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With the exception of one spoon that I have replaced with the proper spoon since taking the photos, this listing is for the 69 pieces of Oneida Cube Stainless Flatware in a Naken Silverware Chest that you see in the photos. I acquired them at an estate sale where I was not told their history. All of the pieces except the knives are marked Oneida Stainless with a cube shape that you can see in the photos. The knives are not marked but I believe that they belong with the others.I believe that the pattern is called American Colonial. Somehow, an oval soup spoon from a similar pattern made it into my photos. Since taking the photos, I have replaced that spoon with an American Colonial oval soup spoon. The pieces are as follows. 12 Dinner Forks measuring close to 7 1/8 inches long. 12 Salad Forks measuring close to 6 1/4 inches long. 12 Oval Soup Spoons measuring close to 6 ½ inches long. 12 Teaspoons measuring close to 5 7/8 inches long.
12 Hollow Handle Knives measuring close to 9 inches long. 4 Serving spoons measuring close to inches long. 1 Pierced serving spoon measuring close to 8 1/8 inches long. 1 Ladle measuring close to 6 ¼ inches long.
1 Serving Fork measuring close to 8 ¼ inches long. 1 Butter Knife measuring close to 6 ¾ inches long. The condition is much like you see it in the 24 photos after the general description. The pieces are in very good to excellent used condition. There are slight signs of use in the form of very light and extremely light scratches from normal use.All of the pieces are generally in the same condition with the forks showing a bit less use that the spoons, so I have not provided close-ups of all of the pieces. It looks to me like they have not been used much. My photos, should give you a good idea of their general condition. There are a few minor scratches on the chest that are mostly on the lid. They are not easy to see in the photos. The inside of the chest shows a little wear and some dusty soil. I guarantee this flatware to be as described and represented by the 24 photos after the general description. The photos are part of the description. Please look at all of them.
Please know that the lighting in my photos is uneven and that there might be shadows or reflections. The colors on my monitor look close to but not exactly like the actual colors. Different monitors may show different colors. I often say that an item measures or weighs close to because in my opinion no measurements are exact and some things are difficult to measure.
Often, I have a custom made box for larger items and that can result in a short delay. When I use packing peanuts, they are usually biodegradable. Sometimes, I recycle used boxes. 24 photos should load with this listing.
The item "Oneida Cube Stainless American Colonial Flatware Set in Naken Chest 69 Pieces" is in sale since Monday, March 16, 2020. This item is in the category "Collectibles\Kitchen & Home\Tableware\Flatware & Silverware".The seller is "foundfeeling" and is located in Albany, Oregon. This item can be shipped to United States, Canada, United Kingdom, Denmark, Romania, Slovakia, Bulgaria, Czech republic, Finland, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Estonia, Australia, Greece, Portugal, Cyprus, Slovenia, Japan, China, Sweden, South Korea, Indonesia, Taiwan, South africa, Thailand, Belgium, France, Hong Kong, Ireland, Netherlands, Poland, Spain, Italy, Germany, Austria, Bahamas, Israel, Mexico, New Zealand, Singapore, Switzerland, Norway, Saudi arabia, Ukraine, United arab emirates, Qatar, Kuwait, Bahrain, Croatia, Malaysia, Chile, Colombia, Costa rica, Panama, Trinidad and tobago, Guatemala, Honduras, Jamaica, Barbados, Bangladesh, Bermuda, Brunei darussalam, Bolivia, Egypt, French guiana, Guernsey, Gibraltar, Guadeloupe, Iceland, Jersey, Jordan, Cambodia, Cayman islands, Liechtenstein, Sri lanka, Luxembourg, Monaco, Macao, Martinique, Maldives, Nicaragua, Oman, Pakistan, Paraguay, Reunion, Uruguay. | https://oneidastainlessflatware.com/oneida-cube-stainless-american-colonial-flatware-set-in-naken-chest-69-pieces.php |
A digital competence map describing the profile of VET teachers and trainers on digital skills.
In an increasingly digital world, let alone nowadays in which pandemic has radically changed the way of our social, business and educational life, new and different skills and competencies are needed as labor market and occupations are fundamentally changing. In particular, the coronavirus extraordinary situation is an opportunity for everyone to develop their digital skills. Likewise, Vocational Education and Training are also changed as a result of the digital transformation. Digital skills are developed and tested together with the
ubiquity of digital devices and applications, meaning that it is imperative for VET educators to develop their own digital skills and keep them current. At the same time VET educators should use digital technologies to provide a flexible, convenient and engaging learning experience to learners in online classrooms and lessons. Therefore, the mapping the digital skills of VET teachers and trainers is considered as essential, given that they should focus on digital literacy, digital communication, business transformation, and personal learning and mastery. Mapping the skills is necessary to establish a common understanding of important digital skills and competences in the future. Literature search from scientific publication databases are using the terms “digital competence”, “digital skills”, “digital literacy”, “media literacy”, “information literacy”, “e-skills”, “ICT literacy”, “technology “literacy”, and their different combinations.
RESTART VET project will take both the Digital Competence Framework 2.0 and Digital Sovereignty context as references to assess the digital competences of VET teachers and trainers.
The first Intellectual Output and its activities are searching to answer the following key research questions:
1. What are the digital skills and competences of VET teachers
2. How did VET systems respond to the current COVID-19 challenges
3. How did VET teachers and trainers adapt to both anticipated and unanticipated changes
4. How could VET teachers and trainers manage workload, timelines, stress and other negative emotions and behaviors that are caused by online educational processes and online
classrooms
5. What are the policies related to curricula, occupational and educational standards, qualifications, programs, learning outcomes that VET teachers and trainers should possess
Training curriculum for VET teachers and trainers on e-learning methods and provided digital techniques
Training Curriculum and its experimentation through piloting activities into the partners’ countries along with an evaluation process based on defined evaluation criteria. VET Training Curriculum is focused on the support of VET teachers and trainers to enhance and/or develop their digital skills and competences in order to deal with the demands of a virtual classroom, to provide guidance in the designing of virtual educational material, to promote, stimulate, support and empower VET trainers/teachers through inspiring online educational
programs, to provide information and knowledge on how to integrate ICT, e-learning and other digital tools in educational courses, to assist online team collaboration and documentation sharing by providing useful tips on use of several platforms such as Dropbox, Google Drive, to use online educational games such as Kahoot, and more digital tools and applications such as Dotstorming, Padlet, Wakelet, Bubbl.us, Mind Mapping Tools, as well as team communication apps such as Slack, Trello, Popplet, integrating and using them into the educational activity. Moreover, Digital Learning Nuggets and Sharable Content Object Reference Model (SCORM) will be used and proposed for use from learners. The main purpose of the Training Curriculum is to support VET teachers and trainers on e-learning methods and provide digital techniques, tools and materials facilitating the online educational procedures, stimulating interest, learning and entertainment of their students.
The training course will adopt a blended methodology with face-to-face and Work-Based Learning actions and online resources. The exact structure of the course will be decided when the research is completed and the learning levels to be achieved are agreed. The training material will be fully available in all partner’s languages, allowing any learner to implement the training independently throughout Europe and abroad. Moreover, project partners will make sure that the following principles apply during the development of the training course.
The training course is expected to be flexible, based on innovative learning methods and pedagogical approaches, arranged over the long term. For the purposes of the Training Course, workshops, labs, case studies, collaborative work and more will be also available on-line, on the project’s e-learning platform. The training course will be developed in English and in the national languages of participating partners.
A minimum number of 30 VET teachers and trainers will be included in the piloting activities and will complete the course on the online platform. Online educators and coaches will guide learners, helping them to keep up on the track and successfully complete the course. They will introduce users, encourage participation, provide ongoing support and feedback on the chapters and assignments. Moreover, at the end of the course, participants’ feedback will be collected through relevant structured questionnaires that will be developed,
focusing on:
– evaluating the training curriculum and course
– evaluating the certification model and process
– evaluating the usability of the online learning platform
Based on the feedback that participants will provide, project partners will proceed with the necessary adjustments and improvements to all relevant materials and outputs. | https://restartvet.eu/results/ |
Tuesday’s supermoon, the second in a series of three, will be the brightest of 2019. Early Native American tribes called it the “snow moon” because the February full moon was associated with heavy snowfall on the tribes’ winter camps.
Technically, the February full moon will be at its closest orbit to Earth around 10:54 a.m. Eastern Time Tuesday morning, but you won’t be able to see it then. Instead, look up Tuesday night around moonrise for for a glimpse of the lunar orb.
“Full moon” is a bit of a misnomer for Tuesday’s event, according to Space.com.
“When the moon comes above your local horizon on Tuesday evening, technically you’ll be looking not at a ‘full’ moon, but a waning gibbous moon,” the site explains. “Though a full moon theoretically lasts just a moment, that moment is imperceptible to ordinary observation. And so, for a day or so before and after the moment of full moon, most will speak of the nearly full moon as being ‘full.’ During these times, the shaded strip on the moon is so narrow, and changing in apparent width so slowly, that it is hard for the naked eye to tell whether the darkened section present or on which side it is located.”
See Also: 2019 Guide To Meteor Showers, Supermoons, Celestial Events
Moonrise is around 5:46 p.m. Eastern Time on Tuesday. Click here for the moonrise time where you live.
You might also hear February’s full moon referred to as the “bone moon” or “hunger moon,” according to the Old Farmer’s Almanac. Food was so scare during this time that people gnawed on bones and ate bone marrow soup for sustenance.
This month’s supermoon won’t be as dramatic as January’s super blood wolf moon, which was accompanied by a total lunar eclipse. And there’s a big difference from February 2018, when there was a “black moon” — that is no full moon at all — a phenomenon that occurs once every 19 years.
The term supermoon didn’t come from astronomy. Rather, astrologer Richard Nolle coined the term in 1979, defining a supermoon as a new or full moon that occurs when it is at its closest approach to Earth in a given orbit.
“Interestingly, nobody paid much attention to Nolle’s definition until March 19, 2011, when the full moon arrived at an exceptionally close perigee, coming within 126 miles (203 kilometers) of its closest possible approach to Earth,” Joe Rao writes for Space.com.
Until Nolle “branded” the supermoon, astronomers called the full moon that coincided with perigee as a “perigean full moon,” and it passed without notice.
“Now,” Rao continues, “it seems that every time a full moon coincides with perigee, it is referred to as a supermoon. Once a year, the moon turns full within several hours of perigee; after next Tuesday, the next time this will occur will be on April 7, 2020.”
Even so, next month’s full moon, which occurs March 20-21, is branded as a supermoon, even though it will occur nearly 26 hours after perigee.
“That’s seemingly because they fall within 90 percent of the moon’s closest approach to Earth — or, in other words, within the top 10 percent of the closest full moons,” Rao explains.
Regardless, if the weather is cooperating, it’s still worth looking up and pondering, perhaps as the tune of the “By the Light of the Silvery Moon” dances through your head. | https://www.blogdaelli.com/super-snow-moon-tuesday-brightest-of-2019-2nd-in-trifecta/ |
Q:
Use properties of integrals to show the value of a definite integral lies on a specific interval?
The question says to "Use the properties of the integrals to show that the value of the integral $\int_0^1x^2tan^{-1}x\ dx$ lies on the interval $[0, \frac{\pi}{12}].$"
I said that because this function is positive on [0,1] (which was part of part a of this question), the integral will be positive. However, I don't know how to explain that the integral will be less than $\frac{\pi}{12}$. I found the below question, but I don't know if the highest rated answer helps me because it seems like it relies on the fact that the interval of integration is the same as the interval they are proving this statement for.
properties of integrals to show value lies on interval
I calculated the integral and it does indeed lie within this interval, but I expect the question doesn't want me to just state that.
A:
All we need to do now is to show that the integral is at most $\pi/12$. Let's do an integration by parts:
$$ \int_0^1x^2\tan^{-1}(x)\;dx=\left.\frac13x^3\tan^{-1}(x)\right]_{x=0}^1-\frac13\int_0^1\frac{x^3}{x^2+1}dx=\frac\pi{12}-\frac13\int_0^1\frac{x^3}{x^2+1}dx. $$
Can you proceed from here?
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The invention discloses a physical programming method and applications of the method in a robot field. The method comprises steps: (1) a running object with a main control board is built; (2) physical programming building blocks are used for building program logic; (3) a physical programming module is connected with the main control board; (4) a program is loaded to a memory of the main control board; (5) the program is analyzed and whether the program logic is correct is detected; (6) if the program logic is correct, the program is executed, and whether the program is correctly executed is verified, and if the program logic is incorrect, error block information is fed back, the corresponding program is corrected, the third step is returned for continuing until the program logic is correct; and (7) if the running object runs correctly, termination is carried out, or otherwise, the program is corrected, and the third step is continued until correct running. Through visually reflecting the program spliced by the physical instruction model to running of the running object, kids and green hands can understand the program more specifically, and the program can be designed and corrected. | |
PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To accurately detect a seismic wave in distinction from an impulse wave.
SOLUTION: Acceleration αx in a first direction x in a horizontal plane is detected while acceleration αy in a second direction y is also detected by means of an acceleration sensor 131. In a seism arithmetic processing circuit 136, the detected accelerations αx and αy are level-discriminated according to respective discrimination levels Lx1 and Ly1, to measure their time periods Wx and Wy, respectively. Lx1 can be equal to Ly1, at 400 gal, for example. A seism is discriminated to have occurred when both of measured time periods Wx and Wy are equal to or more than a predetermined shorter first time period W1 (5 msec, for example). Further, a seism is discriminated to have occurred also when at least any one of the time periods Wx and Wy is equal to or more than a predetermined longer second time period W2 (10 msec, for example).
COPYRIGHT: (C)2004,JPO&NCIPI | |
Easy Hike through a forest. Beautiful Hidden Beach Dogs Allowed. Distance - 3 Miles round-trip, Elevation Gain: 930 feet. Duration 2 hours or all day depending on how long you'd like to swim. Less Crowded than other beaches (It can still get crowded though).
The parking for Skunk Beach is very limited and a little difficult to find. Make sure you get there early if you want a spot. The parking is a turnoff along highway 28, about two miles north of the junction with highway 50. There is no trail sign or anything but there is an old green pipe gate which is the entrance to the trailhead. Parking is free but don't park in front of the gate or you might get fined.
Once parked, take the old dirt road that is on the other side of the green gate. It will lead gradually downhill through the tall pine trees. There will be two different forks; always choose the right fork. After 1.5 miles you will arrive at the beach. There is an old abandoned house right at the beach that was used as a summer party house in the 1920s.
Spots on the beach are limited. If you don't show up early you may not get a sandy spot and be forced to lay out on the rocks. Boaters also will arrive and fill up the bay so if you want a good photo I would recommend getting there at sunrise or sunset. This beach is very near the famous Bonsai Rock area.
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Features
Reviews
Tiana Lea
09/23/18
Sunsets here are beautiful! There’s usually little people here especially when you find your own little spot.
5.0
Megan Smart
09/03/16
LOVE this beach. Local's warning: when you walk to the bathrooms, (which are just past the beach on the left), keep in mind you are walking through a nude beach. Caught me off guard once haha. It's immediately to the left of Skunk Harbor (when facing the lake), but completely secluded by large rocks and trees and such.
5.0
Sarah Cunningham
01/08/16
This is my favorite beach in Tahoe. It's been more crowded so I recommend going on a week day. Love taking the dogs here too. Be sure to save some energy for the hike back to the car.
4.0
Leave No Trace
Always practice Leave No Trace ethics on your adventures and follow local regulations. Please explore responsibly! | https://www.theoutbound.com/lake-tahoe/hiking/hike-to-skunk-harbor |
Auditory acuity for aircraft in real-world ambient environments.
Although many psychoacoustic studies have been conducted to examine the detection of masked target sounds, the vast majority of these studies have been conducted in carefully controlled laboratory listening environments, and their results may not apply to the detection of real-world sounds in the presence of naturalistic ambient sound fields. Those studies that have examined the detection of realistic naturally-occurring sounds have been conducted in uncontrolled listening environments (i.e., outdoor listening tests) where the experimenters were unable to precisely control, or even measure, the specific characteristics of the target and masker at the time of the detection judgment. This study represents an attempt to bridge the gap between unrealistic laboratory listening studies and uncontrolled outdoor listening studies through the use of pseudorandomly-presented real world recordings of target and masking sounds. Subjects were asked to detect helicopter signals in the context of an ongoing ambient recording in a two interval detection task. The results show that the signal-to-noise ratio required to detect an aircraft sound varies across different types of ambient environments (i.e., rural, suburban, or urban).
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Tiger Trax is a family-friendly roller coaster made for Como Town by SBF Visa Group in Italy. This roller coaster stands 33-feet tall and features a 1,100-feet of track in a figure-eight layout.
|Year||Track||Type||Designer|
|2015||Steel||Zyklon-Galaxi||SBF Visa Group|
Opening date: June 16, 2015
Individual car has two rows each, seating two abreast per row.
Height requirement: Riders must be at least 49 inches tall with an adult or 51 inches to ride alone
Find Where to Coast™ with Ultimate Rollercoaster® Database
Where to Coast™, Rollercoaster Yellowpages™ are trademarks of Ultimate Rollercoaster®. | https://www.ultimaterollercoaster.com/coasters/como-town-tiger-trax |
How does plasma make a campfire flame orange?
Category: Chemistry Published: June 21, 2013
The de-excitation of plasma (charged gas) is not the source of the light given off by a campfire's flame. The incandescence of solid soot particles billowing up on an updraft of hot air is what creates the light seen as a flame. Let us look at the typical ways materials emit light and then apply it to the campfire.
Electrons in molecules can exist in various orbital states. When electrons absorb energy, they are lifted to a higher energy state in the molecule. This is roughly similar to lifting a ball onto a high shelf where it can fall back down from. The absorbed energy of the electron is stored as potential energy as it sits in the higher energy state. Many things can excite an electron in a molecule to a higher energy state, including chemical reactions, collisions with other particles, and absorption of light. Eventually, excited electrons fall back down to their lower states, like a ball on a shelf rolling and falling back to the ground. When the electrons fall, their potential energy is lost and given off. There are many ways that a falling (de-exciting) electron can give off its energy, but the most common way is for it to emit a bit of light called a photon. As a result, any process that excites electrons leads to light being created when they de-excite. Often, this light has a non-visible color or is too dim to be seen by human eyes, but the light is still being created.
Because of the law of conservation of energy (which states that energy cannot be created or destroyed), all of the energy that the electron loses in transitioning from a higher state to a lower state must be given to the photon that it creates. Electron states only exist at fixed levels that are constant for a given molecule, so a certain isolated molecule can only emit photons of specific energies. Because a photon's frequency (the light's color) is directly proportional to its energy, certain isolated molecules can only emit certain colors of light. The specific set of colors that a molecule emits (its spectrum) is unique to the molecule and acts like a fingerprint. Astronomers can tell what chemicals a star is made out of by simply looking at what colors are present in its starlight. By plotting the few, distinct colors present in the light given off by a single molecule, a "line spectrum" is formed, which looks like a collection of thin lines. In addition to electrons getting excited, the whole molecule itself can get excited by spinning more or vibrating more. There are therefore three ways a molecule can emit light: an electron falls to a lower state (electron transition), the molecule spins less (rotational transition), and the molecule vibrates less (vibrational transition).
Now something interesting happens if you have more than one molecule involved. If you have a collection of molecules, they tend to bump into each other. When they collide, some of the energy in the excited electrons, excited spinning states, and excited vibrating states is converted simply to movement (kinetic energy). As a result, there is less energy present for the photon that is emitted when the molecule transitions, leading to a photon with a color that is different from if there had been no collision. Because the collisions are random, the color changes of the light given off are random. Where there was just one color (a line) in a certain portion of the spectrum of the light emitted, there are now many colors. Collisions between molecules therefore tend to smear the nice crisp lines of the light's color spectrum into bands with many colors. The more collisions there are and the harder they are, the more colors there are in the light given off.
If there is a very high amount of strong collisions between molecules, all of the light given off by molecular transitions gets smeared into one continuous band of colors. In such a case, all colors of the rainbow are present in the light and the light is therefore white. The light is typically not pure white, but is whitish red, whitish orange, etc. depending on the nature of the collisions. Light with this broad arrangement of colors is called "thermal radiation" or "blackbody radiation" and the process that creates this light is called "incandescence". In every day life, we refer to incandescence as "glowing hot". A material with zero collisions therefore emits a line spectrum, which is a collection of a few perfectly defined, unsmeared colors. On the other extreme, a material with an infinite number of collisions emits a blackbody spectrum, which is a perfectly smooth collection of all colors in a very distinct distributional shape called a "blackbody curve". The two opposite extremes; the line spectrum and the blackbody spectrum; are idealizations. In the real world, each spectrum is somewhere between the two extremes. When we say that the color distribution of light is a line spectrum, we mean that it is close to a line spectrum, and not that it is exactly a line spectrum.
There are two things that determines how fast molecules collide with each other. The first is the density of the molecules. The closer the molecules are together, the more chance they have to collide. Solids have their molecules very close together and therefore collide enough to emit all colors of light. Solids typically emit a spectrum that is close to a blackbody spectrum. On the other hand, a dilute gas has its molecules much farther apart, so the color distribution of its emitted light looks more like a line spectrum. The other thing that affects the collision rate is the temperature of the object. As an object gets hotter, its molecules shake around more and move faster, which leads to more collisions. More collisions means more spectral line spreading, and it also means that more energy is being exchanged in each collision. The thermal spectral curve shifts to higher energies for higher temperatures, which is the same as higher frequencies. Room temperature objects are constantly emitting light in a color we can't see (infrared). As we heat up an object such as an electric stove element, the collisions between molecules become more intense and more frequent. The light given off therefore has a spectral thermal distribution that shifts to higher frequencies. The peak of the light given off by a heated object shifts from infrared, to red, to orange, and so on as it gets hotter. But remember, that thermal radiation contains all colors, so that hot metal does not glow red, it actually glows whitish red, and then whitish orange as it gets hotter, etc. (Remember that "white" is just how we experience an equal mixture of all colors.)
Let us look at some examples. A neon sign contains a gas at normal temperature getting excited by electricity. The light emitted by a neon sign is therefore close to a line spectrum (just a few, sharply defined colors). In contrast, the sun contains gas, but the gas is at such a high temperature that the light emitted is close to a blackbody spectrum. The metal elements in a toaster, electric stove, and incandescent light bulb are all solid and therefore glow when heated such that the light they produce is close to a blackbody spectrum, which contains all colors and therefore is whitish.
Now let us apply this to a campfire's flame. At first thought, you may think that the space where the flame exists only contains gases, therefore the light emitted should be a line spectrum with only a few distinct colors. This is clearly not the case. The flame has a broad range of colors, from red to orange to yellow and all the colors in between. So there must be more going on than heated gases. The best general description of a campfire flame's color is: whitish orange. This description matches exactly what we would expect from the thermal radiation of incandescence. It turns out that a campfire flame contains small solid particles of half-burnt wood called "soot" that are so hot that they glow. They glow in the exact same way that electric stove elements glow. When you look at a whitish-orange flame, you are looking at a cloud of little, hot, glowing, solid bits of half burnt fuel. The hot air that is flowing upwards catches this glowing soot and carries it upwards. As the soot rises, it cools and its thermal spectrum shifts to ever lower colors. That is why the bottom of a flame is whitish-yellow, and as you look higher, it changes to whitish-orange, and then whitish-red, and then to whitish-infrared (which we can't see, but can feel with our hands). The flame of a campfire actually extends meters into the air, we just can't see the top portion because the soot has cooled enough to emit mostly infrared colors.
Interestingly, the presence of half-burnt soot in a flame, and therefore the flame's whitish color, is a result of there not being enough oxygen. If oxygen is pumped fast enough into the fire, or is premixed properly with the fuel, all of the fuel gets burned all the way and there is no soot. Adding enough extra oxygen therefore makes the whitish-orange flame go away. The color that remains in the flame (usually blue) is from the electron transitions involved in the chemical reaction itself. Fuels that don't need much oxygen to burn, such as the natural gas in a gas stove, can burn without giving off whitish-orange glowing half-burnt particles. | http://wtamu.edu/~cbaird/sq/2013/06/21/how-does-plasma-make-a-campfire-flame-orange/ |
4320 West Zenith Drive, Bloomington, IN 47404 - Industrial Space
4320 West Zenith Drive is located at 4320 West Zenith Drive in the Greater Ellettsville neighborhood, IN, Bloomington, 47404. The Class A Industrial building was completed in 2006 and features a total of 73,824 Sqft.
In Greater Ellettsville, there are 4 class A industrial buildings. At zip code level, there are 27 commercial properties, of which 21 are industrial buildings over 50,000 square feet. | https://www.commercialcafe.com/commercial-property/us/in/bloomington/4320-west-zenith-drive/ |
During the twenty-eight days of Black History Month, we profile a different children’s or young adult author and children’s illustrator, looking for the best new and unnoticed works by African-Americans. From picture books to novels, books fresh off the presses to those that have lurked in the background unsung for months or years. Specifically, we look for:
- New books
- Books that have “flown under the radar”
- Children’s or Young Adult books written/illustrated by an African-American (or someone of the African Diaspora)
- Books published by a traditional publisher for the trade market
Nominations will be accepted from September 30th to November 1st. To nominate, post a comment here at the website, or email us at [email protected]. You can nominate as many books as you like.
Please check out past 28 Days Later campaigns to see who’s already had the spotlight.
– The Brown Bookshelf
NOTE: Please note that due to the limited resources of the team, we can only take nominations for traditionally published books. We may highlight a small number of self-published authors for the 28 Days Later campaign, but these authors will be nominated and picked by the Brown Bookshelf team. If you have any questions on this matter, please email us at [email protected]. | https://thebrownbookshelf.com/28-days-later/ |
This stored procedure will allow you to incorporate proximity searches into your web application. This is the perfect solution to retrieve businesses or otherwise within a certain distance of a specific zip/postal code, and calculate the distance in miles as well. This code takes into account the curvature of the earth in performing the distance calculation. It is assumed that you're storing the geocode for each address in a database.
Using a stored procedure is much faster than filtering and sorting through the results from the web application with PHP or .Net. With this SQL code, you can create a local search engine, like Google Local. If you need the C# code to look up the geocode (longitude/latitude), you can find the code here.
You call the stored procedure, supplying the start location (zip/postal code), and the distance in miles to search within.
The longitude and latitude are looked up for that zip code from a table of states or geocodes.
The fancy calculations are performed with Sine, Cosine, and the curvature of the earth. I don't remember the math that makes this work, I just know that it works.
The appropriate records are returned, with the calculated miles.
For my ASP.Net web application, I needed to modify this slightly. I'm not hosting a huge database of all existing zip/postal codes, I perform lookups each time. So I modified the code to take the longitude and latitude as a parameter, as I've already retrieved them. | http://www.justin-cook.com/2006/04/20/find-all-zip-or-postal-codes-within-a-certain-distance/ |
On Monday morning I awoke to my alarm. I was using a different alarm clock as the smaller one I usually use was already packed for my vacation. I worried that since I was getting up so early (I had set it for 3:30 a.m.) I might forget to pack it. The one I had set was chunky and octagonal in shape, and when I picked it up, I was startled when I saw the clock face read 8:45. Oh no–my flight to New York was at 6:30! Did I sleep in? I lay in bed, puzzling over how come the alarm didn’t go off when I set it. I didn’t panic and make a fuss, but in my daze of only four hours sleep I had the sense not to get all worked up about it until I had put my contact lenses in. It was then that I realized I had been looking at the clock upside down. The alarm had gone off at 3:15, not 8:45.
I had breakfast and then spent a few minutes composing the previous blog message. Mark drove me to the airport. I am usually choked up when I say goodbye to my budgies and then when I call Mark at work from the departure lounge. This trip was different in that Mark generously drove me to the airport and I was cool and coherent when I said my goodbyes. I wonder if a later departure time would have turned me into a blubbering frownypants.
At 4:55 the airport was empty and there was no lineup to check in. Good thing there wasn’t anyone around because the agent told me that my suitcase was seven pounds overweight and that I would need to repack. I couldn’t believe it. I had packed no books in my suitcase; they were all in my carry-on backpack. I was dumbfounded. Really. I could not figure out why my new suitcase–which on its own when empty weighed about thirteen pounds–could have been overweight. And I had deliberately packed fewer clothes than usual, since the Tristanian family I am staying with will be doing my laundry (this service is included in my home stay fee). A different agent told me to take out any shoes or jeans, as next to books they are heavy weight. What I ended up doing was emptying out every one of the seven boxes of cookies from my second carry-on bag, and stuffing them into the suitcase. I took out my new hiking shoes, my bag of three pairs of jeans, my clunky battery adapter, the bag of gifts for the Tristanian family’s children, a box of moist wipes and my second camera. Ever since a fellow traveller’s camera broke down on our trip to the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea, I have worried about what I would do if I was in a situation where I could not buy a replacement camera easily, or at all. After this transferral of goods from suitcase to carry-on, I was within the weight limit and proceeded through check-in.
My initial flight to New York (JFK) had been cancelled and I was given a flight to LaGuardia two hours earlier than my JFK flight. I was needless to say not pleased at all to receive this news shortly after I returned home from Norway. I have commuted by shuttle between LGA and JFK before and hated it, so I was not keen on travelling that way again. I was ready to hail the first cab I saw. While speaking to the US customs agent in Toronto about the purpose of my trip, he reminded me that today was Labour Day, and there would hardly be any traffic in New York City at 8 a.m. The flight landed on time and my suitcase was already on the carousel after I made a bathroom stop so I was out of LaGuardia by 8:15. It was then that I decided to take a $13 shuttle to JFK versus a way more expensive cab. The shuttle was practically a personal cab anyway, since there was only one other passenger and his terminal came up first. I had to sit back as the shuttle snaked throughout JFK from terminal seven to four in what seemed like an unnecessarily circuitous route.
At each leg of this trip I have had to claim my baggage and go through security again. Going through security at JFK after LGA is obvious. However I was surprised that I would have to pick up my suitcase in Johannesburg and go through security again before proceeding to Cape Town. The airlines are only doing their best to keep everyone safe, and I did have the peace of mind knowing that my suitcase had arrived at each of the stopover destinations.
I am staying at the Breakwater Lodge at the Waterfront, part of the Protea Hotels chain. It is not far from the East Pier, where the S. A. Agulhas II is docked. After I settled in to my room, I walked to the pier to find the ship. It took only fifteen minutes. Here is the ship I will be aboard as of noon on Thursday. We set off for Tristan at 2 p.m. but all passengers have to be on board by noon:
I walked around Victoria Wharf after and browsed in the bookstore Exclusive Books (or, as they stylize it, Exclus1ve Books) looking at all the language materials on Afrikaans, Xhosa, Sesotho and Zulu. I enquired about translations of Le Petit Prince in these languages since I could not find any. A clerk told me he could order an Afrikaans edition and I could pick it up after I return from Tristan in October. I stopped by the Wharf’s post office and naturally took a couple photos of the mailbox outside:
And in case you’re curious as to what that “warning” is all about:
After I send this, I will eat some sushi and salad I picked up at the Victoria Wharf Pick and Pay, write a couple postcards, then get to bed. I have a lot to do tomorrow, the most important task being paying for my passage aboard the S. A. Agulhas II. | https://craigrowland.com/i-have-arrived-in-cape-town/ |
IAPETUS (Iapetos) One of the six elder Titans, and the ancestor of mankind, who represented mortality.
IASION A springtime consort of the goddess Demeter and patron-deity of the Samothracian Mysteries.
IASO The goddess of recovery, one of the daughters of the divine physicianAsclepius.
ICELUS (Ikelos) A daemon (spirit) of prophetic dreams who appeared in the sleep of kings as an animal shaped phantasm. His brothers, Morpheus and Phantasus, assumed the forms of men and inanimate objects.
ICHTHYES (Ikhthyes) A pair of large fish which rescued the goddess Aphrodite and her son Eros when they were fleeing the raging monster Typhon.
ICHTHYOCENTAURS (Ikhthyokentauroi) Two fish-tailed marine centaurs, named Aphros and Bythos, who carried new-born goddess Aphrodite ashore in a cockle-shell. They had the upper-bodies of men, and the lower-quarters of fish-tailed horses.
IDA A nymph of Mount Ida on the Greek island of Crete. She was one of the nurses of the god Zeus who nursed him with the milk of the goat Amaltheia.
IDAIA A nymph of Mount Ida in the region of Troy, wife of the River Scamander.
IDYIA (Eidyia) The youngest of the Oceanides and wife of Aeetes king of Colchis.
ILISSUS (Ilissos) A river of Athens and its watery spirit.
IMBRASUS (Imbrasos) A river of the Greek island of Samos and its deity.
INACHUS (Inakhos) A river of Argos in southern Greece and its spirit. When Poseidon and Hera were contesting for dominion of Argos, he ruled in favour of Hera, causing Poseidon to dry up his stream.
INO A woman transformed into a sea-goddess after she leapt into the sea to escape her crazed husband. She became a protectress of sailors who rescued men from drowning.
IO A Naiad nymph daughter of the river Inachus in the south of Greece. She was loved by Zeus who transformed her into a cow to hide her from the jealous gaze of his wife Hera. But the goddess was not fooled and sent a maddening gladfly to torment Io which drove her to wander all the way to Egypt, where she gave birth to Epaphus, ancestor of all the Pharaohs.
IOKE The female personification of onslaught, pursuit and rout in battle.
IONIDES Four Naiad nymph daughters of the river Cytherus in the south of Greece whose springs were reputed to possess healing properties.
IRENE (Eirene) The goddess of peace and the season of spring, one of the three Horae (Seasons).
IRIS The golden-winged goddess of the rainbow and messenger of the gods.
ISMENE A Naiad nymph daughter of the River Asopus in the south of Greece and wife of King Argus, the ancient patronym of the Argive region..
ISMENIS A Naiad daughter of the River Ismenos of Boeotia in central Greece loved by the god Faunus.
ISMENUS (Ismenos) A river of Boeotia in the heart of Greece and its deity.
ISTRUS (Istros) A deity of the Scythian river Danube.
ITHAX The messenger of the Titans.
IYNX The goddess-nymph of a magical love-charm known as the iynx. The iynx was a spinning wheel with a wryneck bird attached.
JACCHUS (Iakkhos) The torch-bearing daemon who led the procession of the Eleusinian Mysteries.
JAPETUS (Iapetos) One of the six-Titan brothers imprisoned by Zeus in the pit of Tartarus.
JASION (Iasion) Aspring-time consort of the goddess Demeter.
JASON (Iason) A great Thessalian hero who led the Argonauts in the quest for the Golden Fleece.
JINX (Iynx) The nymph of the magical love-charm known as the iynx.
KERES The monstrous female daemons of violent death which swooped over the battlefield in the thousands, ripping the souls of the dying from their bodies and casting them down into Hades. | http://www.theoi.com/Encyc_I.html |
July 24, 2013
After a brain tumor diagnosis: Establishing a "new normal"
BY Sarah Hines and Rebecca Savoie - Social Work Counselors
A cancer diagnosis is almost universally a life-changing event, with significant effects on patients, family and other loved ones.
Patients and caregivers affected by a brain tumor diagnosis often face a unique set of challenges because a brain tumor is often associated with the sudden onset of symptoms that have both physical and cognitive effects.
Brain tumor patients: Common challenges
Some common challenges faced by brain tumor patients include:
- Physical symptoms like headaches, seizures, vision and hearing loss, weakness or inability to move arms and legs and difficulty moving around
- Difficulty with language, both understanding and communicating
- Impaired reasoning, processing and decision-making capacity
- Word-finding difficulty, memory concerns and attention deficits
- Changes in personality and behavior (aggression, irritability, impulsivity or depressive symptoms)
- Loneliness, loss, anticipating loss or anxiety about death
- Role changes (from caregiver to the cared for, from breadwinner to disabled, from partner in relationship to dependent)
- Knowing who and how much to tell about your disease and when
- Difficulty navigating the health care system and communicating with health care professionals
Brain tumor caregivers: Common challenges
Some common challenges faced by caregivers of brain tumor patients include:
- Coping with and experiencing anxiety, anger, resentment, depression, guilt and/or grief
- Coping with a loved one's changes in personality and behavior
- Career sacrifices
- Financial concerns
- Decreased attention to one's own physical and emotional health
- Managing caregiver fatigue
Establishing a "new normal"
Following a brain tumor diagnosis, it is common to want things to return to "normal." However, patients and family members often discover that the aforementioned challenges pose huge barriers.
Fortunately, steps can be taken to manage these challenges and establish a "new normal."
Care in the home
It can be a challenge to determine how to best establish safe and efficient care in the home for a brain tumor patient. Under most circumstances, the caregiver role is played by family members and friends who dedicate their time and patience to meeting their loved one's needs.
However, caregivers may want to consider the following supplemental services to provide brief respite and additional amenities:
- Physical therapy or occupational therapy in the home can help make the adjustment easier on the patient and caregiver. Ask your doctor or medical team about this.
- Services to assist with cleaning, cooking, bathing and other daily activities can help trim the caregiver's to-do list. Check with a social worker or case manager to see if you qualify for extra help.
Not all patients will qualify, and there is often a cost associated with these home care services. But the benefits that they can provide make them worth looking into.
Neuropsychology assessments
Ask your medical team about a neuropsychology assessment. These assessments generally evaluate:
- Intellectual functioning
- Motor functioning
- Executive functioning (motivation, planning and organizational skills)
- Memory
- Speech
- Language
- Visual perception
- Attention
- Mood and behavior
- Quality of life
This type of assessment can help brain tumor patients make adjustments in their home and work environments, seek appropriate counseling and rehabilitative services or support an application for disability.
Counseling services
Social work counselors or other local therapists can provide individual and group counseling to help with adjustment to diagnosis and treatment, managing role changes, children coping, loss of job, physical abilities and independence, communication issues, changes in mood and behavior, and intimacy concerns.
Gather support
Connecting with others living with a similar diagnosis can be helpful for many cancer patients. By attending support groups, peer support programs and patient conferences, you can gain valuable knowledge from the experiences of health care professionals and fellow patients.
Here are a few helpful support resources for brain tumor patients and caregivers:
- MD Anderson support groups: MD Anderson social work counselors lead a variety of support groups for cancer patients, caregivers and families.
- Support programs in your community: Patients and caregivers can often find support programs and services in their local communities The American Cancer Society is a great resource to help identify local resources.
- Together in Hope Conference: MD Anderson social work counselors will facilitate support groups at this year's conference, held on August 9-11, 2013 at the Omni Houston Westside. This is a great opportunity for patients and loved ones to learn about cutting-edge brain tumor research, as well as new sources of support and healthy coping strategies. Register online or contact the Department of CME/Conference Management at 713-792-2223 to learn more.
If you have any questions or would like additional information about the topics mentioned, please contact the Department of Social Work at 713-792-6195, or ask your nurse or doctor to speak with a social work counselor. | https://www.mdanderson.org/cancerwise/after-a-brain-tumor-diagnosis-establishing-a-new-normal.h00-158831223.html |
The aim of this thesis was to evaluate micronutrient intake and status of socioeconomic disadvantaged populations, such as from Central and Eastern European (CEE) as compared to other European populations, and low socioeconomic status (SES) groups as compared to high SES groups within European countries. We addressed the micronutrients that have been prioritized because of their relevance for nutritional health by the EC-funded EURRECA Network of Excellence. Moreover, we assessed the association between folate intake and status which can be used in the process of setting folate DRVs.
Micronutrient intake and status of CEE countries versus other European countries
CEE countries have recently experienced rising income inequalities over a period of economic transition. There is some evidence that these reforms have been accompanied by health inequalities. Inadequacy in micronutrient intake and status may contribute to these inequalities. Because in more affluent Western European countries wide ranges in micronutrient intake and status are observed, we studied if low micronutrient intake and status levels are prevailing in CEE. The findings from this thesis signal no differences in micronutrient intake and status between CEE populations in comparison to those of other European regions with the exception of calcium intake in adults and iodine status in children that were lower in CEE than in other European regions. Since data from Western Europe indicate that inadequacies do exist among SES strata, more insight in the nutritional situation of lower SES populations in CEE and an understanding of both its determinants and consequences is needed. It is important to mention that evidence from grey literature added to that from open access sources. Fundamental to further studying of nutritional health in CEE, is suitable data. We underline the necessity for conducting nutritional surveillances on micronutrient intake and status in CEE as we have identified significant knowledge gaps for many life-stage groups.
Differences in micronutrient intake between SES groups
Considering that not enough studies have addressed the relationship between SES and micronutrient intake and status in their analyses of nutritional health, we performed a systematic review on this topic and we used data from the large European EPIC cohort to address that issue.
To be able to conclude on socioeconomic, i.e. educational, occupational and income, inequalities associated with intake and status of prioritized micronutrients for all life stages in Europe, substantial knowledge gaps should be filled. Currently, data are mostly available for the intake of calcium, vitamin C and iron as collected from adults in Western European countries. When either of the above mentioned SES indicators was applied to estimate relative differences in micronutrient intake and status between the lowest and the highest SES category within one study, the results often, but not consistently, indicated a lower intake and/or status in low versus high SES groups. For example, in eight out of ten studies a lower intake for calcium intake was found with relative differences ranging from -2 to -14%. Similar patterns were found for vitamin C and iron: in eleven out of twelve studies relative differences ranged from -5 to -48% for vitamin C, whereas in nine of ten studies on iron relative differences went up to -14%. Studies on intake and/or status of folate, vitamin B12, zinc, iodine, and intake of vitamin D, selenium and copper were limited. Still, when differences were observed, it appeared that lower intake in low than in high SES groups was found except for vitamin B12 and zinc for which the findings were inconsistent.
Furthermore, using education as a proxy for SES, we assessed differences in micronutrient intake between educational levels using the individual-participant data on European adults and elderly from the EPIC cohort. Based on data from 10 Western European countries it appeared that intake of calcium (except in France and a distinctive ‘health-conscious’ group in the UK), folate (except in Greece), and vitamin C was lower in the lowest than in the highest education groups: relative differences ranged up to 12, 13 and 23%, respectively. The intake of iron differed marginally, whereas the variation in intake of vitamins D and B12 was inconsistent. The observed association between educational level and intake of micronutrients was the same for men and women. Furthermore, differences in micronutrient intake were found to be larger between countries than between SES groups.
With respect to SES differences in micronutrient intake and status, there are significant gaps in the open source literature for many life-stage groups in Europe, but particularly in CEE countries. There is a clear need for cross-country and within country comparative research and for the monitoring of trends in dietary intake across different SES groups and European countries.
Relationship between folate intake and status to add complementary evidence for deriving folate dietary reference values (DRVs)
DRVs are under continuous review and periodic revision as the cumulative evidence base and body of knowledge evolve. Folate is considered a public health priority micronutrient for which re-evaluation of DRVs is needed. For this micronutrient, a systematic review of observational studies on the relationship between intake and status was done followed by meta-analysis. The intake of folate was significantly associated with markers of folate status. The results of our meta-analysis showed that an average person with a folate intake of 100 µg/day has a serum/plasma folate status concentration that is 26% higher and a red blood cell folate status that is 21% higher than a person who has a folate intake of 50 µg/day; plasma homocysteine was found to be 16% lower. The difference between natural food folate and that from supplements and fortified foods (folic acid) significantly influenced the estimated relationship between folate intake and serum/plasma status. Associations were stronger when assessed as folate from the diet than as folate from diet and supplements. Dietary assessment method did not significantly influence the association, although pooled estimates were somewhat higher when FFQs were used as compared to 24-hour recalls combined with food records. To focus on the impact of poor intakes on related health outcomes, data modelling can be conducted to produce estimates for Average Nutrient Requirements. For this analysis datasets and statistical models developed within the EURRECA NoE are available and can be used.
Overall, further research would benefit from methodologically comparable data on food intake in all age ranges, especially on so far understudied CEE populations. Both intakes obtained through diet and from supplements and fortified foods should be assessed. Monitoring of trends across SES strata should be done with standardized SES measurements that would also facilitate cross-country comparative research. The findings on the level and distribution of micronutrient intake and status could be used for development of food based dietary guidelines. To make them effective in meeting populations’ micronutrient needs, they should be created accounting for the country specific dietary patterns giving consideration to the socioeconomic context.
|Original language||English|
|Qualification||Doctor of Philosophy|
|Awarding Institution|
|Supervisors/Advisors|
|Award date||2 Jul 2013|
|Place of Publication||[S.l.|
|Print ISBNs||9789461735775|
|Publication status||Published - 2013|
Keywords
- trace elements
- nutrient intake
- nutritional state
- socioeconomics
- socioeconomic status
- europe
- vitamins
FingerprintDive into the research topics of 'Socioeconomic differences in micronutrient intake and status in Europe'. Together they form a unique fingerprint.
Projects
- 1 Finished
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Micronutrient malnutrition in low income populations from central and eastern Euopean countries.
Novakovic, R., Geelen, A., de Groot, L. & van 't Veer, P. | https://research.wur.nl/en/publications/socioeconomic-differences-in-micronutrient-intake-and-status-in-e |
Calibration is necessary, no matter the application or weighing instrument. Proper calibration ensures the traceability, reliability and accuracy of the results obtained from a scale or balance. Calibration weights are an investment that must be cared for in order to maintain their usefulness. We’ve compiled some useful tips to keep calibration weights working properly.
1 Monitor the temperature
If the temperature differs between the weights and the balance, wait to calibrate until the weights adjust to the same temperature as the balance.
NIST states that if thermal equilibrium is not achieved during mass calibration, convection currents can be generated, which can lead to erroneous readings. Because of the acute precision and small numbers scientists work with, these errors can be difficult to notice, but they can add up to a large amount. As such, it’s paramount to avoid such mistakes, particularly in labs. In addition, temperature can affect the material the calibration mass is built from, resulting in contraction or expansion that could affect the results.
2 Handle the weights with care
Handle weights with gloves or tweezers to help protect the surface from fingerprints, dirt or lint. Our hands can leave a greasy or oily film (even if you washed your hands!) that can affect the readings of mass during measurements, and can even cause permanent damage to the weight because of corrosion. Even large weights should be handled with care. Make sure the cloth or gloves used to handle the weights do not have lint or loose materials that could get on the weights.
3 How to clean calibration weights
If dust or fingerprints are present on the weight, use a soft brush to remove them before starting the calibration process. Do not touch the brushes’ bristles with your bare hands. Clean the brush regularly and thoroughly.
4 Store in proper case
Always store weights in a protective lined case. Even small dust particles on the weights can affect calibration results on highly sensitive balances. The case should be clean and free of any particles, and designed to hold calibration weights. Make sure the weights stay separated during storage or transport. Do not stack the weights and make sure the box remains closed and in a place with no extreme temperatures, humidity or vibrations.
5 Certify for traceability
If your lab applications require traceability, calibration weights can be sent to an outside facility to be certified to a master set of weights. Certifications ensure the weights as accurate and precise, and makes audits and other verifications easier.
Click here to download your free caring for calibration weights guide. | https://www.adamequipment.co.uk/aeblog/5-tips-on-caring-for-calibration-weights |
Will cost-adjusted IT technology be worse than it was 8 years (32 quarters) ago in at least one quarter prior to 2030?
We often take the advance of IT technology for granted and even believe it to be progressing at an exponential rate. While Moore's Law has (by some definitions) continued to hold, the data economists have generated when they estimated the amount of investment required to have equal quality IT equipment over time, reveals that in some sense progress has slowed down. While quality progress was exponential for a long time too, the last approximately ten years have not been all that great.
For example(s), the percentage increase in quality between Q1 1990 and Q1 1998 was 333.5%; the percentage increase in quality between Q1 2000 and Q1 2008 was 172.6%; the percentage increase in quality between Q1 2010 and Q1 2018 was 11.2%. Will the percentage increase in quality over an 8-year time period fall below 0% prior to 2030? Or will progress pick up again to the pace it was at in the 1990s?
It is asked: In some quarter prior to Q1 2030, will the linked-to index have a value greater than the value 32 quarters (8 years) prior to that quarter?
Should the index reach a higher level than 5 years (20 quarters) ago (prior to question closure) the question should be closed to avoid resolution while the question is open.
Should this occur anyway, the question should be retroactively closed the day before the last (resolution triggering) data-point was released. Resolution will be through the linked-to index.
Should the link be discontinued, a reasonable effort should be made to find the same index from another reputable source, yet should the index not be findable, the question shall resolve ambiguous. | https://www.metaculus.com/questions/968/will-cost-adjusted-it-technology-be-worse-than-it-was-8-years-32-quarters-ago-in-at-least-one-quarter-prior-to-2030/ |
Tennessean Hotel Executive Chef Anthony Ploof shares some recipes the hotel recently served in Pat Summitt's honor at its dedication of the Pat Summitt Suite.
1. Melt butter and cream cheese together in microwave, mix corn and jalapenos.
2. Place in baking dish and bake at 375 for 20 minutes.
3. Serve as a side dish or appetizer.
1. Mix all ingredients (except cracker) in bowl and taste, adjust salt and pepper if needed.
2. Let sit for 1 hour to develop flavors.
3. Taste again and adjust seasoning if needed.
4. Serve on toasted crostini or cracker.
1. Mix all ingredients and let sit in refrigerator for 1 hour to develop flavor.
2. Taste and adjust seasoning, if needed. | https://www.wbir.com/article/life/food/recipes/jalapeno-corn-casserole-roasted-garlic-and-mozzarella-bruschetta-and-cajun-blue-crab-salad/51-603864691 |
welcome to DuchenneXchange- a positively charged Duchenne muscular dystrophy community.
- join today!
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Peter B. Kang, MD
Healthcare Provider
Chief, Division of Pediatric Neurology
UF Health Center of Pediatric Neuromuscular and Rare Diseases
University of Florida
2000 SW Archer Rd.
Second Floor
Gainesville, Florida, United States
Dr. Kang is a pediatric neurologist and physician-scientist whose clinical and research interests focus on neuromuscular disorders. Currently, he is Chief of the Division of Pediatric Neurology at the University of Florida Health. He is also associated as Professor of Pediatrics and Joint Professor of Neurology, Molecular Genetics & Microbiology at the University of Florida. Dr. Kang is a Fellow of the American Academy of Pediatrics and the American Academy of Neurology, serving on national committees for both organizations.
Dr. Kang’s research laboratory focuses on the genetics of muscular dystrophy and other pediatric neuromuscular disorders, along with the mechanisms of rare muscle diseases. The laboratory makes use of exome and genome sequencing technologies, supplemented as needed by linkage analyses and other approaches. Genes identified in the core project are considered for more in-depth studies to understand the disease processes better and to seek potential therapeutic targets. His work is supported by the National Institutes of Health and was previously supported by the Muscular Dystrophy Association.
Representative Publications:
Dollars and antisense for Duchenne muscular dystrophy: Eteplirsen and dystrophin
Clinical trial readiness in non-ambulatory boys and men with Duchenne muscular dystrophy: MDA-DMD network follow-up
Beyond the Gower’s sign: measuring outcomes in Duchenne muscular dystrophy
Recent developments in the treatment of Duchenne muscular dystrophy and spinal muscular atrophy
Inefficient dystrophin expression after cord blood transplantation in Duchenne muscular dystrophy
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An elaborate fence with marble fence posts and cast iron railings surround the William A. Brady Sr. gravestone within the Saint Patrick Cemetery Number Two at New Orleans. The cast iron gate is another fine example of the symbolism to be found on the metalwork in cemeteries.
Here an angel on bended knee bows her head with her arms crossed in prayer in front of a tomb topped with a garland-festooned urn with a wreath and two inverted torches. The imagery is replete with symbolism. The flames coming from the bottom of the torches are symbolic of the soul. Here the inverted torch represents a life that has been extinguished. The laurel wreath dates back to Roman times when soldiers wore them as triumphal signs of glory. The laurel was also believed to wash away the soldier’s guilt from injuring or killing any of his opponents. In funerary art the laurel wreath is often seen as a symbol of victory over death.
William A. Brady Sr. | https://gravelyspeaking.com/2012/11/26/angel-in-prayer/ |
Our unique situation and history have however contributed to a range of factors specific to our situation. It targets social programs and law enforcement at neighborhoods where crime rates are high.
Notable in Table A1 is the potential for interventions to apply different mechanisms—ultimately dependent upon the precise nature of the intervention s that are used and the context in which they are applied.
In addition to the obvious social benefits, these outcomes are also associated with significant financial savings, both for the community and the participant Homel et al.
Implement legislative steps and social programmes to discourage the exploitation of juveniles by criminal syndicates. That includes a range of interventions, from working with the professional sector to deter solicitors and accountants from becoming involved in money-laundering; to supporting voluntary sector work with young victims of violence — who are often also perpetrators — to prevent them from joining a gang or help established gang members reassess their life choices.
This programme is aimed at improving and streamlining the development of legislation required to improve crime prevention. It must also provide for mobilisation and participation of civil society in assisting to address crime.
Such syndicates are involved in a range of different crime forms and close co-operation between departmental entities working on different facets of organised crime has been prioritised.
These efforts are being complemented by intelligence projects aimed at uncovering corruption within government more widely.
The very high, and often unrealised, expectations associated with transition have contributed to the justification of crime. This empowerment of victims is aimed at creating a greater role for victims in the criminal justice process, as well as providing protection against repeat victimisation.
One of the goals of SCP is to implement safeguards to the point where the potential offender views the act unfavourably.
This programme aims to divert petty offenders and juveniles out of the criminal justice system. Specialist systems to programme expertise for fraud detection in the shape of rules. | https://kijipezadopavoty.ettroisptitspointscompagnie.com/the-different-apploaches-to-crime-prevention388927513hv.html |
Pulmonology Edema: Excess fluid in the air spaces and parenchyma of the lungs
Pulmonology edema is the presence of more-than-normal fluid in the lungs. Patients with pulmonary edema have difficulty with breathing. Pulmonology edema may be due to heart problems, pneumonia, exposure to toxins and medications, trauma and exercise beyond limits.
People who live at heights/maximum elevations may also experience this problem. Pulmonology edema is a medical emergency that needs immediate attention of a specialist doctor. The treatment for pulmonary edema includes providing for supplemental oxygen supply, and continuous medication.
SYMPTOMS
Pulmonology edema is marked by shortness of breath and suffocation. Shortness of breath is maximum when lying down. It is also marked by chest pain, if caused by heart disease, and irregular heartbeat (palpitations). The patient of pulmonary edema is very anxious, restless and has an overwhelming sense of apprehension. The patient coughs out frothy sputum that may be tinged with blood.
Early diagnosis and treatment will help the patient to overcome the complications of the condition. However, in the long-term, if neglected may lead to complete deterioration of health of the pulmonary edema patient. It is always better to see the doctor, when there are symptoms of shortness of breath, suffocation (dyspnea), profuse sweating, drop in blood pressure, and weakness.
CAUSES
Pulmonology Edema is caused by heart-related and non-heart related conditions. Under heart related conditions, pulmonary edema may occur due to coronary artery disease, cardiomyopathy, heart valve problems and high blood pressure (hypertension). Non-heart related pulmonary edema occurs due to acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), high altitudes, pulmonary embolism, viral infections, drug reactions, lung injuries, and exposure to toxins, and smoke inhalation.
RISK FACTORS & COMPLICATIONS
When pulmonary edema is neglected, there is pressure on the heart. The right ventricle, which has a much thinner wall/muscle may become weak and fail. Increased pressure on the heart in-turn builds pressure on various parts of the body. It may result in abdominal swelling, swollen membranes surrounding the lungs, and swelling of the liver.
TESTS AND DIAGNOSIS
At the outset, the doctor conducts a physical examination, followed by electrocardiogram (ECG) and chest X-ray. In addition to this, pulse oximetry test and blood tests are advised to determine the level of oxygen in the blood. Two kinds of catheterizations are done to know about the condition of the heart and blood vessels. These help the doctor to record the pressure in the lung capillaries as well as the blood vessels of the heart.
TREATMENT AND DRUGS
Primary treatment for pulmonary edema includes oxygen supply and medications. Oxygen is provided to the patient by way of face mask or nasal cannula. A mechanical ventilator may be needful in extreme cases. In addition to medications, patients of pulmonary edema living in the higher altitudes are advised to reduce their physical activity and keep warm, as physical activity and cold can make their condition worse. | https://www.yashodahospitals.com/blog/pulmonary-edema-is-fluid-accumulation-in-the-air-spaces-and-parenchyma-of-the-lungs/ |
Archaic. my (used before a word beginning with a vowel or a silent h, or following a noun): mine eyes; lady mine.
a place where such minerals may be obtained, either by excavation or by washing the soil.
a natural deposit of such minerals.
an abundant source; store: a mine of information.
a device containing a charge of explosive in a watertight casing, floating on or moored beneath the surface of the water for the purpose of blowing up an enemy ship that strikes it or passes close by it.
a similar device used on land against personnel or vehicles; land mine.
a subterranean passage made to extend under an enemy's works or position, as for the purpose of securing access or of depositing explosives for blowing up a military position.
a passageway in the parenchyma of a leaf, made by certain insects.
verb (used without object), mined, min·ing.
to extract coal, ore, or the like, from a mine.
to place or lay mines, as in military or naval operations.
verb (used with object), mined, min·ing.
to dig in (earth, rock, etc.) in order to obtain ores, coal, etc.
to extract (ore, coal, etc.) from a mine.
to avail oneself of or draw useful or valuable material from: to mine every reference book available in writing the term paper.
to use, especially a natural resource: to mine the nation's forests.
to make subterranean passages in or under; burrow.
to make (passages, tunnels, etc.) by digging or burrowing.
to dig away or remove the foundations of.
to place or lay military or naval mines under: to mine an enemy supply road.
Agriculture. to grow crops in (soil) over an extended time without fertilizing.
to remove (a natural resource) from its source without attempting to replenish it.
4. supply, stock, fund, hoard.
I gave a reading last week with someone who had taken a class of mine.
I wanted to be anonymous, as some of these people were friends of mine.
It's a week since they started from the mine, and you'd ha' thought they'd be here now.
Old English min "mine, my," (pronoun and adjective), from Proto-Germanic *minaz (cf. Old Frisian, Old Saxon Old High German min, Middle Dutch, Dutch mijn, German mein, Old Norse minn, Gothic meins "my, mine"), from the base of me. Superseded as adjective beginning 13c. by my.
"pit or tunnel in the earth for obtaining metals and minerals," c.1300, from Old French mine "vein, lode; tunnel, shaft; mineral ore; mine" (for coal, tin, etc,), of uncertain origin, probably from a Celtic source (cf. Welsh mwyn, Irish mein "ore, mine"), from Old Celtic *meini-. Italy and Greece were relatively poor in minerals, thus they did not contribute a word for this to English, but there was extensive mining from an early date in Celtic lands (Cornwall, etc.). From c.1400 as "a tunnel under fortifications to overthrow them."
"lay explosives," 1620s, in reference to old tactic of tunneling under enemy fortifications to blow them up; a specialized sense of mine (v.1) via a sense of "dig under foundations to undermine them" (late 14c.), and miner in this sense is attested from late 13c. Related: Mined; mining.
to dig, c.1300, "to tunnel under fortifications to overthrow them," from mine (n.1) or from Old French miner "to dig, mine; exterminate." From mid-14c. as "to dig in the earth" (for treasure, etc.). Figurative use from mid-14c. Related: Mined; mining.
explosive device, by 1850, from mine (v.2).
An underground excavation in the Earth from which ore, rock, or minerals can be extracted.
see back to the salt mines; gold mine; your guess is as good as mine. | https://www.dictionary.com/browse/mine |
Community Living Connections is a program within Aging & Long Term Care that can connect you with the right kind of help, when and where you need it.
We help older adults, adults living with disabilities, and caregivers access a wide range of public and private resources and provide the long-term care services and supports necessary for them to remain in the community for as long as possible.
Our goal is to promote well-being, independence, dignity, and choice for all individuals we serve. Please contact us for objective, confidential information about community resources and service options to meet your individual needs.
To Reach Us: Call our Helpline at 509-960-7281.
Note: For Ferry, Stevens, Pend Oreille, and Whitman Counties call Rural Resources Community Action at 1-800-873-5889 or go to www.ruralresources.org. | https://www.altcew.org/programs-services/information-and-assistance/ |
Basic Rights Oregon works to ensure that all lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender Oregonians experience equality by building a broad and inclusive politically powerful movement, shifting public opinion, and achieving policy victories. Read more about our work at www.basicrights.org.
Basic Rights Oregon is an equal opportunity employer committed to a diverse, multicultural work environment. People of color, people with disabilities and people of diverse sexual orientations, gender expressions and identities are encouraged to apply.<!--break-->POSITION OVERVIEW This position supports the overall goals and objectives of Basic Rights Oregon’s fundraising program by helping to develop and implement a strategy to grow relationships within the business and foundation communities, provide an entry point for new supporters and manage our calendar of events. The Partnership & Events Manager works closely with the Individual Giving Manager, communications and finance teams, fundraising consultants, and with our volunteer base to provide a donor-centered experience for supporters. This position is represented by a collective bargaining agreement. Basic Rights Oregon (BRO) is the state’s largest grassroots organization dedicated to ending discrimination based on sexual orientation and gender identity. Founded in 1996 and headquartered in Portland, Oregon, BRO is a progressive, statewide nonprofit organization. For more information, visit www.basicrights.org . KEY RESPONSIBILITIES Partnerships· Develop and maintain close working relationships with individual and corporate donors, institutional funders, sponsors, and community partners.· Maintain a proactive, creative leadership role in the identification, cultivation, and solicitation of individual, foundation, and corporate contributions; cultivate and directly solicit key donors, working with the Co-Director, Board Members, and key volunteers.· Write and produce donor proposals and reports, and work with the Communications Team to create and maintain stewardship tools: e-newsletters, annual reports, and website donation platforms.· Project manage all grant writing, prospect research, and reporting to funders. Special Event Series· Data management of company profiles; tracking and follow-up of gifts and pledges; research to identify new prospects.· Set appointments with corporate leaders for staff: Executive Director, Development Director and Individual Giving Manager.· Work with fundraising consultant to manage logistics for annual spring luncheon and fall gala.· Oversee fundraising plan for annual Bites for Rights event; manage volunteer committee. Regional Events & House Parties· Recruit volunteer planning committees for events; maintain existing relationships and identify new supporters.· Support volunteer committees in achieving goals and executing events. Manage planning checklist and timelines with committees.· Provide necessary materials for planning purposes (mailing list, host committee kits, and day-of-event supplies).· Work with staff to and volunteers craft run of shows to include current organizational messaging.· Invite community leaders and elected officials to support the events.· Recruit event committees that reflect the communities we serve. Other Duties· Proactive and responsive coordination of third party events.· Support annual donor appreciation event.· Coordinate logistics for funder briefings and site visits.· Administrative responsibilities including, but not limited to: maintaining communication with vendors, volunteers, donors, media and community leaders regarding day-to-day business via phone, email and written correspondence.
PROFESSIONAL EXPERIENCE · Established and effective communicator; highly skilled in writing and speaking; the ability to communicate Basic Rights Oregon’s mission and interests to a broad audience; adept at crafting proposals, donor correspondence, and other kinds of materials.· A successful track record of personally identifying, cultivating, and soliciting individual donors, corporations, and foundations for support.· A minimum of 2 years of experience in fund development, with experience securing major gifts from individual and institutional donors.· Staff supervision experience. Experience managing consultants also preferred.· Knowledge of major gifts, annual funds, corporate and foundation giving, direct mail, planned giving, and special events.· Demonstrated ability to work effectively with and quickly gain the respect and support of various constituencies, including board and staff members, donors, foundation and civic leaders, volunteers, and community partners.· Very strong technology skills; must be proficient in Microsoft Word, Microsoft Outlook, and Microsoft Excel. PERSONAL QUALITIES · Commitment to Basic Rights Oregon’s mission and programs with knowledge of LGBTQ communities and issues.· A strategist who is adept at planning, prioritizing, organizing, and following through; highly energetic and able to balance multiple competing priorities.· Highly entrepreneurial; resourceful, and flexible, with the ability to anticipate and act on events and opportunities.· A team builder with strong skills in management and leadership; must understand the subtleties of motivating and directing a diverse group of personalities.· A catalyst with vision who can create excitement and energy around Basic Rights Oregon’s programs and encourage others to support the organization; persuasive, persistent, and determined in the pursuit of the organization's fundraising goals.· Straightforward and self-possessed; one who shares information readily, listens as well as gives advice and respects the abilities of others.· Energetic and willing to work hands-on in developing and executing a variety of fundraising activities ranging from the day-to-day to the highly creative and visible.· A sense of humor and the ability to work joyfully in a fast-paced environment.
Applications should include resume, cover letter and the names and contact information for three references. Please submit applications electronically to jeana [at] basicrights.org by Wednesday, July 15th by Noon. | https://lgbtpipeline.org/jobs/development-manager-partnership-events |
Q:
How does a Recommender System recommend movies to a New User?
Consider a New user which has never rated any movie on the Website or the System has never seen the user.
How does the System recommend Movies to the User and based on what ?
How will we evaluate the Recommendation , is the recommendation accurate or appropriate and how confident the system is about the Recommendation .
A:
In general, a safe default option for recommender systems is to recommend the most popular product, so two options for the recommendation:
simply recommend the most popular movie in a time window around the current moment (maybe taking into account momentum),
do the same but marginalizing over account info, e.g. age, gender, country, language; also, IP location is an option to get such type of info.
Confidence assessment can be done based on recommendation success rate over the results of the same recommendation to previous users with the same profile characteristics, if such data is available.
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The NSA Has Never Not Been Violating FISA Since It Moved Stellar Wind to FISA in 2004
Back in 2013, I noted that FISA Judge John Bates had written two opinions finding NSA had violated 50 U.S.C. §1809(a)(2), which prohibits the “disclos[ure] or use[ of] information obtained under color of law by electronic surveillance, knowing or having reason to know that the information was obtained through electronic surveillance not authorized by” FISA. Each time he did it, Bates sort of waggled around the specter of law-breaking as a way of forcing NSA to destroy data they otherwise wanted to retain and use. I suspect that is why NSA moved so quickly to shut down its PRTT program in 2011 in the wake of his upstream opinion.
In his November 6, 2015 opinion reauthorizing Section 702, presiding judge Thomas Hogan described two more definite violations of 50 U.S.C. §1809(a)(2), and one potential one, bringing the list of times the FISC caught NSA illegally surveilling Americans to four, and potentially five, times.
- Fall 2009 confession/July 2010 opinion: Collection of categories of data under the bulk PRTT program not permitted by the FISC (Bates’ opinion describes a category violation reported to FISC in the very first PRTT docket, along with NSA’s assurances it would never happen again)
- June 2010 confession/December 10 2010, May 13, 2011 opinions: Retention of overcollected data from a traditional FISA warrant in mission management systems ultimately not deemed necessary for collection avoidance
- May 2011 confession/October 3, 2011 opinion: Collection of entirely domestic communications on upstream surveillance MCTs
- July 13, 2015 confession/November 6, 2015 opinion: Retention of 702 communications that had been otherwise purged in mission management systems, even though FISC had ruled against such retention in 2011
- [Potential] July 13, 2015 confession/November 6, 2015 opinion: Retention of data that should have been purged or aged off in compliance databases
Hogan describes these incidents starting on 56.
Between June and August of 2010, the government filed some notices of violation in conjunction with a single electronic surveillance order (on page 58, he describes that as dealing “exclusively with Title I collection in a particular case.”) It’s unclear whether the scope of the surveillance extended beyond what had been authorized, or whether the government had conducted surveillance based on illegally collected data (Hogan refers to it both as overcollection but also as poison fruit). As part of its efforts to resolve the problem, the government argued it could keep some of this poisonous fruit in some kind of oversight database to prevent further collection. But it also argued that its minimization procedures “only applied to interceptions authorized by the Court and did not apply to the fruits of unlawful surveillance,” effectively arguing that if it broke the law the FISC could then not tell it what to do because it had broken the law. The government also argued 50 U.S.C. §1809(a)(2) “only prohibits use or disclosure of unlawfully obtained information for investigative or analytic purposes,” meaning it could keep illegal data for management purposes.
FISC didn’t buy this argument generally, but in a December 10, 2010 opinion did permit NSA to retain “the results of unauthorized surveillance [that] are needed to remedy past unauthorized surveillance or prevent similar unauthorized surveillance in the future.” In that opinion, FISC cited John Bates’ July 2010 PRTT opinion discussing the application of 50 U.S.C. §1809(a)(2).
After further review, on May 13, 2011, the court ruled that the specific data in question did not fall within that exception.
[C]ourts should not attempt “to restrict the unqualified language of a [criminal] statute to the particular evil that Congress was trying to remedy — even assuming that it is possible to identify that evil from something other than the text of the statute itself.” Brogan v United States, 522 U.S. 398, 403 (1998) … The exception recognized in the December 10, 2010 Opinion stands on narrower but firmer ground: that in limited circumstances, prohibiting use of disclosure of the results of unauthorized electronic surveillance would be “so ‘absurd or glaringly unjust’ … as to [call into] question whether Congress actual intended what the plain language of Section 1809(a)(2) “so clearly imports.”
That decision only related to one traditional FISA order — but it did lay out the principle that NSA couldn’t keep illegally collected data for vague management reasons.
Which is why Hogan was so surprised to learn NSA was doing the same thing — and had been! — with Section 702 data that had otherwise been purged, which the NSA confessed to Hogan in July of last year. That is, having stopped the practice with a single traditional FISA order, they kept doing it with programmatic 702 data.
In light of the May 2011 [redacted], the Court was very surprised to learn from the July 13, 2015 Notice that the NSA had not been deleting from [redacted] Section 702 records placed on the NSA’s Master Purge List (“MPL”).
[snip]
As the Court explained to the government at the October 8 Hearing, it expects the government to comply with its heightened duty of candor in ex parte proceedings at all times. Candor is fundamental to this Court’s effective operation in considering ex parte submissions from the government, particularly in matters involving large and complex operations such as the implementation of Section 702.
After the hearing, the government submitted several filings effectively saying it was purging the data, then admitting that the technical process it had implemented to effect the purge was only purging some of the selectors that had been illegally collected.
In any case, after 4 years of retaining 702 data that had to be purged, they were finally moving towards deleting it last year.
The second violation pertains to two tools (both names of which are redacted) that help determine whether a selector can be or has been properly tasked (on page 76, Hogan suggests “most Section 702 information [in these databases] that is otherwise subject to purge pertains to roamer communications.”
The first appears to be a pre-tasking tool to see whether it properly tasked. This tool has not aged off PRISM data within the required 5 years, nor upstream data within the required 2 years, though it has aged off pre-October 31, 2011 upstream data. NSA has not done so “because of the utility of these records for compliance and collection avoidance purposes.” It also helps to respond to OSD and ODNI oversight questions.
The second is a post-tasking tool to identify whether a Section 702 target may be in the US. It doesn’t age off PRISM data within the required 5 years, though it does treat upstream data properly. In addition, it doesn’t purge items that have been added to the Master Purge List. Rather than purging, it just masks certain fields from most users.
In general, Hogan seemed to believe most of this data did fall within the narrow exception laid out in the December 2010 opinion permitting the retention of unauthorized data for the purposes of collection avoidance, though he asked for further briefing that would have taken place in January.
He did point to the inclusion in these two tools of other selectors that had been put on the purge list, however, which would raise additional questions:
Examples would be incidentally acquired communications of or concerning United States persons that are clearly not relevant to the authorized purpose of the acquisition or that do not contain evidence of a crime which may be disseminated under the minimization procedures … attorney-client communications that do not contain foreign intelligence information or evidence of a crime … and any instances in which the NSA discovers that a United Staes person or person not reasonably believed to be outside the United States at the time of targeting has been intentionally targeted under Section 702.
That is, Hogan raised the possibility that these tools included precisely the kind of information that should be deliberately avoided.
Ah well. He still reauthorized Section 702.
Consider what this means: between the five years between when, in fall 2004, NSA told Colleen Kollar-Kotelly it was violating her category restrictions on the bulk Internet dragnet until the time, in 2009, it admitted it continued to do so with every single record collected, between the non-disclosure of what NSA was really doing with upstream surveillance between 2008 and 2011, and between the time FISC told NSA it couldn’t keep illegally collected data for management reasons in May 2011 to the time in July 2015 it confessed it had continued to do that with 702 data, NSA has always been in violation of 50 U.S.C. §1809(a)(2) since it moved Stellar Wind to FISA.
And that’s just the stuff they have admitted to. | https://www.emptywheel.net/tag/john-bates/page/3/ |
National Trophy Infantry Team Rifle Awards
The National Trophy Rifle Matches trace their history to the 1903 legislation that established the first National Matches and appropriated funds to acquire the National “Dogs of War” Trophy. This trophy continues to be one of the most prestigious trophies that can be won through rifle shooting in the United States. Today, the National Trophy Rifle Matches provide national championship competitions in service rifle events. Those events preserve the finest traditions of military marksmanship competition in the United States today. A total of 38 different National Trophies are awarded during the ten days of competition that now comprise National Trophy Rifle Week.
We Congratulate the winners of the National Trophy Infantry Team Rifle Matches. Click on a category below to view the list of winners. | https://thecmp.org/cmp-national-matches/awards-trophies/national-trophy-infantry-team-rifle-awards/ |
Teachers take the time in setting the year’s thematic program in order to carefully ponder what topic to focus on each year when December arrives. Wanting to capture something of the essence of the season, we wish to do so in a way that is sensitive to all families and cultures. We also seek to identify a topic that has academic relevance and that, while it may reference a prior year’s focus, will be new for every child currently enrolled at Lake and Park.
We completed the school year last June with a unit on Newton’s laws of physics, a component of which was a study of light. At the time we introduced the color spectrum, working with mirrors, flashlights and spinning objects. In planning this year’s work it occurred to us to build on that established background by looking closely at the essence of light-- so amply displayed at the darkest time of year. Our study allow us to look beyond the physical properties of light, to learn of human attempts since prehistory to bring warmth and light under human control. This broad approach would allow us to engage students in the following topics: discovery of electricity, invention of the light bulb, energy sources that allow electricity to be channeled, circuitry which allows it to be directed. We would also make room in our program to consider pre-electric sources of light. At the same time, we would think about the broader effects of overuse of traditional sources--fossil fuels, water--in the production of electricity and of its impact on climate change. Our Scientist in the Schools, Mary Fisher, presented a lesson about the carbon dioxide cycle, and the need for conscientious use of sources.
Looking at a Light Bulb as a Scientist
Each child was asked to bring in a light bulb to begin our unit. We often ask our classes to draw scientifically, usually this is from nature: a whale bone, a pinecone, a mushroom. We took this same approach of drawing scientifically, applying it this time to human invention. Children throughout the grades participated in this exercise, honing skills of observation, coming to see the extraordinary in the commonplace.
Drawings of lightbulbs by Ellis, Abe and Omar.
Questions arose spontaneously in their minds as children studied what they were depicting. As they held bulbs up to the light, they noted that some could be looked into, others not. Many went on to make larger than life size paintings of light bulbs on our easels, turning what began as a scientific drawing exercise into an expressive art project.
Thinking Both Philosophically and Scientifically
Soon after, teachers in the North Room and Big Room posed the provocative question, “Was electricity invented or discovered?” nvent This struck me as a wonderful question to put before children as it asked them to grapple with a complex topic about what is so readily taken as a commonplace in their lives. They were able to articulate their thinking in a variety of ways, accessing prior knowledge. Children recorded their responses in their journals:
I think it is not an invention because it was there all along. We just did not know how to use it. I think how we use electricity was invented.
No, it is not invented because lightning is electricity in its natural state.
Electricity is an invention because Thomas Edison made it and we would not have light.
I don’t know whether electricity is an invention or a discovery. I wonder if it is or not.
Is electricity an invention? Yes, because someone had to invent power lines or at least come up with the idea. I know someone invented the lightbulb, but not sure who. A lot of people helped with ideas. I wonder if maybe the scientists ever thought of keeping the light bulb to themselves.
Learning to Light a Light Bulb
The children set to work learning to light a small bulb with a battery and wire. They were given time to experiment with various arrangements of wires and bulbs and to work with simple switches in order to turn circuits on and off. Each child in the Upstairs Classrooms created a small cardboard house that they then powered with bulbs and batteries.
Invention or Discovery?
The same question was then posed for the youngest children, after they had had exposure to working with the basics of circuitry: Was electricity invented or discovered?
Responses were given out loud in front of classmates and recorded by the teacher on a large chart:
People found it out.
I think it was invented.
Invented, because I heard of a man who caught thunder with a kite.
Discovered, because my brother told me.
Invented, because my mom told me.
Discovered, because maybe if they saw lightning they could make light.
Discovered, because how could people make a lightning bolt?
The progression of the group’s thinking together is revealed as one answer furthers another.
A Timeline of Electrical Progress
We then went on to read” Ben Franklin’s Big Splash”. He invented swimming fins, as a child.
We read further about his discoveries with electricity.
From there, we moved to reading about Thomas Edison’s work with the invention of the light bulb.
Children in the Upstairs Classrooms were able to make an extraordinary connection to a family member of our school community who is related to a major player in the development of electrical progress. During the above pictured presentation they connected what they had read and heard in their classroom studies to the fact that Keira’s great, great grandfather, Max Loewenthal, worked in Edison’s laboratory in New Jersey and is credited with inventing the lightbulb socket. Keira’s grandmother, Vivienne Strickler, Loewenthal’s grandchild, offered a history on Loewenthal’s work, exhibiting a prototype light bulb, socket, and various patents, including his patent for the electric iron. Strickler told anecdotes of Loewenthal’s experiences working with Edison, including an account of Henry Ford visiting Edison to suggest designs for an electrical car. (This thought was downplayed by Edison as he knew that the storage life of a battery at the time would be an issue in how far such a vehicle could travel. According to the account, he suggested that Ford put his energies into development of the gasoline engine.) Such an encounter with a close relative of a figure of historic importance brought the past into our setting in a very real way, allowing us the rarity of seeing primary source material firsthand.
Children in the Beginning Room will continue their work with major figures of electrical history, notably Nikola Tesla, making timelines of developments in electricity upon return to school from Winter Vacation. We will be inviting Strickler to visit the youngest children in the near future, so they, too, can learn of the work of an influential colleague of Edison’s. Children in the Downstairs Classrooms will also learn about using electricity safely.
Cultural Aspects of Light Brought to Life in a Presentation
Beginning Room children arrived at school on December 15th with the classroom darkened, so that they could enjoy their lanterns as they walked about, shedding light. Pictured are Olive, Kitzia and Yael, with Kim Martinson, who was involved in helping the children make their lanterns.
Let Your Light Shine, a school wide performance, was presented in the late afternoon of December 15th. As Very Beginners and Beginners entered the Trike-Room-Turned-Theater holding homemade lanterns powered with LED candles, everyone joined in singing “I Walk With My Little Lantern”. The closing number was a reprise of a poem recited near the beginning of the event. In between, each child in the school was fully involved in a participatory program of “In the Round”--filled with song, and folktales dramatically interpreted and acted out with musical instruments for sound effect, and original stories told in Reader’s Theater or skit fashion, and dance, as six of the Downstairs Children performed as stars in front of a captivated audience. Attendees and participants were each given a sugar cookie in the shape of a star, rolled out and cut by children during Choice Time and After Care, later dipped in chocolate frosting, as a parting gift, as they walked out into the night.
Rehearsal of “The Light Keeper’s Box”, a Venezuelan folk tale, by children in the Big Room, featuring the fire that North Room children made and lit with simple circuits. | https://www.lakeandparkschool.org/post/a-study-of-light-by-camille-hayward |
Access to over 100,000 complete essays and term papers essays related to othello's relationship with desdemona 1 problems start to arise in othello and desdemona's relationship when desdemona drops her handkerchief that othello had gifted to her and emilia picks it up to give to iago the handkerchief, a pathetic rag to anyone else. Othello desdemona uploaded by mj23 on jul 05, 2004 in shakespeare’s play othello, iago is the antagonist that is, he is the villain in the play othello. In othello, othello presents his wife desdemona with a white handkerchief embroidered with strawberries this token bears great mystery, for othello states that it was given to his mother by an egyptian in order to charm and keep his father. Desdemona is a character in william shakespeare's play othello (c 1601–1604) shakespeare's desdemona is a venetian beauty who enrages and disappoints her father, a venetian senator, when she elopes with othello, a moorish man several years her senior when her husband is deployed to cyprus in the service of the republic of venice, desdemona accompanies him. Othello give desdemona the handkerchief as a symbol of his love the handkerchief was woven by a 200 year old sibyl his mother used it to keep his father faithful to her so for othello, the handkerchief meant marital fidelity.
Desdemona’s influence on othello can be directly deduced from the play first, othello loves desdemona with such a magnitude that he is willing to go against brabantio, the father of desdemona and a senator, who have a lot of political power that could jeopardize othello’s life. The very heart of the shakespeare’s “othello” is the doomed relationship between othello and desdemonathe short analysis of the romance in our othello essay will reveal all the skeletons in the cupboard desdemona analysis. This free english literature essay on essay: othello is perfect for english literature students to use as an example tel: 0203 908 8221 in the play we find that both ‘othello’ and ‘desdemona’ are good characters but iago’s personal jealousy involves them in the evil game handkerchief/ o devil”.
Desdemona’s handkerchief in othello essay 891 words | 4 pages in shakespeare’s play othello, one of the main character’s desdemona possesses the most essential symbol and object in the play, a handkerchief. Iago strategically arouses othello’s jealousy by allowing othello to come to the conclusion that desdemona is carrying on an illicit affair with cassio. In conclusion iago convinces othello of desdemona’s infidelity in a number of ways he ‘plants the seed’ in othello’s mind, he shows him some supposed evidence (the handkerchief) and he generally degrades him through his language and opportunism. Downfall of othello essay sample william shakespeare’s eponymously titled play ‘othello’, manifests greed, ambition, jealousy, revenge and most of all, manipulation iago’s skillful manipulation of protagonist, othello, eventually leads othello to self destruct. Essay about othello: othello and desdemona bernard smoakes professor barbara russell com 1102 5 april 2014 othello compare and contrast the differences of desdemona and emilia characters in the play “othello”, by william shakespeare, there are two women in the play that attracts our attentions.
So, in othello's mind, as long as desdemona has the handkerchief in her possession, she's chaste but the moment she loses it, she loses her chastity the handkerchief also seems to function as a symbol of othello's mysterious past and his exoticness. Othello and desdemona started their life together thinking it was to be forever the handkerchief symbolizes the start of a new generation, a token of their union and ultimately determines their fate and the main characters lives being changed by the events the films adaption, as in shakespeare. Racism in othello racism seems to be a big concern in shakespeare’s tragic play, othello because the hero of the play is an outsider, a moor, we have an idea how blacks were regarded in england, in elizabethan times.
Suggested essay topics 1 discuss the role that race plays in shakespeare’s portrayal of othello how do the other characters react to othello’s skin color or to the fact that he is a moor. Othello the three different types of women in othello are portrayed by the essential characters of desdemona their association with a man leads them to only one path: suffering emilia is wise yet disloyal yet cassio is a bit more extreme. Essay about hamlet and othello: ophelia and desdemona ophelia and desdemona play the role of the innocent lady in shakespeare's hamlet and othello the roles of these characters provide a sense of completeness, faithfulness, and obedience to the leading male figures.
The green-eyed monster othello is a study of nature which is psychological there is the issue of jealousy which is in the essayimages have been used to present the issue of jealousy in the novel giving different implications on the story. Desdemona and emilia in othello essay each individual has a different opinion on what love is, but it is amazing how these opinions differ between desdemona and emilia in william shakespeare s, othello othello is a play written about love, betrayal and relationships, and each character has a strong opinion on how a relationship should be. Othello argumentative essay othello thinks that the handkerchief is a representation of their love and they use many racist terms in the play even now when othello comes looking for it clearly shown to have a major flaw of jealousy othello strangles desdemona as we finish the tragedy feeling relieved of the unfortunate events in. Othello - english essay the contrasting characters desdemona and emilia, form an interesting and important relationship in the play othello desdemona is very ‘sheltered’ from the ways of the world and emilia is very ‘down to earth’ and ‘experienced.
The handkerchief given by othello to desdemona is a symbol of his love and gratitude towards her, and was a token that binds their marriage when desdemona misplaces this handkerchief othello comes to the conclusion that she has cheated on him, due to the insinuations iago has successfully planted in his mind. The handkerchief plays a major role in the play it is probably the most crucial evidence to prove iago's claim that desdemona and cassio, othello's lieutenant, are having an affair. Best answer: handkerchief the most dominant symbol in the play is the handkerchief that othello gave desdemona this handkerchief, spotted with strawberries, is symbolic of a white wedding sheet stained with virginal blood. The handkerchief is an important symbol in the play analyze the handkerchief in terms of its importance to othello, desdemona, and iago in a shakespearean tragedy, characters die who do not deserve their unfortunate fates.
2018. | http://thhomeworkmhle.alisher.info/desdemonas-handkerchief-in-othello-essay.html |
The study of the anthropological evidence from several cemeteries as well as the census declarations from Roman Egypt defined the average life expectancy for males at 22.5-25 years and for females at 35-37 years.
What was the average life span of a wealthy person in ancient Egypt?
It was commonly believed to be 58 for women and 54 for men, while many of the aristocracy lived well over 65 years old.
How long did the oldest pharaoh live?
Ramses II
- Ramses II was the third pharaoh of ancient Egypt’s 19th dynasty, reigning from 1279 to 1213 BCE. …
- Ramses II commissioned an almost unparalleled amount of building projects at home. …
- Ramses II’s long life—he lived between 90 and 96 years—gave him ample opportunity to marry wives and beget children.
How long did humans live in Egypt?
People in ancient Egypt did not grow very old. Very high infant death rates due to high risks of infections resulted in an average age at death of 19 years. However those who survived childhood had a life expectancy of 30 years for women* and 34 years for men.
Who was the oldest person in ancient Egypt?
The supposed remains of Sa-Nakht, a pharaoh of ancient Egypt, may be the oldest known human giant, a new study finds.
How long did humans live 3000 years ago?
As far as i have read history and understood it, and with all the archaelogical/ anthroplogical evidences availabe, at no time in the ancient history of humans did anyone live as long as 150 years. The highest ‘guess’ for lifespan of someone 3,000 years ago cannot exceed 120 year.
What was the average age of a pharaoh?
The average age at death of these four rulers was a relatively old 63 by ancient Egyptian standards, making a DISH diagnosis especially plausible: The disease is most common among people over the age of 40 and afflicts twice as many men as women. | https://destination-malawi.com/about-africa/frequent-question-what-was-the-average-lifespan-in-ancient-egypt.html |
In this review, we describe another age of sequencing ‘Nanopore Sequencing technology” which is rapidly growing to fulfill the gap in advancements, which hold the capacity for significantly larger perused read lengths, less time consuming and lower by expense. Nanopore-based sequencers, as the fourth-generation DNA sequencing technology, have the potential to quickly and reliably sequence the entire human genome for less than $1000, and possibly for even less than $100.The need has never been more prominent for progressive advances that convey time efficient, reasonable and exact genome data. This quest has led to the advancements in the field of Next Generation Sequencing (NGS). The economical production of huge volumes of sequencing information is the essential advantage over traditional techniques. The preliminary methods of sequencing namely Sanger sequencing and Second Generation Sequencing provide the basis to the propelling and surprising number of logical advances. However, the evolving genomics and specifically the sequences sciences provide prolific basis for extra development in this space of research. We hereby ponder upon the broad range of Nano-pore sequencing techniques along with their applications in the emerging era of genomics and its advancement, also the word goes towards the importance of Nano-pore sequencing advancements in the emerging markets of sequencing like that of Pakistan. | https://thepab.org/index.php/journal/article/view/1132 |
SE Labs tested VMware NSX Network Detection and Response against a range of advanced persistent threats designed to compromise systems and penetrate target networks in the same way as criminals and other attackers breach systems and networks.
Full chains of attack were used, meaning that testers behaved as real attackers, probing targets using a variety of tools, techniques, and vectors before attempting to gain lower-level and more powerful access. Finally, the testers/attackers attempted to complete their missions, which might include stealing information, damaging systems, and connecting to other systems on the network.
The following is the last of a three-part preview of SE Labs’ report on the exercise, which can be downloaded here.
In this installment, CyberRisk Alliance looks at what the testing revealed about typical attack stages.
Attackers start from a certain point and don’t stop until they have either achieved their goal or have reached the end of their resources (which could be a deadline or the limit of their abilities).
This means, in a test, the tester needs to begin the attack from a realistic first position, such as sending a phishing email or setting up an infected website and moving through many of the likely steps leading to stealing data or causing some other form of damage to the network.
If the test starts too far into the attack chain, such as executing malware on an endpoint, then many products will be denied opportunities to use the full extent of their protection and detection abilities.
If the test concludes before any useful’ damage or theft has been achieved, then similarly the product may be denied a chance to demonstrate its abilities in behavioral detection and so on.
Attack stages
The illustration below (Figure 1) shows the stages of an attack. SE Labs measured how a product responds to the first stages of the attack with a detection and/ or protection rating. Sometimes, products allow threats to run but detect them. Other times they might allow the threat to run briefly before neutralizing it. Ideally, they detect and block the threat before it has a chance to run. Products may delete threats or automatically contains them in a ‘quarantine’ or other safe holding mechanism for later analysis.
When the initial attack phase succeeded, SE Labs then measured post-exploitation stages, which are represented by steps two through to seven below.
In figure 1. you can see a typical attack running from start to end, through various hacking activities. This can be classified as a fully successful breach.
In figure 2. a product or service has interfered with the attack, allowing it to succeed only as far as stage 3, after which it was detected and neutralized. The attacker was unable to progress through stages 4 and onwards.
It is possible for an attack to run in a different order with, for example, the attacker attempting to connect to other systems without needing to escalate privileges. However, it is common for password theft (see step 5) to occur before using stolen credentials to move further through the network.
It is also possible that attackers will not cause noticeable damage during an attack. It may be that their goal is persistent presence on the systems to monitor for activities, slowly steal information and other more subtle missions.
In figure 3. the attacker has managed to progress as far as stage five. This means that the system has been seriously compromised. The attacker has a high level of access and has stolen passwords.
However, attempts to exfiltrate data from the target were blocked, as were attempts to damage the system.
NSX NDR performance
The test exposed VMware NSX Network Detection and Response to a diverse set of exploits, file-less and malware attacks and reconnaissance ‘discovery’ techniques.
"The testers behaved as attackers, pivoting between systems (and generating lateral movement traffic), attempting to use credentials, exfiltrating data and creating command and control data flows,” the report authors wrote.
VMware NSX Network Detection and Response detected all the threats during testing.
Also from the report’s conclusion:
“An attack is made up of multiple stages and we record when a product detects malicious activity, including the initial ‘delivery’ stage of an attack, when a connection is first made and malicious code is sent to the target. We also watch out for code execution; behavior by the attacker after their attempts to gain lower-level access (privilege escalation); and their movement across the network after the first stages of the attack (lateral movement).
“The results are strong and not one attack stage went undetected. Sometimes products are overly aggressive and detect everything, including threats and legitimate objects. In this test VMware NSX Network Detection and Response generated no such false positive results, which is as hoped.”
The final verdict: VMware NSX Network Detection and Response wins a AAA award for its excellent performance.
To learn more about the testing, check out this VMware blog post. | https://www.scmagazine.com/native/network-security/ndr-vs-advanced-threats-part3 |
- more updates...
Economy in Brief
FOMC: Fed Again Holds Funds Rate Near Zero, Begins To Plan Asset Purchase "Tapering"
In the FOMC meeting today, the Fed again left the federal funds rate target in the range of 0.0% to 0.25%...
U.S. Mortgage Applications Rise for Both Purchase and Refinance
The MBA Loan Applications Index surged 4.9% in the week ended September 17...
Italian Industrial Turnover Cools - Remains Strong
Italian industrial turnover continues to cool, but industrial sales still run at a very strong pace...
U.S. Housing Starts Rebounded in August
Housing starts rebounded in August, rising 3.9% m/m (17.4% y/y) to 1.615 million units...
U.S. Current Account Deficit Continued to Widen in Q2
The U.S. current account deficit widened slightly to $190.3 last quarter from $189.4 billion in Q1...
Viewpoints
Commentaries are the opinions of the author and do not reflect the views of Haver Analytics.
by Tom Moeller October 7, 2019
The National Association for Business Economics expects 1.8% growth in real GDP during 2020 and 2.3% in 2019, revised from 2.1% and 2.6%, respectively, in the prior forecast. Both of these growth rates are below the 2.9% gain in 2018. Quarterly growth is expected to average 1.8% next year, revised from 2.0%. It follows a quarterly average gain of 2.2% in 2019 and 3.0% in 2018. Growth in personal consumption expenditures is forecast to ease to an unrevised 2.3% in 2020, down from a raised estimate of 2.6% this year. Business fixed investment growth is expected to moderate to 2.1% in 2020, down from 2.9% during 2019. These figures are below earlier estimates. Expected growth of 0.7% in residential investment was unchanged, and improved, after a downwardly revised 2.1% estimated 2019 decline. Government spending growth is projected to rise at an upwardly revised estimate of 1.8% growth in 2020 and 2.2% growth in 2019. Deterioration in real net exports is forecast to continue, and by more than previously projected. Estimates on 2.8% import growth in 2020 and 2.1% export growth were downwardly revised. The expected rate of inventory investment was reduced, and still is forecast to slow to the lowest speed since 2017.
Housing starts are expected to average 1.26 million next year, revised from 1.28 million. That compares to a lessened forecast of 1.24 million starts this year. Expected light vehicle sales are expected to ease to an unrevised 16.6 million units, down from the peak of 17.5 million in 2016. The average monthly gain in payroll employment is expected to slow to 129,000 next year, which was lessened slightly. It remains below the average 164,000 gain expected this year and lower than the high of 251,000 averaged in 2014. Expectations for the unemployment rate in 2020 was raised slightly to 3.7%, still leaving it at the lowest level since 1968.
Consumer price inflation is forecast to average 2.1% (Q4/Q4) in 2020, unchanged from the earlier estimate. Price inflation next year, as measured by the PCE price index, should pick up to an unchanged estimate of 2.0% from a lessened estimate of 1.7% this year. The chain PCE price index excluding food & energy should rise to an unchanged projection of 2.0% next year (Q4/Q4) from 1.8% in 2019. It would be the quickest growth since 2007, up from the 2010 low of 0.9%. The cost of crude oil is expected to average $56 per barrel at the end of next year, higher than the low of $37 per barrel at the end of 2015.
The forecasted 2.00% interest rate on a ten-year Treasury note at the end of next year was reduced from the prior expectation of 2.90%. The expected 1.75% rate at the end of this year was reduced from 2.70%. The federal funds rate of 1.60% at the end of next year was reduced. After-tax corporate profits should rise 2.7% next year. That was lowered slightly from the previous forecast and would be below 6.3% growth in 2018. The expected Federal government budget deficit of $1.050 trillion next year was little changed and compares to $969 billion in FY'19.
The figures from the latest NABE report can be found in Haver's SURVEYS database. | http://www.haver.com/comment/comment.html?c=191007A.html |
At the end of each year an independent critical review of all projects in the 100 Future will determine up to a maximum of 100 projects to be included in the 100 Past. 100 Past will grow year by year into an accessible and historical archive, the aim of which is to celebrate, document and contextualise the best of Irish communication design and designers.
In order to achieve this, it was clear that we needed a clear criteria for choosing the panel, and for how they should set about making their choices.
What is the make-up of the final panel that will select the 100 Past Archive projects?
The Archive Panel that will make the final annual selection of projects for inclusion in the Archive comprises an existing member from the Selection Panel for the 100 Future (current online selection of projects). And in addition a minimum of four respected professionals active and associated with the practice of Visual Communications and Graphic Design. In identifying these selectors we are seeking individuals who meet the following broad criteria:
• active and respected in the industry
• an awareness an appreciation of the landscape of Irish Communication design
• a prior record of achievement
• acknowledged and respected for the calibre of their work
• ability to be objective and constructive in respect of their selection and any ensuing debate and discussion about the final selection
• those that have had a significant role to play in the industry through advocacy, commissioning or patronage
• have associations or prior experience with national or international advocacy or professional representative bodies.
What are the selection criteria?
The selection seeks to reflect not only work of quality and distinction but work that is reflective of our society, culture and circumstances. Eligible projects may be distinguished by their ideas and beauty; their relevance and context; their invention or craft; simplicity or complexity; ambition or confidence; they may be selected because they chart current trends and tendencies; or they make simply mark a “moment in time” a high point or a low point; or a shift in practice and thinking.
There is no hierarchy within the final selection. The projects included – regardless of criteria cited – are deemed to be of equal importance and relevance to story of Irish Graphic and Communications Design during that period. | https://www.100archive.com/news/the-archive-criteria |
Comments: Softcover, 210 x 140 mm. Tri-fold cover. First edition, 2017. Silver ink on black matte paper. Hand-printed on an offset proofing press. Edition limited to 83 numbered copies. Signed by Jonathan Liu.
This project begins with a personal contemplation of the Portuguese term Saudade, working through the concept of how desire is not to simply covet but is sustained by a desire for desire itself, with that it forms an endless cycle, (re)peating and (re)curring.
At some point along the way, I decided to act upon a brief impulse of escaping to Norway for a road trip and ended up staying on for nine days.
Was my decision motivated by the insatiable concept of desire itself?
I remember the trip now, weeks later, through a set of polaroids and a couple hundred photographs. My memory however, only exists in fragments – comprising of brief moments of lucidity and never in its entirety. Curiously, memory functions much like desire, in a sense, both feeds on itself. John Berger explains, “Memory is not unilinear at all. Memory works radially, that is to say with an enormous number of associations leading to the same event.”
Layers refer to the layers within our nonlinear memory. When we re-remember something, it alters in its state and becomes different every time we go back to it. At times we comprehend the clarity that it presents and other times a faded ephemeral existence beyond recognition, acknowledging the impermanence of memory and being aware of that disconnection.
There are a total of 5 negatives in the book and each negative (except one) was printed multiple times. Each print is destroyed and faded physically in the darkroom with various tools, chemicals and techniques. They each become significantly different and unique but are inherently of the same reality.
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Detalles secundarios / Details secondaires (ONLY 100 COPIES - ... | https://www.placartphoto.com/book/2016/layers_(only_83_copies_-_signed)-jonathan_liu |
Minnesota Physician-Patient Alliance, Inc. (“MPPA”) is a not-for-profit organization committed to improving our health care system. We do this by communicating information to the public and within the industry about important health care issues.
MPPA believes that efficient, quality health care depends on strong doctor-patient relationships. Interference in the doctor-patient relationship by third parties such as health plans and the government, is widespread in today’s health care system and often limits what doctors or patients are allowed to do, altering market-based reimbursement, and undermining the traditional ethics of the medical professions. While the intentions of the third parties in interfering with the relationship may be honorable (for example, to control costs or improve quality), ironically the cumulative effect of this interference is unnecessarily high costs and reduced quality. Efforts to reform health care, therefore, must first and foremost address the issue of strong doctor-patient relationships.
The MPPA board consists of physicians, health care consumers, and others who share these concerns and values. We seek to communicate our message by collaborating on research and publication, sharing information about market developments, and individually being active in a variety of health care and community organizations.
To see who belongs to MPPA, please visit our Who We Are page by clicking on the link to the right. To see some of our communications, click on one of the Publications links to the right. If you would like to learn more about MPPA or our positions, click on the Contact Us link to the right.
MPPA was established in 1997 as a Minnesota 501(c)3 charitable nonprofit organization. If you would like to be added to the MPPA listserv, the respected MPPA online discussion group, send us your contact information and we will add you. | http://physician-patient.org/welcome-to-the-mppa-website/ |
Business, 08.11.2019 01:31 IsaacRodriguez245
Vaughn corporation factors $275,100 of accounts receivable with kathleen battle financing, inc. on a with recourse basis. kathleen battle financing will collect the receivables. the receivables records are transferred to kathleen battle financing on august 15, 2020. kathleen battle financing assesses a finance charge of 2% of the amount of accounts receivable and also reserves an amount equal to 4% of accounts receivable to cover probable adjustments.
assume that the conditions are met for a transfer of receivables with recourse to be accounted for as a sale. prepare the journal entry on august 15, 2020, for vaughn to record the sale of receivables, assuming the recourse obligation has a fair value of $3,670. (if no entry is required, select "no entry" for the account titles and enter 0 for the amounts. credit account titles are automatically indented when the amount is entered. do not indent manually.)
Answer from: cheaterman1616
75:100 I'm guessing.
Answer from: katepotter2019
75/100=3/4
Therefore, the ratio is 3:4
HOPE THIS HELPS
Business, 21.06.2019 18:30
Prior to june 30, a company has never had any treasury stock transactions. a company repurchased 160 shares of its $1 par common stock on june 30 for $46 per share. on july 20, it reissued 80 of these shares at $52 per share. on august 1, it reissued 38 of the shares at $44 per share. what is the journal entry necessary to record the reissuance of treasury stock on august 1 using the cost method?
Answers: 3
Business, 22.06.2019 09:30
The 39 percent and 38 percent tax rates both represent what is called a tax "bubble." suppose the government wanted to lower the upper threshold of the 39 percent marginal tax bracket from $335,000 to $208,000. what would the new 39 percent bubble rate have to be? (do not round intermediate calculations. enter your answer as a percent rounded to 2 decimal places,e.g., 32.16.)
Answers: 3
Business, 22.06.2019 18:30
Order these statements in the correct order to fill in the central idea and key points for a chronological speech. question 22 options: there are several steps that someone must take to become a doctor. finally, you will need to get a medical license, and become board certified in your specialty area. then, you must get admitted into to medical school and earn a medical degree. next, you will need to complete a residency. first you must earn a bachelors degree.
Answers: 2
Business, 22.06.2019 21:50
Required: 1-a. the marketing manager argues that a $5,000 increase in the monthly advertising budget would increase monthly sales by $9,000. calculate the increase or decrease in net operating income. 1-b. should the advertising budget be increased ? yes no hintsreferencesebook & resources hint #1 check my work 8.value: 1.00 pointsrequired information 2-a. refer to the original data. management is considering using higher-quality components that would increase the variable expense by $2 per unit. the marketing manager believes that the higher-quality product would increase sales by 10% per month. calculate the change in total contribution margin. 2-b. should the higher-quality components be used? yes no
Answers: 1
Vaughn corporation factors $275,100 of accounts receivable with kathleen battle financing, inc. on a... | https://edu-answer.com/business/question13780723 |
Aspirin gets another blow for CVD prevention in healthy elderly
Aspirin has taken another blow with new evidence showing it has no benefit for the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in the healthy elderly in a new analysis of the ASPREE* trial.
Low-dose aspirin (100 mg daily) did not reduce the risk of CVD compared with placebo in the elderly, similar to the main findings of the original ASPREE trial that was reported in 2018. [N Engl J Med 2018;379:1509-1518] Aspirin even conferred an increased risk for major bleeding in the current analysis. [ESC 2019, LBS-FP 184]
“As a population strategy, [our] findings do not support aspirin for primary prevention in the elderly or even in those at the greatest CVD risk as the risks outweighed the benefits,” said primary investigator Professor Christopher M. Reid from Monash University in Melbourne, Australia, who was reporting at ESC 2019. “
Reid and team sought to determine whether baseline CVD risk influences the effects of aspirin on CV events, disability-free survival, and major bleeding among healthy elderly patients from the ASPREE cohort. Patients were stratified by baseline levels of risk as assessed by the Framingham Modified Risk Equation (n=10,918) and the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Atherosclerotic CVD Pooled Risk Equation (n=15,825). The Pooled Risk Equation also took ethnicity into account.
The Framingham Modified Risk Equation included patients aged 65–74 years, whereas the Pooled Risk Equation included those up to 79 years old. Heart failure (HF) was included in the outcomes list for Framingham Modified Risk Equation. CVD risk for patient 80 years and older (n=2,928) was based on the presence of multiple conventional CVD risk factors.
Patients in the Framingham Modified Risk Equation group were categorized into tertiles based on mean predicted risk, which ranged from 10.1–37.1 percent. The same was done for the Pooled Cohort Equation group, with a risk from 13.4–35.9 percent. There was an increased risk across the three tertiles for both equations.
“Both models, the Framingham and the ASCVD risk [scores], overpredicted the risk in this healthy elderly population,” said Reid. “When we looked, we certainly were able to see an increased risk in the two groups.”
Of note, aspirin had no impact on CV risk in the lowest tertile of CVD risk based on the Framingham Modified Risk Equation (hazard ratio, [HR], 1.01). Aspirin also conferred an increased risk for major bleeding (HR, 2.6) in this group, which Reid considered as “a detrimental impact.” There was absolutely no significant impact on the risks for disability, death or dementia (HR ,1.28).
In all three tertiles, the highest tertile of CV risk had fewer CVD events when assigned to aspirin vs placebo (HR, 0.72) but the other two tertiles had not. The lower two tertiles had an increased risk for bleeding when assigned to aspirin, but the highest tertile had not. “Clearly, aspirin had no significant effect on risk for disability, death or dementia, in any of the tertiles,” said Reid.
Even in the Pooled Risk Equations group, aspirin had no impact on CVD risk prevention (HR, 1.07). The risk for major bleeding significantly increased (HR, 2.3) with aspirin but there was no effect on the risk for death, disability or dementia (HR, 1.16). In the highest tertile, aspirin reduced the risk for CVD events (HR, 0.75), but this reduction in CVD did not translate to a significantly improved disability-free survival. Aspirin was also associated with a numerically higher risk for bleeding (HR, 1.31). Among patients 80 years and older, there were higher rates of bleeding.
“Irrespective of whether we used a more broader Framingham Study definition, which included not only fatal MI and stroke, but also HF, or the more tighter ASCVD definition, we really weren’t able to see a vast improvement in outcomes,” said Reid.
The 2016 European Guidelines on CVD prevention does not recommend aspirin for healthy individuals without CVD because of the increased risk for major bleeding. [Eur Heart J 2016;37:2315-2381] Aside from the ASPREE trial in patients over 70 years old, two other trials – ARRIVE and ASCEND involving moderate-risk patients and patients with diabetes, respectively – showed an increased risk for bleeding with aspirin with only modest reductions in CVD risk. [Lancet 2018;392:1036-1046; N Engl J Med 2018;379:1529-1539]
ASPREE makes it clear that the risks of starting aspirin among patients 70 years and older for the primary prevention of CVD are likely to outweigh the benefits, commented Dr JoAnn E. Manson from the Brigham and Women’s Hospital, who is unaffiliated with the study. “What about patients who started on aspirin before age 60 or 70 — and are doing well on it – should we stop them from taking the drug?” asked Manson. “The decision about aspirin use in primary prevention requires individualized decision-making and an active patient engagement.”
Moving on, new ways to identify individuals at increased risk for CVD beyond traditional risk factors and novel prediction models will be investigated in the ASPREE longitudinal follow-up study. | https://specialty.mims.com/topic/aspirin-gets-another-blow-for-cvd-prevention-in-healthy-elderly?topic-grouper=news |
film review: jupiter ascending
As I walked out of the cinema after watching Jupiter Ascending I thought ‘maybe I’ve watched too much Buffy The Vampire Slayer’. (And then I snorted because that is a ridiculous notion.) When it comes to realistically portraying female characters as strong, believable and fallible, Buffy is where it’s at. And Jupiter Ascending (directed and produced by Lana and Andrew Wachowski) is most decidedly not where it’s at.
Mila Kunis plays Jupiter Jones, a young woman living a life of unbearable tedium, working as cleaning woman. Little does she know her ancestry dictates that she play a pivotal role in an interplanetary conflict of epic proportions. In swoops Channing Tatum (whom I never quite got the appeal of – I know, I’m in the minority) as Caine Wise, a kind of intergalactic warrior sent to protect the mostly helpless Jupiter. Sean Bean and Eddie Remayne join the cast of seasoned actors (both Tatum and Kunis well and truly proved their acting chops in Foxcatcher and Black Swan respectively) as baddies with their own agendas. Themes around over-indulgence and massive consumption are touched on but not really well explored (actually, Cloudy with a Chance of Meatballs did a better job of that).
To circle back to the Buffy comparison, one of the many things I loved about that show was the capacity of the female characters to choose their own fate and actively participate in the chaotic unfurling of their lives. While Buffy did not choose to be the one and only vampire slayer, she certainly chose how she embodied her role. She fired the stuffy overlords that gave her orders and changed the fate of some 20,000 young women. Comparatively, Jupiter Jones does very little do contribute to her own destiny and shows no inclination to do so. She is largely preoccupied with her growing attraction to Caine, whom she spends most of time with dramatically falling from skyscrapers waiting to be rescued. Another pertinent comparison, perhaps, can be found in The Hunger Games; protagonist Katniss Everdeen experiences strong attraction to important young men in her life, but the pressing concern of the volatile political landscape in which she plays a central role naturally takes priority. As I watch Jupiter moon over Caine I thought “sure, he’s cute, but don’t you have other things to be worrying about?”
This is a good looking film. The Wachowskis, once filmmakers with the promise of greatness, have in recent years been producing visually stunning films that are a bit light on in believable plot. The Trekkie in me loved the watching all the action sequences in space, but I wanted more substance. If you’re in the mood for a visually exciting film and spunky leads, file this one away as ‘wait until you can rent it out cheaply’ option.
I’m no stranger to feminism presenting women with a mass of swirling contradictions. I won’t deny the appeal of being rescued by a spunky and mysterious stranger. It’s a bit hot, but it arguably clashes with feminist ideals. Rather than watching Jupiter be passively carted from disastrous scenario to even more disastrous scenario, it would have been nice to see Jupiter show a little gumption and take control. | http://lipmag.com/arts/film-arts/film-review-jupiter-ascending/ |
More market-based signals are pointing towards a slowdown in growth and inflation.
July 6, 2022
Joseph Khoury
Weekly Market Minute
The probability of an economic slowdown is rising, which leads to lower interest rates and a deceleration in inflation. Interest rates and inflation breakevens have been declining since the recent rate hikes. The inversion in the Eurodollar futures curve has deepened over the last few weeks. Commodities have started to decelerate from their prior peaks...
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Discretionary spending is slowing while inventories are building and costs are increasing, causing margins to decline, which could lead to increased layoffs
June 29, 2022
Rank Dawson, CFA, FDP and Joseph Khoury
Weekly Market Minute
Throughout the year, we have been noting that consumer incomes were likely going to slow as a result of the fiscal support from 2021 not being repeated in 2022, and more recently, price increases in areas like gasoline and food reducing purchasing power for discretionary items. Last week, the retail team at research firm Hedgeye...
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Global Business and Consumer Sentiment Data Update
June 28, 2022
Joseph Khoury
Economic and Market Commentary
Business sentiment weakened across the board in the most recent round of releases. The S&P Global Flash Purchasing Managers’ Index (PMI) was flat to down in the United States, Eurozone, France, Germany, United Kingdom, and Australia. The June survey data reflects worsening conditions versus the prior month. Source: Macrobond. In the U.S., the composite index...
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More Income in Fixed Income
June 27, 2022
Justin Waggoner
Economic and Market Commentary
The bond market in 2022 has been turbulent and the negative total returns have been some of the worst experienced by fixed income investors. As a result, a substantial amount of pessimism has been created for the asset class so far this year. However, a reason for optimism has also been created for fixed income...
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The shelter component of the Consumer Price Index tends to track home prices, and housing related data suggest home prices are facing several headwinds.
June 22, 2022
Rank Dawson, CFA, FDP and Joseph Khoury
Weekly Market Minute
The Consumer Price Index (CPI) made a new cycle high in May, increasing at 8.6%. Shelter is the largest overall category in the CPI (32%) and Owners’ Equivalent Rent (OER) is the largest component of the shelter category (24%). OER is an attempt to capture homeowners’ housing consumption by calculating what they think they could...
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Consumer spending plays a large role in the U.S. economy and current data suggests the health of the consumer is deteriorating, which is a negative headwind for the overall economy.
June 15, 2022
Rank Dawson, CFA, FDP and Joseph Khoury
Weekly Market Minute
Consumer spending has been equal to 65-70% of U.S. GDP since the mid-1990s. Source: Macrobond. This means that the health of the consumer, and their ability to continue spending, has a large impact on the growth of the overall economy. Many consumer related indicators are heading in a negative direction. Consumer incomes on a real...
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Labor market data is starting to show signs of weakening which often occurs towards the end of an economic cycle when the corporate sector has to readjust their cost structure to reflect the new economic environment.
June 8, 2022
Rank Dawson, CFA, FDP and Joseph Khoury
Weekly Market Minute
Labor market data is often one of the last economic indicators to decline as companies often wait to determine if the environment requires that they reduce their costs. This often involves reducing the number of people they employ. There are early indicators of this forming, as well as a few other indicators, that we can...
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Over the past two decades, as companies continue to seek talent and cities look to grow, they have partnered with universities in their local area to form innovation hubs creating unique opportunities for R&D, specialized talent, and economic growth.
June 6, 2022
Ken Kilpatrick, CFA
Economic and Market Commentary
Given the growth of Silicon Valley since the turn of the 21st century, other cities have sought to replicate their model to produce lasting research, create local jobs, and grow their economic base. Some of the early adopters have been the Cortex district in St. Louis, MO with Washington University, St. Louis University, and University...
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The comparison data and the market-based indicators suggest that the rate of change for inflation in the U.S. should stop accelerating in the coming months and start to decelerate into the end of the year.
June 1, 2022
Rank Dawson, CFA, FDP
Weekly Market Minute
Inflation has become a major focus, impacting economic activity, consumer data, and market prices. While it is not possible to predict the exact level of future price growth, we can examine prior and current inflation data to determine the likelihood that the current growth rate is sustainable. We can also look at market-based indicators to...
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Consumer spending has moved from a driver of economic growth in 2021 to a negative contributor in 2022, which has negative implications for consumer companies and overall economic growth.
May 25, 2022
Rank Dawson, CFA, FDP
Weekly Market Minute
Consumer spending accelerated at a record pace in 2021, aided by a sizeable increase in fiscal support (direct payments, enhanced and expanded unemployment, and deferred consumer debt payments). That support has gone away in 2022, the acceleration in 2021 activity is now a headwind to 2022 growth comparisons, and the acceleration in prices is having... | https://boydwatterson.com/tag/article/ |
The Ministry of Corporate Affairs (MCA) has ordered for investigation and assigned to Serious Fraud Investigation office (SFIO) and Regional Directors (RDs) in the cases where there are allegations of misuse of corporate structure/ fraud.
This was stated by Shri Anurag Singh Thakur, Union Minister of State for Finance & Corporate Affairs, in a written reply to a question in Lok Sabha today.
Giving more details, the Minister stated as under:
|Financial year||No. of investigations assigned to SFIO||No. of investigations assigned to RDs|
|2017-18||22||52|
|2018-19||33||27|
|2019-20||26||33|
|2020-21(till 31.01.2021)||20||38|
The Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) has informed that in order to ensure strict compliance of corporate governance requirements by listed entities and to protect the minority stakeholders from ill-effects of poor corporate governance, issued a circular no. SEBI/HO/CFD/CMD/CIR/P/2018/77 dated May 3, 2018 (revised on January 22, 2020) which empowered the stock exchanges to levy fines for various non-compliances including corporate governance requirements prescribed under SEBI (Listing Obligations and Disclosure Requirements) Regulations, 2015, the Minister said.
The Minister stated that non-payment of such fines can lead to freezing of promoter shareholding. If the non-compliance persists for two consecutive quarters, it can also lead to suspension and initiation of process of compulsory delisting of the non-compliant listed entities. In addition to the above, SEBI is also empowered to initiate action under sections 11(4), 11B and 15I of the SEBI Act, 1992 against non-compliant entities and issue such directions as it deems fit.
The Companies Act, 2013 (Act) contains adequate provisions to promote good corporate governance and protect interest of investors including minority shareholders. The Minister stated that the Act contains provisions on following important aspects relating to good corporate governance:-
i. Greater accountability on companies provided including through appointment of Key Managerial Personnel (KMPs), role of audit committee(s), independent audit, stricter regulation of related party transactions and restriction on layers of companies.
ii. Enhanced disclosures mandated including through board’s report, financial statements as well as filings with Registrar of Companies to ensure that all relevant information is available to investors and regulatory agencies; disclosures in respect of significant beneficial ownership also provided;
iii. Stricter regulation provided with regard to acceptance of deposits by companies.
iv. Disciplined financial regulation through audit and oversight mechanism provided. More accountable role for auditors provided. Stringent provisions with regard to independence of auditors provided. Cost audit and secretariat audit provided for specified classes of companies. National Financial Reporting Authority established to oversee the quality of service of the Accounting and auditing profession and take action against misconduct in certain cases.
v. More effective role for Board of Directors and Committees of Directors provided. The requirements of appointment of Independent directors and woman directors provided for prescribed classes of companies. Provisions for Vigil mechanism (whistle blowing) provided for prescribed classes of companies.
vi. Stringent enforcement action through inspection, inquiry and investigation provided so that non compliances are taken seriously and necessary action taken. Serious Fraud Investigation Office recognized in the Companies Act, 2013 with adequate powers including powers to arrest. Term “Fraud” defined and stringent punishment provided thereto.
vii. Auditors (including cost auditor and secretarial auditor) required to report fraud noticed by them to Central Government/audit committee/Board.
Giving more details, the Minister stated that provisions with regard to protection of interests of investors in the Companies Act, 2013 are briefly given below:
i. Shareholders Associations/Group of Shareholders empowered to take legal action in case of actions relating to mis-statements in prospectus/fraudulently inducing persons to invest money in the company.
ii. Protection of claim of an investor over unclaimed dividend etc. beyond the existing limit of 7 years. Such amounts can be claimed through Investor Education and Protection Fund (IEPF) even after 7 years.
iii. IEPF account to be utilized for refund of unclaimed dividends; application monies due for refund; and promotion of investors’ education, awareness etc. IEPF accounts also to be utilized for re-distribution of disgorged amount to identifiable victims.
iv. In case of listed companies, small shareholders (i.e. shareholders holding shares of nominal value of Rs. 20,000 or less) empowered to elect a director in accordance with prescribed rules.
v. Provisions for prevention of oppression and mismanagement along with action against persons engaged in fraudulent activities retained in the Act.
vi. Class Action’ provided for preventive action through orders from Tribunal. Requisite number of members and depositors may approach Tribunal for this purpose.
vii. Requirement for offer for sale of shares (exit option) to be given to minority shareholders in case of acquisition of 90% or more shares by any other company or group of persons or persons acting in concert.
viii. The scope of postal ballot (including electronic voting) widened. Certain important matters as stated below are required to be conducted through postal/ electronic voting:
a. Alteration of Memorandum of Association /Articles of Association in certain cases;
b. Change of registered office address;
c. Change in objects for which company raised money from public as provided in section 13 (8);
d. Issue of shares with differential rights;
e. Giving of loans and investment exceeding 60% of company’s paid-up share capital, free reserves and securities premium account or 100% of company’s free reserves and securities premium account, whichever is more. | https://taxguru.in/company-law/sfio-investigating-20-rds-investigating-38-cases-misuse-corporate-structurefraud-financial-year-2020-21.html |
- A professional development course on how to utilize and implement concept maps in the LD classroom.
- This course will build upon "Utilizing Graphic Organizers" by Anthony Traina
- Topics to be addressed:
- Purpose of the graphic organizer in the LD classroom
- Concept Maps Across the Curriculum
- Using CMap Tools to create concept maps
Needs Assessment
Instructional Problem
- In today's classroom, we are constantly asking our students to recall, apply, and build upon prior knowledge. However, most of the information we present them is presented in large amounts of texts, making it more difficult to complete these tasks. It has been proven that concept maps are a useful tool not only in learning content, but in "understanding the structure and inter-relations of the curriculum content" making these tasks easier to accomplish (Chiou, 2008). In addition to added retention, concept maps can help "reduce the barriers and promote student interests in learning" thus increasing student motivation (Chiou, 2008).
- For students with Learning Disabilities this task is much more complex. As educators, we must be able to help the students to the following:
- Sort through the information and select the most important details
- Create understanding
- Provide the learner with the time needed for processing
- Lenz et al. concluded that concept mapping enhances learning more than guided questions and other traditional methods. Concept mapping provided the LD learner with the necessary visual component to sort and classify important details needed to enhance comprehension.
The Nature of What is to be Learned
- This course will introduce teachers to content specific maps that will help the LD student understand and retain the concepts being taught.
- This course will provide teachers with several examples of content specific maps.
About the Learners
- All participants are special education teachers who work for Wildwood Programs. Participants stem from a self-contained classroom setting, where they are responsible for all content areas. All teachers have obtained at least a 5 year degree, with a mandatory special education degree (bachelor's or master's).
- Participants have limited exposure to concept mapping. They have elected to take this course to learn more about various types of concept maps and when it is appropriate to use them.
- This course will be delivered online. Most participants are familiar with online discourse but may require additional support working with the media.
Instructional Content
- Learning objectives are clearly stated at the beginning of each unit
- Each unit will be designed in a similar manner, building upon the previous unit
- Participants will be expected to apply knowledge of concept maps throughout course
- Each unit will end with a "learning log" to illustrate what was learned and any concerns that may still need to be addressed
- Participants will be expected to fill out a course evaluation at the end of the course
Explore Instructional Problem/Solution
- Pending
Generate Goals
- To increase teachers understanding of how concept maps can help increase a LD student's comprehension and retention of course content
- To increase teacher use of concept maps in all subject areas
Task Analysis
Course Purpose
- The purpose of this course are the following:
- Understand how concept maps can increase the LD student's understanding
- Identify various content specific concept maps
- Design and implement concept maps in the classroom
- Facilitate student learning using concept maps
Performance Objectives
General Outcomes: At the end of the unit participants will have a better understanding of how graphic organizers help the LD student. Participants will also learn how to create content specific maps to implement in their classrooms.
Specific Outcomes:
- Participants will be able to describe concept mappings purpose in the LD classroom
- define what a concept map is
- identify various content specific concept maps and their intended purpose
- Participants will be able to operate Cmap Tools Software to design concept maps
- construct their own concept maps using CMap Tools
- Participants will be able to implement content specific concept maps strategies in the classroom
- demonstrate how to construct a concept maps
- create opportunity for students to create their own concept maps
Prerequisites
- Content knowledge in core subjects
- Basic understanding of concept maps
- Moderate computer skills and ability
- Willingness to learn, intrinsic motivation
Curriculum Map
Unit 1 - Graphics and the LD Classroom
Performance Objectives
- What is a concept map?
- What benefits does the concept map have in the LD Classroom?
- Content specific maps and their purpose
Prerequisites
- Comprehension of content knowledge
Unit 2 - Creation of Maps
Performance Objectives
- Use of Cmap Tools to create content specific concept maps
Prerequisites
- Basic understanding of computers
Unit 3 - Implementing Concept Maps in the LD Classroom
Performance Objectives
- Demonstrate use of concept map in the LD classroom
- Student creation of concept maps
References
Aylward, G. (2009). Learning Disabilities. http://social.jrank.org/pages/374/Learning-Disabilities.html
Buehl, Doug. Classroom Strategies for Interactive Learning. 2nd ed. Newark, DE: Reading Association, 2001. Print. | https://knilt.arcc.albany.edu/Kelly_Geddes%27_Portfolio |
Tiphaine Houdard conducted her PhD work in the 2MS and CFL CSM teams. She defends her PhD in Computational Mechanics and Materials on July 13th, 2022 in front of the following jury:
– Dr. Pierre Benigni, Universités Aix-Marseille et Toulon, IN2MP
– Prof. Emmanuel De Bilbao, Polytech Orléans, CEMHTI
– Dr. Julien Zollinger, Université de Lorraine – Institut Jean Lamour
– Mme Isabelle Cabodi, Saint Gobain Research
– Dr. Franck Pigeonneau, Mines Paris
– Dr. Charles-André Gandin, Mines Paris
Abstract:
Soldier blocks in glass furnaces are mainly composed of Al2O3 – ZrO2 – SiO2, they are therefore usually called AZS blocks. They are produced by electrofusion. This project is studying the solidification of those blocks after being poured in their mold. An objective is to anticipate the susceptibility of hot tears occurrence during the cooling down. A second objective is the prediction of the macro-porosity shape inside the riser.
First, a study of AZS material was done to validate the thermodynamic data obtained by TCOX10 database. It predicts the formation of mullite, that is not observed experimentally. Heat treatments validate however the thermodynamic results, and indicate a kinetic of crystallization. For this study, mullite is rejected to extract the relevant data for simulations such as the solidification path, the composition, the density and the enthalpy of the phases (zirconia, corundum and glassy phase, considered as the remaining liquid phase at low temperature).
Temperature history has been measured on industrial blocks and is simulated with THERCAST® software. To simulate the temperature history, it is required to tabulate the temperature properties of the different domains and to adjust numerical settings.
Block mechanical behavior is modelled to predict the hot tears formation, defects located at the edge of the blocks. After experimental observations, several criteria to predict the susceptibility of tear formation are compared. Cumulated strain over a given temperature range is considered as the most relevant. A study compares the values obtained depending on the temperature range or the visco-plastic consistency considered. After optimization, computations predict correctly the hot tears susceptibility for blocks at industrial scale.
To get a relevant shape of the macro-porosity, thermomechanical computations with THERCAST® show that the composition, which impacts deeply the liquid phase density, has to be known locally. Macrosegregation needs therefore to be implemented. An experimental map of chemical compositions is performed. The properties tabulations for concentrated oxide alloys required an adaptation of the PATH tool from PhysalurgY® library. by calling CIMLIB® solvers from THERCAST® for the thermal, hydraulic and solutal (for Al2O3, SiO2 and Na2O present in zirconia, corundum and glassy phases) computations, it is possible to model, considering an incompressible domain, the thermo-solutal convection during the cooling down, with sedimentation of crystals neglected. Numerical models anticipate the formation of segregated channels going upward from the skin to the core of the block and also the enhancement of glassy phase proportion inside the riser. However, the compressibility, to model the impact on the riser macro-porosity shape, had not been implemented. | https://www.cemef.minesparis.psl.eu/en/news/phd-defence-de-tiphaine-houdard/ |
For health educators, how do you construct a depression and suicide unit that is considerate, sensitive and empowering? This session offer strategies that will help the educator confidently deliver uplifting depression and suicide lessons in meaningful and long-lasting ways. Learn strategies that make both you and your student comfortable. Strategies incorporate multiple intelligences and domains, and are adaptable to a wide range of audiences. This session directly corresponds to several AAHE (American Association for Health Education) responsibilities.
Health educators play an important role in the prevention of suicide, and the detection of depression. Rates of depression and suicide for our health education students are alarming. Depression can be a debilitating condition, interfering with life in and out of the classroom. Depression can also be preventable and treatable!
Oftentimes the health educator struggles to deliver creative and meaningful lessons on these subjects. This session will offer multiple teaching strategies that may be used separately, or in combination, depending on the curricular needs. Students will remember these classroom experiences, and be better equipped to reduce the rates of depression and suicide. This interactive session will include music, literature, poetry, film, art, and more. The session will include information on assessing the needs of your population, accessing valid information, planning, implementing and evaluating meaningful education, communicating, acting as a resource, and coordinating school health personnel. This session is being delivered by a health educator that has taught on the subject for over a decade.
There will be several objectives met by this session. These objectives correspond to standards of health education. Participants will be better able to: assess needs of students; plan, implement and evaluate valid lessons; coordinate with health professionals; communicate mental health information; provide resources and act as a resource; access online resources; involve members of the comprehensive school health team; infuse poetry, music, film, literature and art into curriculum; emphasize the importance of support groups.
keywords: health education, strategies, k-12, teacher preparation.
S. Clark (2010) HOW TO TEACH ABOUT DEPRESSION AND SUICIDE GRACEFULLY AND MEANINGFULLY, ICERI2010 Proceedings, pp. 3530-3533. | https://library.iated.org/view/CLARK2010HOW |
11'11" x 2'6"
Qum rugs, also known as Ghoum, Gom, Qom, Qoum, Kum or Koum, are woven in workshops of Qom, a city located in northwest central Iran. Since rug production did not begin in Qom until the 1930s, Qom doesn't have any traditional designs of its own. Qom weavers prefer to weave the most favorable designs of other Persian weaving groups and sometimes Caucasian weaving groups and adjusting these designs to their own taste. It is possible for Qom rugs to be mistaken with Kashan or Esfahan rugs. However, they will not be mistaken with Tabriz rugs because Qum, Kashan and Esfahan rugs are woven with the asymmetric (Persian) knot and Tabriz rugs are woven with the symmetric (Turkish) knot.
All silk, part silk/part wool, and kork (fine wool taken from the belly of sheep) Qom rugs are very well-known in Iran and abroad. The foundation of Qum rugs could be either cotton or silk. Most Qum rugs have curvilinear patterns and very elaborate floral motifs with intricate leaves and vines. As mentioned above the designs are varied, taken from different weaving groups. Some designs used in Qum rugs consist of vase, moharramaat, mir-i-boteh, zell-i sultan, panelled garden, hunting, tree-of-life, pictorial, Shah Abbassi melallion-and-corner with usually a circular medallion, all-over Shah Abbasi, medallion with open field, medallions resembling the famous Esfahan Sheikh Lotfollah medallion, prayer and all-over gul farangi (roses).
The gul farangi motif seems to be a popular motif also used in vase, tree-of-life, and zell-i sultan designs. A panelled design containing very different motifs in each compartment is also common; the motifs inside the compartments can consist of pictorials, vases, hunting scenes, and botehs all in one rug.
The colors used in Qum rugs are as diverse as the designs. The overall appearance could either be pale with background and border colors such as ivory, champagne, turquoise and light green, or it could be dark with background colors such as dark blue and even sometimes red. Red, blue and green are also used as motif colors. Other commonly used colors in Qum rugs are mushroom, rose, gold, yellow ocher and orange ocher. To learn more about iranian rugs, please visit our Persian Rugs section.
Sources and inspiration: Bérinstain, Valérie, et al. L'art du tapis dans le monde (The art of carpets in the world). Paris: Mengès, 1996. Print.; Jerrehian Jr., Aram K.A. Oriental Rug Primer. Philadelphia: Running Press, 1980. Print.; Herbert, Janice Summers. Oriental Rugs, New York: Macmillan, 1982. Print.; Hackmack, Adolf. Chinese Carpets and Rugs, Rutland and Tokyo: Tuttle, 1980. Print. ; De Moubray, Amicia, and David Black. Carpets for the home, London: Laurence King Publishing, 1999. Print.; Jacobsen, Charles. Oriental Rugs A Complete Guide, Rutland and Tokyo: Tuttle, 1962. Print.; Bashir, S. (n.d.). Personal interview.; Web site sources and dates of consultation vary (to be confirmed). Without prejudice to official usage. | https://www.bashircarpets.com/en/area-rugs/carpet/sek2801236 |
This design hotel enjoys a splendid location in the centre of Palma, with access to public transport right by the hotel. The long sandy beach and the lively promenade with numerous bars, restaurants and clubs are only a short walk away (within 1 km).The hotel offers a total of 88 double rooms and a number of facilities including a cosy bar, and an air-conditioned charming restaurant where each morning guests may select their breakfast from the buffet. The hotel provides wireless Internet connection and laundry service. The delightful rooms with en-suite bathrooms offer a telephone, a hi-fi stereo and Internet access. Central heating and a balcony come as standard. The guests can take a pleasurable time in the spa. To unwind, there is a Jacuzzi, a sauna, a Turkish bath and a hydro massage. Other Hotel Information : Year of most recent renovation : 2004, Number of floors (main building) : 9, Total number of rooms : 88, Double rooms : 88, Connecting rooms, NO Connecting rooms Other amenities/ services: Wheelchair-accessible, NO Wheelchair-accessible, Disability-friendly bathroom, NO Disability-friendly bathroom, Bathroom, Shower, Bathtub, Safe, Central heating, Centrally regulated air conditioning, Individually adjustable air conditioning, Direct dial telephone, Hi-fi, Air conditioning in public areas, 24-hour reception, Hotel safe, Currency exchange facilities, Lift access, Wired Internet, Room service, Laundry service, Medical service, NO Car park, NO Garage, Small pets allowed (under 5 kg), NO Small pets allowed (under 5 kg), Large pets allowed (over 5 kg), NO Large pets allowed (over 5 kg), Wi-fi, Bar, Restaurant, Air conditioning in Restaurant, Sauna, Steam bath, Hot tub, Massage
Important place or monument close to the hotel: located on Palma promenade, near beach, main streets & shops. Nearest Station/metro: 1km from train station. Nearest Airport: 10km from airport.
Additional services not included in the price. | https://www.airshop.gr/en/hotel/Spain/Hm-Jaime-Iii/22096 |
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“Wealth in the new regime flows directly from innovation, not optimization; that is, wealth is not gained by perfecting the known, but by imperfectly seizing the unknown.” ~Kevin Kelly, “New Rules for the New Economy,” Wired
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What is Entrepreneurship? The most common keywords found in the definition of entrepreneurship –Starting / Founding / Creating –New Business / New Venture –Innovation / New Products / New Market –Pursuit of Opportunity –Risk-taking / Risk Management / Uncertainty –Profit-seeking / Personal Benefit
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What is Entrepreneurship? An encompassing definition of entrepreneurship “Entrepreneurship is the process of creating value by bringing together a unique combination of resources to exploit an opportunity.”exploit an opportunity
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What is EntrepreneurshipWhat is Entrepreneurship? Entrepreneurship involves a process Entrepreneurs create value where there was none before Entrepreneurs put resources together in a unique way Entrepreneurship is opportunity-driven behavior
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What is Corporate Entrepreneurship? “Corporate entrepreneurship is a term used to describe entrepreneurial behavior inside established mid-sized and large organizations.” Other popular related terms Organizational entrepreneurship Intrapreneurship Corporate venturing
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Management Versus Entrepreneurship “Management is the process of setting objectives and coordinating resources, including people, in order to attain them.”
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Management Versus Entrepreneurship Managers focus more on the current situation and how to improve efficiency and effectiveness Entrepreneurs focus less on the current situation and more on what can be
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The Entrepreneurial Imperative: A Persistent Sense of Urgency (1) Managers within an organization tend to become reactive by responding to the changes brought about by the external environment but let entrepreneurial fires within the company dwindle and diminish
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The Entrepreneurial Imperative: A Persistent Sense of Urgency (2) 1.How much more cost savings can the company wring out of its current business? Are managers within the firm working harder and harder for smaller and small efficiency gains? 2.How much more revenue growth can the company squeeze out of its current business? Is the company paying more and more for customer acquisition and market share gains? Managers must ask themselves the following questions to avoid inevitable diminishing returns and refocus on new directives and entrepreneurial avenues:
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The Entrepreneurial Imperative: A Persistent Sense of Urgency (3) 3.How much longer can the company keep propping up its share price through share buybacks, spin-offs, and other forms of financial engineering? Is top management reaching the limits of its ability to push up the share price without actually creating new wealth? 4.How many more scale economies can the company gain from mergers and acquisitions? Are the costs of integration beginning to overwhelm the savings obtained from slashing shared overhead costs? 5.How different are the strategies of the four or five largest competitors in the industry from the company’s strategy? Is it getting harder and harder to differentiate the company from its competitors?
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Dispelling the Myths (1): “Entrepreneurs are born, not made” “Entrepreneurs must be inventors” “There is a standard profile or prototype of the entrepreneur” “All you need is luck to be an entrepreneur” “Entrepreneurs are extreme risk takers (gamblers)”
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Entrepreneurial Realities: Understanding the Process This process consists of six stages: 1.Identifying the opportunity 2.Defining the business concept 3.Assessing the resource requirements 4.Acquiring the necessary resources 5.Implementing and managing the concept 6.Harvesting the venture
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Corporate Entrepreneurship “Entrepreneurship is the process of creating value by bringing together a unique combination of resources to exploit an opportunity.” The context in which entrepreneurship takes place is not defined. Entrepreneurship can occur in: Start-up ventures Small firms Mid-sized companies Large conglomerates Non-profit organizations Public sector agencies
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Corporate Entrepreneurship (2) Similarities between start-up and corporate entrepreneurship Both involve opportunity recognition and definition Both require a unique business concept that takes the form of a product, service or process Both are driven by an individual champion who works with a team to bring the concept to fruition Both require that the entrepreneur be able to balance vision with managerial skill, passion with pragmatism, and pro-activeness with patience Both involve concepts that are most vulnerable in the formative stage, and that require adaptation over time
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Similarities (continued): Both entail a window of opportunity within which the concept can be successfully capitalized upon Both are predicated on value creation and accountability to a customer Both find the entrepreneur encountering resistance and obstacles, necessitating both perseverance and an ability to formulate innovative solutions Both entail risk and require risk management strategies Both find the entrepreneur needing to develop creative strategies for leveraging resources Both involve significant ambiguity Both require harvesting strategies Corporate Entrepreneurship
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How Corporate Entrepreneurship Differs Start-up EntrepreneurshipCorporate Entrepreneurship Entrepreneur takes the risk Company assumes the risks, other than career-related risk Entrepreneur “owns” the concept or innovative idea Company owns the concept, and typically the intellectual rights surrounding the concept Entrepreneur owns all or much of the business Entrepreneur may have no equity in the company, or a very small percentage Potential rewards for the entrepreneur are theoretically unlimited Clear limits are placed on the financial rewards entrepreneurs can receive One mis-step can mean failure Vulnerable to outside influence More room for errors, company can absorb failure More insulated from outside influence Independence of the entrepreneur; although the successful entrepreneur is typically backed by a strong team Interdependence of the champion with many others; may also have to share credit with any number of people Major differences
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How Corporate Entrepreneurship Differs Corporate entrepreneurs face three major challenges linked to the need for inter- organizational political skills: Achieving credibility or legitimacy for the concept and the entrepreneurial team Obtaining resources Overcoming inertia and resistance
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How Corporate Entrepreneurship Differs Corporate entrepreneurs remain in the corporate environment rather than starting their own ventures for three main reasons: The size of the resource base that they can tap into The potential to operate on a fairly significant scope and scale fairly quickly The security they enjoy when operating in an existing company Organizational politics is one of the main reasons corporate entrepreneurs leave the company
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How Corporate Entrepreneurship Differs To cultivate an environment of entrepreneurship within an organization, managers must: Create environments where employees have a sense that resources can be accessed if an idea is sound Find ways to reinforce the ability of anyone in the firm to champion an idea and get it implemented Invest in the development of people
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The Open Innovation Revolution Open innovation – “a firm is not solely reliant upon its own innovative resources for new technology, product, or business development purposes. Rather, the firm acquires critical inputs to innovation from outside sources.”
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The Open Innovation Revolution Four reasons companies are increasingly choosing to pursue open innovation models: 1.) Importing new ideas is a good way to multiply the building blocks of innovation 2.) Exporting ideas is a good way to raise cash and keep talent 3.) Exporting ideas gives companies a way to measure an innovation’s real value and to ascertain whether further investment is warranted 4.) Exporting and importing ideas helps companies clarify what they do best
36
Exploring the Dimensions of Entrepreneurship Three Frontiers of Innovation Services – new or improved services Products – unique or improved Processes – new or better ways to accomplish a task or function
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On structure… How many levels in organization? Centralized or decentralized? Formal or informal? Functional specialization or cross-functional interaction? Control or autonomy? Rigid or flexible? Top-down or bottom-up decision making?
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Elements of an entrepreneurial culture Focus on people and empowerment Value creation through innovation and change Rewards for innovations Learning from failure Collaboration and teamwork Freedom to grow and to fail Commitment and personal responsibility Emphasis on the future and sense of urgency
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Timmons’ Chain of Greatness Vision Leadership Big picture Think/act like owners Best we can be Perpetual learning culture Train and educate High performance goals/standards Shared learning/teach each other Grow, improve, change, innovate Entrepreneurial mindset and values Take responsibility Get results Value and wealth creation Share the wealth with those who create it Customer and quality driven Widespread responsibility/accountability Understand and interpret the numbers Reward short-term with bonuses Reward long-term with equity Results in Achievement of personal and performance goals Shared pride and leadership Mutual respect Thirst for new challenges and goals FostersLeads to Andwhich
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Technical Field
Background Art
Disclosure of Invention
Problems to be Solved by the Invention
Means for Solving the Problems
Advantages
Best Mode for Carrying Out the Invention
Embodiment 2
Embodiment 3
Embodiment 4
Embodiment 5
Embodiment 6
Embodiment 8
Embodiment 9
Brief Description of the Drawings
Reference Numerals
The present invention relates to an air-conditioning system that controls indoor units and outdoor units with a centralized control apparatus. In particular, the present invention relates to communication of signals including data among the indoor units, the outdoor units, and the centralized control apparatus.
For example, in the architecture such as buildings, there are air-conditioning systems configured to control a plurality of indoor units, each of which is installed indoors and adjust the room temperature to an instructed temperature, and a plurality of outdoor units, each of which is installed outdoors and exhaust heat, with a centralized control apparatus. At this time, the outdoor units, the indoor units, and the centralized control apparatus are connected by transmission lines or the like to constitute a network. For example, each of the units or the apparatus transmits various signals including control data such as (operation on/off signals, set temperature differences, and operation modes), and performs communication.
Conventionally, in the air-conditioning systems, for example, the centralized control apparatus and each of the outdoor units are connected by transmission lines. The centralized control apparatus is further connected to indoor units, each linked to a corresponding one of the outdoor units by piping, by a repeater included in each of the outdoor units. In such a manner, a large network is often constructed with bus connection. Thus, if one of the units or apparatus that is connected to the network attempts to transmit a signal to another unit or apparatus, the signal is transmitted to all of the units and the apparatus. One signal occupies the entire network of the air-conditioning system (each of the units or the apparatus determines whether the signal is transmitted thereto, and the unit or the apparatus that has determined that the signal is transmitted thereto performs processing based on the signal). Accordingly, if the number of connected units is increased, or if signals are exchanged more frequently using a more advanced management system, traffic of signals transmitted over the network increases. If the traffic becomes saturated and the network occupied state continues, units unable to transmit a signal may emerge, for example. For this reason, for example, the centralized control apparatus cannot perform an effective management on the units or the room temperature adjustment.
2004-316995
Patent Document 1: Japanese Unexamined Patent Application Publication No.
Accordingly, for example, there is an air-conditioning system having a network configuration in which one or more networks, which are constituted by connecting one or more indoor units by transmission lines, are connected to a network, which are constituted by connecting a centralized control apparatus and each of outdoor units by a transmission line, through a bridge (see, for example, Patent Document 1). The network configuration in this air-conditioning system is designed to resolve heavy traffic over the network in the system by preventing unnecessary signals from being transmitted to other networks. In addition, by configuring the network in such a manner, communication can be performed at a communication speed suitable for a small networking environment. For example, a communication speed over the transmission line interconnecting the centralized control apparatus and each of the outdoor units may be increased.
Like the above-described air-conditioning system, by providing a bridge, it is possible to prevent unnecessary signals from being transmitted to apparatuses that do not need to receive the signals and to prevent the entire network of the system from being occupied by one signal.
However, in the above-described air-conditioning system, since many of communications in the system are those performed with a centralized control apparatus, traffic over a signal transmission line between the centralized control apparatus, outdoor units, and bridge does not decrease significantly, which does not result in resolving heavy traffic. For this reason, as a result, the communication in the entire system is not performed effectively, which affects the management.
Accordingly, it is an object of the present invention to provide an air-conditioning system capable of reducing traffic of signals transmitted over a network (particularly, among the centralized control apparatus, the outdoor units, and the bridge) and effectively performing control and management operations without causing heavy traffic.
An air-conditioning system according to the present invention includes one or more indoor units, one or more outdoor units, and a centralized control apparatus. Each of the units and apparatus includes communication means for transmitting and receiving signals to perform signal communication. In the air-conditioning system, a transmission relay is provided between a first transmission line to which the one or more outdoor units and the centralized control apparatus are connected and a second transmission line to which one or more indoor units constituting a group are connected. The transmission relay relays a signal between the first transmission line and the connected second transmission line. Furthermore, the transmission relay includes arithmetic processing means for processing data included in the signal transmitted via the connected second transmission line, and data storage means for storing data regarding the processing by the arithmetic processing means.
According to the present invention, since the arithmetic processing means for performing data processing is provided in the transmission relay and the arithmetic processing means is configured to process the data included in the signal transmitted from the connected second transmission means, the transmission relay performs all of or part of operations for processing various data that the centralized control apparatus performs. With this configuration, it is possible to reduce the traffic between each of the indoor units and the centralized control apparatus. Accordingly, the traffic over the first transmission line is reduced in comparison with a conventional system and heavy traffic can be avoided. In addition, each of the plurality of transmission relays processes the data, whereby the processing load can be distributed and the load of the processing that the centralized control apparatus performs can be reduced.
Fig. 1
Fig. 1
Fig. 1
is a diagram showing a configuration of an air-conditioning system according to an embodiment 1 of the present invention. Firstly, regarding a refrigerant system of the system of , an outdoor unit 100a and indoor units 200a, 200b, 200e, and 200f are connected through a refrigerant piping 600a to constitute a refrigeration cycle. In addition, an outdoor unit 100b and indoor units 200c, 200d, 200g, and 200h are connected through a refrigerant piping 600b to constitute a refrigeration cycle. Here, in , the refrigerant piping 600a or 600b is denoted by one line. However, in practice, the refrigerant piping may be constituted by at least two pipes to circulate refrigerant.
Additionally, regarding a power system of the system, the outdoor units 100a and 100b are connected to a power supply through a power line 700 to receive electric power. The indoor units 200a, 200b, 200c, and 200d are connected to a power supply through a power line 710a. Furthermore, the indoor units 200e, 200f, 200g, and 200h are connected to a power supply through a power line 710b to receive electric power (hereinafter, those elements are representatively denoted as an outdoor unit 100, an indoor unit 200, a refrigerant piping 600, and a power line 710, when distinction thereof is not needed in particular).
Next, a communication system in the system in the embodiment will be described. Firstly, a centralized control apparatus 300 and the outdoor units 100a and 200b are connected through a first transmission line 500. In addition, transmission relays 400a and 400b that perform a signal relay operation between the transmission line and the indoor units 200a to 200h are also connected to the first transmission line 500. Here, it is assumed that communication among the centralized control apparatus 300, the outdoor units 100a and 100b, and the transmission relays 400a and 400b that are connected to the first transmission line 500 can be performed at a high speed (data traffic per unit of time is large). Regarding realization of high-speed data communication, various methods, such as materials of the transmission line and data multiplexing, can be considered. However, the methods are not specified herein in particular.
Fig. 1
Fig. 1
Furthermore, in this embodiment, the indoor units 200a, 200b, 200c, and 200d are connected to the transmission relay 400a through a second transmission line 301a. In addition, the indoor units 200e, 200f, 200g, and 200h are connected to the transmission relay 400b through a second transmission line 510b (hereinafter, each of those elements is denoted as a transmission relay 400 and a second transmission line 510, when distinction thereof is not needed in particular). Herein, in this embodiment, for example, suppose that the indoor units 200 (only one indoor unit 200 may be installed) installed on each story (floor) of a building constitute a group, and each of groups is connected to the corresponding one of transmission relays 400 through the second transmission line 510. However, the configuration is not limited to this example. For example, since traffic over the second transmission line 510 increases as the number of communication connections increases, the indoor units 200 installed even in the same floor may be divided into a plurality of groups to resolve the heavy traffic. In addition, the group configuration of the communication system is not necessarily the same as the group configuration of the refrigerant system as shown in , and the configurations may differ. Additionally, in , although the group configuration of the communication system is the same as the group configuration of the power system, these configurations are not necessarily the same and may differ.
At this time, the communication through the second transmission line 510 may be performed at a high speed as in the case of the communication through the first transmission line 500. However, considering this by comparing the traffic with that over the first transmission line 500, it is considered that the speed of the communication among the indoor units 200 is not necessarily set to be particularly high. For this reason, in this embodiment, it is assumed that the speed of the communication through the second transmission line 510 is lower than that of the communication through the first transmission line 500. Accordingly, indoor unit communication means 500 in each indoor unit 200 and the second transmission line 510 are not necessarily constituted by high-cost means corresponding to the speed of the communication performed through the first transmission line 500, which can suppress the cost of the entire system. In addition, in this embodiment, suppose that signal protocols may differ between the first transmission line 500 and the second transmission lines 510a and 301b. Accordingly, the transmission relays 400a and 400b perform a protocol conversion operation on the signals received from one transmission line, and transmit the converted signals to the other transmission line. Kinds of protocols employed in each apparatus in the system are not particularly specified.
Fig. 2
is a diagram showing an example of a configuration of the outdoor unit 100. Outdoor unit controlling means 110 controls operations of each means constituting the outdoor unit 100 on the basis of signals or the like received by outdoor unit communication means 120 from the centralized control apparatus 300 or the like. The outdoor unit communication means 120 is connected to the first transmission line 500 and serves as a signal communication interface between the first transmission line 500 and the outdoor unit controlling means 110. Outdoor unit storage means 130 stores data needed by the outdoor unit controlling means 110 to perform processing. Here, the outdoor unit storage means 130 stores an address unique in the system as data(hereinafter, referred to as an address). This address is the address indicating a destination or a source of the signal transmission for performing the communication, for example. In addition, the outdoor unit storage means 130 also stores data representing a relationship in the refrigerant system described below.
A compressor 140 compresses sucked refrigerant (gas), and sends out (exhales) the refrigerant after applying a predetermined pressure based on an operation frequency to the refrigerant. For example, it may be a variable volume type compressor equipped with an inverter circuit to change a volume (a volume of the refrigerant sent out per unit of time) by arbitrarily changing the operation frequency, but it is not limited to this. An outdoor-unit-side heat exchanger 150 performs a heat exchange operation between the refrigerant and air passing through the heat exchanger. An outdoor-unit-side fan 160 sends air used for the heat exchange into the outdoor-unit-side heat exchanger 150, for example. A four-way switching valve 170 is a valve for switching a piping path in accordance with, for example, a cooling operation or a heating operation. An accumulator (a liquid separator) 180 is a device causing the compressor 160 to inhale the gas refrigerant. In addition, an outdoor-unit-side expansion valve 190 adjusts valve opening on the basis of an instruction of the outdoor unit controlling means 110 to control a flow rate of the refrigerant.
Fig. 3
is a diagram showing an example of a configuration of the indoor unit 200. Indoor unit controlling means 210 controls operation of each means constituting the indoor unit 200 on the basis of, for example, instruction signals from operation input means 240 and signals that the indoor unit communication means 220 receives. Here, the indoor unit controlling means 210 has a quartz oscillator 211 that generate a clock used as a reference of the operations. The indoor unit communication means 220 is connected to the first transmission line 500 and serves as a signal communication interface between the second transmission line 510 and the indoor unit controlling means 210. Indoor unit storage means 230 stores data needed by the indoor unit controlling means 210 to perform processing. Like the outdoor unit storage means 130, the indoor unit storage means 230 stores an address in the system and data representing a relationship in the refrigerant system. The operation input means 240 transmits instructions, such as temperature settings and operation modes, input by, for example, operators through a remote controller, to the indoor unit controlling means 210 as signals.
An indoor-unit-side heat exchanger 250 performs a heat exchange operation between the refrigerant and the air passing through the heat exchanger. An indoor-unit-side fan 260 sends air into the indoor-unit-side heat exchanger 250 to exchange heat and sends out heat exchanged air to a room. An indoor-unit-side expansion valve 270 adjusts valve opening on the basis of an instruction of the indoor unit controlling means 210 to control a flow rate of the refrigerant, thereby controlling the volume of the refrigerant passing through the indoor-unit-side heat exchanger 250 and adjusting vaporization of the refrigerant in the indoor-unit-side heat exchanger 250. An auxiliary heater 280 additionally heats the air if the air heated at a predetermined temperature cannot be sent out only by the heat exchange in the indoor-unit-side heat exchanger 250 when sending out the warm air to the room in the heating operation, for example.
Fig. 4
is a diagram showing a configuration of the transmission relay 400. First transmission means 410 is connected to the first transmission line 500 and serves as a signal communication interface between the first transmission line 500 and arithmetic processing means 430. In addition, second transmission means 420 is also connected to the second transmission line 510, and servers as a signal communication interface between the second transmission line 510 and the arithmetic processing means 430.
The arithmetic processing means 430 is further constituted by a relay processing unit 430A and a data processing unit 430B, and performs processing on the basis of signals that the first transmission means 410 and the second transmission means 420 receive. The relay processing unit 430 determines whether to transmit the signal from the first transmission line 500, which the first transmission means 410 has received, to the second transmission line 510 through the second transmission means 420. Conversely, the relay processing unit 430 determines whether to transmit the signal from the second transmission line 510, which the second transmission means 420 has received, to the first transmission line 500 through the first transmission means 410. If the relay processing unit 430 has determined to transmit the signal, the relay processing unit 430 performs signal protocol conversion, and causes the first transmission means 410 or the second transmission means 420 to transmit the converted signal. Here, depending on circumstances, the relay processing unit 430 not only perform the signal protocol conversion but also converts the protocol of the data included in the signal.
The data processing unit 430B performs processing for transmitting a polling signal to each of the indoor units 200 connected through, for example, the second transmission line 510 to cause the second transmission means 420 to transmit the signal. The data processing unit 430B process the data included in the signal transmitted from each of the indoor units 200 as a reply and stores the data in, for example, the data storage means 440. In this embodiment, suppose that data regarding electric power (energy) consumption used in each of the indoor units 200 is included in the transmitted signal. Furthermore, for example, the data processing unit 430B performs processing for transmitting the signal including the data stored in the data storage means 440 to the centralized control apparatus 300 through the first transmission line 500, regularly or upon determining that an instruction for signal transmission is received from the centralized control apparatus 300, and causes the first transmission means 410 to transmit the signal.
Here, each processing unit in the arithmetic processing means 430 may be constituted by different hardware. However, for example, each processing unit may be constituted by an arithmetic and control means (a computer) such as a CPU (Central Processing Unit), in which a procedure thereof is programmed in advance on the other hand, so that the processing units are constituted by software, firmware, or the like. The arithmetic and control means executes the program and performs processing based on the program to realize the processing performed by each of the above-described units. Data of these programs may be stored in, for example, the data storage means 440.
Fig. 5
is diagrams showing a relationship in the refrigerant system. The data storage means 440 stores the data needed by the arithmetic processing means 430 to perform processing. In addition, the data storage means 440 stores data, such as results of the processing that each control unit in the arithmetic processing means 430 has performed. For example, the data storage means 440 stores conversion data used by the relay processing unit 430A to perform the protocol conversion operation.
Fig. 5(a)
Fig. 5(b)
Additionally, in this embodiment, the relationship in the above-described refrigerant system is stored in a system storage unit 441, for example, as data in a table format. Each transmission relay 400 stores a relationship between each indoor unit 200 and the outdoor unit 100 linked to the indoor unit by the refrigerant piping in a refrigerant system storage unit 441 regarding the indoor units 200 connected to the transmission relay 400 through the second transmission line 510. More specifically, the transmission relay 400a stores data shown in in the system storage unit 441, whereas the transmission relay 400b stores data shown in in the system storage unit 441. In addition, in the system storage unit 441, address data in the communication system (including data thereabout (the transmission relay 400)) is also stored, and is associated with the refrigerant system data regarding the outdoor units 100 and the indoor units 200. The data stored in the system storage unit 441 is the data used by the relay processing unit 430A to determine whether to perform the signal relay operation.
The refrigerant system data is set and stored, for example, in the centralized control apparatus 300. The centralized control apparatus 300 transmits a signal including the refrigerant system data to each transmission relay 400 through the first transmission line 500. On the basis of the signal that the first transmission means 410 has received, the data processing unit 430B processes the refrigerant system data and stores the data in the system storage unit 441.
Moreover, in this embodiment, the data regarding used electric power included in the signal transmitted from each indoor unit 200 through the second transmission line 510 is stored in the data storage means 440. Here, the data regarding the used electric power includes, for example, data about the opening of the indoor-unit-side expansion valve 270 (an amount of used refrigerant), data about an operating time of the indoor-unit-side fan 260, data about an operating time of the auxiliary heater 280, and data about a turning-on time of thermostat. For example, a group may be constituted by a plurality of indoor units 200. Data regarding the sum of data about the electric power used in the group, for example, may be stored. However, in this embodiment, the data regarding the used electric power is stored for each indoor unit 200.
In the air-conditioning system installed in a building, the centralized control apparatus 300 processes the data included in the signal transmitted from each indoor unit 200, and stores the processing results in storage means 405 or displays the result on display means 406, for example. At this time, the signals transmitted from all of the indoor units 200 are transmitted to the centralized control apparatus 300 through the first transmission line 500. Thus, as the number of the indoor units 200 in the system increases, the traffic over the first transmission line 500 increases and heavy traffic is caused. Accordingly, in the air-conditioning system according to the embodiment, the data processing unit 430B for performing data processing is provided in the transmission relay 400, and the transmission relay 400 is configured to perform all or part of processing of various data (in the embodiment, monitoring (watching) processing such as data collection using a polling method) that the centralized control apparatus 300 performs. In this case, the transmission relay 400 performs an operation for collecting data regarding the electric power used in each indoor unit 200. The data processing that the transmission relay performs is not limited to the data collection operation using the polling method, and other data processing may be performed.
In the air-conditioning system for a building used by a plurality of users (tenants), the power rate for the air-conditioning system has to be divided proportionally among the plurality of users in accordance with the power consumption. Accordingly, if the centralized processing apparatus 300 performs the data collection and data storage (accumulation) operation according to the polling method, signals requesting signal transmission (request signals) and reply signals (signals including data regarding the used electric power) are communicated over the first transmission line 500. For example, if data of each of dozens of indoor units 200 is collected every minute, the data collection has to be continuously performed at intervals of an average of 1 second. Furthermore, as the number of indoor units increases, the traffic over the first transmission line 500 increases, which affects signal transmission for a primary air-conditioning control operation. Accordingly, in this embodiment, each transmission relay 400 performs the data collection. For example, each transmission relay 400 transmits a signal including data regarding the used electric power to the centralized processing apparatus 300 regularly or when the transmission of the signal is requested from the centralized control apparatus 300.
Communication in the air-conditioning system according to the embodiment will be described next. The description is centered on operations of communication through the transmission relay 400, in particular. Firstly, the relay operation that the transmission relay 400 performs will be described, taking the transmission/reception of signal between the indoor unit 100a and the outdoor unit 200a for example. For example, when the outdoor unit 100a transmits a signal including data to the indoor unit 200a, the signal is transmitted from the outdoor unit communication means 120 included in the outdoor unit 100a. Here, it is assumed that the data included in the signal communicated through each transmission line includes not only data regarding the instruction, control, and management for each unit (processing data) but also data regarding a source and a destination of the transmission (hereinafter, the same assumption follows).
The signal is transmitted to the outdoor unit 100b, the centralized control apparatus 300, and the transmission relays 400a and 400b through the first transmission line 500. On the basis of the data of the transmission destination included in the signal that the first transmission means 410 of the transmission relay 400a has received, the relay processing unit 430A of the transmission relay 400a retrieves in the refrigerant system storage unit 441 to determine whether the destination is the indoor unit 200 connected thereto through the second transmission line 510a (whether the relay processing unit has to perform the relay processing). In the refrigerant system storage unit 441 of the transmission relay 400a, as described above, the data regarding the indoor unit 200a is stored as the refrigerant system data. Thus, the relay processing unit 430A determines that the indoor unit 200a is connected thereto through the second transmission line 510a, and causes the second transmission means 420 to transmit the signal after performing the protocol conversion operation. On the other hand, the outdoor unit 100b, the centralized control apparatus 300, and the transmission relay 400b also determine whether they have to perform the relay processing on the basis of the data of the transmission destination included in the signal. However, these apparatuses do not perform the following processing since there is no need for performing the processing.
Each indoor unit communication means 500 of the indoor units 200a, 200b, 200c, and 200d receives the signal transmitted from the second transmission means 420 through the second transmission line 510a. On the basis of the data of the transmission destination included in the signal, the indoor unit controlling means 210 of each indoor unit 200 determines whether it has to process the signal. The indoor unit 200a determines that the signal is transmitted thereto and performs processing based on the processing data included in the signal. On the other hand, other indoor units 200 determine that there is no need for performing the processing, and do not perform the processing.
Conversely, for example, when the indoor unit 200a transmits a signal to the outdoor unit 100a, the indoor unit communication means 500 of the indoor unit 200a transmits the signal. The indoor unit communication means of each of the indoor units 200b, 200c, and 200d, and the second transmission means 420 of the transmission relay 400a receive the signal transmitted through the second transmission line 510a. On the basis of the data of the transmission destination included in the signal, each of the indoor units 200b, 200c, 200d, and the transmission relay 400a determines whether it has to perform the processing. The indoor units 200b, 200c, and 200d determine that there is no need for performing the processing, and do not perform the processing. On the other hand, the relay processing unit 430A of the transmission relay 400a retrieves information in the refrigerant system storage unit 441. Upon determining that the transmission destination is the outdoor unit 200a, the relay processing unit 430A causes the first transmission means 410 to transmit the signal having undergone the protocol conversion operation.
The outdoor unit communication means 120 of the outdoor units 100a and 200b, the centralized control apparatus 300 (communication means thereof), and the first transmission means 410 of the transmission relay 400b receive the signal transmitted from the first transmission means 410 through the first transmission line 500. The outdoor units 100a and 200b, the centralized control apparatus 300, and the transmission relay 400b determine whether they have to process the data on the basis the data of the transmission destination included in the signal. The outdoor unit 100a determines that the signal is transmitted thereto, and performs processing based on the processing data included in the signal. Other apparatuses determine that there is no need for performing the processing, and do not perform the processing. The communication among other outdoor units 100, the centralized control apparatus 300, and the indoor units 200 is performed in the same manner.
Fig. 6
is a diagram showing an example of the data processing centered on the data processing unit 430B of the transmission relay 400. An example of an operation performed by the transmission relay 400 to collect and store data regarding used electric power will be described next. Firstly, the data processing unit 430B of the arithmetic processing means 430 causes the second transmission means 420 to transmit a signal including an instruction requesting data regarding the used electronic power (hereinafter, referred to as a request signal) to an indoor unit 200 (e.g., the indoor unit 200a) (request signal transmission operation: S11).
On the indoor unit 200 side, on the basis of the request signal received by the indoor unit communication means 220, the indoor unit controlling means 210 performs an operation for detecting data set as the data regarding the used electric power (S21). The indoor unit controlling means 210 causes the indoor unit communication means 220 to transmit a signal including data regarding the used electric power (data signal transmission operation: S22).
On the basis of the signal that the second transmission means 420 has received, the data processing unit 430B stores the data regarding the used electric power in the data storage means 440 (data collection and storage operation: S12). Then, request signal transmission operation is performed for other indoor units 200 (e.g., the indoor unit 200b) (S11), and the data regarding the used electric power is collected and stored. The above-described operation is repeatedly performed so that the data regarding the electric power used in each indoor unit 200 is stored at intervals of one minute.
The centralized control apparatus 300 transmits a signal for instructing transmission to each transmission relay 400, for example, regularly (data signal transmission instructing operation: S31). In the transmission relay 400, upon receiving the signal from the centralized control apparatus 300, the data processing unit 430B causes the first transmission means 410 to transmit a signal including the data regarding the used electric power stored in the data storage means 440 (data signal transmission operation: S13). At this time, the traffic over the first transmission line 500 can be further reduced by transmitting a signal including the data having undergone a compression operation, for example. On the basis of the data regarding the used electric power by each transmission relay 400, the centralized control apparatus 300 proportionally divides the power rate for the air-conditioning system for, for example, each tenant user (dividing operation S32).
In the above description, although the request signal is transmitted to each indoor unit 200 connected to the second transmission line 510, the present invention is not limited to this configuration. For example, signal transmission timings may be set for each indoor unit 200 in advance. Each indoor unit 200 having received the request signal may be configured to perform the signal transmission at the corresponding transmission timing. By this configuration, each indoor unit 200 can transmit the signal including the data regarding the used electric power to the transmission relay 400 with one request signal but without causing signal collision in the transmission of the signal including the data regarding the used electric power. In addition, data to be collected and the collection procedure are not limited to the above example.
As described above, according to the air-conditioning system of the embodiment 1, the data processing unit 430B for performing data processing is provided in the transmission relay 400. The transmission relay 400 is configured to perform all or part of the processing of various data that the centralized control apparatus 300 performs. Thus, the traffic of the communication performed between each indoor unit 200 and the centralized control apparatus 300 can be reduced. Accordingly, the traffic over the first transmission line 500 is reduced when compared with the conventional one, and it is possible to prevent the heavy traffic from being caused. In the system of the embodiment, since the transmission relay 400 is configured to perform the monitoring (watching) operation such as data collection using the polling method, the number of times of communication between each indoor unit 200 and the centralized control apparatus 300 can be reduced. In particular, the data regarding the used electric power is limitedly used when the centralized control apparatus 300 performs an electric power division operation and does not require realtime signal transmission. Thus, the data regarding the used electric power is most suitable for the processing performed in the transmission relay 400 instead of the centralized control apparatus 300. In addition, since each transmission relay 400 has to perform the data collection and storage operation only for the indoor units 200 connected through the second transmission line 510, the processing load and an amount of data to be stored can be distributed by a plurality of transmission relays 400. Furthermore, the load of processing that the centralized control apparatus 300 performs can be reduced.
In the above-described embodiment 1, the operation for collecting data regarding the used electric power that the transmission relay 400 performs has been described. The monitoring operation that the centralized control apparatus 300 performs employing the polling method is not limited to that on the data regarding the used electric power. For example, the polling method is also employed in an operation for monitoring occurrence of an abnormality in the indoor units 200. In this embodiment, an example of an operation for monitoring occurrence of an abnormality will be described. The system configuration or the like is the same as that described in the embodiment 1, thus description thereof is omitted.
A data processing unit 430B causes second transmission means 420 to transmit a request signal for abnormality determination. In an indoor unit 200 that has received the request signal by indoor unit communication means 220, indoor unit controlling means 210 performs a detection operation. Then, the indoor unit controlling means 210 causes the indoor unit communication means 220 to transmit a signal including the data regarding the detected abnormality determination (e.g., temperature at inlet or outlet of an indoor-unit-side heat exchanger 250, a rotation speed of an indoor-unit-side fan 260, and so on). Here, the signal including the data regarding the abnormality determination is transmitted. However, for example, the indoor unit 200 may perform a self-diagnostic operation to determine whether the indoor unit is in an abnormal state on the basis of the detected data, and may transmit a signal including the data of the result.
Second transmission means 420 receives the signal transmitted from each indoor unit 200 connected through the second transmission line 300. On the basis of the data included in the signal, the data processing unit 430B stores the data regarding the abnormality determination in the data storage means 440, and determines whether the abnormal state has occurred in the indoor unit 200. If the data processing unit 430B determines that the abnormal state does not occur, the data processing unit 430B performs the above-described operation for other indoor units 200 similarly to continue the monitoring operation for each indoor unit 200.
On the other hand, if the data processing unit 430B determines that the abnormal state has occurred, the data processing unit 430B causes the first transmission unit 300 to transmit a signal indicating the abnormal state together with the data regarding the abnormality determination for a past predetermined period. The centralized control apparatus 300 performs processing on the basis of the data included in the transmitted signal, and, for example, displays the abnormality information on the display device to inform users of the abnormality.
As described above, according to the air-conditioning system of the embodiment 2, each transmission relay 400 performs the monitoring operation for monitoring the abnormal state in the indoor units 200 connected through the second transmission line 510. Upon determining the indoor unit is in the abnormal state, the transmission relay 400 is configured to transmit the signal indicating the abnormality to the centralized control apparatus 300. Thus, the traffic over the first transmission line 500 can be reduced. In addition, a load of processing that the centralized control apparatus 300 performs can be reduced. In this embodiment, although the operation for monitoring the occurrence of the abnormality has been described, the procedure can be applied to other monitoring operations.
Fig. 7
is a diagram showing a configuration of an air-conditioning system according to an embodiment 3 of the present invention. This embodiment differs from the above-described embodiments in that power lines 720 (720a and 720b) capable of transmitting signal like the second transmission lines 510 are used instead of the power lines 710 for supplying electric power to each indoor unit 200.
In the air-conditioning systems according to the above-described embodiments, the second transmission lines 510 and the power lines 710 are constituted by different lines. In this embodiment, a necessity of wiring with a dedicated communication line is eliminated and a wiring cost can be reduced by configuring the power lines 720 to carry signals instead of the second transmission lines 510.
Methods for transmitting signals over the power line are not specified in particular. For example, to increase the noise resistance, communication employing a spread spectrum method may be performed, or communication employing a coupling method utilizing photodiodes may be performed.
Fig. 8
is a diagram showing a configuration of an air-conditioning system according to an embodiment 4 of the present invention. In this embodiment, communication is performed via radio waves (wireless) instead of the second transmission lines 510 used in the above-described embodiments. The communication method is not specified in particular. However, in this example, it is assumed that ZigBee (ZigBee is a registered trademark of Koninklijke Philips Electronics NV. hereinafter, simply referred to as ZigBee) is used as the radio communication method.
In this embodiment, radio wave communication means 290 (290a to 290h) and radio wave communication means 450 (450a and 450b) are provided in the indoor units 200 and the transmission relays 400 instead of the indoor unit communication means 220 and the second transmission means 420, respectively. In addition, this embodiment differs from the above-described embodiments in that the second transmission lines 510 are not arranged.
ZigBee is one of short-range wireless communication standards for home appliances. Although a communication speed of ZigBee is relatively low, a communication distance can be set longer (tens meters depending on radio wave transmission output) than that of other methods of the same kind. For example, with infrared rays, it is difficult to perform communication unless transmission means and reception means are provided in a range of an unobstructed view, for example. In a case where the communication is performed at least on each floor of a building, there are a few communication restrictions since ZigBee employs radio waves having the longer wave length than the infrared rays. In addition, ZigBee generally has characteristics that ZigBee is inexpensive and requires less power consumption. Additionally, ZigBee terminals can be connected by wireless to constitute a network. In this embodiment, basically, the radio wave communication means 450 of the transmission relay 400 can be connected by wireless with the indoor units 200 in a range that the radio waves directly reach. However, some ZigBee terminals (full functional devices) may have a relay function. For example, when the communication is performed between the terminals in a range that the radio waves do not directly reach, other terminal relays the signal, whereby the communication can be performed.
Here, in this embodiment, the radio wave communication means 450 performs transmission/reception of signals via radio waves not having directivity (nondirectional). However, in some cases, directional communication can be performed. In addition, herein, all of the indoor units 200 in the system can communicate with each other through wireless connection. However, for example, in a range that the radio waves do not reach, for example, the second transmission line 510 may be provided and the communication may be performed through the second transmission line. Both wired communication and wireless communication may be performed.
As described above, according to the system of the embodiment 4, since communication between each of the indoor units 200 and the transmission relay 400 is performed by wireless, the wiring of the transmission lines of the communication system can be eliminated or part of the wiring can be omitted. Thus, communication can be performed, for example, regardless of the arrangement of the refrigerant piping and the wiring of the power system, and without considering the thickness of the transmission lines. In addition, if the indoor unit 200 is added, communication link can be managed flexibly. For example, when various devices, such as temperature sensors, which perform communication with the indoor unit 200 are installed at a place away from the indoor unit 200 in a room, the same communication method such as ZigBee is employed in those devices, whereby cooperated communication can be performed and more advanced control and management can be performed.
Fig. 9
is a diagram showing a configuration of a transmission relay 400 according to an embodiment 5 of the present invention. The transmission relay 400 in the embodiment 1 and the transmission relay 400 in this embodiment differ in that the transmission relay 400 in this embodiment includes radio wave communication means 450 instead of the second transmission means 420, and an address setting processing unit 430C. The address setting processing unit 430C performs an address setting operation for indoor units 200 wirelessly connected thereto. In this case, the address setting processing unit 430C has a counter used for setting addresses and sets an address number of each indoor unit 200.
For example, to mange the indoor units 200 in the air-conditioning system, the address is set for each of the indoor units 200. Conventionally, this setting is performed by operators manually with an address switch or the like provided in the indoor units 200. In this embodiment, for example, the transmission relay 400 installed in each story (floor) performs the setting according to the wireless communication. Herein, the description is given while assuming that the indoor units 200 installed on the same floor constitute a group under the condition that radio waves reach (if radio waves do not reach directly, a relay antenna may be provided). On the other hand, it is assumed that the indoor units 200 installed on the different floors cannot constitute a group, because the radio waves are blocked by walls or the like and radio waves can not reach.
Fig. 10
Fig. 10
Fig. 9
is a diagram showing a flowchart for an address setting operation that the transmission relay 400 performs for each indoor unit 200. The address setting for the indoor units 200 in the embodiment will be described on the basis of . The system configuration is the same as that shown in described in the embodiment 4. In addition, it is assumed that the refrigerant system data is stored in the system storage unit 441 of the transmission relay 400.
The address setting processing unit 430C of the transmission relay 400 set a counter 431 to an initial value (S41). In this example, the initial value of the counter is set to 0. However, a predetermined value may be set as the initial value. For example, the address in the communication system set for each transmission relay 400 may be set as the initial value. The address setting processing unit 430C transmits a signal regarding an address setting instruction for the indoor unit 200, whose address is not yet set, to the radio wave communication means 290 (S42).
In each indoor unit 200, when the radio wave communication means 290 receives the signal regarding the address setting instruction, control processing means 210 determines whether the address is set (S51). If the address is not set, the each indoor unit 200 transmits a reply signal through the radio wave communication means 290 (S52). Here, if the setting reply signal is transmitted from each indoor unit 200 at the same time, the address setting processing unit 430C cannot perform processing. Thus, the time differences are provided between the signal transmissions performed by each indoor unit 200. Herein, for example, a quarts oscillator 211 included in the control processing means 210 is used. For example, in terms of accuracy, there is an error in an oscillation frequency of the quartz oscillator 211. Thus, it is considered that there are no indoor units 200 having the oscillation frequencies completely agree. Accordingly, in this embodiment, for example, the control processing means 210 of each indoor unit 200 transmits the reply signal upon determining the number of times of oscillation of the quartz oscillator 211 becomes, for example, ten thousand times so that the time difference based on the error is sufficiently provided.
Upon receiving the reply signal transmitted from an indoor unit 200 (S43), the address setting processing unit 430C increments the value of the counter 431 by one, and sets the new value as the address data, and transmits a signal including the address data (S44). For example, the address data is stored in association with the refrigerant system data (S45). On the other hand, in the indoor unit 200, if the signal including the address data is transmitted (S53), the control processing means 700 stores the address data in the storage means 800 (S54).
The transmission relay 400 determines whether it has performed the address setting for all of the wirelessly connected indoor units 200 that are stored in the refrigerant system storage unit 441 (S46). If the transmission relay 400 determines that the setting is not performed, the process returns to S12, and transmits the signal regarding the address setting instruction to perform the address setting operation for the indoor unit 200 for which the address setting is not performed. By the above-described processing, the address is set sequentially for the indoor units 200 in order from the indoor unit having the quartz oscillator 211 whose oscillation frequency is higher.
Herein, although the address is set by numerals, the address is not limited to this, and the address can be set using characters, numerals, and other symbols as long as address can be set uniquely for each indoor unit 200 in a group (in a system when performing communication between the indoor units 200 in other groups).
As described above, according to the system of the embodiment 5, the address setting processing unit 430C of each transmission relay 400 is configured to perform the address setting operation for each indoor unit 200 wirelessly connected thereto. Thus, the address setting operation can be performed without providing the address switch in the indoor unit 200. In addition, since the address setting can be performed automatically, the operators do not have to perform the address setting operation manually.
Fig. 11
is a diagram showing a configuration of an air-conditioning system according to an embodiment 6 of the present invention. For example, in an air-conditioning system in a building or the like, a remote controller for transmitting operation instruction signals, such as operation mode instructions and room temperature setting instructions, to the indoor units 200 is often provided for each group of indoor units 200 or each indoor unit 200. In this embodiment, the function of the transmission relay 400 described in the above embodiments is installed in a remote controller 800.
Fig. 12
is a diagram showing a configuration of the remote controller 800. A first transmission unit 810 plays the same role as the first transmission means 410 of the above-described transmission relay 400. Similarly, a radio wave communication means 820 plays the same role as the above-described radio wave communication means 450.
A control processing means 830 includes a relay processing unit 830A, a data processing unit 830B, and an address setting processing unit 830C. Accordingly, as in the case of the transmission relay 400, the control processing means 830 can perform the above-described relay operation, monitoring operation (data collection, storage operation, etc.), and address setting operation. In addition, the control processing means 830 includes an operation processing unit 830D for performing processing based on signals from operation instruction input means 840 and a display processing unit 830E for generating display signals to causes display means 850 to display images.
The operation instruction input means 840 transmits signals based on instructions input from operators, such as, for example, a temperature setting instruction and operation mode (cooling, heating, ventilation, etc.) instructions to the control processing means 830. The display means 850 performs display of, for example, set temperature and operation mode, on the basis of the display signals resulting from the processing by the display processing unit 830E of the control processing means 830. As in the case of the data storage means 440, data storage means 860 stores data needed by the control processing means 830 to perform processing and data of the processing results. Regarding the monitoring operation and address setting operation that the remote controller 800 performs, the same operations as those described in the above embodiments are performed, thus the description thereof is omitted.
Fig. 10
As described above, since the remote controller 800 is configured to perform the relay operation and data collection operation of the transmission relay 400 described in the above embodiment 1 and the like, there is no need for providing two devices, the transmission relay 400 and the remote controller 800, and the cost can be reduced. In addition, in the air-conditioning system of , the system is configured using the remote controller 800 having the functions of the transmission relay 400. However, the system configuration is not limited to this. For example, the system may be configured so that the remote controller 800 of this embodiment and the transmission relay 400 coexist.
Fig. 13
Fig. 13
is a diagram showing a configuration of a wireless remote controller 900 (hereinafter, referred to as a wireless remote control 900) according to an embodiment 8 of the present invention. In , remote arithmetic processing means 910 performs control operations on other means in the wireless remote control 900 and processes data based on the input signals. Display means 920 performs a display operation based on display signals transmitted from the remote arithmetic processing means 910. Input means 930 has, for example, numeric and instruction buttons, and if the instructions and the numbers of the input addresses are input by the operators, input means 930 transmits signals including the inputted data, to the remote arithmetic processing means 910. Radio wave communication means 940 wirelessly transmits the signals including data that the remote arithmetic processing means 910 has processed. In addition, the radio wave communication means 940 receives the wirelessly transmitted signals and transmits the signals to the remote arithmetic processing means 910. Herein, it is assumed the radio wave communication means 940 can perform communication with the radio wave communication means 290 of each indoor unit 200. In addition, the radio wave communication means 940 has directivity. Accordingly, basically, the radio wave communication means 940 performs one-to-one communication with an indoor unit 200. Additionally, remote control data storage means 950 stores data needed by the remote arithmetic processing means 910 to perform processing.
In the above-described embodiment 5, the air-conditioning system capable of setting the address of each indoor unit 200 in the system by the address setting operation of the transmission relay 400 has been described. Herein, in addition, for example, since the address setting in the embodiment 5 is performed in the descending order of the oscillation frequency of the quartz oscillator 211, operators (administrators) may not know what kind of setting has performed. In addition, the set addresses may become irregular in terms of an arrangement of the indoor units 200 in the building (on the floor). Accordingly, for example, when an administrator displays the addresses on a management screen to confirm the addresses, it is inconvenient to manage the addresses if the set address numbers or the like are displayed irregularly.
Accordingly, in this embodiment, confirmation of the set addresses and the change or modification of the addresses can be performed by the wireless remote control 900 capable of performing communication of signals including the address data with each indoor unit 200 via radio waves.
For example, an operator of the wireless remote control 900 directs the radio wave communication means 940 to an indoor unit 200 and presses a confirmation instruction button provided on the input means 930. If the signal of the confirmation instruction is transmitted through the input means 930, the remote arithmetic processing means 910 causes the radio wave communication means 940 to transmit the signal including data of the confirmation instruction.
In the indoor unit 202, on the basis of the signal that the radio wave communication means 290 has received, the indoor unit controlling means 210 loads the address data from the indoor unit storage means 230, and causes the radio wave communication means 290 to transmit a signal including the address data.
On the basis of the signal that the radio wave communication means 940 has received, the remote arithmetic processing means 910 processes the address data, and transmits a display signal to the display means 920 to cause the display means 920 to display the address of the indoor unit 200.
Next, a case in which the address set for an indoor unit 200 is modified will be described. For example, the operator presses numeric buttons provided on the input means 930 to input the address number that the operator desires to set for the indoor unit 200. The signal including the data of the instructed number is transmitted to the remote arithmetic processing means 910. For example, processing means 99 transmits a display signal to cause the display means 920 to display the number. Then, the operator directs the radio wave communication means 940 of the wireless remote control 900 to an indoor unit 200, and presses a modification instruction button provided on the input means 930. The remote arithmetic processing means 910 causes the radio wave communication means 940 to transmit a signal including data of the modification instruction together with the data of instructed number.
In the indoor unit 202, on the basis of the signal that the radio wave communication means 290 has received, the indoor unit controlling means 210 processes the data of the instructed number and stores the data in the indoor unit storage means 230 as the address data.
As described above, according to the embodiment 7, the confirmation and modification of the address of the indoor unit 200 is performed using the wireless remote control 900. Thus, for example, even when the address is set for each indoor unit 200 automatically, the operator can confirm the address. In addition, in some cases, this configuration is convenient since the address can be changed arbitrarily. In particular, by performing the communication using radio waves having frequencies used in the above-described ZigBee instead of the infrared ray or the like, even if wireless communication means cannot be provided in a range of an unobstructed view, as in the case of the indoor unit 200 embedded in the ceiling, the operator can confirm or modify the address with the wireless remote control 900. In this embodiment, the wireless remote control 900 for performing confirmation and modification of the address has been described. However, for example, as in the case of the above-described remote controller 800, the signals of the temperature setting instruction and the operation mode instruction may be transmitted to the indoor units 200.
In the above-described embodiments, the air-conditioning systems have been described. However, for example, the present invention can be applied to a refrigeration system and a lighting system.
Fig. 1] Fig. 1
[ is a diagram showing a configuration of an air-conditioning system according to an embodiment 1 of the present invention.
Fig. 2] Fig. 2
[ is a diagram showing an example of a configuration of an outdoor unit 100.
Fig. 3] Fig. 3
[ is a diagram showing an example of a configuration of an indoor unit 200.
Fig. 4] Fig. 4
[ is a diagram showing a configuration of a transmission relay 400.
Fig. 5] Fig. 5
[ is a diagram showing a relationship in a refrigerant system.
Fig. 6] Fig. 6
[ is a diagram showing an example of data processing centered on a data processing unit 430B.
Fig. 7] Fig. 7
[ is a diagram showing a configuration of an air-conditioning system according to an embodiment 3 of the present invention.
Fig. 8] Fig. 8
[ is a diagram showing a configuration of an air-conditioning system according to an embodiment 4 of the present invention.
Fig. 9] Fig. 9
[ is a diagram showing a configuration of a transmission relay 400 according to an embodiment 5 of the present invention.
Fig. 10] Fig. 10
[ is a diagram showing a flowchart for an address setting operation.
Fig. 11] Fig. 11
[ is a diagram showing a configuration of an air-conditioning system according to an embodiment 6 of the present invention.
Fig. 12] Fig. 12
[ is a diagram showing a configuration of a remote controller 800 according to an embodiment 7.
Fig. 13] Fig. 13
[ is a diagram showing a configuration of a wireless remote controller 900 according to an embodiment 8.
100, 100a, 100b outdoor unit, 110 outdoor unit controlling means, 120 outdoor unit communication means, 130 outdoor unit storage means, 140 compressor, 150 outdoor-unit-side heat exchanger, 160 outdoor-unit-side fan, 170 four-way switching valve, 180 accumulator, 190 outdoor-unit-side expansion valve, 200, 200a - 200h indoor unit, 210 indoor unit controlling means, 211 quartz oscillator, 220 indoor unit communication means, 230 indoor unit storage means, 240 operation input means, 250 indoor-unit-side heat exchanger, 260 indoor-unit-side fan, 270 indoor-unit-side expansion valve, 280 auxiliary heater, 290, 290a - 290h radio wave communication means, 300 centralized control apparatus, 400, 400a, 400b, transmission relay, 410 first transmission means, 420 second transmission means, 430 arithmetic processing means, 430A relay processing unit, 430B data processing unit, 430C address setting unit, 431 counter, 440 data storage means, 441 system storage unit, 450, 450a, 450b radio wave communication means, 500 first transmission line, 510, 510a, 510b second transmission line, 600, 600a, 600b refrigerant piping, 700, 710a, 710b, 720, 720a, 720b power line, 800, 800a, 800b remote controller, 810 first transmission means, 820 radio wave communication means, 830 arithmetic processing means, 830A relay processing unit, 830B data processing unit, 830C address setting unit, 830D operation processing unit, 830E display processing unit, 840 operation instruction input means, 850 display means, 860 data storage means, 900 wireless remote controller, 910 remote control arithmetic processing means, 920 display means, 930 input means, 940 radio wave communication means, 950 remote control data storage means. | |
Over the past five years, the work and interventions of the South African Human Rights Commission (SAHRC) in the environment, natural resources and rural development arena has focused increasingly on the impact of mining activities on the environment and human rights. The commission has convened dialogues, workshops, meetings, hearings and investigations into the environmental, social and governance issues related to the management of acid mine drainage, business and human rights in the context of extractive industries.
Special emphasis has been placed by the SAHRC on the mining sector’s role in public participation in local economic development, planning in rural areas and work related to land reform for improved livelihoods in rural South Africa. Additionally, in line with its constitutional and legislative mandate, the SAHRC convened investigative hearings in light of growing reports, in both number and severity, of illegal mining activities across the country. SAHRC research associate Angela Kariuki, speaking at the Nuclearisation of Africa symposium, in Kempton Park, last month, said that, in 2014, the commission compiled a report on the issues and challenges related to unregulated artisanal mining in South Africa based on these hearings. She said that the hearings revealed that, in South Africa, artisanal mining was not legally recognised, despite its growth and the potential opportunities it offered, economically and socially. Further, Kariuki pointed out that these unregulated activities were synonymous with social, health and environmental ills, which made them even more challenging to condone and manage.
“It appears that the challenges related to unregulated artisanal mining in South Africa and the problematic implications of not dealing with them are acknowledged,” she stated. Kariuki noted that the complexity of the issue was compounded by the lack of research and literature on artisanal mining in South Africa. Further, she said, there was a poor understanding of the profile of the artisanal miner in South Africa.
“Not all of these individuals and groups are involved in or, if they are, began the activity with the intention of becoming involved in criminal syndicates. Not all host mining communities have the same views around artisanal mining activity. Not all are non-nationals and neither are they all illegal immigrants,” Kariuki stressed.
She further pointed out that the current socioeconomic situation in many parts of Gauteng had pushed many people into illegal mining activities. Kariuki highlighted that all respondents had submitted that illegal mining practices happened outside of the South African legal framework, particularly the Mineral and Petroleum Resources Development Act (MPRDA). She explained that the MPRDA catered for medium- to large-scale mines and small-scale operators. Kariuki stated that current mining enabling legislation did not adequately provide for artisanal mining.
The Department of Mineral Resources (DMR) also indicated that the MPRDA could provide permits for artisanal miners, but that, in practice, regulation had not promoted the growth of legal artisanal mining. Further, Kariuki stated that the DMR and various government departments had failed to prevent criminal and dangerous practices. “Certain artisanal mining activities, such as the use of mercury and working in dangerous shafts, cannot and should not be tolerated.
On the other hand, there are artisanal mining processes that have the potential to enable job creation and support informal trade and other local economic activities,” she said. Kariuki commented that the SAHRC had made some findings and provided recommendations about the status of artisanal mining in South Africa. Some of those findings concerned the extent to which illegality pervaded the whole mining industry, and recommendations for the improvement of the situation included the need for future strategic research into artisanal mining in South Africa.
The commission noted that there was a need for “a holistic, collaborative approach” by all role-players, namely government, civil society and mining houses, to address the opportunities and challenges posed by unregulated artisanal mining. The SAHRC said that there was a need for an appropriate, consistent and transparent policy and regulatory framework that focused on facilitation and management of artisanal mining in South Africa and not just the criminalisation of the activities. The commission also stated that there was a need for government to recognise the potential value that lay in large-scale miners’ building relationships and partnerships with artisanal miners. Additionally, the SAHRC said there was an “urgent need” for programmes for artisanal mining communities across South Africa to raise awareness about the human and environmental dangers of unsafe artisanal mining, such as the dangers of mercury use. | http://fse.org.za/index.php/nuclear/item/482-artisanal-mining-has-huge-jobs-economic-potential-if-regulated-properly |
A recent study, published in Scientific Reports, designed a test system using machine learning to systematically examine the structural features that may characterise multi-target compounds, which are important for the treatment of multifactorial diseases such as cancer.
Polypharmacology and multi-target compounds
Polypharmacology results from the in vivo modulation of multiple targets, which is often required for effective management of multi-factorial diseases such as cancer. Doctors can achieve polypharmacology through drug combination therapy. However, administration of multi-target drugs is generally preferred. Multi-target activity of small molecules is based upon the molecule’s ability to form ‘pseudo-specific’ interactions with different targets. At present, researchers know very little about these ‘selectively nonselective’ interactions at the atomic level. Despite this, understanding such interactions and their molecular targets is critical for learning how to design new multi-target drugs, which is a highly topical issue in drug discovery.
Systematic analysis of X-ray structures of complexes formed from families with multi-target compounds has revealed that around half of the ligands bound with similar conformations to multiple targets, but formed different target-dependent interaction patterns in their binding sites. Conversely, multi-target compounds interacting with functionally distinct targets often displayed different binding modes. Furthermore, multi-target ligands can adopt similar binding mode interactions with some targets, and very different ones with others. Therefore, binding characteristics of multi-targets compounds varied greatly and are not generalisable.
Structural activity relationship analysis of multi-target compounds using machine learning
Researchers do not fully understand whether multi-target compounds share particular structural features, which could be responsible for their ability to interact with different targets. Structure-activity relationship (SAR) analyses have so far not identified common structural signatures of multi-target compounds. However, more research is required to identify common structural signatures, since preliminary results from research using machine learning has provided evidence for their existence. Researchers have trained different ML models to systematically distinguish between multi-target and single-target compounds from medicinal chemistry with activity against related or unrelated targets on the basis of chemical structure. These existing models have reached more than 70% accuracy in predicting compounds with multi-target activity.
Researchers observed similar results when distinguishing between multi- and single-target compounds from biological screens being tested in large numbers of assays. Negative assay results were available for the screening compounds, meaning groups of multi- and single-target compounds could be assembled. This therefore ensured data completeness for multi-target predictions. The accuracy of the predictions strongly depended on nearest neighbour (NN) relationships between multi- or single-target compounds. Removal of compounds forming NN relationships from the training sets, resulted in significant reduction of prediction accuracy. The researchers found that many single-target and multi-target compounds formed separate analogue series. But only a few series were identified, which combined single- and multi-target compounds. Hence, many multi-target compounds were more similar to each other than to single-target compounds and vice versa.
Taken together, these findings raised a key question for characterising the basis of multi-target compounds. Therefore, the researchers behind this study developed a diagnostic test system using ML to systematically examine structural features that might characterise compounds with multi-target activities.
Diagnostic machine learning test to identify characteristics of multi-target drugs
From compounds with known activity against current pharmaceutical target proteins, data sets were assembled that contained at least 50 compounds with activity against a single-target compound (A), 50 compounds against another single-target compound (B), and 100 compounds active against both of the single-targets A and B (dual-target compounds). Each data set represented a unique combination and dual-target compounds represented prototypic dataset specific multi-target compounds. For each data set, the researchers generated different ML models on the basis of chemical structure in order to distinguish between double-target and corresponding single-target compounds (native predictions). The researchers then used each target pair-specific classification model to predict the test sets of all other target pairs.
The rationale behind the researcher’s method was that if structural features characteristic of multi-target compounds exist, native ML predictions should be successful. Moreover, if characteristics were common to many multi-target compounds, cross-pair predictions should succeed, in principle. In contrast, if features characteristic of multi-target compounds are confined to individual target combinations, cross-pair predictions would not be generally successful and would mostly fail. Therefore, this test is a diagnostic approach, meaning that positive and negative predictions are an indicator of the presence or absence of structural multi-target relationships.
Results
Overall, the test system developed in this study enabled the use of ML to distinguish between double-target and corresponding single-target compounds for over 170 qualifying target combinations with high-confidence activity data. While the majority of qualifying target pairs originated from the same protein families, most cross-pair predictions involved target pairs originating from different families. Native predictions consistently distinguished between double-target and single-target compounds with high-accuracy (greater than 80%). However, systematic cross-pair predictions essentially failed, with the exception of a few compounds, due to target correlations. The findings of this study provide compelling evidence that characteristic features of double-target compounds that set them apart from single-target compounds exist and depend on target combinations they are active against. By contrast, there were no detectable global features that generally characterised compounds with multi-target activity.
Weighting and mapping features from target pair-dependent support-vector machine (SVM) classifiers highlighted substructures in double-target compounds that determined predictions. Identified substructures could be potential signatures in multi-target ligand design.
Summary
This study developed a diagnostic test using machine learning algorithms to characterise multi-target compounds. The researchers stated that as long as a meaningful diagnostic model can be generated for a target combination of interest, features characterising the double-target compound can be identified and explored further. | https://d4-pharma.com/characterising-multi-target-compounds-using-ml/ |
Transcendental and explorative. These seem like the right words to describe the music of Alice Coltrane, born on this day in 1937. Her oeuvre is impeccable, from her early bebop to her later spiritual free compositions. An important conceptualist, Coltrane has influenced countless musicians, including her husband John Coltrane. Aside from all that, she also emerged as a trailblazing woman bandleader within a male-dominated jazz landscape.
Her vision was eclectic and multi-cultural, blending jazz, blues and gospel with Indian classical, North African music and European modernism. She places the harp at the center of the meeting between Western and Eastern traditions in “Blue Nile,” one of her most famous compositions, pioneering the role of the harp within a jazz combo in the process. The song was featured on her 1970 album Ptah, the El Daoud, which celebrates its 50th anniversary this year and featured Pharoah Sanders, Joe Henderson, Ron Carter and Ben Riley.
Like this article? Get more when you subscribe. | https://www.jazziz.com/song%E2%80%8C-%E2%80%8Cof%E2%80%8C-%E2%80%8Cthe%E2%80%8C-%E2%80%8Cday%E2%80%8C-%E2%80%8Calice%E2%80%8C-%E2%80%8Ccoltrane%E2%80%8C-%E2%80%8Cblue%E2%80%8C-%E2%80%8Cnile%E2%80%8C/ |
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common cause of ovarian dysfunction in women with anovulation.
The main symptoms are characterized by chronic anovulation, hyperandrogenism,and/or the presence of polycystic ovary morphology from ultrasound examination.
The prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in women with PCOS is about 67-85 per cent, with serum concentrations of 25(OH)D <20 ng/ml3. Low 25(OH)D levels may intensify the symptoms of PCOS, including insulin resistance, ovulatory and menstrual irregularities,lower pregnancy success rate, hirutism, hyper-androgenism, obesity and elevated cardiovascular disease risk factors. Many observational studies suggest a possible role of vitamin D in an inverse association between vitamin D status and metabolic disturbances in PCOS.
Vitamin D supplementation can lower the abnormally elevated serum AMH (Anti-Mullerian hormone) levels and increase serum anti-inflammatory soluble receptor for advanced glycation end-products in vitamin D-deficient women with PCOS.There is some, but limited, evidence for beneficial effects of Vitamin D supplementation on menstrual dysfunction and insulin resistance in women with PCOS. Vitamin D deficiency may play a role in exacerbating PCOS, and there may be a place for Vitamin D supplementation in the management of this syndrome, but current evidence is limited and additional randomized controlled trials are required to confirm the potential benefits of Vitamin D supplementation in this population.
FOODS RICH IN VITAMIN D
Vitamin D is the only nutrient your body produces when exposed to sunlight.Spending time out in the sun is the best way to get your daily dose of vitamin D.However, sufficient sun exposure is difficult for many people to achieve.
But, the foods that are rich in vitamin D are as follows :
1 ) Salmon :Salmon is a popular fatty fish and a great source of vitamin D.According to the USDA Food Composition Database, one 3.5-ounce (100-gram) serving of salmon contains between 361 and 685 IU of vitamin D.
2) Herring and Sardines : Herring is a fish eaten around the world. It can be served raw, canned, smoked or pickled.This small fish is also one of the best sources of vitamin D.Fresh Atlantic herring provides 1,628 IU per 3.5-ounce (100-gram) serving per teaspoon (4.9 ml).
3) Canned Tuna : Many people enjoy canned tuna because of its flavor and easy storage methods.Canned light tuna packs up to 236 IU of vitamin D in a 3.5-ounce (100-gram) serving, which is nearly half of the RDI.It is also a good source of niacin and vitamin K.
4) Cod Liver Oil : Cod liver oil is a popular supplement. If you don’t like fish, taking cod liver oil can be key to obtaining certain nutrients unavailable in other sources.It’s an excellent source of vitamin D — at about 450 IU per teaspoon It is also a good source of niacin and vitamin K.
5) Oysters :Oysters are delicious, low in calories and full of nutrients.One 3.5-ounce (100-gram) serving of wild oysters has only 68 calories but contains 320 IU of vitamin D.It is also a good source of copper and zinc.
8) Mushrooms : Mushrooms are the only plant source of vitamin D.Like humans, mushrooms can synthesize this vitamin when exposed to UV light.However, mushrooms produce vitamin D2, whereas animals produce vitamin D3.Though vitamin D2 helps raise blood levels of vitamin D, it may not be as effective as vitamin D3.
EAT HEALTHY, STAY FIT?? | http://it101.cc/12191/ |
Scarlett Johansson (born November 22, 1984) is an actress, model, and singer. The world's highest-paid actress in 2018 and 2019, she has featured multiple times on the Forbes Celebrity 100 list. Time magazine named her one of the 100 most influential people in the world in 2021. Her films have grossed over $14.3 billion worldwide, making Johansson the ninth-highest-grossing box office star of all time. She has received various accolades, including a Tony Award and a British Academy Film Award, in addition to nominations for two Academy Awards and five Golden Globe Awards.
Johansson gained early recognition for her roles in Manny & Lo (1996), The Horse Whisperer (1998), and Ghost World (2001). Johansson shifted to adult roles in 2003 with her performances in Lost in Translation, which won her a BAFTA Award for Best Actress, and Girl with a Pearl Earring. She was nominated for Golden Globe Awards for these films, and for playing a troubled teenager in the drama A Love Song for Bobby Long (2004) and a seductress in psychological thriller Match Point (2005). The latter was her first collaboration with Woody Allen, who later directed her in Scoop (2006) and Vicky Cristina Barcelona (2008). Johansson's other works of this period include The Prestige (2006) and the albums Anywhere I Lay My Head (2008) and Break Up (2009), both of which charted on the Billboard 200.
In 2010, Johansson debuted on Broadway in a revival of A View from the Bridge, which won her a Tony Award for Best Featured Actress, and began portraying Black Widow in the Marvel Cinematic Universe film Iron Man 2. She reprised the role in eight films, most recently in her solo feature Black Widow (2021), gaining global recognition for her performances. During this period, Johansson starred in the science fiction films Her (2013), Under the Skin (2013) and Lucy (2014). She received two simultaneous Academy Award nominations—Best Actress and Best Supporting Actress—for the respective roles of an actress going through a divorce in the drama Marriage Story (2019) and a single mother in Nazi Germany in the satire Jojo Rabbit (2019), becoming one of the few actors to achieve this feat.
Labeled a sex symbol, Johansson has been referred to as one of the world's most attractive women by various media outlets. She is a prominent brand endorser and supports several charitable causes. Divorced from actor Ryan Reynolds and businessman Romain Dauriac, Johansson has been married to comedian Colin Jost since 2020. She has two children, one with Dauriac and another with Jost.
Scarlett Johansson
Periwinkle Entertainment, Inc.
15821 Ventura Blvd.
Suite 370
Encino, CA 91436
Bailey Brand Management, Inc.
312 Arizona Ave. | https://fanmail.com/comment/28401 |
East Georgia State College student and Twin City native Benjamin Ely has a unique skill: making stop-motion films. These films primarily feature LEGO® bricks and involve creating the narrative one frame at a time. Ely has won many awards for his videos, and he will showcase a sampling of his work on March 28, 2019 at 4 p.m. in Room C-101 (the tiered classroom) on EGSC’s Swainsboro campus.
In addition to winning various animation contests online and being featured in national and international film festivals, Ely has received recognition from the LEGO® company for his animations and garnered a moderate following in online animation communities.
Ely stated, “As a student of EGSC and a part-time contract animator, I’m excited to show my films on a larger screen to a local audience for the first time.”
Don’t miss this great event on March 28, and check out Ely’s YouTube channel at http://youtube.com/rioforce to view his work. | http://www.ega.edu/articles/detail/ely-to-present-lego-short-films |
I will attempt to prove that . Try and spot my mistake in the following steps:
A. Starting with the equality B. we can add to both sides of this equality without changing anything: C. Using the perfect square trinomial properties, we can rewrite this equality as follows: D. Taking the square root of both sides, E. Adding to both sides gives
Which step contains the error?
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Set Loading... | https://brilliant.org/problems/45/ |
Undergraduate controls courses often leave out the hardware validation step of the control design process due to high costs of purchasing, running, and maintaining laboratory equipment. As a result college graduates are skilled in theory, but lack practical hands-on experience that is needed in industry. The goal of this research was to develop an inexpensive, modular, and robust tool that could facilitate the learning of controls. The MINDSTORMS Control Toolkit, composed of the LEGO MINDSTORMS NXT, LabVIEW NXT Toolkit, Machine Science breadboard starter kit, and RoboBooks, was developed to address the need for accessible yet reliable hardware in controls education. The evaluation of the MINDSTORMS Control Toolkit components consisted of pre- and post-instruction surveys and feasibility test through the creation of RoboBook activities. Of the students who responded to the post-instruction survey, 91.7% (22/24) of the students in the introductory controls class and 90.9% (10/11) of the students in the advanced controls class reported that physical models improved their understanding of theoretical analysis. We observed that the MINDSTORMS Controls Toolkit enhanced the students’ learning experience by making abstract concepts concrete through practical understanding, providing students with an easy and fun way to gain real-world controls experience.
Citation
Tse, S.B. MINDSTORMS Controls Toolkit: Hands-on, project-based learning of controls. Master's thesis, Tufts University. Retrieved April 20, 2021 from https://www.learntechlib.org/p/129615/.
Citation reproduced with permission of ProQuest LLC. | http://learntechlib.org/p/129615/ |
Summary:
ROBERT LUDLUM was the author of twenty-one novels, each one a New York Times bestseller. There are more than 210 million of his books in print, and they have been translated into thirty-two languages. He is the author of The Scarlatti Inheritance, The Chancellor Manuscript, and the Jason Bourne series--The Bourne Identity, The Bourne Supremacy, and The Bourne Ultimatum--among others. Mr. Ludlum passed away in March, 2001.
ERIC VAN LUSTBADER is most widely known as the New York Times bestselling author of twenty international bestselling thrillers including Ninja and Black Heart. He is also the author of two successful and highly regarded series of fantasy novels, The Sunset Warrior Cycle and The Pearl Saga. His novels have been translated into over twenty languages. Lustbader was born and raised in Greenwich Village. He and his wife, Victoria, have been residents of the South Fork of Long Island for more than fifteen years. | https://www.audiobooks.com/audiobook/robert-ludlums-tm-the-bourne-deception/58142 |
Fujifilm have recently released the FREE ‘X-Acquire‘ software that allows you tethering with a fuji x camera to your computer; this is ideal for those shoots where your client or customer needs to have an instant preview of the shots you take, like events or studio work, hurrah we hear you shout.
This software doesn’t automatically link into software like Adobe Lightroom, but there is a work around. Within Lightroom you can select a folder to ‘monitor’, Lightroom will then keep an eye on this folder and import the images automatically when new images pop into this folder. You then set the import folder for the images from the X Acquire software to be the same folder. This might sound a little technical, but its fairly simple, we have made a YouTube video below to show you how: | http://www.thephotographyteam.co.uk/tethering-with-a-fuji-x-camera-gfx-50s-x-t2-x-t1/ |
This section of the Studylist displays the currently logged in user.
Server Status
In addition, the Server Status of the Database and File server ar shown. Blue icons indicate the server is connected. Red icons indicate the server is disconnected.
Log Off
Clicking the Log Off Button will log out the current user and take you back to the login screen.
Settings
Clicking the Settings button will open the Settings menu.
Minimize
Clicking the Minimize button will minimize MyVet Dent, allowing you access to the desktop.
Exit
Clicking this button will close MyVet Dent.
Search
You can search the studylist by a variety of filers. Patient ID, Accession Number, Body Part, Date, Patient Name, Modality, Etc.
You can select a date range manually or select a period (Today, Yesterday, 7 Days, 6 Months, 1 Year or All) to search in.
Main List
The Main List displays a list of completed studies. Double clicking a study will open it in the Viewer.
You can reorganize the column headers by Drag And Drop
Thumbnail List
This Displays a list of thumbnails from the study currently selected in the Main List.
Main Tools
New Patient
Pressing the New Patient button will open the New Patient Dialog. See Study Registration for more details.
Add Study
Pressing the Add Study button will immediately begin acquisition of a new study with the same patient information as the selected study.
Edit Info
Clicking the Edit Info button will open the Edit Info dialog. Here you can make your desired changes to the study information. Press the Modify button to save your changes. Press the Cancel button to discard your changes and close the dialog.
Delete
Pressing the Delete button will delete the currently selected study. You will be prompted to give a reason for deleting the study. In addition, you can select to not delete images that have not been sent to a server. Pressing the Reject button will delete the selected study. Pressing Cancel will dismiss the prompt.
You need to be logged in as an Administrator to delete studies.
History Manager
Pressing the History button will open up the History Manager. Here you can search the study history.
You need to be logged in as an Administrator to use the History Manager.
DICOM Send
Pressing the Send button will open the Send dialog. From here you can select which servers to send to. You can select multiple server. In addition, you can select to send all the images in the selected study or just the currently selected image.
If no Storage Servers are configured, the Send button will be disabled.
Print
Pressing the Print button will open a sub-menu. Here you can select DICOM Print or Report.
DICOM Print
This option will open the Printer Manager.
Here you can configure DICOM Printers. In the Printer List section, you can Add a new printer, Edit the selected printer, Delete the selected printer, and perform a C-ECHO to the selected printer.
The software limits the number of Printers to less than 20.
Configure the Printer Information, Density, Print Overlay, Print Mode, Number of Copies, and Print Layout.
Press the Print button to send the selected study or image to the selected printer.
Report
This option will open the Print Options dialog.
Choose your desired Layout and press Selected Study to generate a report and open it in the report viewer. Pressing Selected Image will generate a report for the selected image and open it in the report viewer. In addition you may choose to Invert the image(s) generated in the report. Pressing the Cancel button will close the Print Options dialog.
Press the Print button to print the report.
Save As
To save the selected study or image to another file format, press the Save As button. This will open the Save As Dialog.
From here, press the browse button to specify a path. Select the File Format. Optionally you can include Annotations and Image Information.
While you may use the Save As feature to save the images in DICOM format, a viewer will not be included. To include a viewer, use the Export feature.
Export
Pressing the Export button will open the Data Export dialog.
Select CD Burn to burn the study to a CD. Select Disk (Folder) to export the study to a folder. Press the Export Button to start the export. A Viewer will be included.
Queue
Pressing the Queue button will open the Study Queue.
Here you can see the transmission status of studies sent to a dicom device.
The total number of studies and images in the queue are displayed. You can press the Refresh button to update the list. Pressing the Abort button will Abort the sending of the selected Study. Pressing the Abort All button will abort all transmissions in the queue. Pressing the Retry button will attempt to re-send failed transmissions. To close the dialog, press the Close button.
A Study that has started sending cannot be canceled.
Import
To import external images, press the Import button. This will open a sub-menu.
Selecting Select Folder will allow you to import all images in a folder. Selecting Select File will allow you to select specific files to import. Selecting DICOM DIR will import files in a DICOM DIR.
Emergency
Pressing the Emergency button will immediately create a study and begin acquisition.
The study information will be automatically generated. It is suggested that you edit the study information before completing the study or sending to PACS.
Open Study
Pressing the Open Study button will open the selected study in the Viewer. You can also open a study by double clicking on it from the Main List. | https://apps.soundvet.com/myvet/docs/studylist/ |
Wiley is “a provider of content-enabled solutions that improve outcomes in research, education, and professional practice.” It produces scientific, technical, medical, and scholarly journals, reference works, books, database services, and advertising, along with many educational resources for teachers and students. Wiley’s work culture is collaborative and encourages open dialogue, candid feedback, and enduring relationships.
Editorial Program Assistant
Wiley is currently looking for two Editorial Program Assistants to work with Editorial Management, which is responsible for journals.
Responsibilities:
- Provide general administrative and research support to journal publishers
- Contribute to overall global objectives at divisional and departmental levels
- Handle timely processing of financial payments to external partners
- Maintain and update journal information
- Conduct project-based research
- Collect, collate, and analyze relevant data to guide the journal publishers
- Prepare reports for both internal and external consumption
- Organize meetings to maintain existing business and support new business development
- Communicate with authors, editors, and society contacts
Requirements:
- Bachelor’s degree or equivalent
- Academic publishing experience and knowledge of peer-review process is preferred
- Experience, education, and proven interest in physical science is preferred
- Excellent organizational and analytical skills
- Excellent time management (a proven ability to prioritize multiple projects)
- Experience with database and file management software is preferred
- A high level of competency in Microsoft Office, especially Excel, is preferred
- Some experience with HTML/web editing
- Attention to detail
- Ability to be resourceful, efficient, and adaptive to change
- Problem solving skill set
- A proven ability to work in a team environment and take initiative
- Strong interpersonal and communication (verbal and written) skills
For more information and to apply for this position, click here.
Associate Editor
Wiley is also looking for an Associate Editor, who is responsible for the day-to-day management of physical science journals.
Responsibilities:
- Develop and maintain relationships with external Editors and Editorial Boards with the aim of building and maintaining journals’ reputation and quality
- Evaluate and replace (when necessary) existing journal Editors, with adjustments to editorial structures as required
- Ensure the efficient day-to-day running of existing journals, in close cooperation with relevant internal staff
- Manage the cost base and operational effectiveness of the journals, proactively looking for improvements
Requirements:
- Undergraduate degree or higher
- 3 or more years of experience in scholarly journal publishing
- Understanding of journal publishing, trends, business drivers, and culture of scientific publishing
For more information and to apply for this position, click here. | http://mspub.blogs.pace.edu/2018/03/19/job-opportunities-wiley/ |
Melatonin: Protection against age-related cardiac pathology.
Aging is a complex and progressive process that involves physiological and metabolic deterioration in every organ and system. Cardiovascular diseases are one of the most common causes of mortality and morbidity among elderly subjects worldwide. Most age-related cardiovascular disorders can be influenced by modifiable behaviours such as a healthy diet rich in fruit and vegetables, avoidance of smoking, increased physical activity and reduced stress. The role of diet in prevention of various disorders is a well-established factor, which has an even more important role in the geriatric population. Melatonin, an indoleamine with multiple actions including antioxidant properties, has been identified in a very large number of plant species, including edible plant products and medical herbs. Among products where melatonin has been identified include wine, olive oil, tomato, beer, and others. Interestingly, consumed melatonin in plant foods or melatonin supplementation may promote health benefits by virtue of its multiple properties and it may counteract pathological conditions also related to cardiovascular disorders, carcinogenesis, neurological diseases and aging. In the present review, we summarized melatonin effects against age-related cardiac alterations and abnormalities with a special focus on heart ischemia/reperfusion (IR) injury and myocardial infarction.
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Vestas has received an order for 56 V136-3.45 MW turbines delivered in 3.6 MW Power Optimized Mode for an undisclosed wind project in the U.S.
With 112-meter-tall towers and a tip height of 180 meters, the project will be the tallest in the U.S. Deploying taller towers unlocks new and previously unharnessed wind-resource areas and further increases the project’s annual energy production.
“We’re pleased to expand our tall tower technology and 4-MW platform,” said Chris Brown, president of Vestas’ sales and service division in the United States and Canada. “The combination of taller towers and 4-MW technology is perfectly designed to extract the abundant resource at the site, and deliver low-cost, reliable energy to the community and customer.”
The order includes supply and commissioning of the turbines as well as a 10-year Active Output Management 5000 (AOM 5000) service agreement, designed to maximize uptime and energy production and ensure optimized performance for the lifetime of the project.
Deliveries will begin in the third quarter of 2019, with commissioning scheduled for the fourth quarter. | https://www.windsystemsmag.com/news/vestas-receives-202-mw-order-featuring-tallest-turbines-in-u-s/ |
…As Osinbajo, Lagos Gov, Sanwo-Olu, Others Attend 2019 Thanksgiving Service
Lagos State Governor, Mr Akinwunmi Ambode on Sunday attributed the global recognition of the State as a major capital to God’s grace, guidance and divine favour, saying the State should be thankful for the numerous achievements and growth so far recorded.
Speaking at the annual special thanksgiving service of the State Government for the new year held at Lagos House in Alausa, Ikeja, the Governor said it was evidently clear that God had been faithful to the State in making the modest successes recorded possible.
“God has been very faithful to us in Lagos and that is why we dedicate every first Sunday of the year to give Him thanks and praise. The modest achievements and progress our State has recorded would not have been possible without His grace, guidance and divine favour.
“The occasion of this Annual Thanksgiving Service is very symbolic to us in Lagos as it not only serves as a yearly tradition but it provides us a platform to come together as a people and as a State to give praise to the Almighty.
“When we count the numerous blessings and favours our State has enjoyed, protection from natural disasters, security of lives and property of Lagosians, the continuous growth and development of our State and the global recognition of Lagos as a major capital in the world, we would see that truly, our God has been faithful and benevolent to us beyond our expectations,” Governor Ambode said.
Describing the theme of the service – “Enter His Gates with Thanksgiving,” taken from Psalms 100:4, as apt, the Governor said it was for people to appreciate God for His blessings, hence the need for the service.
According to him, “The place of thanksgiving is paramount, as it is through thanksgiving that the presence of God is brought down. Through this yearly tradition of the State Thanksgiving Service, we have had the priviledge of coming together to appreciate God and also commit the activities of the New Year unto His hands and in return, He has bestowed upon us peace and divine intervention especially at difficult times.”
Besides, Governor Ambode said as the nation prepares for crucial elections in 2019, it was important for Nigerians to to pray for peaceful elections to facilitate continuity of development and good governance.
“As we raise our voices in songs of praise, adoration and supplications, I urge us all to pray for our State and our Country especially in this special and crucial year of general elections. Let us seek the face of God to grant us peaceful elections devoid of violence, so that Lagos, and indeed Nigeria, will continue to excel and experience continuity of development and good governance,” he said.
The Governor also used the service to appreciate and all Clergymen in the State for always keeping faith with the annual thanksgiving service and for their ceaseless prayers and wise counsels for the continued progress of the State.
In his sermon, General Overseer of the Redeemed Christian Church of God (RCCG), Pastor Enoch Adeboye emphasised the need for people to continually appreciate God, saying doing such always help to complete prayers.
Citing Acts 16: 25-26, Adeboye who was represented by his Special Assistant, Pastor Idowu Iluyomade said thanksgiving also has the ability to move God to action, urging the people to imbibe the act of giving thanks in all situations.
Aside songs ministrations from various choirs, prayers were also offered for the first family, the Executive, Judiciary, Legislature, Civil Service, Local Governments and security operatives, and also for the success of the forthcoming general elections.
Among dignitaries who attended the service include Vice President, Professor Yemi Osinbajo and his wife, Dolapo; former Lagos State Governors – Brigd Gen. Mobolaji Johnson Rtd, Alhaji Lateef Jakande, Rr. Admiral Ndubuisi Kanu Rtd; Governorship Candidate of All Progressives Congress (APC) in the State, Babajide Sanwo-Olu and leading Christian clerics in the State. | https://akinwunmiambode.com/governor-ambode-renews-calls-for-nigerians-to-pray-for-peaceful-elections/ |
Objectives • Define graded potential and action potential. • Describe characteristics of graded potential • Compare between the different phases of excitability during a nerve action potential( relative refractory period, absolute refractory period) • step-by-step, explain how an action potential is produced • Describe the characteristics of action potential.
Two major regulatory systems of the body: that ensure survival of the body: The Nervous System: Neural Communication Accomplished by Nerve Cells( signals) The Endocrine System: Hormonal Communication Accomplished by Hormones
Neural Communication • Nerve and muscle are excitable tissues • Can undergo rapid changes in their membrane potentials. • Can change their resting potentials into electrical signals – Electrical signals are critical to the function of the nervous system and all muscles
Neural Communication • Electrical Signals are produced due to changes in ions movement across the membrane. • Two kinds of potential change( electrical signals) – Graded potentials • Serve as short-distance signals – Action potentials • Serve as long-distance signals
GRADED POTENTIAL • Graded Potential is local change in the membrane potential. E. g. RMP changes from -70 mv to -60 mv (a 10 mv change). • Graded Potential is due to Na+ entry at the small specialized region of plasma membrane. • Graded Potential can be summated by giving stronger stimulus.
Current Flow During a Graded Potential
Graded Potentials • The Stronger a triggering event is, The larger the resultant graded Potential • Graded Potential spread by passive Current flow. • Graded potentials die over short distances
Graded Potential • Occurs in small, specialized region of excitable cell membranes • Magnitude of graded potential varies directly with the magnitude of the triggering event
GRADED POTENTIAL ‘Important Points’ • It is localized. • It can be summated. • Longer the stimulus – longer the duration of graded potential. • Graded Potential die down over short distance. • Example of Graded Potential: - Receptor Potential, Pace-maker Potential, end plate potential
Action Potentials • Brief, rapid, large (100 m. V) changes in membrane potential during which potential actually reverses • Involves only a small portion of the total excitable cell membrane • Do not decrease in strength as they travel from their site of initiation throughout remainder of cell membrane
Changes in Membrane Potential During an Action Potential
ACTION POTENTIAL (cont) • AP is referred as Spike potential because it appearance looks like spike. • When excitable membrane produces AP, it is said it is Firing. • Therefore Action potential, Spike, Firing all refer to same thing.
Channels & Local Potentials • The ionic basis of the action potential qmembrane permeability qion channels q. Voltage gated Na+ and K+ Channels
Action Potentials
Action Potentials Permeability Changes and Ion Fluxes During an Action Potential
Action Potentials The Na+/K+ pump gradually restores the concentration gradients disrupted by action potentials. – Sodium is pumped into the ECF – Potassium is pumped into the ICF
Action Potentials • Additional characteristics – As the action potential develops at one point in the plasma membrane, it regenerates an identical action potential at the next point in the membrane. – Therefore, it travels along the plasma membrane undiminished.
ACTION POTENTIAL (cont) • Action Potential follows All or None Law. • It means excitable membrane either responds to a stimulus with a maximal action potential or it does not respond with an action potential at all.
Refractory period during AP • Refractory period is that period , during which no new action potential can be initiated. • Refractory Period – Two Types: 1– Absolute Refractory period 2– Relative Refractory
Refractory Period v Absolute Refractory Period • It is that period of action potential during which no new action potential can be initiated even by strong stimulus. v Relative Refractory period • It is that period during which second action potential can be produced by very strong stimulus.
Refractory Period
The action potential (AP) An action potential is: A regenerating depolarization of membrane potential that propagates along an excitable membrane. • Action potentials: Øare all-or-none events qneed to reach threshold Øhave constant amplitude qdo not summate Øare initiated by depolarization Øinvolve changes in permeability Ørely on voltage-gated ion channels
Comparison of Graded Potentials and Action Potentials Graded Potential 1. Stimulus does not reach threshold level. 2. Stimulus causes local change in membrane potential e. g. -70 to -60 mv 3. It dies down over short distance. 4. Can be summated. 5. Does not obey all or none law. Action Potential 1. Stimulus reaches threshold level therefore causes AP. 2. Stimulus causes depolarization to threshold level. 3. It is propagated. 4. Can not be summated. 5. Obeys all or none law. | https://slidetodoc.com/objectives-define-graded-potential-and-action-potential-describe/ |
An indispensable companion to the I Ching, one of the world’s most profound sources of universal wisdom.
I Ching Readings is the only book ever published that shares the real-life stories of people who have consulted the I Ching―their questions, the answers they received, and the events that followed. Wu Wei’s informative stories show how the I Ching can unerringly guide us to great success and how misinterpreted guidance can lead lives off track.
In this insightful work, you will learn how to understand and interpret answers you receive from the I Ching and, just as importantly, how to phrase your questions to obtain the best possible answers.
“We are constantly communicating with the Universe,” says Wu Wei, “some of us knowingly, others of us unknowingly, and the Universe is constantly communicating with us.... When we use the I Ching to ask a question, it’s as if we are writing a letter to the Universe…. The answers we get are always for our highest and best good.”
“It is a great comfort,” he says, “to know that no matter how monumental our problem, there is a solution to it that will put us in a better situation than we were before the problem arose.”
Feature:
- ☛ Used Book in Good Condition
- Binding: Paperback
- Brand: Brand: Power Press
- Product Group: Book
- Product Type Name: ABIS_BOOK
- Manufacturer: Power Press
- Edition: Revised ed. | http://danu.web.id/item/094301543X/i-ching-readings-interpreting-the-answers.html |
Welcome to Tracca Print. Established 2012. Specialised in printing solutions for over three decades.
Tracca Print, a member of the Tracca Group, is an international OEM and solution provider based in Germany. As a pioneer in specialty printing and with over 7 years of experience in developing individual printing services, we represented the US brand Primera Technology, Inc. under the name Primera Europe GmbH in EMEA for many years. Beside our own products, we work closely with well-known manufacturers to provide the best possible printing solution. | http://traccaprint.com/ |
Gestures have for a long time been underrated as being ornamental accompaniments of speech but more recently they are also been considered as embodied social acts in their own right. The starting point of this lecture is therefore that gestures can be considered a form of minimal politics since they directly impact on social relationships. Moreover, I argue that many gestures have an in-built connection to the future. As speech acts they can encourage or challenge aspirations and apprehensions. They go beyond imaginaries of the future by literally being part of future making practices. Revisiting comparative field research data on pointing gestures, my analysis relates back to the distinction between symbolic and deictic gestures as discussed in anthropological linguistics and linguistic anthropology. While the minimal politics of egalitarian societies (examples are given from hunter-gatherers in Africa) are relying heavily on deictic gestures, there seems to be dominant preoccupation with symbolization in hierarchical contexts, including the dealings of the state apparatus and in technocratic media systems of today. This leads me to propose that embodied deictic gestures can (re)produce an open future while symbolic gestures tend to restrict options for the future. | https://auerbach-institut.phil-fak.uni-koeln.de/en/veranstaltungen/vergangene-veranstaltungen/auerbach-lectures/15112021-thomas-widlok |
From Widget area you can set Sidebar, Single Page Sidebar, and Footer Area.
- Sidebar
Sidebar is in the Archive page of any post.
It appears in the pages or posts.
Step 1: Click on the Sidebar, where you can Add widgets as you prefer.
Step 2: Add Title and Select No. of Post, if necessary.
Step 3: You can simply Drag and Drop to arrange the widgets.
It appears like this,
- Single Page Listing Sidebar
It appears on the Single Listing Page. It shows Business Hours, Galleries, Social Links, and User Profile. If you want to add more then drag and drop widgets from Available Widgets.
Click on the arrow sign to see the widgets, then add Title and Message.
It appears like this,
- Footer Widget
Click on each Footer Widget 1 and set Title, Description and click save. Repeat the same process on Footer Widget 2, 3 and 4.
To add Footer Widget Simply Drag and Drop Available Widgets to the Footer Widget Sections.
Repeat the same Process on other Footer Widgets as well, it appears like this,
Here in our Demo site, we created the Footer Area with Elementor Plugin.
Steps 1: Click Add Section and Click any Layout.
Steps 2: Start Adding Elements.
Steps 3: Write Title Contents then
Steps 4: Click Update.
When you click Add New Section, you can select the different structure
I picked 4 Column structure, Drag and Drop “Heading Element” From Elementor on each column,
After dropping, you can add Title, Font Size, and Style.
Repeat the Same process on another column as well. Now again Drag and Drop “Icon List” element from Elementor.
It seems like this,
Now Click on each List item, then Add Title, Icon and repeat the same steps on other as well.
You can change Font Size, Color Typography as your wish. After finishing all the steps, it seems like this, | https://docs.codethemes.co/docs/robolist/customizing-theme/how-to-manage-widget-area/ |
Breeding of nuclear fuel also can be achieved in an LWR by using 233U as the fissile material and 232Th as the fertile material. The nuclear power plant in Shippingport, Pennsylvania (footnote 32), was operated at a power level of 60MWe (net) from 1977 to 1982 to demonstrate the feasibility of breeding of 233U in an LWR. Much of the technology that will be needed in the distant future when the 233U—232Th fuel cycle becomes a competitive source of energy is now known.
36The second nuclear-powered submarine that was built in the United States, the USS Seawolf, was equipped with a sodium-cooled, beryllium-moderated reactor (not designed as a breeder). This submarine was launched in 1955.
Source: World list of nuclear power plants, Nucl. News, 44(3), 61 (2001) (revised annually). | https://www.drdarrinlew.us/power-plants/thermal-breeder-power-plants-%5Blwbrs.html |
Know about Masters degree in human resource management
A Master's degree in Human Resource Management (HRM) is a graduate-level program that provides students with advanced knowledge and skills in the field of human resource management. This type of degree is ideal for individuals who are interested in pursuing a career in HR or for those who are currently working in the field and wish to advance their education.
HRM is a critical function in any organization as it deals with the management of people, including recruiting, hiring, training, and developing employees. The goal of HRM is to ensure that an organization has the right people in the right roles and that they are motivated, engaged, and productive.
A Master's degree in HRM typically covers a range of topics, including labor laws, compensation and benefits, recruitment and selection, training and development, and performance management. Students also learn about the strategic role of HR in an organization and how to align HR practices with the overall goals and objectives of the organization.
In addition to classroom learning, students in a Master's program in HRM may also complete a practicum or internship to gain hands-on experience in the field. This can be a valuable opportunity for students to apply their knowledge and skills in a real-world setting and to make professional connections in the industry.
Individuals with a Master's degree in HRM are qualified for a wide range of career opportunities in the field, including positions such as human resource manager, talent acquisition specialist, employee relations manager, and training and development manager. Graduates of a Master's program in HRM may also choose to pursue a career in consulting or in a non-profit organization.
Overall, a Master's degree in HRM is a valuable investment for anyone interested in a career in human resource management. The program provides advanced knowledge and skills in the field, as well as practical experience that can help graduates excel in their careers. | https://www.techknow24.com/2023/01/know-about-masters-degree-in-human.html |
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
EXAMPLE 1
Solubilization of Terconazole in Water
EXAMPLE 2
Terconazole Gel Composition
The invention relates generally to compositions comprising terconazole, which are useful for treatment of microbiological infections. More particularly, the invention relates to aqueous solutions of terconazole and methods of preparing said solutions.
26
31
2
5
3
Terconazole (cis-1-[p[[2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-ylmethyl)-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl]methoxy]phenyl]-4-isopropylpiperazine) (CHClNO) is a drug which has been useful for treatment of vaginal yeast infections as a cream containing about 0.4 or 0.8 percent by weight terconazole.
Terconazole is substantially insoluble in water at neutral pH. Terconazole hydrochloride has a solubility of about 0.007 percent by weight in water at neutral pH. Because of this low solubility, it is difficult to obtain stable terconazole solutions in water at concentrations required for therapeutic effect.
There is a need for aqueous terconazole solutions that include at least about 0.4 percent by weight dissolved terconazole, and which are free from terconazole crystals. Such solutions are useful in the preparation of pharmaceutical products for the treatment of yeast infections. Viscous aqueous compositions are particularly desirable, because they provide rapid release of the terconazole and generate the relatively high terconazole concentrations required for rapid killing of pathogens. The present invention provides such aqueous terconazole compositions.
An aqueous terconazole composition of the invention comprises at least about 0.4 percent by weight of terconazole dissolved in water, and a terconazole crystallization-inhibiting amount of an organic acid. The composition is free from terconazole crystals at an ambient temperature of about 20° C. Preferably, the organic acid is a water-soluble alkyl carboxylic acid (e.g., acetic acid), or a water-soluble polybasic organic acid (e.g., citric acid). The compositions are useful for treating vaginal yeast infections.
In a preferred embodiment, the composition includes at least about 0.8 percent by weight of terconazole dissolved in water. In other preferred embodiments, the solution comprises up to about 3 percent by weight of dissolved terconazole. Preferably, the organic acid is present in the composition in a molar amount in the range of about 50 to about 150 mole percent based on the molar amount of terconazole dissolved therein, more preferably at least equal to the molar amount of terconazole dissolved in the composition. Optionally, viscosity modifying agents, such as thickeners, can be included in the compositions of the invention to provide gels of other viscous products, which are particularly suitable for vaginal or topical application.
A method aspect of the present invention involves preparing an aqueous solution of terconazole comprising at least about 0.4 percent by weight of terconazole dissolved in water. The method comprises dissolving terconazole in water containing a terconazole crystallization-inhibiting amount of an organic acid.
The terms “pharmaceutically acceptable”, “physiologically tolerable”, “physiologically compatible”, and grammatical variations thereof, as used herein and in the appended claims as they refer to electrolytes (e.g., salts), bases, diluents, preservatives, buffers and other excipients, are used interchangeably and represent that the materials are capable of topical administration to human skin and to the human vagina without the production of medically unacceptable levels of undesirable physiological effects such as irritation, itching, stinging, or systemic effects such as nausea, dizziness, and the like.
The present invention provides aqueous terconazole solutions having a concentration of dissolved terconazole of at least about 0.4 percent by weight, which are free from terconazole crystals. In the solutions of the present invention, terconazole is solubilized by the presence of a terconazole crystallization-inhibiting amount of an organic acid. The compositions preferably have an acidic pH value in the range of about 3.5 to about 6.
In some preferred embodiments the organic acid is a water-soluble alkyl carboxylic acid, such as acetic acid and the like. In other preferred embodiments the organic acid is a water-soluble polybasic organic acid, such as malic acid, citric acid, tartaric acid, a polyacrylic acid, and the like. In yet other preferred embodiments, the organic acid can be a mixture of one or more water-soluble alkyl carboxylic acids, a mixture of one or more polybasic organic acids, or a combination of one or more water-soluble alkyl carboxylic acid with one or more polybasic organic acids. The organic acid can also be a crosslinked polyacrylic acid, if desired. In a particularly preferred embodiment the organic acid comprises at least one acid selected from the group consisting of acetic acid, citric acid, tartaric acid, and malic acid.
Preferably, the organic acid is present in the composition at a concentration in the range of about 50 to about 150 mole percent based upon the molar amount of terconazole dissolved in the composition. More preferably, the organic acid preferably is present in the composition in a molar amount at least about equal to the molar amount of terconazole dissolved in the composition.
The compositions of the present invention optionally can include a physiologically tolerable preservative, as well as pharmaceutically acceptable excipients, so long as the optional components do not interfere with the solubility of the terconazole.
Suitable physiologically tolerable preservatives include bacteriostats, preservatives, inhibitors, and the like, such as methyl, ethyl, propyl, and butyl esters of parahydroxybenzoic acid (parabens); propyl gallate; sorbic acid and its sodium and potassium salts; propionic acid and its calcium and sodium salts; 6-acetoxy-2,4-dimethyl-m-dioxane; 2-bromo-2-nitropropane-1,3-diol; salicylanilides such as dibromosalicylanilide and tribromosalicylamilide, the cis isomer of 1-(3-chloroallyl)-3,5,7-triaza-1-azanidadamantane chloride; hexachlorophene; sodium benzoate; chelating agents such as ethylene diaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), citric acid, and their alkali metal salts; phenolic compounds such as butyl hydroxyanisole, butylhydroxytoluene, chloro- and bromo-cresols, and the like; quaternary ammonium compounds such as benzalkonium chloride; aromatic alcohols such as 2-phenylethyl alcohol and benzyl alcohol; chlorobutanol; quinoline derivatives such as iodochlorohydroxyquinoline; and the like.
Pharmaceutically acceptable excipients that can be included in the compositions of the present invention include, for example, physiologically tolerable thickeners, surfactants, colorants, fragrances, water-soluble or water-miscible co-solvents, and the like, which are well known in the art. The compositions of the invention can be free-flowing solutions or gels.
Gelled compositions include a thickening agent, such as a hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (hypromellose) compound, a crosslinked polyacrylic acid, and the like. Examples of suitable crosslinked polyacrylic acids include CARBOPOL® thickening agents, and NOVEON® brand polycarbophil crosslinked polyacrylic acids, available from Noveon, Inc., Cleveland Ohio. A combination of two or more thickening agents can be utilized, as well. Crosslinked polyacrylic acids can also act as the organic acid to solubilize the terconazole.
The present invention also provides a method for preparing a solution comprising at least about 0.4 percent by weight of terconazole dissolved in water, free from terconazole crystals at an ambient temperature of about 20° C. The method comprises dissolving terconazole in an aqueous solution containing a terconazole crystallization-inhibiting amount of an organic acid as described hereinabove. Preferably, an amount of terconazole is dissolved in the solution to obtain a terconazole concentration of about 0.4 to about 0.8 percent by weight. In other preferred embodiments, the solution comprises up to about 3 percent by weight terconazole, based on the total weight of the composition. The concentration of organic acid in the solution preferably is at least about equal to the molar amount of terconazole dissolved in the solution.
Another aspect of the present invention is an article of manufacture comprising packaging material and at least one terconazole composition of the invention in at least one sealed container within the packaging material. Preferably, the compositions are gels containing a thickening agent. The container comprises a label that includes printed indicia describing the contents, such as a listing of ingredients, the manufacturer's name and address, and the like. Preferably, the packaging material also includes a printed insert including detailed information on the composition, its method of administration for treatment of infections, side effects, contraindications, and the like indicia, which may be required by governmental agencies responsible for regulation of pharmaceutical products. The articles of manufacture may also include applicators, such as a tubular applicator that can be used in conjunction with a storage vessel or a squeezable tube to aid in applying the compositions of the invention (e.g., into the vagina). In addition, the container can be a single use packet or a pre-filled applicator.
The following non-limiting examples further illustrate the present invention.
Weighed amounts of terconazole were added to separate containers including an acid in water, and applying heat, if necessary, to dissolve the terconazole. The amount of acid was selected to be about equimolar with the amount of terconazole added. After the terconazole was dissolved, each solution was cooled to about 4° C. to force crystallization of some of the terconazole. If crystals were not observed upon cooling, seed crystals of terconazole were added, and the solutions were again cooled and maintained at about 4° C. to force crystallization of some of the terconazole. After allowing for crystal formation, the solutions were allowed to warm to room temperature (about 20° C.). Each solution was observed at about 20° C. over a period of about 14 days to determine if the crystals would re-dissolve. The absence of crystals after 14 days indicates that the acid salt of the terconazole is soluble at the concentration of the prepared solution. Table 1 includes dissolution data for a number of compositions comprising varying amounts of terconazole and various acids. The data in Table 1 clearly indicate that solutions having a terconazole concentration of at least about 3 percent by weight and free from terconazole crystals at 20° C. were obtained utilizing tartaric acid and malic acid.
TABLE 1
Presence or Absence of Crystals
Formulation
after 14 days at about 20° C.
Terconazole (1%) + hydrochloric acid
crystals
Terconazole (1%) + malic acid
no crystals
Terconazole (1%) + tartaric acid
no crystals
Terconazole (2%) + hydrochloric acid
crystals
Terconazole (2%) + malic acid
no crystals
Terconazole (2%) + tartaric acid
no crystals
Terconazole (3%) + hydrochloric acid
crystals
Terconazole (3%) + malic acid
no crystals
Terconazole (3%) + tartaric acid
no crystals
In another experiment, the solubility of terconazole in water was increased to about 2.9 percent by weight using acetic acid at pH of about 5.
A terconazole gel composition containing citric acid was prepared from the components listed in Table 2. The gel was cooled to about 4° C. and seed crystals of terconazole were added in an attempt to force crystallization of some of the terconazole. No crystal formation was observed during this cooling and seeding period. The formulation was then observed at about 20° C. over a period of about 14 days to determine if terconazole crystals would form. No terconazole crystals formed during this period of time. These results clearly indicate that a gel composition having a terconazole concentration of about 2.4 percent by weight and free from terconazole crystals at 20° C. was obtained utilizing citric acid.
TABLE 2
Ingredient
Percentage
Terconazole
2.4
MethoCel K100M
2
Propylene glycol
5
Methyl paraben
0.08
Propyl paraben
0.02
Citric acid
0.3
Sodium citrate
0.15
EDTA
0.05
Water
Q.S. to 100%
In addition, a terconazole gel containing 0.8% by weight terconazole was prepared from the components listed in Table 3.
TABLE 3
Ingredient
Percentage
Terconazole
0.8
MethoCel K100M
2
Propylene glycol
5
Methyl paraben
0.08
Propyl paraben
0.02
Citric acid
0.3
Sodium citrate
0.15
EDTA
0.05
Water
Q.S. to 100%
FIG. 1
The release of terconazole from this 0.8% gel was evaluated against a commercially available 0.8% terconazole cream. Approximately 0.5 g of each composition was placed in separate, previously wetted dialysis tubes, and the ends of the tubes were closed with plastic clips. Each dialysis tube was placed in a separate Petri dish containing about 20 mL of 1 millimolar citric acid in a 0.9 percent by weight sodium chloride solution adjusted to about pH 4.25. The Petri dish was then covered with a lid to eliminate evaporation. The Petri dishes were agitated with a magnetic stirrer and about 5 mL samples were withdrawn for assay at appropriate time intervals. The sample volume was replaced with an equal volume of blank medium (i.e., 0.9 percent saline with 1 mmol citric acid). The samples were assayed by UV spectroscopy at 230 nm (the wavelength maximum for terconazole) to determine the concentration of terconazole released from the compositions in the dialysis tubes. The concentration of terconazole in each sample was calculated using a calibration curve. Plots of the percentage of terconazole released over time for the gel composition of the invention and the commercial cream are shown in .
FIG. 1
FIG. 1
The 0.8% terconazole gel composition of the invention surprisingly released over 90% of the terconazole within five hours, and substantially all of the terconazole within 10 hours (see , upper curve). In contrast, the commercially available 0.8% terconazole cream released only about 25% of the terconazole within five hours and only about 57% of the terconazole within 23 hours (see , lower curve).
The compositions of the invention provide a significant improvement for the treatment of vaginal yeast infections, because they provide rapid and nearly complete release of the terconazole, compared to commercial products, which contained undissolved terconazole. The high levels of soluble terconazole provided by the compositions of the invention provide for rapid killing of pathogens.
Numerous variations and modifications of the embodiments described above may be effected without departing from the spirit and scope of the novel features of the invention. No limitations with respect to the specific embodiments illustrated herein are intended or should be inferred.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1
depicts a graph of terconazole release versus time for a gel composition of the invention containing dissolved terconazole (labeled “Gel”) compared to a commercial terconazole cream (labeled “Cream”). | |
DoT approaches privacy by encrypting DNS queries and responses between entities (predominantly between the stub resolver and the first hop resolver) using TLS.
Apr 10th, 2019
DNS-over-TLS (DoT for short) is a standard developed by the IETF (under the RFC 7858 designation) to solve privacy concerns in DNS communication.
As we’ve talked about before, until recently, DNS has been done in cleartext: the queries and responses between both the end user (applications, or stub resolvers, such as a browser) and the (first-hop) DNS resolver and the resolver and the DNS nameserver(s) are unencrypted by default.
While DNSSEC extensions were developed early on, they only added response integrity and not privacy. As the IETF states, “either privacy was not considered a requirement for DNS traffic or it was assumed that network traffic was sufficiently private.”
In recent years, however, that changed. Privacy has become a central concern and addressing it has spawned numerous solutions, such as DNS-over-TLS.
DoT approaches privacy by encrypting DNS queries and responses between entities (predominantly between the stub resolver and the first hop resolver) using TLS (Transport Layer Security).
DoT uses a standard port (853) to initiate and accept DNS queries. It is possible to use a mutually agreed different port, but it is not the default. Once the connection is made, a TLS handshake is attempted, and after authentication the encrypted DNS communication can commence.
DNS servers supporting DoT are not accepting unencrypted data on the designated port, neither during session initiation, nor after a failed TLS authentication.
Computers are powerful and efficient, but not without limits. DNS-over-TLS adds latency to DNS operations that needs to be accounted for and minimized.
DNS clients are required to adhere to a certain field length (two octets) and it is recommended to keep established, but idle, connections alive to the server. Another way to minimize latency is to pipeline multiple queries over the same TLS session. In this case, it’s the DNS client’s responsibility to match responses to queries, as they may arrive and be answered out of order.
Keeping established connections alive helps distribute the connection setup costs. Misconfigured handling of idle connections can lead to denial of service issues.
DNS-over-TLS can be used in various ways. The IETF standard identifies opportunistic and Out-of-Band Key-Pinned privacy profiles.
Opportunistic privacy profile means the client recognizes a TLS-enabled DNS resolver and attempts to use it. If it successfully validates it, DNS-over-TLS may be used, but isn’t mandatory and the client can fall back to non-encrypted DNS.
Out-of-Band Key-Pinned privacy profile is usable where the trust between stub and recursive resolvers is already established. Enterprise DNS is one good example. With this profile, DNS clients authenticate servers by a set of (previously distributed) SPKI Fingerprints.
DNS-over-TLS addresses privacy, but not the security of DNS operations. It is important to note that DNSSEC and DoT are not mutually exclusive, but rather compatible protocols that complement each other.
DoT is a straightforward protocol, and fairly easy to implement. TLS authentication is a mature, trusted, and well-maintained technology for encryption. But DNS-over-TLS also presents a number of challenges and concerns.
Attacks against TLS itself, such as protocol downgrade, affect DNS-over-TLS. DNS resolvers offering DoT have to be aware and be patched against TLS vulnerabilities. DNS clients can, in order to defend against person-in-the-middle attacks, discard cached data from a server stored in cleartext.
DoT isn’t fully protected against traffic analysis and SNI leaks. (Although it is in constant development to patch these vulnerabilities.) Split horizon DNS, where the DNS response may be different based on the source of the query, is also known to experience issues when used with DoT.
Network managers for both private networks and public services need to learn more about DNS privacy, DoT (and DoH and other implementations), and the solutions, and challenges, they present for their work. Education about these protocols is also important for end users — both for owning their privacy and to avoid issues resulting from unintentionally harmful configurations brought to a network.
DoT, DoH, and other protocols are in constant development, offering ways to influence their evolution. All network managers and architects, whether they’re running public or private infrastructures, should participate in pilot programs to discover and best voice and address their challenges and requirements. | https://www.menandmice.com/blog/dns-over-tls |
Paleontology or palaeontology (from Greek: paleo, "ancient"; ontos, "being"; and logos, "knowledge") is the study of prehistoric life forms on Earth through the examination of plant and animal fossils. This includes the study of body fossils, tracks (ichnites), burrows, cast-off parts, fossilised feces (coprolites), palynomorphs and chemical residues. Because humans have encountered fossils for millennia, paleontology has a long history both before and after becoming formalized as a science. This article records significant discoveries and events related to paleontology that occurred or were published in the year 1887.
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|Name||Status||Authors||Age||Unit||Location||Notes|
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Middle Cretaceous (late Albian to early Cenomanian)
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An indeterminate lepidosaur.
|Name||Status||Authors||Notes|
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Valid
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Cope
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Synonym of Cimoliasaurus
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Cope
The Fossil Grove was discovered in Glasgow, Scotland. It contains the fossilised stumps of eleven extinct Lepidodendron trees, which are sometimes described as "giant club mosses" but they may be more closely related to quillworts.
This page is based on a Wikipedia article written by authors
(here).
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 3.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses. | https://howlingpixel.com/i-en/1887_in_paleontology |
Work from the Heart
Leadership is not one person trying to oversee and direct everyone but a person standing up for his team. – Bob Patel
By Kirti Balaji
HOUSTON – On March 3, 2018, the Youth Leadership Development Program of Houston’s class of students had the privilege of listening to Mr. Bhavesh V. (Bob) Patel speak about his career path. Mr. Patel is the chief executive officer of LyondellBasell which is one of the largest plastics, chemicals and refining companies in the world. Mr. Patel offered the high school students interesting insight and philosophies of overcoming adversities.
Mr. Patel moved to the United States as a young kid. He earned a Bachelor of Science in chemical engineering from Ohio State University, and he pursued a Master of Business Administration due to his curiosity of the business side of engineering. Mr. Patel always followed his career path based on his interests. He worked hard to get a job in the type of engineering he wanted.
Mr. Patel talked about accepting all the tasks he was presented with, even moving half way around the world because he thought he would have something to offer to the company and he wanted to learn from the experience.
YLDP batch of 2018, with speaker Bob Patel (center).
Mr. Patel has had leadership positions based in the Netherlands, Singapore, and the United States. His humble nature was evident in the way he put his workers first as described through when he wanted to offer his people financial benefits for moving to a new country for the company. Mr. Patel also inspired us with his charismatic personality when he talked about his ability to work with a team. He told us that explaining ideas to people who disagree is the best way to prove your point.
Mr. Patel’s values can be seen through the vision of his company. LyondellBasell believes in the power of many and continuous improvement. He views hardships through the impact lenses from the Harvard Business Review. He looks to what positive effects his actions will have on his company and workers. He assured yldp’s class that leadership is not one person trying to oversee and direct everyone but a person standing up for his team.
Mr. Patel’s speech inspired us, high school students, to work together as a team in order to prosper. Ultimately, a solid team working together with hardworking leaders is what makes companies such as LyondellBasell excel. | |
Nanak Studies as per University Calendar 2007 Vol. IV, Chapter III, Page 13-14 with ISSN No.
0972-3765. It is peer-reviewed Journal publishing articles, communication, book reviews,
besides a few advertisements of other reputed Journals on mutual exchange basis. The prime
objective of the University Journal is to encourage research and to disseminate it to the scholarly
world. The contributors to the Journal include International and National level scholars
considering its repute and wide circulation. The communication section of the Journal publishes
the research findings of the Ph.D. thesis which are awarded the degree for exchange of
knowledge and also for policy implementation. This Journal is publish in English Language. Its
main thrust area is Religious Studies, Sikh Religion, Philosophy, History and Culture.
In exchange of Journal of Sikh Studies, the Department of Guru Nanak Studies has been
receiving 14 Journals including International Journals such as Sikh Courier and Sikh Review
which have enriched the library of the Department and further facilitate transmission of
knowledge, information and research carried out by the scholars of the different parts of the
world. | http://researchjournals.gndu.ac.in/SikhStudies/home.aspx |
The cost of moving, the odds of winning, and the risks of losing.
Summary judgment is a pre-trial, usually late-discovery or post-discovery motion in which the moving party or parties seek a ruling that the admissible evidence shows there is “no triable issue of material fact” in dispute, judgment, and therefore no reason for a trial. It is governed by the Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 56 and similar state statutes.
Summary judgment has been called a “powerful weapon for defendants.” Although plaintiffs may also bring these motions, as we will see later, this is much more difficult, and defendants bring more than two-thirds of motions under Rule 56.
Summary judgment is brought in 19% of cases. In just over a third of these, a second summary judgment motion is made.
Criticism of Summary Judgment
Although the summary judgment motion is an accepted part of daily motion practice in both state and federal courts, it does have its critics. Numerous commentators argue that it is an unconstitutional violation of the Seventh Amendment right to a jury trial. (Despite the academic arguments, this author has found no case so holding.)
Summary judgment is also blamed for over-investment in discovery, and it is claimed that the courts grant summary judgment too often. Proponents say that summary judgment clarifies the issues, eliminates non-meritorious cases, and allows judges to do more than referee motions.
The Difficulty of Obtaining Summary Judgment
Summary judgment is basically a trial on paper and must be based on admissible evidence. Such evidence must be viewed in the light most favorable to the non-moving party. Further, any doubts must be resolved in favor of the non-moving party.
This makes summary judgment difficult, not only because the supporting evidence is subject to any number of technical objections the movant must guard against and respond to, but because any conflict over a material fact (that is, a fact that could lead to liability) which is such that a reasonable factfinder could reach a verdict for the non-moving party will defeat the motion because at least that fact must be resolved by trial.
It is easy to see that there will be a drive to find witnesses (expert, party-affiliated, or otherwise) who will contradict any truly damaging facts that emerge during discovery.
Even the existence of a single genuine material factual dispute will defeat a full summary judgment motion. The inadmissibility of a key piece of evidence is equally determinative, which explains the often burdensome and intense evidentiary attacks relating to these motions, in which every conceivable objection to the evidence is raised.
A moving party may bring either a full or partial summary judgment motion. A full-motion attacks each cause of action and disposes of the entire case if successful. A partial motion attacks only certain claims, defenses, or items of damages.
It streamlines the issues for trial but does not eliminate the need for one. Some state statutes refer to partial summary judgment as summary adjudication.
Often, parties will seek full or partial summary judgment in the alternative. That is, if they fail to get rid of the case, they will ask the court to pare it down.
The showing required for summary judgment differs depending on whether it is offensive or defensive. Most such motions are brought by defendants. In order to achieve full summary judgment, a defendant must show that it is impossible, given the state of the evidence, for the plaintiff to establish at least one element of each cause of action.
Alternatively, the existence of a dispositive affirmative defense, such as the statute of limitations, must be established.
About a third of summary judgment motions is offensive, that is, brought by the plaintiff to establish the existence of all facts needed to prove a cause of action. It is much more difficult for plaintiffs to win this type of summary judgment. Rather than knocking out a single element to doom a cause of action, like a defendant, every element of each claim as to which the plaintiff wishes to achieve summary judgment must be proven by admissible evidence.
Defensive motions seek to show the evidence cannot support a claim, whereas offensive motions bear the much heavier burden of showing that they must, as a matter of law. It is much easier to find one flaw than to build an unassailable case.
Building a Summary Judgment Motion
To fully understand the burden, expense, and difficulty summary judgment motions place on lawyers, clients, and the courts, it is necessary to briefly review what it takes to create or oppose one. The necessary analysis begins at the beginning, with the complaint. Since federal pleading standards do not generally require detailed factual information in the complaint, demanding only a “short, plain statement of the facts (FRCP 8), the causes of action need to be broken down into their elements, and discovery done to determine what facts existed to support (or disprove) each of them.
To be fair, these things would have to be done no matter what form the litigation took. But breaking down the claims, defenses, and/or items of damages into their elements, then evaluating the evidence for and against the existence of those elements, is the essence of summary judgment just as it would be for trial preparation.
If undisputed evidence demonstrates either that an element of one or more claims, defenses, or items of damage cannot be established, or that all of the relevant elements have been shown as a matter of law, summary judgment is appropriate. The non-moving party must identify specific evidence sufficient to convince a reasonable jury that conflicts with the allegedly indisputable facts supporting the motion. This process requires all counsel to be intimately familiar with the pleadings and evidence on which each side’s case depends.
So that the court need not comb through the evidence, local rules require movants to provide statements of uncontroverted facts and conclusions of law, with citations to the evidence. Non-moving parties must provide statements of material facts in dispute, also with citations to the record. Since the court need only consider cited evidence, prudent parties are thorough in their review of discovery.
And since all evidence must be admissible, parties must support their submissions with declarations properly authenticating each piece of evidence carefully. Voluminous objections are common. But parties are advised to avoid objections that obviously have no merit, both because they lessen the impact of valid objections and because the courts may view them as a sanctionable waste of its limited resources.
All of the detailed review and analysis involved in building a summary judgment motion takes time, which predictably comes at a high cost for moving and non-moving parties alike.
How Much Does Summary Judgment Cost?
Despite the difficulty and expense associated with the use of summary judgment, and the arguments against it, Chief Justice William Rehnquist was convinced the procedure should be a routine part of federal practice:
Although some discoveries might be undertaken solely in support of or opposition to summary judgment, generally discovery will be done regardless of whether such a motion is brought. Therefore, the cost of pre-motion should not be included in the estimate of motion-related charges despite its critical role in the ultimate outcome.
Even so, there is no denying that motions for summary judgment represent a significant investment. The cost of motion will vary by the type of case, the complexity of the issues, the amount of discovery that must be reviewed and analyzed, the hourly legal fee being charged, and so on. But some estimates are available. One study by Duke University found that summary judgment increased costs by 27 percent for defendants and 24 percent for plaintiffs.
What this means in hours and/or dollars will vary from case to case and depend on other factors as well, but we can get a sense from available research.
For example, section 230 of the Telecommunications Act shields internet service providers from civil liability for the publication of content created by others. By one estimate, an early summary judgment motion will cost between $30,000 and $70,000 not including discovery, which was estimated at between $100,000 and $500,000.
In an examination of fee awards in Federal ERISA cases, it was found that courts awarded almost $30,000 when a summary has been brought, at a relatively low $350 per hour for attorneys’ fees.
Then there is the notoriously expensive example of patent litigation by so-called non-practicing entities, or “patent trolls,” which make money not by producing goods, but by aggregating patents and aggressively suing for infringement. A 2014 study found that the median cost of such a case where summary judgment was brought was $2.1 million. Adjusted for inflation, that is equal to $2.8 million today.
If the Duke study is correct, $700,000 or so is attributable to the summary judgment motion.
What about less costly cases? The median cost of legal fees for summary judgment in real property cases is $15,360, in Title VII discrimination cases, it is $17,300, for tort cases, it is $11,540, for contract disputes it is $13,440 and for professional malpractice claims, it is $25,540. (All figures have been adjusted for inflation.)
The cost increases in proportion to how much is at stake. For every 1%, the amount at stake rises, Litigation costs increase 1/4 of one percent. Delay is even more costly.
Every 1% increase in time leads to a 1/3% increase in costs.
This is especially significant in the time to make some rejected process. Depending on which study is consulted, it takes between four and six months for the parties to exchange motions, oppositions, and reply briefs, and between four and nine months for the court to decide the outcome.
Cases Inappropriate for Summary Judgment
The summary judgment appears to be a normal part of almost every federal court civil case. Two-thirds of federal judges in a national survey call summary judgment a daily occurrence. In contrast, only one-third of state judges make the same statement
The apparently routine nature of Federal summary judgment motions is confusing. Such machines are only supposed to be graded when having a trial would be pointless, because there are no genuine issues of material fact to be tried. That is, as a matter of law, no reasonable jury could find for the non-moving party.
Traditionally, some types of cases are presumed to be inappropriate for summary judgment. Nevertheless, such motions are brought despite the difficulty, delay, and expense. As one recent article put it, “Summary judgment does not fit in all cases.
That may seem obvious, but many attorneys appear to start from the assumption that they will file a summary judgment motion the summary judgment in negligence cases is rarely appropriate because jurors have special expertise in the application of the reasonable person standard.
In cases involving fraud, malice, and other issues concerning the state of mind of a party, summary judgment is disfavored. The fact-finder needs to test the credibility of the witnesses whose state of mind is at issue through direct and cross-examination.
A good example of a case involving a state of mind is employment discrimination. The presence of discriminatory intent is a factual question that is difficult to establish with certainty, and therefore not appropriate for summary judgment
What Are The Odds of Winning Summary Judgment?
Despite having reached a “high water mark” of summary judgments, and the liberalization of some rules that give judges more discretion to grant summary judgment, by determining that no reasonable jury could find for the non-moving party, the overall proportion of cases resolved by summary judgment is only 4%, down from 7.8% half a century ago.
The odds of winning a summary judgment, known as the grant rate, vary widely by case type. The most common grant of summary judgment is in Title VII and employment cases. These are granted in whole in 49.2% of cases, in part in 23.3% of cases, and denied in 27.5% of cases.
The extremely high grant rate is peculiar because most discrimination cases turn on intent, which is usually inappropriate for resolution by summary judgment. Some commentary argues that discrimination and employment cases are unfairly disfavored. They point out that Plaintiffs’ successful summary judgment motions are reversed on appeal 41% of the time.
Defendants’ motions are reversed only 9% of the time. This seems inequitable but given the vastly different burden plaintiffs bear on summary judgment, no conclusions can be drawn from the difference.
Torts also are theoretically inappropriate for summary judgment. Reasonableness is at their core and is traditionally a jury question. Nevertheless, personal injury summary judgment motions are granted in whole in 41.8% of cases, in part in 14.8% of cases, and denied in 43.4% of cases.
Summary judgment motions in personal property torts-related cases are granted in whole in 48.6% of cases, in part in 19% of cases, and denied in 32.4% of cases.
Cases concerning property rights are granted in whole in 33.7% of cases, in part in 24.5% of cases, and denied in 41.8% of cases.
Summary judgment in real property cases is granted in whole in 51.9% of cases, in part in 18.5% of cases, and denied in 29.6% of cases.
Summary judgment regarding miscellaneous statutory rights is granted in whole in 40.3% of cases, in part in 19.9% of cases, and denied in 39.8% of cases.
Summary judgment in labor law cases is granted in whole in 36.2% of cases, in part in 23.8% of cases, and denied in 40% of cases.
In contracts cases, summary judgment is granted in whole in 35.1% of cases, in part in 22.6% of cases, and denied in 42.3% of cases.
An awareness of the odds of winning summary judgment will affect a party’s willingness to undertake the extra work and expense inherent in these motions. Given the extremely high chance of total or partial success, it is not surprising that summary judgment motions are most common in Title VII and employment cases. Although this author is not aware of such a study, it is likely that there is a strong correlation between the statistics set forth above regarding the odds of winning summary judgment and the frequency of filing such motions within the various case categories.
Settlement issues in summary judgment
It may not seem to make sense to talk about settlement and some engagement together. After all, so much work has been done .to get the case thrown out.
But it makes a lot of sense. Fifty-five percent of summary judgment motions are resolved by settlement before a hearing.
As with trial or arbitration, or even major discovery, the risk of loss or significant cost focuses the parties on the pros and cons of continuing litigation. As we have seen, the cost for such motions is anything but negligible. Even right before summary judgment may be a good time for settlement discussions or mediation.
After initial filings, these strengths and weaknesses of the case are laid bare, making that another excellent chance for resolution of the dispute. If summary judgment is denied, a court has necessarily found a reasonable jury could hold for a non-movant. Research demonstrates that this creates a significant settlement premium, usually two to four times the prior demand, but potentially much more.
Suppose summary judgment of the right to punitive damages is denied and left to the jury? Constitutionally, up to nine times, a verdict may be imposed. This changes the settlement calculations considerably. Of course, many parties will refuse to consider their behavior worthy of such damages as a matter of principle.
While no one wants to negotiate from a position of weakness, a grant of the motion is not necessarily the end. Motions for reconsideration and a new trial are available, and summary judgment is often reversed on appeal. These options carry serious costs and risks.
They present another opportunity for settlement. However, the offer may be limited to nuisance value without some respected neutral weighing in on the merits of the case and the odds of winning a reversal on appeal. Even with such assistance, overcoming a recently victorious client’s new aggressive attitude will be difficult with all but the most sophisticated and pragmatic parties.
Risks and drawbacks of summary judgment motions
Some significant drawbacks and risks exist in every summary judgment motion. Settlement premiums and hard-fought appeals represent serious financial burdens. One-third of federal summary judgment motions are brought before the discovery cutoff date.
New discoveries may make the motion impossible to win. Since it will be directed to the specific points of the motion, it may well require new analysis and complete redrafting of the motion. Even if discovery is closed, a motion to reopen it may be successful, especially if the moving party has been delaying or refusing responses and there have been successful motions to compel in the past.
This will add noticeably to cost and probably moot a pending summary judgment motion.
Since summary judgment is a bench trial on paper in all but name, the moving party cannot help but expose a detailed trial strategy, evidentiary objections, and the court’s reaction to certain arguments. At the very least, a successful non-movant has a roadmap to strengthen their case before the trial.
Some summary judgment motions may point out defects in the pleadings. This should not be done unless the defects absolutely cannot be remedied. Federal Rule 15 requires the court to freely allow amendments to pleadings before, during, and even after trial when justice so requires.
Late amendments usually require continuances, responsive pleadings, and new discoveries. Attack defects in the pleadings early.
It has been argued that summary judgment motions are sometimes used as a scare tactic or economic weapon against less well-funded parties. Beware this approach. It may draw a sanctions motion under Rule 11 rather than the hoped-for dismissal or cheap settlement. Courts are jealous of their own limited time and resources, as well as protective of the integrity of the legal system.
Courts have imposed hundreds of thousands of dollars in sanctions for poorly supported summary judgment motions. If a full motion cannot be supported, counsel should consider a partial one, if the remaining claims, defenses, or damages to be attacked are important enough given the cost and the lower odds of winning.
Should you file a summary judgment motion?
Whether you should file a summary judgment motion is a case-by-case decision that will change over time. Some factors to consider are:
- The stage of the proceedings. Early motions motivate discovery. This will likely moot the motion.
- The state of the pleadings and their role in the motion. Unless any highlighted defects are irreparable. Otherwise, your opponent will simply take advantage of the liberal standards of Rule 15 and amend his or her way out of the mess.
- The state of your own case. Opposing counsel may decide to fight fire with fire and file a cross-motion of his or her own.
- The amount of discovery. More discovery — especially electronic discovery—drives up the burden and costs of preparation.
- The likely cost of preparation given the research above and the specific facts of your case.
- The odds of winning, as shown by research and realistically adjusted for the particular circumstances of the case.
- Whether a full motion is supported, or a partial motion is preferable given the risk of sanctions.
- The cost of failure in light of the settlement premium.
- Whether mediation should be attempted before the high cost of summary judgment is incurred.
Given that most summary judgment motions are resolved by settlement and the extremely high cost of the settlement premium, the answer should almost always be yes.
Must-read Articles: | https://www.adrtimes.com/odds-of-winning-summary-judgment/ |
Among certain philosophers it is a commonplace that dreams are radically private, that no one can follow you into them. A fragment from Heraclitus distills the problem: “The universe for those who are awake is single and common, while in sleep each person turns aside into a private universe.” Hegel, commenting on this same fragment, says that “the dream is a knowledge of something of which I alone know.” Consider how you might teach a child to understand the meaning of the word “dream.” You cannot point anywhere and say, “That’s a dream.” Nor can you say at any moment to the child, “Look, I’m dreaming,” and be doing it.
The science of dreams—first psychoanalysis, and then neuroscience—has inherited this frame of reference. In 1900, Freud writes that dreams are “completely asocial.” A hundred years later, Yuval Nir and Giulio Tononi, two leaders in contemporary brain research, write that “dreams … show that the human brain, disconnected from the environment, can generate an entire world of conscious experiences by itself.” Here, dreams are, by definition, that whole nocturnal life you cannot share, that second life as Nerval wrote, with its unexpected villains and lovers, its indescribable moonscapes, its fantastical concatenations of memory, its unfathomable vehicles and dungeons, its transports of flight, and its corporeal crises when the limbs turn stiff and the monster is upon you. Dreams mean disconnection and disengagement from the framework of this our shared world, and immersion in them is so strange, so sorrowful, so disorienting, sometimes so very shameful, that we can barely coax them into the light even should we want to.
And yet, despite this vision of dreams as paradigmatically distant, many of the world’s cultures—especially outside of the modern West—have developed elaborate protocols by which dreams can be shared. The complexity of these protocols is confirmation, in one sense, of the claim that dreams are especially private, even more so than other forms of thinking. A society must work very hard indeed to make them sharable; they must be wrestled into this life from that nighttime one. But these protocols are also somehow a rebuke to the philosophers’ skepticism: people build their own universes in dreams, except, as we’ll see, they then go to great lengths to reconstruct and combine them into a shared one while awake. This seems to raise at least two questions. Why go to such great lengths to share dreams? And what happens to a culture, like our own, that doesn’t practice dream sharing, that (a few isolated realms aside, perhaps the most important being psychoanalysis) has largely given up on it?
The task of this essay is to consider what dream sharing looks like across the globe, particularly in certain small-scale societies where it has been elevated to the level of an art form (or, perhaps, beyond it). In dream sharing, something from the depths of sleep is harnessed for use in the public world, in the community of the awoken. For many cultures, as we’ll see, dream sharing is a protocol for regular renegotiation of what might be termed the social contract of sensuous imagining, the set of images and emotions and unseen realities that govern, even more than abstract ideas, an individual’s relationship to society and to the cosmos.
• • •
In the most familiar cases, dream-sharing protocols involve recounting the dream, and then asking someone to interpret it. I dreamt of gathering wheat under a full moon. Interpretation: you will be married within the year. It’s a process that people in our own culture still practice, both on the analyst’s couch and at the kitchen table—though in the wrong company telling a dream might get you dismissed as boring, and interpreting one might get you mocked for being superstitious.
Historically, traditions of great intellectual subtlety have developed to interpret dreams, and to consider what interpreting a dream actually means. In the Palestinian Talmud, for instance, it’s made quite clear that when it comes to prophetic dreams, what causes the fulfillment of a prophecy is not the dream itself (or its originator, God), but rather the interpretation of the dream. If a rabbi interprets a dream as foretelling the death of the dreamer and then the dreamer dies, then it’s the rabbi’s fault that he’s died. Similarly, Cicero writes that the dream-obsessed people of Telmessos blamed the interpreters, and not the dreamer, if a dream prediction turned out to be false; it wasn’t the dream itself that was wrong—such a phrase would have made no sense to the dreamers of Telmessos—it was the interpretation that had failed. Already in these instances some unexpected epistemological principles are being entertained. A dream and its interpretation do not follow one another directly in the way of a question and its answer. Each has its own life, its own path of causation, its own relationship to the truth. These overlap in places, and separate decisively in others. In some cases, the interpretation even overwhelms and redirects the dream.
But this is only the beginning, for there are many cultures where recounting and interpreting is not the paradigm for dream sharing at all. Instead, dreams are understood to be sites of action; not texts but places, not a coded language but a part of reality. Often they connect individuals to cosmologies that bend space and time in ways closer to Einstein than Newton. The experienced reality of the dream—not its purported meaning, but its spaces, timescales, transformations, felt experience—is what’s evoked, what’s brought into the public realm of waking life, and what’s made use of. It may be that a key task—hunting, for example—is accomplished in dreams before it can be accomplished in waking life. Or it may be, as among the Wayuu of Colombia and Venezuela, that the trajectory of a dream is altered by being retold in waking life, with the expectation that the next night, the dream itself will change, and, as a result, the person’s waking life will too. (A similar technique has been pioneered by the therapist Barry Krakow to work with trauma victims: by writing down in a journal happier endings to their recurrent nightmares, the patients could tame them in sleep.)
Among many Aboriginal peoples of Australia, dreams are understood to be important conduits into a metaphysical system often called in English the Dreamtime (though it is important to note that despite this nomenclature, the concept’s exact relation to sleep dreams varies considerably among different Aboriginal traditions, and is a matter of some scholarly debate). The Dreamtime, or Dreaming, is the heroic myth-world, and also the realm of laws, traditions, ideals. Aboriginal philosophy is subtle and sophisticated, in all likelihood ungraspable to the uninitiated; furthermore, the generalizations of anthropologists inevitably fail to capture the reality of a community in which myths and songs and ideas are created, negotiated, and modified by individuals, each with a distinctive cast of mind, some of them especially prodigious and brilliant dreamers. But we can trace some lineaments of this intellectual world, keeping in mind that they (and other traditions described in this essay) relate to individual practice the way a broad history of the novel might relate to the specific complexity of Proust or Dickens.
The Dreaming is both the primal world, the Creation, and also a world that continues to exist all around us, its separateness from everyday life a matter of temporary perspective rather than intractable fact. In many Australian cultures, dreams provide an essential point of connection. Conception occurs when a soul crosses over from one realm to the other in dreams; death doesn’t truly occur until a person is sighted one last time in a dream; dreams produce insights about where to hunt, or they answer a question about lineage; sometimes they give birth to new songs and new rituals; they often provide a stage on which dreamers can glimpse the eternal and world-creating movements of their individual ancestors, whose inner essence their own bodies contain. The anthropologist Sylvie Poirier reports that among the Pintupi of the Western Desert, the dream-world and the waking world have to be regularly realigned with one another. She writes that once she was riding with a family in a car that broke down in the desert. The car got fixed, but for it to really be fixed, it needed to be working again in the dream-world as well as the waking one. “As the engine started running again,” Poirier recalls, “a young woman pointed at her toddler and said, ‘Might be that boy had a dream about that car and saw it working properly.’”
It would be a discredit to the Pintupi to say that for them, dreams are merely prophetic. For the thing the dream predicts has already happened. Rather, the events of dreams and the events of waking life are required to be somehow in accord. And, what’s more, if the boy did actually dream of the car working, then when it starts working, his family members have accomplished the very thing that Heraclitus and Hegel cannot accept: they’ve seen his dream, they can say “he is dreaming of a car working” and also see a car working, and can understand these two phenomena as one and the same.
In this society, where a boy must dream of a car working for the car to work, there is little that resembles what we might call dream interpretation. Sylvie Poirier, again: “What possibly might be seen, at first, as a lack of interest in dream interpretation reveals, on closer examination, another local reality—the paramount role of the action of dreaming itself in one’s life itinerary and in the unfolding of reality.” Dream life and waking life do not exist in a hermeneutic relation to one another—instead, they are interpenetrable and complementary planes of existence. Acting in one has an effect in the other—which in turn has an effect again in the first, and on and on in a continuous cycle.
• • •
Robin Ridington has shown, in a series of magnificent books and essays, how a Dené people of the Canadian interior, the Dane-zaa (or Dunne-za), use dreaming to give shape to the substance and structure of their lives. Building on years of work with Dane-zaa Dreamer Charlie Yahey and other tradition-bearers, Ridington writes, “Camps among the Dunne-za were always set up so that there was bush unbroken by human trails in the direction of the rising sun. People slept with their heads in this direction and received images in their dreams. These dream images were believed to have come down to them along the path of the sun. In order to cross trails with an animal in the bush, the hunter had first to make contact with the sun’s path across the sky.” Animals had to be taken (or give themselves up) in dreams before they could be killed in waking life; indeed, the real hunt took place in dreams, and the waking hunt was only its fulfillment or realization. The details constituting this system of dream-knowing were in every instance intimately tied to the practical skills required to survive on the ecological knife-edge that is the boreal forest. (“That’s hungry country up there,” an ethnobotanist once told me, “less food than the Kalahari.”) For example, just as hunters had to receive dreams along the path of the sun, so in waking life they relied on the sun for orientation amid the vast expanses of taiga. To improve his status, a hunter not only needed to give gifts and perform feats; he needed to defeat his rivals in dream battles.
For the Dane-zaa, as for many such dream-sharing cultures, the mixing of dreams and waking life occurred already at the very headwaters of history. In the mythtime, a boy is abandoned by his father on an island, and survives because he makes contact with his medicine animals in dreams. They teach him how to hunt in the remote place where he’s been left to die. He then defeats his father and returns from the island to subdue the giant animals who once roamed the earth eating humans. He acquires the name Tsááyaa and becomes a culture hero, sending the animals underground so that their subterranean bodies become the breathing, slumbering contours of the landscape. The remaining animals are smaller, and humans can hunt them, inaugurating a new era. In this new time, Tsááyaa’s actions have made it possible for humans to become the hunters rather than the hunted. In fact, his dreams become the template for making contact through visions with the sleeping animal giants, and enlisting their aid in the hunt of their smaller kin.
A nomadic culture cannot afford to express itself in huge numbers of material artifacts. But a system of dreams and visions, a network of images, a world-picture mapping and ordering the perceivable world, imparted through language, retained in the imagination—this can be carried easily, with no added burden to the back (though presumably the weight on mind and memory is prodigious and requires great training to bear). For a nomadic community, a cosmology and its dream manifestations are as a portable Chartres, a weightless Louvre, a repository of knowledge, history, and advice, of injunctions to change your life or keep it as it is, all expressed in sensuous, globalizing form. This vast place is entered every night and taken along every morning in the mind, and it is both an image of possibility and a theater of action. To dream of giant animals who help you hunt their shrunken descendants changes, profoundly, your relationship to the animals you see in waking life. So, too, failure to capture an animal might force a transformation in your relationship—your allegiances, your supplications—to the giant animals of your dreams. “The true art of these people,” Ridington writes, “was their relationship to the world itself”—though perhaps art is a pale analogy for a still more consequential form of representation, one that is simultaneously a world-picture and a decisive and causative component within the world itself.
And here we are ushered into the central mystery of dream sharing, the key to its being at once an avenue into the numinous and a mechanism of the law: the world-picture that is also the world. We have been habituated to a tradition that considers dreams to be essentially texts awaiting decipherment. But in the examples above, on the contrary, dreams are treated as fully four-dimensional, as complete sensual realities in which the dreamer lives just as she lives in a four-dimensional, sensual reality while awake. In this lived reality of dreams, however, two paradoxical qualities are foregrounded in a way that they are not in waking existence. On the one hand, dreams appear extraordinarily pliable when seen from the outside, as for example what is described in the Upanishads: “This is how he dreams. He takes materials from the entire world, and taking them apart on his own and then on his own putting them back together, he dreams with his own radiance, his own light.” On the other, seen from the inside, once the dreamer is in the dream, there is almost no escape, no agency, as in this description given by Isaac Tens, a Tsimshian shaman, who faints in the woods after seeing a giant owl fly down and grab hold of him: “I dreamed that I was now flying way up into the Sky, and here I saw a great many strange things. And I knew that it was the owl which was flying me up by grasping my head. Then I suddenly awoke … When I returned to the house of my father, I told him what had happened to me. So he said to me, ‘The reason this has happened to you, is that you will be a great Shaman Halait.’”
These qualities seem to hold true across all human dreaming, though it is in the thinking of dream-sharing societies that they tend to achieve their fullest description. What is the purpose of such precise reflection on the nature and content of dreaming? To talk about dreams in waking life is to talk about the state of mind in which the world-picture we have internalized (and even in some sense authored) has absolute power over us. Make no mistake: such a state of mind is not limited to dreams. How often in our waking lives does our capacity for distanced reflection disappear, our self-consciousness vanish in the face of fear, reflex, desire, engrossment? But immersion in the world-picture is elusive in waking life, pitching in and out, furtive precisely because we cannot achieve any distance from it when we experience it. Dreams, on the other hand, are a discrete manifestation of the world the imagination generates, sealed off by the envelope of sleep, and (at least sometimes) available to the memory afterward. (And let it be clear that imagination is not meant here as a denigrating word, equivalent to fiction or superstition, but rather to describe those sensual forms—images, sounds, feelings—not perceived by the bodily senses). Dreams are instances where the imagination unfurls its full power over us, its capacity to situate us within an entire cosmos. Dreams show how the imagination mediates between perception and action, how it takes our experience of reality and directly transmutes it into a set of possible feelings, desires, and behaviors. And dreams are instances in which these powers of the imagination can be later contemplated, while waking, at a distance. To discuss dreams, tweak them, act them out, try to alter them and manipulate them in waking life—this is an attempt to achieve distance from the imagination’s world-picture so as to study and refine it.
What is essential to understand is that this is not merely a question of ideology. The culture of modern universities, in which I was trained, has many extremely sophisticated vocabularies for discussing abstractions and their relationship to experience. But we are, in contrast, poor in any praxis that might help negotiate the relationship between the patterns of sensual cognition (images, figures, sounds, memories) and the perceptual, material world in which, while awake, we all act. For these sensuous forms of thought often feed directly into action or reaction, affect and emotion, bypassing entirely the abstract vocabulary by which we might describe their substructures. (Someone can have written a dissertation on structural racism and still find himself afraid of a Black man walking behind him on the street.) Dreams have historically been one place where such praxes have been developed, where the world-picture can be contemplated discretely, and modified when needed.
• • •
One of the most explicit—and most beautiful—examples that I know by which dreams are socialized into waking life belonged until recently to the Ongees of the Andaman Islands. Vishvajit Pandya worked in the 1980s among these members of one of the last hunter-gatherer cultures in the Bay of Bengal. Pandya explains that before going to bed, the Ongees narrated to one another their dreams from the night before, and their experiences of the day that had just ended, especially their time spent in the forest hunting and gathering food. But in doing so, they would negotiate the content of their dreams, modifying it so that everyone’s dream accounts might be gradually aligned with one another. One person might report having dreamt of fishing on the south beach of the island, another picking nuts on the west beach, then the first might suggest a compromise: We both went fishing in our dreams, but on the west beach.
The indigenous explanation for this extraordinary process, Pandya reports, is as follows. During dreaming, the inner self leaves the outer self (the body) and travels the island in order to recuperate the bits of being that a person has lost during the day. These bits of being are most commonly manifest as stray smells, marooned on bushes and trees by the body during its daytime passage around the island. As the inner self collects these smells in the dream, it retraces the path of the body, collecting and consolidating important memories and making observations. The harvest of this inner being is then woven, over the sleeping “body external,” into a spider web that holds in place all the smells, dreams, and memories of previous nights and days, and so allows them to be used in the coming day. When the entire community talks through their dreams before sleeping, then the individual webs are woven together into a single web over the whole community. Pandya quotes a respected elder, Teemai: “To talk about the dreams and sing about the past makes a good spider web that connects all the open space to catch its food—it is a weave with all the lines woven well to let the spider know what is caught where. We, in remembering and dreaming, make a web for all individuals to gain.”
The Ongees have produced a protocol by which dreams can come to be shared. It permits the negotiation and analysis of the unseen world, its transmission into the public sphere. In doing so, it allows a negotiation of what the society holds in common: not, again, its ideas or customs, per se, but rather the images, scenarios, and pathways by which the days and hours might be divided up and made meaningful. Here is a dream-world that seems to bypass the philosophers’ anxieties. How can they be certain that what they describe and hear is really what they dreamt? the philosophers might ask. To this the Ongees respond by flouting the distinction between representation and reality so flagrantly it seems, at least to this distant outsider, that they do so with self-awareness. The dream exists not as some sealed-off thing that language tries and fails to reach; on the contrary, the transformations that language and discourse effect upon the dream come to be a part of its essence. This helps explain why this dream reporting has to take place in the evening, and not in the mornings. The process is intended for future dreams and future waking: to harmonize previous experiences is not to rewrite history; it’s to build a more coherent future. For one can imagine that a process like this carried out over generations would in fact make the participants’ dreams ever more aligned with one another.
This amounts to no less than a protocol for building a consensual, democratic dream-world, for negotiating the (again, for lack of a better adjective) imaginative world that governs so many behaviors and decisions in the physical one. Among the Ongees, dream sharing is a verbal ballet: these narratives are chanted, with special ways of indicating how something is accepted, intensified, modified, or dropped out of the collective memory.
This dream-sharing process, according to Pandya, is now in the past. It declined when the Indian government began moving Ongees onto a coconut plantation, preventing them from sleeping in circles and instead setting their daily schedules to an industrial rhythm of work and sleep. “In 1993 when I asked the Ongees living in the settlement, but known to me since the days of forest camps, why they could not succeed in hunting anymore I was expecting to hear an explanation in terms of loss of forest cover due to the growing number of outsiders. However, the Ongees explained that the decline in the hunting practice was due to the lack of a proper sleeping place, which would generate dreams about hunting space.” Pandya’s friends tell him:
To do good forest work like hunt, we need to discuss dreams of the forest. We do not dream forests anymore! We are forgetting to work in the forest because we are reminded to get up and work in the plantation! We now dream only of the coconut plantation. We do not have any tonki ti megegatebeh [a session of dream discussions and singing] just a few small “meeting-ey.”
As with the Dunne-za, the dream-work makes the waking work possible. The dream-world sets the template for behavior in the waking world, defines the parameters within which humans can act. But this does not involve a loss of agency in the waking world. It does not involve a surrender of waking life to the vagaries of the dream, precisely because that dream-world is being self-consciously and deliberately negotiated.
• • •
Such dream-sharing societies seem to possess a great deal more self-consciousness about the nature of dreaming—a much greater ability to make use of it, manipulate it, interrogate its function and purpose—than we do. We have been blinded to the splendor of their achievement by the dismissive judgment, so long promulgated in the West against other societies, that to assign dreams a cosmological and spiritual significance is to be enslaved to superstition. Nietzsche’s ungenerous remarks on what we might call indigenous dreaming typify this position: “The man of the ages of barbarous primordial culture believed that in the dream he was getting to know a second real world: here is the origin of all metaphysics. Without the dream one would have had no occasion to divide the world into two.” From the dream comes metaphysics, and from metaphysics comes, in Nietzsche’s account, the denial of life, nihilism, fear, magical thinking of every kind, hindrances to the expansion of the self. But as we have seen, cultures that take the dream seriously see it not as a snow-globe world of ideals or predictions to be looked at through a sphere of glass, but a place of action and behavior just like the waking world, inextricably enmeshed in it, open to compromise and contest. The quarantining of dreams within metaphysics is in fact peculiar to Nietzsche’s milieu, to the worldview of Western philosophy in the phase when it began to call itself modern. Nietzsche understood that for human beings, the perceptual world is not enough; we need another world alongside it to explore the full range of our possible actions and reactions. But Nietzsche’s mistake was to imagine that these worlds had never been interpenetrating. He had to invent, in the deep past, an unnatural split between the physical world and the dream-world in order to explain the rupture between the two he witnessed all around him.
There is no clearer description of this rupture than the extraordinary episode in Tolstoy’s Anna Karenina in which Anna and her lover Vronsky both dream almost exactly the same dream—and fail to share it. There is a small, dirty peasant, rummaging through a bag and shaking it, and he’s muttering to himself in French; the whole thing is suffused with a mysterious dread. But perhaps more frightening is the dream’s reappearance in waking life. Anna is sick, looking like she may soon die (though as a matter of fact she will not for another four hundred pages). She recounts her dream to Vronsky in every detail: that she was in a bedroom, the muzhik with his disheveled beard, the rummaging in the sack, the mutterings in French. And Vronsky can only reply, “What nonsense! How can you believe…” But in his heart he knows the dream, of course, recognizes it step-by-step, and is filled with horror. Anna refuses to be interrupted; that the dream be there, be present to both of them, is of the utmost importance to her. She even begins, in the sickbed, to mime the muzhik’s actions with her hands, as if to indicate that speaking the dream is not enough, it must be acted out, every sensation and sensuous element made present and intelligible. Everything is primed: two lovers, each suffering from the same nightmare; all they need to do now is share it and then, perhaps (who knows?) change it, denounce it together, extinguish its fearful emotions in each other’s arms. But Vronsky slips into a commonsensical and rationalist prudishness and refuses to admit that he has had the same vision. Anna’s old nurse, meanwhile, gives the dream a pat folk interpretation. Anna will die in childbirth, she says—a prediction that turns out to be false. By placing the nurse and Vronsky on either side of Anna the desperate dream-sharer, Tolstoy makes a point on two fronts. You cannot just say a dream means this, or a dream predicts that; you cannot reduce the dream to stereotyped text or message. This is dream sharing debased into superstition. But to say that therefore dreams are nonsense or indecent, too private or too trivial to be shared—this is a still more catastrophic mistake.
To have abandoned dream sharing, or to restrict it only to the most private settings, as in the therapist’s office, or to think that sharing imaginary perceptions is solely the province of fiction, or the purview of half-mad poets—these are not the signs of a culture that has overthrown the tyranny of the superstitious imagination. They are rather markers of a society that has sunk into stupefaction before the immense power of its own world-dream, by which I mean that human picture of reality that is inextricable from the parameters of human action. These are the signs of a society unable to change or guide that dream with any precision or accuracy.
In the case of the present, I suspect that the sharing of actual sleep-dreams may no longer be the method by which agency over our imaginations can be reattained. If so, then we are such dunces in these matters that even naming the proper conduit of access to our sensuous world-dream, let alone harnessing it, is beyond us. The consequences of this ignorance, though descried darkly, are nevertheless dire. For we are talking about the pendulum swing between self-aware distance and unreflecting response to the world around us, a movement whose arc describes the possibilities and impossibilities of human freedom.
Matthew Spellberg is a Junior Fellow at the Harvard Society of Fellows. He is the creator of the Dream Parliament, a protocol for dream sharing that has been performed throughout the United States and Canada. | https://www.cabinetmagazine.org/issues/67/spellberg1.php |
2017 Public Space and Streetscape Design Award Winner
Victor Harbor Mainstreet Project
This Mainstreet project is the culmination of four years in planning, consultation and design, transforming the heart of Victor Harbor into a public space which builds on the seaside town’s character and historical connections.
With a focus on functionality, accessibility, place and innovation, the design was inspired by the Southern Right Whale as a living icon for Victor Harbor and subsequently includes the creative use of paving, landscaping, drainage, art, lighting and furniture.
Implementation of the design delivers an adaptive, inspiring streetscape that encourages both congregation and, safer access for all, providing a centralised major urban plaza for Victor Harbor.
The construction phase was co-funded between Council and the State Government’s ‘Places for People’ grant funding program.
Ongoing and continuous community consultation was undertaken throughout the delivery phase of the entire project.
Situation/Background:
A 2013 survey found that 92% of respondents agreed that the Mainstreet Precinct is very important to the town’s economic and social fabric and, rated “Investment in maintenance and infrastructure” as the highest priority for the Precinct.
As a result, information sessions, workshops, exhibitions, surveys and art activation projects were conducted to engender interest and community participation in the planning/design process.
Research and community engagement highlighted several issues that required urgent resolution. Primarily, movement and accessibility were key considerations in relation to pedestrian and vehicular conflicts.
Other problem issues related to poor stormwater infrastructure, extensive hard surfacing, lighting and a sea of bollards. Above all, the street did not encourage people to stay, there by having an impact on the area’s economic prosperity.
It was resolved that the functional requirements of the street with the urban design responses become a scaffold on which ideation, innovation and narrative could be attached.
Kerb and bollards were removed, the road’s cross-section levelled and narrowed, a disability access audit was undertaken, the stormwater system upgraded, furniture replaced, landscaping increased, public art included and landmark features were introduced for the area.
The design team developed a new narrative for the Precinct which was built on the functionality of the Mainstreet while acknowledging the heritage and culture of the place. To this end, the Southern Right Whale was chosen as a living icon for Victor Harbor. This consistent theme was integrated into the final design via the creative use of paving, landscaping, drainage, public art, lighting and furniture.
Objectives/Strategies:
This project intended to transform the heart of the town centre, integrating planning/urban design techniques - ‘Link and Place, ‘Health by Design’, ‘Streets for People’, ‘Water Sensitive Urban Design’, heat island analysis and, a high level of accessibility compliance.
Consultation processes were essential to engender interest and community participation.
A theme for the Precinct was needed to build on the area’s functionality and design, whilst also acknowledging the heritage and culture of the place (Southern Right Whale was selected).
This project reflects ‘Stage 1’ of a visionary seven ‘Stage’ Master Plan, used to deliver short, medium and long term actions.
Implementation:
Working closely with the project team, the design was implemented by contractor Outside Ideas, over a four month period.
The construction phase involved a myriad of challenges requiring thoughtful project management techniques. It involved parts, sometimes whole, road closures of a local Mainstreet area, no small feat. As a result, extensive consultation with key stakeholders was applied throughout this stage.
Implementation of the final design and on-site development now accommodates the ebb and flow of the street effortlessly during busy times, providing seating, shade, cultural connection/interpretation and an aesthetically appealing urban landscape. At other times, the shared spaces and adaptive infrastructure allows the street to be filled with people, becoming a major ‘central’ urban plaza. Such adaption incorporated into the design includes new light poles to provide a well illuminated and safer urban environment after hours, capable of incorporating banners/signage, wifi, audio and external electricity within the Precinct for events. Projection art onto the Cinema building’s facade and providing a more levelled ‘shared urban space’ also encourages a variety of alternative uses to occur (there by building on the night time economy and Digital Economy Strategy).
The design and completed project represents a ‘best practice’approach in integrating planning and urban design techniques. Planning principles and design approaches around ‘Link and Place, ‘Health by Design’ and ‘Streets for People’ were used to inform the detailed design.
The result is a highly adaptive Mainstreet that allows pedestrians safe movement and congregation and, at the same time, maintains critical vehicular access to local businesses.
Resources/Budget:
This project reflects ‘Stage 1’ of a visionary seven ‘Stage’ Master Plan, representing a strategic road map to deliver future short, medium and long term actions (setting the example for future stages). It has been identified as the first priority to focus on improving the heart of the Mainstreet Precinct (intersection between Ocean/Coral Streets).
The $1million (approx.) construction phase was 50% co-funded between Council and the State Government’s ‘Places for People’ grant funding program, between May - August 2017.
The project team (comprised of thirteen ‘Key Partners’), landscape contractor and, the majority of the design, materials and resources necessary to deliver the project, are all of South Australian origin.
This represents a local sustainability benefit in supporting local businesses, thereby reducing the product miles necessary to source the goods and/or services.
The project has delivered on three core sustainability measures, as follows:
Economic - Previously, the street did not encourage people to stay, having an impact on the Mainstreet’s economic prosperity. An improvement of the public realm area now encourages adaptive use for events, people to congregate and, creates a higher level public amenity.
Social - Design has transformed the area by adopting a ‘best practice’ approach in applying a high standard of accessibility, whilst also respecting the heritage and cultural aspects of the area (providing urban themes and narratives).
Results/Outcome:
The project reflects a ‘best practice’approach in integrating planning/urban design techniques using principles involving - ‘Link and Place, ‘Health by Design’, ‘Streets for People’, ‘Water Sensitive Urban Design’, heat island analysis and, a Disability and Discrimination Act accessibility audit (as Victor Harbor has the oldest median age in Australia). The project team worked collaboratively with the community to deliver a design that has transformed the heart of Victor Harbor into a public space that embeds all of these collective principles.
Implementation of the final design and on-site development of the project now accommodates the ebb and flow of the street effortlessly during busy times, providing seating, shade, cultural connection/interpretation and an aesthetically appealing urban landscape. At other times, the shared spaces and adaptive integrated supporting infrastructure allows the street to be filled with people, becoming a major ‘central’ urban plaza for Victor Harbor. Such adaption is incorporated into the new street lights to provide a well illuminated and safer urban environment, also capable of incorporating banners/signage, wifi, audio and external electricity for events.
Projection art onto the Cinema building’s facade (ongoing after hours interest/activity) and providing a more levelled ‘shared urban space’ also encourages a variety of alternative uses to occur.
The implemented design delivers the highest level of social and environmental planning, creating an improved urban environment with increased pedestrian accessibility.
This project also reflects ‘Stage 1’ of a visionary seven ‘Stage’ Master Plan, representing an endorsed strategic road map to deliver future short, medium and long term actions.
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No medical specialty is more closely associated with the law than psychiatry. With the exception of psychology, pathology, and dentistry, no other medical specialty has a generally recognized subspecialty in forensics. Psychiatrists regularly testify in civil and criminal courts and before various state and federal regulatory agencies on such issues as psychological damages, legal insanity, a multitude of legal competencies, and fitness for a variety of occupational duties, including fitness to practice medicine (or law).
At the same time, no medical specialty has ever been as closely regulated as psychiatry. Most states have mental health codes that regulate, often to a significant degree, the practice of psychiatry. Psychiatrists are commonly subject to rules and regulations governing the manner in which they hospitalize patients, prescribe medications or use restraints, discharge patients, and handle patients' records during and after treatment. Such rules and regulations are either not applicable to or substantially exceed those applicable to other branches of medicine.
These circumstances alone would behoove all psychiatrists to have some familiarity with the legal system. We find, however, that the practice of addiction psychiatry, or any legitimate branch of addiction mental health, warrants a particular knowledge of the legal system.
First, most patients who are abusing or dependent on substances do not seek treatment voluntarily. Increasingly, they are compelled to seek treatment by court order. Such circumstances invariably entail significant consequences (and hence stresses) for patients and may impose particular duties and responsibilities on psychiatrists. Psychiatrists need to understand these ramifications and be comfortable practicing in these settings.
Second, as the law involves itself in psychiatrists' practice, psychiatrists need to involve themselves in the law. Are addictions a consequence of genetics or diseases? Are they a result of free will or immorality? The answers to such questions will determine governmental policies regarding everything from treatment benefits, to disability funding, to Americans with Disabilities Act employment considerations, to possible exculpation for criminal activity. Psychiatrists must continue to educate and reeducate themselves, as well as the judges and lawyers to whom they increasingly must respond, regarding the scientific advances in psychiatry.
This article provides addiction psychiatrists or mental health professionals with a basic overview of the law that they are increasingly called on to deal with; suggests important differences between forensic psychiatrists and general psychiatrists, but similarities between forensic psychiatrists and addiction psychiatrists; identifies important questions that addiction psychiatrists should ask when undertaking court-mandated treatment; and suggests a possible model for legal-mental health collaboration in selected cases.
A LEGAL PRIMER
The Federal Constitution
The U.S. Constitution provides for three branches of government (legislative, executive, and judicial), each with separate powers.
Legislative Branch. The function of the legislative branch is to legislate (ie, to enact laws). Article I, Section 1 of the Constitution states simply, "AU legislative Powers herein granted shall be vested in a Congress of the United States, which shall consist of a Senate and House of Representatives." Section 8 spells out the powers delegated to the national government by the states, among them the power "to regulate Commerce with foreign Nations, and among the several States." This became the basis on which much of the later expansion of powers of the national government was pegged. Section 9 spells out what state governments are prohibited from doing.
The picture was rounded out by the adoption of Amendments IX and X. Amendment IX states, "The enumeration in the Constitution, of certain rights, shall not be construed to deny or disparage others retained by the people," whereas Amendment X states, "The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to…
The picture was rounded out by the adoption of Amendments IX and X. Amendment IX states, "The enumeration in the Constitution, of certain rights, shall not be construed to deny or disparage others retained by the people," whereas Amendment X states, "The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the people." Amendment XSV, adopted in 1868, after the end of the Civil War, contained the final, major curtailment of state power: "No State shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws." This equal protection clause constituted the basis by which the Supreme Court, under Chief Justice Warren, banned racial segregation in public schools.1
Executive Branch. The role of the executive branch of the government is embodied in Article II of the Constitution. Its major function is to execute (ie, administer and enforce) the laws promulgated by Congress. However, the executive branch also creates laws by issuing executive orders and by making treaties, the latter with the advice and consent of the Senate. Consider just two executive orders for the sweep oí power implicit in that right: Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation and Truman's executive order ending segregation by race in the armed forces of the United States. The authority for each flowed, in part, from the constitutional empowerment of the President as Commander-in-Chief of the armed forces.
Judicial Branch, The judicial branch of the government is described in Article IH. However, one of its major functions as we know it, construing the constitutionality of legislation, largely came about as a result of the landmark 1803 U.S. Supreme Court case Marbury ? Madison2 in which it was held, "It is emphatically the province and duty of the judicial department to say what the law is." Trials are conducted by the judiciary based on laws passed by the legislature (eg, what actions constitute crimes). However, whereas the legislature defines criminal activity, the judiciary continues to emphatically assert its right to determine the procedures by which trials are conducted. This distinction is often important when a trial verdict is appealed to a higher court. Substantive errors, where the trial court failed to follow the law, are more likely to result in reversals than are procedural errors, where the trial court did not follow the rules. It can be difficult to make the distinction.
Thus, the U.S. Constitution created three equal branches of government acting to provide "checks and balances" on each other's powers. This system worked so well that each state has since adopted a constitution embodying that same separation of powers.
State and Local Government
Counties are branches of state government, and cities and other municipalities exist and operate under franchises issued by the state government. Their powers are derived from and dependent on state authority. For example, states issue and revoke drivers' licenses and define and enforce significant legal violations of the privilege to drive, such as driving under the influence of drugs or alcohol, whereas municipalities define and enforce parking violations.
There are a number of areas where the regulatory powers of the federal government and state governments overlap. The regulation of the manufacture, sale, and distribution of alcohol and controlled substances is one. The addiction psychiatrist will most commonly encounter the law in the treatment of patients abusing alcohol or other substances who are being prosecuted for violation of state laws, such as driving while intoxicated or possessing a controlled substance in an amount not large enough to raise the presumption that a sale of the same was intended. Occasionally, however, persons accused of dealing drugs will successfully plea bargain to the lesser charge of possession and find their way into outpatient therapy instead of prison.
Case Law
Historically, courts have not looked with favor on individuals who abuse alcohol and other substances. Voluntary intoxication, with one major exception, is not recognized as a defense in a criminal prosecution. The exception, variants of which are recognized in most jurisdictions, is that when a person is so intoxicated that he or she as a consequence of intoxication is unable to form the requisite intent (mens rea) to commit a crime, a finding of not guilty may be warranted. This defense is rarely successful. Somewhat more likely to be successful is a defense based on the chronic voluntary abuse of intoxicants as a consequence of which organic brain damage has occurred sufficient to support a recognized diagnosis of mental disease.3
Involuntary intoxication, on the other hand, is usually recognized as a defense. For example, a defendant smokes marijuana that, unknown to him or her, has been laced with phencyclidine hydrochloride and then kills someone while in a drug-induced psychosis. Such circumstances may support a finding of not guilty by reason of insanity. The ultimate determination, however, which is a matter of fact, not law, must be made by the judge or jury, often with the benefit of testimony provided by a mental health professional trained in forensics or addictions. Although substance abuse or dependence is frequently unsuccessful as a defense in criminal proceedings, it may be raised as a mitigating factor in sentencing hearings (ie, but for the defendant's intoxication at the time of the crime, he or she would not have acted in such a manner).4 However, this is a "double-edged sword." In People ? Shatner,5 an appeal from a death sentence, the defendant asserted that his history of drug abuse at least partially explained and exculpated his criminal behavior. The Illinois Supreme Court found this to be an aggravating factor rather than a mitigating factor, and affirrned the death penalty.
The relative lack of appellate court law supporting the advancement of intoxication or addiction as a defense or mitigating factor is somewhat skewed by the fact that criminal cases in which a trial verdict is rendered in favor of the defendant are not subject to appeal by the prosecution pursuant to the "double jeopardy" clause of Amendment V to the Constitution. Only cases that are appealed are formally reported and serve as legal precedent. The law has refrained from prescribing definitive circumstances or criteria for such defenses and allows appropriate cases to be decided by the judge or jury based on the particular facts.
Statutory Law
Statutes such as that in Illinois known as the Alcoholism and Other Drug Dependency Act or Treatment Alternatives for Criminal Justice Clients, 20 ILCS 301/40-5 et seq, exist in many states. Under such laws, an addict or an alcoholic who meets the statutory criteria and is charged with or convicted of a crime may elect treatment in a designated program. However, there are often multiple exceptions. Treatment in lieu of prosecution may not be an option if the crime is one of violence or of several enumerated drug offenses; if the person has a record of 2 or more convictions of crimes of violence, or if other criminal proceedings alleging commission of a felony are pending against the person; if the person is on probation or parole and the probation or parole authority does not consent to the election; if the person elected and was admitted to a designated program previously; if the person has been convicted of residential burglary and has a record of 1 or more felony convictions; if the crime is driving under the influence of drugs or alcohol; or if the crime is reckless homicide or a reckless homicide of an unborn child in which the cause of death consists of the driving of a motor vehicle by a person under the influence of alcohol or drugs at the time of the violation.
On a finding by the court that the defendant is eligible to make the election, the court may sentence the defendant to probation with treatment as an essential condition. On successful completion of the treatment program, the court will ordinarily discharge the defendant from probation and, on motion, vacate the judgment of conviction and dismiss the criminal proceedings. However, if the court finds that the defendant is an alcoholic or an addict not Likely to be rehabilitated through treatment, or that the alcoholism or addiction and the crime committed are not significantly related, or that imprisonment is necessary for the protection of the public, it will impose a sentence as in other criminal cases.
In at least two places, interpretations are called for under such legislation: what is an "addict" or an "alcoholic," and what constitutes a "designated program"? The former is usually defined by the appropriate statute. (Tfie Mentally Disabled and the Law by Brakel et al.6 provides a comprehensive, although perhaps dated, review of statutory definitions of alcoholics and drug addicts.) The latter is based on rules and regulations promulgated by the executive agency charged with the administration of the act. Either interpretation, however, may prove to be an appealable issue to be taken to a reviewing appellate court. Generally, appellate courts strictly enforce provisions of this procedure, and there are many cases that have reversed prison sentences and remanded for proceedings under this statute.7,8
THE ADDICTION PSYCHIATRIST AS A FORENSIC PSYCHIATRIST
There are important similarities between addiction psychiatrists and forensic psychiatrists. However, forensic psychiatrists differ from general psychiatrists in several significant respects:
1. The duty of the general psychiatrist is uniquely to his or her patient, modified only by Tarasoff ? Regents of the University of California and child or elder abuse statutes or case law to the contrary. The forensic psychiatrist owes a concomitant duty to the court that referred the patient or évaluée. A mental health professional undertaking a court-ordered evaluation will be required to report to the court his or her findings. Under most circumstances (with the possible exception of inculpatory statements), this entails the inclusion of clinically relevant statements from the defendant. The consequence of this is that physician-patient confidentiality is essentially abrogated. The patient or évaluée must be advised oí this fact and must be able to competently waive the right to confidentiality.
2. The forensic psychiatrist is uniquely dedicated to the here and now. He or she may engage briefly and for specific purposes in the patient's or evaluee's fantasies, delusions, or falsehoods, but will invariably seek corroboration from records, collateral interviews, or both.
3. The forensic psychiatrist is involved in an ongoing risk assessment of his or her patient's or evaluee's potential for violent or other criminal activity, recognizing that a history oí such behavior is the best, although fallible, indicator of future criminal activity.
Certainly, these realities of the practice of forensic psychiatry resonate with the practical concerns of addiction psychiatry.
First, the mere fact of a court referral for treatment connotes certain expectations from the court, not only of the patient but also of the psychiatrist. These expectations may, if incorporated into a court order, impose certain duties on the psychiatrist to the court that are implicitly (or explicitly) agreed to by the psychiatrist who accepts into treatment the court-mandated patient.
Second, regardless of coexisting pathologies, denial, rationalization, and minimization (or at times exaggeration) are hallmarks of the substance abuser. Independent corroboration of the history of a patient who is abusing or dependent on substances by record review and collateral interviews is highly recommended. Independent corroboration of the patient's assertions regarding current use or abstinence by random (or, if appropriate, focused) drug and alcohol screens is mandatory.
Table
TABLE
Important Questions Addiction Psychiatrists Should Ask When Undertaking Court-Mandated Treatment
Third, patients who are abusing or dependent on substances are at risk not only for noncompliance, relapse, and continued substance abuse, but also for reckless behavior, criminal behavior (especially in support of a drug habit), and violent behavior and exacerbation of most Axis I (and Axis ?) diagnoses. Swartz et al. clearly identified the relationship among mental illness, substance abuse, noncompliance with medications, and violence.9 Just as patients are at risk, psychiatrists are at risk for malpractice actions brought by patients, their representatives, or third parties injured by patients. Thus, all psychiatrists should practice défendable, not defensive, medicine. They should identify the issues to be addressed, corroborate information, document their rationale, and not hesitate to seek consultation.
It is well established that more than half of ail criminal defendants are substance abusers, and that drug abusers are at high risk for rearrest.10 When the addict or alcoholic also has a mental illness, sentencing or diversion from prosecution may include mental health treatment. Increasingly, this is how the addiction psychiatrist encounters his or her patients. Dealing with the legal system may seem to be a daunting undertaking for many addiction psychiatrists and general psychiatrists, partly because of their ignorance of related laws and partly because of their reluctance to interact with judges, lawyers, and the system. We believe, however, that with a basic understanding of the legal system and a modicum of experience in dealing with it, addiction psychiatrists will welcome such cases and learn to use the system to their patients' advantage.
PRACTICAL ASPECTS FOR ADDICTION PSYCHIATRISTS TO CONSIDER
Before accepting such cases, addiction psychiatrists should understand the parameters of the treatment order and should ask for any necessary clarification or modifications. The table contains important questions that psychiatrists may need to ask. These questions address aspects of mandated treatment that distinguish the tasks of the psychiatrist from those of regular clinical work. Although the use of external motivators in the treatment of the mentally ill offender who abuses substances can seemingly be more cumbersome and difficult, it can offer significant advantages. The answers to the questions in the table will provide a wealth of positive and negative reinforcers that can become the basis of a behavior modification program to be incorporated into the overall treatment plan.
A POSSIBLE MODEL FOR LEGAL-MENTAL HEALTH COLLABORATION
This is a difficult population to treat, with varying degrees of motivation and premature termination threatening to undermine the demonstrated benefits of psychosocial and pharmacologic treatment.13"15 Although legally enforced extended treatment may help to facilitate compliance with treatment and, consequently, treatment success, it remains a paradox that many addiction psychiatrists and substance abuse programs continue to require patients to demonstrate motivation as a condition for starting treatment. It is prudent to remember that an essential purpose oí addiction treatment is to motivate and that legal mandation is a potent tool to stimulate motivation.
Appelbaum16 argues that "in the absence of judicious (but not necessarily judicial) coercion, patients will not receive needed care, their condition will deteriorate, and they will suffer psychological and perhaps physical distress." Rappeport17 also notes that many involuntary or mandated patients benefit from external coercive pressure and do well in treatment. This was demonstrated in Gallant's smaU, but statistically significant, 1968 study.18 Nineteen alcoholic parolees were randomly assigned to either a compulsory or a voluntary outpatient treatment group. At the 1-year follow-up, 7 of 10 of those in the compulsory group were abstinent compared with none in the voluntary group. These findings suggest that enforced treatment may be a valuable technique for the treatment of the offender who is a substance abuser.
Case Example
The following case illustrates how the addiction psychiatrist can use legal leverage to achieve successful outcomes in this traditionally difficult to treat population.
A 24-year-old man was referred for assertive community treatment services. He was serving a 12month probation term for assault and battery while intoxicated with cocaine. Psychiatric evaluation resulted in a diagnosis of bipolar affective disorder, cocaine and alcohol dependence, and antisocial personality disorder. The treatment recommendations included psychotropic medication, attendance at a weekly medication monitoring group, participation three times a week in an intensive substance abuse group, and random drug screens. Wraparound services also included help with vocational, financial, housing, and family support issues. From the start, the patient's motivation and compliance were poor. Blood levels of prescribed medications were subtherapeutic. His attendance at groups would fluctuate in response to clinician pressure, and his participation in substance abuse groups was minimal. The results of drug screens continued to be occasionally positive. Despite frequent communication with the patient's probation officer, treatment appeared to be at a standstill.
When reevaluating the treatment plan, the team recommended inpatient substance abuse treatment as part of the mandate and the court entered such an order. Although the patient was coerced to enter the inpatient program as an alternative to jail time, the structure and extended form of the program served to provide a successful outcome. The patient then completed his outpatient aftercare without incident. When probation was terminated, he elected to stay in treatment and continues to be stable and sober.
Besides rüghlighting the positive role of the legal system in treatment, this case also demonstrates the need for case management for these patients. Stein and Test's landmark study in 198019 led to case management becoming a mainstay of community mental health services. Since then, assertive case management has emerged as the model with the greatest promise for severely and persistently mentally ill individuals.20 Combining the coercive power of the legal system with assertive case management provides a model of care for patients who would otherwise often become treatment failures.
Drug Courts
Drug courts (ie, courts dedicated to prescribing treatment rather than imposing punishment for juvenile drug offenders, non-violent drug offenders, or both) began in Dade County (Miami), Florida, in 1989. There are currently more than 300 drug courts in various jurisdictions across the United States, although approximately 40% are in Florida and California. According to the National Drug Court Institute,
In these courtrooms, the judge acts as a team leader who works with attorneys, probation department officials, drug abuse specialists and others to help the offender overcome addiction and become a productive member of society. . . . Most programs feature some sort of outpatient drug treatment and require the offender to make regular appearances before a judge - who monitors the offender's progress, step by step - Many drug courts feature public graduation ceremonies for individuals who have successfully completed the program. The graduations are designed to not only reward the participants but to encourage them to remain sober.10
Addiction psychiatrists will recognize in this description many similarities to mainstream addiction programs. The difference, of course, is that drug courts involve mandated treatment. Lawyers will recognize similarities to the treatment alternative law described earlier. The more subtle difference is the active and ongoing role of the drug court judge as an integral member of the treatment team.
One study by the U.S. Government Accounting Office indicated that 71% of those enrolled in 131 drug court programs remained in the programs.10 However, even the most fervent advocates of the drug court movement recognize that more study is needed to determine its effectiveness.
CONCLUSION
Psychiatry and the law are irreversibly entwined. As the practice of addiction psychiatry becomes increasingly involved in the treatment of court-mandated patients, it is important for addiction psychiatrists to familiarize themselves with the law to appreciate how they can use it to their patients' benefit. We suggest that addiction psychiatrists can profit from the forensic psychiatry model, where court-mandated treatment of involuntary patients is the standard and is usually successful. We suggest that drug courts, bringing together clinical and legal professionals in the most integrated approach to addiction treatment yet attempted, offer a promising mechanism for the successful treatment of the most difficult of these patients.
1. Brown v Board of Education, 347 US 483 (1954).
2. Marbury v Madison, 5 US (1 Cranch) 137 (1803).
3. Jackson v State, 902 NE2d 947 (Ind 1980).
4. Démouchette v State, 502 SW2d 712 (Tex Cir App 1973).
5. People v Shatner, 174 I112d 133, 673 NE2d 258 (1996).
6. Brakel SJ, Parry J, Werner BA. The Mentally Disabled and the Law. Chicago: American Bar Association; 1985.
7. People v Lillard, 247 LU App 3d 683, 617 NE2d 420, 187 111 Dec 212 (3d Dist 1993).
8. People v Brown, 267 111 App 3d 482, 641 NE2d 948, 204 IU Dec 518 (1st Dist 1994).
9. Swartz MS, Swanson JW, Hiday VA, Borum R, Wagner HR, Burns BJ. Violence and severe mental illness: the effects of substance abuse and nonadherence to medication. Am J Psychiatry. 1998;155:226-231.
10. California Judges Association. Drug Courts. San Francisco, CA: California Judges Association; 1999. Available at: www.calcourts.org/municipal/munidrug.html. Accessed July 31, 2000.
11. Baekeland F, Lundwall L. Dropping out of treatment: a critical review. Psychol Bull. 1975;82:738-783.
12. Craig RJ. Reducing the treatment drop out rate in drug abuse programs. J Subst Abuse Treat. 1985;2:209-219.
13. Weinman PH, Kang SY, Upton DS, Woody GE, Kemp J, Millman RB. Retention of cocaine abusers in outpatient psychotherapy. Am } Drug Alcohol Abuse. 1992;18:29-43.
14. Kleinman PH, Woody GE, Todd TC, et al. Crack and cocaine abusers in outpatient psychotherapy, NIDA Res Monogr. 1990;104:24-35.
15. Stark MJ, CampbeU BK. Personality, drug use, and early attrition from substance abuse treatment. Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse. 1988;14:475-485.
16. Appelbaum PS. Empirical assessment of innovation in the law of civü commitment: a critique. Law, Medicine & Health Care. 1985;12:304-309.
17. Rappeport JR. Enforced treatment: is it treatment? Bull Am Acad Psychiatry Law. 1974;2:148-158.
18. GaUant DM, Faulkner M, Story B, et al- Enforced clinic treatment of paroled criminal alcoholics. Q / Stud Alcohol. 1968;29:77-83.
19. Stein LI, Test MA. Alternative to mental hospital treatment: I. Conceptual model treatment program, and clinical evaluation. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1980;37:392-397.
20. Taube CA, Morlock L, Burns BJ, Santos AB. New directions in research on assertive community treatment. Hosp Community Psychiatry. 1990;41:642-647.
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Oceanic Crust Formation Is Dynamic After All
Imagine the Earth’s crust as the planet’s skin: Some areas are old and wrinkled while others have a fresher, more youthful sheen, as if they had been regularly lathered with lotion.
Carry the metaphor a little further and a good picture emerges of the geological processes leading to the creation of the planet’s crust. On land, continental crust, once created, can remain more or less unaltered for billions of years. But the oldest oceanic crust is only about 200 million years old, as new crust is continually forming at midocean ridge spreading centers.
While geologists have known that oceanic crust continually replenishes itself, they have been unsure what occurs below the surface that leads to the resurfacing. What geodynamics are occurring in the mantle that eventually produces new crust, that new layer of skin on the ocean’s bottom?
The answer has been elusive in part because oceanic crust is difficult to reach and instruments that can measure seismic activity have not fully covered the terrain to obtain an accurate picture of forces below the surface. Now earth scientists led by Brown University have observed — in detail and at unprecedented depths — a geological phenomenon known as dynamic upwelling in the underlying mantle beneath a spreading center. Their findings, reported in this week’s Nature, may resolve a longstanding debate regarding the relative importance of passive and dynamic upwelling in the shallow mantle beneath spreading centers on the seafloor.
“We know the crust of the ocean is produced by upwelling beneath separating plates,” said Don Forsyth, professor of geological sciences at Brown. “We just didn’t know the upwelling pattern that took place, that there are concentrated upwelling centers rather than uniform upwelling.”
Mantle upwelling and melting beneath spreading centers has been thought to be mostly a passive response to the separating oceanic plates above. The new finding shows there appears to be a dynamic component as well, driven by the buoyancy of melt retained in the rock or by the lighter chemical composition of rock from which melt has been removed.
The scientists from Brown and the University of Rhode Island based their findings on a high-resolution seismic study in the Gulf of California. In that region, there are 25 seismometers spaced along the western coast of Mexico and the Baja California peninsula, which lie on either side of the Gulf of California. Yun Wang, a Brown graduate student and the paper’s lead author, tracked the velocity of seismic waves that traveled from one station to another. She noticed a pattern: The seismic waves in three localized centers, spaced about 250 kilometers (155 miles) apart, traveled more slowly than waves in the surrounding mantle, implying the presence of more melt in the localized centers and thus a more vigorous upwelling. From that, the geologists determined the centers, located 40-90 kilometers (25 to 56 miles) below the surface, showed evidence of dynamic upwelling in the mantle.
“We found a pattern that was predicted by some of the theoretical models of upwelling in midoceanic ridges,” Forsyth said.
While other studies have been done of mantle geodynamics, most notably an experiment on the East Pacific Rise, the Brown-URI study imaged seismic activity, or the shear velocity of the seismic waves, some 200 kilometers (124 miles) below the surface — a far deeper seismic penetration into the mantle than previous experiments.
Brian Savage, assistant professor of geophysics at the University of Rhode Island and a contributing author on the paper, said the finding is important, because it helps to provide “a basic understanding of how a majority of the earth’s crust is formed, how it emerges from the mantle below to create the oceanic crust. It's a basic science question that helps understand how crust is created.”
The research was funded by the National Science Foundation.
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Earth Sciences (also referred to as Geosciences), which deals with basic issues surrounding our planet, plays a vital role in the area of energy and raw materials supply.
Earth Sciences comprises subjects such as geology, geography, geological informatics, paleontology, mineralogy, petrography, crystallography, geophysics, geodesy, glaciology, cartography, photogrammetry, meteorology and seismology, early-warning systems, earthquake research and polar research.
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All courses, faculty listings, and curricular and degree requirements described herein are subject to change or deletion without notice.
The Department of History offers a PhD program in ancient history. Relevant major fields are the history of Israel in the biblical period and the history of the Jewish people in antiquity. One of the two minor fields may be outside the history department. Students must acquire competence in the relevant ancient and modern languages. Note: Due to staffing shortages, the Department of History is not currently accepting graduate students in the fields mentioned above.
The Department of Anthropology offers graduate training in social, cultural, and psychological anthropology, as well as in anthropological archaeology and biological anthropology. In conjunction with the Jewish Studies Program, students may concentrate in Near Eastern archaeology with a focus on Israel and Jordan. Students pursuing anthropological archaeology are expected to take required courses in anthropology and engage in field research.
Since 1993 the Jewish Studies Program has sponsored major archaeological excavations in Israel’s northern Negev desert. Shortly after the peace treaty was formalized between Israel and Jordan, the program began a long-term archaeological field program in the Jabal Hamrat Fidan Region (JHF) of southern Jordan. The project aims at studying the influence of early ore procurement and metallurgy on social change from the Neolithic period through the Iron Age. UC San Diego graduate students play an active role in the fieldwork and laboratory studies of material from these excavations. Qualified students are encouraged to use these data as part of their doctoral studies. The UC San Diego Jewish Studies Program joins in several excavations along the Wadi al-Guwayb and Wadi al-Jariyeh in southern Jordan. This is part of the UC San Diego Fall Session Middle East Field School.
The Jewish Studies Program supports a state-of-the art archaeological laboratory in the Social Sciences Building. A wide range of digital-based technologies is used for archaeological data and image processing that are linked through the internet. Labs for processing pottery, stone tools, and other materials are available for student use.
The MA in Jewish studies, offered under the auspices of the Department of History, is an interdisciplinary program permitting the student to select courses primarily in history and literature, but also in anthropology, political science, sociology, and philosophy.
Four fellowships are available for PhD students. These include:
The Dita and Erwin Gumpel Judaic Studies Endowed Fellowship
The University Fellowship
The Wexler Family Judaic Studies Fellowship Fund in honor of David Noel Freedman
Jewish Studies Fellowships
Teaching assistantships are available in the Revelle College Humanities/Writing Program and in other writing programs and departments. Dissertation fellowships may be awarded to doctoral students at the dissertation stage of their studies. Funds are also available for support of travel to archaeological excavations. Students are also eligible for research-travel funds to other campus libraries of the University of California, as well as for grants that permit research in archives and libraries elsewhere. Students who deliver papers at scholarly conferences may also receive financial support for their participation. | https://ucsd.ucsd.edu/catalog/curric/JWSP-gr.html |
Climate change poses risks to mental health, and thus countries must make it an emphasis while driving steps to tackle the climate crisis, said the World Health Organization (WHO).
“The impacts of climate change are increasingly part of our daily lives, and there is very little dedicated mental health support available for people and communities dealing with climate-related hazards and long-term risk,” said Dr. Maria Neira, director of the Department of Environment, Climate Change and Health at WHO, in a statement.
‘According to a recent report by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), rapidly increasing climate change poses a rising threat to mental health and psychosocial well-being ranging from emotional distress to anxiety, depression, grief, and suicidal behavior.’
Mental health conditions already represent a significant burden worldwide. Nearly one billion people live with mental health conditions, yet in low- and middle-income countries, three out of four do not have access to needed services.
Climate Change and Mental Health Connection
The WHO noted that the climate crisis would exacerbate these figures. It urged countries to ramp up mental health and psychosocial support within disaster risk reduction and climate action to help protect those most at risk.
2021 WHO survey of 95 countries found that only nine have thus far included mental health and psychosocial support in their national health and climate change plans.
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The WHO Friday also released a policy brief at the Stockholm+50 conference in Sweden.
It recommends five important approaches for governments to address the mental health impacts of climate change: integrate climate considerations with mental health programs; integrate mental health support with climate action; build upon global commitments; develop community-based approaches to reduce vulnerabilities; and close the large funding gap that exists for mental health and psychosocial support.
The Stockholm Conference commemorates the 50th anniversary of the UN Conference on the Human Environment and recognizes the importance of environmental determinants for both physical and mental health. | https://wellnessforlifenewshubb.com/2022/07/20/mental-health-must-be-a-priority-for-action-on-climate-change-says-who/ |
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Our team of experienced professionals are dedicated to providing expert opinions, technical support, and training to students, researchers, and faculty members in environmental biology, plant sciences, molecular biology, plant tissue culture technologies, and human genetic and stem cell research, leading to innovation, discoveries, and product development.
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We have several collaborative projects running with the University of Kent related to the evolutionary process of animals and studies to uncover the relationship between different animal species, specifically those in the bird world. These studies aim to build phylogeny trees for a variety of animal species in the UAE.
University of Sciences and Technology of Houari Boumediene, Biological Sciences Faculty, Arid Area Research Laboratory, Algiers, Algeria.
In conjunction with the University of Sciences and Technology of Houari Boumediene, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Algeria, the Biotech Lab is collaborating on several research projects for the wild animals and animals under threat, including genetic studies of genotype and biochemistry of rodents. Among the subjects studied are biochemistry and the reproduction behaviour of animals. | https://www.sharjah.ac.ae/en/Research/RISE/bl/Pages/se.aspx |
Agronomist Paul Adler, who works at the ARS Pasture Systems and Watershed Management Research Unit in University Park, Pa., led this research. Collaborators included University Park agronomist Matt Sanderson; microbiologist Paul Weimer, who works at the ARS U.S. Dairy Forage Research Center in Madison, Wis.; and plant geneticist Kenneth Vogel, who works at the ARS Grain, Forage and Bioenergy Research Unit in Lincoln, Neb.
The team studied plant species composition, species diversity, aboveground biomass, plant chemical composition and potential ethanol yield at 34 warm-season grassland sites across the major ecological regions of the northeastern United States. The sites were a mix of CRP holdings, wildlife refuges, state parks and other public and private lands. The researchers identified 285 plant species, most of them native, on the study sites. Switchgrass, big bluestem and indiangrass, which are all tall native prairie grasses, dominated the vegetation mix. There was an average of 34 different plant species per quarter-acre.
CRP grasslands with the highest number of species had the lowest potential ethanol yields per acre. But sites dominated by a small number of native tall prairie grass species, such as switchgrass, big bluestem, and indiangrass, had the highest yields.
The results from this study demonstrated that the species composition of plant mixtures used in low-input, high-diversity systems affects both biomass production and chemical composition of the resulting feedstock. Including a large number of species with undesirable fermentation characteristics could reduce ethanol yields.
This extensive study also shows that CRP lands in the northeastern United States with a high proportion of tall native prairie grasses have the potential to produce more than 600 gallons of ethanol per acre. This energy can be produced while maintaining the ecological benefits of CRP grasslands.
Results from this study were published in the journal Ecological Applications. | https://www.scientistlive.com/content/24270 |
The AMER PSO Cross-Cloud team and the PS ERD Emerging Technologies team (which I am a part of) have been developing the following demonstration application to facilitate discussions around Internet of Things (IoT) and machine learning (ML) topics with customers and colleagues. This blog post outlines a general IoT pattern with a view from the perspective of a developer, an operator, and a data scientist.
IoT architectures generally develop vast amounts of data. Recent progress in the ML sphere of analytics requires large data sets to create models that can be very good at predicting future outcomes. If you have an IoT system, there may be a good application of ML waiting to be uncovered.
IoT Ingestion Feeding ML Training and Prediction
It is important to understand the problems that IoT and ML pose. IoT data may be pouring in from low-power, poor-network-quality devices in remote warehouses, vehicles around the world, etc. Existing data must be labeled accurately before it can be used to train an ML model, and once it is labeled, it becomes critical business intellectual property. ML training has very high compute and storage demands, and may possibly have requirements for hardware with physical GPUs. Since training is running with critical intellectual property, the governance around it will be strict, and any trained model produced must also be protected as critical IP.
These needs mean tasks related to them are likely to be executed in different locations under different policies. Depending on the classification of the data flowing through this system, different security, governance, and monitoring requirements might have to be met. Each area that processes data should be treated as its own isolated cloud so that data crossing the boundary from one cloud to another can be highlighted for deeper examination. Because of this requirement, the following IoT/ML application represents an inherently multicloud problem.
This application will show the patterns for designing such a multicloud system, which generalizes down to: Ingestion -> Analytics -> Predictions Enabling Better Customer Engagement
This IoT system has:
- Systems for ingesting large amounts of data
- A data lake to store and provide access to that data
- Tools data scientists use to discover practical applications using ML
- Systems for training ML models and running them to make predictions
- Processes that enable operating the various systems in the best cloud endpoint for their needs
ARCHITECTURE
This is a simulation of a wine manufacturer that wants to produce the best wines. The wine manufacturer obtains customer feedback and professional taster insights to inform its production choices. The manufacturer measures everything and leverages data scientists to identify correlations in the data. The predictions from the analysis help to improve operations and customer satisfaction.
APPLICATION VIEW
From a software developer’s perspective, the application architecture looks like this:
Figure 1: Multicloud IoT and ML Architecture
Each colored path indicates data flows that may operate in disparate cloud endpoints. A high-level description of each flow follows:
- Blue: UI for user-submitted ratings of batch qualities
- Pink: Data scientist exploring data
- Orange: Job to train new ML Models
- Green: Job to predict wine quality using ML model
- Purple: Job to promote the latest ML model for future use
- Red: IoT ingestion of wine sample data
The IoT data flow generally comes from one or many remote locations over poor-quality connections. The devices are very low power and may be upgraded on a 15-year schedule. The UI can run in any acceptable public cloud. The ML training may benefit from running on GPUs at GCE, while the predictions should run near the ingestion point of data.
Other notes about choices we made in the demo:
- The use of object storage allows easy hand-off of ML model training and prediction runs to a public cloud or private cloud, which can be chosen at runtime.
- IoT ingestion is modular. The ingestion pipeline could be replaced with AWS Greengrass on VMware vSphere, Dispatch, or another solution, as long as data eventually gets into a Kafka broker.
- Concourse is used for CI/CD, but it could be replaced with VMware vRealize Code Stream and Jenkins.
- Kubernetes was chosen to be the basis of this application so that the application could run on a laptop or any public or private cloud that can present a Kubernetes cluster.
INFRASTRUCTURE VIEW
Figure 2: Infrastructure View
Interesting features of the infrastructure in this demo:
- VMware vSphere basis (future articles will talk about an OpenStack basis).
- VMware Pivotal Container Service delivers the best installation and management of the Kubernetes cluster and eases scaling for future growth.
- Integration with VMware NSX ESG Load Balancer for Kubernetes ingress.
- A future version will integrate VMware NSX-T for pod-level micro-segmentation.
- IoT data is being simulated in this demo. A production version of this would feature physical sensors and edge gateways.
- Hadoop is running in containers for this demo. Production use should follow the Hadoop on vSphere guide.
Let’s zoom in to look at various aspects of the application’s architecture.
USER RATINGS
The blue path traces user data as it flows through a web interface and mobile applications and then into the data lake for use by data scientists in curating data sets that will be used in ML training.
Let’s pretend that data about the batches of wine has been recorded for a long time. If users could share their taste for particular batches of wine, the wine company would be able to recommend future batches that are similar, and thus that the consumer would appreciate. The wine company could also pay professional tasters to rate batches to help identify qualities that a mere wine enthusiast might miss.
Given enough wine batch data and user ratings, it is possible to predict the rating a wine would get based on the measurements of the wine characteristics alone. If data scientists can browse this dataset, they may also discover new insights that will help make the wine better in the future, or match wines with consumers that appreciate particular qualities.
This is part of the user engagement phase in the IoT/ML pattern. The UI allows users to provide insight into their taste and sentiment. It also allows the wine company to engage customers based on discoveries from the analysis phase. If a customer prefers quality “Q” wine or wines similar to batch “B,” the wine company could now offer the customer a coupon for use at the nearest distributor that has “Q” or “B” on hand.
DATA EXPLORATION
The pink lines show part of the analysis phase, where a data scientist dips into the data lake to glean some understanding of the data. The data scientist will explore and identify the right data for classifying various quality ratings of the wine, and the right type of ML algorithm to use for training and prediction.
The data scientist will then generate training and testing data sets that are used to train ML models. By running training repeatedly and testing the ML model’s success at predicting the quality of a training data set, the data scientist can drive improvement of the model over time.
ML TRAINING AND PREDICTION
ML is a big topic, and there are many categories of problems that ML can be applied to. This demonstration showcases a classification problem: Based on the 11 measured chemical characteristics of a wine sample, can we place the sample into 1 of 3 categories for good, better, or best?
The goal of ML training is to produce a model that can be used for making future predictions. Given a random graph, enough training input, and an error function that can be applied to change the graph based on expected results versus predicted results, we can slowly alter the graph to give more accurate predictions for inputs without a known value.
The orange, green, and purple flows are the bulk of the analytics phase, which encompasses how the data is turned into actionable predictions.
The orange flow highlights the execution of training a model. Pivotal’s CI/CD tool, Concourse, is used to detect an upload of training data to an object storage bucket and trigger the training run. The training can run on any cloud provider. For example, it may be less expensive to run training in a cloud provider that provides access to GPUs so that time to train is reduced. Alternatively, a slower, cheaper provider could be used if time to train the model is not a concern.
The green flow shows that the incoming wine data is input into a trained model and that a predicted quality rating is received back. If the model has been trained well, new wine sample data input should result in predictions that will be accurate within some error rate. The error rate is known at the end of training by measuring the graph’s performance against data not used for training, but that has a known outcome. This flow is also triggered by Concourse and could be run in any cloud endpoint. A novel idea would be to run the prediction in the edge gateway before the data for the wine samples gets into the data lake.
The purple flow shows where the predictive model is wrapped into a container and executed as needed by feeding new data in; quality predictions are the output. As new data flows into the data lake from IoT devices, predictions are made of the quality of the new, untasted batches of wine. With the quality rating, the wine company can then recommend specific batches to consumers based on their preferences. In addition, the wine company can price wine bottles based on the quality of the batch.
IOT INGEST
The red path highlights the flow of sensor data from a wine bottling warehouse into the corporate data lake. This is the ingestion phase of the IoT/ML pattern.
Data is gathered when a cask is opened and put into bottles. At that time, a worker scans the batch ID off of the cask and makes 11 measurements of the chemical composition of the wine. These data are collected into a single record that is transmitted to a low-power MQTT (simple publish-subscribe) broker for later transmission to the data lake.
There is an IoT gateway per warehouse to collect those samples and pass them to a Kafka cluster (a highly scalable, durable publish-subscribe system) for durable storage. A Kafka Connect worker is used to consume inflowing data and place it into an object storage bucket. The object storage, which is used as a cloud hand-off point, allows the IoT stream and the ML prediction and training to run in a different cloud, perhaps leveraging Google’s or Amazon’s ML-engine.
As a company in the food industry, and not the tech industry, using external ML infrastructure might be a good use case. The wine company may not have the technical staff to build and operate their own ML infrastructure. By populating the object storage bucket and triggering actions in the cloud service provider of choice, the company can leverage Google’s ML engine to pull the data from object storage and run it through a prediction job to attach the predicted quality of the wine batch.
Conclusion
Many businesses are trying to identify the right way to create applications that span more than a single cloud endpoint. In particular, they are trying to identify the right path for an IoT and ML architecture. The ingest -> analyze -> engage pattern, along with additional ways to choose the right cloud provider for each part of a multicloud application have been demonstrated in this article. | https://blogs.vmware.com/edge/2018/03/08/uncorking-fine-wine-using-iot-pipeline-kubernetes-vsphere/ |
This is the first of two guest blogs by Megan Sormus, a PhD researcher at Northumbria University, whose research focuses on visualising femininities in contemporary women’s writing, DIY music subcultures, film and television. Writing for Girl Museum, Megan reports on Girls on Film, a recent conference on how girls and women are represented in films and television.
How are girls represented in the media? Is it right to question such representations? If so, how do girls begin to defy such depictions? How much control does the girl have in monitoring her own image? And finally, what do we truly mean when we think of the term ‚Äòmedia‚Äô? Recently, I organised a conference at Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, entitled ‘Girls on Film: Visualising Femininities in Contemporary Culture’ in an attempt to explore and answer such questions.
Initially, the concept of the conference was built around a celebration of Laura Mulvey’s Visual Pleasures and Narrative Cinema, which had just turned 40 when the initial planning of the conference began. Mulvey famously quoted:
The beauty of the woman as object and the screen space coalesce; she is no longer the bearer of guilt but a perfect product, whose body, stylised and fragmented by close-ups, is the content of the film and the direct recipient of the spectator’s look.
Here, Mulvey sets up how the female has been constructed into what she calls a ‘perfect product’. With this, the woman becomes the object, and her representation as woman and as perfect is merged and set in stone thanks to the popularity and widespread reach of mainstream media. Indeed, when we use the term media, it is important to remember that this is not just exclusive to television or film, but also to art, literature, performance and any other popular practice that allows us to visualise femininity in a specific way.
Influenced by this quotation, the role of Girls on Film was to unpick this illustration of the female as a perfect product, and to interrogate and unravel the pressures to live up to these idealistic expectations. It became clear from the mixture of speakers at the conference that girls were visualised in many forms and mediums and in all corners of academia. The presentations ranged from the Shakespearean female to the portrayal of the female body in Spanish and Italian Horror cinema; unruly women and anti-heroines in British comedy and American Drama, grrrl revolutions in contemporary consumer culture and the female body and feminist film theory.
Outside of academia and into the mainstream, we can trace a history of young female celebrities no longer content with the perfected and idealised path chosen for them: Christina Aguilera’s ‘dirty’ overhaul (2002) and Britney Spears’ psychological meltdown in 2007 are both examples of girls who are now a far cry away from their portrayal as the angelic ‘Mouseketeers’ of the The Mickey Mouse Club. A more topical example of this is Miley Cyrus’ raunchy transformation from her girl-next-door, sugary persona, Hannah Montana, into the riotous punk-fetishist image that caused extreme uproar. These are just a few examples of the way in which girls have worked to against the behavioural and pictorial expectations placed upon them.
Simply put, Girls on Film was created in order to end this constant idea that the female has to be a perfect product and alter the way that we as people of this contemporary culture visualise femininities. The overarching role of the conference was to portray the ways in which the female body has been manipulated, but most importantly, the ways in which the contemporary female now has the influence to manipulate, the media landscape so as to force the modern audience to (re)imagine femininities in contemporary culture. | https://www.girlmuseum.org/guest-blog-girls-on-film-visualising-femininities-in-contemporary-culture/ |
Dear Artists,
As you know, we announced in mid-March that View would be closed until April 17th . Effective today, and consistent with Governor Cuomo’s earlier mandate that all nonessential businesses be closed, and in consideration of the messaging and guidelines put forth by government medical experts, we are extending our closure to Wednesday, May 20th. We will communicate to you at the appropriate time if it appears that we will need to further extend our closure past this date.
Unfortunately, we will no longer have a physical exhibit at View for Central Adirondack Art Show. If we have any changes or opportunities that become available we will notify artists. We will however have an online exhibition and an online reception.
The online exhibition will include a digital guide, available on our website. This will feature details and an image of each work. Here is a sample of another guide from the current exhibit in the Eco Gallery: https://www.viewarts.org/exhibitions/current-exhibitions/inside-woodland-textures-and-layers/
Judging will be done online, so artists will still have the opportunity to win awards. The online reception will be on April 24 at 5pm. That will include the release of the digital guide and a video by Awards Judge, Tim Ames. Tim will discuss a few awards winners from the exhibition. Visitors will also have the opportunity to select an artist for the Popular Vote. We will be sending out and posting more information about the online reception.
With these new changes we are giving artists the chance to submit for the online exhibition by April 13, 2020. You can register by completing the following form: https://viewarts.submittable.com/submit/159024/2020-central-adirondack-art-show If you have any questions please email [email protected].
We hope you stay safe and healthy and look forward to when we are able to reopen to our artists and visitors.
Thank you,
Visual Arts & Exhibits
3/26
- Most smartphone cameras will work well with good lighting
- Use a window or open/glass door to use as much natural light as possible
- Try not to shoot your work from an angle; square it up and aim for the center of the piece
3/21
Important information regarding the Central Adirondack Art Show:
Due to continuing developments regarding COVID-19, View will be closing until April 17. Drop off dates for March 26 - 27 for the Central Adirondack Art Show are cancelled. We will be looking at possibly rescheduling the drop off dates for April 20 - 21, from 11:00am - 3:00pm. The reception as of now will be planned for April 24, 5-7pm. We will assess our situation going forward as we get closer to those dates.
All artists will now be required to pre-register before those possible drop off dates.
In the meantime we encourage you to consider shipping your work via UPS. UPS will anticipate receiving additional artwork and have a schedule/plan for drop off with View while we are closed.
Send shipped work to:
View
Attn: Heather Caufield
3273 St. Rt. 28
Old Forge, NY 13420
Shipping Guidelines
• You must pre-register to ship work - https://viewarts.submittable.com/submit/159024/2020-central-adirondack-art-show
• There will be a $10 handling fee for each package shipped to View. (pay during pre-registration, If you already pre-registered you can include cash or check (checks should be made to View)) The handling fee covers condition reporting and photographing of the works as it arrives, and follow up conditioning and repacking at the conclusion of the exhibition.
• All shipping is at the expense of the artist.
• You must include a prepaid shipping label for the return of the work.
We are hopeful that a positive course of action regarding COVID-19 will occur in the coming weeks so we can responsibly reopen and ensure the health and safety of everyone in our View community.
Thank you, | https://www.viewarts.org/news/important-update/ |
Computer models developed by a Monash researcher are helping to
unravel some of the mysteries about how devastating tsunamis are
produced.
By Tim Thwaites
A Monash mathematician has developed computer models that can
determine the areas of coastline most vulnerable to tsunamis.
Professor
Joe Monaghan has applied a technique he used to study the formation of stars
to generate computer simulations of the likely impact of tsunamis, such as the
one which recently hit the northern coast of Papua New Guinea.
"We can use these models to identify which parts along a coast are in
danger, and which areas are safe. We can now say: 'This town or village
is at extreme risk.'"
Range of applications
The work has application to chemical engineering processes, such as
the operation of furnaces, and to predicting the environmental impact of
piping waste materials out to sea. "We are already talking to mining
companies," Professor Monaghan said.
The trigger for Professor Monaghan's productive line of research
actually occurred about 3000 years ago - the sudden destruction of the
advanced Minoan civilisation on Crete, southeast of mainland Greece. One
explanation for the disappearance of the Minoans is that Crete was hit
by a massive tsunami set off by the volcanic explosion of the island of
Santorini (Thera), about 100 kilometres to the north. After reading
about this speculation, Professor Monaghan recognised that he could use
his astrophysical modelling technique known as 'smooth particle
hydrodynamics' to calculate how such a tsunami might behave when it hit
the northern coast of Crete.
While plenty of work has been undertaken on how tsunamis move through
the ocean, Professor Monaghan soon realised that little was known about
how the giant waves were produced and what happened when they
encountered a coastline. So he began to develop his computer models,
using a series of simple experiments in a wave tank to provide basic
information about how tsunamis were initiated and what form they took.
Tsunamis are generated by massive earth movements, such as rapid
flows of ash from an erupting volcano into the sea, large undersea
earthquakes, and huge avalanches from the flanks of islands involving
many cubic kilometres of material. These events can produce waves,
kilometres wide from front to back, which can travel thousands of
kilometres across the deep ocean at speeds of more than 350 kilometres
an hour. In the open ocean, the crests of these waves may be a few
metres high, but when such a wave reaches shallow water, the mass of
onrushing water can pile up into a crest higher than a three-storey
building.
To simulate the initiation and impact of such an event, Professor
Monaghan used a tank containing a coloured solution of dense saltwater.
At its side was stationed another, smaller tank containing fluid of a
different colour and of a different density. The water from the side
tank was then allowed to flow down a ramp into the main tank, simulating
the flow of ash down the side of a volcano into the sea. The whole
experiment was videoed.
If the fluid in the side tank was less dense than that in the main
tank, when the two met, the incoming fluid would tend to flow along the
top, creating a surface current. If the fluid in the side tank was
denser, then it plunged into the saltwater and created a more
conventional tsunami-style wave. Professor Monaghan analysed such videos
to produce descriptions of wave formation and movement for his models.
Collaborative research
It soon became clear that such work dovetailed with the interests of
several researchers in Monash's Department of Earth Sciences, most
notably Dr Ray Cas, who has been working on flows from a volcano on the
island of Kos to the east of Santorini. And the kind of movement
generated in the initiation of tsunamis has much in common with events
such as the discharge of floodwater into the sea, and fluid flows in
furnaces.
The upshot of the research has been the coming together at Monash of
a multidisciplinary group of researchers interested in modelling the key
features of large-scale earth movements, volcanoes, earthquakes,
landslides, tsunamis and the like. They now work in a new laboratory
known as Epsilon - the Earth Process Simulation Laboratory - which has
been fitted out with wave tanks and several high-speed computers using
money from the Special Monash University Research Fund and from the
Faculty of Science.
Professor Monaghan's work has been used to direct field research on Crete looking
for evidence of a tsunami 3000 years ago. So far such evidence has been hard
to find, because the climate of Crete, with its severe winter storms, discourages
the build-up of sediments where the information would be preserved. But just
a few months ago, Professor Monaghan directed an international team which probed
some surprisingly deep sediments discovered in a swamp on the north coast of
Crete. And they were excited to find the first signs of ancient marine inundation.
Research into tsunamis and volcanoes are among the
activities of the new Earth Process Simulation Laboratory. The
laboratory is an inter-faculty facility dedicated to the integrated
physical and numerical simulation of such catastrophic Earth processes.
For further information about courses and projects, contact Professor
Joe Monaghan (Mathematics and Statistics) or Professor Ray Cas (Earth
Sciences) on (03) 9905 4431.
| |
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CLEVELAND, Ohio – As Cuyahoga County moves closer to picking a site for its new $550-million jail, residents of Ward 12 want to ensure a property near Slavic Village is crossed off the list.
Leaders from the Boys & Girls Clubs of Northeast Ohio held a media event Monday to vehemently oppose pursuing the Cuyahoga Valley Industrial Center property as the location of a new jail, calling it a “flagrant slap in the face.” The site, just west of the North Broadway and Slavic Village neighborhood, is one of five confirmed sites the county is looking at.
North Broadway is home to the Broadway Club, “the busiest of BGCNEO’s 40 sites” and “an important anchor for families in the neighborhood,” the group said in a news release prior to the event. They questioned the safety of locating a jail, where accused offenders will be coming and going, near where up to 180 kids ages 6 to 18 come to play each day. They also worried the placement would deter more meaningful investment in the area.
“We believe what Slavic Village/North Broadway really needs is more impactful county, city and private investment, not a taxpayer-funded enticement to attract bail bondsmen and payday lenders,” Broadway Club Director Joseph Greathouse read from a prepared statement.
Earl Ingram, director of the Saint Luke’s Manor location near Cleveland Clinic, also questioned what message a new jail would send to the kids of one of Cleveland’s poorest neighborhoods.
“Our community as a whole would stand to lose millions of dollars in potential future investment, which can drastically change the futures of these young people,” Ingram said. “We have to, as leadership here in this city, begin to put our actions behind our words and stop telling kids that they’re the future, yet, the only new properties, the only new construction, the only new facilities that they see in the neighborhoods are those that are (symbolic) of incarcerating them.”
The area, with a population of a little more than 20,000, has been fighting for a more stable economy after the foreclosure crisis of 2007 left it a hotbed of crime, poverty, and hundreds of abandoned houses. But major housing investment projects like that going up at Broadway Rising give hope of a turning point for the small community.
“Building a county jail at this site would set back the community in a significant way and undermine so much progress,” Greathouse said in the prepared statement.
The agency called on the county to consider other locations in commercial and industrial districts that would have a minimal impact on the nearby residents who call the area home.
“Our kids deserve better,” Greathouse said. “Our neighborhood deserves better.”
The group is not the first to denounce the location.
In December, newly elected Cleveland City Councilwoman Rebecca Maurer voiced “strenuous objections” to the property, after her predecessor Anthony Brancatelli issued an emergency resolution opposing use of the 40-acre Ohio Job Ready site. Brancatelli said County Executive Armond Budish had identified the property as one of the county’s top two locations, to either house the jail or turn into a container storage yard to free up space elsewhere.
Since then, Budish’s office has twice said in public statements that the industrial center is one of only two properties still under consideration, but the Justice Center Executive Steering Committee overseeing all aspects of the facility continues to refute that site selection has narrowed that far.
During the committee’s January meeting, project consultant Jeff Appelbaum said members had identified five preferred sites, which was then whittled to four when Cleveland said it had other plans for one of the properties. But Appelbaum denied that any final decision was made about first and second choice locations.
When the location is finalized, the county will give impacted residents an opportunity for input, he said.
Slavic Village residents are ready to weigh in now.
Earl Pike, executive director of nonprofit social services provider University Settlement, said community opponents have collected 600 signatures on a petition to move the jail elsewhere, and dozens of stores, organizations and restaurants have written letters expressing how the facility could harm their business.
Once they receive 1,000 signatures, they plan to present the petition to Budish, Pike said.
The petition and additional reactions from residents can be found on change.org.
The BGCNEO also opposed an alternative plan to convert the industrial center into a container storage facility to free up space at a different location. Instead, it’s seeking investment in youth services and rehabilitation efforts.
“A container unit isn’t anything that’s helping spark bright futures,” Ingram said.
It’s not clear when the county will pick its preferred site for the jail. Appelbaum said to expect an update at the next meeting but did not set a date. | https://www.cleveland.com/news/2022/02/slavic-village-protesting-industrial-center-as-potential-site-for-new-cuyahoga-county-jail.html |
In finance, the terms price and value are not really interchangeable. An asset’s fundamental value can only be its price if well informed investors pay for it in a free and competitive market. The essence of asset valuation is to estimate how much an asset is worth using information about one or more comparable assets whose current market price we know. By the law of one price, which is enforced through arbitrage, if two assets are equivalent they will tend to have the same market price.
Value therefore comes from fundamentals which represent the capacity of the asset to generate and grow cash flows. Analysts determine this by an intrinsic valuation process which looks at projected cash flows from the asset and discounting the same using a risk adjusted weighted average cost of capital. Fundamental analysts attempt to estimate value by a thorough analysis of financial statements and accounting data like price-to-earnings (P/E) ratios, sales or profits growth rates, dividend yields , the prevailing rates of interest and other parameters.
The essence of value is that it comes from a company’s earning power evidenced by what is happening within the corporation. Such information is what causes cash flows to move and risks to be examined closely. This information is what will influence the value of the asset. Fundamental analysis looks at the intrinsic value of a company and its long-term viability. | https://sharephil.org/from-the-web/value-versus-price-1429/ |
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A massive trough is digging into the Western US, and the calendar reads May 20th. Unsurprisingly, severe thunderstorms are in the forecast.
But for a day packed with weather history ranging from fascinating (2019) to traumatic (2013, 1957), it’ll come as something of a relief that the orientation of said troughing will favor a setup more favorable for an odd type of squall line than for tornadoes. While potential impacts will probably be on the lower end, it’s a really interesting setup worth investigating further. Let’s!
Our atmosphere starts to organize itself as a midlevel trough pivots southeast to a center near south-central Oregon by noon mountain time. Unusually high in amplitude due to the squeezing influences of central US ridging, a belt of increasingly strong and S-ly flow will overspread much of the transition zone east of the Rockies into the northern Great Plains by late evening.
Diffluence ahead of this intense trough will unsurprisingly support mass removal. The result will be a developing cyclone over the central Rockies, centered from Nevada to Wyoming by the early afternoon, which will promote a belt of strong low level flow. This will help siphon moisture north from the Gulf towards the exit region of the bowling midlevel trough, which will lift dewpoints in a corridor from the Nebraska/Colorado border northwest to central Montana to near 50ºF.
Now, this is normally way too low for severe weather. But sometimes, you have to rip out the first few pages of the metaphorical poetry textbook, and the unusual interactions between topography and the atmosphere in this corridor could very well support a high-end severe wind threat. Bear with me.
A swath of incredibly high-end lapse rates, in the low and mid levels, will advect east of the Rockies. It’ll mimic the kinds of EMLs that propagate into tornado alley from the Mexican plateau, and will result in an incredible thermodynamic property of the airmass- near-dry adiabatic lapse rates from the surface well into the midlevels.
The result of these low dewpoints but incredibly high lapse rates will be an environment characterized by a hefty inverted V T/Td split below around 600mb, which will do two things: prevent updraft growth unless forcing for ascent is very strong, and allow the type of condensational cooling that can promote incredibly intense downdrafts in thunderstorms.
This lifting seems likely to occur amidst the intense differential heating associated with the Wyoming mountain ranges, which tower many thousands of feet. It’ll promote linear convective organization as modeled by CAMS, which will race north/northeast in something of a bow this evening.
While reflectivity associated should remain low, and tornadoes or heavy rain will be unlikely, an intense swath of damaging wind and hail will occur. Some of both could well be significant, and I wouldn’t be surprised to see a wind report in excess of 80mph from this line before it crosses into the Dakotas and dissipates tonight. | https://blog.weather.us/severe-weather-moves-northwest/ |
I don't understand Lord Greene's standpoint here. What exactly did he mean by "the merits of the decision"? How can unreasonableness not involve any consideration of the decision's merits?
Why does the principle of unreasonableness not involve any consideration of a decision's merits?
-
2Please don't post text as images.– Ryan MFeb 15 at 2:46
This refers to the second limb; it is not for the court to interfere with the decision unless it is totally and utterly unreasonable.
For example, it's perfectly possible that given the exact same set of circumstances and conditions, two different public bodies may make different - and yet reasonable - decisions.
This is how the Master of the Rolls put it in his judgement:
In the present case, it is said by Mr. Gallop that the authority acted unreasonably in imposing this condition. It appears to me quite clear that the matter dealt with by this condition was a matter which a reasonable authority would be justified in considering when they were making up their mind what condition should be attached to the grant of this licence. Nobody, at this time of day, could say that the well-being and the physical and moral health of children is not a matter which a local authority, in exercising their powers, can properly have in mind when those questions are germane to what they have to consider. Here Mr. Gallop did not, I think, suggest that the council were directing their mind to a purely extraneous and irrelevant matter, but he based his argument on the word “unreasonable,” which he treated as an independent ground for attacking the decision of the authority; but once it is conceded, as it must be conceded in this case, that the particular subject-matter dealt with by this condition was one which it was competent for the authority to consider, there, in my opinion, is an end of the case. Once that is granted, Mr. Gallop is bound to say that the decision of the authority is wrong because it is unreasonable, and in saying that he is really saying that the ultimate arbiter of what is and is not reasonable is the court and not the local authority. It is just there, it seems to me, that the argument breaks down. It is clear that the local authority are entrusted by Parliament with the decision on a matter which the knowledge and experience of that authority can best be trusted to deal with. The subject-matter with which the condition deals is one relevant for its consideration. They have considered it and come to a decision upon it. It is true to say that, if a decision on a competent matter is so unreasonable that no reasonable authority could ever have come to it, then the courts can interfere. That, I think, is quite right; but to prove a case of that kind would require something overwhelming, and, in this case, the facts do not come anywhere near anything of that kind. I think Mr. Gallop in the end agreed that his proposition that the decision of the local authority can be upset if it is proved to be unreasonable, really meant that it must be proved to be unreasonable in the sense that the court considers it to be a decision that no reasonable body could have come to. It is not what the court considers unreasonable, a different thing altogether. If it is what the court considers unreasonable, the court may very well have different views to that of a local authority on matters of high public policy of this kind. Some courts might think that no children ought to be admitted on Sundays at all, some courts might think the reverse, and all over the country I have no doubt on a thing of that sort honest and sincere people hold different views. The effect of the legislation is not to set up the court as an arbiter of the correctness of one view over another. It is the local authority that are set in that position and, provided they act, as they have acted, within the four corners of their jurisdiction, this court, in my opinion, cannot interfere.
(My emphasis)
Wednesbury unreasonableness has two aspects
Lord Greene MR identified two types of unreasonableness:
-
a decision that took into account irrelevant considerations or did not take into account relevant considerations; and
-
where a discretionary decision was "so unreasonable that no reasonable authority could ever have come to it" – and that required "something overwhelming".
Within these boundaries an administrative decision can be wrong, that is, not the decision that a court or another administrative body might have made in the same circumstances. It is not the role of the court to take the decision-maker’s discretion away - so long as the decision reached is one that is within the very broad realms of “reasonable” the court will enforce it.
As such, even if the case has been wrongly decided on the facts (“its merits”) it will stand unless the decision is “something overwhelming” in its unreasonableness. Whether it’s a matter of “fundamental importance” or not seems irrelevant.
"The merits of the decision" or "of the case" means a decision based on the actual facts and circumstances of the particular case, not on a general legal principle. For example if a decision was made in bad faith, or if it was so absurd that no reasonable body would have made it, one need not go into the details of the case to know that the decision would be rejected. But when the question turns on the specific facts, or perhaps on who is to be believed, that is a decision on the merits.
I am not familiar with the Wednesbury Case or exactly what "principle of unreasonableness" was put forward in that case.
By the way, in future, it is better to reproduce a quote in normal text than to include an image of text, when possible. The image is not searchable and screen readers can do nothing with it. | https://law.stackexchange.com/questions/61158/why-does-the-principle-of-unreasonableness-not-involve-any-consideration-of-a-de/61161#61161 |
Home > Research Projects and Centers > Center for Regional Heritage Research > Index of Texas Archaeology > Vol.
Article Title
Intensive Cultural Resources Survey of the 6.6-acre Haden Road Tract, Cloverleaf, Harris County, Texas
Agency
Texas Historical Commission
Abstract
Horizon Environmental Services, Inc. (Horizon) was selected by Berg-Oliver Associates, Inc. (Berg Oliver) on behalf of Harris County Water Control Improvement District (WCID) No. 36 to conduct a cultural resources inventory survey and assessment for the proposed development of a wastewater treatment facility on the approximately 2.6-hectare (6.6-acre) Haden Road tract in Cloverleaf, Harris County, Texas. The currently undeveloped tract is located southeast of the intersection of Interstate Highway (IH) 10 and Haden Road. An unnamed tributary of Greens Bayou bisects the tract east to west. Based on historic-age aerials and topographic maps, no known development has occurred on the 2.7-hectare (6.6-acre) tract.
The proposed project is being sponsored by Harris County WCID No. 36. Funding is being provided through a community development block grant (CDBG) contributed by the Texas General Land Office (GLO). Because the proposed wastewater treatment facility is being sponsored by a public utility and subsidized by a political subdivision of the state of Texas, the project falls under the jurisdiction of the Antiquities Code of Texas (Natural Resources Code, Title 9, Chapter 191). At this time, no federal funding, licenses, or permits are required for the proposed undertaking. However, should any impacts occur to the unnamed tributary of Greens Bayou that flows through the proposed project area, permitting would be required by the US Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) under Section 404 of the Clean Water Act (CWA). In this case, any portions of the overall project area that fall under the federal permit would also fall under the jurisdiction of Section 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act (NHPA) of 1966, as amended. As the project represents a publicly sponsored undertaking with the potential to impact potentially significant cultural resources, the project sponsor was required to perform a cultural resources inventory and assessment of the project area.
On July 26, 2017, Horizon staff archeologist Briana Nicole Smith, under the overall direction of Jeffrey D. Owens, Principal Investigator, performed an intensive cultural resources survey of the project area to locate any cultural resources that potentially would be impacted by the proposed undertaking. Horizon’s archeologist traversed the project area on foot and thoroughly inspected the modern ground surface for aboriginal and historic-age cultural resources. In addition to pedestrian walkover, the Texas State Minimum Archeological Survey Standards (TSMASS) require a minimum of 2 shovel tests per acre for tracts between 3.0 and 10.0 acres in size. As such, a minimum of 13 shovel tests would be required within the 2.7- hectare (6.6-acre) project area. Horizon excavated a total of 15 shovel tests, thereby exceeding the TSMASS for a project area of this size. The survey was conducted under Texas Antiquities Permit No. 8115.
Shovel testing revealed heavily disturbed artificial deposits of mottled sandy clay and dense clay sediments overlying the native clayey fluviomarine soils at depths of 20.0 to 40.0 centimeters (7.8 to 15.7 inches) below surface. Shovel tests were placed along both banks of the unnamed tributary of Greens Bayou. Ground surface visibility was low to moderate due to dense, ankle- to knee-high wild grasses and weeds, which cover the majority of the project area. The southwestern portion of the tract had less vegetation, allowing for better visibility of the heavily disturbed ground surface. Modern trash was abundant throughout the project area, which appears to be actively used as a dump site, and several shovel tests contained modern trash within the upper 20.0 centimeters. (7.8 inches). The majority of modern trash appears to have been dumped within the tree line that follows the southern boundary of the project area. The northernmost portion of the project area is disturbed from the construction of multiple storm water manholes.
Based on the results of the survey-level investigations documented in this report, no potentially significant cultural resources would be affected by the proposed undertaking. In accordance with 36 CFR 800.4, Horizon has made a reasonable and good-faith effort to identify historic properties within the project area. No cultural resources were identified that meet the criteria for designation as SALs according to 13 TAC 26. Horizon recommends a finding of “no historic properties affected,” and no further archeological work is recommended in connection with the proposed undertaking. However, human burials, both prehistoric and historic, are protected under the Texas Health and Safety Code. In the event that any human remains or burial objects are inadvertently discovered at any point during construction, use, or ongoing maintenance in the project area, even in previously surveyed areas, all work should cease immediately in the vicinity of the inadvertent discovery, and the Texas Historical Commission (THC) should be notified immediately.
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A.L. Milne, R. Williams, Contemporary Fiction in French
Our global literary field is fluid and exists in a state of constant evolution. Contemporary fiction in French has become a polycentric and transnational field of vibrant and varied experimentation; the collapse of the distinction between 'French' and 'Francophone' literature has opened up French writing to a world of new influences and interactions. In this collection, renowned scholars provide thoughtful close readings of a whole range of genres, from graphic novels to crime fiction to the influence of television and film, to analyse modern French fiction in its historical and sociological context. Allowing students of contemporary French literature and culture to situate specific works within broader trends, the volume provides an engaging, global and timely overview of contemporary fiction writing in French, and demonstrates how our modern literary world is more complex and diverse than ever before. | |
CFP: Symposia of Science and Literature & Scientific Instruments Commissions for the Prague 2021 DHST/IUHPST Congress (25-31 July 2021; Deadline: 10 April 2020)
The Scientific Instruments Commission and the Commission of Science and Literature invite papers for two special sessions in the 26th International History of Science and Technology Congress organized by DHST/IUHPST in Prague, 2021.
Session I: Literary Instruments
Since at least the seventeenth century, scientific instruments and apparatus have appeared in novels, poetry, drama and other literary genres, including more recently cinema and television. Literary authors might refer to contemporary science (John Milton on Galileo’s telescope), to future science (Star Trek Original Series on the “tricorder” of the 23rd century), or to past science (Luchino Visconti’s recreation of a nineteenth-century astronomical observatory in his 1963 film The Leopard). Papers in this symposium will offer case studies of such literary representations of scientific apparatus, authors’ interactions with scientific practitioners or instrument makers, and audience and critical responses to these literary representations.
Session II: Behind Closed Doors: Crime Fiction in Museums and Labs
Since the mid-nineteenth century, a relatively large number of crime novels have been set in science museums or laboratories. In The Musgrave Ritual (1893), for example, Arthur Conan Doyle has Sherlock Holmes educate himself in the British Museum before embarking on his detective work; Agatha Christie’s A Mysterious Affair at Styles (1920) is a veritable encyclopedia of poisons and their chemistry. How might crime novels perpetuate public images of the “museum” or the “laboratory”? Papers in this session will evaluate the circumstances of these settings, the crime authors’ sources for their portrayals of scientific institutions, contemporary scientists’ evaluations of the settings depicted in the novels, and readers’ responses to the settings.
Please submit by 10 April 2020 abstracts of not more than 250 words and a brief biographical sketch to either George Vlahakis ([email protected]) or Sofia Talas ([email protected]). Note that according to the usual rules, you can only present one paper at the Prague Congress. | https://www.dwc.knaw.nl/cfp-symposia-of-science-and-literature-deadline-10-april-2020/ |
Subsets and Splits