shared by the community, residences of various configurations reveal landscapes and garden views. With a distinctive building orientation, natural breeze and minimized sun exposure create a pleasant microclimate throughout.
Cultivating affinities, Arbor Lanes embraces leisure settings bathed in life. With gardens, pools, and shared open spaces, gatherings and everyday pursuits are inspired by a natural energy.
Presenting a vision for a progressive development, Arca South highlights access, variety, and efficiency through intuitively planned environments. The district builds a natural connectedness throughout with architecture within sightlines, natural lighting and ventilation within homes, and a spatial cadence complementing a development of human scale.
Through walkable streets, generous urban gardens and pocket parks, lively retail spaces, and residential communities, Arca South is a new center for growth fully connected within and around the metro.
Ask About This Property: | https://www.fortcondo.com/youll-want-to-live-here-i-duo-suite-for-sale-in-arbor-lanes-arca-south-taguig-metro-manila |
Prof Ceulemans nodigt ons uit voor het symposium New Treatments and Ethical Considerations op 9 november 2018.
Hoewel t snel is, is het programma zeer aanbevelingswaardig. Ik hoop dat u het kunt bezoeken!
vriendelijke groet, Herman Schippers penningmeester
------
Dear colleagues,
It is our great pleasure to invite you to the autumn meeting of the Belgian Society of Pediatric Neurology which will take place in Flanders Meeting & Convention Center Antwerp - part of Elisabeth Center Antwerp, November 9th 2018.
“New Treatments and Ethical Considerations”
New treatments are becoming more and more available for neurometabolic, neuromuscular as well as epileptic disorders in children. However the cost of these treatments raises social questions and the discussion for whom these treatments must be available becomes a real ethical challenge for us pediatric neurologists.
With kind regards,
The team of Pediatric Neurology, University Hospital Antwerp and the BSPN board.
Info: [email protected]
Participation fee all included
Please use the registration tool in the calendar section of our website www.bspn.be.
Registration will only be valid after payment of the participation fee, on a first paid first accepted basis. By bank transfer to the account number
IBAN : BE38 2100 0475 5072
BIC : GEBABEBB
using the account name “ASBL SOCIETE BELGE DE NEUROLOGIE PEDIATRIQUE”, and mentioning “BSPN Autumn Meeting 09/11/2018” and name of the participant
Trainee 25 €
BSPN member Free
Non-BSPN member 50€
On-Site registration 70€
Free communications
Colleagues (especially trainees) are encouraged to submit a scientific abstract, preferably related to the theme of the day. Abstracts should be sent before October 15th , only by email to [email protected] Clearly indicate title, authors, address, and e-mail address. The abstract should be typed in MS-Word and not exceed 2000 characters.
Meeting language will be English Accreditation requested (Ethics and Economy)
Meeting venue
Flanders Meeting & Convention Center Antwerp - part of Elisabeth Center Antwerp A room with a ZOO
Koningin Astridplein 20-26 │ 2018 Antwerp │ Belgium
Accessibility
Parking Station Zoo : Van Schoonhovestraat 25-27, 2060 Antwerpen
Q-Park Astridplein : Koningin Astridplein 41, 2018 Antwerpen (GPS : Gemeentestraat 32; 2018 Antwerpen)
Park & Ride
If you'd rather not drive and park in the busy Antwerp city centre, you can always use the Park & Ride formula: park easily and for free outside the city and hop on the tram or bus to the Flanders Meeting & Convention Center Antwerp. Find an overview of all the park & ride locations in the city on this website: www.slimnaarantwerpen.be.
By train
By tram or bus
The Flanders Meeting & Convention Center Antwerp is located next to Antwerp Central Station. All information, timetables, and fares can be found on the NMBS website.
Over twenty tram and bus routes stop within 250 metres from the Flanders Meeting & Convention Center Antwerp.
Program
Registration & coffee
Welcome: Berten Ceulemans and Gunnar Buyse
Chairs : An Jonckheere, Nicolas Deconinck
Lysosomal Diseases : Rare and expensive disorders?
François Eyskens, University Hospital Antwerp
Neurotransmitter disorders: Treatable at what cost?
Luc Régal, University Hospital Brussels
Free communications
Autumn meeting of the Belgian Society of Pediatric Neurology Antwerp, November 9th 2018
New Treatments and Ethical Considerations
Chairs: Helene Verhelst, Marie-Cécile Nassogne
Refugees and Pediatric Neurology
Anne-Marie Hoogewys, Fedasil
Free communications
Special Lecture
“Neurology in the Zoo”
Francis Vercammen, veterinarian Zoo Antwerp
General Assembly BSPN Lunch
Chairs : Patricia Leroy, An Jansen
Cannabidiol & Everolimus: One hype and Specific?
Alec Aeby, University Hospital Reine Fabiola Brussels
Radiprodil & Fenfluramine: Brand New and a Revival?
An-Sofie Schoonjans, University Hospital Antwerp
Pharmacogenomics & Precise Medicine in epilepsy
Simona Balestrini, University College London
Coffee break
Chairs : Berten Ceulemans, Gunnar Buyse
Spinal Muscular Atrophy and Nusinersen (Spinraza®):
Nathalie Goemans, University Hospitals Leuven
Panel Discussion
The role of the neuropediatrician in the reimbursement process of orphan drugs. | https://www.nvkn.nl/nieuws/nieuwsberichten/symposium-new-treatments-and-ethical-considerations |
Dedicated to Punjab, Punjabi and Punjabiat, Punjabi University Patiala which was established on April 30, 1962, organized its 60th Foundation Day Function via online mode, which was attended by nearly 7000 students, researchers, teachers, non-teaching staff and many other people. Chancellor of the University, VP Singh Badnore (Governor Punjab) in his message on 60th Foundation Day Celebration, said that this University has made remarkable achievements in various fields while fullfilling its mission. He congratulated the newly appointed Vice-Chancellor of the University Prof Arvind.
In his Message, Chief Minister Punjab Capt. Amarinder Singh said that it is a matter of great pride that Punjabi University was established on the recommendations of the Commission headed by Maharaja Yadvindra Singh. He made a special mention that this University has not only excelled in Punjabi language, literature and culture but has also imparted knowledge in the fields of science, media, law, etc. He especially hoped that this University will grow and develop further in the coming times under the able leadership of Prof. Arvind.
On this occasion, Minister for Higher Education . Tripat Rajinder Singh Bajwa said that there is a very long list of achievements made by Punjabi University and he feels greatly proud of that. While congratulating Prof. Arvind he said that Punjabi University would keep marching ahead for the technological advancements to promote the Punjabi language.
Preneet Kaur, while congratulating the University, in her video message said that she has very fond memories and a deep bonding with this University because she has seen it growing and developing over the years. She especially talked about the days when the University had developed a software to learn Punjabi language with a special funding by her from MPLADS to help the children of the people living abroad.
Dr. Surjit Patar, distinguished Punjabi poet and a proud alumni of Punjabi University, said that the cherished memories and moments spent here as a student are his lifetime treasures which inspired him to serve and promote the Punjabi language.
He said that Punjabi University continues to promote the great Punjabi language, which remains a treasured gift to us by our great Gurus,Sufis and Saints. He said that technological advancements today have a great scope for the futuristic development of all languages. He hoped that in the coming times the Punjabi language will grow further with technological advancements under the leadership of Prof. Arvind.
Dr. J.S. Grewal, eminent historian, shared his varied experiences with historical references. He said that he remained associated with Punjabi University as Visiting Professor and Professor of Eminence and the University has contributed a lot in many of his major works in the field of history.
Vice Chancellor, Prof. Arvind, PUP, in his presidential address, said that Punjabi University belongs to all the Punjabis in the world and therefore every Punjabi across the world should take great pride and develop a strong bonding with the University. He said that we will need to work to develop interdisciplinary and multidisciplinary courses to move ahead in the 21st century. He also said that to impart education in Science and in almost every field , we will need to make technological advancements in Punjabi language.
The dignitaries who joined the Foundation Day Function included , Ravneet Kaur, IAS, Former Acting Vice-Chancellor, Prof. Karamjit Singh, Vice-Chancellor,Jagat Guru Nanak Dev University, Patiala, Jagbir Singh Cheema, Vice-Chancellor, Maharaja Bhupinder Singh Sports University, Patiala, Dr. Jaspal Singh Sandhu, Vice-Chancellor, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Dr. Arun Grover, former Vice-Chancellor, PU Chandigarh, Prof. Kavita Dorai IISER Mohali, Prof. B. S. Ghuman, Former Vice-Chancellor, PUP, Mr. Harinderpal Singh Harry Maan, Syndicate member PUP.
Punjabi University virtually celebrated its 60th Foundation Day. Prof. Pushpinder Singh Gill, DAA delivered his welcome speech and the formal vote of thanks was presented by Dr. Varinder Kaushik, Registrar. | https://royalpatiala.in/punjabi-university-virtually-celebrated-its-60th-foundation-day/ |
We all like weekends and eagerly want these days to come.
But, the truth is, the more we yearn for the weekend, the sadder we’ll be once it’s over. Isn’t it?
I know weekends are amazing and other days are boring for most people, but it is possible to live in a work-life balance; It is possible to make your workday positive and full of inspiration. It just takes shifting your perception.
Remember, time is moving forward; Friday after Saturday and Sunday after Monday will come for sure. So why do we dwell on the past & future and make ourselves miserable (Sunday scaries), wishing against which is inevitable – the end of weekends.
Personally speaking, I consider Monday as a fresh start, a new opportunity. I meditate in the morning and use affirmations to embrace Monday for the joyous beginning of a new week.
So, for you, In this article, I have listed 21 Monday Affirmations that I personally use, and you too can use them to start a new week with positive intentions and for inspiration in work.
21 Powerful Monday Affirmations For Motivation & Positivity
- I am grateful for the day I am living
- I am grateful to be alive
- I am strong, healthy, and fit
- My life is abundant and successful
- I am here to grow and shine
- I am happy and content with my life
- I am open to new opportunities
- I’m so excited to start this new week
- I am optimistic for a new beginning
- I am bold, I am confident, I am fearless
- I am ready to face new challenges
- Nothing can stand on my way
- I am passionate about my vocation
- I enjoy working with my boss & colleagues
- I am honest, loyal, and trustworthy to my company
- I give my best in everything I do
- I see more prosperity coming into my life this week
- I see more love and joy coming into my life this week
- I see more abundance coming into my life this week
- I have all I need to make today a great day
- I promise myself to grow and prosper this week
Use these Monday Affirmations in the morning to cultivate a positive mindset and feelings for the beginning of a new week.
Related Post: Boost Your Productivity Using A Bullet Journal
However, you can use them for days other than Monday as well.
In order to use affirmation effectively, try to visualize what you are affirming and add the corresponding feeling. (Read further to know more)
Moreover, If you are a business owner or an entrepreneur, follow the following affirmations to build a successful team and motivate your team member on Monday.
12 Monday Affirmation For A Successful Team
- You can accomplish anything
- You have the power to achieve what you want
- You are an expert in your field
- You are creative and intelligent
- You are efficient and productive
- You can face any challenges
- You are a hero of this company
- You see failure as an opportunity
- You deserve to be rich
- You are committed to your goals
- You can accomplish your goals
- You will accomplish your goals
If your team has been demotivated or outperforming, use these affirmations to motivate it and create a positive environment in a company, especially on Monday.
Monday Affirmation Images
How To Use Affirmations Effectively
Affirmations are positive statements, which can be used to overcome negative thoughts and self-sabotaging beliefs.
When you repeat the affirmations daily, it reprograms your subconscious mind, implants dominating thought in your mind, and creates a burning obsession for thing you want or want to change in life.
With affirmations, three ingredients are necessary,
- The conscious choice of positive words
- Clear visualization
- And corresponding feeling
So, to maximize the effect of affirmations, As you affirm visualize and feel yourself already in that situation, you are aspiring to.
For example, when you repeat the affirmation, “I see more prosperity coming into my life this week,” try to visualize and feel yourself in that particular situation of abundance.
In the beginning, It is possible that your visualization will be vague, and your feeling will dry. But, as you practice, these faculties will grow.
That’s it for today.
I hope you feel inspired and ready to start your new week boldly with enthusiasm and confidence.
If so, let me know in the comment section, and don’t forget to share this Monday motivational affirmations with others.
All the best.
Related Posts: | https://meditationpsyche.com/monday-affirmations/ |
Whether in politics or in building design, transparency is an increasingly necessary element of modern life. We want to know where products come from before proceeding with future-altering decisions. When it comes to the materials and resources that make up the built environment, it's more important than ever to communicate about what's inside.
This course will talk about material health and product transparency, and what's driving this change. The difference between LEED v3 and LEED v4 related to materials will be analyzed in the context of the U.S. Green Building Code. Finally, the course will help learners understand and recognize the different types of reporting tools and resources that project teams have available, and how these reporting tools and resources are driving innovative market transformation.
Learning Objectives
- Define material health and product transparency and the role it serves in protecting the health and wellness of occupants in the built environment.
- Compare and contrast building certifications, including LEED v4, Living Building Challenge, and the WELL Building Standard, as they continue to enhance the health and wellness of occupants through sustainable design practices.
- Analyze the environmental impact of construction materials and the contribution these materials make to improving the health and wellness of occupants.
- Explore resources available that enable project teams to research and document building products that are environmentally-friendly and occupant-centered.
Prerequisite: None. | https://library.hanleywood.com/view/6460/sustainable_curb_appeal_print_course_/ |
# Art in Medieval Scotland
Art in Medieval Scotland includes all forms of artistic production within the modern borders of Scotland, between the fifth century and the adoption of the Renaissance in the early sixteenth century. In the early Middle Ages, there were distinct material cultures evident in the different federations and kingdoms within what is now Scotland. Pictish art was the only uniquely Scottish Medieval style; it can be seen in the extensive survival of carved stones, particularly in the north and east of the country, which hold a variety of recurring images and patterns. It can also be seen in elaborate metal work that largely survives in buried hoards. Irish-Scots art from the kingdom of Dál Riata suggests that it was one of the places, as a crossroads between cultures, where the Insular style developed.
Insular art is the name given to the common style that developed in Britain and Ireland from the eighth century and which became highly influential in continental Europe and contributed to the development of Romanesque and Gothic styles. It can be seen in elaborate jewellery, often making extensive use of semi-precious stones, in the heavily carved high crosses found particularly in the Highlands and Islands, but distributed across the country and particularly in the highly decorated illustrated manuscripts such as the Book of Kells, which may have been begun, or wholly created at the monastic centre of Iona.
Scotland adopted the Romanesque style relatively late and retained and revived elements of its style after the Gothic style had become dominant from the thirteenth century. Much of the best Scottish artwork of the High and Late Middle Ages was either religious in nature or realised in metal and woodwork, and has not survived the impact of time and the Reformation. However, examples of sculpture are extant as part of church architecture, including evidence of elaborate church interiors. From the thirteenth century there are relatively large numbers of monumental effigies. Native craftsmanship can be seen in a variety of items. Visual illustration can be seen in the illumination of charters and occasional survivals of church paintings. Surviving copies of individual portraits are relatively crude, but more impressive are the works or artists commissioned from the continent, particularly the Netherlands.
## Early Middle Ages
### Pictish stones
About 250 Pictish stones survive and have been assigned by scholars to three classes. Class I stones are those thought to date to the period up to the seventh century and are the most numerous group. The stones are largely unshaped and include incised symbols of animals such as fish and the Pictish beast, everyday objects such as mirrors, combs and tuning forks and abstract symbols defined by names including V-rod, double disc and Z-rod. They are found between from the Firth of Forth to Shetland. The greatest concentrations are in Sutherland, around modern Inverness and Aberdeen. Good examples include the Dunrobin (Sutherland) and Aberlemno stones (Angus).
Class II stones are carefully shaped slabs dating after the arrival of Christianity in the eighth and ninth centuries, with a cross on one face and a wide range of symbols on the reverse. In smaller numbers than Class I stones, they predominate in southern Pictland, in Perth, Angus and Fife. Good examples include Glamis 2, which contains a finely executed Celtic cross on the main face with two opposing male figures, a centaur, cauldron, deer head and a triple disc symbol and Cossans, Angus, which shows a high-prowed Pictish boat with oarsmen and a figure facing forward in the prow. Class III stones are thought to overlap chronologically with Class II stones. Most are elaborately shaped and incised cross-slabs, some with figurative scenes, but lacking idiomatic Pictish symbols. They are widely distributed but predominate in the southern Pictish areas.
### Pictish metalwork
Items of metalwork have been found throughout Pictland. The earlier Picts appear to have had a considerable amount of silver available, probably from raiding further south, or the payment of subsidies to keep them from doing so. The very large hoard of late Roman hacksilver found at Traprain Law may have originated in either way. The largest hoard of early Pictish metalwork was found in 1819 at Norrie's Law in Fife, but unfortunately much was dispersed and melted down. Over ten heavy silver chains, some over 0.5 metres (1.6 ft) long, have been found from this period; the double-linked Whitecleuch Chain is one of only two that have a penannular ring, with symbol decoration including enamel, which shows how these were probably used as "choker" necklaces. The St Ninian's Isle Treasure of 28 silver and silver-gilt objects, contains perhaps the best collection of late Pictish forms, from the Christian period, when Pictish metalwork style, as with stone-carving, gradually merged with Insular, Anglo-Saxon and Viking styles.
### Irish-Scots art
Thomas Charles-Edwards has suggested that the kingdom of Dál Riata was a cross-roads between the artistic styles of the Picts and those of Ireland, with which the Scots settlers in what is now Argyll kept close contacts. This can be seen in representations found in excavations of the fortress of Dunadd, which combine Pictish and Irish elements. This included extensive evidence for the production of high status jewellery and moulds from the seventh century that indicate the production of pieces similar to the Hunterston brooch, found in Ayrshire, which may have been made in Dál Riata, but with elements that suggest Irish origins. These and other finds, including a trumpet spiral decorated hanging bowl disc and a stamped animal decoration (or pressblech), perhaps from a bucket or drinking horn, indicate the ways in which Dál Riata was one of the locations where the Insular style was developed. In the eighth and ninth centuries the Pictish elite adopted true penannular brooches with lobed terminals from Ireland. Some older Irish pseudo-penannular brooches were adapted to the Pictish style, for example the Breadalbane Brooch (British Museum). The eighth century Monymusk Reliquary has elements of Pictish and Irish style.
### Early Anglo-Saxon art
Early examples of Anglo-Saxon art are largely metalwork, particularly bracelets, clasps and jewellery, that has survived in pagan burials and in exceptional items such as the intricately carved whalebone Franks Casket, thought to have been produced in Northumbria in the early eighth century, which combines pagan, classical and Christian motifs. There is only one known pagan burial in Scotland, at Dalmeny Midlothian, which contains a necklace of beads similar to those found in mid-seventh-century southern England. Other isolated finds include a gold object from Dalmeny, shaped like a truncated pyramid, with filigree and garnet, similar to sword harness mounts found at Sutton Hoo. There is also a bun-shaped loom from Yetholm, Roxburghshire and a ring with an Anglian runic inscription. From eastern Scotland there is a seventh-century sword pommel from Culbin Sands, Moray and the Burghead drinking horn mount. After Christianisation in the seventh century artistic styles in Northumbria, which then reached to the Firth of Forth, interacted with those in Ireland and what is now Scotland to become part of the common style historians have identified as Insular or Hiberno-Saxon.
### Insular art
Insular art, or Hiberno-Saxon art, is the name given to the common style produced in Scotland, Britain and Anglo-Saxon England from the seventh century, with the combining of Celtic and Anglo-Saxon forms. Surviving examples of Insular art are found in metalwork, carving, but mainly in illuminated manuscripts. In manuscripts surfaces are highly decorated with intricate patterning, with no attempt to give an impression of depth, volume or recession. The best examples include the Book of Kells, which may have been wholly or partly created in Iona, and the Book of Durrow, which may be from Ireland or Northumbria. Carpet pages are a characteristic feature of Insular manuscripts, although historiated initials (an Insular invention), canon tables and figurative miniatures, especially Evangelist portraits, are also common. The finest era of the style was brought to an end by the disruption to monastic centres and aristocratic life of the Viking raids in the late eighth century.
Christianity discouraged the burial of grave goods so the majority of examples of insular metalwork that survive from the Christian period have been found in archaeological contexts that suggest they were rapidly hidden, lost or abandoned. There are a few exceptions, notably portable shrines ("cumdachs") for books or relics, several of which have been continuously owned, mostly by churches on the Continent—though the Monymusk Reliquary has always been in Scotland. The highest quality survivals are either secular jewellery, the largest and most elaborate pieces probably for male wearers, tableware or altarware. The finest church pieces were probably made by secular workshops, often attached to a royal household, though other pieces were made by monastic workshops. There are a number of large brooches, each of their designs is wholly individual in detail, and the workmanship is varied. Many elements of the designs can be directly related to elements used in manuscripts. Surviving stones used in decoration are semi-precious ones, with amber and rock crystal among the commonest, and some garnets. Coloured glass, enamel and millefiori glass, probably imported, are also used. None of the major insular manuscripts, like the Book of Kells, have preserved their elaborate jewelled metal covers, but documentary evidence indicates that these were as spectacular as the few remaining continental examples.
The most significant survivals in sculpture are in High crosses, large free-standing stone crosses, usually carved in relief with patterns, biblical iconography and occasionally inscriptions. The tradition may have begun in Ireland or Anglo-Saxon England and then spread to Scotland. They are found throughout the British Isles and often feature a stone ring around the intersection, forming a Celtic cross, apparently an innovation of Celtic Christianity, that may have begun at Iona. Distribution in Scotland is heaviest in the Highlands and Islands and they can be dated to the period c. 750 to 1150. All the surviving crosses are of stone, but there are indications that large numbers of wooden crosses may also have existed. In Scotland biblical iconography is less common than in Ireland, but the subject of King David is relatively frequently depicted. In the east the influence of Pictish sculpture can be seen, in areas of Viking occupation and settlement, crosses for the tenth to the twelfth centuries have distinctive Scandinavian patterns, often mixed with native styles. Important examples dated to the eighth century include St Martin's Cross on Iona, the Kildalton Cross from the Hebrides and the Anglo-Saxon Ruthwell Cross. Through the Hiberno-Scottish mission to the continent, insular art was highly influential on subsequent European Medieval art, especially the decorative elements of Romanesque and Gothic styles.
### Viking age art
Viking art avoided naturalism, favouring stylised animal motifs to create its ornamental patterns. Ribbon-interlace was important and plant motifs became fashionable in the tenth and eleventh centuries. Most Scottish artefacts come from 130 "pagan" burials in the north and west from the mid-ninth to the mid-tenth centuries. These include jewellery, weapons and occasional elaborate high status items. Amongst the most impressive of these is the Scar boat burial, on Orkney, which contained an elaborate sword, quiver with arrows, a brooch, bone comb, gaming pieces and the Scar Dragon Plaque, made from whalebone, most of which were probably made in Scandinavia. From the west, another boat burial at Kiloron Bay in Colonsay revealed a sword, shield, iron cauldron and enamelled scales, which may be Celtic in origin. A combination of Viking and Celtic styles can be see in a penannular brooch from Pierowall in Orkney, which has a Pictish-style looped pin. It is about two inches in diameter, with traces of gilding, and probably housed a piece of amber surrounded by interweaving ribbons. After the conversion to Christianity, from the tenth to the twelfth centuries, stone crosses and cross-slabs in Viking occupied areas of the Highlands and Islands were carved with successive styles of Viking ornament. They were frequently mixed with native interlace and animal patterns. Examples include the eleventh-century cross-slab from Dóid Mhàiri on the island of Islay, where the plant motifs on either side of the cross-shaft are based upon the Ringerike style of Viking art. The most famous artistic find from modern Scotland, the Lewis Chessmen, from Uig, were probably made in Trondheim in Norway, but contain some decoration that may have been influenced by Celtic patterns.
## Late Middle Ages
### Architecture and sculpture
Architectural evidence suggests that, while the Romanesque style peaked in much of Europe in the later eleventh and early twelfth century, it was still reaching Scotland in the second half of the twelfth century and was revived in the late fifteenth century, perhaps as a reaction to the English perpendicular style that had come to dominate. Much of the best Scottish artwork of the High and Late Middle Ages was either religious in nature or realised in metal and woodwork and has not survived the impact of time and the Reformation. However, examples of sculpture are extant as part of church architecture, a small number of significant crafted items have also survived and, for the end of the period, there is evidence of painting, particularly the extensive commissioning of works in the Low Countries and France.
The interiors of churches were often more elaborate before the Reformation, with highly decorated sacrament houses, like the ones surviving at Deskford and Kinkell. The carvings at Rosslyn Chapel, created in the mid-fifteenth century, elaborately depicting the progression of the seven deadly sins, are considered some of the finest in the Gothic style. Monumental effigies began to appear in churches from the thirteenth century and they were usually fully coloured and gilded. Many were founders and patrons of churches and chapels, including members of the clergy, knights and often their wives. In contrast to England, where the fashion for stone-carved monuments gave way to brass etchings, they continued to be produced until the end of the Medieval period, with the largest group dating from the fifteenth century, including the very elaborate Douglas tombs in the town of Douglas. Sometimes the best continental artists were employed, as for Robert I's elaborate tomb in Dunfermline Abbey, which was made in his lifetime by the Parisian sculptor Thomas of Chartres, but of which only fragments now survive. The greatest group of surviving sculpture from this period are from the West Highlands, beginning in the fourteenth century on Iona under the patronage of the Lordship of the Isles and continuing until the Reformation. Common motifs were ships, swords, harps and Romanesque vine leaf tracery with Celtic elements.
### Decorative arts
Survivals from late Medieval church fittings and objects in Scotland are exceptionally rare even compared to those from comparable areas like England or Norway, probably because of the thoroughness of their destruction in the Scottish Reformation. The Scottish elite and church now participated in a culture stretching across Europe, and many objects that do survive are imported, such as Limoges enamels. It is often difficult to decide the country of creation of others, as work in international styles was produced in Scotland, along with pieces retaining more distinctive local styles.
Two secular small chests with carved whalebone panels and metal fittings illustrate some aspects of the Scottish arts. The Eglington and Fife Caskets are very similar and were probably made by the same workshop around 1500, as boxes for valuables such as jewellery or documents. The overall form of the caskets follows French examples, and the locks and metal bands are decorated in Gothic style with "simple decorations of fleurons and debased egg and dart" while the whalebone panels are carved in relief with a late form of Insular interwoven strapwork characteristic of late Medieval West Scotland.
Key examples of native craftsmanship on items include the Bute mazer, the earliest surviving drinking cup of its type, made of maple-wood and with elaborate silver-gilt ornamentation, dated to around 1320. The Savernake Horn was probably made for the earl of Moray in the fourteenth century and looted by the English in the mid-sixteenth century. A few significant reliquaries survive from West Scotland, examples of the habit of the Celtic church of treating the possessions rather than the bones of saints as relics. As in Irish examples these were partly reworked and elaborated at intervals over a long period. These are St Fillan's Crozier and its "Coigreach" or reliquary, between them with elements from each century from the eleventh to the fifteenth, the Guthrie Bell Shrine, Iona, twelfth to fifteenth century, and the Kilmichael Glassary Bell Shrine, Argyll, mid-twelfth century. The Skye Chess piece is a single elaborate piece in carved walrus ivory, with two warriors carrying heraldic shields in a framework of openwork vegetation. It is thought to be Scottish, of the mid-thirteenth century, with aspects similar to both English and Norwegian pieces.
One of the largest groups of surviving works of art are the seal matrices that appear to have entered Scottish usage with feudalism in the reign of David I, beginning at the royal court and among his Anglo-Norman vassals and then by about 1250 they began to spread to the Gaelicised areas of the country. They would be made compulsory for barons of the king in a statute of 1401 and seal matrices show very high standards of skill and artistry. Examples of items that were probably the work of continental artists include the delicate hanging lamp in St. John's Kirk in Perth, the vestments and hangings in Holyrood and the Medieval maces of the Universities of St Andrews and Glasgow.
### Illumination and painting
Manuscript illumination continued into the late Middle Ages, moving from elaborate gospels to charters, like that confirming the rights of Kelso Abbey from 1159. Very little painting from Scottish churches survives. There is only one surviving Doom painting in Scotland, at Guthrie near Arbroath, which may have been painted by the same artist as the elaborate crucifixion and other paintings at Foulis Easter, eighteen miles away. As in England, the monarchy may have had model portraits of royalty used for copies and reproductions, but the versions of native royal portraits that survive are generally crude by continental standards. Much more impressive are the works or artists imported from the continent, particularly the Netherlands, generally considered the centre of painting in the Northern Renaissance. The products of these connections included a fine portrait of William Elphinstone, Bishop of Aberdeen (1488–1514); the images of St Catherine and St John brought to Dunkeld; Hugo van Der Goes's altarpiece for the Trinity College Church in Edinburgh, commissioned by James III, and the work after which the Flemish Master of James IV of Scotland is named. There are also a relatively large number of elaborate devotional books from the late fifteenth and early sixteenth centuries, usually produced in the Low Countries and France for Scottish patrons, including the prayer book commissioned by Robert Blackadder, Bishop of Glasgow, between 1484 and 1492 and the Flemish illustrated book of hours, known as the Hours of James IV of Scotland, given by James IV to Margaret Tudor and described as "perhaps the finest medieval manuscript to have been commissioned for Scottish use". | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_in_Medieval_Scotland |
The easiest way to figure out what company purpose is about, is to figure out what it is they are celebrating, and who with.
Likewise, to figure out what your personal purpose may be about, is to take a look at celebrations you have been involved.
In my family we make a lot of effort in marking the new year. We celebrate birthdays and holidays. Some of the celebrations are about the end of a seasons (harvest), we commemorate death and dramatic past events (such as end of World War I, 100 years ago). Though some of these stem from deeper purpose, most of them do not to us. We are not deeply religious, nor are we farmers – so holidays may not mean as much to us as it means to some.
They merely mark the passing of time.
To me, what we celebrate is far less interesting than the who we celebrate with.
Just take notice of the activity and fuss involved and you will easily spot the difference. Major, non-recurring events such as weddings, births and funerals are more meaningful to us and will involve more groups of people than some of the automatically recurring ones. Events in which we involve close stakeholders such as neighbours, friends and family are key to our family purpose.
Business Awareness can be achieved provided you have a clearunderstanding of the relationship you have with stakeholders.
- Primary Business stakeholders will likely include employees, customers, shareholders, suppliers and maybe the community you operate in.
- Secondary stakeholders may include financial stakeholders, competitors, institutions, goverments, non-profits you sponsor etc.
Business Awareness is about finding a common purpose and determine common goals to inspire all stakeholder groups.
So: when your company celebrates, who do you party with? | https://businessawareness.org/2014/01/31/and-how-about-company-purpose/ |
Assam Public Service Commission Recruitment 2021 Jobs Openings:
Name of conducting Body: Assam Public Service Commission
Vacancy Name: Exploration Officer, Assistant Research Officer
Total posts: 11
Type of Recruitment: Government Jobs
Apply Mode: Online
APSC Vacancy Details:
1. Exploration Officer (Grade-II) - 02
2. Asstt. Research Officer /Asstt. Planning Officer - 09
Education Criteria: Those candidates are having minimum qualification as Candidates who are willing to apply for APSC jobs must posses Post Graduate Degree holder in Ancient Indian History or Archaeology or Sanskrit or Anthropology, Masters Degree from any recognized board or institution can apply.
Application Fee:
- Contenders who are interested to apply for any of the above mentioned positions they should be in between 21 to 38 years as on 01-01-2021.
- The organization also provide upper age relaxation to the reserved category candidates as per the guidelines of the Government.
Selection Criterion:
- Selection of the job hunters will be done on the basis of their performance in the Written Exam, Interview conducted by the selection committee.
Steps To Apply For APSC Jobs:
- First of all, aspirants have to visit the web portal of organization that is http://www.apsc.nic.in.
- After that contenders are required to choose ‘Careers’ tab that is visible on the home page.
- Contenders have to search and select suitable link related to the post for which they desire to apply.
- Read the official notification carefully and attentively.
- After reading complete instructions carefully contenders are required to press online applying link and fill application form with all required and correct information.
- Appliers must upload their recent passport size photograph / Certificates / Signature at the time of filling application form, if required.
- Once the application form submitted successfully appliers should take a printout of submitted application form for further reference.
Dead Line of Online Application Is : 23-04-2021.
official Website : www.apsc.nic.in
- For more updates regarding latest jobs you may kindly bookmark this web portal by using CTRL + D. | https://www.recruitment-career.net/2016/10/apsc-Job-Notification.html |
WSAA State Target ChampionshipSkookum Archers is proud to host the WSAA State Target Championship.
July 13th & 14th 2019 - Start time is 9:00 am both days
.
This tournament is a NFAA American 900 Round each day. NFAA Age Division and Equipment styles (including PeeWee)
Adult, Senior, Silver Senior, Master Senior & Young Adult distances: 60, 50, 40 yards
Youth distances: 50, 40, 30 yards
Cub distances: 30, 20, 10 yards
PeeWee distances: 15, 10, 5 yards
Threre will be 5 ends of 6 arrows each distance at 122 cm diameter multi-color face
You must be a member of WSAA and either NFAA or USAA and you must shoot both days for awards based on total score.
There is dry camping available on site - Lunch, snacks & refreshments will be available both days. | https://www.skookumarchers.com/target.php |
Etna volcano updates and eruption news:
Etna volcano update: Activity at New SE crater ends
Thursday Mar 27, 2014 15:54 PM | BY: T
Etna's New SE crater this morning (Etna Trekking webcam on Schiena dell'Asino)
During the night, the lava effusion and persistent mild explosive activity from the New SE crater ceased, after being nearly continuously active for over two months.
Current tremor signal (ECPNZ station, INGV Catania)
If this is a true end or only a short pause to the latest eruptive phase which on 22 January remains to be seen. The tremor fell back to low levels in correspondence.
- All news about: Etna volcano
- Information about: Etna volcano
Previous news
Saturday, Mar 22, 2014
Mild strombolian activity is still continuing and ash emissions alternate with dense white vapour. ... read all
Thursday, Mar 20, 2014
Mild explosive activity continues at the New SE crater with little variation, but has now essentially become continuous. Weak lava effusion also continues to aliment small flows from vents at the eastern base of the cone. The tremor shows a fluctuating, but overall slowly increasing trend. ... read all
Tuesday, Mar 18, 2014
There have been no significant changes in activity. Mild strombolian explosions continue at the summit vent of the New Southeast Crater (NSEC) and lava emission continues to feed flows from the effusive vents at the eastern side of the cone. ... read all
Monday, Mar 10, 2014
While weak lava effusion and sporadic strombolian explosions from the New SE crater continue with little changes, the Bocca Nuova crater has started to produce occasional small ash emissions of sometimes elevated temperature (suggesting presence of magma near the surface). ... read all
Saturday, Mar 08, 2014
Weak lava effusion from the vent at the eastern base of the New SE crater, as well as sporadic small explosions from its summit crater continue with no significant variations over the past days. ... read all
More on VolcanoDiscovery
Gorely volcano photos: Gorely is a young and very active shield volcano in southern Kamchatka. It is one of Kamchatka's easiest volcanoes to climb and offers stunning views into vast craters and the surrounding landscape.
Land of Theseus: The Saronic Gulf opposite Athens is one of the most beautiful and interesting areas of Greece, full of beautiful landscapes, small towns, islands, archeological remains and one of Europe's least known active volcanic areas. Join us on a relaxing tour to discover this fascinating area!
Vulkane Italiens - order online: 88 pages, brilliant color photos, German language - this beautifully illustrated guidebook is a perfect introduction and companion for all interested in Italy's rich and varied volcanic areas.
Ijen volcano photos: Ijen volcano in East Java is famous for its turquoise acid crater lake and the large sulfur deposits that are being mined by local workers. At night, the scene is illuminated by ghostly blue flames, as sulfur ignites. | https://www.volcanodiscovery.com/etna/news/43444/Etna-volcano-update-Activity-at-New-SE-crater-ends.html |
The Table de Quartier Sud de l’Ouest-de-l’Île (TQSOI) is hosting its first ever Community Pop-Up event in Valois village beside the train station today.
The impetus behind the Pop up event is to engage area residents in three topics of discussion: affordable housing, access to public transportation and food security, three issues that have been front and centre for the non-profit agency since its inception.
The idea of setting up in Valois to discuss the pertinent topics is due to the fact that the village will be getting a new urban plan soon so the “ Pop-Up will engage with locals via activities and games for all ages. Food will also be available onsite, including free popcorn. The event will encourage participatory urban design, providing an opportunity for residents to discuss key issues and create solutions that would benefit the local community,” explained TQSOI Executive Director Alena Ziuleva.
“We want to engage with residents to imagine a better future for Valois Village. We hope our participatory approach here will inspire successful practices elsewhere in the West Island. It is meant to encourage a holistic approach to quality affordable housing, transportation and food policies.”
The TQSOI is hoping that area residents will be inspired to “ build a community according to their standards. The organization believes in encouraging citizens to help design their community; well designed streets and neighbourhoods can contribute to a more equitable Valois Village, giving all residents accessibility to homes, transportation and food in a safe and vibrant neighbourhood.”
The TQSOI Community Pop Up takes place today from 4 to 7 p.m. in Valois Village adjacent to the train station. | https://www.thesuburban.com/news/west_island_news/tqsoi-creates-community-pop-up-in-valois-village/article_a4f7404d-9e7c-513f-80e4-4e3cfa1f8166.html |
In a typical small business jet, there are three forward display units that provide information required to aviate, navigate, and communicate during flight operations. Typically, the two outboard displays are used for “aviate” purposes with some capability to display navigation data. Typically, the center display is used for “navigate” and “communicate” purposes with any additional capability desired by the developer of the aircraft (e.g., maintenance functions).
Traditionally, the traffic collision avoidance system (TCAS) receives information regarding the range, elevation, and bearing of other traffic which is then rendered into a basic display of traffic information. This is generally indicated on a navigation map on the center display, but may also be indicated on a horizontal situation indicator (HSI) within one of the outboard displays (e.g., a primary flight display). Aeronautical charts are typically displayed at the same time as the navigation map in an independent window.
The emerging surveillance technology of Automatic Dependent Surveillance-Broadcast (ADS-B) requires each aircraft to transmit detailed information regarding such aircraft's position and intent. The ADS-B transmissions include more information than can normally be determined using a traditional TCAS. The indication of ADS-B's improved set of information can provide greater situation awareness to the pilot. However, the introduction of ADS-B In (inbound) applications (e.g., applications where ownship uses the ADS-B data received from other aircraft) into the field is occurring very slowly, primarily due to the cost of implementing ADS-B functions and modifying installed avionics systems (e.g., the forward displays and the TCAS receiver). Retrofitting ADS-B In applications into older system architectures is cost prohibitive and is unlikely to occur without a mandate from the regulatory authorities.
| |
Both during his life and from beyond the grave, Surrealist Salvador Dalí has never been boring. From animated Disney shorts to failed paternity claims, constantly emerging details of the artist’s life have kept us talking about his work. Now, after 75 years in a private collection, a long-lost Dalí painting has just been rediscovered. It’s set to go on display in New York.
Nicolas Descharnes, a Dalí scholar, confirmed that the painting was indeed authentic in an interview with Artnet. After a series of tests – including infrared photography, signature analysis, and archival research – Descharnes concluded that there was nothing that might indicate the painting is a forgery.
It has been theorised that the painting was created in Dalí’s first months living in Spain in 1932. As Artnet reports, material analysis dating the pigments used to 1932 and the manufacture of the painting’s stretcher in Spain confirm this.
“With a forgery, there is always a mistake you can track somewhere. This one, no mistake,” Nicolas Descharnes said. Descharnes has also authenticated The Intrauterine Birth of Salvador Dalí (c. 1921), which was his first surrealist work.
Adding to its claims for authenticity, the painting is signed “Gala Salvador Dalí” – one of the many ways that Dalí paid tribute to his wife Gala, as well as in his recently re-published book Les Dîners de Gala.
The untitled painting contains seems to be inspired by an exterior window of Dalí and Gala’s home in Port Lligat in Spain from 1932–1982. This house is now a museum open to the public. Objects included in the artwork also appear in his later work, Morphological Echo (1934–36).
The painting is fairly sparse, something that is uncharacteristic for the artist’s works. However, this adds to the belief that the work is not forged, as Descharnes said, “The forger wouldn’t leave the painting without anything on the ground, because the forger needs to make a painting that is attractive.” The inclusion of a stretcher, made in Spain, seems to also conclude it was made during his first few months residing there.
Although the painting’s exhibition history can’t be determined exactly due to the painting’s lack of title, records of two 1932 exhibitions of Dalí’s works in the Galerie Pierre Colle in Paris do list some ‘untitled’ paintings. Two paintings sold to an Argentinian countess in the 30s have also been recently rediscovered. The dramatic works, titled Maison Pour Erotomane (1932) and Gradiva (1931) each have an estimated value of between £1.2m and £1.8m. They will go to auction at London’s Sothebys February 28.
The artwork is on display by appointment at the Heather James Fine Art Gallery in New York. | http://www.dazeddigital.com/art-photography/article/39184/1/a-forgotten-salvador-dal-painting-has-been-rediscovered-after-75-years?utm_source=Link&utm_medium=Link&utm_campaign=RSSFeed&utm_term=a-forgotten-salvador-dali-painting-has-been-rediscovered-after-75-years |
Earth Day activity ideas for all age groups
Earth Day is celebrated on the 22nd of April each year.
It is about building a healthy and sustainable environment through education and working together as a global community. In our opinion, it is a topic we should be discussing with the young learners sitting in our classrooms.
The main message of Earth Day is doing positive things for our environment and working together to make a difference. Through some carefully designed lessons, we as teachers can empower our students to contribute towards caring for Earth and its healthy future.
To help Aussie teachers plan some meaningful learning experiences about Earth Day, we have listed a few age-appropriate lessons:
Early Years / Kindergarten:
Read ‘The Earth Book’ By Todd Parr together
Make an Earth artwork using recycled newspaper.
Make a list of ways to help the Earth at school and home.
Grades 1 & 2:
Perhaps start by reading a book such as Michael Recycle by Ellie Bethel
Discuss the idea of caring for the Earth. Complete a Y chart that explains what that looks like, sounds like and feels like.
Identify ways we can ‘Reduce, reuse and recycle.’
Turn your daily maths into an Earth Detective lesson. Collect data from the class about positive habits that are environmentally friendly and then create a graph using the data.
Grades 3 & 4:
Make an ‘Earth Pledge’ by naming three things to do that help keep planet Earth healthy.
Complete some persuasive writing around environmental problems and issues
Look at earth day from a First Nations perceptive. Wingaru kids have some excellent guidance on their blog.
Grades 5 & 6:
Discuss the idea of Global Warming and how it is harming our Earth.
Research young environmental activists such as Greta Thunberg and what they are doing to empower the world community and make changes.
Go digital - instead of completing activities on paper, make an environmental choice and complete learning online instead (check out our digital activities here).
Writing focus:
Earth Day is the perfect time to engage our students in persuasive writing because there is so much to write about when it comes to being environmentally friendly, sustainable and good citizens of the planet.
Give students a range of speaking and listening activities to build the field before they write.
Culminate by publishing their writing in a beautiful 3D Earth display.
Grab everything you need to teach this writing unit here.
Earth day is the perfect opportunity for us as educators to shine the spotlight on the environmental issues that our students need to learn about. Looking after our planet requires a team effort, so what better place to start than our classrooms?
Are you celebrating Earth Day at your school? Grab a copy of our no prep resources to help you save time here:
Grades 1-2 Digital and Paper resources
Grades 3-5 Digital and Paper resources
Grades 3-5 Earth Day persuasive writing unit
What to read next: | https://www.rainbowskycreations.com/post/earth-day-activity-ideas-for-all-age-groups |
Nowadays, climate change is a phenomenon with tangible consequences. Extended dry seasons, frequent and intense storms, floods, prolonged heat waves and the increased number of mega-fires make it all the more evident. According to the conclusions of the international workshop “Adaptation to Climate Change in Mediterranean Forest Conservation and Management”, which was organized in Athens in April of 2008 by WWF and the International Union for Conservation of Nature, the resilience and the adaptation capacity of Mediterranean forest ecosystems are being critically reduced by the combined impact of climate change and human activity. The combination of climate change with environmental pollution, rapid changes in land use due to the expansion of economic activity and urban areas, and the fragmentation of forest areas by transport infrastructures creates a hazardous situation for Mediterranean forests.
Forest wildfires are the most direct and dramatic consequence of climate change. Dry weather conditions, extended periods of high temperatures and extreme meteorological phenomena, mostly observed in the northern parts of the Mediterranean, contribute to the increase in wildfire frequency, intensity and extent.
According to a recent study by the National Observatory of Athens, presented in the Climate Change and Forest Wildfires section of Oikoskopio (in Greek), the Greek landscape is expected to change dramatically by the end of the century due to the climate change. The number of days of extreme heat will be 5 times as high until 2100, and the number of high wildfire risk days will have increased by 30. The indicative maps and charts presented in Oikoskopio provide information about the expected change of nine parameters related to climate change and wildfires in the immediate future, specifically during the periods 2012–2050 and 2071–2100.
Some of the most representative findings are:
- Warm days will increase by 50% during 2021–2050 and by 100% between 2071–2100.
- The average number of days of extreme heat (6.7) during the base period 1961–1990 is expected to be twice as high (12.8) during 2021–2050 and five times as high (30.50) during 2071–2100.
- High wildfire risk days per year are expected to increase by 30, mostly for the eastern parts of the country, from Thrace to Crete.
- The rise in temperature appears to be accompanied by an increase in the number of dry days. Eastern Central Greece, Euboea and Thessaly, as well as the Aegean islands and Crete, are the regions that will be most affected.
Nevertheless, the impact of climate change has already become evident in Greece through the devastating wildfires of the summers of 2007 and 2009. In 2007, 2,500 square kilometers were burnt during an exceptionally hot summer with repeated heat waves. Another important fact is the increasing occurrence of wildfires in the conifer forests of mountainous areas, such as the fir forests of Parnon and of the National Park of Parnitha that were destroyed in the 2007 wildfires. These forests lack regeneration mechanisms and, therefore, need human intervention (reforestation) to recover.
The impact of climate change is further evident in the massive drying of pines (e.g., in Ilia) and firs (e.g., in Chelmos and Giona). After examining dry pines in the general area of Ilia, the National Agricultural Research Foundation determined the cause to be an insect invasion brought on by the stress that many of them had undergone as a result of various factors related to climate change.
At the same time, forests play an important part in dealing with the climate change by reducing its impact. They sequester the atmosphere’s carbon dioxide (CO2) and convert it to biomass. They diminish the impact of severe meteorological phenomena and are necessary in preserving biodiversity, while their absence can intensify desertification.
Forests suffer the consequences of climate change and are, at the same time, the first line of defense against it. It is, therefore, imperative to take action against the hostile environment created by climate change.
Contributing to the effort of conserving the country’s natural wealth, WWF Greece has already made integrated proposals concerning the adaptation of forests to climate change available to the state. | https://www.wwf.gr/en/areas/forests/forests-and-climate-change |
The large-scale performance works generally involve live voice & electronics, multiple channels of projected video, and a set and lighting design. Some of them are solo and some include additional performers. They are appropriate for flexible black-box theatres or proscenium halls capable of supporting a lighting design and good quality (stereo or multi-channel) sound reinforcement.
The installation works can involve any combination of stereo or multiple channels of audio, single or multi-channel video, and physical (found or fabricated) objects. The fixed media sound works are appropriate for playback in a listening room or gallery space, a tape music concert, or for broadcast. The works that involve video, objects, or some kind of interactive element, are sometimes better suited for gallery/exhibition spaces.
Pamela Z has composed a number of chamber works scored for various combinations acoustic instuments and live electronics or tape. Generally commissioned by new music ensembles such as Kronos Quartet, Bang on a Can Allstars, and Ethel, some of these works can be performed without the composer present, while others include a part for voice and electronics and are intended to be performed by the composer and the ensemble. | http://pamelaz.com/repertoire.html |
This collection contains a variety of periodicals, photographs, correspondence, business and advertising ephemera (corporate and non-profit, personal), organizational records and ephemera, created by, for, and in reaction to the Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender (LGBT) community.
Constance Stuart Larrabee Collection
circa 5000 Photographic prints (silver gelatin, black and white, 8 x 10 inches or smaller)
circa 20 Linear feet (Manuscript Materials)
5.4 Linear feet (Office Files)
The collection dates from 1900 to 1997 and mostly includes images taken in South Africa. The images document the peoples of South Africa, particularly the Loved, Ndebele, San, Sotho, Xhosa, and Zulu peoples. Locations photographed include Basutoland (now Lesotho), Bechuanaland (now Botswana), Johannesburg, Natal, Pretoria, Soweto, Swaziland, Transkei, Transvaal, the Umzimkulu Valley and Zululand. Manuscript and office files include clippings, correspondence, exhibition announcements, invitations and reviews, notes, essays, receipts, and other materials that document Larrabee's career, family history, and personal life.
Loan Files
These records pertain to the exhibitions of the Cooper-Hewitt Museum, beginning with the first held under the auspices of the Smithsonian, Immovable Objects/Lower Manhattan from Battery Park to the Brooklyn Bridge, which opened in June 1975, and ending with Louis Sullivan: The Function of Ornament, which closed in September 1987. In …
Experimental Gallery Records
These records consist of correspondence and memoranda pertaining to Experimental Gallery proposals, installation of exhibitions, gallery activities with the public, and research; administrative files concerning financial reports, funding (through the Cafritz and Rockefeller foundations, as well as the Pew Charitable Trusts), contracts, exhibit management, and personnel; minutes of meetings; articles …
Public Program Records
This accession consists of the records of Shirley E. Cherkasky, who served as Coordinator of Performance Programs at the National Museum of American History (NMAH), Department of Public Programs, from 1983 to 1995. Also includes records that date back to when Cherkasky was Director of Museum Programs in the Division of Performing …
Lily Spandorf drawings
This collection consists of 754 pen-and-ink, watercolor, and gouache drawings and paintings by artist Lily Spandorf. They depict scenes from various years of the Festival of American Folklife and its successor, the Smithsonian Folklife Festival.
Exhibition Records
This accession consists of records documenting the activities of the Smithsonian Institution Traveling Exhibition Service (SITES) in regard to the planning, execution, administration, and promotion of the major traveling exhibitions "In the Spirit of Martin: The Living Legacy of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.," "Jim Henson's Fantastic World," and "Star …
Curatorial Records
This accession consists of the curatorial records of Carl H. Scheele during his tenure as Associate Curator in Charge and Curator in the Division of Postal History, 1964-1977; Curator in the Division of Community Life, 1978-1987; and as Curator Emeritus, 1987-1989. Materials primarily include correspondence, memoranda, and notes documenting professional activities, collections development …
Tom Wisner papers
51 Sound tape reels (5 inch.)
2 Sound tape reels (7 inch.)
114 Videocassettes (VHS)
1 Video recording (1 large video reel)
Parts of several boxes of paper records
67 Electronic discs (CD)
624 Sound cassettes
This collection, which dates from 1968-2008, documents the professional activities of environmental activist and folk singer Tom Wisner. The collection includes original writings, correspondence, audio recordings, video recordings, interviews, and material relating to the production of Wisner's music and his musical performances.
A Collection of papers and recordings: original writings, correspondence, music production, projects and performances related to environmental advocacy and education of the Chesapeake Watershed; audio and visual recordings of Tom Wisner's professional music production, performances by Wisner and friends, interviews and documentation of the life and culture of the Chesapeake Watershed from 1968-2008. | https://sova.si.edu/search/all?s=10&n=10&t=A&q=Puppets%3A+Art+and+Entertainment+%28Exhibition%29+%281981-1982%3A+New+York%2C+N.Y.%29 |
David Blessing brings integrity and experience to a variety of legal situations. His practice is focused on helping hard-working people navigate the complexities of the legal process and get the outcomes they deserve. David handles cases including, but not limited to, civil litigation, probate work, and small business consulting.
David began his legal career with clerkships in the Hamilton County Court of Common Pleas and the U.S. State’s Attorney’s Office. Shortly after, he joined The Blessing Law Firm where he has remained committed to the firm’s proven reputation for justice and excellence
Throughout his career, David has been deeply devoted to the Cincinnati community and relishes opportunities to serve his neighbors. He volunteers as a coach for Madeira High School’s mock trial team and his kids’ sports teams.
David is extensively involved in the Greater Cincinnati legal community, giving back by filling the role of Trustee for the Cincinnati Bar Association. He is also a commission member on the Supreme Court of Ohio’s Commission on Certification of Attorney’s as Specialists. In addition, David considers it a privilege to serve as a volunteer for the Cincinnati Bar Association Volunteer Lawyers Project, which provides legal assistance to those who don’t otherwise have access to those resources.
Local attorneys committed to the people of Cincinnati. From civil litigation to estate planning, we consistently offer hard working, comprehensive representation to our clients with honesty and integrity. | https://blessingwallacelaw.com/attorneys/david-blessing/ |
Apple Inc. (AAPL) shares extended declines Monday, following its biggest decline in four years last week, after a report from Japan’s Nikkei business newspaper that the tech giant is asking assemblers in Asia to scrap some additional production plans amid tepid demand for its new iPhone XR.
The Nikkei said Foxconn and Pegatron were asked to halt the new production capacity, with the former producing 100,000 fewer units each day than first anticipated in its Taiwan-based facility. Pegatron is also holding back on adding extra production lines until it gets more clarity on XR demand from Apple, the Nikkei reported, without saying where it got the information. The reports followed a decision by Apple to no longer provide detailed numbers for the sale of it individual products, such as iPhones and mac computers, meaning investors will no longer be able to calculate their average selling price, a key metric used to gauge the company’s profitability.
“While we don’t expect the new lineup to drive unit volume growth to the levels seen during the iPhone 6 cycle, due to a mature smartphone market, revenues should still see a very healthy jump due to a continued uptick in average selling prices, with mid-range iPhone customers likely to upgrade to the XR and premium buyers likely opting for the new iPhone XS Max (top models cost $1,450),” said analysts at Trefis. | https://llodo.com/iphone/apple-slips-after-report-suggests-iphone-xr-production-boost-cancelled.html |
In her essay, Dr Katie Ellis, Senior Research Fellow at Curtin University Australia explores the question what constitutes our identity in the Facebook age.
Who are You?
Be Careful What You Put on Facebook
Identity, or the answer to the question “who are you” is a concept that has captured the attention of philosophers for hundreds of years. When this question was posed to the fictional Sophie Amundsen in Sophie’s World her immediate reaction was that she was “Sophie Amundsen” but surely we are more than a name given to us by our parents? Would we be a different person if we had been given a different name? The idea that each person is unique is a tenant of personal identity while social identity refers to our roles and responsibilities. Twentieth Century philosopher George Herbert Mead argues that the self appears through social behaviour, or that social identity affects the formation of personal identity.
These philosophical concepts of personal identity and social identity and their influence on each other and in particular on our sense of selves are playing out on the social networking site Facebook right before our eyes, on our friend’s pages, on our own. Throughout this paper I will consider Facebook as an example of communicative identity, as a performance of the self based on already established social roles. We are who we are on Facebook based on what we already know about identity and perception.
Facebook is a particularly interesting case study in relation to personal identity on the internet because unlike previous generations of social networking such as LiveJournal and to a lesser degree MySpace, people use their real names on Facebook and attempt to represent who they really are:
When Grossman jokes that on Facebook everyone knows you’re a dog she is referring to the iconic cartoon printed in The New Yorker in 1993 where in reference to the anonymity of cyberspace, two dogs sit in front of a computer screen with the caption “on the internet nobody knows you’re a dog.” In 2007 Kimberly Christopherson examined this in relation to social identity in an article appropriately titled The positive and negative implications of anonymity in Internet social interactions: ‘On the Internet, Nobody Knows You’re a Dog’’. Christopherson argues that the internet is a unique social context in which the expression of social behaviours can be analysed. A decreasing level of anonymity brought about through social networking has led to the adoption of different strategies depending on the individual’s goal for social interaction. Computer mediated Communication via Facebook is changing the face of social communication on an interpersonal level.
Kim Moldofsky of the Hormone-Coloured Days blog writes that she has tried to keep her online and offline identity separate yet struggles with this neat division on Facebook because she is representing her “real self” on Facebook:
For Moldofsky a Facebook Philosophy is about maintaining control of a fluid online identity. On Facebook we take our own name and seem to be more willing to part with our personal information than in previous net generations. Facebook users are encouraged to fill in a profile outlining their name, sex, birthday, religion, relationship status, siblings, parents, goals for social interaction and other personal, contact and institutional information. Perhaps Sophie was correct, was I a different me when I went by the name Tieka (a composite of my own name Katie) on IRC and ICQ in the 1990s and all I had to answer was asl (age, sex, location)? In the absence of clearly demarcated networks this was an entirely different projection of identity.
I have been on Facebook for about eight years, I have 359 friends. I friend, I unfriend and I’ve been friended and unfriended. I’ll admit I have no idea who many of my “friends” are, some I consider strangers, others “Facebook friends” who I have come to know through their profiles, status updates, tagged photos and choice of quizzes. Although I really enjoy my Facebook friends and feel a strong connection and sense of community with many of them, most of the time these people are little more than objects of entertainment to me. Many enact a performance of gender roles and social identity, a performance I also participate in as I carve out an online identity based on how and as whom I want to be perceived in both the online and offline world.
George Herbert Mead argued that the self is established through communication. He saw the individual as a product of society, of social interaction. For Mead, we are only able to conceive of ourselves in relation to other people. In the first instance we are an object to others, and then when we take the perspective of other people through language we become an object to ourselves. Although Mead was theorising about these issues during the 1920s, his perspectives have taken on new currency in the Facebook era as Mark Van Hollebeke comments:
On Facebook our profiles are objects to our friends and then through the language of Facebook; profile pictures, status updates, quizzes, relationship statuses and photos we take the perspective of others to communicate ourselves to the network. Drawing on the work of Mead, Van Hollebeke argues that “the individual projects traits based on what others in society think they are” on their Facebook page. Mead was particularly interested in selfhood as an extension of being an object to others, and by extension the self.
“Me” and ‘I” are crucial in Mead’s understanding of social interaction and communicative identity. For Mead “me” referred to the social self while “I” is the response to “me”. The self is intertwined with social existence. When Facebook users decide “what’s on [their] mind” or to update their status they are offering a representation of the self or a “me” based on the socialisation which they have already experienced. For example when one friend posts about cricket on boxing day or another laments the stares of older mothers when she drops her children off at school wearing short shorts, they have selected an identity that they want to project. On Facebook identity is a choice, an object we choose to project. When “I” maintain my Facebook page I select a “me” to project to the world, and myself. My personal identity is selected from a choice of social identities.
Social existence and communicative identity for Mead is a three step process that I wish to outline using the example of profile pictures on Facebook. Firstly, others become aware of an individual’s intentions through their actions or a gesture. A profile picture is one of the first step is the selection of an identity on Facebook, particularly as previous to Facebook people generally adopted avatars or an image that represented a person’s online identity rather than an actual picture of the person. For example on my LiveJournal I have an animation of a stick figure dancing rather than a picture of myself. As Facebook has crossed over into the educational arena with many Universities using Facebook to communicate with students, tertiary institutions are informing students about how to manage their online identities:
When users select a profile picture of themselves on their wedding day or with their partner, or with a group of people at a party or in a nightclub, they are communicating something about their intentions. In the second step, communication takes place because the user selecting their profile picture has knowledge of how others in the network will respond, even if this is only on an unconscious level. This act of choosing a profile picture demonstrates the way “I” chooses a “me”. The woman choosing a picture of herself on her wedding day takes the perspectives of other people knowing people will interpret her as a wife or perhaps a “beautiful bride” which then invites all sorts of other social meanings.
Finally, this picture means something to the individual who is negotiating their personal identity amongst the available social identities. Identity as it emerges in the mind of an individual can not be separated from social processes and interactions:
The self emerges through perception, meaning and language. The wedding day photo is a symbolic act of communication. While as a gesture, this choice may appear non significant, symbolically it communicates much about the woman’s identity, and her perceived success in life as women experience ongoing social pressure to be married.
My Facebook friends often seem like caricatures of stereotypes of typical types of people we see on television and in the media. I have my married with kids friends, single males on the prowl, single females asserting their sexual freedom, and academic colleagues pimping their latest publication. Sometimes it all feels a bit Melrose Place but with 7 seasons condensed into a daily news feed. Tara Brabazon argues that this saturation of personal information as it is conflated with social identity is leading us down a superficial path:
The idea that Facebook users can no longer differentiate between representation and reality has led to calls for people to go offline. Communication overload has inspired a teen movement of “switching off”:
While my first reaction to these calls to switch off Facebook to discover who your real friends are is that they are reactionary and display a fear of new technology, they do resonate. Thanks to Facebook I now know how everyone turned out; those ex boyfriends I never wanted to see again but kind of wondered about in an I’m so better off without them way and those girls I thought I would be best friends forever with. But not really; I know how they want the world to think they turned out and how that in turn has impacted on their formation of a personal identity. Facebook is an extension of language, and as we participate in it, it participates in the “dynamic, ongoing social process” of personal and social identity as a communicative creation.
This contribution on the subject of digital identity is part of the project "THE POSSIBILITY OF AN ARMY" by artist Constant Dullaart.
ABOUT THE AUTHOR
Dr. Katie Ellis is a senior research fellow at the School of Media, Culture and Creative Arts at Curtin University Australia. Her essay on “The Facebook Philosophy: Identity, Objects and/or Friends” was originally published in Australian Screen Education.
Footnotes
Martin Hollis, The philosophy of social science: an introduction Cambridge University Press, 1994 p. 17
George Herbert Mead ‘The Genesis of the Self and Social Control’ International Journal of Ethics, Vol 35, No.3, 1925, pp.251-277
Lev Grossman ‘Why Facebook is the Future’ Time 23 August 2007 home.sbc.edu.hk/~lwmm/newscut/materials/20070826time.pdf [accessed 26 December 2009]
Kimberly Christopherson ‘The positive and negative implications of anonymity in Internet social interactions: “On the Internet, Nobody Knows You’re a Dog” Computers in Human Behaviour Vol 23 2007 pp.3038-3056
Kim Moldofsky ‘Facebook Philosophy’ Hormone-Coloured Days 14 January 2009 hormonecoloreddays.blogspot.com/2009/01/facebook-philosophy.html [accessed 23 December 2009]
Pacific Lutheran University ‘Philosophical theorist takes on Facebook’ Campus Voice 27 October 2006 news.plu.edu/node/1255 [accessed 26 December 2009]
Ibid
Katie Ellis & Mike Kent Disability and New Media Routledge Forthcoming.
Lisa Cluett ‘How to Survive….. Networking in Facebook’ Study Smarter October 2009 www.studentservices.uwa.edu.au/__data/page/155791/TT2.1_Networking_in_Facebook.pdf [accessed 26 December 2009]
George Cronk ‘George Herbert Mead (1863-1931)’ Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy www.iep.utm.edu/mead/ 2005 [accessed 26 December 2009]
Tara Brabazon ‘Come back Karl. All is forgiven’ ArtsHub 29 August 2007
www.artshub.com.au/au/news-article/views/museums-and-libraries/come-back-karl-all-is-forgiven-165380 [accessed 26 December 2009]
Barb Dybwad ‘Teens banding Together to Cut Down on Facebook’ Mashable: The Social Media Guide 21 December 2009 mashable.com/2009/12/21/teens-cutting-down-on-facebook/ [accessed 26 December 2009]
George Cronk op.cit. | https://www.schirn.de/en/magazine/context/the_philosophy_of_facebook_identity_objects_andor_friends/ |
POSITION SUMMARY: The Refueling and Remote Handling Group is responsible for fuel and reactor module handling, including its remote disassembly, inspection, and assembly during reactor refueling. The group provides for the design of remotely operated or controlled automated, robotic, and tele-operated reactor servicing tools and inspection equipment for use by NuScale in a variety of operating environments. The mission of the group is to provide efficient, safe, and reliable tools, equipment and processes that ensure refueling outage performance objectives are achieved.
ESSENTIAL DUTIES AND RESPONSIBILITIES:
Develops resolutions to complex problems that require the frequent use of creativity and innovation.
Provides and utilizes system engineering input in the development of reactor servicing tools, inspection equipment, and control systems.
Prepares, checks, and reviews engineering reports, system descriptions and specifications, drawings, calculations, and other design documents with particular emphasis on reactor servicing tooling and inspection systems, machine and component design. Works on complex tasks in multiple and diverse areas.
Work collaboratively with the Nuclear Steam Supply System (NSSS) Component design organization to ensure adequate features are provided to interface with NuScale’s reactor servicing tools to ensure that functional and performance requirements are met.
Works closely with Systems Engineering and the Operations group to develop work sequences and handling plans as part of an integrated tool design scheme.
Develops and maintains engineering standards and criteria.
Assists in the planning and organization of complex engineering work. Performs innovative and complex engineering assignments on a team dedicated to the development of an engineered product; interprets scope and requirements of projects; develops alternative methods to achieve project goals.
Supports and manages procurement of activities related to equipment design, fabrication and testing activities.
Assists other teams by utilizing sound technical approaches and engineering standards to solve problems in technical areas of expertise.
Mentors and trains other engineers in sound approaches and standards for solving problems in technical areas of expertise.
Self-manages workload and deadlines.
Performs other duties as assigned.
CORE COMPETENCIES: To perform the job successfully, the individual should demonstrate competencies in performing the essential functions of this position by performing satisfactorily in each of these competencies.
Problem solving: Identifies and resolves problems in a timely manner, gathers and reviews information appropriately. Uses own judgment and acts independently; seeks input from other team members as appropriate for complex or sensitive situations.
Oral/written communication: Listens carefully and speaks clearly and professionally in all situations. Written work is accurate, clear, and succinct, is able to create, read and interpret complex written information. Ability to develop strong interpersonal networks within the organization, and is comfortable interacting with peers face to face in one-on-one and in group settings..
Creativity/Innovation: Able to identify new or alternative solutions to improve equipment operating efficiency and reliability, or to overcome technical challenges. Actively contributes ideas and opinions.
Planning/organizing: Assists in the prioritization and planning of work activities, organizes personal and project timelines and deadlines, tracks project timelines and deadlines, and uses time efficiently.
Adaptability: Adapts to changes in the work environment, manages competing demands and is able to deal with frequent interruptions, changes, delays, or unexpected events. Willing to be taught
the additional knowledge required for the design of remote/automated equipment operating in a nuclear environment.
Dependability: Accountable to team members and honors work commitments, responds to management expectations and solicits feedback to improve performance.
Team Building: Capable of developing strong interpersonal networks and trust within the organization.
Safety Culture: Adheres to the NuScale Safety culture and is expected to model safe behavior and influence peers to meet high standards.
MINIMUM SKILLS, QUALIFICATIONS AND ABILITIES:
Education: A B.S. degree in Mechanical, Electrical, or Nuclear Engineering from a four year accredited (ABET preferred) college or university. A PE license in Mechanical, Electrical, or Nuclear Engineering is desirable.
Experience: A minimum of 8 years of relevant professional experience. Demonstrated experience required in:
Implementing engineering design processes to design mechanical handling equipment and systems. Prior experience operating in a nuclear operating environment is a plus.
Planning, preparing, and checking mechanical design documents for mechanical equipment and systems.
Industry Requirements: Eligible to work under Department of Energy 10 CFR Part 810.
Quality Assurance: Demonstrated understanding and implementation of quality assurance regulations, standards and guidelines of 10 CFR 50 Appendix B, 10 CFR 21, and NQA-1 preferred.
PHYSICAL DEMANDS: The physical demands described here are representative of those that must be met by an employee to successfully perform the essential functions of this job. Reasonable accommodations may be made to enable individuals with disabilities to perform the essential functions.
Ability to understand and communicate clearly using a phone, personal interaction, and computers.
Ability to learn new job functions and comprehend and understand new concepts quickly and apply them accurately in a rapidly evolving environment.
The employee frequently is required to sit and stand, walk, bend, use hands to operate office equipment, and reach with hands and arms.
Ability to travel nationally and locally using common forms of transportation.
Disclaimer: Employee(s) must perform the essential duties and responsibilities with or without reasonable accommodation efficiently and accurately without causing significant safety threat to self or others. The above statements are intended to describe the general nature and level of work being performed by employee(s) assigned to this classification. They are not intended to be construed as an exhaustive list of all responsibilities, duties and/or skills required of all employees in this classification. | https://network.symplicity.com/corvallis-or/mechanical-4-refueling-and-remote-handling-roboticsautomation/127E79A813F34CB0A46CE36AD3E38202/job/?vs=28 |
The Manager Power & Recovery is the leader of the Power, Recovery and Caustic Plant organizations at the fully integrated mill in Texarkana, TX. This role is accountable for the safe and efficient operations of all Power, Recovery and Caustic Plant areas, and reports to the Pulp and Power Operations Manager.
Required Skills
Duties & Responsibilities (include but are not limited to the following):
- Provide visible and active leadership for the overall Power & Recovery Operations
- Champions safety efforts and enforce safety standards and practices resulting in superior performance by creating and maintaining a safe work environment
- Utilize and refine standard work systems to effect sustainable positive results in safety, environmental, people, housekeeping, quality, cost, and performance
- Provides leadership and resources to support a high-performance work group
- Supports high performance work group concepts with the ability to lead change
- Develop and manage Leadership Team Members through mentorship, coaching and accountability methods
- Collaborates with all levels of management personnel to establish production and quality control standards for the Department
- Manage all area production activities and establish area production priorities for products in keeping with effective operations and cost factors
- Develop area budgets and manage costs within established budget and take ownership for financial performance of area
- Establish Department goals and objectives, and steward performance management process consistent with company and mill direction
- Understand and manage environmental impacts of production processes to ensure strict environmental compliance
- Develop capital projects and strategic improvement plans for Department
- Ensure there is effective communication of business strategy, goals, and initiatives to Department workforce
- Coordinates predictive and preventative maintenance activities with Maintenance Department establishing long-term sustainability for equipment
- Ensures compliance of mechanical integrity programs including tank integrity, pressure vessels, safety relief devices and infrastructure
- Maintain effective communications and working relationships with Operations Departments, Maintenance, Safety, IT, Environmental, Human Resources, Engineering, Purchasing and Suppliers assuring alignment with meeting quality standards and operational efficiencies
- Other duties as assigned
- Implement and manage improvement strategies designed to: include all production areas, increase customer satisfaction, increase yield and operating efficiency, reduce cost, and improve reliability
- Utilize and improve standard work systems to ensure a strong foundation for continuous improvement and work performance accountability
Required Experience
At Graphic Packaging International (NYSE: GPK), we produce the box you may have poured your child's cereal from this morning, the microwaveable tray that heated your lunch, the paper cup that held your coffee throughout the day, and the carrier of those bottles of craft beer you may enjoy tonight! We're one of the largest manufacturers of paperboard and paper-based packaging for some of the world's most recognized brands of food, beverage, foodservice, household, personal care and pet care products. Headquartered in Atlanta, Georgia, we are a team of collaborative, innovative, passionate individuals who are committed to providing consumer packaging that makes a world of difference.
With almost 18,000 employees working in more than 70 locations in North and South America, Europe and the Pacific Rim, we strive to be an environmentally responsible leader in our industry and in the communities where we operate. We are committed to workplace diversity and offer compensation and benefits programs that are among the industry's best to reward the talented people who make our company successful.
If this sounds like something you would like to be a part of, we'd love to hear from you. Learn more about us at www.graphicpkg.com.
Inspired Packaging. A World of Difference.
Graphic Packaging is an Equal Opportunity Employer. All candidates will be evaluated on the basis of their qualifications for the job in question. We do not base our employment decision on an employee's or applicant's race, color, religion, age, gender or sex (including pregnancy), national origin, ancestry, marital status, sexual orientation, gender identity, genetic identity, genetic information, disability, veteran/military status or any other basis prohibited by local, state, or federal law. Click here to view the EEO is the Law Poster. | https://careers.graphicpkg.com/job/Texarkana-Manager-Power-&-Recovery-TX-75572/756348500/ |
# Rainbow shark
The rainbow shark (Epalzeorhynchos frenatum) is a species of Southeast Asian freshwater fish from the family Cyprinidae. It is also known as the ruby shark, red-fin shark, red-finned shark, rainbow sharkminnow, green fringelip labeo, whitefin shark and whitetail sharkminnow. It is a popular, semi-aggressive aquarium fish. Unlike true sharks, which belong to the Chondrichthyes ("cartilagenous fishes") lineage, the rainbow shark is an actinopterygiian ("ray-finned fish").
## Distribution and habitat
Rainbow sharks are native to the basins of Mekong, Chao Phraya, Xe Bangfai and Maeklong in Indochina. They live in water with sandy substrates, near the river bottom. This species feeds on algae and plankton, and seasonally migrates into flooded areas, then recedes back to the rivers as the floods dry up.
## Description
The rainbow shark has an elongated black, dark blue or bright blue body. The snout is pointed. The abdominal area is flat. The fins possess red to orange-red coloration. The linear area from the gill cover, the eye, and the mouth has a characteristic brief stripe. Compared to females, male rainbow sharks have thinner bodies with black lines along the tailfins. Males also have brighter coloration. They can grow up to about 6 in (15 cm) long.
### Variants
The albino red-fin shark or albino rainbow sharkminnow is a variety of rainbow shark with a white body and red/orange fins. It closely resembles "normal" rainbow sharks in temperament and appearance, thus they share the same common names in the aquarium industry. These have sometimes been referred to as E. munense, but that is a separate species that rarely enters the aquarium trade. The rainbow shark is also one of the types of genetically modified, fluorescent fish known as GloFish.
Another variant that exists is a rarer form, often referred to as the “ghost sharkminnow”. Its appearance is otherwise identical to the typical rainbow shark, however its fins are white, and almost transparent
## In the aquarium
### Behavior
Rainbow sharks are tank-bottom and aquarium-surface cleaners. Being bottom- and mid-level dwellers, they consume leftover fish food, but also eat the algae growing off surfaces. They are known to be peaceful with their own kind in the wild but have been known to be aggressive with one another if kept together in a tank. Threat displays and fighting are likely to occur. This fighting behavior involves head-and-tail butting, and also biting.. A large rainbow shark will continuously chase a smaller one until the smaller one dies, or chase other fish out of its territory, especially in confined environments like aquaria. It may also increase the risk of the fish jumping out of its tank. This makes breeding difficult. The provision of hiding places and hollowed decors such as plants or artificial cave-like and tunnel-like aquatic ornaments minimize this typical behavior. Due to this behavioral characteristic among its own kind, rainbow sharks are not recommendable to the new aquarist. Keeping them with relatives, such as red-tailed sharks, bala sharks and black sharks should be avoided, as they will chase and attack them as well.
### Tank requirements
An adult rainbow shark thrives in a minimum of 55 gallons of water, with an aquarium length of 48 inches, at the neutral pH range (6 to 8 pH), with temperatures between 24 and 27 °C (75 and 81 °F), and water hardness maintained at 5 to 11 dH. They must have this much space, as they frequently swim around quickly and will terrorize other fish in any tank under this size.
### Compatibility
Rainbow sharks are compatible with barbs and rainbowfish, which are upper- and middle-tank dwellers. They can also live with danios, loaches, plecos, rasboras, and gouramis. They can be housed with some species of larger freshwater shrimp although any fry or eggs might get eaten by the shark. They are not compatible with smaller, more timid fish in the tank, as the sharks may terrorize them by chasing them from their territory.
### Diet
Rainbow sharks are picky herbivorous and omnivorous eaters but are primarily consumers of algae in the form of flakes. They also eat live foods, such as insect larvae, tubifex worms, periphyton, crustaceans, phytoplankton, zooplankton and aquatic insects. Diet also include lettuce and spinach. They will also eat frozen bloodworms and brine shrimp.
### Breeding
No actual breed sequence has been documented in an aquarium setting. Although known to be egg-layers, reproduction of rainbow sharks is difficult in an aquarium setting. Large numbers are bred in southeast Asian commercial farms. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epalzeorhynchos_frenatum |
Subsets and Splits
No saved queries yet
Save your SQL queries to embed, download, and access them later. Queries will appear here once saved.