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e2f31f47bc3e6ca77641e3545093fb0f071d4f07 | ee4f74535a92687f51ebc77eee24408d8c925488 | /blog/models.py | 9966438cc7b73478e3cdafeec56ccc5a5f2f2eff | [] | no_license | sandeepshiven/portfolio_project | ae617d2703c072e0e8c7ff1e1bf92de1b963f0e5 | 09e53d2594aed81876be84eea4339a5f2150bfb5 | refs/heads/master | 2022-12-01T02:20:39.305145 | 2019-12-19T14:26:19 | 2019-12-19T14:26:19 | 227,981,293 | 0 | 0 | null | 2022-11-22T04:55:01 | 2019-12-14T07:07:26 | HTML | UTF-8 | Python | false | false | 382 | py | from django.db import models
# Create your models here.
class Blog(models.Model):
title = models.CharField(max_length=50)
pub_date = models.DateTimeField()
body = models.TextField()
image = models.ImageField(upload_to = 'images/')
def __str__(self):
return self.title
def summary(self):
return self.body[:200]+"................."
| [
"[email protected]"
] | |
eb3dd994a59471aa0ad713fb833febeade24fb65 | f13acd0d707ea9ab0d2f2f010717b35adcee142f | /Others/snuke/snuke21/a.py | 68e931ecf644f095aa53460d65c107a576f9d12e | [
"CC0-1.0",
"LicenseRef-scancode-public-domain"
] | permissive | KATO-Hiro/AtCoder | 126b9fe89fa3a7cffcbd1c29d42394e7d02fa7c7 | bf43320bc1af606bfbd23c610b3432cddd1806b9 | refs/heads/master | 2023-08-18T20:06:42.876863 | 2023-08-17T23:45:21 | 2023-08-17T23:45:21 | 121,067,516 | 4 | 0 | CC0-1.0 | 2023-09-14T21:59:38 | 2018-02-11T00:32:45 | Python | UTF-8 | Python | false | false | 325 | py | # -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
def main():
from math import sqrt
n = int(input())
q = 1 + 8 * n
if int(sqrt(q)) ** 2 == q:
if (-1 + int(sqrt(q))) % 2 == 0:
print((-1 + int(sqrt(q))) // 2)
else:
print(-1)
else:
print(-1)
if __name__ == '__main__':
main()
| [
"[email protected]"
] | |
b155d7cd688658411d1e3a3aa742052fb2a20181 | 01ac3dadac08b258af33f3e8d2f64229a8d5259a | /unit_tests/neb/pys_chk/RIB2PLYP/BOLi_LiBO_FIRE.py | 820a1bcc1dd2f97c4fbdcadf0531dd269d6c5171 | [] | no_license | jminuse/clancelot | 245f468dd87afe4e2d6ba2d518fe7b20754af7ac | 82b4b3afc742d65aaddfce936f94137b0e4f628c | refs/heads/master | 2021-01-23T14:03:46.811820 | 2016-09-20T19:14:50 | 2016-09-20T19:14:50 | 36,739,780 | 1 | 3 | null | 2016-04-04T14:38:50 | 2015-06-02T14:42:47 | Python | UTF-8 | Python | false | false | 387 | py | import sys
import files, neb
fptr = 'BOLi_LiBO'
frames = files.read_xyz('/fs/home/hch54/clancelot/unit_tests/neb/xyz/'+fptr+'.xyz')
opt = 'FIRE'
route = '! RI-B2PLYP D3BJ def2-TZVP def2-TZVP/C Grid3 FinalGrid5'
run_name = fptr[:fptr.find('.xyz')] + '_' + opt
neb.neb(run_name, frames, route, opt=opt, maxiter=1000, gtol=0.00183726383934, DFT='orca', alpha=0.1, dt=0.1, mem=40, Nmax=20) | [
"[email protected]"
] | |
c4cb5e306919ee5c35fed911e857689a646c585b | 1e9ad304868c2bda918c19eba3d7b122bac3923b | /kubernetes/test/test_v1_service_status.py | d5f786c2cbf01b2f85e8b1121bed9faa4be4318d | [
"Apache-2.0"
] | permissive | pineking/client-python | c77e5bd3d476ac852e6dffa96056008baa0f597f | 74a64d7325518f4298600d4bb300f92843c29347 | refs/heads/master | 2021-01-22T22:16:27.368406 | 2017-03-15T08:21:21 | 2017-03-15T08:21:21 | null | 0 | 0 | null | null | null | null | UTF-8 | Python | false | false | 867 | py | # coding: utf-8
"""
Kubernetes
No description provided (generated by Swagger Codegen https://github.com/swagger-api/swagger-codegen)
OpenAPI spec version: v1.5.1-660c2a2
Generated by: https://github.com/swagger-api/swagger-codegen.git
"""
from __future__ import absolute_import
import os
import sys
import unittest
import kubernetes.client
from kubernetes.client.rest import ApiException
from kubernetes.client.models.v1_service_status import V1ServiceStatus
class TestV1ServiceStatus(unittest.TestCase):
""" V1ServiceStatus unit test stubs """
def setUp(self):
pass
def tearDown(self):
pass
def testV1ServiceStatus(self):
"""
Test V1ServiceStatus
"""
model = kubernetes.client.models.v1_service_status.V1ServiceStatus()
if __name__ == '__main__':
unittest.main()
| [
"[email protected]"
] | |
06f0a4da06e156333a6a8b4a2dbbca61d50e8de5 | 99117515c0410cea29357adfdf71aa628241ece1 | /posts/tests.py | 77595ac51b8b58c5fe0042066b95086632b8d949 | [
"MIT"
] | permissive | kangsLee/9XD | e3a774184381a03722f09a4bed86132b67845118 | f80ea88f85f4cc677c7d1b404101e2ffe8b538ea | refs/heads/master | 2021-04-28T23:42:13.918903 | 2016-12-30T16:16:29 | 2016-12-30T16:16:29 | null | 0 | 0 | null | null | null | null | UTF-8 | Python | false | false | 839 | py | from test_plus.test import TestCase
from posts.factories import PostFactory
class PostsTest(TestCase):
def test_get_list(self):
post = PostFactory()
post_list_url = self.reverse('post:list')
self.get_check_200(post_list_url)
self.assertResponseContains(post.title, html=False)
self.assertResponseContains(post.author.name, html=False)
write_url = self.reverse('post:create')
self.assertResponseContains(write_url, html=False)
def test_get_writing_page_with_login(self):
user = self.make_user('jelly jelly')
with self.login(username=user.username):
write_post_url = self.reverse('post:create')
self.get_check_200(write_post_url)
def test_get_writing_page_with_anonymous(self):
self.assertLoginRequired('post:create')
| [
"[email protected]"
] | |
e61d55be1f72641485b0dfbb597f67d9e51f18f0 | 564d6a4d305a8ac6a7e01c761831fb2081c02d0f | /sdk/network/azure-mgmt-network/azure/mgmt/network/v2020_03_01/operations/_express_route_gateways_operations.py | 7ec7e728a183ae5f3851338bd9622272365624d5 | [
"LicenseRef-scancode-generic-cla",
"LGPL-2.1-or-later",
"MIT"
] | permissive | paultaiton/azure-sdk-for-python | 69af4d889bac8012b38f5b7e8108707be679b472 | d435a1a25fd6097454b7fdfbbdefd53e05029160 | refs/heads/master | 2023-01-30T16:15:10.647335 | 2020-11-14T01:09:50 | 2020-11-14T01:09:50 | 283,343,691 | 0 | 0 | MIT | 2020-07-28T22:43:43 | 2020-07-28T22:43:43 | null | UTF-8 | Python | false | false | 21,746 | py | # coding=utf-8
# --------------------------------------------------------------------------
# Copyright (c) Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.
# Licensed under the MIT License. See License.txt in the project root for license information.
# Code generated by Microsoft (R) AutoRest Code Generator.
# Changes may cause incorrect behavior and will be lost if the code is regenerated.
# --------------------------------------------------------------------------
from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
import warnings
from azure.core.exceptions import ClientAuthenticationError, HttpResponseError, ResourceExistsError, ResourceNotFoundError, map_error
from azure.core.pipeline import PipelineResponse
from azure.core.pipeline.transport import HttpRequest, HttpResponse
from azure.core.polling import LROPoller, NoPolling, PollingMethod
from azure.mgmt.core.exceptions import ARMErrorFormat
from azure.mgmt.core.polling.arm_polling import ARMPolling
from .. import models
if TYPE_CHECKING:
# pylint: disable=unused-import,ungrouped-imports
from typing import Any, Callable, Dict, Generic, Optional, TypeVar, Union
T = TypeVar('T')
ClsType = Optional[Callable[[PipelineResponse[HttpRequest, HttpResponse], T, Dict[str, Any]], Any]]
class ExpressRouteGatewaysOperations(object):
"""ExpressRouteGatewaysOperations operations.
You should not instantiate this class directly. Instead, you should create a Client instance that
instantiates it for you and attaches it as an attribute.
:ivar models: Alias to model classes used in this operation group.
:type models: ~azure.mgmt.network.v2020_03_01.models
:param client: Client for service requests.
:param config: Configuration of service client.
:param serializer: An object model serializer.
:param deserializer: An object model deserializer.
"""
models = models
def __init__(self, client, config, serializer, deserializer):
self._client = client
self._serialize = serializer
self._deserialize = deserializer
self._config = config
def list_by_subscription(
self,
**kwargs # type: Any
):
# type: (...) -> "models.ExpressRouteGatewayList"
"""Lists ExpressRoute gateways under a given subscription.
:keyword callable cls: A custom type or function that will be passed the direct response
:return: ExpressRouteGatewayList, or the result of cls(response)
:rtype: ~azure.mgmt.network.v2020_03_01.models.ExpressRouteGatewayList
:raises: ~azure.core.exceptions.HttpResponseError
"""
cls = kwargs.pop('cls', None) # type: ClsType["models.ExpressRouteGatewayList"]
error_map = {
401: ClientAuthenticationError, 404: ResourceNotFoundError, 409: ResourceExistsError
}
error_map.update(kwargs.pop('error_map', {}))
api_version = "2020-03-01"
accept = "application/json"
# Construct URL
url = self.list_by_subscription.metadata['url'] # type: ignore
path_format_arguments = {
'subscriptionId': self._serialize.url("self._config.subscription_id", self._config.subscription_id, 'str'),
}
url = self._client.format_url(url, **path_format_arguments)
# Construct parameters
query_parameters = {} # type: Dict[str, Any]
query_parameters['api-version'] = self._serialize.query("api_version", api_version, 'str')
# Construct headers
header_parameters = {} # type: Dict[str, Any]
header_parameters['Accept'] = self._serialize.header("accept", accept, 'str')
request = self._client.get(url, query_parameters, header_parameters)
pipeline_response = self._client._pipeline.run(request, stream=False, **kwargs)
response = pipeline_response.http_response
if response.status_code not in [200]:
map_error(status_code=response.status_code, response=response, error_map=error_map)
raise HttpResponseError(response=response, error_format=ARMErrorFormat)
deserialized = self._deserialize('ExpressRouteGatewayList', pipeline_response)
if cls:
return cls(pipeline_response, deserialized, {})
return deserialized
list_by_subscription.metadata = {'url': '/subscriptions/{subscriptionId}/providers/Microsoft.Network/expressRouteGateways'} # type: ignore
def list_by_resource_group(
self,
resource_group_name, # type: str
**kwargs # type: Any
):
# type: (...) -> "models.ExpressRouteGatewayList"
"""Lists ExpressRoute gateways in a given resource group.
:param resource_group_name: The name of the resource group.
:type resource_group_name: str
:keyword callable cls: A custom type or function that will be passed the direct response
:return: ExpressRouteGatewayList, or the result of cls(response)
:rtype: ~azure.mgmt.network.v2020_03_01.models.ExpressRouteGatewayList
:raises: ~azure.core.exceptions.HttpResponseError
"""
cls = kwargs.pop('cls', None) # type: ClsType["models.ExpressRouteGatewayList"]
error_map = {
401: ClientAuthenticationError, 404: ResourceNotFoundError, 409: ResourceExistsError
}
error_map.update(kwargs.pop('error_map', {}))
api_version = "2020-03-01"
accept = "application/json"
# Construct URL
url = self.list_by_resource_group.metadata['url'] # type: ignore
path_format_arguments = {
'resourceGroupName': self._serialize.url("resource_group_name", resource_group_name, 'str'),
'subscriptionId': self._serialize.url("self._config.subscription_id", self._config.subscription_id, 'str'),
}
url = self._client.format_url(url, **path_format_arguments)
# Construct parameters
query_parameters = {} # type: Dict[str, Any]
query_parameters['api-version'] = self._serialize.query("api_version", api_version, 'str')
# Construct headers
header_parameters = {} # type: Dict[str, Any]
header_parameters['Accept'] = self._serialize.header("accept", accept, 'str')
request = self._client.get(url, query_parameters, header_parameters)
pipeline_response = self._client._pipeline.run(request, stream=False, **kwargs)
response = pipeline_response.http_response
if response.status_code not in [200]:
map_error(status_code=response.status_code, response=response, error_map=error_map)
raise HttpResponseError(response=response, error_format=ARMErrorFormat)
deserialized = self._deserialize('ExpressRouteGatewayList', pipeline_response)
if cls:
return cls(pipeline_response, deserialized, {})
return deserialized
list_by_resource_group.metadata = {'url': '/subscriptions/{subscriptionId}/resourceGroups/{resourceGroupName}/providers/Microsoft.Network/expressRouteGateways'} # type: ignore
def _create_or_update_initial(
self,
resource_group_name, # type: str
express_route_gateway_name, # type: str
put_express_route_gateway_parameters, # type: "models.ExpressRouteGateway"
**kwargs # type: Any
):
# type: (...) -> "models.ExpressRouteGateway"
cls = kwargs.pop('cls', None) # type: ClsType["models.ExpressRouteGateway"]
error_map = {
401: ClientAuthenticationError, 404: ResourceNotFoundError, 409: ResourceExistsError
}
error_map.update(kwargs.pop('error_map', {}))
api_version = "2020-03-01"
content_type = kwargs.pop("content_type", "application/json")
accept = "application/json"
# Construct URL
url = self._create_or_update_initial.metadata['url'] # type: ignore
path_format_arguments = {
'resourceGroupName': self._serialize.url("resource_group_name", resource_group_name, 'str'),
'expressRouteGatewayName': self._serialize.url("express_route_gateway_name", express_route_gateway_name, 'str'),
'subscriptionId': self._serialize.url("self._config.subscription_id", self._config.subscription_id, 'str'),
}
url = self._client.format_url(url, **path_format_arguments)
# Construct parameters
query_parameters = {} # type: Dict[str, Any]
query_parameters['api-version'] = self._serialize.query("api_version", api_version, 'str')
# Construct headers
header_parameters = {} # type: Dict[str, Any]
header_parameters['Content-Type'] = self._serialize.header("content_type", content_type, 'str')
header_parameters['Accept'] = self._serialize.header("accept", accept, 'str')
body_content_kwargs = {} # type: Dict[str, Any]
body_content = self._serialize.body(put_express_route_gateway_parameters, 'ExpressRouteGateway')
body_content_kwargs['content'] = body_content
request = self._client.put(url, query_parameters, header_parameters, **body_content_kwargs)
pipeline_response = self._client._pipeline.run(request, stream=False, **kwargs)
response = pipeline_response.http_response
if response.status_code not in [200, 201]:
map_error(status_code=response.status_code, response=response, error_map=error_map)
raise HttpResponseError(response=response, error_format=ARMErrorFormat)
if response.status_code == 200:
deserialized = self._deserialize('ExpressRouteGateway', pipeline_response)
if response.status_code == 201:
deserialized = self._deserialize('ExpressRouteGateway', pipeline_response)
if cls:
return cls(pipeline_response, deserialized, {})
return deserialized
_create_or_update_initial.metadata = {'url': '/subscriptions/{subscriptionId}/resourceGroups/{resourceGroupName}/providers/Microsoft.Network/expressRouteGateways/{expressRouteGatewayName}'} # type: ignore
def begin_create_or_update(
self,
resource_group_name, # type: str
express_route_gateway_name, # type: str
put_express_route_gateway_parameters, # type: "models.ExpressRouteGateway"
**kwargs # type: Any
):
# type: (...) -> LROPoller["models.ExpressRouteGateway"]
"""Creates or updates a ExpressRoute gateway in a specified resource group.
:param resource_group_name: The name of the resource group.
:type resource_group_name: str
:param express_route_gateway_name: The name of the ExpressRoute gateway.
:type express_route_gateway_name: str
:param put_express_route_gateway_parameters: Parameters required in an ExpressRoute gateway PUT
operation.
:type put_express_route_gateway_parameters: ~azure.mgmt.network.v2020_03_01.models.ExpressRouteGateway
:keyword callable cls: A custom type or function that will be passed the direct response
:keyword str continuation_token: A continuation token to restart a poller from a saved state.
:keyword polling: True for ARMPolling, False for no polling, or a
polling object for personal polling strategy
:paramtype polling: bool or ~azure.core.polling.PollingMethod
:keyword int polling_interval: Default waiting time between two polls for LRO operations if no Retry-After header is present.
:return: An instance of LROPoller that returns either ExpressRouteGateway or the result of cls(response)
:rtype: ~azure.core.polling.LROPoller[~azure.mgmt.network.v2020_03_01.models.ExpressRouteGateway]
:raises ~azure.core.exceptions.HttpResponseError:
"""
polling = kwargs.pop('polling', True) # type: Union[bool, PollingMethod]
cls = kwargs.pop('cls', None) # type: ClsType["models.ExpressRouteGateway"]
lro_delay = kwargs.pop(
'polling_interval',
self._config.polling_interval
)
cont_token = kwargs.pop('continuation_token', None) # type: Optional[str]
if cont_token is None:
raw_result = self._create_or_update_initial(
resource_group_name=resource_group_name,
express_route_gateway_name=express_route_gateway_name,
put_express_route_gateway_parameters=put_express_route_gateway_parameters,
cls=lambda x,y,z: x,
**kwargs
)
kwargs.pop('error_map', None)
kwargs.pop('content_type', None)
def get_long_running_output(pipeline_response):
deserialized = self._deserialize('ExpressRouteGateway', pipeline_response)
if cls:
return cls(pipeline_response, deserialized, {})
return deserialized
if polling is True: polling_method = ARMPolling(lro_delay, lro_options={'final-state-via': 'azure-async-operation'}, **kwargs)
elif polling is False: polling_method = NoPolling()
else: polling_method = polling
if cont_token:
return LROPoller.from_continuation_token(
polling_method=polling_method,
continuation_token=cont_token,
client=self._client,
deserialization_callback=get_long_running_output
)
else:
return LROPoller(self._client, raw_result, get_long_running_output, polling_method)
begin_create_or_update.metadata = {'url': '/subscriptions/{subscriptionId}/resourceGroups/{resourceGroupName}/providers/Microsoft.Network/expressRouteGateways/{expressRouteGatewayName}'} # type: ignore
def get(
self,
resource_group_name, # type: str
express_route_gateway_name, # type: str
**kwargs # type: Any
):
# type: (...) -> "models.ExpressRouteGateway"
"""Fetches the details of a ExpressRoute gateway in a resource group.
:param resource_group_name: The name of the resource group.
:type resource_group_name: str
:param express_route_gateway_name: The name of the ExpressRoute gateway.
:type express_route_gateway_name: str
:keyword callable cls: A custom type or function that will be passed the direct response
:return: ExpressRouteGateway, or the result of cls(response)
:rtype: ~azure.mgmt.network.v2020_03_01.models.ExpressRouteGateway
:raises: ~azure.core.exceptions.HttpResponseError
"""
cls = kwargs.pop('cls', None) # type: ClsType["models.ExpressRouteGateway"]
error_map = {
401: ClientAuthenticationError, 404: ResourceNotFoundError, 409: ResourceExistsError
}
error_map.update(kwargs.pop('error_map', {}))
api_version = "2020-03-01"
accept = "application/json"
# Construct URL
url = self.get.metadata['url'] # type: ignore
path_format_arguments = {
'resourceGroupName': self._serialize.url("resource_group_name", resource_group_name, 'str'),
'expressRouteGatewayName': self._serialize.url("express_route_gateway_name", express_route_gateway_name, 'str'),
'subscriptionId': self._serialize.url("self._config.subscription_id", self._config.subscription_id, 'str'),
}
url = self._client.format_url(url, **path_format_arguments)
# Construct parameters
query_parameters = {} # type: Dict[str, Any]
query_parameters['api-version'] = self._serialize.query("api_version", api_version, 'str')
# Construct headers
header_parameters = {} # type: Dict[str, Any]
header_parameters['Accept'] = self._serialize.header("accept", accept, 'str')
request = self._client.get(url, query_parameters, header_parameters)
pipeline_response = self._client._pipeline.run(request, stream=False, **kwargs)
response = pipeline_response.http_response
if response.status_code not in [200]:
map_error(status_code=response.status_code, response=response, error_map=error_map)
raise HttpResponseError(response=response, error_format=ARMErrorFormat)
deserialized = self._deserialize('ExpressRouteGateway', pipeline_response)
if cls:
return cls(pipeline_response, deserialized, {})
return deserialized
get.metadata = {'url': '/subscriptions/{subscriptionId}/resourceGroups/{resourceGroupName}/providers/Microsoft.Network/expressRouteGateways/{expressRouteGatewayName}'} # type: ignore
def _delete_initial(
self,
resource_group_name, # type: str
express_route_gateway_name, # type: str
**kwargs # type: Any
):
# type: (...) -> None
cls = kwargs.pop('cls', None) # type: ClsType[None]
error_map = {
401: ClientAuthenticationError, 404: ResourceNotFoundError, 409: ResourceExistsError
}
error_map.update(kwargs.pop('error_map', {}))
api_version = "2020-03-01"
accept = "application/json"
# Construct URL
url = self._delete_initial.metadata['url'] # type: ignore
path_format_arguments = {
'resourceGroupName': self._serialize.url("resource_group_name", resource_group_name, 'str'),
'expressRouteGatewayName': self._serialize.url("express_route_gateway_name", express_route_gateway_name, 'str'),
'subscriptionId': self._serialize.url("self._config.subscription_id", self._config.subscription_id, 'str'),
}
url = self._client.format_url(url, **path_format_arguments)
# Construct parameters
query_parameters = {} # type: Dict[str, Any]
query_parameters['api-version'] = self._serialize.query("api_version", api_version, 'str')
# Construct headers
header_parameters = {} # type: Dict[str, Any]
header_parameters['Accept'] = self._serialize.header("accept", accept, 'str')
request = self._client.delete(url, query_parameters, header_parameters)
pipeline_response = self._client._pipeline.run(request, stream=False, **kwargs)
response = pipeline_response.http_response
if response.status_code not in [200, 202, 204]:
map_error(status_code=response.status_code, response=response, error_map=error_map)
raise HttpResponseError(response=response, error_format=ARMErrorFormat)
if cls:
return cls(pipeline_response, None, {})
_delete_initial.metadata = {'url': '/subscriptions/{subscriptionId}/resourceGroups/{resourceGroupName}/providers/Microsoft.Network/expressRouteGateways/{expressRouteGatewayName}'} # type: ignore
def begin_delete(
self,
resource_group_name, # type: str
express_route_gateway_name, # type: str
**kwargs # type: Any
):
# type: (...) -> LROPoller[None]
"""Deletes the specified ExpressRoute gateway in a resource group. An ExpressRoute gateway
resource can only be deleted when there are no connection subresources.
:param resource_group_name: The name of the resource group.
:type resource_group_name: str
:param express_route_gateway_name: The name of the ExpressRoute gateway.
:type express_route_gateway_name: str
:keyword callable cls: A custom type or function that will be passed the direct response
:keyword str continuation_token: A continuation token to restart a poller from a saved state.
:keyword polling: True for ARMPolling, False for no polling, or a
polling object for personal polling strategy
:paramtype polling: bool or ~azure.core.polling.PollingMethod
:keyword int polling_interval: Default waiting time between two polls for LRO operations if no Retry-After header is present.
:return: An instance of LROPoller that returns either None or the result of cls(response)
:rtype: ~azure.core.polling.LROPoller[None]
:raises ~azure.core.exceptions.HttpResponseError:
"""
polling = kwargs.pop('polling', True) # type: Union[bool, PollingMethod]
cls = kwargs.pop('cls', None) # type: ClsType[None]
lro_delay = kwargs.pop(
'polling_interval',
self._config.polling_interval
)
cont_token = kwargs.pop('continuation_token', None) # type: Optional[str]
if cont_token is None:
raw_result = self._delete_initial(
resource_group_name=resource_group_name,
express_route_gateway_name=express_route_gateway_name,
cls=lambda x,y,z: x,
**kwargs
)
kwargs.pop('error_map', None)
kwargs.pop('content_type', None)
def get_long_running_output(pipeline_response):
if cls:
return cls(pipeline_response, None, {})
if polling is True: polling_method = ARMPolling(lro_delay, lro_options={'final-state-via': 'location'}, **kwargs)
elif polling is False: polling_method = NoPolling()
else: polling_method = polling
if cont_token:
return LROPoller.from_continuation_token(
polling_method=polling_method,
continuation_token=cont_token,
client=self._client,
deserialization_callback=get_long_running_output
)
else:
return LROPoller(self._client, raw_result, get_long_running_output, polling_method)
begin_delete.metadata = {'url': '/subscriptions/{subscriptionId}/resourceGroups/{resourceGroupName}/providers/Microsoft.Network/expressRouteGateways/{expressRouteGatewayName}'} # type: ignore
| [
"[email protected]"
] | |
9931d68bde183982f725f119901d39bc281b0f83 | 5d36864f5f9f1b737c4718703ee53c3aa715e398 | /CourseGrading/3.2.11整数列表排序.py | 1505665fa902de210a4dfcebd676dabf3f5b4234 | [] | no_license | xzl995/Python | d909274c9aba8ae9f18029a5f2069b1bb3418b9a | 48d4add7a1d46b2e3773bdf096e834852115014d | refs/heads/master | 2020-04-14T11:51:35.407548 | 2019-01-02T10:54:55 | 2019-01-02T10:54:55 | 163,824,702 | 4 | 1 | null | null | null | null | UTF-8 | Python | false | false | 457 | py | """
【问题描述】
输入一组整数，从小到大排序后，输出排序结果。
【输入形式】
一行。一组用空格隔开的整数。
【输出形式】
一行。一组用一个空格隔开的整数，从小到大排列。
【样例输入】
9 8 7 6
【样例输出】
6 7 8 9
【提示】
用列表的sort方法。
"""
num = input().split()
list = []
for n in num:
list.append(int(n))
list.sort()
print(" ".join(str(i) for i in list)) | [
"[email protected]"
] | |
26626eb142093d221f57181092ec5e01fd199ae3 | 2fe58e7f6bfc3efdb78ca56f72a4e2a75a24c270 | /eric/eric6/WebBrowser/Download/DownloadItem.py | 7c3396e56dc7d5e82befafebf3eaab050ad5c2a0 | [] | no_license | testerclub/eric6-20.3 | 3053e0e6962060b213f5df329ee331a4893d18e6 | bba0b9f13fa3eb84938422732d751219bc3e29e2 | refs/heads/master | 2023-03-18T08:24:03.472297 | 2020-03-14T06:44:14 | 2020-03-14T06:44:14 | null | 0 | 0 | null | null | null | null | UTF-8 | Python | false | false | 21,022 | py | # -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
# Copyright (c) 2010 - 2020 Detlev Offenbach <[email protected]>
#
"""
Module implementing a widget controlling a download.
"""
import os
from PyQt5.QtCore import (
pyqtSlot, pyqtSignal, Qt, QTime, QUrl, QStandardPaths, QFileInfo, QDateTime
)
from PyQt5.QtGui import QPalette, QDesktopServices
from PyQt5.QtWidgets import QWidget, QStyle, QDialog
from PyQt5.QtWebEngineWidgets import QWebEngineDownloadItem
from E5Gui import E5FileDialog
from .Ui_DownloadItem import Ui_DownloadItem
from .DownloadUtilities import timeString, dataString, speedString
from WebBrowser.WebBrowserWindow import WebBrowserWindow
import UI.PixmapCache
import Utilities.MimeTypes
class DownloadItem(QWidget, Ui_DownloadItem):
"""
Class implementing a widget controlling a download.
@signal statusChanged() emitted upon a status change of a download
@signal downloadFinished(success) emitted when a download finished
@signal progress(int, int) emitted to signal the download progress
"""
statusChanged = pyqtSignal()
downloadFinished = pyqtSignal(bool)
progress = pyqtSignal(int, int)
Downloading = 0
DownloadSuccessful = 1
DownloadCancelled = 2
def __init__(self, downloadItem=None, pageUrl=None, parent=None):
"""
Constructor
@param downloadItem reference to the download object containing the
download data.
@type QWebEngineDownloadItem
@param pageUrl URL of the calling page
@type QUrl
@param parent reference to the parent widget
@type QWidget
"""
super(DownloadItem, self).__init__(parent)
self.setupUi(self)
p = self.infoLabel.palette()
p.setColor(QPalette.Text, Qt.darkGray)
self.infoLabel.setPalette(p)
self.progressBar.setMaximum(0)
self.pauseButton.setIcon(UI.PixmapCache.getIcon("pause.png"))
self.stopButton.setIcon(UI.PixmapCache.getIcon("stopLoading.png"))
self.openButton.setIcon(UI.PixmapCache.getIcon("open.png"))
self.openButton.setEnabled(False)
self.openButton.setVisible(False)
if not hasattr(QWebEngineDownloadItem, "pause"):
# pause/resume was defined in Qt 5.10.0 / PyQt 5.10.0
self.pauseButton.setEnabled(False)
self.pauseButton.setVisible(False)
self.__state = DownloadItem.Downloading
icon = self.style().standardIcon(QStyle.SP_FileIcon)
self.fileIcon.setPixmap(icon.pixmap(48, 48))
self.__downloadItem = downloadItem
if pageUrl is None:
self.__pageUrl = QUrl()
else:
self.__pageUrl = pageUrl
self.__bytesReceived = 0
self.__bytesTotal = -1
self.__downloadTime = QTime()
self.__fileName = ""
self.__originalFileName = ""
self.__finishedDownloading = False
self.__gettingFileName = False
self.__canceledFileSelect = False
self.__autoOpen = False
self.__downloadedDateTime = QDateTime()
self.__initialize()
def __initialize(self):
"""
Private method to initialize the widget.
"""
if self.__downloadItem is None:
return
self.__finishedDownloading = False
self.__bytesReceived = 0
self.__bytesTotal = -1
# start timer for the download estimation
self.__downloadTime.start()
# attach to the download item object
self.__url = self.__downloadItem.url()
self.__downloadItem.downloadProgress.connect(self.__downloadProgress)
self.__downloadItem.finished.connect(self.__finished)
# reset info
self.datetimeLabel.clear()
self.datetimeLabel.hide()
self.infoLabel.clear()
self.progressBar.setValue(0)
if (
self.__downloadItem.state() ==
QWebEngineDownloadItem.DownloadRequested
):
self.__getFileName()
if not self.__fileName:
self.__downloadItem.cancel()
else:
self.__downloadItem.setPath(self.__fileName)
self.__downloadItem.accept()
else:
fileName = self.__downloadItem.path()
self.__setFileName(fileName)
def __getFileName(self):
"""
Private method to get the file name to save to from the user.
"""
if self.__gettingFileName:
return
savePage = self.__downloadItem.type() == (
QWebEngineDownloadItem.SavePage
)
documentLocation = QStandardPaths.writableLocation(
QStandardPaths.DocumentsLocation)
downloadDirectory = (
WebBrowserWindow.downloadManager().downloadDirectory()
)
if self.__fileName:
fileName = self.__fileName
originalFileName = self.__originalFileName
self.__toDownload = True
ask = False
else:
defaultFileName, originalFileName = self.__saveFileName(
documentLocation if savePage else downloadDirectory)
fileName = defaultFileName
self.__originalFileName = originalFileName
ask = True
self.__autoOpen = False
if not savePage:
from .DownloadAskActionDialog import DownloadAskActionDialog
url = self.__downloadItem.url()
mimetype = Utilities.MimeTypes.mimeType(originalFileName)
dlg = DownloadAskActionDialog(
QFileInfo(originalFileName).fileName(),
mimetype,
"{0}://{1}".format(url.scheme(), url.authority()),
self)
if dlg.exec_() == QDialog.Rejected or dlg.getAction() == "cancel":
self.progressBar.setVisible(False)
self.on_stopButton_clicked()
self.filenameLabel.setText(
self.tr("Download canceled: {0}").format(
QFileInfo(defaultFileName).fileName()))
self.__canceledFileSelect = True
self.__setDateTime()
return
if dlg.getAction() == "scan":
self.__mainWindow.requestVirusTotalScan(url)
self.progressBar.setVisible(False)
self.on_stopButton_clicked()
self.filenameLabel.setText(
self.tr("VirusTotal scan scheduled: {0}").format(
QFileInfo(defaultFileName).fileName()))
self.__canceledFileSelect = True
return
self.__autoOpen = dlg.getAction() == "open"
tempLocation = QStandardPaths.writableLocation(
QStandardPaths.TempLocation)
fileName = (
tempLocation + '/' +
QFileInfo(fileName).completeBaseName()
)
if ask and not self.__autoOpen:
self.__gettingFileName = True
fileName = E5FileDialog.getSaveFileName(
None,
self.tr("Save File"),
defaultFileName,
"")
self.__gettingFileName = False
if not fileName:
self.progressBar.setVisible(False)
self.on_stopButton_clicked()
self.filenameLabel.setText(
self.tr("Download canceled: {0}")
.format(QFileInfo(defaultFileName).fileName()))
self.__canceledFileSelect = True
self.__setDateTime()
return
self.__setFileName(fileName)
def __setFileName(self, fileName):
"""
Private method to set the file name to save the download into.
@param fileName name of the file to save into
@type str
"""
fileInfo = QFileInfo(fileName)
WebBrowserWindow.downloadManager().setDownloadDirectory(
fileInfo.absoluteDir().absolutePath())
self.filenameLabel.setText(fileInfo.fileName())
self.__fileName = fileName
# check file path for saving
saveDirPath = QFileInfo(self.__fileName).dir()
if not saveDirPath.exists():
if not saveDirPath.mkpath(saveDirPath.absolutePath()):
self.progressBar.setVisible(False)
self.on_stopButton_clicked()
self.infoLabel.setText(self.tr(
"Download directory ({0}) couldn't be created.")
.format(saveDirPath.absolutePath()))
self.__setDateTime()
return
self.filenameLabel.setText(QFileInfo(self.__fileName).fileName())
def __saveFileName(self, directory):
"""
Private method to calculate a name for the file to download.
@param directory name of the directory to store the file into (string)
@return proposed filename and original filename (string, string)
"""
path = self.__downloadItem.path()
info = QFileInfo(path)
baseName = info.completeBaseName()
endName = info.suffix()
origName = baseName
if endName:
origName += '.' + endName
name = os.path.join(directory, baseName)
if endName:
name += '.' + endName
return name, origName
@pyqtSlot(bool)
def on_pauseButton_clicked(self, checked):
"""
Private slot to pause the download.
@param checked flag indicating the state of the button
@type bool
"""
if checked:
self.__downloadItem.pause()
else:
self.__downloadItem.resume()
@pyqtSlot()
def on_stopButton_clicked(self):
"""
Private slot to stop the download.
"""
self.cancelDownload()
def cancelDownload(self):
"""
Public slot to stop the download.
"""
self.setUpdatesEnabled(False)
self.stopButton.setEnabled(False)
self.stopButton.setVisible(False)
self.openButton.setEnabled(False)
self.openButton.setVisible(False)
self.pauseButton.setEnabled(False)
self.pauseButton.setVisible(False)
self.setUpdatesEnabled(True)
self.__state = DownloadItem.DownloadCancelled
self.__downloadItem.cancel()
self.__setDateTime()
self.downloadFinished.emit(False)
@pyqtSlot()
def on_openButton_clicked(self):
"""
Private slot to open the downloaded file.
"""
self.openFile()
def openFile(self):
"""
Public slot to open the downloaded file.
"""
info = QFileInfo(self.__fileName)
url = QUrl.fromLocalFile(info.absoluteFilePath())
QDesktopServices.openUrl(url)
def openFolder(self):
"""
Public slot to open the folder containing the downloaded file.
"""
info = QFileInfo(self.__fileName)
url = QUrl.fromLocalFile(info.absolutePath())
QDesktopServices.openUrl(url)
def __downloadProgress(self, bytesReceived, bytesTotal):
"""
Private method to show the download progress.
@param bytesReceived number of bytes received (integer)
@param bytesTotal number of total bytes (integer)
"""
self.__bytesReceived = bytesReceived
self.__bytesTotal = bytesTotal
currentValue = 0
totalValue = 0
if bytesTotal > 0:
currentValue = bytesReceived * 100 / bytesTotal
totalValue = 100
self.progressBar.setValue(currentValue)
self.progressBar.setMaximum(totalValue)
self.progress.emit(currentValue, totalValue)
self.__updateInfoLabel()
def downloadProgress(self):
"""
Public method to get the download progress.
@return current download progress
@rtype int
"""
return self.progressBar.value()
def bytesTotal(self):
"""
Public method to get the total number of bytes of the download.
@return total number of bytes (integer)
"""
if self.__bytesTotal == -1:
self.__bytesTotal = self.__downloadItem.totalBytes()
return self.__bytesTotal
def bytesReceived(self):
"""
Public method to get the number of bytes received.
@return number of bytes received (integer)
"""
return self.__bytesReceived
def remainingTime(self):
"""
Public method to get an estimation for the remaining time.
@return estimation for the remaining time (float)
"""
if not self.downloading():
return -1.0
if self.bytesTotal() == -1:
return -1.0
cSpeed = self.currentSpeed()
if cSpeed != 0:
timeRemaining = (self.bytesTotal() - self.bytesReceived()) / cSpeed
else:
timeRemaining = 1
# ETA should never be 0
if timeRemaining == 0:
timeRemaining = 1
return timeRemaining
def currentSpeed(self):
"""
Public method to get an estimation for the download speed.
@return estimation for the download speed (float)
"""
if not self.downloading():
return -1.0
return self.__bytesReceived * 1000.0 / self.__downloadTime.elapsed()
def __updateInfoLabel(self):
"""
Private method to update the info label.
"""
bytesTotal = self.bytesTotal()
running = not self.downloadedSuccessfully()
speed = self.currentSpeed()
timeRemaining = self.remainingTime()
info = ""
if running:
remaining = ""
if bytesTotal > 0:
remaining = timeString(timeRemaining)
info = self.tr(
"{0} of {1} ({2}/sec) {3}"
).format(
dataString(self.__bytesReceived),
bytesTotal == -1 and self.tr("?") or
dataString(bytesTotal),
speedString(speed),
remaining
)
else:
if self.__bytesReceived == bytesTotal or bytesTotal == -1:
info = self.tr(
"{0} downloaded"
).format(dataString(self.__bytesReceived))
else:
info = self.tr(
"{0} of {1} - Stopped"
).format(dataString(self.__bytesReceived),
dataString(bytesTotal))
self.infoLabel.setText(info)
def downloading(self):
"""
Public method to determine, if a download is in progress.
@return flag indicating a download is in progress (boolean)
"""
return self.__state == DownloadItem.Downloading
def downloadedSuccessfully(self):
"""
Public method to check for a successful download.
@return flag indicating a successful download (boolean)
"""
return self.__state == DownloadItem.DownloadSuccessful
def downloadCanceled(self):
"""
Public method to check, if the download was cancelled.
@return flag indicating a canceled download (boolean)
"""
return self.__state == DownloadItem.DownloadCancelled
def __finished(self):
"""
Private slot to handle the download finished.
"""
self.__finishedDownloading = True
noError = (self.__downloadItem.state() ==
QWebEngineDownloadItem.DownloadCompleted)
self.progressBar.setVisible(False)
self.pauseButton.setEnabled(False)
self.pauseButton.setVisible(False)
self.stopButton.setEnabled(False)
self.stopButton.setVisible(False)
self.openButton.setEnabled(noError)
self.openButton.setVisible(noError)
self.__state = DownloadItem.DownloadSuccessful
self.__updateInfoLabel()
self.__setDateTime()
self.__adjustSize()
self.statusChanged.emit()
self.downloadFinished.emit(True)
if self.__autoOpen:
self.openFile()
def canceledFileSelect(self):
"""
Public method to check, if the user canceled the file selection.
@return flag indicating cancellation (boolean)
"""
return self.__canceledFileSelect
def setIcon(self, icon):
"""
Public method to set the download icon.
@param icon reference to the icon to be set (QIcon)
"""
self.fileIcon.setPixmap(icon.pixmap(48, 48))
def fileName(self):
"""
Public method to get the name of the output file.
@return name of the output file (string)
"""
return self.__fileName
def absoluteFilePath(self):
"""
Public method to get the absolute path of the output file.
@return absolute path of the output file (string)
"""
return QFileInfo(self.__fileName).absoluteFilePath()
def getData(self):
"""
Public method to get the relevant download data.
@return dictionary containing the URL, save location, done flag,
the URL of the related web page and the date and time of the
download
@rtype dict of {"URL": QUrl, "Location": str, "Done": bool,
"PageURL": QUrl, "Downloaded": QDateTime}
"""
return {
"URL": self.__url,
"Location": QFileInfo(self.__fileName).filePath(),
"Done": self.downloadedSuccessfully(),
"PageURL": self.__pageUrl,
"Downloaded": self.__downloadedDateTime
}
def setData(self, data):
"""
Public method to set the relevant download data.
@param data dictionary containing the URL, save location, done flag,
the URL of the related web page and the date and time of the
download
@type dict of {"URL": QUrl, "Location": str, "Done": bool,
"PageURL": QUrl, "Downloaded": QDateTime}
"""
self.__url = data["URL"]
self.__fileName = data["Location"]
self.__pageUrl = data["PageURL"]
self.filenameLabel.setText(QFileInfo(self.__fileName).fileName())
self.infoLabel.setText(self.__fileName)
try:
self.__setDateTime(data["Downloaded"])
except KeyError:
self.__setDateTime(QDateTime())
self.pauseButton.setEnabled(False)
self.pauseButton.setVisible(False)
self.stopButton.setEnabled(False)
self.stopButton.setVisible(False)
self.openButton.setEnabled(data["Done"])
self.openButton.setVisible(data["Done"])
if data["Done"]:
self.__state = DownloadItem.DownloadSuccessful
else:
self.__state = DownloadItem.DownloadCancelled
self.progressBar.setVisible(False)
self.__adjustSize()
def getInfoData(self):
"""
Public method to get the text of the info label.
@return text of the info label (string)
"""
return self.infoLabel.text()
def getPageUrl(self):
"""
Public method to get the URL of the download page.
@return URL of the download page (QUrl)
"""
return self.__pageUrl
def __adjustSize(self):
"""
Private method to adjust the size of the download item.
"""
self.ensurePolished()
msh = self.minimumSizeHint()
self.resize(max(self.width(), msh.width()), msh.height())
def __setDateTime(self, dateTime=None):
"""
Private method to set the download date and time.
@param dateTime date and time to be set
@type QDateTime
"""
if dateTime is None:
self.__downloadedDateTime = QDateTime.currentDateTime()
else:
self.__downloadedDateTime = dateTime
if self.__downloadedDateTime.isValid():
labelText = self.__downloadedDateTime.toString("yyyy-MM-dd hh:mm")
self.datetimeLabel.setText(labelText)
self.datetimeLabel.show()
else:
self.datetimeLabel.clear()
self.datetimeLabel.hide()
| [
"[email protected]"
] | |
135ba6b27144192daf557049497729eec9ce5091 | 5bcee9248d0bdebb134c61b4d0a3f3113337a569 | /IV_term/02_lesson_2704/02_turtle_commands.py | 34fc4f3dc65273ce01d64bb61b8de0376dda47e6 | [] | no_license | 100ballovby/6V_Lesson | c2edbc652ea2ebec07eeed60060c16ae4b4792e4 | 4b6dfda323a628558bd63bd5569960004fc335dd | refs/heads/master | 2023-05-08T07:49:14.569854 | 2021-05-25T06:40:53 | 2021-05-25T06:40:53 | 330,888,686 | 0 | 0 | null | null | null | null | UTF-8 | Python | false | false | 498 | py | from turtle import *
tina = Turtle()
tina.shape('turtle')
tina.fd(100) # .fd(step), .forward(step) пойти вперед step шагов
tina.lt(45) # .lt(deg), .left(deg) повернуть влево на deg градусов
tina.bk(120) # .bk(step), .backward(step) пойти назад step шагов
tina.rt(90) # .rt(deg), right(deg) повернуть вправо на deg градусов
tina.up() # не рисовать
tina.fd(150)
tina.down() # рисовать
done()
| [
"[email protected]"
] | |
37f76c51e0f3b2f6ee42258c7c21005a91451284 | d9dddd43e61ade0eab50098df79a3b116c76fbb8 | /terrender/__init__.py | 74040da3f042dcd7419a268e959b07218bfcee45 | [] | no_license | Mortal/terrender | 18d704ae20e1b647818e1e1b5e6a3660f49765f2 | c1103a7f62d7f4b696a98e38aff303b02a1a0b30 | refs/heads/master | 2021-01-21T22:05:44.684318 | 2018-07-09T12:13:05 | 2018-10-08T08:00:50 | 95,161,822 | 0 | 0 | null | null | null | null | UTF-8 | Python | false | false | 94 | py | APP_NAME = 'terrender'
DESCRIPTION = '''\
Render terrains to vector formats
'''.rstrip('\n')
| [
"[email protected]"
] | |
f1ae77ce6c8a31bdb0e7fbe79377aaef1b871b5d | b0bb5a3e1bd4efc3bdc035f477c2b14c40b3d62a | /blog/templatetags/blog_tags.py | f6655ef002989018795274f5d168b3d84b2eb876 | [] | no_license | yuansuixin/Myblog_Python | 45c0bd610ab3dbbcdc10b4b4b9e45589f178ce29 | a6b0c526371def0aab8fd7251517a97ce215168c | refs/heads/master | 2021-09-05T21:02:37.227342 | 2018-01-31T01:31:14 | 2018-01-31T01:31:14 | 114,453,469 | 0 | 0 | null | null | null | null | UTF-8 | Python | false | false | 871 | py | from django import template
from ..models import Post,Category,Tag
from django.db.models.aggregates import Count
from blog.models import Category
register = template.Library()
@register.simple_tag
def get_recent_posts(num=5):
return Post.objects.all().order_by('-created_time')[:num]
@register.simple_tag
def archives():
return Post.objects.dates('created_time', 'month', order='DESC')
@register.simple_tag
def get_categories():
# 别忘了在顶部引入 Category 类
# 记得在顶部引入 count 函数
# Count 计算分类下的文章数，其接受的参数为需要计数的模型的名称
return Category.objects.annotate(num_posts=Count('post')).filter(num_posts__gt=0)
@register.simple_tag
def get_tags():
# 记得在顶部引入 Tag model
return Tag.objects.annotate(num_posts=Count('post')).filter(num_posts__gt=0) | [
"[email protected]"
] | |
5e3a365993b2027bd0ca4a439c8b29a1a03cc4e5 | db54727e37a0928ed698171e862ad274b99a02b1 | /get_angelist_jobs_by_location.py | a8f0282858b2fbff8abaa29e875b1ae5bc664c2a | [
"MIT"
] | permissive | tibbetts/sfba-compensation | 6514a58c004b468c5eb0b204087d5a1d8d168a12 | 89a36391c7dd778b6343e67c2f8d587651b1d7f2 | refs/heads/master | 2020-04-05T23:46:12.264717 | 2016-06-01T05:09:35 | 2016-06-01T05:09:35 | null | 0 | 0 | null | null | null | null | UTF-8 | Python | false | false | 4,524 | py | import urllib2
import json
import datetime
import csv
import time
#https://api.angel.co/1/tags/151282/jobs?access_token=xxx
access_token = "<FILL IN>" # DO NOT SHARE WITH ANYONE!
location_tag = 151282 # San Francisco Bay Area
# location_tag = 1664 # New York City
def request_until_succeed(url):
req = urllib2.Request(url)
success = False
while success is False:
try:
response = urllib2.urlopen(req)
if response.getcode() == 200:
success = True
except Exception, e:
print e
time.sleep(5)
print "Error for URL %s: %s" % (url, datetime.datetime.now())
return response.read()
# Needed to write tricky unicode correctly to csv; not present in tutorial
def unicode_normalize(text):
return text.translate({ 0x2018:0x27, 0x2019:0x27, 0x201C:0x22, 0x201D:0x22, 0xa0:0x20 }).encode('utf-8')
def getAngelListPageFeedData(location_tag, access_token, page_num):
# construct the URL string
url = "https://api.angel.co/1/tags/%s/jobs?access_token=%s&page=%s" % (location_tag, access_token, page_num)
# retrieve data
data = json.loads(request_until_succeed(url))
return data
def processAngelListPageFeedStatus(job):
# The status is now a Python dictionary, so for top-level items,
# we can simply call the key.
# Additionally, some items may not always exist,
# so must check for existence first
job_id = job['id']
job_title = '' if 'title' not in job.keys() else unicode_normalize(job['title'])
job_type = '' if 'job_type' not in job.keys() else unicode_normalize(job['job_type'])
job_city = [unicode_normalize(tag['display_name']) for tag in job['tags'] if tag['tag_type'] == 'LocationTag'][0].decode('utf-8')
salary_min = '' if 'salary_min' not in job.keys() else job['salary_min']
salary_max = '' if 'salary_max' not in job.keys() else job['salary_max']
equity_cliff = '' if 'equity_cliff' not in job.keys() else job['equity_cliff']
equity_vest = '' if 'equity_vest' not in job.keys() else job['equity_vest']
equity_min = '' if 'equity_min' not in job.keys() else job['equity_min']
equity_max = '' if 'equity_max' not in job.keys() else job['equity_max']
roles = ', '.join([unicode_normalize(tag['display_name']) for tag in job['tags'] if tag['tag_type'] == 'RoleTag']).decode('utf-8')
skills = ', '.join([unicode_normalize(tag['display_name']) for tag in job['tags'] if tag['tag_type'] == 'SkillTag']).decode('utf-8')
# Time needs special care since a) it's in UTC and
# b) it's not easy to use in statistical programs.
updated_at = datetime.datetime.strptime(job['updated_at'],'%Y-%m-%dT%H:%M:%SZ')
updated_at = updated_at + datetime.timedelta(hours=-8) # PST
updated_at = updated_at.strftime('%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S') # best time format for spreadsheet programs
# return a tuple of all processed data
return (job_id, job_title, job_type, job_city, salary_min, salary_max, equity_cliff,
equity_vest, equity_min, equity_max, roles, skills, updated_at)
def scrapeAngelListPageFeedStatus(location_tag, access_token):
with open('%s_angelist_jobs.csv' % location_tag, 'wb') as file:
w = csv.writer(file)
w.writerow(['job_id', 'job_title', 'job_type', 'job_city', 'salary_min', 'salary_max', 'equity_cliff', 'equity_vest', 'equity_min', 'equity_max', 'roles', 'skills', 'updated_at'])
has_next_page = True
page = 1
num_processed = 0 # keep a count on how many we've processed
scrape_starttime = datetime.datetime.now()
print "Scraping %s AngelList Page: %s\n" % (location_tag, scrape_starttime)
while has_next_page:
data = getAngelListPageFeedData(location_tag, access_token, page)
for job in data['jobs']:
w.writerow(processAngelListPageFeedStatus(job))
# output progress occasionally to make sure code is not stalling
num_processed += 1
if num_processed % 100 == 0:
print "%s Jobs Processed: %s" % (num_processed, datetime.datetime.now())
# if there is no next page, we're done.
if data['last_page'] == page:
has_next_page = False
else:
page += 1
#print "\nDone!\n%s Jobs Processed in %s" % (num_processed, datetime.datetime.now() - scrape_starttime)
if __name__ == '__main__':
scrapeAngelListPageFeedStatus(location_tag, access_token)
# The CSV can be opened in all major statistical programs. Have fun! :)
| [
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] | |
9734b8d821852dd069ae730eb6e5581f79278c28 | 3bdcb60b0bffeeb6ff7b0ddca4792b682158bb12 | /Sentencias Condicionales/4.1.8-90.py | c0d1ba9b3e6d0df836a98fc9e064ff10920a2037 | [] | no_license | FrankCasanova/Python | 03c811801ec8ecd5ace66914f984a94f12befe06 | 03f15100991724a49437df3ce704837812173fc5 | refs/heads/master | 2023-05-23T01:37:12.632204 | 2021-06-10T15:20:38 | 2021-06-10T15:20:38 | 278,167,039 | 0 | 0 | null | null | null | null | UTF-8 | Python | false | false | 784 | py | #CORRECCIÓN DE PROGRAMA.
from math import pi
radio = float(input('Dame el radio de un circulo: '))
#menú
print('Escoge una opción: ')
print('a) Calcular el diámetro: ')
print('b) Calcular el perímetro: ')
print('c) Calcular el área: ')
opción = input('Teclea a, b o c y pulsa intro: ')
if opción.lower() == 'a':
diámetro = 2*pi
print('El diámetro es {0}'.format(diámetro))
else:
if opción.lower() == 'b':
perímetro = 2*pi*radio
print('El perímetro es {0}'.format(perímetro))
else:
if opción.lower() == 'c':
área = pi*radio**2
print('El área es {0}'.format(área))
else:
print('Solo hay 3 opciónes: a, b o c.')
print('Tú has tecleado {0}'.format(opción)) | [
"[email protected]"
] | |
ea92fcc7c3a19e5cc1c4276c6e75738bd12b4d5b | 9d58364bd43fbb4edf60fba3425e9dc006097e22 | /product/serializers.py | e6571d2151ef723f8b3eab7b9cfa5344cf3c8373 | [] | no_license | darkblank/commerce-toy | a92ee2634777fa9997cb52c57f2fd8a68877677c | be8b4b7633204c83615853835c3772369e37766a | refs/heads/master | 2022-12-03T14:18:54.966662 | 2020-08-12T22:29:49 | 2020-08-12T22:29:49 | 287,127,153 | 0 | 0 | null | null | null | null | UTF-8 | Python | false | false | 1,166 | py | from rest_framework import serializers
from product.models import Product, ProductOption
from user.serializers import ProviderSerializer
class ProductOptionSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):
class Meta:
model = ProductOption
fields = (
'id', 'stock', 'name',
)
class ProductSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):
provider = ProviderSerializer()
options = ProductOptionSerializer(many=True)
class Meta:
model = Product
fields = (
'id', 'name', 'price', 'shipping_price',
'is_on_sale', 'can_bundle', 'created_at', 'updated_at', 'provider', 'options',
)
class ProductWithoutOptionsSerializer(ProductSerializer):
class Meta:
model = Product
fields = (
'id', 'name', 'price', 'shipping_price',
'is_on_sale', 'can_bundle', 'created_at', 'updated_at', 'provider',
)
class ProductOptionWithProductSerializer(ProductOptionSerializer):
product = ProductWithoutOptionsSerializer()
class Meta:
model = ProductOption
fields = (
'id', 'stock', 'name', 'product',
)
| [
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] | |
c37f6418fac1b3ca989225a2b5d667bc7a56df58 | 0e478f3d8b6c323c093455428c9094c45de13bac | /src/OTLMOW/PostenMapping/Model/Post060352270.py | 1361d8f30b13daab25781738ad6daac5b6a201ce | [
"MIT"
] | permissive | davidvlaminck/OTLMOW | c6eae90b2cab8a741271002cde454427ca8b75ba | 48f8c357c475da1d2a1bc7820556843d4b37838d | refs/heads/main | 2023-01-12T05:08:40.442734 | 2023-01-10T15:26:39 | 2023-01-10T15:26:39 | 432,681,113 | 3 | 1 | MIT | 2022-06-20T20:36:00 | 2021-11-28T10:28:24 | Python | UTF-8 | Python | false | false | 3,846 | py | # coding=utf-8
from OTLMOW.PostenMapping.StandaardPost import StandaardPost
from OTLMOW.PostenMapping.StandaardPostMapping import StandaardPostMapping
# Generated with PostenCreator. To modify: extend, do not edit
class Post060352270(StandaardPost):
def __init__(self):
super().__init__(
nummer='0603.52270',
beschrijving='Bestrating van gebakken straatstenen, standaardkwaliteitsklasse B volgens 6-3.6, dikformaat, hoogte ca. 70 mm',
meetstaateenheid='M2',
mappings=[StandaardPostMapping(
typeURI='https://wegenenverkeer.data.vlaanderen.be/ns/onderdeel#BestratingVanGebakkenStraatsteen',
attribuutURI='https://wegenenverkeer.data.vlaanderen.be/ns/onderdeel#BestratingVanGebakkenStraatsteen.formaatVanBestratingselement',
dotnotation='formaatVanBestratingselement',
defaultWaarde='dikformaat-(ca.-200-x-ca.-65-mm)',
range='',
usagenote='',
isMeetstaatAttr=0,
isAltijdInTeVullen=0,
isBasisMapping=1,
mappingStatus='gemapt 2.0',
mappingOpmerking='',
standaardpostnummer='0603.52270')
, StandaardPostMapping(
typeURI='https://wegenenverkeer.data.vlaanderen.be/ns/onderdeel#BestratingVanGebakkenStraatsteen',
attribuutURI='https://wegenenverkeer.data.vlaanderen.be/ns/abstracten#Laag.laagRol',
dotnotation='laagRol',
defaultWaarde='straatlaag',
range='',
usagenote='',
isMeetstaatAttr=0,
isAltijdInTeVullen=0,
isBasisMapping=1,
mappingStatus='gemapt 2.0',
mappingOpmerking='',
standaardpostnummer='0603.52270')
, StandaardPostMapping(
typeURI='https://wegenenverkeer.data.vlaanderen.be/ns/onderdeel#BestratingVanGebakkenStraatsteen',
attribuutURI='https://wegenenverkeer.data.vlaanderen.be/ns/onderdeel#BestratingVanGebakkenStraatsteen.standaardkwaliteitsklasse',
dotnotation='standaardkwaliteitsklasse',
defaultWaarde='b',
range='',
usagenote='',
isMeetstaatAttr=0,
isAltijdInTeVullen=0,
isBasisMapping=1,
mappingStatus='gemapt 2.0',
mappingOpmerking='',
standaardpostnummer='0603.52270')
, StandaardPostMapping(
typeURI='https://wegenenverkeer.data.vlaanderen.be/ns/onderdeel#BestratingVanGebakkenStraatsteen',
attribuutURI='https://wegenenverkeer.data.vlaanderen.be/ns/abstracten#LaagDikte.dikte',
dotnotation='dikte',
defaultWaarde='7',
range='',
usagenote='cm^^cdt:ucumunit',
isMeetstaatAttr=0,
isAltijdInTeVullen=0,
isBasisMapping=1,
mappingStatus='gemapt 2.0',
mappingOpmerking='',
standaardpostnummer='0603.52270')
, StandaardPostMapping(
typeURI='https://wegenenverkeer.data.vlaanderen.be/ns/onderdeel#BestratingVanGebakkenStraatsteen',
attribuutURI='https://wegenenverkeer.data.vlaanderen.be/ns/abstracten#Laag.oppervlakte',
dotnotation='oppervlakte',
defaultWaarde='',
range='',
usagenote='m2^^cdt:ucumunit',
isMeetstaatAttr=1,
isAltijdInTeVullen=1,
isBasisMapping=1,
mappingStatus='gemapt 2.0',
mappingOpmerking='',
standaardpostnummer='0603.52270')])
| [
"[email protected]"
] | |
9e5d5b8517e58b290fe195b2aab1e2d9938074d6 | aced407b41f6669f69e9eb8bd599260d50c0bd3f | /server/libs/top/api/rest/TaobaokeMobileListurlGetRequest.py | b09b1da208bf08fea60e8912f9988fb2a936ad96 | [] | no_license | alswl/music_sofa | 42f7d15431f11b97bf67b604cfde0a0e9e3860cc | c4e5425ef6c80c3e57c91ba568f7cbfe63faa378 | refs/heads/master | 2016-09-12T18:37:34.357510 | 2016-05-20T11:49:52 | 2016-05-20T11:49:52 | 58,946,171 | 1 | 1 | null | null | null | null | UTF-8 | Python | false | false | 312 | py | '''
Created by auto_sdk on 2013-11-07 12:53:22
'''
from top.api.base import RestApi
class TaobaokeMobileListurlGetRequest(RestApi):
def __init__(self,domain='gw.api.taobao.com',port=80):
RestApi.__init__(self,domain, port)
self.q = None
def getapiname(self):
return 'taobao.taobaoke.mobile.listurl.get'
| [
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] | |
c9364b17c64e0b99950c44eaf940ac5a5081aea4 | b1403c5a0f8dcf5eec881367f3928c6faf047b1d | /PRINCIPIANTE/1051-1100/1098.py | d3a71591410aff0c977f88c66d582bdb8e28a005 | [] | no_license | apesquero/URI | ba56f9d597e0e781bf85dc14eeeedf9bc206fbc4 | 8c45813d99eb903405ebe1a0e2c6618e87025641 | refs/heads/master | 2021-06-19T23:56:51.798180 | 2021-01-01T18:43:20 | 2021-01-01T18:43:20 | 138,192,837 | 0 | 0 | null | null | null | null | UTF-8 | Python | false | false | 131 | py | # -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
i = 0
while i <= 2:
for x in range(3):
print("I={:g} J={:g}" .format(i, x+1+i))
i += 0.2
| [
"[email protected]"
] | |
865ae8442eadb66eb5b33a7c998542e89eb501ce | c1aac38b1ee7bf7b8621050bd4837a60744bfd9f | /ay_hw_4/main_test.py | 2b487bd9621a3f4e1763f4d5ad1fd4560b536838 | [] | no_license | callmeorangecat/INF_552 | 3b0a007a37963fcd57396dab96d3f17ee20b0eb6 | cdcaf20e549bfa2d5942f91f2ce3b4a93d1beba9 | refs/heads/master | 2021-02-17T15:04:32.222974 | 2020-02-21T20:31:54 | 2020-02-21T20:31:54 | 245,105,595 | 0 | 1 | null | 2020-03-05T08:16:29 | 2020-03-05T08:16:28 | null | UTF-8 | Python | false | false | 1,999 | py | #
__author__ = 'Aaron Yang'
__email__ = '[email protected]'
__date__ = '9/27/2019 11:13 PM'
import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
from sklearn.pipeline import Pipeline
from sklearn.preprocessing import PolynomialFeatures
from sklearn.linear_model import LinearRegression
from sklearn.metrics import mean_squared_error
from sklearn.model_selection import train_test_split
if __name__ == "__main__":
x = np.random.uniform(-3, 3, size=100)
X = x.reshape(-1, 1)
# assume the relationship between X and Y is linear y = 0.5X + 3 + ε
y = 3 + 0.5 * x + np.random.normal(0, 0.5, 100)
X_train, X_test, y_train, y_test = train_test_split(X, y, random_state=2333)
print(X_train.shape)
# Since the formula of MSE is 1 /n * (∑((y_hat - y_true)^2)) and RSS is ∑((y_hat - y_true)^2)
# so MSE = 1 / n * (RSS), we can use MSE to evaluate our algorithm for convenience
# get MSE(RSS) fpr the linear regression
lin_reg = LinearRegression()
lin_reg.fit(X_train, y_train)
lin_p1 = lin_reg.predict(X_train)
lin_p2 = lin_reg.predict(X_test)
# get MSE(RSS) for the cubic regression
cubic_reg = Pipeline([("polynomial_features", PolynomialFeatures(degree=3)),
("linear_regression", LinearRegression())])
cubic_reg.fit(X_train, y_train)
cub_p1 = cubic_reg.predict(X_train)
cub_p2 = cubic_reg.predict(X_test)
# plot figures
plt.scatter(x, y)
plt.plot(X_train.tolist(), lin_p1, color='r', label="linear Train")
plt.scatter(X_train.tolist(), cub_p1.tolist(), color='g', label="cubic Train")
# plt.plot(X_test.tolist(), y_p1, color='r', label="linear Test")
# plt.plot(X_test.tolist(), y_p2, color='g', label="cubic Test")
plt.legend()
print("MSE for linear regression: ", mean_squared_error(y_train, lin_p1))
print("MSE for cubic regression: ", mean_squared_error(y_train, cub_p1))
print("------------------")
print("MSE for linear regression: ", mean_squared_error(y_test, lin_p2))
print("MSE for cubic regression: ", mean_squared_error(y_test, cub_p2))
plt.show()
| [
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] | |
e58bbef1e15f9f5ad7ab00b1d2269ab475394474 | 726d164e2dcf0c13beacf5ac23db1f76e34645f1 | /src/scripts/mcce/count_conf.py | a84c651e305eb12a71987d33c9e42616df9aab6f | [] | no_license | zxiaoyao/br_pscript | 57bde5940d0d18704052f705c2025e4ba73e1b29 | a3023b33a4332d0d77389f1d64c5af1b19a80a95 | refs/heads/master | 2020-06-01T13:39:39.192776 | 2015-06-09T04:26:39 | 2015-06-09T04:26:39 | 16,268,020 | 0 | 0 | null | null | null | null | UTF-8 | Python | false | false | 849 | py | #!/usr/bin/python
def count_conf():
'''Count the number of conformers in step2_out.pdb."
Assuming the atoms in a conformer are in consecutive lines in step2_out.pdb.
'''
atoms = open("step2_out.pdb").readlines()
for line in atoms:
if line[:6] != 'ATOM ' and line[:6] != 'HETATM': continue
if line[27:30] == '000': continue
confid_old = line[21:30]
break
count = 0
for line in atoms:
if line[:6] != 'ATOM ' and line[:6] != 'HETATM': continue
if line[27:30] == '000': continue
confid_new = line[21:30]
if confid_new == confid_old:
continue
else:
count = count + 1
confid_old = confid_new
count = count + 1
return count
if __name__ == "__main__":
counter = count_conf()
print 'there are ', counter, 'confermers'
| [
"[email protected]"
] | |
d966c7c4b7e38e02139b6160072dee1765279666 | beaae5a6429c688923404fa86a546cad1fbeb34d | /cumulusci/salesforce_api/tests/test_metadata.py | 164db8d2a3060dab47c7e16cfe5ac6b3e54d8ad2 | [] | permissive | justindonnaruma/CumulusCI | ae71c386b48ebead6ac32d10958a8adb3e37a9c9 | cc097c1f6f102a104f83ad9a9684af9d6bc0af31 | refs/heads/master | 2022-07-22T03:35:40.064602 | 2018-07-30T13:24:11 | 2018-07-30T13:24:11 | 142,879,837 | 0 | 0 | BSD-3-Clause | 2022-07-06T20:48:29 | 2018-07-30T13:32:23 | Python | UTF-8 | Python | false | false | 31,584 | py | import ast
import httplib
import os
import shutil
import tempfile
import unittest
import urllib
from xml.dom.minidom import parseString
import requests
import responses
from nose.tools import raises
from cumulusci.tests.util import create_project_config
from cumulusci.tests.util import DummyOrgConfig
from cumulusci.core.config import TaskConfig
from cumulusci.core.tasks import BaseTask
from cumulusci.salesforce_api.exceptions import MetadataApiError
from cumulusci.salesforce_api.metadata import BaseMetadataApiCall
from cumulusci.salesforce_api.metadata import ApiDeploy
from cumulusci.salesforce_api.metadata import ApiListMetadata
from cumulusci.salesforce_api.metadata import ApiRetrieveUnpackaged
from cumulusci.salesforce_api.metadata import ApiRetrieveInstalledPackages
from cumulusci.salesforce_api.metadata import ApiRetrievePackaged
from cumulusci.salesforce_api.package_zip import BasePackageZipBuilder
from cumulusci.salesforce_api.package_zip import CreatePackageZipBuilder
from cumulusci.salesforce_api.package_zip import InstallPackageZipBuilder
from cumulusci.salesforce_api.tests.metadata_test_strings import deploy_status_envelope
from cumulusci.salesforce_api.tests.metadata_test_strings import deploy_result
from cumulusci.salesforce_api.tests.metadata_test_strings import list_metadata_start_envelope
from cumulusci.salesforce_api.tests.metadata_test_strings import retrieve_packaged_start_envelope
from cumulusci.salesforce_api.tests.metadata_test_strings import retrieve_unpackaged_start_envelope
from cumulusci.salesforce_api.tests.metadata_test_strings import retrieve_result
from cumulusci.salesforce_api.tests.metadata_test_strings import result_envelope
from cumulusci.salesforce_api.tests.metadata_test_strings import status_envelope
class DummyResponse(object):
pass
class DummyPackageZipBuilder(BasePackageZipBuilder):
def _populate_zip(self):
return
class BaseTestMetadataApi(unittest.TestCase):
api_class = BaseMetadataApiCall
envelope_start = None
envelope_status = status_envelope
envelope_result = result_envelope
def setUp(self):
# Set up the mock values
self.repo_name = 'TestRepo'
self.repo_owner = 'TestOwner'
self.repo_api_url = 'https://api.github.com/repos/{}/{}'.format(
self.repo_owner,
self.repo_name,
)
self.branch = 'master'
# Create the project config
self.project_config = create_project_config(
self.repo_name,
self.repo_owner,
)
if not self.envelope_start:
self.envelope_start = self.api_class.soap_envelope_start
def _create_task(self, task_config=None, org_config=None):
if not task_config:
task_config = {}
if not org_config:
org_config = {}
task = BaseTask(
project_config = self.project_config,
task_config = TaskConfig(task_config),
org_config = DummyOrgConfig(org_config),
)
return task
def _mock_call_mdapi(self, api, response, status_code=None):
if not status_code:
status_code = 200
responses.add(
method=responses.POST,
url=api._build_endpoint_url(),
body=response,
status=status_code,
content_type='text/xml; charset=utf-8',
)
return response
def _create_instance(self, task, api_version=None):
return self.api_class(
task,
api_version = api_version,
)
def test_init(self):
task = self._create_task()
api = self._create_instance(task)
self.assertEquals(api.task, task)
self.assertEquals(api.api_version, self.project_config.project__package__api_version)
def test_build_endpoint_url(self):
org_config = {
'instance_url': 'https://na12.salesforce.com',
'id': 'https://login.salesforce.com/id/00D000000000000ABC/005000000000000ABC',
}
task = self._create_task(org_config=org_config)
api = self._create_instance(task)
self.assertEquals(
api._build_endpoint_url(),
'{}/services/Soap/m/{}/{}'.format(
org_config['instance_url'],
self.project_config.project__package__api_version,
task.org_config.org_id,
)
)
def test_build_endpoint_url_mydomain(self):
org_config = {
'instance_url': 'https://test-org.na12.my.salesforce.com',
'id': 'https://login.salesforce.com/id/00D000000000000ABC/005000000000000ABC',
}
task = self._create_task(org_config=org_config)
api = self._create_instance(task)
self.assertEquals(
api._build_endpoint_url(),
'https://na12.salesforce.com/services/Soap/m/{}/{}'.format(
self.project_config.project__package__api_version,
task.org_config.org_id,
)
)
def test_build_endpoint_url_apiversion(self):
org_config = {
'instance_url': 'https://na12.salesforce.com',
'id': 'https://login.salesforce.com/id/00D000000000000ABC/005000000000000ABC',
}
task = self._create_task(org_config=org_config)
api_version = "42.0"
api = self._create_instance(task, api_version=api_version)
self.assertEquals(
api._build_endpoint_url(),
'{}/services/Soap/m/{}/{}'.format(
org_config['instance_url'],
api_version,
task.org_config.org_id,
)
)
def test_build_envelope_result(self):
task = self._create_task()
api = self._create_instance(task)
if not self.api_class.soap_envelope_result:
api.soap_envelope_result = '{process_id}'
expected_response = '123'
else:
expected_response = self.envelope_result.format(
process_id = '123'
)
api.process_id = '123'
self.assertEquals(
api._build_envelope_result(),
expected_response,
)
def test_build_envelope_start(self):
task = self._create_task()
api = self._create_instance(task)
if not self.api_class.soap_envelope_start:
api.soap_envelope_start = '{api_version}'
expected_response = str(self.project_config.project__package__api_version)
else:
expected_response = self._expected_envelope_start()
self.assertEquals(
api._build_envelope_start(),
expected_response,
)
def _expected_envelope_start(self):
return self.envelope_start.format(
api_version = self.project_config.project__package__api_version
)
def test_build_envelope_status(self):
task = self._create_task()
api = self._create_instance(task)
process_id = '123'
if not self.api_class.soap_envelope_status:
api.soap_envelope_status = '{process_id}'
expected_response = process_id
else:
expected_response = self.envelope_status.format(
process_id = process_id,
)
api.process_id = process_id
self.assertEquals(
api._build_envelope_status(),
expected_response,
)
def test_build_headers(self):
action = 'foo'
message = '12345678'
task = self._create_task()
api = self._create_instance(task)
self.assertEquals(
api._build_headers(action, message),
{
u'Content-Type': u'text/xml; charset=UTF-8',
u'Content-Length': '8',
u'SOAPAction': u'foo',
}
)
@responses.activate
@raises(MetadataApiError)
def test_call_faultcode(self):
org_config = {
'instance_url': 'https://na12.salesforce.com',
'id': 'https://login.salesforce.com/id/00D000000000000ABC/005000000000000ABC',
'access_token': '0123456789',
}
task = self._create_task(org_config=org_config)
api = self._create_instance(task)
if not self.api_class.soap_envelope_start:
api.soap_envelope_start = '{api_version}'
response = '<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><faultcode>foo</faultcode>'
self._mock_call_mdapi(api, response)
resp = api()
@responses.activate
def test_call_success(self):
org_config = {
'instance_url': 'https://na12.salesforce.com',
'id': 'https://login.salesforce.com/id/00D000000000000ABC/005000000000000ABC',
'access_token': '0123456789',
}
status_code = httplib.INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR # HTTP Error 500
task = self._create_task(org_config=org_config)
api = self._create_instance(task)
if not self.api_class.soap_envelope_start:
api.soap_envelope_start = '{api_version}'
if not self.api_class.soap_envelope_status:
api.soap_envelope_status = '{process_id}'
if not self.api_class.soap_envelope_result:
api.soap_envelope_result = '{process_id}'
response = '<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><id>1234567890</id>'
self._mock_call_mdapi(api, response)
response_status = '<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><done>true</done>'
self._mock_call_mdapi(api, response_status)
response_result = '<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><foo>bar</foo>'
response_result = self._response_call_success_result(response_result)
self._mock_call_mdapi(api, response_result)
resp = api()
self.assertEquals(
resp,
self._expected_call_success_result(response_result),
)
def _expected_call_success_result(self, response_result):
return response_result
def _response_call_success_result(self, response_result):
return response_result
def test_get_element_value(self):
task = self._create_task()
api = self._create_instance(task)
dom = parseString('<foo>bar</foo>')
self.assertEquals(
api._get_element_value(dom, 'foo'),
'bar',
)
def test_get_element_value_not_found(self):
task = self._create_task()
api = self._create_instance(task)
dom = parseString('<foo>bar</foo>')
self.assertEquals(
api._get_element_value(dom, 'baz'),
None,
)
def test_get_element_value_empty(self):
task = self._create_task()
api = self._create_instance(task)
dom = parseString('<foo />')
self.assertEquals(
api._get_element_value(dom, 'foo'),
None,
)
def test_get_check_interval(self):
task = self._create_task()
api = self._create_instance(task)
api.check_num = 1
self.assertEquals(
api._get_check_interval(),
1,
)
api.check_num = 10
self.assertEquals(
api._get_check_interval(),
4,
)
@responses.activate
@raises(MetadataApiError)
def test_get_response_faultcode(self):
org_config = {
'instance_url': 'https://na12.salesforce.com',
'id': 'https://login.salesforce.com/id/00D000000000000ABC/005000000000000ABC',
'access_token': '0123456789',
}
task = self._create_task(org_config=org_config)
api = self._create_instance(task)
if not self.api_class.soap_envelope_start:
api.soap_envelope_start = '{api_version}'
response = '<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><faultcode>foo</faultcode>'
self._mock_call_mdapi(api, response)
resp = api._get_response()
@responses.activate
@raises(MetadataApiError)
def test_get_response_faultcode_and_string(self):
org_config = {
'instance_url': 'https://na12.salesforce.com',
'id': 'https://login.salesforce.com/id/00D000000000000ABC/005000000000000ABC',
'access_token': '0123456789',
}
task = self._create_task(org_config=org_config)
api = self._create_instance(task)
if not self.api_class.soap_envelope_start:
api.soap_envelope_start = '{api_version}'
response = '<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>'
response += '\n<test>'
response += '\n <faultcode>foo</faultcode>'
response += '\n <faultstring>bar</faultstring>'
response += '\n</test>'
self._mock_call_mdapi(api, response)
resp = api._get_response()
@responses.activate
@raises(MetadataApiError)
def test_get_response_faultcode_invalid_session_no_refresh(self):
org_config = {
'instance_url': 'https://na12.salesforce.com',
'id': 'https://login.salesforce.com/id/00D000000000000ABC/005000000000000ABC',
'access_token': '0123456789',
}
task = self._create_task(org_config=org_config)
api = self._create_instance(task)
if not self.api_class.soap_envelope_start:
api.soap_envelope_start = '{api_version}'
response = '<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><faultcode>sf:INVALID_SESSION_ID</faultcode>'
self._mock_call_mdapi(api, response)
resp = api._get_response()
self.assertEquals(
api.status,
'Failed',
)
@responses.activate
def test_get_response_faultcode_invalid_session_refresh(self):
org_config = {
'instance_url': 'https://na12.salesforce.com',
'id': 'https://login.salesforce.com/id/00D000000000000ABC/005000000000000ABC',
'access_token': '0123456789',
'refresh_token': 'abcdefghij',
}
task = self._create_task(org_config=org_config)
api = self._create_instance(task)
if not self.api_class.soap_envelope_start:
api.soap_envelope_start = '{api_version}'
if not self.api_class.soap_envelope_status:
api.soap_envelope_status = '{process_id}'
mock_responses = []
mock_responses.append(
'<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><id>123</id>'
)
mock_responses.append(
'<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><faultcode>sf:INVALID_SESSION_ID</faultcode>'
)
mock_responses.append(
'<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><foo>bar</foo>'
)
for response in mock_responses:
self._mock_call_mdapi(api, response)
resp = api._get_response()
self.assertEquals(
resp.content,
mock_responses[2],
)
@responses.activate
@raises(MetadataApiError)
def test_get_response_start_error_500(self):
org_config = {
'instance_url': 'https://na12.salesforce.com',
'id': 'https://login.salesforce.com/id/00D000000000000ABC/005000000000000ABC',
'access_token': '0123456789',
}
status_code = httplib.INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR # HTTP Error 500
task = self._create_task(org_config=org_config)
api = self._create_instance(task)
if not self.api_class.soap_envelope_start:
api.soap_envelope_start = '{api_version}'
if not self.api_class.soap_envelope_status:
api.soap_envelope_status = '{process_id}'
response = '<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><foo>start</foo>'
self._mock_call_mdapi(api, response, status_code)
resp = api._get_response()
@responses.activate
@raises(MetadataApiError)
def test_get_response_status_error_500(self):
org_config = {
'instance_url': 'https://na12.salesforce.com',
'id': 'https://login.salesforce.com/id/00D000000000000ABC/005000000000000ABC',
'access_token': '0123456789',
}
status_code = httplib.INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR # HTTP Error 500
task = self._create_task(org_config=org_config)
api = self._create_instance(task)
if not self.api_class.soap_envelope_start:
api.soap_envelope_start = '{api_version}'
if not self.api_class.soap_envelope_status:
api.soap_envelope_status = '{process_id}'
response = '<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><id>1234567890</id>'
self._mock_call_mdapi(api, response)
response_status = '<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><foo>status</foo>'
self._mock_call_mdapi(api, response, status_code)
resp = api._get_response()
@responses.activate
@raises(MetadataApiError)
def test_get_response_status_error_500(self):
org_config = {
'instance_url': 'https://na12.salesforce.com',
'id': 'https://login.salesforce.com/id/00D000000000000ABC/005000000000000ABC',
'access_token': '0123456789',
}
status_code = httplib.INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR # HTTP Error 500
task = self._create_task(org_config=org_config)
api = self._create_instance(task)
if not self.api_class.soap_envelope_start:
api.soap_envelope_start = '{api_version}'
if not self.api_class.soap_envelope_status:
api.soap_envelope_status = '{process_id}'
response = '<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><id>1234567890</id>'
self._mock_call_mdapi(api, response)
response_status = '<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><foo>status</foo>'
self._mock_call_mdapi(api, response, status_code)
resp = api._get_response()
@responses.activate
def test_get_response_status_no_loop(self):
org_config = {
'instance_url': 'https://na12.salesforce.com',
'id': 'https://login.salesforce.com/id/00D000000000000ABC/005000000000000ABC',
'access_token': '0123456789',
}
status_code = httplib.INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR # HTTP Error 500
task = self._create_task(org_config=org_config)
api = self._create_instance(task)
if not self.api_class.soap_envelope_start:
api.soap_envelope_start = '{api_version}'
if not self.api_class.soap_envelope_status:
api.soap_envelope_status = '{process_id}'
if not self.api_class.soap_envelope_result:
api.soap_envelope_result = '{process_id}'
response = '<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><id>1234567890</id>'
self._mock_call_mdapi(api, response)
response_status = '<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><done>true</done>'
self._mock_call_mdapi(api, response_status)
response_result = '<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><foo>bar</foo>'
self._mock_call_mdapi(api, response_result)
resp = api._get_response()
self.assertEquals(
resp.content,
response_result,
)
@responses.activate
def test_get_response_status_loop_twice(self):
org_config = {
'instance_url': 'https://na12.salesforce.com',
'id': 'https://login.salesforce.com/id/00D000000000000ABC/005000000000000ABC',
'access_token': '0123456789',
}
status_code = httplib.INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR # HTTP Error 500
task = self._create_task(org_config=org_config)
api = self._create_instance(task)
if not self.api_class.soap_envelope_start:
api.soap_envelope_start = '{api_version}'
if not self.api_class.soap_envelope_status:
api.soap_envelope_status = '{process_id}'
if not self.api_class.soap_envelope_result:
api.soap_envelope_result = '{process_id}'
api.check_interval = 0
response = '<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><id>1234567890</id>'
self._mock_call_mdapi(api, response)
response_status = '<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><done>false</done>'
self._mock_call_mdapi(api, response_status)
response_status = '<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><done>false</done>'
self._mock_call_mdapi(api, response_status)
response_status = '<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><done>true</done>'
self._mock_call_mdapi(api, response_status)
response_result = '<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><foo>bar</foo>'
self._mock_call_mdapi(api, response_result)
resp = api._get_response()
self.assertEquals(
resp.content,
response_result,
)
self.assertEquals(
api.status,
'Done',
)
self.assertEquals(
api.check_num,
4,
)
def test_process_response_status_no_done_element(self):
task = self._create_task()
api = self._create_instance(task)
response = DummyResponse()
response.status_code = 200
response.content = '<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><foo>status</foo>'
res = api._process_response_status(response)
self.assertEquals(
api.status,
'Failed',
)
self.assertEquals(
res.content,
response.content,
)
def test_process_response_status_done_is_true(self):
task = self._create_task()
api = self._create_instance(task)
response = DummyResponse()
response.status_code = 200
response.content = '<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><done>true</done>'
res = api._process_response_status(response)
self.assertEquals(
api.status,
'Done',
)
self.assertEquals(
res.content,
response.content,
)
def test_process_response_status_pending(self):
task = self._create_task()
api = self._create_instance(task)
response = DummyResponse()
response.status_code = 200
response.content = '<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><done>false</done>'
res = api._process_response_status(response)
self.assertEquals(
api.status,
'Pending',
)
self.assertEquals(
res.content,
response.content,
)
def test_process_response_status_in_progress(self):
task = self._create_task()
api = self._create_instance(task)
response = DummyResponse()
response.status_code = 200
response.content = '<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><done>false</done>'
api.status = 'InProgress'
res = api._process_response_status(response)
self.assertEquals(
api.status,
'InProgress',
)
self.assertEquals(
res.content,
response.content,
)
def test_process_response_status_in_progress_state_detail(self):
task = self._create_task()
api = self._create_instance(task)
response = DummyResponse()
response.status_code = 200
response.content = '<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><test><done>false</done><stateDetail>Deploy log goes here</stateDetail></test>'
api.status = 'InProgress'
res = api._process_response_status(response)
self.assertEquals(
api.status,
'InProgress',
)
self.assertEquals(
res.content,
response.content,
)
class TestBaseMetadataApiCall(BaseTestMetadataApi):
def test_build_envelope_start_no_envelope(self):
task = self._create_task()
api = self._create_instance(task)
self.assertEquals(
api._build_envelope_start(),
None,
)
def test_build_envelope_status_no_envelope(self):
task = self._create_task()
api = self._create_instance(task)
self.assertEquals(
api._build_envelope_status(),
None,
)
def test_build_envelope_result_no_envelope(self):
task = self._create_task()
api = self._create_instance(task)
self.assertEquals(
api._build_envelope_result(),
None,
)
@raises(NotImplementedError)
def test_get_response_no_start_env(self):
task = self._create_task()
api = self._create_instance(task)
api._get_response()
@responses.activate
def test_get_response_no_status(self):
org_config = {
'instance_url': 'https://na12.salesforce.com',
'id': 'https://login.salesforce.com/id/00D000000000000ABC/005000000000000ABC',
'access_token': '0123456789',
}
task = self._create_task(org_config=org_config)
api = self._create_instance(task)
api.soap_envelope_start = '{api_version}'
response = '<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><foo />'
self._mock_call_mdapi(api, response)
resp = api._get_response()
self.assertEquals(
resp.content,
response
)
class TestApiDeploy(BaseTestMetadataApi):
api_class = ApiDeploy
envelope_status = deploy_status_envelope
def setUp(self):
super(TestApiDeploy, self).setUp()
self.package_zip = DummyPackageZipBuilder()()
def _expected_envelope_start(self):
return self.envelope_start.format(
package_zip = self.package_zip,
purge_on_delete = 'true',
)
def _response_call_success_result(self, response_result):
return deploy_result.format(
status = 'Succeeded',
extra = '',
)
def _expected_call_success_result(self, response_result):
return 'Success'
def _create_instance(self, task, api_version=None, purge_on_delete=None):
return self.api_class(
task,
self.package_zip,
api_version = api_version,
)
class TestApiListMetadata(BaseTestMetadataApi):
api_class = ApiListMetadata
envelope_start = list_metadata_start_envelope
def setUp(self):
super(TestApiListMetadata, self).setUp()
self.metadata_type = 'CustomObject'
self.metadata = None
self.folder = None
self.api_version = self.project_config.project__package__api_version
def _expected_call_success_result(self, result_response):
return {'CustomObject': []}
def _create_instance(self, task, api_version=None):
if api_version is None:
api_version = self.api_version
return self.api_class(
task,
metadata_type = self.metadata_type,
metadata = self.metadata,
folder = self.folder,
as_of_version = api_version,
)
class TestApiRetrieveUnpackaged(BaseTestMetadataApi):
api_class = ApiRetrieveUnpackaged
envelope_start = retrieve_unpackaged_start_envelope
def setUp(self):
super(TestApiRetrieveUnpackaged, self).setUp()
self.package_xml = """<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<Package xmlns="http://soap.sforce.com/2006/04/metadata">
<version>41.0</version>
</Package>"""
self.result_zip = DummyPackageZipBuilder()
def _response_call_success_result(self, response_result):
return retrieve_result.format(zip = self.result_zip(), extra = '')
def _expected_call_success_result(self, response_result):
return self.result_zip.zip
def _create_instance(self, task, api_version=None):
return self.api_class(
task,
self.package_xml,
api_version = api_version,
)
@responses.activate
def test_call_success(self):
org_config = {
'instance_url': 'https://na12.salesforce.com',
'id': 'https://login.salesforce.com/id/00D000000000000ABC/005000000000000ABC',
'access_token': '0123456789',
}
status_code = httplib.INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR # HTTP Error 500
task = self._create_task(org_config=org_config)
api = self._create_instance(task)
if not self.api_class.soap_envelope_start:
api.soap_envelope_start = '{api_version}'
if not self.api_class.soap_envelope_status:
api.soap_envelope_status = '{process_id}'
if not self.api_class.soap_envelope_result:
api.soap_envelope_result = '{process_id}'
response = '<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><id>1234567890</id>'
self._mock_call_mdapi(api, response)
response_status = '<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><done>true</done>'
self._mock_call_mdapi(api, response_status)
response_result = '<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><foo>bar</foo>'
response_result = self._response_call_success_result(response_result)
self._mock_call_mdapi(api, response_result)
zip_file = api()
self.assertEquals(
zip_file.namelist(),
self._expected_call_success_result(response_result).namelist(),
)
class TestApiRetrieveInstalledPackages(BaseTestMetadataApi):
api_class = ApiRetrieveInstalledPackages
def _create_instance(self, task, api_version=None):
api = self.api_class(
task,
)
return api
def _expected_call_success_result(self, result_response):
return {}
def test_process_response_no_zipstr(self):
task = self._create_task()
api = self._create_instance(task)
response = DummyResponse
response.status_code = 200
response.content = deploy_result.format(
status = 'testing',
extra = '',
)
resp = api._process_response(response)
self.assertEquals(
resp,
{},
)
def _process_response_zipstr_no_packages(self):
task = self._create_task()
api = self._create_instance(task)
response = DummyResponse
response.status_code = 200
response.content = deploy_result.format(
zip = CreatePackageZipBuilder('testing'),
extra = '',
)
resp = api._process_response(response)
self.assertEquals(
resp,
{},
)
def _process_response_zipstr_one_package(self):
task = self._create_task()
api = self._create_instance(task)
response = DummyResponse
response.status_code = 200
response.content = deploy_result.format(
zip = InstallPackageZipBuilder('foo', '1.1'),
extra = '',
)
resp = api._process_response(response)
self.assertEquals(
resp,
{'foo': '1.1'},
)
class TestApiRetrievePackaged(TestApiRetrieveUnpackaged):
api_class = ApiRetrievePackaged
envelope_start = retrieve_packaged_start_envelope
def setUp(self):
super(TestApiRetrievePackaged, self).setUp()
self.package_name = 'Test Package'
def _expected_envelope_start(self):
return self.envelope_start.format(
api_version = self.project_config.project__package__api_version,
package_name = self.package_name,
)
def _create_instance(self, task, api_version=None):
return self.api_class(
task,
self.package_name,
api_version,
)
| [
"[email protected]"
] | |
7ee3973c5a0010f5130adefd271d210b00f5b470 | 4a9035a8c74fa3d12b6717d94dbb2fa9727e4d29 | /doc/LectureNotes/_build/jupyter_execute/chapter6.py | a03e1b223398711946ad19d2a175bf99719bac26 | [
"CC0-1.0"
] | permissive | smithis7/Physics321 | 6f877fc89f6a99a8bea1022551e6e878e9902881 | 406297c2a87b10557075435e38e8cb7f38088229 | refs/heads/master | 2023-04-11T12:38:26.201740 | 2021-04-23T20:53:16 | 2021-04-23T20:53:16 | 331,421,603 | 0 | 0 | CC0-1.0 | 2021-04-23T20:53:16 | 2021-01-20T20:19:36 | HTML | UTF-8 | Python | false | false | 130,666 | py | # Two-body problems, from the Gravitational Force to Two-body Scattering
## Introduction and Definitions
Central forces are forces which are directed towards or away from a
reference point. A familiar force is the gravitional
force with the motion of our Earth around the Sun as a classic. The Sun, being
approximately sixth order of magnitude heavier than the Earth serves
as our origin. A force like the gravitational force is a function of the
relative distance $\boldsymbol{r}=\boldsymbol{r}_1-\boldsymbol{r}_2$ only, where
$\boldsymbol{r}_1$ and $\boldsymbol{r}_2$ are the positions relative to a defined
origin for object one and object two, respectively.
These forces depend on the spatial degrees of freedom only (the
positions of the interacting objects/particles). As discussed earlier, from such forces we can infer
that the total internal energy, the total linear momentum and total angular momentum are so-called constants of the motion, that is they stay constant over time. We say that energy, linear and anuglar momentum are conserved.
With a scalar potential $V(\boldsymbol{r})$ we define the force as the gradient of the potential
$$
\boldsymbol{F}(\boldsymbol{r})=-\boldsymbol{\nabla}V(\boldsymbol{r}).
$$
In general these potentials depend only on the magnitude of the
relative position and we will write the potential as $V(r)$ where $r$
is defined as,
$$
r = |\boldsymbol{r}_1-\boldsymbol{r}_2|.
$$
In three dimensions our vectors are defined as (for a given object/particle $i$)
$$
\boldsymbol{r}_i = x_i\boldsymbol{e}_1+y_i\boldsymbol{e}_2+z_i\boldsymbol{e}_3,
$$
while in two dimensions we have
$$
\boldsymbol{r}_i = x_i\boldsymbol{e}_1+y_i\boldsymbol{e}_2.
$$
In two dimensions the radius $r$ is defined as
$$
r = |\boldsymbol{r}_1-\boldsymbol{r}_2|=\sqrt{(x_1-x_2)^2+(y_1-y_2)^2}.
$$
If we consider the gravitational potential involving two masses $1$ and $2$, we have
$$
V_{12}(r)=V(r)=-\frac{Gm_1m_2}{|\boldsymbol{r}_1-\boldsymbol{r}_2|}=-\frac{Gm_1m_2}{r}.
$$
Calculating the gradient of this potential we obtain the force
$$
\boldsymbol{F}(\boldsymbol{r})=-\frac{Gm_1m_2}{|\boldsymbol{r}_1-\boldsymbol{r}_1|^2}\hat{\boldsymbol{r}}_{12}=-\frac{Gm_am_b}{r^2}\hat{\boldsymbol{r}},
$$
where we have the unit vector
$$
\hat{\boldsymbol{r}}=\hat{\boldsymbol{r}}_{12}=\frac{\boldsymbol{r}_2-\boldsymbol{r}_1}{|\boldsymbol{r}_1-\boldsymbol{r}_2|}.
$$
Here $G=6.67\times 10^{-11}$ Nm$^2$/kg$^2$, and $\boldsymbol{F}$ is the force
on $2$ due to $1$. By inspection, one can see that the force on $2$
due to $1$ and the force on $1$ due to $2$ are equal and opposite. The
net potential energy for a large number of masses would be
$$
V=\sum_{i<j}V_{ij}=\frac{1}{2}\sum_{i\ne j}V_{ij}.
$$
In general, the central forces that we will study can be written mathematically as
$$
\boldsymbol{F}(\boldsymbol{r})=f(r)\hat{r},
$$
where $f(r)$ is a scalar function. For the above gravitational force this scalar term is
$-Gm_1m_2/r^2$.
In general we will simply write this scalar function $f(r)=\alpha/r^2$ where $\alpha$ is a constant that can be either negative or positive. We will also see examples of other types of potentials in the examples below.
Besides general expressions for the potentials/forces, we will discuss
in detail different types of motion that arise, from circular to
elliptical or hyperbolic or parabolic. By transforming to either polar
coordinates or spherical coordinates, we will be able to obtain
analytical solutions for the equations of motion and thereby obtain
new insights about the properties of a system. Where possible, we will
compare our analytical equations with numerical studies.
However, before we arrive at these lovely insights, we need to
introduce some mathematical manipulations and definitions. We conclude
this chapter with a discussion of two-body scattering.
## Center of Mass and Relative Coordinates
Thus far, we have considered the trajectory as if the force is
centered around a fixed point. For two bodies interacting only with
one another, both masses circulate around the center of mass. One
might think that solutions would become more complex when both
particles move, but we will see here that the problem can be reduced
to one with a single body moving according to a fixed force by
expressing the trajectories for $\boldsymbol{r}_1$ and $\boldsymbol{r}_2$ into the
center-of-mass coordinate $\boldsymbol{R}$ and the relative
coordinate $\boldsymbol{r}$. We define the center-of-mass (CoM) coordinate as
$$
\boldsymbol{R}\equiv\frac{m_1\boldsymbol{r}_1+m_2\boldsymbol{r}_2}{m_1+m_2},
$$
and the relative coordinate as
$$
\boldsymbol{r}\equiv\boldsymbol{r}_1-\boldsymbol{r_2}.
$$
We can then rewrite $\boldsymbol{r}_1$ and $\boldsymbol{r}_2$ in terms of the relative and CoM coordinates as
$$
\boldsymbol{r}_1=\boldsymbol{R}+\frac{m_2}{M}\boldsymbol{r},
$$
and
$$
\boldsymbol{r}_2=\boldsymbol{R}-\frac{m_1}{M}\boldsymbol{r}.
$$
### Conservation of total Linear Momentum
In our discussions on conservative forces we defined
the total linear momentum as
$$
\boldsymbol{P}=\sum_{i=1}^Nm_i\frac{d\boldsymbol{r}_i}{dt},
$$
where $N=2$ in our case. With the above definition of the center of mass position, we see that we can rewrite the total linear momentum as (multiplying the CoM coordinate with $M$)
$$
\boldsymbol{P}=M\frac{d\boldsymbol{R}}{dt}=M\dot{\boldsymbol{R}}.
$$
The net force acting on the system is given by the time derivative of the linear momentum (assuming mass is time independent)
and we have
$$
\boldsymbol{F}^{\mathrm{net}}=\dot{\boldsymbol{P}}=M\ddot{\boldsymbol{R}}.
$$
The net force acting on the system is given by the sum of the forces acting on the two bodies, that is we have
$$
\boldsymbol{F}^{\mathrm{net}}=\boldsymbol{F}_1+\boldsymbol{F}_2=\dot{\boldsymbol{P}}=M\ddot{\boldsymbol{R}}.
$$
In our case the forces are given by the internal forces only. The force acting on object $1$ is thus $\boldsymbol{F}_{12}$ and the one acting on object $2$ is $\boldsymbol{F}_{12}$. We have also defined that $\boldsymbol{F}_{12}=-\boldsymbol{F}_{21}$. This means thar we have
$$
\boldsymbol{F}_1+\boldsymbol{F}_2=\boldsymbol{F}_{12}+\boldsymbol{F}_{21}=0=\dot{\boldsymbol{P}}=M\ddot{\boldsymbol{R}}.
$$
We could alternatively had write this
$$
\ddot{\boldsymbol{R}}_{\rm cm}=\frac{1}{m_1+m_2}\left\{m_1\ddot{\boldsymbol{r}}_1+m_2\ddot{\boldsymbol{r}}_2\right\}=\frac{1}{m_1+m_2}\left\{\boldsymbol{F}_{12}+\boldsymbol{F}_{21}\right\}=0.
$$
This has the important consequence that the CoM velocity is a constant
of the motion. And since the total linear momentum is given by the
time-derivative of the CoM coordinate times the total mass
$M=m_1+m_2$, it means that linear momentum is also conserved.
Stated differently, the center-of-mass coordinate
$\boldsymbol{R}$ moves at a fixed velocity.
This has also another important consequence for our forces. If we
assume that our force depends only on the relative coordinate, it
means that the gradient of the potential with respect to the center of
mass position is zero, that is
$$
M\ddot{d\boldsymbol{R}}=-\boldsymbol{\nabla}_{\boldsymbol{R}}V =0!
$$
If we now switch to the equation of motion for the relative coordinate, we have
$$
\ddot{\boldsymbol{r}}=\ddot{\boldsymbol{r}}_1-\ddot{\boldsymbol{r}}_2=\left(\frac{\boldsymbol{F}_{12}}{m_1}-\frac{\boldsymbol{F}_{21}}{m_2}\right)=\left(\frac{1}{m_1}+\frac{1}{m_2}\right)\boldsymbol{F}_{12},
$$
which we can rewrite in terms of the reduced mass
$$
\mu=\frac{m_1m_2}{m_1+m_2},
$$
as
$$
\mu \ddot{\boldsymbol{r}}=\boldsymbol{F}_{12}.
$$
This has a very important consequence for our coming analysis of the equations of motion for the two-body problem.
Since the acceleration for the CoM coordinate is zero, we can now
treat the trajectory as a one-body problem where the mass is given by
the reduced mass $\mu$ plus a second trivial problem for the center of
mass. The reduced mass is especially convenient when one is
considering forces that depend only on the relative coordinate (like the Gravitational force or the electrostatic force between two charges) because then for say the gravitational force we have
$$
\mu \ddot{\boldsymbol{r}}=-\frac{Gm_1m_2}{r^2}\hat{\boldsymbol{r}}=-\frac{GM\mu}{r^2}\hat{\boldsymbol{r}},
$$
where we have defined $M= m_1+m_2$. It means that the acceleration of the relative coordinate is
$$
\ddot{\boldsymbol{r}}=-\frac{GM}{r^2}\hat{\boldsymbol{r}},
$$
and we have that for the gravitational problem, the reduced mass then falls out and the
trajectory depends only on the total mass $M$.
The standard strategy is to transform into the center of mass frame,
then treat the problem as one of a single particle of mass $\mu$
undergoing a force $\boldsymbol{F}_{12}$. Scattering angles, see our discussion of scattering problems below, can also be
expressed in this frame. Before we proceed to our definition of the CoM frame we need to set up the expression for the energy in terms of the relative and CoM coordinates.
### Kinetic and total Energy
The kinetic energy and momenta also have analogues in center-of-mass
coordinates.
We have defined the total linear momentum as
$$
\boldsymbol{P}=\sum_{i=1}^Nm_i\frac{d\boldsymbol{r}_i}{dt}=M\dot{\boldsymbol{R}}.
$$
For the relative momentum $\boldsymbol{q}$, we have that the time derivative of $\boldsymbol{r}$ is
$$
\dot{\boldsymbol{r}} =\dot{\boldsymbol{r}}_1-\dot{\boldsymbol{r}}_2,
$$
We know also that the momenta $\boldsymbol{p}_1=m_1\dot{\boldsymbol{r}}_1$ and
$\boldsymbol{p}_2=m_2\dot{\boldsymbol{r}}_2$. Using these expressions we can rewrite
$$
\dot{\boldsymbol{r}} =\frac{\boldsymbol{p}_1}{m_1}-\frac{\boldsymbol{p}_2}{m_2},
$$
which gives
$$
\dot{\boldsymbol{r}} =\frac{m_2\boldsymbol{p}_1-m_1\boldsymbol{p}_2}{m_1m_2},
$$
and dividing both sides with $M$ we have
$$
\frac{m_1m_2}{M}\dot{\boldsymbol{r}} =\frac{m_2\boldsymbol{p}_1-m_1\boldsymbol{p}_2}{M}.
$$
Introducing the reduced mass $\mu=m_1m_2/M$ we have finally
$$
\mu\dot{\boldsymbol{r}} =\frac{m_2\boldsymbol{p}_1-m_1\boldsymbol{p}_2}{M}.
$$
And $\mu\dot{\boldsymbol{r}}$ defines the relative momentum $\boldsymbol{q}=\mu\dot{\boldsymbol{r}}$.
With these definitions we can then calculate the kinetic energy in terms of the relative and CoM coordinates.
We have that
$$
K=\frac{p_1^2}{2m_1}+\frac{p_2^2}{2m_2},
$$
and with $\boldsymbol{p}_1=m_1\dot{\boldsymbol{r}}_1$ and $\boldsymbol{p}_2=m_2\dot{\boldsymbol{r}}_2$ and using
$$
\dot{\boldsymbol{r}}_1=\dot{\boldsymbol{R}}+\frac{m_2}{M}\dot{\boldsymbol{r}},
$$
and
$$
\dot{\boldsymbol{r}}_2=\dot{\boldsymbol{R}}-\frac{m_1}{M}\dot{\boldsymbol{r}},
$$
we obtain after squaring the expressions for $\dot{\boldsymbol{r}}_1$ and $\dot{\boldsymbol{r}}_2$
$$
K=\frac{(m_1+m_2)\dot{\boldsymbol{R}}^2}{2}+\frac{(m_1+m_2)m_1m_2\dot{\boldsymbol{r}}^2}{2M^2},
$$
which we simplify to
$$
K=\frac{\dot{\boldsymbol{P}}^2}{2M}+\frac{\mu\dot{\boldsymbol{q}}^2}{2}.
$$
Below we will define a reference frame, the so-called CoM-frame, where
$\boldsymbol{R}=0$. This is going to simplify our equations further.
### Conservation of Angular Momentum
The angular momentum (the total one) is the sum of the individual angular momenta. In our case we have two bodies only, meaning that our angular momentum is defined as
$$
\boldsymbol{L} = \boldsymbol{r}_1 \times \boldsymbol{p}_1+\boldsymbol{r}_2 \times \boldsymbol{p}_2,
$$
and using that $m_1\dot{\boldsymbol{r}}_1=\boldsymbol{p}_1$ and $m_2\dot{\boldsymbol{r}}_2=\boldsymbol{p}_2$ we have
$$
\boldsymbol{L} = m_1\boldsymbol{r}_1 \times \dot{\boldsymbol{r}}_1+m_2\boldsymbol{r}_2 \times \dot{\boldsymbol{r}}_2.
$$
We define now the CoM-Frame where we set $\boldsymbol{R}=0$. This means that the equations
for $\boldsymbol{r}_1$ and $\boldsymbol{r}_2$ in terms of the relative motion simplify and we have
$$
\boldsymbol{r}_1=\frac{m_2}{M}\boldsymbol{r},
$$
and
$$
\boldsymbol{r}_2=-\frac{m_1}{M}\boldsymbol{r}.
$$
resulting in
$$
\boldsymbol{L} = m_1 \frac{m_2}{M}\boldsymbol{r}\times\frac{m_2}{M}\boldsymbol{r} +m_2 \frac{m_1}{M}\boldsymbol{r} \times \frac{m_1}{M}\dot{\boldsymbol{r}}.
$$
We see that can rewrite this equation as
$$
\boldsymbol{L}=\boldsymbol{r}\times \mu\dot{\boldsymbol{r}}=\mu\boldsymbol{r}\times \dot{\boldsymbol{r}}.
$$
If we now use a central force, we have that
$$
\mu\dot{\boldsymbol{r}}=\boldsymbol{F}(\boldsymbol{r})=f(r)\hat{\boldsymbol{r}},
$$
and inserting this in the equation for the angular momentum we have
$$
\boldsymbol{L}=\boldsymbol{r}\times f(r)\hat{\boldsymbol{r}},
$$
which equals zero since we are taking the cross product of the vector
$\boldsymbol{r}$ with itself. Angular momentum is thus conserved and in
addition to the total linear momentum being conserved, we know that
energy is also conserved with forces that depend only on position and
the relative coordinate only.
Since angular momentum is conserved, we can idealize
the motion of our two objects as two bodies moving in a plane spanned by the
relative coordinate and the relative momentum. The angular
momentum is perpendicular to the plane spanned by these two vectors.
It means also, since $\boldsymbol{L}$ is conserved, that we can reduce our
problem to a motion in say the $xy$-plane. What we have done then is to
reduce a two-body problem in three-dimensions with six degrees of
freedom (the six coordinates of the two objects) to a problem defined
entirely by the relative coordinate in two dimensions. We have thus
moved from a problem with six degrees of freedom to one with two degrees of freedom only.
Since we deal with central forces that depend only on the
relative coordinate, we will show below that transforming to polar
coordinates, we cna find analytical solution to
the equation of motion
$$
\mu\dot{\boldsymbol{r}}=\boldsymbol{F}(\boldsymbol{r})=f(r)\hat{\boldsymbol{r}}.
$$
Note the boldfaced symbols for the relative position $\boldsymbol{r}$. Our vector $\boldsymbol{r}$ is defined as
$$
\boldsymbol{r}=x\boldsymbol{e}_1+y\boldsymbol{e}_2
$$
and introducing polar coordinates $r\in[0,\infty)$ and $\phi\in [0,2\pi]$ and the transformation
$$
r=\sqrt{x^2+y^2},
$$
and $x=r\cos\phi$ and $y=r\sin\phi$, we will rewrite our equation of motion by transforming from Cartesian coordinates to Polar coordinates. By so doing, we end up with two differential equations which can be solved analytically (it depends on the form of the potential).
What follows now is a rewrite of these equations and the introduction of Kepler's laws as well.
## Deriving Elliptical Orbits
Kepler's laws state that a gravitational orbit should be an ellipse
with the source of the gravitational field at one focus. Deriving this
is surprisingly messy. To do this, we first use angular momentum
conservation to transform the equations of motion so that it is in
terms of $r$ and $\phi$ instead of $r$ and $t$. The overall strategy
is to
1. Find equations of motion for $r$ and $t$ with no angle ($\phi$) mentioned, i.e. $d^2r/dt^2=\cdots$. Angular momentum conservation will be used, and the equation will involve the angular momentum $L$.
2. Use angular momentum conservation to find an expression for $\dot{\phi}$ in terms of $r$.
3. Use the chain rule to convert the equations of motions for $r$, an expression involving $r,\dot{r}$ and $\ddot{r}$, to one involving $r,dr/d\phi$ and $d^2r/d\phi^2$. This is quitecomplicated because the expressions will also involve a substitution $u=1/r$ so that one finds an expression in terms of $u$ and $\phi$.
4. Once $u(\phi)$ is found, you need to show that this can be converted to the familiar form for an ellipse.
We will now rewrite the above equation of motion (note the boldfaced vector $\boldsymbol{r}$)
$$
\mu \ddot{\boldsymbol{r}}=\boldsymbol{F}(\boldsymbol{r}),
$$
in polar coordinates.
What follows here is a repeated application of the chain rule for derivatives.
We start with derivative for $r$ as function of time in a cartesian basis
<!-- Equation labels as ordinary links -->
<div id="eq:radialeqofmotion"></div>
$$
\begin{eqnarray}
\label{eq:radialeqofmotion} \tag{1}
\frac{d}{dt}r^2&=&\frac{d}{dt}(x^2+y^2)=2x\dot{x}+2y\dot{y}=2r\dot{r},\\
\nonumber
\dot{r}&=&\frac{x}{r}\dot{x}+\frac{y}{r}\dot{y},\\
\nonumber
\ddot{r}&=&\frac{x}{r}\ddot{x}+\frac{y}{r}\ddot{y}
+\frac{\dot{x}^2+\dot{y}^2}{r}
-\frac{\dot{r}^2}{r}.
\end{eqnarray}
$$
Note that there are no vectors involved here.
Recognizing that the numerator of the third term is the velocity squared, and that it can be written in polar coordinates,
<!-- Equation labels as ordinary links -->
<div id="_auto1"></div>
$$
\begin{equation}
v^2=\dot{x}^2+\dot{y}^2=\dot{r}^2+r^2\dot{\phi}^2,
\label{_auto1} \tag{2}
\end{equation}
$$
one can write $\ddot{r}$ as
<!-- Equation labels as ordinary links -->
<div id="eq:radialeqofmotion2"></div>
$$
\begin{equation}
\label{eq:radialeqofmotion2} \tag{3}
\ddot{r}=\frac{F_x\cos\phi+F_y\sin\phi}{m}+\frac{\dot{r}^2+r^2\dot{\phi}^2}{r}-\frac{\dot{r}^2}{r}
\end{equation}
$$
$$
\nonumber
=\frac{F}{m}+\frac{r^2\dot{\phi}^2}{r}
$$
<!-- Equation labels as ordinary links -->
<div id="_auto2"></div>
$$
\begin{equation}
\label{_auto2} \tag{4}
\end{equation}
$$
or
$$
m\ddot{r}=F+\frac{L^2}{mr^3}.
$$
This derivation used the fact that the force was radial,
$F=F_r=F_x\cos\phi+F_y\sin\phi$, and that angular momentum is
$L=mrv_{\phi}=mr^2\dot{\phi}$. The term $L^2/mr^3=mv^2/r$ behaves
like an additional force. Sometimes this is referred to as a
centrifugal force, but it is not a force. Instead, it is the
consequence of considering the motion in a rotating (and therefore
accelerating) frame.
Now, we switch to the particular case of an attractive inverse square
force, $F=-\alpha/r^2$, and show that the trajectory, $r(\phi)$, is
an ellipse. To do this we transform derivatives w.r.t. time to
derivatives w.r.t. $\phi$ using the chain rule combined with angular
momentum conservation, $\dot{\phi}=L/mr^2$.
<!-- Equation labels as ordinary links -->
<div id="eq:rtotheta"></div>
$$
\begin{eqnarray}
\label{eq:rtotheta} \tag{5}
\dot{r}&=&\frac{dr}{d\phi}\dot{\phi}=\frac{dr}{d\phi}\frac{L}{mr^2},\\
\nonumber
\ddot{r}&=&\frac{d^2r}{d\phi^2}\dot{\phi}^2
+\frac{dr}{d\phi}\left(\frac{d}{dr}\frac{L}{mr^2}\right)\dot{r}\\
\nonumber
&=&\frac{d^2r}{d\phi^2}\left(\frac{L}{mr^2}\right)^2
-2\frac{dr}{d\phi}\frac{L}{mr^3}\dot{r}\\
\nonumber
&=&\frac{d^2r}{d\phi^2}\left(\frac{L}{mr^2}\right)^2
-\frac{2}{r}\left(\frac{dr}{d\phi}\right)^2\left(\frac{L}{mr^2}\right)^2
\end{eqnarray}
$$
Equating the two expressions for $\ddot{r}$ in Eq.s ([3](#eq:radialeqofmotion2)) and ([5](#eq:rtotheta)) eliminates all the derivatives w.r.t. time, and provides a differential equation with only derivatives w.r.t. $\phi$,
<!-- Equation labels as ordinary links -->
<div id="eq:rdotdot"></div>
$$
\begin{equation}
\label{eq:rdotdot} \tag{6}
\frac{d^2r}{d\phi^2}\left(\frac{L}{mr^2}\right)^2
-\frac{2}{r}\left(\frac{dr}{d\phi}\right)^2\left(\frac{L}{mr^2}\right)^2
=\frac{F}{m}+\frac{L^2}{m^2r^3},
\end{equation}
$$
that when solved yields the trajectory, i.e. $r(\phi)$. Up to this
point the expressions work for any radial force, not just forces that
fall as $1/r^2$.
The trick to simplifying this differential equation for the inverse
square problems is to make a substitution, $u\equiv 1/r$, and rewrite
the differential equation for $u(\phi)$.
$$
\begin{eqnarray}
r&=&1/u,\\
\nonumber
\frac{dr}{d\phi}&=&-\frac{1}{u^2}\frac{du}{d\phi},\\
\nonumber
\frac{d^2r}{d\phi^2}&=&\frac{2}{u^3}\left(\frac{du}{d\phi}\right)^2-\frac{1}{u^2}\frac{d^2u}{d\phi^2}.
\end{eqnarray}
$$
Plugging these expressions into Eq. ([6](#eq:rdotdot)) gives an
expression in terms of $u$, $du/d\phi$, and $d^2u/d\phi^2$. After
some tedious algebra,
<!-- Equation labels as ordinary links -->
<div id="_auto3"></div>
$$
\begin{equation}
\frac{d^2u}{d\phi^2}=-u-\frac{F m}{L^2u^2}.
\label{_auto3} \tag{7}
\end{equation}
$$
For the attractive inverse square law force, $F=-\alpha u^2$,
<!-- Equation labels as ordinary links -->
<div id="_auto4"></div>
$$
\begin{equation}
\frac{d^2u}{d\phi^2}=-u+\frac{m\alpha}{L^2}.
\label{_auto4} \tag{8}
\end{equation}
$$
The solution has two arbitrary constants, $A$ and $\phi_0$,
<!-- Equation labels as ordinary links -->
<div id="eq:Ctrajectory"></div>
$$
\begin{eqnarray}
\label{eq:Ctrajectory} \tag{9}
u&=&\frac{m\alpha}{L^2}+A\cos(\phi-\phi_0),\\
\nonumber
r&=&\frac{1}{(m\alpha/L^2)+A\cos(\phi-\phi_0)}.
\end{eqnarray}
$$
The radius will be at a minimum when $\phi=\phi_0$ and at a
maximum when $\phi=\phi_0+\pi$. The constant $A$ is related to the
eccentricity of the orbit. When $A=0$ the radius is a constant
$r=L^2/(m\alpha)$, and the motion is circular. If one solved the
expression $mv^2/r=-\alpha/r^2$ for a circular orbit, using the
substitution $v=L/(mr)$, one would reproduce the expression
$r=L^2/(m\alpha)$.
The form describing the elliptical trajectory in
Eq. ([9](#eq:Ctrajectory)) can be identified as an ellipse with one
focus being the center of the ellipse by considering the definition of
an ellipse as being the points such that the sum of the two distances
between the two foci are a constant. Making that distance $2D$, the
distance between the two foci as $2a$, and putting one focus at the
origin,
$$
\begin{eqnarray}
2D&=&r+\sqrt{(r\cos\phi-2a)^2+r^2\sin^2\phi},\\
\nonumber
4D^2+r^2-4Dr&=&r^2+4a^2-4ar\cos\phi,\\
\nonumber
r&=&\frac{D^2-a^2}{D+a\cos\phi}=\frac{1}{D/(D^2-a^2)-a\cos\phi/(D^2-a^2)}.
\end{eqnarray}
$$
By inspection, this is the same form as Eq. ([9](#eq:Ctrajectory)) with $D/(D^2-a^2)=m\alpha/L^2$ and $a/(D^2-a^2)=A$.
Let us remind ourselves about what an ellipse is before we proceed.
%matplotlib inline
import numpy as np
from matplotlib import pyplot as plt
from math import pi
u=1. #x-position of the center
v=0.5 #y-position of the center
a=2. #radius on the x-axis
b=1.5 #radius on the y-axis
t = np.linspace(0, 2*pi, 100)
plt.plot( u+a*np.cos(t) , v+b*np.sin(t) )
plt.grid(color='lightgray',linestyle='--')
plt.show()
## Effective or Centrifugal Potential
The total energy of a particle is
$$
\begin{eqnarray}
E&=&V(r)+\frac{1}{2}mv_\phi^2+\frac{1}{2}m\dot{r}^2\\
\nonumber
&=&V(r)+\frac{1}{2}mr^2\dot{\phi}^2+\frac{1}{2}m\dot{r}^2\\
\nonumber
&=&V(r)+\frac{L^2}{2mr^2}+\frac{1}{2}m\dot{r}^2.
\end{eqnarray}
$$
The second term then contributes to the energy like an additional
repulsive potential. The term is sometimes referred to as the
"centrifugal" potential, even though it is actually the kinetic energy
of the angular motion. Combined with $V(r)$, it is sometimes referred
to as the "effective" potential,
$$
\begin{eqnarray}
V_{\rm eff}(r)&=&V(r)+\frac{L^2}{2mr^2}.
\end{eqnarray}
$$
Note that if one treats the effective potential like a real potential, one would expect to be able to generate an effective force,
$$
\begin{eqnarray}
F_{\rm eff}&=&-\frac{d}{dr}V(r) -\frac{d}{dr}\frac{L^2}{2mr^2}\\
\nonumber
&=&F(r)+\frac{L^2}{mr^3}=F(r)+m\frac{v_\perp^2}{r},
\end{eqnarray}
$$
which is indeed matches the form for $m\ddot{r}$ in Eq. ([3](#eq:radialeqofmotion2)), which included the **centrifugal** force.
The following code plots this effective potential for a simple choice of parameters, with a standard gravitational potential $-\alpha/r$. Here we have chosen $L=m=\alpha=1$.
# Common imports
import numpy as np
from math import *
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
Deltax = 0.01
#set up arrays
xinitial = 0.3
xfinal = 5.0
alpha = 1.0 # spring constant
m = 1.0 # mass, you can change these
AngMom = 1.0 # The angular momentum
n = ceil((xfinal-xinitial)/Deltax)
x = np.zeros(n)
for i in range(n):
x[i] = xinitial+i*Deltax
V = np.zeros(n)
V = -alpha/x+0.5*AngMom*AngMom/(m*x*x)
# Plot potential
fig, ax = plt.subplots()
ax.set_xlabel('r[m]')
ax.set_ylabel('V[J]')
ax.plot(x, V)
fig.tight_layout()
plt.show()
### Gravitational force example
Using the above parameters, we can now study the evolution of the system using for example the velocity Verlet method.
This is done in the code here for an initial radius equal to the minimum of the potential well. We seen then that the radius is always the same and corresponds to a circle (the radius is always constant).
# Common imports
import numpy as np
import pandas as pd
from math import *
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import os
# Where to save the figures and data files
PROJECT_ROOT_DIR = "Results"
FIGURE_ID = "Results/FigureFiles"
DATA_ID = "DataFiles/"
if not os.path.exists(PROJECT_ROOT_DIR):
os.mkdir(PROJECT_ROOT_DIR)
if not os.path.exists(FIGURE_ID):
os.makedirs(FIGURE_ID)
if not os.path.exists(DATA_ID):
os.makedirs(DATA_ID)
def image_path(fig_id):
return os.path.join(FIGURE_ID, fig_id)
def data_path(dat_id):
return os.path.join(DATA_ID, dat_id)
def save_fig(fig_id):
plt.savefig(image_path(fig_id) + ".png", format='png')
# Simple Gravitational Force -alpha/r
DeltaT = 0.01
#set up arrays
tfinal = 100.0
n = ceil(tfinal/DeltaT)
# set up arrays for t, v and r
t = np.zeros(n)
v = np.zeros(n)
r = np.zeros(n)
# Constants of the model, setting all variables to one for simplicity
alpha = 1.0
AngMom = 1.0 # The angular momentum
m = 1.0 # scale mass to one
c1 = AngMom*AngMom/(m*m)
c2 = AngMom*AngMom/m
rmin = (AngMom*AngMom/m/alpha)
# Initial conditions
r0 = rmin
v0 = 0.0
r[0] = r0
v[0] = v0
# Start integrating using the Velocity-Verlet method
for i in range(n-1):
# Set up acceleration
a = -alpha/(r[i]**2)+c1/(r[i]**3)
# update velocity, time and position using the Velocity-Verlet method
r[i+1] = r[i] + DeltaT*v[i]+0.5*(DeltaT**2)*a
anew = -alpha/(r[i+1]**2)+c1/(r[i+1]**3)
v[i+1] = v[i] + 0.5*DeltaT*(a+anew)
t[i+1] = t[i] + DeltaT
# Plot position as function of time
fig, ax = plt.subplots(2,1)
ax[0].set_xlabel('time')
ax[0].set_ylabel('radius')
ax[0].plot(t,r)
ax[1].set_xlabel('time')
ax[1].set_ylabel('Velocity')
ax[1].plot(t,v)
save_fig("RadialGVV")
plt.show()
Changing the value of the initial position to a value where the energy is positive, leads to an increasing radius with time, a so-called unbound orbit. Choosing on the other hand an initial radius that corresponds to a negative energy and different from the minimum value leads to a radius that oscillates back and forth between two values.
### Harmonic Oscillator in two dimensions
Consider a particle of mass $m$ in a 2-dimensional harmonic oscillator with potential
$$
V=\frac{1}{2}kr^2=\frac{1}{2}k(x^2+y^2).
$$
If the orbit has angular momentum $L$, we can find the radius and angular velocity of the circular orbit as well as the b) the angular frequency of small radial perturbations.
We consider the effective potential. The radius of a circular orbit is at the minimum of the potential (where the effective force is zero).
The potential is plotted here with the parameters $k=m=0.1$ and $L=1.0$.
# Common imports
import numpy as np
from math import *
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
Deltax = 0.01
#set up arrays
xinitial = 0.5
xfinal = 3.0
k = 1.0 # spring constant
m = 1.0 # mass, you can change these
AngMom = 1.0 # The angular momentum
n = ceil((xfinal-xinitial)/Deltax)
x = np.zeros(n)
for i in range(n):
x[i] = xinitial+i*Deltax
V = np.zeros(n)
V = 0.5*k*x*x+0.5*AngMom*AngMom/(m*x*x)
# Plot potential
fig, ax = plt.subplots()
ax.set_xlabel('r[m]')
ax.set_ylabel('V[J]')
ax.plot(x, V)
fig.tight_layout()
plt.show()
$$
\begin{eqnarray*}
V_{\rm eff}&=&\frac{1}{2}kr^2+\frac{L^2}{2mr^2}
\end{eqnarray*}
$$
The effective potential looks like that of a harmonic oscillator for
large $r$, but for small $r$, the centrifugal potential repels the
particle from the origin. The combination of the two potentials has a
minimum for at some radius $r_{\rm min}$.
$$
\begin{eqnarray*}
0&=&kr_{\rm min}-\frac{L^2}{mr_{\rm min}^3},\\
r_{\rm min}&=&\left(\frac{L^2}{mk}\right)^{1/4},\\
\dot{\phi}&=&\frac{L}{mr_{\rm min}^2}=\sqrt{k/m}.
\end{eqnarray*}
$$
For particles at $r_{\rm min}$ with $\dot{r}=0$, the particle does not
accelerate and $r$ stays constant, i.e. a circular orbit. The radius
of the circular orbit can be adjusted by changing the angular momentum
$L$.
For the above parameters this minimum is at $r_{\rm min}=1$.
Now consider small vibrations about $r_{\rm min}$. The effective spring constant is the curvature of the effective potential.
$$
\begin{eqnarray*}
k_{\rm eff}&=&\left.\frac{d^2}{dr^2}V_{\rm eff}(r)\right|_{r=r_{\rm min}}=k+\frac{3L^2}{mr_{\rm min}^4}\\
&=&4k,\\
\omega&=&\sqrt{k_{\rm eff}/m}=2\sqrt{k/m}=2\dot{\phi}.
\end{eqnarray*}
$$
Here, the second step used the result of the last step from part
(a). Because the radius oscillates with twice the angular frequency,
the orbit has two places where $r$ reaches a minimum in one
cycle. This differs from the inverse-square force where there is one
minimum in an orbit. One can show that the orbit for the harmonic
oscillator is also elliptical, but in this case the center of the
potential is at the center of the ellipse, not at one of the foci.
The solution is also simple to write down exactly in Cartesian coordinates. The $x$ and $y$ equations of motion separate,
$$
\begin{eqnarray*}
\ddot{x}&=&-kx,\\
\ddot{y}&=&-ky.
\end{eqnarray*}
$$
So the general solution can be expressed as
$$
\begin{eqnarray*}
x&=&A\cos\omega_0 t+B\sin\omega_0 t,\\
y&=&C\cos\omega_0 t+D\sin\omega_0 t.
\end{eqnarray*}
$$
The code here finds the solution for $x$ and $y$ using the code we developed in homework 5 and 6 and the midterm. Note that this code is tailored to run in Cartesian coordinates. There is thus no angular momentum dependent term.
DeltaT = 0.01
#set up arrays
tfinal = 10.0
n = ceil(tfinal/DeltaT)
# set up arrays
t = np.zeros(n)
v = np.zeros((n,2))
r = np.zeros((n,2))
radius = np.zeros(n)
# Constants of the model
k = 1.0 # spring constant
m = 1.0 # mass, you can change these
omega02 = sqrt(k/m) # Frequency
AngMom = 1.0 # The angular momentum
rmin = (AngMom*AngMom/k/m)**0.25
# Initial conditions as compact 2-dimensional arrays
x0 = rmin-0.5; y0= sqrt(rmin*rmin-x0*x0)
r0 = np.array([x0,y0])
v0 = np.array([0.0,0.0])
r[0] = r0
v[0] = v0
# Start integrating using the Velocity-Verlet method
for i in range(n-1):
# Set up the acceleration
a = -r[i]*omega02
# update velocity, time and position using the Velocity-Verlet method
r[i+1] = r[i] + DeltaT*v[i]+0.5*(DeltaT**2)*a
anew = -r[i+1]*omega02
v[i+1] = v[i] + 0.5*DeltaT*(a+anew)
t[i+1] = t[i] + DeltaT
# Plot position as function of time
radius = np.sqrt(r[:,0]**2+r[:,1]**2)
fig, ax = plt.subplots(3,1)
ax[0].set_xlabel('time')
ax[0].set_ylabel('radius squared')
ax[0].plot(t,r[:,0]**2+r[:,1]**2)
ax[1].set_xlabel('time')
ax[1].set_ylabel('x position')
ax[1].plot(t,r[:,0])
ax[2].set_xlabel('time')
ax[2].set_ylabel('y position')
ax[2].plot(t,r[:,1])
fig.tight_layout()
save_fig("2DimHOVV")
plt.show()
With some work using double angle formulas, one can calculate
$$
\begin{eqnarray*}
r^2&=&x^2+y^2\\
\nonumber
&=&(A^2+C^2)\cos^2(\omega_0t)+(B^2+D^2)\sin^2\omega_0t+(AB+CD)\cos(\omega_0t)\sin(\omega_0t)\\
\nonumber
&=&\alpha+\beta\cos 2\omega_0 t+\gamma\sin 2\omega_0 t,\\
\alpha&=&\frac{A^2+B^2+C^2+D^2}{2},~~\beta=\frac{A^2-B^2+C^2-D^2}{2},~~\gamma=AB+CD,\\
r^2&=&\alpha+(\beta^2+\gamma^2)^{1/2}\cos(2\omega_0 t-\delta),~~~\delta=\arctan(\gamma/\beta),
\end{eqnarray*}
$$
and see that radius oscillates with frequency $2\omega_0$. The
factor of two comes because the oscillation $x=A\cos\omega_0t$ has two
maxima for $x^2$, one at $t=0$ and one a half period later.
The following code shows first how we can solve this problem using the radial degrees of freedom only.
DeltaT = 0.01
#set up arrays
tfinal = 10.0
n = ceil(tfinal/DeltaT)
# set up arrays for t, v and r
t = np.zeros(n)
v = np.zeros(n)
r = np.zeros(n)
E = np.zeros(n)
# Constants of the model
AngMom = 1.0 # The angular momentum
m = 1.0
k = 1.0
omega02 = k/m
c1 = AngMom*AngMom/(m*m)
c2 = AngMom*AngMom/m
rmin = (AngMom*AngMom/k/m)**0.25
# Initial conditions
r0 = rmin
v0 = 0.0
r[0] = r0
v[0] = v0
E[0] = 0.5*m*v0*v0+0.5*k*r0*r0+0.5*c2/(r0*r0)
# Start integrating using the Velocity-Verlet method
for i in range(n-1):
# Set up acceleration
a = -r[i]*omega02+c1/(r[i]**3)
# update velocity, time and position using the Velocity-Verlet method
r[i+1] = r[i] + DeltaT*v[i]+0.5*(DeltaT**2)*a
anew = -r[i+1]*omega02+c1/(r[i+1]**3)
v[i+1] = v[i] + 0.5*DeltaT*(a+anew)
t[i+1] = t[i] + DeltaT
E[i+1] = 0.5*m*v[i+1]*v[i+1]+0.5*k*r[i+1]*r[i+1]+0.5*c2/(r[i+1]*r[i+1])
# Plot position as function of time
fig, ax = plt.subplots(2,1)
ax[0].set_xlabel('time')
ax[0].set_ylabel('radius')
ax[0].plot(t,r)
ax[1].set_xlabel('time')
ax[1].set_ylabel('Energy')
ax[1].plot(t,E)
save_fig("RadialHOVV")
plt.show()
## Stability of Orbits
The effective force can be extracted from the effective potential, $V_{\rm eff}$. Beginning from the equations of motion, Eq. ([1](#eq:radialeqofmotion)), for $r$,
$$
\begin{eqnarray}
m\ddot{r}&=&F+\frac{L^2}{mr^3}\\
\nonumber
&=&F_{\rm eff}\\
\nonumber
&=&-\partial_rV_{\rm eff},\\
\nonumber
F_{\rm eff}&=&-\partial_r\left[V(r)+(L^2/2mr^2)\right].
\end{eqnarray}
$$
For a circular orbit, the radius must be fixed as a function of time,
so one must be at a maximum or a minimum of the effective
potential. However, if one is at a maximum of the effective potential
the radius will be unstable. For the attractive Coulomb force the
effective potential will be dominated by the $-\alpha/r$ term for
large $r$ because the centrifugal part falls off more quickly, $\sim
1/r^2$. At low $r$ the centrifugal piece wins and the effective
potential is repulsive. Thus, the potential must have a minimum
somewhere with negative potential. The circular orbits are then stable
to perturbation.
The effective potential is sketched for two cases, a $1/r$ attractive
potential and a $1/r^3$ attractive potential. The $1/r$ case has a
stable minimum, whereas the circular orbit in the $1/r^3$ case is
unstable.
If one considers a potential that falls as $1/r^3$, the situation is
reversed and the point where $\partial_rV$ disappears will be a local
maximum rather than a local minimum. **Fig to come here with code**
The repulsive centrifugal piece dominates at large $r$ and the attractive
Coulomb piece wins out at small $r$. The circular orbit is then at a
maximum of the effective potential and the orbits are unstable. It is
the clear that for potentials that fall as $r^n$, that one must have
$n>-2$ for the orbits to be stable.
Consider a potential $V(r)=\beta r$. For a particle of mass $m$ with
angular momentum $L$, find the angular frequency of a circular
orbit. Then find the angular frequency for small radial perturbations.
For the circular orbit you search for the position $r_{\rm min}$ where the effective potential is minimized,
$$
\begin{eqnarray*}
\partial_r\left\{\beta r+\frac{L^2}{2mr^2}\right\}&=&0,\\
\beta&=&\frac{L^2}{mr_{\rm min}^3},\\
r_{\rm min}&=&\left(\frac{L^2}{\beta m}\right)^{1/3},\\
\dot{\phi}&=&\frac{L}{mr_{\rm min}^2}=\frac{\beta^{2/3}}{(mL)^{1/3}}
\end{eqnarray*}
$$
Now, we can find the angular frequency of small perturbations about the circular orbit. To do this we find the effective spring constant for the effective potential,
$$
\begin{eqnarray*}
k_{\rm eff}&=&\partial_r^2 \left.V_{\rm eff}\right|_{r_{\rm min}}\\
&=&\frac{3L^2}{mr_{\rm min}^4},\\
\omega&=&\sqrt{\frac{k_{\rm eff}}{m}}\\
&=&\frac{\beta^{2/3}}{(mL)^{1/3}}\sqrt{3}.
\end{eqnarray*}
$$
If the two frequencies, $\dot{\phi}$ and $\omega$, differ by an
integer factor, the orbit's trajectory will repeat itself each time
around. This is the case for the inverse-square force,
$\omega=\dot{\phi}$, and for the harmonic oscillator,
$\omega=2\dot{\phi}$. In this case, $\omega=\sqrt{3}\dot{\phi}$,
and the angles at which the maxima and minima occur change with each
orbit.
### Code example with gravitional force
The code example here is meant to illustrate how we can make a plot of the final orbit. We solve the equations in polar coordinates (the example here uses the minimum of the potential as initial value) and then we transform back to cartesian coordinates and plot $x$ versus $y$. We see that we get a perfect circle when we place ourselves at the minimum of the potential energy, as expected.
# Simple Gravitational Force -alpha/r
DeltaT = 0.01
#set up arrays
tfinal = 8.0
n = ceil(tfinal/DeltaT)
# set up arrays for t, v and r
t = np.zeros(n)
v = np.zeros(n)
r = np.zeros(n)
phi = np.zeros(n)
x = np.zeros(n)
y = np.zeros(n)
# Constants of the model, setting all variables to one for simplicity
alpha = 1.0
AngMom = 1.0 # The angular momentum
m = 1.0 # scale mass to one
c1 = AngMom*AngMom/(m*m)
c2 = AngMom*AngMom/m
rmin = (AngMom*AngMom/m/alpha)
# Initial conditions, place yourself at the potential min
r0 = rmin
v0 = 0.0 # starts at rest
r[0] = r0
v[0] = v0
phi[0] = 0.0
# Start integrating using the Velocity-Verlet method
for i in range(n-1):
# Set up acceleration
a = -alpha/(r[i]**2)+c1/(r[i]**3)
# update velocity, time and position using the Velocity-Verlet method
r[i+1] = r[i] + DeltaT*v[i]+0.5*(DeltaT**2)*a
anew = -alpha/(r[i+1]**2)+c1/(r[i+1]**3)
v[i+1] = v[i] + 0.5*DeltaT*(a+anew)
t[i+1] = t[i] + DeltaT
phi[i+1] = t[i+1]*c2/(r0**2)
# Find cartesian coordinates for easy plot
x = r*np.cos(phi)
y = r*np.sin(phi)
fig, ax = plt.subplots(3,1)
ax[0].set_xlabel('time')
ax[0].set_ylabel('radius')
ax[0].plot(t,r)
ax[1].set_xlabel('time')
ax[1].set_ylabel('Angle $\cos{\phi}$')
ax[1].plot(t,np.cos(phi))
ax[2].set_ylabel('y')
ax[2].set_xlabel('x')
ax[2].plot(x,y)
save_fig("Phasespace")
plt.show()
Try to change the initial value for $r$ and see what kind of orbits you get.
In order to test different energies, it can be useful to look at the plot of the effective potential discussed above.
However, for orbits different from a circle the above code would need modifications in order to allow us to display say an ellipse. For the latter, it is much easier to run our code in cartesian coordinates, as done here. In this code we test also energy conservation and see that it is conserved to numerical precision. The code here is a simple extension of the code we developed for homework 4.
# Common imports
import numpy as np
import pandas as pd
from math import *
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
DeltaT = 0.01
#set up arrays
tfinal = 10.0
n = ceil(tfinal/DeltaT)
# set up arrays
t = np.zeros(n)
v = np.zeros((n,2))
r = np.zeros((n,2))
E = np.zeros(n)
# Constants of the model
m = 1.0 # mass, you can change these
alpha = 1.0
# Initial conditions as compact 2-dimensional arrays
x0 = 0.5; y0= 0.
r0 = np.array([x0,y0])
v0 = np.array([0.0,1.0])
r[0] = r0
v[0] = v0
rabs = sqrt(sum(r[0]*r[0]))
E[0] = 0.5*m*(v[0,0]**2+v[0,1]**2)-alpha/rabs
# Start integrating using the Velocity-Verlet method
for i in range(n-1):
# Set up the acceleration
rabs = sqrt(sum(r[i]*r[i]))
a = -alpha*r[i]/(rabs**3)
# update velocity, time and position using the Velocity-Verlet method
r[i+1] = r[i] + DeltaT*v[i]+0.5*(DeltaT**2)*a
rabs = sqrt(sum(r[i+1]*r[i+1]))
anew = -alpha*r[i+1]/(rabs**3)
v[i+1] = v[i] + 0.5*DeltaT*(a+anew)
E[i+1] = 0.5*m*(v[i+1,0]**2+v[i+1,1]**2)-alpha/rabs
t[i+1] = t[i] + DeltaT
# Plot position as function of time
fig, ax = plt.subplots(3,1)
ax[0].set_ylabel('y')
ax[0].set_xlabel('x')
ax[0].plot(r[:,0],r[:,1])
ax[1].set_xlabel('time')
ax[1].set_ylabel('y position')
ax[1].plot(t,r[:,0])
ax[2].set_xlabel('time')
ax[2].set_ylabel('y position')
ax[2].plot(t,r[:,1])
fig.tight_layout()
save_fig("2DimGravity")
plt.show()
print(E)
## Scattering and Cross Sections
Scattering experiments don't measure entire trajectories. For elastic
collisions, they measure the distribution of final scattering angles
at best. Most experiments use targets thin enough so that the number
of scatterings is typically zero or one. The cross section, $\sigma$,
describes the cross-sectional area for particles to scatter with an
individual target atom or nucleus. Cross section measurements form the
basis for MANY fields of physics. BThe cross section, and the
differential cross section, encapsulates everything measurable for a
collision where all that is measured is the final state, e.g. the
outgoing particle had momentum $\boldsymbol{p}_f$. y studying cross sections,
one can infer information about the potential interaction between the
two particles. Inferring, or constraining, the potential from the
cross section is a classic {\it inverse} problem. Collisions are
either elastic or inelastic. Elastic collisions are those for which
the two bodies are in the same internal state before and after the
collision. If the collision excites one of the participants into a
higher state, or transforms the particles into different species, or
creates additional particles, the collision is inelastic. Here, we
consider only elastic collisions.
For Coulomb forces, the cross section is infinite because the range of
the Coulomb force is infinite, but for interactions such as the strong
interaction in nuclear or particle physics, there is no long-range
force and cross-sections are finite. Even for Coulomb forces, the part
of the cross section that corresponds to a specific scattering angle,
$d\sigma/d\Omega$, which is a function of the scattering angle
$\phi_s$ is still finite.
If a particle travels through a thin target, the chance the particle
scatters is $P_{\rm scatt}=\sigma dN/dA$, where $dN/dA$ is the number
of scattering centers per area the particle encounters. If the density
of the target is $\rho$ particles per volume, and if the thickness of
the target is $t$, the areal density (number of target scatterers per
area) is $dN/dA=\rho t$. Because one wishes to quantify the collisions
independently of the target, experimentalists measure scattering
probabilities, then divide by the areal density to obtain
cross-sections,
$$
\begin{eqnarray}
\sigma=\frac{P_{\rm scatt}}{dN/dA}.
\end{eqnarray}
$$
Instead of merely stating that a particle collided, one can measure
the probability the particle scattered by a given angle. The
scattering angle $\phi_s$ is defined so that at zero the particle is
unscattered and at $\phi_s=\pi$ the particle is scattered directly
backward. Scattering angles are often described in the center-of-mass
frame, but that is a detail we will neglect for this first discussion,
where we will consider the scattering of particles moving classically
under the influence of fixed potentials $U(\boldsymbol{r})$. Because the
distribution of scattering angles can be measured, one expresses the
differential cross section,
<!-- Equation labels as ordinary links -->
<div id="_auto5"></div>
$$
\begin{equation}
\frac{d^2\sigma}{d\cos\phi_s~d\phi}.
\label{_auto5} \tag{10}
\end{equation}
$$
Usually, the literature expresses differential cross sections as
<!-- Equation labels as ordinary links -->
<div id="_auto6"></div>
$$
\begin{equation}
d\sigma/d\Omega=\frac{d\sigma}{d\cos\phi d\phi}=\frac{1}{2\pi}\frac{d\sigma}{d\cos\phi},
\label{_auto6} \tag{11}
\end{equation}
$$
where the last equivalency is true when the scattering does not depend
on the azimuthal angle $\phi$, as is the case for spherically
symmetric potentials.
The differential solid angle $d\Omega$ can be thought of as the area
subtended by a measurement, $dA_d$, divided by $r^2$, where $r$ is the
distance to the detector,
$$
\begin{eqnarray}
dA_d=r^2 d\Omega.
\end{eqnarray}
$$
With this definition $d\sigma/d\Omega$ is independent of the distance
from which one places the detector, or the size of the detector (as
long as it is small).
Differential scattering cross sections are calculated by assuming a
random distribution of impact parameters $b$. These represent the
distance in the $xy$ plane for particles moving in the $z$ direction
relative to the scattering center. An impact parameter $b=0$ refers to
being aimed directly at the target's center. The impact parameter
describes the transverse distance from the $z=0$ axis for the
trajectory when it is still far away from the scattering center and
has not yet passed it. The differential cross section can be expressed
in terms of the impact parameter,
<!-- Equation labels as ordinary links -->
<div id="_auto7"></div>
$$
\begin{equation}
d\sigma=2\pi bdb,
\label{_auto7} \tag{12}
\end{equation}
$$
which is the area of a thin ring of radius $b$ and thickness $db$. In
classical physics, one can calculate the trajectory given the incoming
kinetic energy $E$ and the impact parameter if one knows the mass and
potential. From the trajectory, one then finds the scattering angle
$\phi_s(b)$. The differential cross section is then
<!-- Equation labels as ordinary links -->
<div id="_auto8"></div>
$$
\begin{equation}
\frac{d\sigma}{d\Omega}=\frac{1}{2\pi}\frac{d\sigma}{d\cos\phi_s}=b\frac{db}{d\cos\phi_s}=\frac{b}{(d/db)\cos\phi_s(b)}.
\label{_auto8} \tag{13}
\end{equation}
$$
Typically, one would calculate $\cos\phi_s$ and $(d/db)\cos\phi_s$
as functions of $b$. This is sufficient to plot the differential cross
section as a function of $\phi_s$.
The total cross section is
<!-- Equation labels as ordinary links -->
<div id="_auto9"></div>
$$
\begin{equation}
\sigma_{\rm tot}=\int d\Omega\frac{d\sigma}{d\Omega}=2\pi\int d\cos\phi_s~\frac{d\sigma}{d\Omega}.
\label{_auto9} \tag{14}
\end{equation}
$$
Even if the total cross section is infinite, e.g. Coulomb forces, one
can still have a finite differential cross section as we will see
later on.
An asteroid of mass $m$ and kinetic energy $E$ approaches a planet of
radius $R$ and mass $M$. What is the cross section for the asteroid to
impact the planet?
### Solution
Calculate the maximum impact parameter, $b_{\rm max}$, for which the asteroid will hit the planet. The total cross section for impact is $\sigma_{\rm impact}=\pi b_{\rm max}^2$. The maximum cross-section can be found with the help of angular momentum conservation. The asteroid's incoming momentum is $p_0=\sqrt{2mE}$ and the angular momentum is $L=p_0b$. If the asteroid just grazes the planet, it is moving with zero radial kinetic energy at impact. Combining energy and angular momentum conservation and having $p_f$ refer to the momentum of the asteroid at a distance $R$,
$$
\begin{eqnarray*}
\frac{p_f^2}{2m}-\frac{GMm}{R}&=&E,\\
p_fR&=&p_0b_{\rm max},
\end{eqnarray*}
$$
allows one to solve for $b_{\rm max}$,
$$
\begin{eqnarray*}
b_{\rm max}&=&R\frac{p_f}{p_0}\\
&=&R\frac{\sqrt{2m(E+GMm/R)}}{\sqrt{2mE}}\\
\sigma_{\rm impact}&=&\pi R^2\frac{E+GMm/R}{E}.
\end{eqnarray*}
$$
## Rutherford Scattering
This refers to the calculation of $d\sigma/d\Omega$ due to an inverse
square force, $F_{12}=\pm\alpha/r^2$ for repulsive/attractive
interaction. Rutherford compared the scattering of $\alpha$ particles
($^4$He nuclei) off of a nucleus and found the scattering angle at
which the formula began to fail. This corresponded to the impact
parameter for which the trajectories would strike the nucleus. This
provided the first measure of the size of the atomic nucleus. At the
time, the distribution of the positive charge (the protons) was
considered to be just as spread out amongst the atomic volume as the
electrons. After Rutherford's experiment, it was clear that the radius
of the nucleus tended to be roughly 4 orders of magnitude smaller than
that of the atom, which is less than the size of a football relative
to Spartan Stadium.
The incoming and outgoing angles of the trajectory are at
$\pm\phi'$. They are related to the scattering angle by
$2\phi'=\pi+\phi_s$.
In order to calculate differential cross section, we must find how the
impact parameter is related to the scattering angle. This requires
analysis of the trajectory. We consider our previous expression for
the trajectory where we derived the elliptic form for the trajectory,
Eq. ([9](#eq:Ctrajectory)). For that case we considered an attractive
force with the particle's energy being negative, i.e. it was
bound. However, the same form will work for positive energy, and
repulsive forces can be considered by simple flipping the sign of
$\alpha$. For positive energies, the trajectories will be hyperbolas,
rather than ellipses, with the asymptotes of the trajectories
representing the directions of the incoming and outgoing
tracks. Rewriting Eq. ([9](#eq:Ctrajectory)),
<!-- Equation labels as ordinary links -->
<div id="eq:ruthtraj"></div>
$$
\begin{equation}\label{eq:ruthtraj} \tag{15}
r=\frac{1}{\frac{m\alpha}{L^2}+A\cos\phi}.
\end{equation}
$$
Once $A$ is large enough, which will happen when the energy is
positive, the denominator will become negative for a range of
$\phi$. This is because the scattered particle will never reach
certain angles. The asymptotic angles $\phi'$ are those for which
the denominator goes to zero,
<!-- Equation labels as ordinary links -->
<div id="_auto10"></div>
$$
\begin{equation}
\cos\phi'=-\frac{m\alpha}{AL^2}.
\label{_auto10} \tag{16}
\end{equation}
$$
The trajectory's point of closest approach is at $\phi=0$ and the
two angles $\phi'$, which have this value of $\cos\phi'$, are the
angles of the incoming and outgoing particles. From
Fig (**to come**), one can see that the scattering angle
$\phi_s$ is given by,
<!-- Equation labels as ordinary links -->
<div id="eq:sthetover2"></div>
$$
\begin{eqnarray}
\label{eq:sthetover2} \tag{17}
2\phi'-\pi&=&\phi_s,~~~\phi'=\frac{\pi}{2}+\frac{\phi_s}{2},\\
\nonumber
\sin(\phi_s/2)&=&-\cos\phi'\\
\nonumber
&=&\frac{m\alpha}{AL^2}.
\end{eqnarray}
$$
Now that we have $\phi_s$ in terms of $m,\alpha,L$ and $A$, we wish
to re-express $L$ and $A$ in terms of the impact parameter $b$ and the
energy $E$. This will set us up to calculate the differential cross
section, which requires knowing $db/d\phi_s$. It is easy to write
the angular momentum as
<!-- Equation labels as ordinary links -->
<div id="_auto11"></div>
$$
\begin{equation}
L^2=p_0^2b^2=2mEb^2.
\label{_auto11} \tag{18}
\end{equation}
$$
Finding $A$ is more complicated. To accomplish this we realize that
the point of closest approach occurs at $\phi=0$, so from
Eq. ([15](#eq:ruthtraj))
<!-- Equation labels as ordinary links -->
<div id="eq:rminofA"></div>
$$
\begin{eqnarray}
\label{eq:rminofA} \tag{19}
\frac{1}{r_{\rm min}}&=&\frac{m\alpha}{L^2}+A,\\
\nonumber
A&=&\frac{1}{r_{\rm min}}-\frac{m\alpha}{L^2}.
\end{eqnarray}
$$
Next, $r_{\rm min}$ can be found in terms of the energy because at the
point of closest approach the kinetic energy is due purely to the
motion perpendicular to $\hat{r}$ and
<!-- Equation labels as ordinary links -->
<div id="_auto12"></div>
$$
\begin{equation}
E=-\frac{\alpha}{r_{\rm min}}+\frac{L^2}{2mr_{\rm min}^2}.
\label{_auto12} \tag{20}
\end{equation}
$$
One can solve the quadratic equation for $1/r_{\rm min}$,
<!-- Equation labels as ordinary links -->
<div id="_auto13"></div>
$$
\begin{equation}
\frac{1}{r_{\rm min}}=\frac{m\alpha}{L^2}+\sqrt{(m\alpha/L^2)^2+2mE/L^2}.
\label{_auto13} \tag{21}
\end{equation}
$$
We can plug the expression for $r_{\rm min}$ into the expression for $A$, Eq. ([19](#eq:rminofA)),
<!-- Equation labels as ordinary links -->
<div id="_auto14"></div>
$$
\begin{equation}
A=\sqrt{(m\alpha/L^2)^2+2mE/L^2}=\sqrt{(\alpha^2/(4E^2b^4)+1/b^2}
\label{_auto14} \tag{22}
\end{equation}
$$
Finally, we insert the expression for $A$ into that for the scattering angle, Eq. ([17](#eq:sthetover2)),
<!-- Equation labels as ordinary links -->
<div id="eq:scattangle"></div>
$$
\begin{eqnarray}
\label{eq:scattangle} \tag{23}
\sin(\phi_s/2)&=&\frac{m\alpha}{AL^2}\\
\nonumber
&=&\frac{a}{\sqrt{a^2+b^2}}, ~~a\equiv \frac{\alpha}{2E}
\end{eqnarray}
$$
The differential cross section can now be found by differentiating the
expression for $\phi_s$ with $b$,
<!-- Equation labels as ordinary links -->
<div id="eq:rutherford"></div>
$$
\begin{eqnarray}
\label{eq:rutherford} \tag{24}
\frac{1}{2}\cos(\phi_s/2)d\phi_s&=&\frac{ab~db}{(a^2+b^2)^{3/2}}=\frac{bdb}{a^2}\sin^3(\phi_s/2),\\
\nonumber
d\sigma&=&2\pi bdb=\frac{\pi a^2}{\sin^3(\phi_s/2)}\cos(\phi_s/2)d\phi_s\\
\nonumber
&=&\frac{\pi a^2}{2\sin^4(\phi_s/2)}\sin\phi_s d\phi_s\\
\nonumber
\frac{d\sigma}{d\cos\phi_s}&=&\frac{\pi a^2}{2\sin^4(\phi_s/2)},\\
\nonumber
\frac{d\sigma}{d\Omega}&=&\frac{a^2}{4\sin^4(\phi_s/2)}.
\end{eqnarray}
$$
where $a= \alpha/2E$. This the Rutherford formula for the differential
cross section. It diverges as $\phi_s\rightarrow 0$ because
scatterings with arbitrarily large impact parameters still scatter to
arbitrarily small scattering angles. The expression for
$d\sigma/d\Omega$ is the same whether the interaction is positive or
negative.
Consider a particle of mass $m$ and charge $z$ with kinetic energy $E$
(Let it be the center-of-mass energy) incident on a heavy nucleus of
mass $M$ and charge $Z$ and radius $R$. Find the angle at which the
Rutherford scattering formula breaks down.
### Solution
Let $\alpha=Zze^2/(4\pi\epsilon_0)$. The scattering angle in Eq. ([23](#eq:scattangle)) is
$$
\sin(\phi_s/2)=\frac{a}{\sqrt{a^2+b^2}}, ~~a\equiv \frac{\alpha}{2E}.
$$
The impact parameter $b$ for which the point of closest approach
equals $R$ can be found by using angular momentum conservation,
$$
\begin{eqnarray*}
p_0b&=&b\sqrt{2mE}=Rp_f=R\sqrt{2m(E-\alpha/R)},\\
b&=&R\frac{\sqrt{2m(E-\alpha/R)}}{\sqrt{2mE}}\\
&=&R\sqrt{1-\frac{\alpha}{ER}}.
\end{eqnarray*}
$$
Putting these together
$$
\phi_s=2\sin^{-1}\left\{
\frac{a}{\sqrt{a^2+R^2(1-\alpha/(RE))}}
\right\},~~~a=\frac{\alpha}{2E}.
$$
It was from this departure of the experimentally measured
$d\sigma/d\Omega$ from the Rutherford formula that allowed Rutherford
to infer the radius of the gold nucleus, $R$.
Just like electrodynamics, one can define "fields", which for a small
additional mass $m$ are the force per mass and the additional
potential energy per mass. The {\it gravitational field} related to
the force has dimensions of force per mass, or acceleration, and can
be labeled $\boldsymbol{g}(\boldsymbol{r})$. The potential energy per mass has
dimensions of energy per mass. This is analogous to the
electromagnetic potential, which is the potential energy per charge,
and the electric field which is the force per charge.
Because the field $\boldsymbol{g}$ obeys the same inverse square law for a
point mass as the electric field does for a point charge, the
gravitational field also satisfies a version of Gauss's law,
<!-- Equation labels as ordinary links -->
<div id="eq:GravGauss"></div>
$$
\begin{equation}
\label{eq:GravGauss} \tag{25}
\oint d\boldsymbol{A}\cdot\boldsymbol{g}=-4\pi GM_{\rm inside}.
\end{equation}
$$
Here, $M_{\rm inside}$ is the net mass inside a closed area.
Gauss's law can be understood by considering a nozzle that sprays
paint in all directions uniformly from a point source. Let $B$ be the
number of gallons per minute of paint leaving the nozzle. If the
nozzle is at the center of a sphere of radius $r$, the paint per
square meter per minute that is deposited on some part of the sphere
is
$$
\begin{eqnarray}
F(r)&=&\frac{B}{4\pi r^2}.
\end{eqnarray}
$$
Now, let $F$ also be assigned a direction, so that it becomes a vector
pointing along the direction of the flying paint. For any surface that
surrounds the nozzle, not necessarily a sphere, one can state that
<!-- Equation labels as ordinary links -->
<div id="eq:paint"></div>
$$
\begin{eqnarray}
\label{eq:paint} \tag{26}
\oint \boldsymbol{dA}\cdot\boldsymbol{F}&=&B,
\end{eqnarray}
$$
regardless of the shape of the surface. This follows because the rate
at which paint is deposited on the surface should equal the rate at
which it leaves the nozzle. The dot product ensures that only the
component of $\boldsymbol{F}$ into the surface contributes to the deposition
of paint. Similarly, if $\boldsymbol{F}$ is any radial inverse-square forces,
that falls as $B/(4\pi r^2)$, then one can apply
Eq. ([26](#eq:paint)). For gravitational fields, $B/(4\pi)$ is replaced
by $GM$, and one quickly "derives" Gauss's law for gravity,
Eq. ([25](#eq:GravGauss)).
Consider Earth to have its mass $M$ uniformly distributed in a sphere
of radius $R$. Find the magnitude of the gravitational acceleration as
a function of the radius $r$ in terms of the acceleration of gravity
at the surface $g(R)$. Assume $r<R$, i.e. you are inside the surface.
{\bf Solution}: Take the ratio of Eq. ([25](#eq:GravGauss)) for two radii, $R$ and $r<R$,
$$
\begin{eqnarray*}
\frac{4\pi r^2 g(r)}{4\pi R^2 g(R)}&=&\frac{4\pi GM_{\rm inside~r}}{4\pi GM_{\rm inside~R}}\\
\nonumber
&=&\frac{r^3}{R^3}\\
\nonumber
g(r)&=&g(R)\frac{r}{R}~.
\end{eqnarray*}
$$
The potential energy per mass is similar conceptually to the voltage, or electric potential energy per charge, that was studied in electromagnetism, if $V\equiv U/m$, $\boldsymbol{g}=-\nabla V$.
## Tidal Forces
Consider a spherical planet of radius $r$ a distance $D$ from another
body of mass $M$. The magnitude of the force due to $M$ on an small
object of mass $\delta m$ on surface of the planet can be calculated
by performing a Taylor expansion about the center of the spherical
planet.
<!-- Equation labels as ordinary links -->
<div id="_auto15"></div>
$$
\begin{equation}
F=-\frac{GM\delta m}{D^2}+2\frac{GM\delta m}{D^3}\Delta D+\cdots
\label{_auto15} \tag{27}
\end{equation}
$$
If the $z$ direction points toward the large object, $\Delta D$ can be
referred to as $z$. In the accelerating frame of an observer at the
center of the planet,
<!-- Equation labels as ordinary links -->
<div id="_auto16"></div>
$$
\begin{equation}
\delta m\frac{d^2 z}{dt^2}=F-\delta ma'+{\rm other~forces~acting~on~} \delta m,
\label{_auto16} \tag{28}
\end{equation}
$$
where $a'$ is the acceleration of the observer. Because $\delta ma'$
equals the gravitational force on $\delta m$ if it were located at the
planet's center, one can write
<!-- Equation labels as ordinary links -->
<div id="_auto17"></div>
$$
\begin{equation}
m\frac{d^2z}{dt^2}=2\frac{GM\delta m}{D^3}z+{\rm other~forces~acting~on~}\delta m.
\label{_auto17} \tag{29}
\end{equation}
$$
Here the other forces could represent the forces acting on $\delta m$
from the spherical planet such as the gravitational force or the
contact force with the surface. If $\phi$ is the angle w.r.t. the
$z$ axis, the effective force acting on $\delta m$ is
<!-- Equation labels as ordinary links -->
<div id="_auto18"></div>
$$
\begin{equation}
F_{\rm eff}\approx 2\frac{GM\delta m}{D^3}r\cos\phi\hat{z}+{\rm other~forces~acting~on~}\delta m.
\label{_auto18} \tag{30}
\end{equation}
$$
This first force is the "tidal" force. It pulls objects outward from the center of the object. If the object were covered with water, it would distort the objects shape so that the shape would be elliptical, stretched out along the axis pointing toward the large mass $M$. The force is always along (either parallel or antiparallel to) the $\hat{z}$ direction.
Consider the Earth to be a sphere of radius $R$ covered with water,
with the gravitational acceleration at the surface noted by $g$. Now
assume that a distant body provides an additional constant
gravitational acceleration $\boldsymbol{a}$ pointed along the $z$ axis. Find
the distortion of the radius as a function of $\phi$. Ignore
planetary rotation and assume $a<<g$.
{\bf Solution}: Because Earth would then accelerate with $a$, the
field $a$ would seem invisible in the accelerating frame. A tidal
force would only appear if $a$ depended on position, i.e. $\nabla
\boldsymbol{a}\ne 0$.
Now consider that the field is no longer constant, but that instead $a=-kz$ with $|kR|<<g$.
{\bf Solution}: The surface of the planet needs to be at constant
potential (if the planet is not accelerating). The force per mass,
$-kz$ is like a spring, and the potential per mass is
$kz^2/2$. Otherwise water would move to a point of lower
potential. Thus, the potential energy for a sample mass $\delta m$ is
$$
\begin{eqnarray*}
V(R)+\delta m gh(\phi)-\frac{\delta m}{2}kr^2\cos^2\phi={\rm Constant}\\
V(R)+\delta mgh(\phi)-\frac{\delta m}{2}kR^2\cos^2\phi-\delta m kRh(\phi)\cos^2\phi-\frac{\delta m}{2}kh^2(\phi)\cos^2\phi={\rm Constant}.
\end{eqnarray*}
$$
Here, the potential due to the external field is $(1/2)kz^2$ so that $-\nabla U=-kz$. One now needs to solve for $h(\phi)$. Absorbing all the constant terms from both sides of the equation into one constant $C$, and because both $h$ and $kR$ are small, we can through away terms of order $h^2$ or $kRh$. This gives
$$
\begin{eqnarray*}
gh(\phi)-\frac{1}{2}kR^2\cos^2\phi&=&C,\\
h(\phi)&=&\frac{C}{g}+\frac{1}{2g}kR^2\cos^2\phi,\\
h(\phi)&=&\frac{1}{2g}kR^2(\cos^2\phi-1/3).
\end{eqnarray*}
$$
The term with the factor of $1/3$ replaced the constant and was chosen so that the average height of the water would be zero.
The Sun's mass is $27\times 10^6$ the Moon's mass, but the Sun is 390 times further away from Earth as the Sun. What is ratio of the tidal force of the Sun to that of the Moon.
{\bf Solution}: The gravitational force due to an object $M$ a distance $D$ away goes as $M/D^2$, but the tidal force is only the difference of that force over a distance $R$,
$$
F_{\rm tidal}\propto \frac{M}{D^3}R.
$$
Therefore the ratio of force is
$$
\begin{eqnarray*}
\frac{F_{\rm Sun's~tidal~force}}{F_{\rm Moon's~tidal~force}}
&=&\frac{M_{\rm sun}/D_{\rm sun}^3}{M_{\rm moon}/D_{\rm moon}^3}\\
&=&\frac{27\times 10^6}{390^3}=0.46.
\end{eqnarray*}
$$
The Moon more strongly affects tides than the Sun.
## Exercises
### The Earth-Sun System
We start with a simpler case first, the Earth-Sun system in two dimensions only. The gravitational force $F_G$ on the earth from the sun is
$$
\boldsymbol{F}_G=-\frac{GM_{\odot}M_E}{r^3}\boldsymbol{r},
$$
where $G$ is the gravitational constant,
$$
M_E=6\times 10^{24}\mathrm{Kg},
$$
the mass of Earth,
$$
M_{\odot}=2\times 10^{30}\mathrm{Kg},
$$
the mass of the Sun and
$$
r=1.5\times 10^{11}\mathrm{m},
$$
is the distance between Earth and the Sun. The latter defines what we call an astronomical unit **AU**.
From Newton's second law we have then for the $x$ direction
$$
\frac{d^2x}{dt^2}=-\frac{F_{x}}{M_E},
$$
and
$$
\frac{d^2y}{dt^2}=-\frac{F_{y}}{M_E},
$$
for the $y$ direction.
Here we will use that $x=r\cos{(\theta)}$, $y=r\sin{(\theta)}$ and
$$
r = \sqrt{x^2+y^2}.
$$
We can rewrite these equations
$$
F_{x}=-\frac{GM_{\odot}M_E}{r^2}\cos{(\theta)}=-\frac{GM_{\odot}M_E}{r^3}x,
$$
and
$$
F_{y}=-\frac{GM_{\odot}M_E}{r^2}\sin{(\theta)}=-\frac{GM_{\odot}M_E}{r^3}y,
$$
as four first-order coupled differential equations
$$
\frac{dv_x}{dt}=-\frac{GM_{\odot}}{r^3}x,
$$
and
$$
\frac{dx}{dt}=v_x,
$$
and
$$
\frac{dv_y}{dt}=-\frac{GM_{\odot}}{r^3}y,
$$
and
$$
\frac{dy}{dt}=v_y.
$$
The four coupled differential equations
$$
\frac{dv_x}{dt}=-\frac{GM_{\odot}}{r^3}x,
$$
and
$$
\frac{dx}{dt}=v_x,
$$
and
$$
\frac{dv_y}{dt}=-\frac{GM_{\odot}}{r^3}y,
$$
and
$$
\frac{dy}{dt}=v_y,
$$
can be turned into dimensionless equations or we can introduce astronomical units with $1$ AU = $1.5\times 10^{11}$.
Using the equations from circular motion (with $r =1\mathrm{AU}$)
$$
\frac{M_E v^2}{r} = F = \frac{GM_{\odot}M_E}{r^2},
$$
we have
$$
GM_{\odot}=v^2r,
$$
and using that the velocity of Earth (assuming circular motion) is
$v = 2\pi r/\mathrm{yr}=2\pi\mathrm{AU}/\mathrm{yr}$, we have
$$
GM_{\odot}= v^2r = 4\pi^2 \frac{(\mathrm{AU})^3}{\mathrm{yr}^2}.
$$
The four coupled differential equations can then be discretized using Euler's method as (with step length $h$)
$$
v_{x,i+1}=v_{x,i}-h\frac{4\pi^2}{r_i^3}x_i,
$$
and
$$
x_{i+1}=x_i+hv_{x,i},
$$
and
$$
v_{y,i+1}=v_{y,i}-h\frac{4\pi^2}{r_i^3}y_i,
$$
and
$$
y_{i+1}=y_i+hv_{y,i},
$$
The code here implements Euler's method for the Earth-Sun system using a more compact way of representing the vectors. Alternatively, you could have spelled out all the variables $v_x$, $v_y$, $x$ and $y$ as one-dimensional arrays.
# Common imports
import numpy as np
import pandas as pd
from math import *
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import os
# Where to save the figures and data files
PROJECT_ROOT_DIR = "Results"
FIGURE_ID = "Results/FigureFiles"
DATA_ID = "DataFiles/"
if not os.path.exists(PROJECT_ROOT_DIR):
os.mkdir(PROJECT_ROOT_DIR)
if not os.path.exists(FIGURE_ID):
os.makedirs(FIGURE_ID)
if not os.path.exists(DATA_ID):
os.makedirs(DATA_ID)
def image_path(fig_id):
return os.path.join(FIGURE_ID, fig_id)
def data_path(dat_id):
return os.path.join(DATA_ID, dat_id)
def save_fig(fig_id):
plt.savefig(image_path(fig_id) + ".png", format='png')
DeltaT = 0.01
#set up arrays
tfinal = 10 # in years
n = ceil(tfinal/DeltaT)
# set up arrays for t, a, v, and x
t = np.zeros(n)
v = np.zeros((n,2))
r = np.zeros((n,2))
# Initial conditions as compact 2-dimensional arrays
r0 = np.array([1.0,0.0])
v0 = np.array([0.0,2*pi])
r[0] = r0
v[0] = v0
Fourpi2 = 4*pi*pi
# Start integrating using Euler's method
for i in range(n-1):
# Set up the acceleration
# Here you could have defined your own function for this
rabs = sqrt(sum(r[i]*r[i]))
a = -Fourpi2*r[i]/(rabs**3)
# update velocity, time and position using Euler's forward method
v[i+1] = v[i] + DeltaT*a
r[i+1] = r[i] + DeltaT*v[i]
t[i+1] = t[i] + DeltaT
# Plot position as function of time
fig, ax = plt.subplots()
#ax.set_xlim(0, tfinal)
ax.set_xlabel('x[AU]')
ax.set_ylabel('y[AU]')
ax.plot(r[:,0], r[:,1])
fig.tight_layout()
save_fig("EarthSunEuler")
plt.show()
We notice here that Euler's method doesn't give a stable orbit with for example $\Delta t =0.01$. It
means that we cannot trust Euler's method. Euler's method does not conserve energy. It is an
example of an integrator which is not
[symplectic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symplectic_integrator).
Here we present thus two methods, which with simple changes allow us
to avoid these pitfalls. The simplest possible extension is the
so-called Euler-Cromer method. The changes we need to make to our
code are indeed marginal here. We need simply to replace
r[i+1] = r[i] + DeltaT*v[i]
in the above code with the velocity at the new time $t_{i+1}$
r[i+1] = r[i] + DeltaT*v[i+1]
By this simple caveat we get stable orbits. Below we derive the
Euler-Cromer method as well as one of the most utlized algorithms for
solving the above type of problems, the so-called Velocity-Verlet
method.
Let us repeat Euler's method.
We have a differential equation
<!-- Equation labels as ordinary links -->
<div id="_auto19"></div>
$$
\begin{equation}
y'(t_i)=f(t_i,y_i)
\label{_auto19} \tag{31}
\end{equation}
$$
and if we truncate at the first derivative, we have from the Taylor expansion
<!-- Equation labels as ordinary links -->
<div id="eq:euler"></div>
$$
\begin{equation}
y_{i+1}=y(t_i) + (\Delta t) f(t_i,y_i) + O(\Delta t^2), \label{eq:euler} \tag{32}
\end{equation}
$$
which when complemented with $t_{i+1}=t_i+\Delta t$ forms
the algorithm for the well-known Euler method.
Note that at every step we make an approximation error
of the order of $O(\Delta t^2)$, however the total error is the sum over all
steps $N=(b-a)/(\Delta t)$ for $t\in [a,b]$, yielding thus a global error which goes like
$NO(\Delta t^2)\approx O(\Delta t)$.
To make Euler's method more precise we can obviously
decrease $\Delta t$ (increase $N$), but this can lead to loss of numerical precision.
Euler's method is not recommended for precision calculation,
although it is handy to use in order to get a first
view on how a solution may look like.
Euler's method is asymmetric in time, since it uses information about the derivative at the beginning
of the time interval. This means that we evaluate the position at $y_1$ using the velocity
at $v_0$. A simple variation is to determine $x_{n+1}$ using the velocity at
$v_{n+1}$, that is (in a slightly more generalized form)
<!-- Equation labels as ordinary links -->
<div id="_auto20"></div>
$$
\begin{equation}
y_{n+1}=y_{n}+ v_{n+1}+O(\Delta t^2)
\label{_auto20} \tag{33}
\end{equation}
$$
and
<!-- Equation labels as ordinary links -->
<div id="_auto21"></div>
$$
\begin{equation}
v_{n+1}=v_{n}+(\Delta t) a_{n}+O(\Delta t^2).
\label{_auto21} \tag{34}
\end{equation}
$$
The acceleration $a_n$ is a function of $a_n(y_n, v_n, t_n)$ and needs to be evaluated
as well. This is the Euler-Cromer method. It is easy to change the above code and see that with the same
time step we get stable results.
Let us stay with $x$ (position) and $v$ (velocity) as the quantities we are interested in.
We have the Taylor expansion for the position given by
$$
x_{i+1} = x_i+(\Delta t)v_i+\frac{(\Delta t)^2}{2}a_i+O((\Delta t)^3).
$$
The corresponding expansion for the velocity is
$$
v_{i+1} = v_i+(\Delta t)a_i+\frac{(\Delta t)^2}{2}v^{(2)}_i+O((\Delta t)^3).
$$
Via Newton's second law we have normally an analytical expression for the derivative of the velocity, namely
$$
a_i= \frac{d^2 x}{dt^2}\vert_{i}=\frac{d v}{dt}\vert_{i}= \frac{F(x_i,v_i,t_i)}{m}.
$$
If we add to this the corresponding expansion for the derivative of the velocity
$$
v^{(1)}_{i+1} = a_{i+1}= a_i+(\Delta t)v^{(2)}_i+O((\Delta t)^2)=a_i+(\Delta t)v^{(2)}_i+O((\Delta t)^2),
$$
and retain only terms up to the second derivative of the velocity since our error goes as $O(h^3)$, we have
$$
(\Delta t)v^{(2)}_i\approx a_{i+1}-a_i.
$$
We can then rewrite the Taylor expansion for the velocity as
$$
v_{i+1} = v_i+\frac{(\Delta t)}{2}\left( a_{i+1}+a_{i}\right)+O((\Delta t)^3).
$$
Our final equations for the position and the velocity become then
$$
x_{i+1} = x_i+(\Delta t)v_i+\frac{(\Delta t)^2}{2}a_{i}+O((\Delta t)^3),
$$
and
$$
v_{i+1} = v_i+\frac{(\Delta t)}{2}\left(a_{i+1}+a_{i}\right)+O((\Delta t)^3).
$$
Note well that the term $a_{i+1}$ depends on the position at $x_{i+1}$. This means that you need to calculate
the position at the updated time $t_{i+1}$ before the computing the next velocity. Note also that the derivative of the velocity at the time
$t_i$ used in the updating of the position can be reused in the calculation of the velocity update as well.
We can now easily add the Verlet method to our original code as
DeltaT = 0.01
#set up arrays
tfinal = 10
n = ceil(tfinal/DeltaT)
# set up arrays for t, a, v, and x
t = np.zeros(n)
v = np.zeros((n,2))
r = np.zeros((n,2))
# Initial conditions as compact 2-dimensional arrays
r0 = np.array([1.0,0.0])
v0 = np.array([0.0,2*pi])
r[0] = r0
v[0] = v0
Fourpi2 = 4*pi*pi
# Start integrating using the Velocity-Verlet method
for i in range(n-1):
# Set up forces, air resistance FD, note now that we need the norm of the vecto
# Here you could have defined your own function for this
rabs = sqrt(sum(r[i]*r[i]))
a = -Fourpi2*r[i]/(rabs**3)
# update velocity, time and position using the Velocity-Verlet method
r[i+1] = r[i] + DeltaT*v[i]+0.5*(DeltaT**2)*a
rabs = sqrt(sum(r[i+1]*r[i+1]))
anew = -4*(pi**2)*r[i+1]/(rabs**3)
v[i+1] = v[i] + 0.5*DeltaT*(a+anew)
t[i+1] = t[i] + DeltaT
# Plot position as function of time
fig, ax = plt.subplots()
ax.set_xlabel('x[AU]')
ax.set_ylabel('y[AU]')
ax.plot(r[:,0], r[:,1])
fig.tight_layout()
save_fig("EarthSunVV")
plt.show()
You can easily generalize the calculation of the forces by defining a function
which takes in as input the various variables. We leave this as a challenge to you.
Running the above code for various time steps we see that the Velocity-Verlet is fully stable for various time steps.
We can also play around with different initial conditions in order to find the escape velocity from an orbit around the sun with distance one astronomical unit, 1 AU. The theoretical value for the escape velocity, is given by
$$
v = \sqrt{8\pi^2}{r},
$$
and with $r=1$ AU, this means that the escape velocity is $2\pi\sqrt{2}$ AU/yr. To obtain this we required that the kinetic energy of Earth equals the potential energy given by the gravitational force.
Setting
$$
\frac{1}{2}M_{\mathrm{Earth}}v^2=\frac{GM_{\odot}}{r},
$$
and with $GM_{\odot}=4\pi^2$ we obtain the above relation for the velocity. Setting an initial velocity say equal to $9$ in the above code, yields a planet (Earth) which escapes a stable orbit around the sun, as seen by running the code here.
DeltaT = 0.01
#set up arrays
tfinal = 100
n = ceil(tfinal/DeltaT)
# set up arrays for t, a, v, and x
t = np.zeros(n)
v = np.zeros((n,2))
r = np.zeros((n,2))
# Initial conditions as compact 2-dimensional arrays
r0 = np.array([1.0,0.0])
# setting initial velocity larger than escape velocity
v0 = np.array([0.0,9.0])
r[0] = r0
v[0] = v0
Fourpi2 = 4*pi*pi
# Start integrating using the Velocity-Verlet method
for i in range(n-1):
# Set up forces, air resistance FD, note now that we need the norm of the vecto
# Here you could have defined your own function for this
rabs = sqrt(sum(r[i]*r[i]))
a = -Fourpi2*r[i]/(rabs**3)
# update velocity, time and position using the Velocity-Verlet method
r[i+1] = r[i] + DeltaT*v[i]+0.5*(DeltaT**2)*a
rabs = sqrt(sum(r[i+1]*r[i+1]))
anew = -4*(pi**2)*r[i+1]/(rabs**3)
v[i+1] = v[i] + 0.5*DeltaT*(a+anew)
t[i+1] = t[i] + DeltaT
# Plot position as function of time
fig, ax = plt.subplots()
ax.set_xlabel('x[AU]')
ax.set_ylabel('y[AU]')
ax.plot(r[:,0], r[:,1])
fig.tight_layout()
save_fig("EscapeEarthSunVV")
plt.show()
### Testing Energy conservation
The code here implements Euler's method for the Earth-Sun system using
a more compact way of representing the vectors. Alternatively, you
could have spelled out all the variables $v_x$, $v_y$, $x$ and $y$ as
one-dimensional arrays. It tests conservation of potential and
kinetic energy as functions of time, in addition to the total energy,
again as function of time
**Note**: in all codes we have used scaled equations so that the gravitational constant times the mass of the sum is given by $4\pi^2$ and the mass of the earth is set to **one** in the calculations of kinetic and potential energies. Else, we would get very large results.
# Common imports
import numpy as np
import pandas as pd
from math import *
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import os
# Where to save the figures and data files
PROJECT_ROOT_DIR = "Results"
FIGURE_ID = "Results/FigureFiles"
DATA_ID = "DataFiles/"
if not os.path.exists(PROJECT_ROOT_DIR):
os.mkdir(PROJECT_ROOT_DIR)
if not os.path.exists(FIGURE_ID):
os.makedirs(FIGURE_ID)
if not os.path.exists(DATA_ID):
os.makedirs(DATA_ID)
def image_path(fig_id):
return os.path.join(FIGURE_ID, fig_id)
def data_path(dat_id):
return os.path.join(DATA_ID, dat_id)
def save_fig(fig_id):
plt.savefig(image_path(fig_id) + ".png", format='png')
# Initial values, time step, positions and velocites
DeltaT = 0.0001
#set up arrays
tfinal = 100 # in years
n = ceil(tfinal/DeltaT)
# set up arrays for t, a, v, and x
t = np.zeros(n)
v = np.zeros((n,2))
r = np.zeros((n,2))
# setting up the kinetic, potential and total energy, note only functions of time
EKinetic = np.zeros(n)
EPotential = np.zeros(n)
ETotal = np.zeros(n)
# Initial conditions as compact 2-dimensional arrays
r0 = np.array([1.0,0.0])
v0 = np.array([0.0,2*pi])
r[0] = r0
v[0] = v0
Fourpi2 = 4*pi*pi
# Setting up variables for the calculation of energies
# distance that defines rabs in potential energy
rabs0 = sqrt(sum(r[0]*r[0]))
# Initial kinetic energy. Note that we skip the mass of the Earth here, that is MassEarth=1 in all codes
EKinetic[0] = 0.5*sum(v0*v0)
# Initial potential energy (note negative sign, why?)
EPotential[0] = -4*pi*pi/rabs0
# Initial total energy
ETotal[0] = EPotential[0]+EKinetic[0]
# Start integrating using Euler's method
for i in range(n-1):
# Set up the acceleration
# Here you could have defined your own function for this
rabs = sqrt(sum(r[i]*r[i]))
a = -Fourpi2*r[i]/(rabs**3)
# update Energies, velocity, time and position using Euler's forward method
v[i+1] = v[i] + DeltaT*a
r[i+1] = r[i] + DeltaT*v[i]
t[i+1] = t[i] + DeltaT
EKinetic[i+1] = 0.5*sum(v[i+1]*v[i+1])
EPotential[i+1] = -4*pi*pi/sqrt(sum(r[i+1]*r[i+1]))
ETotal[i+1] = EPotential[i+1]+EKinetic[i+1]
# Plot energies as functions of time
fig, axs = plt.subplots(3, 1)
axs[0].plot(t, EKinetic)
axs[0].set_xlim(0, tfinal)
axs[0].set_ylabel('Kinetic energy')
axs[1].plot(t, EPotential)
axs[1].set_ylabel('Potential Energy')
axs[2].plot(t, ETotal)
axs[2].set_xlabel('Time [yr]')
axs[2].set_ylabel('Total Energy')
fig.tight_layout()
save_fig("EarthSunEuler")
plt.show()
We see very clearly that Euler's method does not conserve energy!! Try to reduce the time step $\Delta t$. What do you see?
With the Euler-Cromer method, the only thing we need is to update the
position at a time $t+1$ with the update velocity from the same
time. Thus, the change in the code is extremely simply, and **energy is
suddenly conserved**. Note that the error runs like $O(\Delta t)$ and
this is why we see the larger oscillations. But within this
oscillating energy envelope, we see that the energies swing between a
max and a min value and never exceed these values.
# Common imports
import numpy as np
import pandas as pd
from math import *
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import os
# Where to save the figures and data files
PROJECT_ROOT_DIR = "Results"
FIGURE_ID = "Results/FigureFiles"
DATA_ID = "DataFiles/"
if not os.path.exists(PROJECT_ROOT_DIR):
os.mkdir(PROJECT_ROOT_DIR)
if not os.path.exists(FIGURE_ID):
os.makedirs(FIGURE_ID)
if not os.path.exists(DATA_ID):
os.makedirs(DATA_ID)
def image_path(fig_id):
return os.path.join(FIGURE_ID, fig_id)
def data_path(dat_id):
return os.path.join(DATA_ID, dat_id)
def save_fig(fig_id):
plt.savefig(image_path(fig_id) + ".png", format='png')
# Initial values, time step, positions and velocites
DeltaT = 0.0001
#set up arrays
tfinal = 100 # in years
n = ceil(tfinal/DeltaT)
# set up arrays for t, a, v, and x
t = np.zeros(n)
v = np.zeros((n,2))
r = np.zeros((n,2))
# setting up the kinetic, potential and total energy, note only functions of time
EKinetic = np.zeros(n)
EPotential = np.zeros(n)
ETotal = np.zeros(n)
# Initial conditions as compact 2-dimensional arrays
r0 = np.array([1.0,0.0])
v0 = np.array([0.0,2*pi])
r[0] = r0
v[0] = v0
Fourpi2 = 4*pi*pi
# Setting up variables for the calculation of energies
# distance that defines rabs in potential energy
rabs0 = sqrt(sum(r[0]*r[0]))
# Initial kinetic energy. Note that we skip the mass of the Earth here, that is MassEarth=1 in all codes
EKinetic[0] = 0.5*sum(v0*v0)
# Initial potential energy
EPotential[0] = -4*pi*pi/rabs0
# Initial total energy
ETotal[0] = EPotential[0]+EKinetic[0]
# Start integrating using Euler's method
for i in range(n-1):
# Set up the acceleration
# Here you could have defined your own function for this
rabs = sqrt(sum(r[i]*r[i]))
a = -Fourpi2*r[i]/(rabs**3)
# update velocity, time and position using Euler's forward method
v[i+1] = v[i] + DeltaT*a
# Only change when we add the Euler-Cromer method
r[i+1] = r[i] + DeltaT*v[i+1]
t[i+1] = t[i] + DeltaT
EKinetic[i+1] = 0.5*sum(v[i+1]*v[i+1])
EPotential[i+1] = -4*pi*pi/sqrt(sum(r[i+1]*r[i+1]))
ETotal[i+1] = EPotential[i+1]+EKinetic[i+1]
# Plot energies as functions of time
fig, axs = plt.subplots(3, 1)
axs[0].plot(t, EKinetic)
axs[0].set_xlim(0, tfinal)
axs[0].set_ylabel('Kinetic energy')
axs[1].plot(t, EPotential)
axs[1].set_ylabel('Potential Energy')
axs[2].plot(t, ETotal)
axs[2].set_xlabel('Time [yr]')
axs[2].set_ylabel('Total Energy')
fig.tight_layout()
save_fig("EarthSunEulerCromer")
plt.show()
### Adding the velocity Verlet method
Our final equations for the position and the velocity become then
$$
x_{i+1} = x_i+(\Delta t)v_i+\frac{(\Delta t)^2}{2}a_{i}+O((\Delta t)^3),
$$
and
$$
v_{i+1} = v_i+\frac{(\Delta t)}{2}\left(a_{i+1}+a_{i}\right)+O((\Delta t)^3).
$$
Note well that the term $a_{i+1}$ depends on the position at $x_{i+1}$. This means that you need to calculate
the position at the updated time $t_{i+1}$ before the computing the next velocity. Note also that the derivative of the velocity at the time
$t_i$ used in the updating of the position can be reused in the calculation of the velocity update as well.
We can now easily add the Verlet method to our original code as
DeltaT = 0.001
#set up arrays
tfinal = 100
n = ceil(tfinal/DeltaT)
# set up arrays for t, a, v, and x
t = np.zeros(n)
v = np.zeros((n,2))
r = np.zeros((n,2))
# Initial conditions as compact 2-dimensional arrays
r0 = np.array([1.0,0.0])
v0 = np.array([0.0,2*pi])
r[0] = r0
v[0] = v0
Fourpi2 = 4*pi*pi
# setting up the kinetic, potential and total energy, note only functions of time
EKinetic = np.zeros(n)
EPotential = np.zeros(n)
ETotal = np.zeros(n)
# Setting up variables for the calculation of energies
# distance that defines rabs in potential energy
rabs0 = sqrt(sum(r[0]*r[0]))
# Initial kinetic energy. Note that we skip the mass of the Earth here, that is MassEarth=1 in all codes
EKinetic[0] = 0.5*sum(v0*v0)
# Initial potential energy
EPotential[0] = -4*pi*pi/rabs0
# Initial total energy
ETotal[0] = EPotential[0]+EKinetic[0]
# Start integrating using the Velocity-Verlet method
for i in range(n-1):
# Set up forces, air resistance FD, note now that we need the norm of the vecto
# Here you could have defined your own function for this
rabs = sqrt(sum(r[i]*r[i]))
a = -Fourpi2*r[i]/(rabs**3)
# update velocity, time and position using the Velocity-Verlet method
r[i+1] = r[i] + DeltaT*v[i]+0.5*(DeltaT**2)*a
rabs = sqrt(sum(r[i+1]*r[i+1]))
anew = -4*(pi**2)*r[i+1]/(rabs**3)
v[i+1] = v[i] + 0.5*DeltaT*(a+anew)
t[i+1] = t[i] + DeltaT
EKinetic[i+1] = 0.5*sum(v[i+1]*v[i+1])
EPotential[i+1] = -4*pi*pi/sqrt(sum(r[i+1]*r[i+1]))
ETotal[i+1] = EPotential[i+1]+EKinetic[i+1]
# Plot energies as functions of time
fig, axs = plt.subplots(3, 1)
axs[0].plot(t, EKinetic)
axs[0].set_xlim(0, tfinal)
axs[0].set_ylabel('Kinetic energy')
axs[1].plot(t, EPotential)
axs[1].set_ylabel('Potential Energy')
axs[2].plot(t, ETotal)
axs[2].set_xlabel('Time [yr]')
axs[2].set_ylabel('Total Energy')
fig.tight_layout()
save_fig("EarthSunVelocityVerlet")
plt.show()
And we see that due to the smaller truncation error that energy conservation is improved as a function of time.
Try out different time steps $\Delta t$ and see if the results improve or worsen.
### Exercise: Center-of-Mass and Relative Coordinates and Reference Frames
We define the two-body center-of-mass coordinate and relative coordinate by expressing the trajectories for
$\boldsymbol{r}_1$ and $\boldsymbol{r}_2$ into the center-of-mass coordinate
$\boldsymbol{R}_{\rm cm}$
$$
\boldsymbol{R}_{\rm cm}\equiv\frac{m_1\boldsymbol{r}_1+m_2\boldsymbol{r}_2}{m_1+m_2},
$$
and the relative coordinate
$$
\boldsymbol{r}\equiv\boldsymbol{r}_1-\boldsymbol{r_2}.
$$
Here, we assume the two particles interact only with one another, so $\boldsymbol{F}_{12}=-\boldsymbol{F}_{21}$ (where $\boldsymbol{F}_{ij}$ is the force on $i$ due to $j$.
* 2a (5pt) Show that the equations of motion then become $\ddot{\boldsymbol{R}}_{\rm cm}=0$ and $\mu\ddot{\boldsymbol{r}}=\boldsymbol{F}_{12}$, with the reduced mass $\mu=m_1m_2/(m_1+m_2)$.
The first expression simply states that the center of mass coordinate $\boldsymbol{R}_{\rm cm}$ moves at a fixed velocity. The second expression can be rewritten in terms of the reduced mass $\mu$.
Let us first start with some basic definitions. We have the center of mass coordinate $\boldsymbol{R}$ defined as (for two particles)
$$
\boldsymbol{R}=\frac{m_1\boldsymbol{r}_1+m_2\boldsymbol{r}_2}{M},
$$
where $m_1$ and $m_2$ are the masses of the two objects and $\boldsymbol{r}_1$ and $\boldsymbol{r}_2$ their respective positions defined according to a chosen origin. Here $M=m_1+m_2$ is the total mass.
The relative position is defined as
$$
\boldsymbol{r} =\boldsymbol{r}_1-\boldsymbol{r}_2,
$$
and we then define $\boldsymbol{r}_1$ and $\boldsymbol{r}_2$ in terms of the relative and center of mass positions as
$$
\boldsymbol{r}_1=\boldsymbol{R}+\frac{m_2}{M}\boldsymbol{r},
$$
and
$$
\boldsymbol{r}_2=\boldsymbol{R}-\frac{m_1}{M}\boldsymbol{r},
$$
The total linear momentum is then defined as
$$
\boldsymbol{P}=\sum_{i=1}^Nm_i\frac{\boldsymbol{r}_i}{dt},
$$
where $N=2$ in our case. With the above definition of the center of mass position, we see that we can rewrite the total linear momentum as (multiplying the center of mass position with $M$)
$$
\boldsymbol{P}=M\frac{d\boldsymbol{R}}{dt}=M\dot{\boldsymbol{R}}.
$$
This result is also an answer to a part of exercise 2b, see below.
The net force acting on the system is given by the time derivative of the linear momentum (assuming mass is time independent)
and we have
$$
\boldsymbol{F}^{\mathrm{net}}=\dot{\boldsymbol{P}}=M\ddot{\boldsymbol{R}}.
$$
The net force acting on the system is given by the sum of the forces acting on the two object, that is we have
$$
\boldsymbol{F}^{\mathrm{net}}=\boldsymbol{F}_1+\boldsymbol{F}_2=\dot{\boldsymbol{P}}=M\ddot{\boldsymbol{R}}.
$$
In our case the forces are given by the internal forces only. The force acting on object $1$ is thus $\boldsymbol{F}_{12}$ and the one acting on object $2$ is $\boldsymbol{F}_{12}$. We have also defined that $\boldsymbol{F}_{12}=-\boldsymbol{F}_{21}$. This means thar we have
$$
\boldsymbol{F}_1+\boldsymbol{F}_2=\boldsymbol{F}_{12}+\boldsymbol{F}_{21}=0=\dot{\boldsymbol{P}}=M\ddot{\boldsymbol{R}},
$$
which is what we wanted to show. The center of mass velocity is thus a constant of the motion. We could also define the so-called center of mass reference frame where we simply set $\boldsymbol{R}=0$.
This has also another important consequence for our forces. If we assume that our force depends only on the positions, it means that the gradient of the potential with respect to the center of mass position is zero, that is
$$
M\ddot{d\boldsymbol{R}}=-\boldsymbol{\nabla}_{\boldsymbol{R}}V =0!
$$
An alternative way is
$$
\begin{eqnarray}
\ddot{\boldsymbol{R}}_{\rm cm}&=&\frac{1}{m_1+m_2}\left\{m_1\ddot{\boldsymbol{r}}_1+m_2\ddot{\boldsymbol{r}}_2\right\}\\
\nonumber
&=&\frac{1}{m_1+m_2}\left\{\boldsymbol{F}_{12}+\boldsymbol{F}_{21}\right\}=0.\\
\ddot{\boldsymbol{r}}&=&\ddot{\boldsymbol{r}}_1-\ddot{\boldsymbol{r}}_2=\left(\frac{\boldsymbol{F}_{12}}{m_1}-\frac{\boldsymbol{F}_{21}}{m_2}\right)\\
\nonumber
&=&\left(\frac{1}{m_1}+\frac{1}{m_2}\right)\boldsymbol{F}_{12}.
\end{eqnarray}
$$
The first expression simply states that the center of mass coordinate
$\boldsymbol{R}_{\rm cm}$ moves at a fixed velocity. The second expression
can be rewritten in terms of the reduced mass $\mu$.
$$
\begin{eqnarray}
\mu \ddot{\boldsymbol{r}}&=&\boldsymbol{F}_{12},\\
\frac{1}{\mu}&=&\frac{1}{m_1}+\frac{1}{m_2},~~~~\mu=\frac{m_1m_2}{m_1+m_2}.
\end{eqnarray}
$$
Thus, one can treat the trajectory as a one-body problem where the
reduced mass is $\mu$, and a second trivial problem for the center of
mass. The reduced mass is especially convenient when one is
considering gravitational problems, as we have seen during the lectures of weeks 11-13.
* 2b (5pt) Show that the linear momenta for the center-of-mass $\boldsymbol{P}$ motion and the relative motion $\boldsymbol{q}$ are given by $\boldsymbol{P}=M\dot{\boldsymbol{R}}_{\rm cm}$ with $M=m_1+m_2$ and $\boldsymbol{q}=\mu\dot{\boldsymbol{r}}$. The linear momentum of the relative motion is defined $\boldsymbol{q} = (m_2\boldsymbol{p}_1-m_1\boldsymbol{p}_2)/(m_1+m_2)$.
In 2a we showed, as an intermediate step that the total linear momentum is given by
$$
\boldsymbol{P}=\sum_{i=1}^Nm_i\frac{d\boldsymbol{r}_i}{dt}=M\dot{\boldsymbol{R}}.
$$
For the relative momentum $\boldsymbol{q}$, we have that the time derivative of $\boldsymbol{r}$ is
$$
\dot{\boldsymbol{r}} =\dot{\boldsymbol{r}}_1-\dot{\boldsymbol{r}}_2,
$$
We now also that the momenta $\boldsymbol{p}_1=m_1\dot{\boldsymbol{r}}_1$ and
$\boldsymbol{p}_2=m_2\dot{\boldsymbol{r}}_2$. Using these expressions we can rewrite
$$
\dot{\boldsymbol{r}} =\frac{\boldsymbol{p}_1}{m_1}-\frac{\boldsymbol{p}_2}{m_2},
$$
which we can rewrite as
$$
\dot{\boldsymbol{r}} =\frac{m_2\boldsymbol{p}_1-m_1\boldsymbol{p}_2}{m_1m_2},
$$
and dividing both sides with $M$ we have
$$
\frac{m_1m_2}{M}\dot{\boldsymbol{r}} =\frac{m_2\boldsymbol{p}_1-m_1\boldsymbol{p}_2}{M}.
$$
Introducing the reduced mass $\mu=m_1m_2/M$ we have finally
$$
\mu\dot{\boldsymbol{r}} =\frac{m_2\boldsymbol{p}_1-m_1\boldsymbol{p}_2}{M}.
$$
And $\mu\dot{\boldsymbol{r}}$ defines the relative momentum $\boldsymbol{q}=\mu\dot{\boldsymbol{r}}$.
When we introduce the Lagrangian formalism we will see that it is much easier to derive these equations.
* 2c (5pt) Show then that the kinetic energy for two objects can then be written as
$$
K=\frac{P^2}{2M}+\frac{q^2}{2\mu}.
$$
Here we just need to use our definitions of kinetic energy in terms of the coordinates $\boldsymbol{r}_1$ and $\boldsymbol{r}_2$.
We have that
$$
K=\frac{p_1^2}{2m_1}+\frac{p_2^2}{2m_2},
$$
and with $\boldsymbol{p}_1=m_1\dot{\boldsymbol{r}}_1$ and $\boldsymbol{p}_2=m_2\dot{\boldsymbol{r}}_2$ and using
$$
\dot{\boldsymbol{r}}_1=\dot{\boldsymbol{R}}+\frac{m_2}{M}\dot{\boldsymbol{r}},
$$
and
$$
\dot{\boldsymbol{r}}_2=\dot{\boldsymbol{R}}-\frac{m_1}{M}\dot{\boldsymbol{r}},
$$
we obtain (after squaring the expressions for $\dot{\boldsymbol{r}}_1$ and $\dot{\boldsymbol{r}}_2$) we have
$$
K=\frac{(m_1+m_2)\dot{\boldsymbol{R}}^2}{2}+\frac{(m_1+m_2)m_1m_2\dot{\boldsymbol{r}}^2}{2M^2},
$$
which we simplify to
$$
K=\frac{\dot{\boldsymbol{P}}^2}{2M}+\frac{\mu\dot{\boldsymbol{q}}^2}{2},
$$
which is what we wanted to show.
* 2d (5pt) Show that the total angular momentum for two-particles in the center-of-mass frame $\boldsymbol{R}=0$, is given by
$$
\boldsymbol{L}=\boldsymbol{r}\times \mu\dot{\boldsymbol{r}}.
$$
Here we need again that
$$
\boldsymbol{r} =\boldsymbol{r}_1-\boldsymbol{r}_2,
$$
and we then define $\boldsymbol{r}_1$ and $\boldsymbol{r}_2$ in terms of the relative and center of mass positions with $\boldsymbol{R}=0$
$$
\boldsymbol{r}_1=\frac{m_2}{M}\boldsymbol{r},
$$
and
$$
\boldsymbol{r}_2=-\frac{m_1}{M}\boldsymbol{r},
$$
The angular momentum (the total one) is the sum of the individual angular momenta (see homework 4) and we have
$$
\boldsymbol{L} = \boldsymbol{r}_1 \times \boldsymbol{p}_1+\boldsymbol{r}_2 \times \boldsymbol{p}_2,
$$
and using that $m_1\dot{\boldsymbol{r}}_1=\boldsymbol{p}_1$ and $m_2\dot{\boldsymbol{r}}_2=\boldsymbol{p}_2$ we have
$$
\boldsymbol{L} = m_1\boldsymbol{r}_1 \times \dot{\boldsymbol{r}}_1+m_2\boldsymbol{r}_2 \times \dot{\boldsymbol{r}}_2.
$$
Inserting the equations for $\boldsymbol{r}_1$ and $\boldsymbol{r}_2$ in terms of the relative motion, we have
$$
\boldsymbol{L} = m_1 \frac{m_2}{M}\boldsymbol{r}\times\frac{m_2}{M}\boldsymbol{r} +m_2 \frac{m_1}{M}\boldsymbol{r} \times \frac{m_1}{M}\dot{\boldsymbol{r}}.
$$
We see that can rewrite this equation as
$$
\boldsymbol{L}=\boldsymbol{r}\times \mu\dot{\boldsymbol{r}},
$$
which is what we wanted to derive.
### Exercise: Conservation of Energy
The equations of motion in the center-of-mass frame in two dimensions with $x=r\cos{(\phi)}$ and $y=r\sin{(\phi)}$ and
$r\in [0,\infty)$, $\phi\in [0,2\pi]$ and $r=\sqrt{x^2+y^2}$ are given by
$$
\mu \ddot{r}=-\frac{dV(r)}{dr}+\mu r\dot{\phi}^2,
$$
and
$$
\dot{\phi}=\frac{L}{\mu r^2}.
$$
Here $V(r)$ is any central force which depends only on the relative coordinate.
* 1a (5pt) Show that you can rewrite the radial equation in terms of an effective potential $V_{\mathrm{eff}}(r)=V(r)+L^2/(2\mu r^2)$.
Here we use that
$$
\dot{\phi}=\frac{L}{\mu r^2}.
$$
and rewrite the above equation of motion as
$$
\mu \ddot{r}=-\frac{dV(r)}{dr}+\frac{L^2}{\mu r^3}.
$$
If we now define an effective potential
$$
V_{\mathrm{eff}}=V(r)+\frac{L^2}{2\mu r^2},
$$
we can rewrite our equation of motion in terms of
$$
\mu \ddot{r}=-\frac{dV_{\mathrm{eff}}(r)}{dr}=-\frac{dV(r)}{dr}+\frac{L^2}{\mu r^3}.
$$
The addition due to the angular momentum comes from the kinetic energy
when we rewrote it in terms of polar coordinates. It introduces a
so-called centrifugal barrier due to the angular momentum. This
centrifugal barrier pushes the object farther away from the origin.
Alternatively,
<!-- Equation labels as ordinary links -->
<div id="_auto22"></div>
$$
\begin{equation}
-\frac{dV_{\text{eff}}(r)}{dr} = \mu \ddot{r} =-\frac{dV(r)}{dr}+\mu\dot{\phi}^2r
\label{_auto22} \tag{35}
\end{equation}
$$
<!-- Equation labels as ordinary links -->
<div id="_auto23"></div>
$$
\begin{equation}
-\frac{dV_{\text{eff}}(r)}{dr} = -\frac{dV(r)}{dr}+\mu\left( \frac{L}{\mu r^2}\right) ^2r
\label{_auto23} \tag{36}
\end{equation}
$$
<!-- Equation labels as ordinary links -->
<div id="_auto24"></div>
$$
\begin{equation}
= -\frac{dV(r)}{dr}+\mu\frac{L^2}{\mu}r^{-3}
\label{_auto24} \tag{37}
\end{equation}
$$
<!-- Equation labels as ordinary links -->
<div id="_auto25"></div>
$$
\begin{equation}
= -\frac{d\left( V(r)+\frac{1}{2} \frac{L^2}{\mu r^2}\right) }{dr}.
\label{_auto25} \tag{38}
\end{equation}
$$
Integrating we obtain
<!-- Equation labels as ordinary links -->
<div id="_auto26"></div>
$$
\begin{equation}
V_{\text{eff}}(r) = V(r) + \frac{L^2}{2\mu r^2} + C
\label{_auto26} \tag{39}
\end{equation}
$$
Imposing the extra condition that $V_{\text{eff}}(r\rightarrow \infty) = V(r\rightarrow \infty)$,
<!-- Equation labels as ordinary links -->
<div id="_auto27"></div>
$$
\begin{equation}
V_{\text{eff}}(r) = V(r) + \frac{L^2}{2\mu r^2}
\label{_auto27} \tag{40}
\end{equation}
$$
Write out the final differential equation for the radial degrees of freedom when we specify that $V(r)=-\alpha/r$. Plot the effective potential. You can choose values for $\alpha$ and $L$ and discuss (see Taylor section 8.4 and example 8.2) the physics of the system for two energies, one larger than zero and one smaller than zero. This is similar to what you did in the first midterm, except that the potential is different.
We insert now the explicit potential form $V(r)=-\alpha/r$. This gives us the following equation of motion
$$
\mu \ddot{r}=-\frac{dV_{\mathrm{eff}}(r)}{dr}=-\frac{d(-\alpha/r)}{dr}+\frac{L^2}{\mu r^3}=-\frac{\alpha}{r^2}+\frac{L^2}{\mu r^3}.
$$
The following code plots this effective potential for a simple choice of parameters, with a standard gravitational potential $-\alpha/r$. Here we have chosen $L=m=\alpha=1$.
# Common imports
import numpy as np
from math import *
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
Deltax = 0.01
#set up arrays
xinitial = 0.3
xfinal = 5.0
alpha = 1.0 # spring constant
m = 1.0 # mass, you can change these
AngMom = 1.0 # The angular momentum
n = ceil((xfinal-xinitial)/Deltax)
x = np.zeros(n)
for i in range(n):
x[i] = xinitial+i*Deltax
V = np.zeros(n)
V = -alpha/x+0.5*AngMom*AngMom/(m*x*x)
# Plot potential
fig, ax = plt.subplots()
ax.set_xlabel('r[m]')
ax.set_ylabel('V[J]')
ax.plot(x, V)
fig.tight_layout()
plt.show()
If we select a potential energy below zero (and not necessarily one
which corresponds to the minimum point), the object will oscillate
between two values of $r$, a value $r_{\mathrm{min}}$ and a value
$r_{\mathrm{max}}$. We can assume that for example the kinetic energy
is zero at these two points. The object will thus oscillate back and
forth between these two points. As we will see in connection with the
solution of the equations of motion, this case corresponds to
elliptical orbits. If we select $r$ equal to the minimum of the
potential and use initial conditions for the velocity that correspond
to circular motion, the object will have a constant value of $r$ given
by the value at the minimum and the orbit is a circle.
If we select a potential energy larger than zero, then, since the
kinetic energy is always larger or equal to zero, the object will move
away from the origin. See also the discussion in Taylor, sections 8.4-8.6.
### Exercise: Harmonic oscillator again
Consider a particle of mass $m$ in a $2$-dimensional harmonic oscillator with potential
$$
V(r)=\frac{1}{2}kr^2=\frac{1}{2}k(x^2+y^2).
$$
We assume the orbit has a final non-zero angular momentum $L$. The
effective potential looks like that of a harmonic oscillator for large
$r$, but for small $r$, the centrifugal potential repels the particle
from the origin. The combination of the two potentials has a minimum
for at some radius $r_{\rm min}$.
Set up the effective potential and plot it. Find $r_{\rm min}$ and $\dot{\phi}$. Show that the latter is given by $\dot{\phi}=\sqrt{k/m}$. At $r_{\rm min}$ the particle does not accelerate and $r$ stays constant and the motion is circular. With fixed $k$ and $m$, which parameter can we adjust to change the value of $r$ at $r_{\rm min}$?
We consider the effective potential. The radius of a circular orbit is at the minimum of the potential (where the effective force is zero).
The potential is plotted here with the parameters $k=m=1.0$ and $L=1.0$.
# Common imports
import numpy as np
from math import *
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
Deltax = 0.01
#set up arrays
xinitial = 0.5
xfinal = 3.0
k = 1.0 # spring constant
m = 1.0 # mass, you can change these
AngMom = 1.0 # The angular momentum
n = ceil((xfinal-xinitial)/Deltax)
x = np.zeros(n)
for i in range(n):
x[i] = xinitial+i*Deltax
V = np.zeros(n)
V = 0.5*k*x*x+0.5*AngMom*AngMom/(m*x*x)
# Plot potential
fig, ax = plt.subplots()
ax.set_xlabel('r[m]')
ax.set_ylabel('V[J]')
ax.plot(x, V)
fig.tight_layout()
plt.show()
We have an effective potential
$$
\begin{eqnarray*}
V_{\rm eff}&=&\frac{1}{2}kr^2+\frac{L^2}{2mr^2}
\end{eqnarray*}
$$
The effective potential looks like that of a harmonic oscillator for
large $r$, but for small $r$, the centrifugal potential repels the
particle from the origin. The combination of the two potentials has a
minimum for at some radius $r_{\rm min}$.
$$
\begin{eqnarray*}
0&=&kr_{\rm min}-\frac{L^2}{mr_{\rm min}^3},\\
r_{\rm min}&=&\left(\frac{L^2}{mk}\right)^{1/4},\\
\dot{\theta}&=&\frac{L}{mr_{\rm min}^2}=\sqrt{k/m}.
\end{eqnarray*}
$$
For particles at $r_{\rm min}$ with $\dot{r}=0$, the particle does not
accelerate and $r$ stays constant, i.e. a circular orbit. The radius
of the circular orbit can be adjusted by changing the angular momentum
$L$.
For the above parameters this minimum is at $r_{\rm min}=1$.
Now consider small vibrations about $r_{\rm min}$. The effective spring constant is the curvature of the effective potential. Use the curvature at $r_{\rm min}$ to find the effective spring constant (hint, look at exercise 4 in homework 6) $k_{\mathrm{eff}}$. Show also that $\omega=\sqrt{k_{\mathrm{eff}}/m}=2\dot{\phi}$
$$
\begin{eqnarray*}
k_{\rm eff}&=&\left.\frac{d^2}{dr^2}V_{\rm eff}(r)\right|_{r=r_{\rm min}}=k+\frac{3L^2}{mr_{\rm min}^4}\\
&=&4k,\\
\omega&=&\sqrt{k_{\rm eff}/m}=2\sqrt{k/m}=2\dot{\theta}.
\end{eqnarray*}
$$
Because the radius oscillates with twice the angular frequency,
the orbit has two places where $r$ reaches a minimum in one
cycle. This differs from the inverse-square force where there is one
minimum in an orbit. One can show that the orbit for the harmonic
oscillator is also elliptical, but in this case the center of the
potential is at the center of the ellipse, not at one of the foci.
The solution to the equations of motion in Cartesian coordinates is simple. The $x$ and $y$ equations of motion separate, and we have $\ddot{x}=-kx/m$ and $\ddot{y}=-ky/m$. The harmonic oscillator is indeed a system where the degrees of freedom separate and we can find analytical solutions. Define a natural frequency $\omega_0=\sqrt{k/m}$ and show that (where $A$, $B$, $C$ and $D$ are arbitrary constants defined by the initial conditions)
$$
\begin{eqnarray*}
x&=&A\cos\omega_0 t+B\sin\omega_0 t,\\
y&=&C\cos\omega_0 t+D\sin\omega_0 t.
\end{eqnarray*}
$$
The solution is also simple to write down exactly in Cartesian coordinates. The $x$ and $y$ equations of motion separate,
$$
\begin{eqnarray*}
\ddot{x}&=&-kx,\\
\ddot{y}&=&-ky.
\end{eqnarray*}
$$
We know from our studies of the harmonic oscillator that the general solution can be expressed as
$$
\begin{eqnarray*}
x&=&A\cos\omega_0 t+B\sin\omega_0 t,\\
y&=&C\cos\omega_0 t+D\sin\omega_0 t.
\end{eqnarray*}
$$
With the solutions for $x$ and $y$, and $r^2=x^2+y^2$ and the definitions $\alpha=\frac{A^2+B^2+C^2+D^2}{2}$, $\beta=\frac{A^2-B^2+C^2-D^2}{2}$ and $\gamma=AB+CD$, show that
$$
r^2=\alpha+(\beta^2+\gamma^2)^{1/2}\cos(2\omega_0 t-\delta),
$$
with
$$
\delta=\arctan(\gamma/\beta).
$$
We start with $r^2 & = x^2+y^2$ and square the above analytical solutions and after some **exciting algebraic manipulations** we arrive at
<!-- Equation labels as ordinary links -->
<div id="_auto28"></div>
$$
\begin{equation}
r^2 = x^2+y^2
\label{_auto28} \tag{41}
\end{equation}
$$
<!-- Equation labels as ordinary links -->
<div id="_auto29"></div>
$$
\begin{equation}
= \left( A\cos\omega_0 t+B\sin\omega_0 t\right) ^2 + \left( C\cos\omega_0 t+D\sin\omega_0 t\right) ^2
\label{_auto29} \tag{42}
\end{equation}
$$
<!-- Equation labels as ordinary links -->
<div id="_auto30"></div>
$$
\begin{equation}
= A^2\cos^2\omega_0 t+B^2\sin^2\omega_0 t + 2AB\sin\omega_0 t \cos\omega_0 t + C^2\cos^2\omega_0 t+D^2\sin^2\omega_0 t + 2CD\sin\omega_0 t \cos\omega_0 t
\label{_auto30} \tag{43}
\end{equation}
$$
<!-- Equation labels as ordinary links -->
<div id="_auto31"></div>
$$
\begin{equation}
= (A^2+C^2)\cos^2\omega_0 t + (B^2+D^2)\sin^2\omega_0 t + 2(AC + BD)\sin\omega_0 t \cos\omega_0 t
\label{_auto31} \tag{44}
\end{equation}
$$
<!-- Equation labels as ordinary links -->
<div id="_auto32"></div>
$$
\begin{equation}
= (B^2+D^2) + (A^2+C^2-B^2-D^2)\cos^2\omega_0 t + 2(AC + BD)2\sin2\omega_0 t
\label{_auto32} \tag{45}
\end{equation}
$$
<!-- Equation labels as ordinary links -->
<div id="_auto33"></div>
$$
\begin{equation}
= (B^2+D^2) + (A^2+C^2-B^2-D^2)\frac{1+\cos{2\omega_0 t}}{2} + 2(AC + BD)\frac{1}{2}\sin2\omega_0 t
\label{_auto33} \tag{46}
\end{equation}
$$
<!-- Equation labels as ordinary links -->
<div id="_auto34"></div>
$$
\begin{equation}
= \frac{2B^2+2D^2+A^2+C^2-B^2-D^2}{2} + (A^2+C^2-B^2-D^2)\frac{\cos{2\omega_0 t}}{2} + (AC + BD)\sin2\omega_0 t
\label{_auto34} \tag{47}
\end{equation}
$$
<!-- Equation labels as ordinary links -->
<div id="_auto35"></div>
$$
\begin{equation}
= \frac{B^2+D^2+A^2+C^2}{2} + \frac{A^2+C^2-B^2-D^2}{2}\cos{2\omega_0 t} + (AC + BD)\sin2\omega_0 t
\label{_auto35} \tag{48}
\end{equation}
$$
<!-- Equation labels as ordinary links -->
<div id="_auto36"></div>
$$
\begin{equation}
= \alpha + \beta\cos{2\omega_0 t} + \gamma\sin2\omega_0 t
\label{_auto36} \tag{49}
\end{equation}
$$
<!-- Equation labels as ordinary links -->
<div id="_auto37"></div>
$$
\begin{equation}
= \alpha + \sqrt{\beta^2+\gamma^2}\left( \frac{\beta}{\sqrt{\beta^2+\gamma^2}}\cos{2\omega_0 t} + \frac{\gamma}{\sqrt{\beta^2+\gamma^2}}\sin2\omega_0 t\right)
\label{_auto37} \tag{50}
\end{equation}
$$
<!-- Equation labels as ordinary links -->
<div id="_auto38"></div>
$$
\begin{equation}
= \alpha + \sqrt{\beta^2+\gamma^2}\left( \cos{\delta}\cos{2\omega_0 t} + \sin{\delta}\sin2\omega_0 t\right)
\label{_auto38} \tag{51}
\end{equation}
$$
<!-- Equation labels as ordinary links -->
<div id="_auto39"></div>
$$
\begin{equation}
= \alpha + \sqrt{\beta^2+\gamma^2}\cos{\left( 2\omega_0 t - \delta\right) },
\label{_auto39} \tag{52}
\end{equation}
$$
which is what we wanted to show.
### Exercise: Numerical Solution of the Harmonic Oscillator
Using the code we developed in homeworks 5 and/or 6 for the Earth-Sun system, we can solve the above harmonic oscillator problem in two dimensions using our code from this homework. We need however to change the acceleration from the gravitational force to the one given by the harmonic oscillator potential.
* 3a (20pt) Use for example the code in the exercise set to set up the acceleration and use the initial conditions fixed by for example $r_{\rm min}$ from exercise 2. Which value should the initial velocity take if you place yourself at $r_{\rm min}$ and you require a circular motion? Hint: see the first midterm, part 2. There you used the centripetal acceleration.
Instead of solving the equations in the cartesian frame we will now rewrite the above code in terms of the radial degrees of freedom only. Our differential equation is now
$$
\mu \ddot{r}=-\frac{dV(r)}{dr}+\mu\dot{\phi}^2,
$$
and
$$
\dot{\phi}=\frac{L}{\mu r^2}.
$$
* 3b (20pt) We will use $r_{\rm min}$ to fix a value of $L$, as seen in exercise 2. This fixes also $\dot{\phi}$. Write a code which now implements the radial equation for $r$ using the same $r_{\rm min}$ as you did in 3a. Compare the results with those from 3a with the same initial conditions. Do they agree? Use only one set of initial conditions.
The code here finds the solution for $x$ and $y$ using the code we
developed in homework 5 and 6 and the midterm. Note that this code is
tailored to run in Cartesian coordinates. There is thus no angular
momentum dependent term.
Here we have chosen initial conditions that
correspond to the minimum of the effective potential
$r_{\mathrm{min}}$. We have chosen $x_0=r_{\mathrm{min}}$ and
$y_0=0$. Similarly, we use the centripetal acceleration to determine
the initial velocity so that we have a circular motion (see back to the
last question of the midterm). This means that we set the centripetal
acceleration $v^2/r$ equal to the force from the harmonic oscillator $-k\boldsymbol{r}$. Taking the
magnitude of $\boldsymbol{r}$ we have then
$v^2/r=k/mr$, which gives $v=\pm\omega_0r$.
Since the code here solves the equations of motion in cartesian
coordinates and the harmonic oscillator potential leads to forces in
the $x$- and $y$-directions that are decoupled, we have to select the initial velocities and positions so that we don't get that for example $y(t)=0$.
We set $x_0$ to be different from zero and $v_{y0}$ to be different from zero.
# Common imports
import numpy as np
import pandas as pd
from math import *
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import os
# Where to save the figures and data files
PROJECT_ROOT_DIR = "Results"
FIGURE_ID = "Results/FigureFiles"
DATA_ID = "DataFiles/"
if not os.path.exists(PROJECT_ROOT_DIR):
os.mkdir(PROJECT_ROOT_DIR)
if not os.path.exists(FIGURE_ID):
os.makedirs(FIGURE_ID)
if not os.path.exists(DATA_ID):
os.makedirs(DATA_ID)
def image_path(fig_id):
return os.path.join(FIGURE_ID, fig_id)
def data_path(dat_id):
return os.path.join(DATA_ID, dat_id)
def save_fig(fig_id):
plt.savefig(image_path(fig_id) + ".png", format='png')
DeltaT = 0.001
#set up arrays
tfinal = 10.0
n = ceil(tfinal/DeltaT)
# set up arrays
t = np.zeros(n)
v = np.zeros((n,2))
r = np.zeros((n,2))
radius = np.zeros(n)
# Constants of the model
k = 1.0 # spring constant
m = 1.0 # mass, you can change these
omega02 = k/m # Frequency
AngMom = 1.0 # The angular momentum
# Potential minimum
rmin = (AngMom*AngMom/k/m)**0.25
# Initial conditions as compact 2-dimensional arrays, x0=rmin and y0 = 0
x0 = rmin; y0= 0.0
r0 = np.array([x0,y0])
vy0 = sqrt(omega02)*rmin; vx0 = 0.0
v0 = np.array([vx0,vy0])
r[0] = r0
v[0] = v0
# Start integrating using the Velocity-Verlet method
for i in range(n-1):
# Set up the acceleration
a = -r[i]*omega02
# update velocity, time and position using the Velocity-Verlet method
r[i+1] = r[i] + DeltaT*v[i]+0.5*(DeltaT**2)*a
anew = -r[i+1]*omega02
v[i+1] = v[i] + 0.5*DeltaT*(a+anew)
t[i+1] = t[i] + DeltaT
# Plot position as function of time
radius = np.sqrt(r[:,0]**2+r[:,1]**2)
fig, ax = plt.subplots(3,1)
ax[0].set_xlabel('time')
ax[0].set_ylabel('radius squared')
ax[0].plot(t,r[:,0]**2+r[:,1]**2)
ax[1].set_xlabel('time')
ax[1].set_ylabel('x position')
ax[1].plot(t,r[:,0])
ax[2].set_xlabel('time')
ax[2].set_ylabel('y position')
ax[2].plot(t,r[:,1])
fig.tight_layout()
save_fig("2DimHOVV")
plt.show()
We see that the radius (to within a given error), we obtain a constant radius.
The following code shows first how we can solve this problem using the radial degrees of freedom only.
Here we need to add the explicit centrifugal barrier. Note that the variable $r$ depends only on time. There is no $x$ and $y$ directions
since we have transformed the equations to polar coordinates.
DeltaT = 0.01
#set up arrays
tfinal = 10.0
n = ceil(tfinal/DeltaT)
# set up arrays for t, v and r
t = np.zeros(n)
v = np.zeros(n)
r = np.zeros(n)
E = np.zeros(n)
# Constants of the model
AngMom = 1.0 # The angular momentum
m = 1.0
k = 1.0
omega02 = k/m
c1 = AngMom*AngMom/(m*m)
c2 = AngMom*AngMom/m
rmin = (AngMom*AngMom/k/m)**0.25
# Initial conditions
r0 = rmin
v0 = 0.0
r[0] = r0
v[0] = v0
E[0] = 0.5*m*v0*v0+0.5*k*r0*r0+0.5*c2/(r0*r0)
# Start integrating using the Velocity-Verlet method
for i in range(n-1):
# Set up acceleration
a = -r[i]*omega02+c1/(r[i]**3)
# update velocity, time and position using the Velocity-Verlet method
r[i+1] = r[i] + DeltaT*v[i]+0.5*(DeltaT**2)*a
anew = -r[i+1]*omega02+c1/(r[i+1]**3)
v[i+1] = v[i] + 0.5*DeltaT*(a+anew)
t[i+1] = t[i] + DeltaT
E[i+1] = 0.5*m*v[i+1]*v[i+1]+0.5*k*r[i+1]*r[i+1]+0.5*c2/(r[i+1]*r[i+1])
# Plot position as function of time
fig, ax = plt.subplots(2,1)
ax[0].set_xlabel('time')
ax[0].set_ylabel('radius')
ax[0].plot(t,r)
ax[1].set_xlabel('time')
ax[1].set_ylabel('Energy')
ax[1].plot(t,E)
save_fig("RadialHOVV")
plt.show()
### Exercise: Equations for an ellipse
Consider an ellipse defined by the sum of the distances from the two foci being $2D$, which expressed in a Cartesian coordinates with the middle of the ellipse being at the origin becomes
$$
\sqrt{(x-a)^2+y^2}+\sqrt{(x+a)^2+y^2}=2D.
$$
Here the two foci are at $(a,0)$ and $(-a,0)$. Show that this form is can be written as
$$
\frac{x^2}{D^2}+\frac{y^2}{D^2-a^2}=1.
$$
We start by squaring the two sides and, again, after some **exciting algebraic manipulations** we arrive at
$$
\sqrt{(x-a)^2+y^2}+\sqrt{(x+a)^2+y^2} =2D
\\ (x-a)^2 + y^2 + (x+a)^2 + y^2 + 2\sqrt{(x-a)^2 + y^2}\sqrt{(x+a)^2+y^2} = 4D^2
\\ 2y^2 + 2x^2 + 2a^2 + 2\sqrt{(x-a)^2(x+a)^2 + y^4 + y^2[(x-a)^2+(x+a)^2]} = 4D^2
\\ y^2 + x^2 + a^2 + \sqrt{(x^2-a^2)^2 + y^4 + y^2(2x^2+2a^2)} = 2D^2
\\ \sqrt{(x^2-a^2)^2 + y^4 + y^2(2x^2+2a^2)} = 2D^2 -( y^2 + x^2 + a^2 )
\\ (x^2-a^2)^2 + y^4 + y^2(2x^2+2a^2) = 4D^4 + y^4 + x^4 + a^4 - 4D^2( y^2 + x^2 + a^2 ) + 2(y^2x^2+y^2a^2+x^2a^2)
\\ x^4-2x^2a^2+a^4 + y^4 + 2y^2x^2+2y^2a^2 = 4D^4 + y^4 + x^4 + a^4 - 4D^2y^2 -4D^2 x^2 -4D^2 a^2 + 2y^2x^2+2y^2a^2+2x^2a^2
\\ 4D^4 - 4D^2y^2 -4D^2 x^2 -4D^2 a^2 +4x^2a^2 = 0
\\ D^4 - D^2y^2 -D^2 x^2 -D^2 a^2 +x^2a^2 = 0
\\ D^2(D^2-a^2) - x^2(D^2-a^2) = D^2y^2
\\ D^2 - x^2 = \frac{D^2y^2}{D^2-a^2}
\\ 1 - \frac{x^2}{D^2} = \frac{y^2}{D^2-a^2}
\\ \frac{x^2}{D^2} + \frac{y^2}{D^2-a^2} = 1,
$$
where the last line is indeed the equation for an ellipse.
### Exercise: Attractive Potential
Consider a particle in an attractive potential
$$
U(r)=-\alpha/r.
$$
The quantity $r$ is the absolute value of the relative position. We
will use the reduced mass $\mu$ and the angular momentum $L$, as
discussed during the lectures. With the transformation of a two-body
problem to the center-of-mass frame, the actual equations look like an
*effective* one-body problem. The energy of the system is $E$ and the
minimum of the effective potential is $r_{\rm min}$.
The analytical solution to the radial equation of motion is
$$
r(\phi) = \frac{1}{\frac{\mu\alpha}{L^2}+A\cos{(\phi)}}.
$$
Find the value of $A$. Hint: Use the fact that at $r_{\rm min}$
there is no radial kinetic energy and $E=-\alpha/r_{\rm min}+L^2/2mr_{\rm min}^2$.
At $r_{\mathrm{min}}$ and $r_{\mathrm{max}}$ , all the kinetic energy is stored in the velocity in the direction perpendicular to $r$ since the radial velocity is set to zero . We can calculate using angular momentum and from there, find 𝐴 in terms of the energy $E$ which is constant. But first, we need to find $r_{\mathrm{min}}$ from the conservation of energy (noting that the radial velocity $\ddot{r}$ at the mininum is zero):
$$
E = U(r) + \frac{1}{2} \mu(\ddot{r}^2 + (r\ddot{\phi})^2)
\\
E = \frac{-\alpha}{r_{\min}} + \frac{1}{2} \mu\left( \frac{L}{\mu r_{\min}}\right) ^2
\\
E r_{\min}^2 - \frac{1}{2}\mu\left( \frac{L}{\mu}\right) ^2 + \alpha r_{\min} = 0
\\
r_{\min}^2 + \frac{\alpha}{E} r_{\min} - \frac{L^2}{2E\mu} = 0
\\
r_{\min} = - \frac{\alpha}{2E} \pm \frac{1}{2} \sqrt{\frac{\alpha^2}{E^2} + 2\frac{L^2}{E\mu}}
$$
Since we're looking for the minimum, the ± sign must be negative (then 𝑟min will not be negative since 𝐸<0 ). Therefore, we have
$$
\frac{1}{\frac{\mu\alpha}{L^2}+A} = -\frac{\alpha}{2E} - \frac{1}{2} \sqrt{\frac{\alpha^2}{E^2} + 2\frac{L^2}{E\mu}}
\\
A = - \frac{\mu\alpha}{L^2} - \frac{2E}{\alpha + \sqrt{\alpha^2 + 2\frac{L^2E}{\mu}}}
$$
### Exercise: Inverse-square force
Consider again the same effective potential as in the previous exercise. This leads to an attractive inverse-square-law force, $F=-\alpha/r^2$. Consider a particle of mass $m$ with angular momentum $L$. Taylor sections 8.4-8.7 are relevant background material. See also the harmonic oscillator potential from hw8. The equation of motion for the radial degrees of freedom is (see also hw8) in the center-of-mass frame in two dimensions with $x=r\cos{(\phi)}$ and $y=r\sin{(\phi)}$ and
$r\in [0,\infty)$, $\phi\in [0,2\pi]$ and $r=\sqrt{x^2+y^2}$ are given by
$$
\ddot{r}=-\frac{1}{m}\frac{dV(r)}{dr}+r\dot{\phi}^2,
$$
and
$$
\dot{\phi}=\frac{L}{m r^2}.
$$
Here $V(r)$ is any central force which depends only on the relative coordinate.
Find the radius of a circular orbit by solving for the position of the minimum of the effective potential.
<!-- Equation labels as ordinary links -->
<div id="_auto40"></div>
$$
\begin{equation}
\frac{1}{m}\frac{dV(r)}{dr} = r\dot{\phi}^2
\label{_auto40} \tag{53}
\end{equation}
$$
<!-- Equation labels as ordinary links -->
<div id="_auto41"></div>
$$
\begin{equation} \frac{1}{m}\left( -\frac{-\alpha}{r^2}\right) = r \frac{L^2}{m^2r^4}
\label{_auto41} \tag{54}
\end{equation}
$$
<!-- Equation labels as ordinary links -->
<div id="_auto42"></div>
$$
\begin{equation} \frac{\alpha}{mr^2} = \frac{L^2}{m^2r^3}
\label{_auto42} \tag{55}
\end{equation}
$$
<!-- Equation labels as ordinary links -->
<div id="_auto43"></div>
$$
\begin{equation} r = \frac{L^2}{m\alpha}
\label{_auto43} \tag{56}
\end{equation}
$$
At the minimum, the radial velocity is zero and it is only the [centripetal velocity](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centripetal_force) which is nonzero. This implies that $\ddot{r}=0$. What is the angular frequency, $\dot{\theta}$, of the orbit? Solve this by setting $\ddot{r}=0=F/m+\dot{\theta}^2r$.
<!-- Equation labels as ordinary links -->
<div id="_auto44"></div>
$$
\begin{equation}
\dot{\theta}^2 r = - \frac{F}{m}
\label{_auto44} \tag{57}
\end{equation}
$$
<!-- Equation labels as ordinary links -->
<div id="_auto45"></div>
$$
\begin{equation} \dot{\theta}^2 r = - \frac{-\frac{\alpha}{r^2}}{m}
\label{_auto45} \tag{58}
\end{equation}
$$
<!-- Equation labels as ordinary links -->
<div id="_auto46"></div>
$$
\begin{equation} \dot{\theta}^2 = \frac{\alpha}{mr^3}
\label{_auto46} \tag{59}
\end{equation}
$$
<!-- Equation labels as ordinary links -->
<div id="_auto47"></div>
$$
\begin{equation} \dot{\theta} = \pm \sqrt{\frac{\alpha}{mr^3}}
\label{_auto47} \tag{60}
\end{equation}
$$
<!-- Equation labels as ordinary links -->
<div id="_auto48"></div>
$$
\begin{equation} \dot{\theta} = \pm \sqrt{\frac{\alpha}{m\frac{L^6}{m^3\alpha^3}}}
\label{_auto48} \tag{61}
\end{equation}
$$
<!-- Equation labels as ordinary links -->
<div id="_auto49"></div>
$$
\begin{equation} \dot{\theta} = \pm \sqrt{\frac{\alpha^4m^2}{L^6}}
\label{_auto49} \tag{62}
\end{equation}
$$
<!-- Equation labels as ordinary links -->
<div id="_auto50"></div>
$$
\begin{equation} \dot{\theta} = \pm \frac{\alpha^2m}{L^3}
\label{_auto50} \tag{63}
\end{equation}
$$
Find the effective spring constant for the particle at the minimum.
We have shown in class that from the taylor expansion, we have
$$
k = \frac{d^2V_{\text{eff}}}{dr^2}
$$
Therefore, all we have to do is find the second derivative of $V_{\text{eff}}$ around the minimum point of $V_{\text{eff}}$ where $\dot{r} = \ddot{r} = 0$.
<!-- Equation labels as ordinary links -->
<div id="_auto51"></div>
$$
\begin{equation}
k = \frac{d^2V_{\text{eff}}}{dr^2}
\label{_auto51} \tag{64}
\end{equation}
$$
<!-- Equation labels as ordinary links -->
<div id="_auto52"></div>
$$
\begin{equation} = \frac{d^2\left( -\frac{\alpha}{r} + \frac{1}{2} \frac{L^2}{mr^2}\right) }{dr^2}
\label{_auto52} \tag{65}
\end{equation}
$$
<!-- Equation labels as ordinary links -->
<div id="_auto53"></div>
$$
\begin{equation} = -\frac{2\alpha}{r^3} + \frac{3L^2}{mr^4}
\label{_auto53} \tag{66}
\end{equation}
$$
<!-- Equation labels as ordinary links -->
<div id="_auto54"></div>
$$
\begin{equation} = -\frac{2\alpha}{\frac{L^6}{m^3\alpha^3}} + \frac{3L^2}{m\frac{L^8}{m^4\alpha^4}}
\label{_auto54} \tag{67}
\end{equation}
$$
<!-- Equation labels as ordinary links -->
<div id="_auto55"></div>
$$
\begin{equation} = -\frac{2m^3\alpha^4}{L^6} + \frac{3m^3\alpha^4}{L^6}
\label{_auto55} \tag{68}
\end{equation}
$$
<!-- Equation labels as ordinary links -->
<div id="_auto56"></div>
$$
\begin{equation} = \frac{m^3\alpha^4}{L^6}
\label{_auto56} \tag{69}
\end{equation}
$$
What is the angular frequency for small vibrations about the minimum? How does this compare with the answer to (3b)?
For small deviations $\delta r$ of $r$,
$$
m\frac{d^2\left( \delta r \right) }{dt^2} = -k \delta r
$$
The solution of this differential equation is of the form
$$
\delta r = A \cos(\omega t + \phi)
$$
where
<!-- Equation labels as ordinary links -->
<div id="_auto57"></div>
$$
\begin{equation}
\omega = \sqrt{\frac{k}{m}}
\label{_auto57} \tag{70}
\end{equation}
$$
<!-- Equation labels as ordinary links -->
<div id="_auto58"></div>
$$
\begin{equation} = \sqrt{\frac{m^2\alpha^4}{L^6}}
\label{_auto58} \tag{71}
\end{equation}
$$
<!-- Equation labels as ordinary links -->
<div id="_auto59"></div>
$$
\begin{equation} = \frac{m\alpha^2}{L^3}
\label{_auto59} \tag{72}
\end{equation}
$$
This is in fact equal to the expression for $\dot{\theta}$. This means that small perturbations oscillate in sync with the orbit and this traces out an ellipse with a very small eccentricity, a very nice physical result.
### Exercise: Inverse-square force again
Consider again a particle of mass $m$ in the same attractive potential, $U(r)=-\alpha/r$, with angular momentum $L$ with just the right energy so that
$$
A=m\alpha/L^2
$$
where $A$ comes from the expression
$$
r=\frac{1}{(m\alpha/L^2)+A\cos{(\phi)}}.
$$
The trajectory can then be rewritten as
$$
r=\frac{2r_0}{1+\cos\theta},~~~r_0=\frac{L^2}{2m\alpha}.
$$
Show that for this case the total energy $E$ approaches zero.
<!-- Equation labels as ordinary links -->
<div id="_auto60"></div>
$$
\begin{equation}
E = - \frac{\alpha}{r} + \frac{1}{2} m \left( (\dot{\theta}r)^2+\dot{r}^2\right)
\label{_auto60} \tag{73}
\end{equation}
$$
<!-- Equation labels as ordinary links -->
<div id="_auto61"></div>
$$
\begin{equation} = - \frac{\alpha}{r} + \frac{1}{2} m \left[ \left( \frac{L}{mr^2}r\right) ^2+\left( \frac{dr}{d\theta}\dot{\theta}\right) ^2\right]
\label{_auto61} \tag{74}
\end{equation}
$$
<!-- Equation labels as ordinary links -->
<div id="_auto62"></div>
$$
\begin{equation} = - \frac{\alpha}{2r_0}(1+\cos\theta) + \frac{1}{2} m \left[ \left( \frac{L(1+\cos\theta)}{2mr_0}\right) ^2+\left( 2r_0\frac{-1}{(1+\cos\theta)^2}(-\sin\theta)\frac{L}{mr^2}\right) ^2\right]
\label{_auto62} \tag{75}
\end{equation}
$$
<!-- Equation labels as ordinary links -->
<div id="_auto63"></div>
$$
\begin{equation} = - \frac{\alpha}{2r_0}(1+\cos\theta) + \frac{1}{2} m \left[ \left( \frac{L(1+\cos\theta)}{2mr_0}\right) ^2+\left( 2r_0\frac{-1}{(1+\cos\theta)^2}(-\sin\theta)\frac{L(1+\cos\theta)^2}{4mr_0^2}\right) ^2\right]
\label{_auto63} \tag{76}
\end{equation}
$$
<!-- Equation labels as ordinary links -->
<div id="_auto64"></div>
$$
\begin{equation} = - \frac{\alpha}{2r_0}(1+\cos\theta) +
\frac{1}{2} m \left[ \left( \frac{L(1+\cos\theta)}{2mr_0}\right) ^2+\left( \sin\theta\frac{L}{2mr_0}\right) ^2\right]
\label{_auto64} \tag{77}
\end{equation}
$$
<!-- Equation labels as ordinary links -->
<div id="_auto65"></div>
$$
\begin{equation} = - \frac{\alpha}{2r_0}(1+\cos\theta) +
\frac{1}{2} m \left[ \left( \frac{L(1+\cos\theta)}{2mr_0}\right) ^2+\left( \sin\theta\frac{L}{2mr_0}\right) ^2\right]
\label{_auto65} \tag{78}
\end{equation}
$$
<!-- Equation labels as ordinary links -->
<div id="_auto66"></div>
$$
\begin{equation} = - \frac{\alpha}{2r_0}(1+\cos\theta) +
\frac{1}{2} m \frac{L^2}{4m^2r_0^2} \left[ \left( 1+\cos\theta\right) ^2+\left( \sin\theta\right) ^2\right]
\label{_auto66} \tag{79}
\end{equation}
$$
<!-- Equation labels as ordinary links -->
<div id="_auto67"></div>
$$
\begin{equation} = - \frac{\alpha}{2r_0}(1+\cos\theta) +
\frac{1}{2} \frac{L^2}{4mr_0^2} \left( 1 + \cos^2\theta + 2\cos \theta + \sin^2\theta\right)
\label{_auto67} \tag{80}
\end{equation}
$$
<!-- Equation labels as ordinary links -->
<div id="_auto68"></div>
$$
\begin{equation} = - \frac{\alpha}{2r_0}(1+\cos\theta) +
\frac{1}{2} \frac{L^2}{4mr_0^2} \left( 2 + 2\cos \theta \right)
\label{_auto68} \tag{81}
\end{equation}
$$
<!-- Equation labels as ordinary links -->
<div id="_auto69"></div>
$$
\begin{equation} = (1+\cos\theta) \left( - \frac{\alpha}{2r_0} + \frac{L^2}{4mr_0^2}\right)
\label{_auto69} \tag{82}
\end{equation}
$$
<!-- Equation labels as ordinary links -->
<div id="_auto70"></div>
$$
\begin{equation} = (1+\cos\theta) \left( - \frac{\alpha}{2\frac{L^2}{2m\alpha}} + \frac{L^2}{4m\frac{L^4}{4m^2\alpha^2}}\right)
\label{_auto70} \tag{83}
\end{equation}
$$
<!-- Equation labels as ordinary links -->
<div id="_auto71"></div>
$$
\begin{equation} = (1+\cos\theta) \left( - \frac{m\alpha^2}{L^2} + \frac{m\alpha^2}{L^2}\right)
\label{_auto71} \tag{84}
\end{equation}
$$
<!-- Equation labels as ordinary links -->
<div id="_auto72"></div>
$$
\begin{equation} = 0
\label{_auto72} \tag{85}
\end{equation}
$$
With zero energy $E=0$, write this trajectory in a more recognizable parabolic form, that is express $x_0$ and $R$ in terms of $r_0$ using
$$
x=x_0-\frac{y^2}{R}.
$$
We have that
<!-- Equation labels as ordinary links -->
<div id="_auto73"></div>
$$
\begin{equation}
x = r \cos\theta
\label{_auto73} \tag{86}
\end{equation}
$$
<!-- Equation labels as ordinary links -->
<div id="_auto74"></div>
$$
\begin{equation}
y = r \sin \theta.
\label{_auto74} \tag{87}
\end{equation}
$$
Using the general solution with eccintricity $\epsilon=1$, we have
$$
r(\theta)=\frac{c}{1+\cos\theta},
$$
and multiplying both sides with $1+\cos\theta$ and using that $x=r\cos\theta$,
$$
r = c -x,
$$
and using that $r^2=x^2+y^2$, we square both sides
$$
r^2 = x^2+y^2=c^2 +x^2-2cx,
$$
leading to
$$
y^2=c^2-2cx,
$$
and using that we defined
$$
c=2r_0=\frac{L^2}{m\alpha},
$$
we divide by $2c$
and we get the final answer
$$
x = r_0 - \frac{y^2}{4r_0}
$$
### Exercise: Parabolic and hyperbolic orbits
The solution to the radial function for an inverse-square-law force, see for example Taylor equation (8.59) or the equation above, is
$$
r(\phi) = \frac{c}{1+\epsilon\cos{(\phi)}}.
$$
For $\epsilon=1$ (or the energy $E=0$) the orbit reduces to a parabola as we saw in the previous exercise,
while for $\epsilon > 1$ (or energy positive) the orbit becomes a hyperbola. The equation for a hyperbola in Cartesian coordinates is
$$
\frac{(x-\delta)^2}{\alpha^2}-\frac{y^2}{\beta^2}=1.
$$
For a hyperbola, identify the constants $\alpha$, $\beta$ and $\delta$ in terms of the constants $c$ and $\epsilon$ for $r(\phi)$.
<!-- Equation labels as ordinary links -->
<div id="_auto75"></div>
$$
\begin{equation}
x = r\cos\phi
\label{_auto75} \tag{88}
\end{equation}
$$
<!-- Equation labels as ordinary links -->
<div id="_auto76"></div>
$$
\begin{equation} = \frac{c\cos\phi}{1+\epsilon\cos\phi}
\label{_auto76} \tag{89}
\end{equation}
$$
<!-- Equation labels as ordinary links -->
<div id="_auto77"></div>
$$
\begin{equation}
y = r\sin\phi
\label{_auto77} \tag{90}
\end{equation}
$$
<!-- Equation labels as ordinary links -->
<div id="_auto78"></div>
$$
\begin{equation} = \frac{c\sin\phi}{1+\epsilon\cos\phi}
\label{_auto78} \tag{91}
\end{equation}
$$
Here $\epsilon>1$. We use our equation for $r$, multiply with the denominator $1+\epsilon\cos\phi$ on both sides and have
$$
r(1+\epsilon\cos\phi)=c,
$$
use $x=r\cos\phi$ and square and use that $r^2=x^2+y^2$ and we have
$$
r^2=x^2+y^2=c^2+\epsilon^2x^2-2cx\epsilon,
$$
and reorder
$$
x^2(\epsilon^2-1)-y^2-2cx\epsilon= -c^2.
$$
We complete the square in $x$ by adding and subtracting on both sides $\epsilon^2c^2/(\epsilon^2-1)$
and we obtain
$$
(\epsilon^2-1)(x-\delta)^2-y^2= -c^2+\frac{\epsilon^2c^2}{\epsilon^2-1}.
$$
Here we have defined
$$
\delta = \frac{c\epsilon}{\epsilon^2-1},
$$
and introducing the constants
$$
\alpha = \frac{c}{\epsilon^2-1},
$$
and
$$
\beta = \frac{c}{\sqrt{\epsilon^2-1}},
$$
we can rewrite the above equation as
$$
\frac{(x-\delta)^2}{\alpha^2}-\frac{y^2}{\beta^2}=1,
$$
which is nothing but the equation for a hyperbola.
### Exercise: Testing orbit types
In this exercise we can use the program for $r(\phi)$ we developed in hw8. We will use an inverse-square-law force as in the previous four exercises. The aim is to see that the orbits we get for $E<0$ become ellipses (or circles), parabola for $E=0$ and hyperbola for $E>0$. An example code is shown here.
Here we have defined the constants $L=m=\alpha=1$. Feel free to set new values. **You need also to set the initial conditions** in order to study the different types of orbits. It may be useful to plot the potential here and find the values for the initial conditions that fit $E<0$, $E=0$ and $E>0$.
# Common imports
import numpy as np
import pandas as pd
from math import *
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
# Simple Gravitational Force -alpha/r
DeltaT = 0.01
#set up arrays
tfinal = 100.0
n = ceil(tfinal/DeltaT)
# set up arrays for t, v and r
t = np.zeros(n)
v = np.zeros(n)
r = np.zeros(n)
# Constants of the model, setting all variables to one for simplicity
alpha = 1.0
AngMom = 1.0 # The angular momentum
m = 1.0 # scale mass to one
c1 = AngMom*AngMom/(m*m)
c2 = AngMom*AngMom/m
# You need to specify the initial conditions
# Here we have chosen the conditions which lead to circular orbit and thereby a constant r
r0 = (AngMom*AngMom/m/alpha)
v0 = 0.0
r[0] = r0
v[0] = v0
# Start integrating using the Velocity-Verlet method
for i in range(n-1):
# Set up acceleration
a = -alpha/(r[i]**2)+c1/(r[i]**3)
# update velocity, time and position using the Velocity-Verlet method
r[i+1] = r[i] + DeltaT*v[i]+0.5*(DeltaT**2)*a
anew = -alpha/(r[i+1]**2)+c1/(r[i+1]**3)
v[i+1] = v[i] + 0.5*DeltaT*(a+anew)
t[i+1] = t[i] + DeltaT
# Plot position as function of time
fig, ax = plt.subplots(2,1)
ax[0].set_xlabel('time')
ax[0].set_ylabel('radius')
ax[0].plot(t,r)
ax[1].set_xlabel('time')
ax[1].set_ylabel('Velocity')
ax[1].plot(t,v)
plt.show()
Run your code and study and discuss the situations where you have
elliptical, parabolic and hyperbolic orbits. Discuss the physics of
these cases. The results from the four previous exercises 4 may be useful
here. In the code here we have chosen initial conditions which correspond to circular motion.
This corresponds to
$$
r_{\mathrm{min}} = \frac{L^2}{m\alpha}.
$$
Note well that the velocity is now the radial velocity. If we want to
study the angular velocity we would need to add the equations for this
quantity. The solution to exercises 1-4 give you the minimum $r$
values needed to find the elliptical, parabolic and hyperbolic
orbits. For elliptical orbits you should have $\frac{L^2}{2m\alpha} <
r_{\mathrm{min}} <\frac{L^2}{m\alpha}$. For parabolic orbits
$r_{\mathrm{min}} =\frac{L^2}{m\alpha}$ and for hyperbolic orbits we
have $0<r_{\mathrm{min}} <\frac{L^2}{m\alpha}$. Try out these
different initial conditions in order to test these different types of
motion.
### Exercise: New reference frame
Show that if one transforms to a reference frame where the total
momentum is zero, $\boldsymbol{p}_1=-\boldsymbol{p}_2$, that the relative momentum
$\boldsymbol{q}$ corresponds to either $\boldsymbol{p}_1$ or $-\boldsymbol{p}_2$. This
means that in this frame the magnitude of $\boldsymbol{q}$ is one half the
magnitude of $\boldsymbol{p}_1-\boldsymbol{p}_2$.
### Exercise: Center of mass and relative coordinates
Given the center of mass and relative coordinates $\boldsymbol{R}$ and $\boldsymbol{r}$, respectively, for
particles of mass $m_1$ and $m_2$, find the coordinates $\boldsymbol{r}_1$
and $\boldsymbol{r}_2$ in terms of the masses, $\boldsymbol{R}$ and $\boldsymbol{r}$.
### Exercise: Two-body problems
Consider a particle of mass $m$ moving in a potential
$$
V(r)=\alpha\ln(r/\alpha),
$$
where $\alpha$ is a constant.
* (a) If the particle is moving in a circular orbit of radius $R$, find the angular frequency $\dot{\theta}$. Solve this by setting $F=-m\dot{\theta}^2r$ (force and acceleration point inward).
* (b) Express the angular momentum $L$ in terms of the constant $\alpha$, the mass $m$ and the radius $R$. Also express $R$ in terms of $L$, $\alpha$ and $m$.
* (c) Sketch the effective radial potential, $V_{\rm eff}(r)$, for a particle with angular momentum $L$. (No longer necessarily moving in a circular orbit.)
* (d) Find the position of the minimum of $V_{\rm eff}$ in terms of $L$, $\alpha$ and $m$, then compare to the result of (b).
* (e) What is the effective spring constant for a particle at the minimum of $V_{\rm eff}$? Express your answer in terms of $L$, $m$ and $\alpha$.
* (f) What is the angular frequency, $\omega$, for small oscillations of $r$ about the $R_{\rm min}$? Express your answer in terms of $\dot{\theta}$ from part (3a). | [
"[email protected]"
] | |
3134c8be734f985ea89efce1776e9cb0a8765cc1 | 89f3169a2393bff8880f657d9bb4c12b40729e9a | /2020-11/abc062_b.py | 19c743500148144716c92f15603587e44fabd2c1 | [] | no_license | YutaGoto/daily_atcoder | c087adbb7fa03f0cdc4291c806f21b1b93130d86 | 113d4e25f1d3bb0e665f9154bc0afaecae5ea7bf | refs/heads/main | 2023-06-19T00:56:12.359473 | 2021-07-16T12:33:06 | 2021-07-16T12:33:06 | 273,282,766 | 0 | 0 | null | null | null | null | UTF-8 | Python | false | false | 126 | py | h, w = map(int, input().split())
print('#'*(w+2))
for _ in range(h):
a = input()
print('#'+a+'#')
print('#'*(w+2))
| [
"[email protected]"
] | |
59f73e7d1222effb04a6343a2dd82ffeabb56260 | 3b2971ac117cf597e60233afffbf088989d7abdb | /tests/settings.py | 6f66deb4674338780d11af86a8f3faa9ca1eabd7 | [
"BSD-3-Clause"
] | permissive | ubernostrum/pwned-passwords-django | 7b8e27ce774e1d698eef382a67664301be61bdbd | c615c2b80eab2f6554b6f113e99c658dd722c5cd | refs/heads/trunk | 2023-04-10T05:33:44.797687 | 2023-03-27T05:25:45 | 2023-03-27T05:25:45 | 124,067,069 | 116 | 8 | BSD-3-Clause | 2023-09-11T06:26:23 | 2018-03-06T11:15:11 | Python | UTF-8 | Python | false | false | 722 | py | """
Minimal Django settings file for test runs.
"""
from django.utils.crypto import get_random_string
INSTALLED_APPS = ["pwned_passwords_django"]
ROOT_URLCONF = "tests.urls"
DATABASES = {"default": {"ENGINE": "django.db.backends.sqlite3", "NAME": ":memory:"}}
MIDDLEWARE = [
"pwned_passwords_django.middleware.pwned_passwords_middleware",
]
AUTH_PASSWORD_VALIDATORS = [
{"NAME": "pwned_passwords_django.validators.PwnedPasswordsValidator"}
]
LOGGING = {
"version": 1,
"disable_existing_loggers": True,
"handlers": {"null": {"class": "logging.NullHandler"}},
"loggers": {
"pwned_passwords_django.api": {"handlers": ["null"], "propagate": False}
},
}
SECRET_KEY = get_random_string(12)
| [
"[email protected]"
] | |
9fc65a9e22b154df1f46b9485b329b31a238ff3b | 96f32051b1fcd322534fdf1f590704b7f48e08e3 | /otx_epub/migrations/0003_auto_20161027_2317.py | 22756320fbeb9f4e40103f15ce8d9ebe93f84e72 | [
"Apache-2.0"
] | permissive | NYULibraries/dlts-enm-tct-backend | 0f1ebad7d7334d41b4f24b2243639314c6ed1353 | 07455a660fb2cb8bc91a54f7f12d150923678157 | refs/heads/master | 2020-05-18T14:36:31.041830 | 2017-09-30T17:51:16 | 2017-09-30T17:51:16 | 84,251,389 | 0 | 0 | null | null | null | null | UTF-8 | Python | false | false | 1,094 | py | # -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
# Generated by Django 1.10 on 2016-10-28 03:17
from __future__ import unicode_literals
from django.db import migrations, models
import otx_epub.storage
class Migration(migrations.Migration):
dependencies = [
('otx_epub', '0002_epub_contents'),
]
operations = [
migrations.AlterField(
model_name='epub',
name='contents',
field=models.FilePathField(allow_files=False, allow_folders=True, path='/vagrant/nyu/media/epub_decompressed', recursive=True),
),
migrations.AlterField(
model_name='epub',
name='manifest',
field=models.CharField(blank=True, max_length=255),
),
migrations.AlterField(
model_name='epub',
name='oebps_folder',
field=models.CharField(blank=True, max_length=255),
),
migrations.AlterField(
model_name='epub',
name='source',
field=models.FileField(storage=otx_epub.storage.OverwriteStorage(), upload_to='epubs'),
),
]
| [
"[email protected]"
] | |
9c9273b0557cfea35937de7e9f7ed2c0f11e495f | 09f8a3825c5109a6cec94ae34ea17d9ace66f381 | /cohesity_management_sdk/models/view_intent.py | e28eef393c010d4f1cd356037269faaa14fa16a2 | [
"Apache-2.0"
] | permissive | cohesity/management-sdk-python | 103ee07b2f047da69d7b1edfae39d218295d1747 | e4973dfeb836266904d0369ea845513c7acf261e | refs/heads/master | 2023-08-04T06:30:37.551358 | 2023-07-19T12:02:12 | 2023-07-19T12:02:12 | 134,367,879 | 24 | 20 | Apache-2.0 | 2023-08-31T04:37:28 | 2018-05-22T06:04:19 | Python | UTF-8 | Python | false | false | 1,660 | py | # -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
# Copyright 2023 Cohesity Inc.
class ViewIntent(object):
"""Implementation of the 'ViewIntent' model.
Specifies the Intent of the View.
Attributes:
template_id (long|int): Specifies the template Id from which the View
is created.
template_name (string): Specifies the template name from which the View
is created.
"""
# Create a mapping from Model property names to API property names
_names = {
"template_id":'TemplateId',
"template_name":'TemplateName',
}
def __init__(self,
template_id=None,
template_name=None,
):
"""Constructor for the ViewIntent class"""
# Initialize members of the class
self.template_id = template_id
self.template_name = template_name
@classmethod
def from_dictionary(cls,
dictionary):
"""Creates an instance of this model from a dictionary
Args:
dictionary (dictionary): A dictionary representation of the object as
obtained from the deserialization of the server's response. The keys
MUST match property names in the API description.
Returns:
object: An instance of this structure class.
"""
if dictionary is None:
return None
# Extract variables from the dictionary
template_id = dictionary.get('TemplateId')
template_name = dictionary.get('TemplateName')
# Return an object of this model
return cls(
template_id,
template_name
) | [
"[email protected]"
] | |
ea98fab7c614bb2763e13a4a538ea3249fe899bf | afc3558e47ea4c82cb70190743472274eae7aeb1 | /configs/textrecog/master/master_resnet31_12e_toy.py | adf14636518c6aa154da397106d2aae8b008226c | [
"Apache-2.0"
] | permissive | open-mmlab/mmocr | 86a77fb77ca80cede9c41a9a22080eeeaf364002 | 9551af6e5a2482e72a2af1e3b8597fd54b999d69 | refs/heads/main | 2023-08-03T14:06:11.075037 | 2023-07-26T02:32:14 | 2023-07-26T02:32:14 | 355,559,187 | 3,734 | 801 | Apache-2.0 | 2023-09-12T03:17:12 | 2021-04-07T13:40:21 | Python | UTF-8 | Python | false | false | 1,164 | py | _base_ = [
'_base_master_resnet31.py',
'../_base_/datasets/toy_data.py',
'../_base_/default_runtime.py',
'../_base_/schedules/schedule_adam_base.py',
]
optim_wrapper = dict(optimizer=dict(lr=4e-4))
train_cfg = dict(max_epochs=12)
# learning policy
param_scheduler = [
dict(type='LinearLR', end=100, by_epoch=False),
dict(type='MultiStepLR', milestones=[11], end=12),
]
# dataset settings
train_list = [_base_.toy_rec_train]
test_list = [_base_.toy_rec_test]
train_dataset = dict(
type='ConcatDataset', datasets=train_list, pipeline=_base_.train_pipeline)
test_dataset = dict(
type='ConcatDataset', datasets=test_list, pipeline=_base_.test_pipeline)
train_dataloader = dict(
batch_size=2,
num_workers=1,
persistent_workers=True,
sampler=dict(type='DefaultSampler', shuffle=True),
dataset=train_dataset)
val_dataloader = dict(
batch_size=2,
num_workers=1,
persistent_workers=True,
drop_last=False,
sampler=dict(type='DefaultSampler', shuffle=False),
dataset=test_dataset)
test_dataloader = val_dataloader
val_evaluator = dict(dataset_prefixes=['Toy'])
test_evaluator = val_evaluator
| [
"[email protected]"
] | |
21df06ff4d70b2fe784d4a83c9a4ea9391b1f1a8 | 71297da3cf9e0cc5e2e3eb29477ed77150bf93fa | /baekjoon/10984.py | 0e27694252233b2a2f65c64c0406100c715057e8 | [] | no_license | Kangjinwoojwk/algorithm | 7c8e4189c384f7104225284e9e0a2e2a5cdd18df | c92da7410523d340240bbe9256cecf710c4e641e | refs/heads/master | 2022-11-15T19:11:33.918644 | 2022-11-10T03:13:50 | 2022-11-10T03:13:50 | 184,699,850 | 0 | 0 | null | null | null | null | UTF-8 | Python | false | false | 215 | py | for tc in range(int(input())):
A, G = 0, 0
for i in range(int(input())):
a, b = map(float, input().split())
A += a
G += a * b
G /= A
print('{} {}'.format(int(A), round(G, 1))) | [
"[email protected]"
] | |
56f43f8aff84049b1d9ce85fb3c2d3fb0e5bc6ab | 0431fb263e38422585edca273fb47ef92fd22243 | /dataloaders/data_atari.py | 50f23b17a6e6faf07dfeb81276ef50ed9522166d | [] | no_license | RRoundTable/EEN-with-Keras | a6c3352eafc05fcb7ed41463d637a684de9a0b27 | ae71903afa05135f5eb6e2797854969f5a082958 | refs/heads/master | 2020-04-28T03:17:25.762629 | 2019-04-27T12:19:13 | 2019-04-27T12:19:13 | 174,930,756 | 2 | 0 | null | null | null | null | UTF-8 | Python | false | false | 7,310 | py | import numpy, os, random, glob, pdb, gc
import pickle as pickle
from scipy import misc
#import torch, torchvision
from tensorflow.python.keras.backend import *
import copy, time
class ImageLoader(object):
def _load_set(self, split, n_episodes):
datalist = []
datapath = '{}/{}'.format(self.arg.get("datapath"), split)
flist = os.listdir(datapath)
print('loading {} new episodes for {} set'.format(n_episodes, split))
for i in range(1, n_episodes):
if split == 'train':
fdname = random.choice(flist)
else:
fdname = flist[i]
abs_fdname = '{}/{}'.format(datapath, fdname)
episode = None
while (episode == None):
# print('loading {}'.format(abs_fdname))
try:
episode = numpy.load(abs_fdname)
except:
print('problem loading {}'.format(abs_fdname))
break
states = episode['states']
actions = episode['actions']
assert(len(states) == len(actions))
assert(len(states) > 0)
datalist.append({'states': states, 'actions': actions})
episode.close()
gc.collect()
return datalist
def __init__(self, arg):
super(ImageLoader, self).__init__()
self.arg = arg
self.datalist = []
self.h = arg.get('height')
self.w = arg.get('width')
self.nc = arg.get('nc')
self.ncond = arg.get('ncond', 4)
self.npred = arg.get('npred', 4)
self.datalist_train = self._load_set('train', 500)
self.datalist_valid = self._load_set('valid', 200)
self.datalist_test = self._load_set('test', 200)
self.iter_video_ptr = 0
self.iter_sample_ptr = self.ncond
self.train_batch_cntr = 0
print("Dataloader for Atari constructed done")
def reset_ptrs(self):
self.iter_video_ptr = 0
self.iter_sample_ptr = self.ncond
def _sample_time(self, video, actions, num_cond, num_pred):
start_pos = random.randint(num_cond+1, video.shape[0]-num_pred-2)
cond_frames = video[start_pos-num_cond:start_pos]
pred_frames = video[start_pos:start_pos+num_pred]
actions = actions[start_pos:start_pos+num_pred]
return cond_frames, pred_frames, actions
def _iterate_time(self, video, start_pos, actions, num_cond, num_pred):
cond_frames = video[start_pos-num_cond:start_pos]
pred_frames = video[start_pos:start_pos+num_pred]
actions = actions[start_pos:start_pos+num_pred]
return cond_frames, pred_frames, actions
def get_batch(self, split):
cond_frames, pred_frames, actions = [], [], []
if split == 'train':
# since the training set is large, we fetch new episodes every so often
if self.train_batch_cntr == 1000:
self.datalist_train = self._load_set('train', 500)
self.train_batch_cntr = 0
else:
self.train_batch_cntr += 1
this_set = self.datalist_train
elif split == 'valid':
this_set = self.datalist_valid
elif split == 'test':
this_set = self.datalist_test
# rolling
id = 1
while id <= self.arg.get("batchsize"):
sample = random.choice(this_set)
sample_video = sample.get('states')
sample_actions = sample.get('actions')
if len(sample_actions) > self.ncond + self.npred + 2:
selected_cond_frames, selected_pred_frames, selected_actions = self._sample_time(
sample_video, sample_actions, self.ncond, self.npred)
assert(len(selected_actions) > 0)
cond_frames.append(selected_cond_frames)
pred_frames.append(selected_pred_frames)
actions.append(selected_actions)
id += 1
# processing on the numpy array level
cond_frames = numpy.array(cond_frames, dtype='float') / 255.0
pred_frames = numpy.array(pred_frames, dtype='float') / 255.0
actions = numpy.array(actions, dtype='float')
# return tensor
cond_frames_ts = torch.from_numpy(cond_frames).float()
pred_frames_ts = torch.from_numpy(pred_frames).float()
actions_ts = torch.from_numpy(actions.squeeze()).float()
return cond_frames_ts.cuda(), pred_frames_ts.cuda(), actions_ts.cuda()
def get_paired_batch(self, split):
# hardcoded
assert(self.npred == 2)
assert(self.ncond == 4)
cond, target, action = self.get_batch(split)
cond1 = cond
target1 = target[:, 0].unsqueeze(1)
action1 = action[:, 0]
cond2 = torch.cat((cond[:, 1:], target1), 1)
target2 = target[:, 1].unsqueeze(1)
action2 = action[:, 1]
return cond1.clone(), target1.clone(), action1.clone(), cond2.clone(), target2.clone(), action2.clone()
def get_iterated_batch(self, split):
if split == 'train':
this_set = self.datalist_train
elif split == 'valid':
this_set = self.datalist_valid
elif split == 'test':
this_set = self.datalist_test
cond_frames, pred_frames, actions = [], [], []
# rolling
id = 1
while id <= self.arg.get("batchsize"):
if self.iter_video_ptr == len(this_set):
return None, None, None
sample = this_set[self.iter_video_ptr]
sample_video = sample.get('states')
sample_actions = sample.get('actions')
if self.iter_sample_ptr + self.npred > sample_video.shape[0]:
self.iter_video_ptr += 1
self.iter_sample_ptr = self.ncond
else:
selected_cond_frames, selected_pred_frames, selected_actions = self._iterate_time(
sample_video, self.iter_sample_ptr, sample_actions, self.ncond, self.npred)
assert(len(selected_actions) > 0)
cond_frames.append(selected_cond_frames)
pred_frames.append(selected_pred_frames)
actions.append(selected_actions)
id += 1
self.iter_sample_ptr += 10
# processing on the numpy array level
cond_frames = numpy.array(cond_frames, dtype='float') / 255.0
pred_frames = numpy.array(pred_frames, dtype='float') / 255.0
actions = numpy.array(actions, dtype='float')
# return tensor
cond_frames_ts = torch.from_numpy(cond_frames).float()
pred_frames_ts = torch.from_numpy(pred_frames).float()
actions_ts = torch.from_numpy(actions.squeeze()).float()
return cond_frames_ts.cuda(), pred_frames_ts.cuda(), actions_ts.cuda()
def plot_seq(self, cond, pred):
cond_pred = torch.cat((cond, pred), 1)
cond_pred = cond_pred.view(-1, self.nc, self.h, self.w)
grid = torchvision.utils.make_grid(cond_pred, self.ncond+self.npred, pad_value=1, normalize=True)
return grid
| [
"[email protected]"
] | |
262b31f426537ac6065fa5fbe714726118f635a2 | 18940c73497d11c1386a19a2e90719356f8ed9b2 | /python_solutions/90-subsets-2.py | aaa5aa73c476b0fb0652047257cab595e27aa005 | [] | no_license | yunieyuna/Solutions-for-Leetcode-Problems | 9741ba1a48341157fded637bb6e269fd9a659b5a | 47910878328591844ab2c9b97ff8c89e2b98c319 | refs/heads/master | 2020-09-13T17:37:25.632463 | 2020-07-02T02:07:19 | 2020-07-02T02:07:19 | 222,857,462 | 0 | 0 | null | null | null | null | UTF-8 | Python | false | false | 604 | py | # https://leetcode.com/problems/subsets-ii/
class Solution:
def subsetsWithDup(self, nums: List[int]) -> List[List[int]]:
dic = {}
for i in nums:
dic[i] = dic.get(i, 0) + 1
res = [[]]
for i, v in dic.items():
temp = res.copy()
for j in res:
temp.extend(j + [i]*(k + 1) for k in range(v))
res = temp
return res
"""
Runtime: 44 ms, faster than 24.50% of Python3 online submissions for Subsets II.
Memory Usage: 12.5 MB, less than 100.00% of Python3 online submissions for Subsets II.
"""
| [
"[email protected]"
] | |
aa2be9b8e11e4a867f9c1d4feb7c3716361366ab | ee27325f6a3e6a2d1f5e004aa60f5974ad864ae9 | /contrib/python/plotly/py3/plotly/graph_objs/histogram/marker/_colorbar.py | de0bf149cc077a8134605f4109788fffa81089f6 | [
"MIT",
"Apache-2.0"
] | permissive | alvinahmadov/catboost | f32d2b16be9db7439e429c88feb5676de842fc89 | a6e0caa4779b31199f535cf43b09879d7c653abe | refs/heads/master | 2023-06-12T19:29:52.028508 | 2023-05-11T18:33:03 | 2023-05-11T18:33:03 | 202,584,937 | 0 | 0 | Apache-2.0 | 2019-08-15T17:35:23 | 2019-08-15T17:35:23 | null | UTF-8 | Python | false | false | 80,205 | py | from plotly.basedatatypes import BaseTraceHierarchyType as _BaseTraceHierarchyType
import copy as _copy
class ColorBar(_BaseTraceHierarchyType):
# class properties
# --------------------
_parent_path_str = "histogram.marker"
_path_str = "histogram.marker.colorbar"
_valid_props = {
"bgcolor",
"bordercolor",
"borderwidth",
"dtick",
"exponentformat",
"labelalias",
"len",
"lenmode",
"minexponent",
"nticks",
"orientation",
"outlinecolor",
"outlinewidth",
"separatethousands",
"showexponent",
"showticklabels",
"showtickprefix",
"showticksuffix",
"thickness",
"thicknessmode",
"tick0",
"tickangle",
"tickcolor",
"tickfont",
"tickformat",
"tickformatstopdefaults",
"tickformatstops",
"ticklabeloverflow",
"ticklabelposition",
"ticklabelstep",
"ticklen",
"tickmode",
"tickprefix",
"ticks",
"ticksuffix",
"ticktext",
"ticktextsrc",
"tickvals",
"tickvalssrc",
"tickwidth",
"title",
"titlefont",
"titleside",
"x",
"xanchor",
"xpad",
"y",
"yanchor",
"ypad",
}
# bgcolor
# -------
@property
def bgcolor(self):
"""
Sets the color of padded area.
The 'bgcolor' property is a color and may be specified as:
- A hex string (e.g. '#ff0000')
- An rgb/rgba string (e.g. 'rgb(255,0,0)')
- An hsl/hsla string (e.g. 'hsl(0,100%,50%)')
- An hsv/hsva string (e.g. 'hsv(0,100%,100%)')
- A named CSS color:
aliceblue, antiquewhite, aqua, aquamarine, azure,
beige, bisque, black, blanchedalmond, blue,
blueviolet, brown, burlywood, cadetblue,
chartreuse, chocolate, coral, cornflowerblue,
cornsilk, crimson, cyan, darkblue, darkcyan,
darkgoldenrod, darkgray, darkgrey, darkgreen,
darkkhaki, darkmagenta, darkolivegreen, darkorange,
darkorchid, darkred, darksalmon, darkseagreen,
darkslateblue, darkslategray, darkslategrey,
darkturquoise, darkviolet, deeppink, deepskyblue,
dimgray, dimgrey, dodgerblue, firebrick,
floralwhite, forestgreen, fuchsia, gainsboro,
ghostwhite, gold, goldenrod, gray, grey, green,
greenyellow, honeydew, hotpink, indianred, indigo,
ivory, khaki, lavender, lavenderblush, lawngreen,
lemonchiffon, lightblue, lightcoral, lightcyan,
lightgoldenrodyellow, lightgray, lightgrey,
lightgreen, lightpink, lightsalmon, lightseagreen,
lightskyblue, lightslategray, lightslategrey,
lightsteelblue, lightyellow, lime, limegreen,
linen, magenta, maroon, mediumaquamarine,
mediumblue, mediumorchid, mediumpurple,
mediumseagreen, mediumslateblue, mediumspringgreen,
mediumturquoise, mediumvioletred, midnightblue,
mintcream, mistyrose, moccasin, navajowhite, navy,
oldlace, olive, olivedrab, orange, orangered,
orchid, palegoldenrod, palegreen, paleturquoise,
palevioletred, papayawhip, peachpuff, peru, pink,
plum, powderblue, purple, red, rosybrown,
royalblue, rebeccapurple, saddlebrown, salmon,
sandybrown, seagreen, seashell, sienna, silver,
skyblue, slateblue, slategray, slategrey, snow,
springgreen, steelblue, tan, teal, thistle, tomato,
turquoise, violet, wheat, white, whitesmoke,
yellow, yellowgreen
Returns
-------
str
"""
return self["bgcolor"]
@bgcolor.setter
def bgcolor(self, val):
self["bgcolor"] = val
# bordercolor
# -----------
@property
def bordercolor(self):
"""
Sets the axis line color.
The 'bordercolor' property is a color and may be specified as:
- A hex string (e.g. '#ff0000')
- An rgb/rgba string (e.g. 'rgb(255,0,0)')
- An hsl/hsla string (e.g. 'hsl(0,100%,50%)')
- An hsv/hsva string (e.g. 'hsv(0,100%,100%)')
- A named CSS color:
aliceblue, antiquewhite, aqua, aquamarine, azure,
beige, bisque, black, blanchedalmond, blue,
blueviolet, brown, burlywood, cadetblue,
chartreuse, chocolate, coral, cornflowerblue,
cornsilk, crimson, cyan, darkblue, darkcyan,
darkgoldenrod, darkgray, darkgrey, darkgreen,
darkkhaki, darkmagenta, darkolivegreen, darkorange,
darkorchid, darkred, darksalmon, darkseagreen,
darkslateblue, darkslategray, darkslategrey,
darkturquoise, darkviolet, deeppink, deepskyblue,
dimgray, dimgrey, dodgerblue, firebrick,
floralwhite, forestgreen, fuchsia, gainsboro,
ghostwhite, gold, goldenrod, gray, grey, green,
greenyellow, honeydew, hotpink, indianred, indigo,
ivory, khaki, lavender, lavenderblush, lawngreen,
lemonchiffon, lightblue, lightcoral, lightcyan,
lightgoldenrodyellow, lightgray, lightgrey,
lightgreen, lightpink, lightsalmon, lightseagreen,
lightskyblue, lightslategray, lightslategrey,
lightsteelblue, lightyellow, lime, limegreen,
linen, magenta, maroon, mediumaquamarine,
mediumblue, mediumorchid, mediumpurple,
mediumseagreen, mediumslateblue, mediumspringgreen,
mediumturquoise, mediumvioletred, midnightblue,
mintcream, mistyrose, moccasin, navajowhite, navy,
oldlace, olive, olivedrab, orange, orangered,
orchid, palegoldenrod, palegreen, paleturquoise,
palevioletred, papayawhip, peachpuff, peru, pink,
plum, powderblue, purple, red, rosybrown,
royalblue, rebeccapurple, saddlebrown, salmon,
sandybrown, seagreen, seashell, sienna, silver,
skyblue, slateblue, slategray, slategrey, snow,
springgreen, steelblue, tan, teal, thistle, tomato,
turquoise, violet, wheat, white, whitesmoke,
yellow, yellowgreen
Returns
-------
str
"""
return self["bordercolor"]
@bordercolor.setter
def bordercolor(self, val):
self["bordercolor"] = val
# borderwidth
# -----------
@property
def borderwidth(self):
"""
Sets the width (in px) or the border enclosing this color bar.
The 'borderwidth' property is a number and may be specified as:
- An int or float in the interval [0, inf]
Returns
-------
int|float
"""
return self["borderwidth"]
@borderwidth.setter
def borderwidth(self, val):
self["borderwidth"] = val
# dtick
# -----
@property
def dtick(self):
"""
Sets the step in-between ticks on this axis. Use with `tick0`.
Must be a positive number, or special strings available to
"log" and "date" axes. If the axis `type` is "log", then ticks
are set every 10^(n*dtick) where n is the tick number. For
example, to set a tick mark at 1, 10, 100, 1000, ... set dtick
to 1. To set tick marks at 1, 100, 10000, ... set dtick to 2.
To set tick marks at 1, 5, 25, 125, 625, 3125, ... set dtick to
log_10(5), or 0.69897000433. "log" has several special values;
"L<f>", where `f` is a positive number, gives ticks linearly
spaced in value (but not position). For example `tick0` = 0.1,
`dtick` = "L0.5" will put ticks at 0.1, 0.6, 1.1, 1.6 etc. To
show powers of 10 plus small digits between, use "D1" (all
digits) or "D2" (only 2 and 5). `tick0` is ignored for "D1" and
"D2". If the axis `type` is "date", then you must convert the
time to milliseconds. For example, to set the interval between
ticks to one day, set `dtick` to 86400000.0. "date" also has
special values "M<n>" gives ticks spaced by a number of months.
`n` must be a positive integer. To set ticks on the 15th of
every third month, set `tick0` to "2000-01-15" and `dtick` to
"M3". To set ticks every 4 years, set `dtick` to "M48"
The 'dtick' property accepts values of any type
Returns
-------
Any
"""
return self["dtick"]
@dtick.setter
def dtick(self, val):
self["dtick"] = val
# exponentformat
# --------------
@property
def exponentformat(self):
"""
Determines a formatting rule for the tick exponents. For
example, consider the number 1,000,000,000. If "none", it
appears as 1,000,000,000. If "e", 1e+9. If "E", 1E+9. If
"power", 1x10^9 (with 9 in a super script). If "SI", 1G. If
"B", 1B.
The 'exponentformat' property is an enumeration that may be specified as:
- One of the following enumeration values:
['none', 'e', 'E', 'power', 'SI', 'B']
Returns
-------
Any
"""
return self["exponentformat"]
@exponentformat.setter
def exponentformat(self, val):
self["exponentformat"] = val
# labelalias
# ----------
@property
def labelalias(self):
"""
Replacement text for specific tick or hover labels. For example
using {US: 'USA', CA: 'Canada'} changes US to USA and CA to
Canada. The labels we would have shown must match the keys
exactly, after adding any tickprefix or ticksuffix. labelalias
can be used with any axis type, and both keys (if needed) and
values (if desired) can include html-like tags or MathJax.
The 'labelalias' property accepts values of any type
Returns
-------
Any
"""
return self["labelalias"]
@labelalias.setter
def labelalias(self, val):
self["labelalias"] = val
# len
# ---
@property
def len(self):
"""
Sets the length of the color bar This measure excludes the
padding of both ends. That is, the color bar length is this
length minus the padding on both ends.
The 'len' property is a number and may be specified as:
- An int or float in the interval [0, inf]
Returns
-------
int|float
"""
return self["len"]
@len.setter
def len(self, val):
self["len"] = val
# lenmode
# -------
@property
def lenmode(self):
"""
Determines whether this color bar's length (i.e. the measure in
the color variation direction) is set in units of plot
"fraction" or in *pixels. Use `len` to set the value.
The 'lenmode' property is an enumeration that may be specified as:
- One of the following enumeration values:
['fraction', 'pixels']
Returns
-------
Any
"""
return self["lenmode"]
@lenmode.setter
def lenmode(self, val):
self["lenmode"] = val
# minexponent
# -----------
@property
def minexponent(self):
"""
Hide SI prefix for 10^n if |n| is below this number. This only
has an effect when `tickformat` is "SI" or "B".
The 'minexponent' property is a number and may be specified as:
- An int or float in the interval [0, inf]
Returns
-------
int|float
"""
return self["minexponent"]
@minexponent.setter
def minexponent(self, val):
self["minexponent"] = val
# nticks
# ------
@property
def nticks(self):
"""
Specifies the maximum number of ticks for the particular axis.
The actual number of ticks will be chosen automatically to be
less than or equal to `nticks`. Has an effect only if
`tickmode` is set to "auto".
The 'nticks' property is a integer and may be specified as:
- An int (or float that will be cast to an int)
in the interval [0, 9223372036854775807]
Returns
-------
int
"""
return self["nticks"]
@nticks.setter
def nticks(self, val):
self["nticks"] = val
# orientation
# -----------
@property
def orientation(self):
"""
Sets the orientation of the colorbar.
The 'orientation' property is an enumeration that may be specified as:
- One of the following enumeration values:
['h', 'v']
Returns
-------
Any
"""
return self["orientation"]
@orientation.setter
def orientation(self, val):
self["orientation"] = val
# outlinecolor
# ------------
@property
def outlinecolor(self):
"""
Sets the axis line color.
The 'outlinecolor' property is a color and may be specified as:
- A hex string (e.g. '#ff0000')
- An rgb/rgba string (e.g. 'rgb(255,0,0)')
- An hsl/hsla string (e.g. 'hsl(0,100%,50%)')
- An hsv/hsva string (e.g. 'hsv(0,100%,100%)')
- A named CSS color:
aliceblue, antiquewhite, aqua, aquamarine, azure,
beige, bisque, black, blanchedalmond, blue,
blueviolet, brown, burlywood, cadetblue,
chartreuse, chocolate, coral, cornflowerblue,
cornsilk, crimson, cyan, darkblue, darkcyan,
darkgoldenrod, darkgray, darkgrey, darkgreen,
darkkhaki, darkmagenta, darkolivegreen, darkorange,
darkorchid, darkred, darksalmon, darkseagreen,
darkslateblue, darkslategray, darkslategrey,
darkturquoise, darkviolet, deeppink, deepskyblue,
dimgray, dimgrey, dodgerblue, firebrick,
floralwhite, forestgreen, fuchsia, gainsboro,
ghostwhite, gold, goldenrod, gray, grey, green,
greenyellow, honeydew, hotpink, indianred, indigo,
ivory, khaki, lavender, lavenderblush, lawngreen,
lemonchiffon, lightblue, lightcoral, lightcyan,
lightgoldenrodyellow, lightgray, lightgrey,
lightgreen, lightpink, lightsalmon, lightseagreen,
lightskyblue, lightslategray, lightslategrey,
lightsteelblue, lightyellow, lime, limegreen,
linen, magenta, maroon, mediumaquamarine,
mediumblue, mediumorchid, mediumpurple,
mediumseagreen, mediumslateblue, mediumspringgreen,
mediumturquoise, mediumvioletred, midnightblue,
mintcream, mistyrose, moccasin, navajowhite, navy,
oldlace, olive, olivedrab, orange, orangered,
orchid, palegoldenrod, palegreen, paleturquoise,
palevioletred, papayawhip, peachpuff, peru, pink,
plum, powderblue, purple, red, rosybrown,
royalblue, rebeccapurple, saddlebrown, salmon,
sandybrown, seagreen, seashell, sienna, silver,
skyblue, slateblue, slategray, slategrey, snow,
springgreen, steelblue, tan, teal, thistle, tomato,
turquoise, violet, wheat, white, whitesmoke,
yellow, yellowgreen
Returns
-------
str
"""
return self["outlinecolor"]
@outlinecolor.setter
def outlinecolor(self, val):
self["outlinecolor"] = val
# outlinewidth
# ------------
@property
def outlinewidth(self):
"""
Sets the width (in px) of the axis line.
The 'outlinewidth' property is a number and may be specified as:
- An int or float in the interval [0, inf]
Returns
-------
int|float
"""
return self["outlinewidth"]
@outlinewidth.setter
def outlinewidth(self, val):
self["outlinewidth"] = val
# separatethousands
# -----------------
@property
def separatethousands(self):
"""
If "true", even 4-digit integers are separated
The 'separatethousands' property must be specified as a bool
(either True, or False)
Returns
-------
bool
"""
return self["separatethousands"]
@separatethousands.setter
def separatethousands(self, val):
self["separatethousands"] = val
# showexponent
# ------------
@property
def showexponent(self):
"""
If "all", all exponents are shown besides their significands.
If "first", only the exponent of the first tick is shown. If
"last", only the exponent of the last tick is shown. If "none",
no exponents appear.
The 'showexponent' property is an enumeration that may be specified as:
- One of the following enumeration values:
['all', 'first', 'last', 'none']
Returns
-------
Any
"""
return self["showexponent"]
@showexponent.setter
def showexponent(self, val):
self["showexponent"] = val
# showticklabels
# --------------
@property
def showticklabels(self):
"""
Determines whether or not the tick labels are drawn.
The 'showticklabels' property must be specified as a bool
(either True, or False)
Returns
-------
bool
"""
return self["showticklabels"]
@showticklabels.setter
def showticklabels(self, val):
self["showticklabels"] = val
# showtickprefix
# --------------
@property
def showtickprefix(self):
"""
If "all", all tick labels are displayed with a prefix. If
"first", only the first tick is displayed with a prefix. If
"last", only the last tick is displayed with a suffix. If
"none", tick prefixes are hidden.
The 'showtickprefix' property is an enumeration that may be specified as:
- One of the following enumeration values:
['all', 'first', 'last', 'none']
Returns
-------
Any
"""
return self["showtickprefix"]
@showtickprefix.setter
def showtickprefix(self, val):
self["showtickprefix"] = val
# showticksuffix
# --------------
@property
def showticksuffix(self):
"""
Same as `showtickprefix` but for tick suffixes.
The 'showticksuffix' property is an enumeration that may be specified as:
- One of the following enumeration values:
['all', 'first', 'last', 'none']
Returns
-------
Any
"""
return self["showticksuffix"]
@showticksuffix.setter
def showticksuffix(self, val):
self["showticksuffix"] = val
# thickness
# ---------
@property
def thickness(self):
"""
Sets the thickness of the color bar This measure excludes the
size of the padding, ticks and labels.
The 'thickness' property is a number and may be specified as:
- An int or float in the interval [0, inf]
Returns
-------
int|float
"""
return self["thickness"]
@thickness.setter
def thickness(self, val):
self["thickness"] = val
# thicknessmode
# -------------
@property
def thicknessmode(self):
"""
Determines whether this color bar's thickness (i.e. the measure
in the constant color direction) is set in units of plot
"fraction" or in "pixels". Use `thickness` to set the value.
The 'thicknessmode' property is an enumeration that may be specified as:
- One of the following enumeration values:
['fraction', 'pixels']
Returns
-------
Any
"""
return self["thicknessmode"]
@thicknessmode.setter
def thicknessmode(self, val):
self["thicknessmode"] = val
# tick0
# -----
@property
def tick0(self):
"""
Sets the placement of the first tick on this axis. Use with
`dtick`. If the axis `type` is "log", then you must take the
log of your starting tick (e.g. to set the starting tick to
100, set the `tick0` to 2) except when `dtick`=*L<f>* (see
`dtick` for more info). If the axis `type` is "date", it should
be a date string, like date data. If the axis `type` is
"category", it should be a number, using the scale where each
category is assigned a serial number from zero in the order it
appears.
The 'tick0' property accepts values of any type
Returns
-------
Any
"""
return self["tick0"]
@tick0.setter
def tick0(self, val):
self["tick0"] = val
# tickangle
# ---------
@property
def tickangle(self):
"""
Sets the angle of the tick labels with respect to the
horizontal. For example, a `tickangle` of -90 draws the tick
labels vertically.
The 'tickangle' property is a angle (in degrees) that may be
specified as a number between -180 and 180.
Numeric values outside this range are converted to the equivalent value
(e.g. 270 is converted to -90).
Returns
-------
int|float
"""
return self["tickangle"]
@tickangle.setter
def tickangle(self, val):
self["tickangle"] = val
# tickcolor
# ---------
@property
def tickcolor(self):
"""
Sets the tick color.
The 'tickcolor' property is a color and may be specified as:
- A hex string (e.g. '#ff0000')
- An rgb/rgba string (e.g. 'rgb(255,0,0)')
- An hsl/hsla string (e.g. 'hsl(0,100%,50%)')
- An hsv/hsva string (e.g. 'hsv(0,100%,100%)')
- A named CSS color:
aliceblue, antiquewhite, aqua, aquamarine, azure,
beige, bisque, black, blanchedalmond, blue,
blueviolet, brown, burlywood, cadetblue,
chartreuse, chocolate, coral, cornflowerblue,
cornsilk, crimson, cyan, darkblue, darkcyan,
darkgoldenrod, darkgray, darkgrey, darkgreen,
darkkhaki, darkmagenta, darkolivegreen, darkorange,
darkorchid, darkred, darksalmon, darkseagreen,
darkslateblue, darkslategray, darkslategrey,
darkturquoise, darkviolet, deeppink, deepskyblue,
dimgray, dimgrey, dodgerblue, firebrick,
floralwhite, forestgreen, fuchsia, gainsboro,
ghostwhite, gold, goldenrod, gray, grey, green,
greenyellow, honeydew, hotpink, indianred, indigo,
ivory, khaki, lavender, lavenderblush, lawngreen,
lemonchiffon, lightblue, lightcoral, lightcyan,
lightgoldenrodyellow, lightgray, lightgrey,
lightgreen, lightpink, lightsalmon, lightseagreen,
lightskyblue, lightslategray, lightslategrey,
lightsteelblue, lightyellow, lime, limegreen,
linen, magenta, maroon, mediumaquamarine,
mediumblue, mediumorchid, mediumpurple,
mediumseagreen, mediumslateblue, mediumspringgreen,
mediumturquoise, mediumvioletred, midnightblue,
mintcream, mistyrose, moccasin, navajowhite, navy,
oldlace, olive, olivedrab, orange, orangered,
orchid, palegoldenrod, palegreen, paleturquoise,
palevioletred, papayawhip, peachpuff, peru, pink,
plum, powderblue, purple, red, rosybrown,
royalblue, rebeccapurple, saddlebrown, salmon,
sandybrown, seagreen, seashell, sienna, silver,
skyblue, slateblue, slategray, slategrey, snow,
springgreen, steelblue, tan, teal, thistle, tomato,
turquoise, violet, wheat, white, whitesmoke,
yellow, yellowgreen
Returns
-------
str
"""
return self["tickcolor"]
@tickcolor.setter
def tickcolor(self, val):
self["tickcolor"] = val
# tickfont
# --------
@property
def tickfont(self):
"""
Sets the color bar's tick label font
The 'tickfont' property is an instance of Tickfont
that may be specified as:
- An instance of :class:`plotly.graph_objs.histogram.marker.colorbar.Tickfont`
- A dict of string/value properties that will be passed
to the Tickfont constructor
Supported dict properties:
color
family
HTML font family - the typeface that will be
applied by the web browser. The web browser
will only be able to apply a font if it is
available on the system which it operates.
Provide multiple font families, separated by
commas, to indicate the preference in which to
apply fonts if they aren't available on the
system. The Chart Studio Cloud (at
https://chart-studio.plotly.com or on-premise)
generates images on a server, where only a
select number of fonts are installed and
supported. These include "Arial", "Balto",
"Courier New", "Droid Sans",, "Droid Serif",
"Droid Sans Mono", "Gravitas One", "Old
Standard TT", "Open Sans", "Overpass", "PT Sans
Narrow", "Raleway", "Times New Roman".
size
Returns
-------
plotly.graph_objs.histogram.marker.colorbar.Tickfont
"""
return self["tickfont"]
@tickfont.setter
def tickfont(self, val):
self["tickfont"] = val
# tickformat
# ----------
@property
def tickformat(self):
"""
Sets the tick label formatting rule using d3 formatting mini-
languages which are very similar to those in Python. For
numbers, see:
https://github.com/d3/d3-format/tree/v1.4.5#d3-format. And for
dates see: https://github.com/d3/d3-time-
format/tree/v2.2.3#locale_format. We add two items to d3's date
formatter: "%h" for half of the year as a decimal number as
well as "%{n}f" for fractional seconds with n digits. For
example, *2016-10-13 09:15:23.456* with tickformat
"%H~%M~%S.%2f" would display "09~15~23.46"
The 'tickformat' property is a string and must be specified as:
- A string
- A number that will be converted to a string
Returns
-------
str
"""
return self["tickformat"]
@tickformat.setter
def tickformat(self, val):
self["tickformat"] = val
# tickformatstops
# ---------------
@property
def tickformatstops(self):
"""
The 'tickformatstops' property is a tuple of instances of
Tickformatstop that may be specified as:
- A list or tuple of instances of plotly.graph_objs.histogram.marker.colorbar.Tickformatstop
- A list or tuple of dicts of string/value properties that
will be passed to the Tickformatstop constructor
Supported dict properties:
dtickrange
range [*min*, *max*], where "min", "max" -
dtick values which describe some zoom level, it
is possible to omit "min" or "max" value by
passing "null"
enabled
Determines whether or not this stop is used. If
`false`, this stop is ignored even within its
`dtickrange`.
name
When used in a template, named items are
created in the output figure in addition to any
items the figure already has in this array. You
can modify these items in the output figure by
making your own item with `templateitemname`
matching this `name` alongside your
modifications (including `visible: false` or
`enabled: false` to hide it). Has no effect
outside of a template.
templateitemname
Used to refer to a named item in this array in
the template. Named items from the template
will be created even without a matching item in
the input figure, but you can modify one by
making an item with `templateitemname` matching
its `name`, alongside your modifications
(including `visible: false` or `enabled: false`
to hide it). If there is no template or no
matching item, this item will be hidden unless
you explicitly show it with `visible: true`.
value
string - dtickformat for described zoom level,
the same as "tickformat"
Returns
-------
tuple[plotly.graph_objs.histogram.marker.colorbar.Tickformatstop]
"""
return self["tickformatstops"]
@tickformatstops.setter
def tickformatstops(self, val):
self["tickformatstops"] = val
# tickformatstopdefaults
# ----------------------
@property
def tickformatstopdefaults(self):
"""
When used in a template (as layout.template.data.histogram.mark
er.colorbar.tickformatstopdefaults), sets the default property
values to use for elements of
histogram.marker.colorbar.tickformatstops
The 'tickformatstopdefaults' property is an instance of Tickformatstop
that may be specified as:
- An instance of :class:`plotly.graph_objs.histogram.marker.colorbar.Tickformatstop`
- A dict of string/value properties that will be passed
to the Tickformatstop constructor
Supported dict properties:
Returns
-------
plotly.graph_objs.histogram.marker.colorbar.Tickformatstop
"""
return self["tickformatstopdefaults"]
@tickformatstopdefaults.setter
def tickformatstopdefaults(self, val):
self["tickformatstopdefaults"] = val
# ticklabeloverflow
# -----------------
@property
def ticklabeloverflow(self):
"""
Determines how we handle tick labels that would overflow either
the graph div or the domain of the axis. The default value for
inside tick labels is *hide past domain*. In other cases the
default is *hide past div*.
The 'ticklabeloverflow' property is an enumeration that may be specified as:
- One of the following enumeration values:
['allow', 'hide past div', 'hide past domain']
Returns
-------
Any
"""
return self["ticklabeloverflow"]
@ticklabeloverflow.setter
def ticklabeloverflow(self, val):
self["ticklabeloverflow"] = val
# ticklabelposition
# -----------------
@property
def ticklabelposition(self):
"""
Determines where tick labels are drawn relative to the ticks.
Left and right options are used when `orientation` is "h", top
and bottom when `orientation` is "v".
The 'ticklabelposition' property is an enumeration that may be specified as:
- One of the following enumeration values:
['outside', 'inside', 'outside top', 'inside top',
'outside left', 'inside left', 'outside right', 'inside
right', 'outside bottom', 'inside bottom']
Returns
-------
Any
"""
return self["ticklabelposition"]
@ticklabelposition.setter
def ticklabelposition(self, val):
self["ticklabelposition"] = val
# ticklabelstep
# -------------
@property
def ticklabelstep(self):
"""
Sets the spacing between tick labels as compared to the spacing
between ticks. A value of 1 (default) means each tick gets a
label. A value of 2 means shows every 2nd label. A larger value
n means only every nth tick is labeled. `tick0` determines
which labels are shown. Not implemented for axes with `type`
"log" or "multicategory", or when `tickmode` is "array".
The 'ticklabelstep' property is a integer and may be specified as:
- An int (or float that will be cast to an int)
in the interval [1, 9223372036854775807]
Returns
-------
int
"""
return self["ticklabelstep"]
@ticklabelstep.setter
def ticklabelstep(self, val):
self["ticklabelstep"] = val
# ticklen
# -------
@property
def ticklen(self):
"""
Sets the tick length (in px).
The 'ticklen' property is a number and may be specified as:
- An int or float in the interval [0, inf]
Returns
-------
int|float
"""
return self["ticklen"]
@ticklen.setter
def ticklen(self, val):
self["ticklen"] = val
# tickmode
# --------
@property
def tickmode(self):
"""
Sets the tick mode for this axis. If "auto", the number of
ticks is set via `nticks`. If "linear", the placement of the
ticks is determined by a starting position `tick0` and a tick
step `dtick` ("linear" is the default value if `tick0` and
`dtick` are provided). If "array", the placement of the ticks
is set via `tickvals` and the tick text is `ticktext`. ("array"
is the default value if `tickvals` is provided).
The 'tickmode' property is an enumeration that may be specified as:
- One of the following enumeration values:
['auto', 'linear', 'array']
Returns
-------
Any
"""
return self["tickmode"]
@tickmode.setter
def tickmode(self, val):
self["tickmode"] = val
# tickprefix
# ----------
@property
def tickprefix(self):
"""
Sets a tick label prefix.
The 'tickprefix' property is a string and must be specified as:
- A string
- A number that will be converted to a string
Returns
-------
str
"""
return self["tickprefix"]
@tickprefix.setter
def tickprefix(self, val):
self["tickprefix"] = val
# ticks
# -----
@property
def ticks(self):
"""
Determines whether ticks are drawn or not. If "", this axis'
ticks are not drawn. If "outside" ("inside"), this axis' are
drawn outside (inside) the axis lines.
The 'ticks' property is an enumeration that may be specified as:
- One of the following enumeration values:
['outside', 'inside', '']
Returns
-------
Any
"""
return self["ticks"]
@ticks.setter
def ticks(self, val):
self["ticks"] = val
# ticksuffix
# ----------
@property
def ticksuffix(self):
"""
Sets a tick label suffix.
The 'ticksuffix' property is a string and must be specified as:
- A string
- A number that will be converted to a string
Returns
-------
str
"""
return self["ticksuffix"]
@ticksuffix.setter
def ticksuffix(self, val):
self["ticksuffix"] = val
# ticktext
# --------
@property
def ticktext(self):
"""
Sets the text displayed at the ticks position via `tickvals`.
Only has an effect if `tickmode` is set to "array". Used with
`tickvals`.
The 'ticktext' property is an array that may be specified as a tuple,
list, numpy array, or pandas Series
Returns
-------
numpy.ndarray
"""
return self["ticktext"]
@ticktext.setter
def ticktext(self, val):
self["ticktext"] = val
# ticktextsrc
# -----------
@property
def ticktextsrc(self):
"""
Sets the source reference on Chart Studio Cloud for `ticktext`.
The 'ticktextsrc' property must be specified as a string or
as a plotly.grid_objs.Column object
Returns
-------
str
"""
return self["ticktextsrc"]
@ticktextsrc.setter
def ticktextsrc(self, val):
self["ticktextsrc"] = val
# tickvals
# --------
@property
def tickvals(self):
"""
Sets the values at which ticks on this axis appear. Only has an
effect if `tickmode` is set to "array". Used with `ticktext`.
The 'tickvals' property is an array that may be specified as a tuple,
list, numpy array, or pandas Series
Returns
-------
numpy.ndarray
"""
return self["tickvals"]
@tickvals.setter
def tickvals(self, val):
self["tickvals"] = val
# tickvalssrc
# -----------
@property
def tickvalssrc(self):
"""
Sets the source reference on Chart Studio Cloud for `tickvals`.
The 'tickvalssrc' property must be specified as a string or
as a plotly.grid_objs.Column object
Returns
-------
str
"""
return self["tickvalssrc"]
@tickvalssrc.setter
def tickvalssrc(self, val):
self["tickvalssrc"] = val
# tickwidth
# ---------
@property
def tickwidth(self):
"""
Sets the tick width (in px).
The 'tickwidth' property is a number and may be specified as:
- An int or float in the interval [0, inf]
Returns
-------
int|float
"""
return self["tickwidth"]
@tickwidth.setter
def tickwidth(self, val):
self["tickwidth"] = val
# title
# -----
@property
def title(self):
"""
The 'title' property is an instance of Title
that may be specified as:
- An instance of :class:`plotly.graph_objs.histogram.marker.colorbar.Title`
- A dict of string/value properties that will be passed
to the Title constructor
Supported dict properties:
font
Sets this color bar's title font. Note that the
title's font used to be set by the now
deprecated `titlefont` attribute.
side
Determines the location of color bar's title
with respect to the color bar. Defaults to
"top" when `orientation` if "v" and defaults
to "right" when `orientation` if "h". Note that
the title's location used to be set by the now
deprecated `titleside` attribute.
text
Sets the title of the color bar. Note that
before the existence of `title.text`, the
title's contents used to be defined as the
`title` attribute itself. This behavior has
been deprecated.
Returns
-------
plotly.graph_objs.histogram.marker.colorbar.Title
"""
return self["title"]
@title.setter
def title(self, val):
self["title"] = val
# titlefont
# ---------
@property
def titlefont(self):
"""
Deprecated: Please use histogram.marker.colorbar.title.font
instead. Sets this color bar's title font. Note that the
title's font used to be set by the now deprecated `titlefont`
attribute.
The 'font' property is an instance of Font
that may be specified as:
- An instance of :class:`plotly.graph_objs.histogram.marker.colorbar.title.Font`
- A dict of string/value properties that will be passed
to the Font constructor
Supported dict properties:
color
family
HTML font family - the typeface that will be
applied by the web browser. The web browser
will only be able to apply a font if it is
available on the system which it operates.
Provide multiple font families, separated by
commas, to indicate the preference in which to
apply fonts if they aren't available on the
system. The Chart Studio Cloud (at
https://chart-studio.plotly.com or on-premise)
generates images on a server, where only a
select number of fonts are installed and
supported. These include "Arial", "Balto",
"Courier New", "Droid Sans",, "Droid Serif",
"Droid Sans Mono", "Gravitas One", "Old
Standard TT", "Open Sans", "Overpass", "PT Sans
Narrow", "Raleway", "Times New Roman".
size
Returns
-------
"""
return self["titlefont"]
@titlefont.setter
def titlefont(self, val):
self["titlefont"] = val
# titleside
# ---------
@property
def titleside(self):
"""
Deprecated: Please use histogram.marker.colorbar.title.side
instead. Determines the location of color bar's title with
respect to the color bar. Defaults to "top" when `orientation`
if "v" and defaults to "right" when `orientation` if "h". Note
that the title's location used to be set by the now deprecated
`titleside` attribute.
The 'side' property is an enumeration that may be specified as:
- One of the following enumeration values:
['right', 'top', 'bottom']
Returns
-------
"""
return self["titleside"]
@titleside.setter
def titleside(self, val):
self["titleside"] = val
# x
# -
@property
def x(self):
"""
Sets the x position of the color bar (in plot fraction).
Defaults to 1.02 when `orientation` is "v" and 0.5 when
`orientation` is "h".
The 'x' property is a number and may be specified as:
- An int or float in the interval [-2, 3]
Returns
-------
int|float
"""
return self["x"]
@x.setter
def x(self, val):
self["x"] = val
# xanchor
# -------
@property
def xanchor(self):
"""
Sets this color bar's horizontal position anchor. This anchor
binds the `x` position to the "left", "center" or "right" of
the color bar. Defaults to "left" when `orientation` is "v" and
"center" when `orientation` is "h".
The 'xanchor' property is an enumeration that may be specified as:
- One of the following enumeration values:
['left', 'center', 'right']
Returns
-------
Any
"""
return self["xanchor"]
@xanchor.setter
def xanchor(self, val):
self["xanchor"] = val
# xpad
# ----
@property
def xpad(self):
"""
Sets the amount of padding (in px) along the x direction.
The 'xpad' property is a number and may be specified as:
- An int or float in the interval [0, inf]
Returns
-------
int|float
"""
return self["xpad"]
@xpad.setter
def xpad(self, val):
self["xpad"] = val
# y
# -
@property
def y(self):
"""
Sets the y position of the color bar (in plot fraction).
Defaults to 0.5 when `orientation` is "v" and 1.02 when
`orientation` is "h".
The 'y' property is a number and may be specified as:
- An int or float in the interval [-2, 3]
Returns
-------
int|float
"""
return self["y"]
@y.setter
def y(self, val):
self["y"] = val
# yanchor
# -------
@property
def yanchor(self):
"""
Sets this color bar's vertical position anchor This anchor
binds the `y` position to the "top", "middle" or "bottom" of
the color bar. Defaults to "middle" when `orientation` is "v"
and "bottom" when `orientation` is "h".
The 'yanchor' property is an enumeration that may be specified as:
- One of the following enumeration values:
['top', 'middle', 'bottom']
Returns
-------
Any
"""
return self["yanchor"]
@yanchor.setter
def yanchor(self, val):
self["yanchor"] = val
# ypad
# ----
@property
def ypad(self):
"""
Sets the amount of padding (in px) along the y direction.
The 'ypad' property is a number and may be specified as:
- An int or float in the interval [0, inf]
Returns
-------
int|float
"""
return self["ypad"]
@ypad.setter
def ypad(self, val):
self["ypad"] = val
# Self properties description
# ---------------------------
@property
def _prop_descriptions(self):
return """\
bgcolor
Sets the color of padded area.
bordercolor
Sets the axis line color.
borderwidth
Sets the width (in px) or the border enclosing this
color bar.
dtick
Sets the step in-between ticks on this axis. Use with
`tick0`. Must be a positive number, or special strings
available to "log" and "date" axes. If the axis `type`
is "log", then ticks are set every 10^(n*dtick) where n
is the tick number. For example, to set a tick mark at
1, 10, 100, 1000, ... set dtick to 1. To set tick marks
at 1, 100, 10000, ... set dtick to 2. To set tick marks
at 1, 5, 25, 125, 625, 3125, ... set dtick to
log_10(5), or 0.69897000433. "log" has several special
values; "L<f>", where `f` is a positive number, gives
ticks linearly spaced in value (but not position). For
example `tick0` = 0.1, `dtick` = "L0.5" will put ticks
at 0.1, 0.6, 1.1, 1.6 etc. To show powers of 10 plus
small digits between, use "D1" (all digits) or "D2"
(only 2 and 5). `tick0` is ignored for "D1" and "D2".
If the axis `type` is "date", then you must convert the
time to milliseconds. For example, to set the interval
between ticks to one day, set `dtick` to 86400000.0.
"date" also has special values "M<n>" gives ticks
spaced by a number of months. `n` must be a positive
integer. To set ticks on the 15th of every third month,
set `tick0` to "2000-01-15" and `dtick` to "M3". To set
ticks every 4 years, set `dtick` to "M48"
exponentformat
Determines a formatting rule for the tick exponents.
For example, consider the number 1,000,000,000. If
"none", it appears as 1,000,000,000. If "e", 1e+9. If
"E", 1E+9. If "power", 1x10^9 (with 9 in a super
script). If "SI", 1G. If "B", 1B.
labelalias
Replacement text for specific tick or hover labels. For
example using {US: 'USA', CA: 'Canada'} changes US to
USA and CA to Canada. The labels we would have shown
must match the keys exactly, after adding any
tickprefix or ticksuffix. labelalias can be used with
any axis type, and both keys (if needed) and values (if
desired) can include html-like tags or MathJax.
len
Sets the length of the color bar This measure excludes
the padding of both ends. That is, the color bar length
is this length minus the padding on both ends.
lenmode
Determines whether this color bar's length (i.e. the
measure in the color variation direction) is set in
units of plot "fraction" or in *pixels. Use `len` to
set the value.
minexponent
Hide SI prefix for 10^n if |n| is below this number.
This only has an effect when `tickformat` is "SI" or
"B".
nticks
Specifies the maximum number of ticks for the
particular axis. The actual number of ticks will be
chosen automatically to be less than or equal to
`nticks`. Has an effect only if `tickmode` is set to
"auto".
orientation
Sets the orientation of the colorbar.
outlinecolor
Sets the axis line color.
outlinewidth
Sets the width (in px) of the axis line.
separatethousands
If "true", even 4-digit integers are separated
showexponent
If "all", all exponents are shown besides their
significands. If "first", only the exponent of the
first tick is shown. If "last", only the exponent of
the last tick is shown. If "none", no exponents appear.
showticklabels
Determines whether or not the tick labels are drawn.
showtickprefix
If "all", all tick labels are displayed with a prefix.
If "first", only the first tick is displayed with a
prefix. If "last", only the last tick is displayed with
a suffix. If "none", tick prefixes are hidden.
showticksuffix
Same as `showtickprefix` but for tick suffixes.
thickness
Sets the thickness of the color bar This measure
excludes the size of the padding, ticks and labels.
thicknessmode
Determines whether this color bar's thickness (i.e. the
measure in the constant color direction) is set in
units of plot "fraction" or in "pixels". Use
`thickness` to set the value.
tick0
Sets the placement of the first tick on this axis. Use
with `dtick`. If the axis `type` is "log", then you
must take the log of your starting tick (e.g. to set
the starting tick to 100, set the `tick0` to 2) except
when `dtick`=*L<f>* (see `dtick` for more info). If the
axis `type` is "date", it should be a date string, like
date data. If the axis `type` is "category", it should
be a number, using the scale where each category is
assigned a serial number from zero in the order it
appears.
tickangle
Sets the angle of the tick labels with respect to the
horizontal. For example, a `tickangle` of -90 draws the
tick labels vertically.
tickcolor
Sets the tick color.
tickfont
Sets the color bar's tick label font
tickformat
Sets the tick label formatting rule using d3 formatting
mini-languages which are very similar to those in
Python. For numbers, see:
https://github.com/d3/d3-format/tree/v1.4.5#d3-format.
And for dates see: https://github.com/d3/d3-time-
format/tree/v2.2.3#locale_format. We add two items to
d3's date formatter: "%h" for half of the year as a
decimal number as well as "%{n}f" for fractional
seconds with n digits. For example, *2016-10-13
09:15:23.456* with tickformat "%H~%M~%S.%2f" would
display "09~15~23.46"
tickformatstops
A tuple of :class:`plotly.graph_objects.histogram.marke
r.colorbar.Tickformatstop` instances or dicts with
compatible properties
tickformatstopdefaults
When used in a template (as layout.template.data.histog
ram.marker.colorbar.tickformatstopdefaults), sets the
default property values to use for elements of
histogram.marker.colorbar.tickformatstops
ticklabeloverflow
Determines how we handle tick labels that would
overflow either the graph div or the domain of the
axis. The default value for inside tick labels is *hide
past domain*. In other cases the default is *hide past
div*.
ticklabelposition
Determines where tick labels are drawn relative to the
ticks. Left and right options are used when
`orientation` is "h", top and bottom when `orientation`
is "v".
ticklabelstep
Sets the spacing between tick labels as compared to the
spacing between ticks. A value of 1 (default) means
each tick gets a label. A value of 2 means shows every
2nd label. A larger value n means only every nth tick
is labeled. `tick0` determines which labels are shown.
Not implemented for axes with `type` "log" or
"multicategory", or when `tickmode` is "array".
ticklen
Sets the tick length (in px).
tickmode
Sets the tick mode for this axis. If "auto", the number
of ticks is set via `nticks`. If "linear", the
placement of the ticks is determined by a starting
position `tick0` and a tick step `dtick` ("linear" is
the default value if `tick0` and `dtick` are provided).
If "array", the placement of the ticks is set via
`tickvals` and the tick text is `ticktext`. ("array" is
the default value if `tickvals` is provided).
tickprefix
Sets a tick label prefix.
ticks
Determines whether ticks are drawn or not. If "", this
axis' ticks are not drawn. If "outside" ("inside"),
this axis' are drawn outside (inside) the axis lines.
ticksuffix
Sets a tick label suffix.
ticktext
Sets the text displayed at the ticks position via
`tickvals`. Only has an effect if `tickmode` is set to
"array". Used with `tickvals`.
ticktextsrc
Sets the source reference on Chart Studio Cloud for
`ticktext`.
tickvals
Sets the values at which ticks on this axis appear.
Only has an effect if `tickmode` is set to "array".
Used with `ticktext`.
tickvalssrc
Sets the source reference on Chart Studio Cloud for
`tickvals`.
tickwidth
Sets the tick width (in px).
title
:class:`plotly.graph_objects.histogram.marker.colorbar.
Title` instance or dict with compatible properties
titlefont
Deprecated: Please use
histogram.marker.colorbar.title.font instead. Sets this
color bar's title font. Note that the title's font used
to be set by the now deprecated `titlefont` attribute.
titleside
Deprecated: Please use
histogram.marker.colorbar.title.side instead.
Determines the location of color bar's title with
respect to the color bar. Defaults to "top" when
`orientation` if "v" and defaults to "right" when
`orientation` if "h". Note that the title's location
used to be set by the now deprecated `titleside`
attribute.
x
Sets the x position of the color bar (in plot
fraction). Defaults to 1.02 when `orientation` is "v"
and 0.5 when `orientation` is "h".
xanchor
Sets this color bar's horizontal position anchor. This
anchor binds the `x` position to the "left", "center"
or "right" of the color bar. Defaults to "left" when
`orientation` is "v" and "center" when `orientation` is
"h".
xpad
Sets the amount of padding (in px) along the x
direction.
y
Sets the y position of the color bar (in plot
fraction). Defaults to 0.5 when `orientation` is "v"
and 1.02 when `orientation` is "h".
yanchor
Sets this color bar's vertical position anchor This
anchor binds the `y` position to the "top", "middle" or
"bottom" of the color bar. Defaults to "middle" when
`orientation` is "v" and "bottom" when `orientation` is
"h".
ypad
Sets the amount of padding (in px) along the y
direction.
"""
_mapped_properties = {
"titlefont": ("title", "font"),
"titleside": ("title", "side"),
}
def __init__(
self,
arg=None,
bgcolor=None,
bordercolor=None,
borderwidth=None,
dtick=None,
exponentformat=None,
labelalias=None,
len=None,
lenmode=None,
minexponent=None,
nticks=None,
orientation=None,
outlinecolor=None,
outlinewidth=None,
separatethousands=None,
showexponent=None,
showticklabels=None,
showtickprefix=None,
showticksuffix=None,
thickness=None,
thicknessmode=None,
tick0=None,
tickangle=None,
tickcolor=None,
tickfont=None,
tickformat=None,
tickformatstops=None,
tickformatstopdefaults=None,
ticklabeloverflow=None,
ticklabelposition=None,
ticklabelstep=None,
ticklen=None,
tickmode=None,
tickprefix=None,
ticks=None,
ticksuffix=None,
ticktext=None,
ticktextsrc=None,
tickvals=None,
tickvalssrc=None,
tickwidth=None,
title=None,
titlefont=None,
titleside=None,
x=None,
xanchor=None,
xpad=None,
y=None,
yanchor=None,
ypad=None,
**kwargs,
):
"""
Construct a new ColorBar object
Parameters
----------
arg
dict of properties compatible with this constructor or
an instance of
:class:`plotly.graph_objs.histogram.marker.ColorBar`
bgcolor
Sets the color of padded area.
bordercolor
Sets the axis line color.
borderwidth
Sets the width (in px) or the border enclosing this
color bar.
dtick
Sets the step in-between ticks on this axis. Use with
`tick0`. Must be a positive number, or special strings
available to "log" and "date" axes. If the axis `type`
is "log", then ticks are set every 10^(n*dtick) where n
is the tick number. For example, to set a tick mark at
1, 10, 100, 1000, ... set dtick to 1. To set tick marks
at 1, 100, 10000, ... set dtick to 2. To set tick marks
at 1, 5, 25, 125, 625, 3125, ... set dtick to
log_10(5), or 0.69897000433. "log" has several special
values; "L<f>", where `f` is a positive number, gives
ticks linearly spaced in value (but not position). For
example `tick0` = 0.1, `dtick` = "L0.5" will put ticks
at 0.1, 0.6, 1.1, 1.6 etc. To show powers of 10 plus
small digits between, use "D1" (all digits) or "D2"
(only 2 and 5). `tick0` is ignored for "D1" and "D2".
If the axis `type` is "date", then you must convert the
time to milliseconds. For example, to set the interval
between ticks to one day, set `dtick` to 86400000.0.
"date" also has special values "M<n>" gives ticks
spaced by a number of months. `n` must be a positive
integer. To set ticks on the 15th of every third month,
set `tick0` to "2000-01-15" and `dtick` to "M3". To set
ticks every 4 years, set `dtick` to "M48"
exponentformat
Determines a formatting rule for the tick exponents.
For example, consider the number 1,000,000,000. If
"none", it appears as 1,000,000,000. If "e", 1e+9. If
"E", 1E+9. If "power", 1x10^9 (with 9 in a super
script). If "SI", 1G. If "B", 1B.
labelalias
Replacement text for specific tick or hover labels. For
example using {US: 'USA', CA: 'Canada'} changes US to
USA and CA to Canada. The labels we would have shown
must match the keys exactly, after adding any
tickprefix or ticksuffix. labelalias can be used with
any axis type, and both keys (if needed) and values (if
desired) can include html-like tags or MathJax.
len
Sets the length of the color bar This measure excludes
the padding of both ends. That is, the color bar length
is this length minus the padding on both ends.
lenmode
Determines whether this color bar's length (i.e. the
measure in the color variation direction) is set in
units of plot "fraction" or in *pixels. Use `len` to
set the value.
minexponent
Hide SI prefix for 10^n if |n| is below this number.
This only has an effect when `tickformat` is "SI" or
"B".
nticks
Specifies the maximum number of ticks for the
particular axis. The actual number of ticks will be
chosen automatically to be less than or equal to
`nticks`. Has an effect only if `tickmode` is set to
"auto".
orientation
Sets the orientation of the colorbar.
outlinecolor
Sets the axis line color.
outlinewidth
Sets the width (in px) of the axis line.
separatethousands
If "true", even 4-digit integers are separated
showexponent
If "all", all exponents are shown besides their
significands. If "first", only the exponent of the
first tick is shown. If "last", only the exponent of
the last tick is shown. If "none", no exponents appear.
showticklabels
Determines whether or not the tick labels are drawn.
showtickprefix
If "all", all tick labels are displayed with a prefix.
If "first", only the first tick is displayed with a
prefix. If "last", only the last tick is displayed with
a suffix. If "none", tick prefixes are hidden.
showticksuffix
Same as `showtickprefix` but for tick suffixes.
thickness
Sets the thickness of the color bar This measure
excludes the size of the padding, ticks and labels.
thicknessmode
Determines whether this color bar's thickness (i.e. the
measure in the constant color direction) is set in
units of plot "fraction" or in "pixels". Use
`thickness` to set the value.
tick0
Sets the placement of the first tick on this axis. Use
with `dtick`. If the axis `type` is "log", then you
must take the log of your starting tick (e.g. to set
the starting tick to 100, set the `tick0` to 2) except
when `dtick`=*L<f>* (see `dtick` for more info). If the
axis `type` is "date", it should be a date string, like
date data. If the axis `type` is "category", it should
be a number, using the scale where each category is
assigned a serial number from zero in the order it
appears.
tickangle
Sets the angle of the tick labels with respect to the
horizontal. For example, a `tickangle` of -90 draws the
tick labels vertically.
tickcolor
Sets the tick color.
tickfont
Sets the color bar's tick label font
tickformat
Sets the tick label formatting rule using d3 formatting
mini-languages which are very similar to those in
Python. For numbers, see:
https://github.com/d3/d3-format/tree/v1.4.5#d3-format.
And for dates see: https://github.com/d3/d3-time-
format/tree/v2.2.3#locale_format. We add two items to
d3's date formatter: "%h" for half of the year as a
decimal number as well as "%{n}f" for fractional
seconds with n digits. For example, *2016-10-13
09:15:23.456* with tickformat "%H~%M~%S.%2f" would
display "09~15~23.46"
tickformatstops
A tuple of :class:`plotly.graph_objects.histogram.marke
r.colorbar.Tickformatstop` instances or dicts with
compatible properties
tickformatstopdefaults
When used in a template (as layout.template.data.histog
ram.marker.colorbar.tickformatstopdefaults), sets the
default property values to use for elements of
histogram.marker.colorbar.tickformatstops
ticklabeloverflow
Determines how we handle tick labels that would
overflow either the graph div or the domain of the
axis. The default value for inside tick labels is *hide
past domain*. In other cases the default is *hide past
div*.
ticklabelposition
Determines where tick labels are drawn relative to the
ticks. Left and right options are used when
`orientation` is "h", top and bottom when `orientation`
is "v".
ticklabelstep
Sets the spacing between tick labels as compared to the
spacing between ticks. A value of 1 (default) means
each tick gets a label. A value of 2 means shows every
2nd label. A larger value n means only every nth tick
is labeled. `tick0` determines which labels are shown.
Not implemented for axes with `type` "log" or
"multicategory", or when `tickmode` is "array".
ticklen
Sets the tick length (in px).
tickmode
Sets the tick mode for this axis. If "auto", the number
of ticks is set via `nticks`. If "linear", the
placement of the ticks is determined by a starting
position `tick0` and a tick step `dtick` ("linear" is
the default value if `tick0` and `dtick` are provided).
If "array", the placement of the ticks is set via
`tickvals` and the tick text is `ticktext`. ("array" is
the default value if `tickvals` is provided).
tickprefix
Sets a tick label prefix.
ticks
Determines whether ticks are drawn or not. If "", this
axis' ticks are not drawn. If "outside" ("inside"),
this axis' are drawn outside (inside) the axis lines.
ticksuffix
Sets a tick label suffix.
ticktext
Sets the text displayed at the ticks position via
`tickvals`. Only has an effect if `tickmode` is set to
"array". Used with `tickvals`.
ticktextsrc
Sets the source reference on Chart Studio Cloud for
`ticktext`.
tickvals
Sets the values at which ticks on this axis appear.
Only has an effect if `tickmode` is set to "array".
Used with `ticktext`.
tickvalssrc
Sets the source reference on Chart Studio Cloud for
`tickvals`.
tickwidth
Sets the tick width (in px).
title
:class:`plotly.graph_objects.histogram.marker.colorbar.
Title` instance or dict with compatible properties
titlefont
Deprecated: Please use
histogram.marker.colorbar.title.font instead. Sets this
color bar's title font. Note that the title's font used
to be set by the now deprecated `titlefont` attribute.
titleside
Deprecated: Please use
histogram.marker.colorbar.title.side instead.
Determines the location of color bar's title with
respect to the color bar. Defaults to "top" when
`orientation` if "v" and defaults to "right" when
`orientation` if "h". Note that the title's location
used to be set by the now deprecated `titleside`
attribute.
x
Sets the x position of the color bar (in plot
fraction). Defaults to 1.02 when `orientation` is "v"
and 0.5 when `orientation` is "h".
xanchor
Sets this color bar's horizontal position anchor. This
anchor binds the `x` position to the "left", "center"
or "right" of the color bar. Defaults to "left" when
`orientation` is "v" and "center" when `orientation` is
"h".
xpad
Sets the amount of padding (in px) along the x
direction.
y
Sets the y position of the color bar (in plot
fraction). Defaults to 0.5 when `orientation` is "v"
and 1.02 when `orientation` is "h".
yanchor
Sets this color bar's vertical position anchor This
anchor binds the `y` position to the "top", "middle" or
"bottom" of the color bar. Defaults to "middle" when
`orientation` is "v" and "bottom" when `orientation` is
"h".
ypad
Sets the amount of padding (in px) along the y
direction.
Returns
-------
ColorBar
"""
super(ColorBar, self).__init__("colorbar")
if "_parent" in kwargs:
self._parent = kwargs["_parent"]
return
# Validate arg
# ------------
if arg is None:
arg = {}
elif isinstance(arg, self.__class__):
arg = arg.to_plotly_json()
elif isinstance(arg, dict):
arg = _copy.copy(arg)
else:
raise ValueError(
"""\
The first argument to the plotly.graph_objs.histogram.marker.ColorBar
constructor must be a dict or
an instance of :class:`plotly.graph_objs.histogram.marker.ColorBar`"""
)
# Handle skip_invalid
# -------------------
self._skip_invalid = kwargs.pop("skip_invalid", False)
self._validate = kwargs.pop("_validate", True)
# Populate data dict with properties
# ----------------------------------
_v = arg.pop("bgcolor", None)
_v = bgcolor if bgcolor is not None else _v
if _v is not None:
self["bgcolor"] = _v
_v = arg.pop("bordercolor", None)
_v = bordercolor if bordercolor is not None else _v
if _v is not None:
self["bordercolor"] = _v
_v = arg.pop("borderwidth", None)
_v = borderwidth if borderwidth is not None else _v
if _v is not None:
self["borderwidth"] = _v
_v = arg.pop("dtick", None)
_v = dtick if dtick is not None else _v
if _v is not None:
self["dtick"] = _v
_v = arg.pop("exponentformat", None)
_v = exponentformat if exponentformat is not None else _v
if _v is not None:
self["exponentformat"] = _v
_v = arg.pop("labelalias", None)
_v = labelalias if labelalias is not None else _v
if _v is not None:
self["labelalias"] = _v
_v = arg.pop("len", None)
_v = len if len is not None else _v
if _v is not None:
self["len"] = _v
_v = arg.pop("lenmode", None)
_v = lenmode if lenmode is not None else _v
if _v is not None:
self["lenmode"] = _v
_v = arg.pop("minexponent", None)
_v = minexponent if minexponent is not None else _v
if _v is not None:
self["minexponent"] = _v
_v = arg.pop("nticks", None)
_v = nticks if nticks is not None else _v
if _v is not None:
self["nticks"] = _v
_v = arg.pop("orientation", None)
_v = orientation if orientation is not None else _v
if _v is not None:
self["orientation"] = _v
_v = arg.pop("outlinecolor", None)
_v = outlinecolor if outlinecolor is not None else _v
if _v is not None:
self["outlinecolor"] = _v
_v = arg.pop("outlinewidth", None)
_v = outlinewidth if outlinewidth is not None else _v
if _v is not None:
self["outlinewidth"] = _v
_v = arg.pop("separatethousands", None)
_v = separatethousands if separatethousands is not None else _v
if _v is not None:
self["separatethousands"] = _v
_v = arg.pop("showexponent", None)
_v = showexponent if showexponent is not None else _v
if _v is not None:
self["showexponent"] = _v
_v = arg.pop("showticklabels", None)
_v = showticklabels if showticklabels is not None else _v
if _v is not None:
self["showticklabels"] = _v
_v = arg.pop("showtickprefix", None)
_v = showtickprefix if showtickprefix is not None else _v
if _v is not None:
self["showtickprefix"] = _v
_v = arg.pop("showticksuffix", None)
_v = showticksuffix if showticksuffix is not None else _v
if _v is not None:
self["showticksuffix"] = _v
_v = arg.pop("thickness", None)
_v = thickness if thickness is not None else _v
if _v is not None:
self["thickness"] = _v
_v = arg.pop("thicknessmode", None)
_v = thicknessmode if thicknessmode is not None else _v
if _v is not None:
self["thicknessmode"] = _v
_v = arg.pop("tick0", None)
_v = tick0 if tick0 is not None else _v
if _v is not None:
self["tick0"] = _v
_v = arg.pop("tickangle", None)
_v = tickangle if tickangle is not None else _v
if _v is not None:
self["tickangle"] = _v
_v = arg.pop("tickcolor", None)
_v = tickcolor if tickcolor is not None else _v
if _v is not None:
self["tickcolor"] = _v
_v = arg.pop("tickfont", None)
_v = tickfont if tickfont is not None else _v
if _v is not None:
self["tickfont"] = _v
_v = arg.pop("tickformat", None)
_v = tickformat if tickformat is not None else _v
if _v is not None:
self["tickformat"] = _v
_v = arg.pop("tickformatstops", None)
_v = tickformatstops if tickformatstops is not None else _v
if _v is not None:
self["tickformatstops"] = _v
_v = arg.pop("tickformatstopdefaults", None)
_v = tickformatstopdefaults if tickformatstopdefaults is not None else _v
if _v is not None:
self["tickformatstopdefaults"] = _v
_v = arg.pop("ticklabeloverflow", None)
_v = ticklabeloverflow if ticklabeloverflow is not None else _v
if _v is not None:
self["ticklabeloverflow"] = _v
_v = arg.pop("ticklabelposition", None)
_v = ticklabelposition if ticklabelposition is not None else _v
if _v is not None:
self["ticklabelposition"] = _v
_v = arg.pop("ticklabelstep", None)
_v = ticklabelstep if ticklabelstep is not None else _v
if _v is not None:
self["ticklabelstep"] = _v
_v = arg.pop("ticklen", None)
_v = ticklen if ticklen is not None else _v
if _v is not None:
self["ticklen"] = _v
_v = arg.pop("tickmode", None)
_v = tickmode if tickmode is not None else _v
if _v is not None:
self["tickmode"] = _v
_v = arg.pop("tickprefix", None)
_v = tickprefix if tickprefix is not None else _v
if _v is not None:
self["tickprefix"] = _v
_v = arg.pop("ticks", None)
_v = ticks if ticks is not None else _v
if _v is not None:
self["ticks"] = _v
_v = arg.pop("ticksuffix", None)
_v = ticksuffix if ticksuffix is not None else _v
if _v is not None:
self["ticksuffix"] = _v
_v = arg.pop("ticktext", None)
_v = ticktext if ticktext is not None else _v
if _v is not None:
self["ticktext"] = _v
_v = arg.pop("ticktextsrc", None)
_v = ticktextsrc if ticktextsrc is not None else _v
if _v is not None:
self["ticktextsrc"] = _v
_v = arg.pop("tickvals", None)
_v = tickvals if tickvals is not None else _v
if _v is not None:
self["tickvals"] = _v
_v = arg.pop("tickvalssrc", None)
_v = tickvalssrc if tickvalssrc is not None else _v
if _v is not None:
self["tickvalssrc"] = _v
_v = arg.pop("tickwidth", None)
_v = tickwidth if tickwidth is not None else _v
if _v is not None:
self["tickwidth"] = _v
_v = arg.pop("title", None)
_v = title if title is not None else _v
if _v is not None:
self["title"] = _v
_v = arg.pop("titlefont", None)
_v = titlefont if titlefont is not None else _v
if _v is not None:
self["titlefont"] = _v
_v = arg.pop("titleside", None)
_v = titleside if titleside is not None else _v
if _v is not None:
self["titleside"] = _v
_v = arg.pop("x", None)
_v = x if x is not None else _v
if _v is not None:
self["x"] = _v
_v = arg.pop("xanchor", None)
_v = xanchor if xanchor is not None else _v
if _v is not None:
self["xanchor"] = _v
_v = arg.pop("xpad", None)
_v = xpad if xpad is not None else _v
if _v is not None:
self["xpad"] = _v
_v = arg.pop("y", None)
_v = y if y is not None else _v
if _v is not None:
self["y"] = _v
_v = arg.pop("yanchor", None)
_v = yanchor if yanchor is not None else _v
if _v is not None:
self["yanchor"] = _v
_v = arg.pop("ypad", None)
_v = ypad if ypad is not None else _v
if _v is not None:
self["ypad"] = _v
# Process unknown kwargs
# ----------------------
self._process_kwargs(**dict(arg, **kwargs))
# Reset skip_invalid
# ------------------
self._skip_invalid = False
| [
"[email protected]"
] | |
419827681f3f82c9700097168df022ee151b4639 | 2f2e9cd97d65751757ae0a92e8bb882f3cbc5b5b | /33.搜索旋转排序数组.py | e67b6bd61499c8507cb2cb4f53db5ccbe9e2e868 | [] | no_license | mqinbin/python_leetcode | 77f0a75eb29f8d2f9a789958e0120a7df4d0d0d3 | 73e0c81867f38fdf4051d8f58d0d3dc245be081e | refs/heads/main | 2023-03-10T18:27:36.421262 | 2021-02-25T07:24:10 | 2021-02-25T07:24:10 | 314,410,703 | 0 | 0 | null | null | null | null | UTF-8 | Python | false | false | 1,257 | py | #
# @lc app=leetcode.cn id=33 lang=python3
#
# [33] 搜索旋转排序数组
#
# @lc code=start
class Solution:
def search(self, nums: List[int], target: int) -> int:
# if len(nums) == 1 :
# return 0 if target == nums[0] else -1
left , right = 0 , len(nums)
while left < right:
rotatePos = (left + right) // 2
if rotatePos == len(nums) - 1:
break
if nums[rotatePos]>nums[rotatePos+1]:
rotatePos += 1
break
if nums[rotatePos]>nums[left]:
left = rotatePos + 1
else:
right = rotatePos
def foundIndex(nums, left, right,target):
while left < right:
mid = (left + right) // 2
if nums[mid] == target:
return mid
if target>nums[mid]:
left = mid + 1
else:
right = mid
return -1
leftPart = foundIndex(nums,0,rotatePos,target)
if leftPart != -1:
return leftPart
rightPart = foundIndex(nums,rotatePos,len(nums),target)
return rightPart
# @lc code=end
| [
"[email protected]"
] | |
eec69491952dc2206c921236c774340265028549 | cf7d6cc5efd2d3545a538c1bf12e927a60b8600e | /iniciante/1478.py | 2fbb42d314bb183909e20c8d6e3ab7903c9700a9 | [] | no_license | DarknessRdg/URI | 1a4d821cc43c715f5092076a1753b13f42f3ceac | 459361f9e055efb6eb291fb030dde47cb08688ab | refs/heads/master | 2022-05-08T06:46:44.618627 | 2022-04-24T03:46:43 | 2022-04-24T03:46:43 | 200,585,901 | 2 | 0 | null | null | null | null | UTF-8 | Python | false | false | 952 | py | def main():
ordem = int(input())
while ordem != 0:
matriz = []
for i in range(1, ordem + 1):
matriz += [[i] * ordem]
for i in range(ordem):
for j in range(ordem):
if i == j:
matriz[i][j] = 1
if i < j:
matriz[i][j] = matriz[i][j - 1] + 1
if i > j:
if j == 0:
continue
else:
matriz[i][j] = matriz[i][j - 1] - 1
for i in range(ordem):
for j in range(ordem):
matriz[i][j] = str(matriz[i][j])
tamanho = len(matriz[i][j])
if j == 0:
if tamanho == 1:
print(' ' + matriz[i][j], end='')
elif tamanho == 2:
print(' ' + matriz[i][j], end='')
else:
print(matriz[i][j], end='')
else:
if tamanho == 1:
print(' ' + matriz[i][j], end='')
elif tamanho == 2:
print(' ' + matriz[i][j], end='')
else:
print(' ' + matriz[i][j], end='')
print()
print()
ordem = int(input())
if __name__ == '__main__':
main() | [
"[email protected]"
] | |
44877423e0a7b2fbd5c6d3490744498281831dd6 | 14373275670c1f3065ce9ae195df142146e2c1a4 | /stubs/influxdb-client/influxdb_client/domain/range_threshold.pyi | bc6b3aa97fdc891511d30c007c3c8dd1a4f27782 | [
"Apache-2.0",
"MIT"
] | permissive | sobolevn/typeshed | eb7af17c06a9722f23c337e6b9a4726223155d58 | d63a82640390a9c130e0fe7d409e8b0b836b7c31 | refs/heads/master | 2023-08-04T05:59:29.447015 | 2023-06-14T21:27:53 | 2023-06-14T21:27:53 | 216,265,622 | 2 | 0 | Apache-2.0 | 2022-02-08T10:40:53 | 2019-10-19T20:21:25 | Python | UTF-8 | Python | false | false | 1,004 | pyi | from _typeshed import Incomplete
from influxdb_client.domain.threshold_base import ThresholdBase
class RangeThreshold(ThresholdBase):
openapi_types: Incomplete
attribute_map: Incomplete
discriminator: Incomplete
def __init__(
self,
type: str = "range",
min: Incomplete | None = None,
max: Incomplete | None = None,
within: Incomplete | None = None,
level: Incomplete | None = None,
all_values: Incomplete | None = None,
) -> None: ...
@property
def type(self): ...
@type.setter
def type(self, type) -> None: ...
@property
def min(self): ...
@min.setter
def min(self, min) -> None: ...
@property
def max(self): ...
@max.setter
def max(self, max) -> None: ...
@property
def within(self): ...
@within.setter
def within(self, within) -> None: ...
def to_dict(self): ...
def to_str(self): ...
def __eq__(self, other): ...
def __ne__(self, other): ...
| [
"[email protected]"
] | |
82ef0c669736d69b2da60bea4943dc6b93cf54f9 | 9743d5fd24822f79c156ad112229e25adb9ed6f6 | /xai/brain/wordbase/nouns/_luaus.py | db10b77fa904fbdc865fafa175f9a8538ee5ee10 | [
"MIT"
] | permissive | cash2one/xai | de7adad1758f50dd6786bf0111e71a903f039b64 | e76f12c9f4dcf3ac1c7c08b0cc8844c0b0a104b6 | refs/heads/master | 2021-01-19T12:33:54.964379 | 2017-01-28T02:00:50 | 2017-01-28T02:00:50 | null | 0 | 0 | null | null | null | null | UTF-8 | Python | false | false | 224 | py |
from xai.brain.wordbase.nouns._luau import _LUAU
#calss header
class _LUAUS(_LUAU, ):
def __init__(self,):
_LUAU.__init__(self)
self.name = "LUAUS"
self.specie = 'nouns'
self.basic = "luau"
self.jsondata = {}
| [
"[email protected]"
] | |
5c0db854454cabafcab66f84b62cc0ae6df4a7a6 | 4c7a9d9af1f5a68e718fd626281b979590f7a434 | /v6/combine_filter.py | 54dd64244b4450e2414f2e8e536e9122c58768c3 | [] | no_license | bcrafton/bp-analysis | 59f077f09d4c10445b2f1e2889842a681de44129 | 9290df4bc8ae6a527586328eee0ad86fd370989e | refs/heads/master | 2020-05-31T12:27:23.673875 | 2019-07-02T15:46:58 | 2019-07-02T15:46:58 | 190,281,254 | 0 | 0 | null | null | null | null | UTF-8 | Python | false | false | 611 | py |
import numpy as np
def combine_filter(f1, f2, stride=1):
h1, w1, fin1, fout1 = np.shape(f1)
h2, w2, fin2, fout2 = np.shape(f2)
oh = h1 + 2*(h2 // 2) * stride
ow = w1 + 2*(w2 // 2) * stride
ofin = fin1
ofout = fout2
fout = np.zeros(shape=(oh, ow, ofin, ofout))
for x in range(h2):
for y in range(w2):
for c in range(fout2):
sh = x * stride ; eh = x * stride + h1
sw = y * stride ; ew = y * stride + w1
fout[sh:eh, sw:ew, :, c] += np.sum(f2[x, y, :, c] * f1, axis=3)
return fout
| [
"[email protected]"
] | |
6b124e1471d862488e655f3811a9cdfd0dc281cb | e4aab0a71dc5c047d8b1576380b16364e03e7c0d | /post scripts/deluge.py | 4a1106e8a5d1e3b050a700159f20b48d25f02268 | [
"Apache-2.0"
] | permissive | Joecastra/Watcher3 | 8ca66c44846030f0eb771d9d6ddeb9c37f637a4e | ce25d475f83ed36d6772f0cc35ef020d5e47c94b | refs/heads/master | 2021-01-19T11:05:55.454351 | 2017-04-10T20:17:24 | 2017-04-10T20:17:24 | null | 0 | 0 | null | null | null | null | UTF-8 | Python | false | false | 1,359 | py | #!/usr/bin/env python3
# ======================================== #
# ============= INSTRUCTIONS ============= #
# Add file to Deluge's Execute plugin for event Torrent Complete
# Add api information to conf:
watcherapi = 'APIKEY'
watcheraddress = u'http://localhost:9090/'
category = 'Watcher'
# DO NOT TOUCH ANYTHING BELOW THIS LINE! #
# ======================================== #
import json
import os
import sys
import urllib.request
import urllib.parse
data = {}
args = sys.argv
download_dir = args[3]
while download_dir[-1] in ['/', '\\']:
download_dir = download_dir[:-1]
parent_folder = os.path.split(download_dir)[-1]
if parent_folder.lower() != category.lower():
# Not watcher category
sys.exit(0)
data['apikey'] = watcherapi
data['name'] = args[2]
data['path'] = u'{}/{}'.format(download_dir, args[2])
data['downloadid'] = args[1]
data['guid'] = args[1]
data['mode'] = 'complete'
url = u'{}/postprocessing/'.format(watcheraddress)
post_data = urllib.parse.urlencode(data).encode('ascii')
request = urllib.request.Request(url, post_data, headers={'User-Agent': 'Mozilla/5.0'})
response = json.loads(urllib.request.urlopen(request, timeout=600).read())
if response['status'] == 'finished':
sys.exit(0)
elif response['status'] == 'incomplete':
sys.exit(1)
else:
sys.exit(1)
sys.exit(0)
# pylama:ignore=E402
| [
"[email protected]"
] | |
58913959884ae744d8d208372316ac4a7ab7379f | e6ea71d6acbb41bd40d3a17b352e19c6369d5c4b | /senpai/stage_instance.py | 736cc80fa7d0ffe07b80e08582726f18cda05304 | [
"MIT"
] | permissive | alexyy802/waifucord | bbfb50515ca23bf711e940ac8921092ff6d1e12e | c3bb883a6a148effb127781a885e839697df6a8b | refs/heads/master | 2023-09-02T13:19:44.478472 | 2021-10-29T06:51:51 | 2021-10-29T06:51:51 | null | 0 | 0 | null | null | null | null | UTF-8 | Python | false | false | 6,004 | py | """
The MIT License (MIT)
Copyright (c) 2021-present waifucord
Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a
copy of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"),
to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation
the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense,
and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the
Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS
OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING
FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER
DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
"""
from __future__ import annotations
from typing import Optional, TYPE_CHECKING
from .utils import MISSING, cached_slot_property
from .mixins import Hashable
from .errors import InvalidArgument
from .enums import StagePrivacyLevel, try_enum
__all__ = ("StageInstance",)
if TYPE_CHECKING:
from .chan.channel import StageInstance as StageInstancePayload
from .state import ConnectionState
from .channel import StageChannel
from .guild import Guild
class StageInstance(Hashable):
"""Represents a stage instance of a stage channel in a guild.
.. versionadded:: 2.0
.. container:: operations
.. describe:: x == y
Checks if two stage instances are equal.
.. describe:: x != y
Checks if two stage instances are not equal.
.. describe:: hash(x)
Returns the stage instance's hash.
Attributes
-----------
id: :class:`int`
The stage instance's ID.
guild: :class:`Guild`
The guild that the stage instance is running in.
channel_id: :class:`int`
The ID of the channel that the stage instance is running in.
topic: :class:`str`
The topic of the stage instance.
privacy_level: :class:`StagePrivacyLevel`
The privacy level of the stage instance.
discoverable_disabled: :class:`bool`
Whether discoverability for the stage instance is disabled.
"""
__slots__ = (
"_state",
"id",
"guild",
"channel_id",
"topic",
"privacy_level",
"discoverable_disabled",
"_cs_channel",
)
def __init__(
self, *, state: ConnectionState, guild: Guild, data: StageInstancePayload
) -> None:
self._state = state
self.guild = guild
self._update(data)
def _update(self, data: StageInstancePayload):
self.id: int = int(data["id"])
self.channel_id: int = int(data["channel_id"])
self.topic: str = data["topic"]
self.privacy_level: StagePrivacyLevel = try_enum(
StagePrivacyLevel, data["privacy_level"]
)
self.discoverable_disabled: bool = data.get("discoverable_disabled", False)
def __repr__(self) -> str:
return f"<StageInstance id={self.id} guild={self.guild!r} channel_id={self.channel_id} topic={self.topic!r}>"
@cached_slot_property("_cs_channel")
def channel(self) -> Optional[StageChannel]:
"""Optional[:class:`StageChannel`]: The channel that stage instance is running in."""
# the returned channel will always be a StageChannel or None
return self._state.get_channel(self.channel_id) # type: ignore
def is_public(self) -> bool:
return self.privacy_level is StagePrivacyLevel.public
async def edit(
self,
*,
topic: str = MISSING,
privacy_level: StagePrivacyLevel = MISSING,
reason: Optional[str] = None,
) -> None:
"""|coro|
Edits the stage instance.
You must have the :attr:`~Permissions.manage_channels` permission to
use this.
Parameters
-----------
topic: :class:`str`
The stage instance's new topic.
privacy_level: :class:`StagePrivacyLevel`
The stage instance's new privacy level.
reason: :class:`str`
The reason the stage instance was edited. Shows up on the audit log.
Raises
------
InvalidArgument
If the ``privacy_level`` parameter is not the proper type.
Forbidden
You do not have permissions to edit the stage instance.
HTTPException
Editing a stage instance failed.
"""
payload = {}
if topic is not MISSING:
payload["topic"] = topic
if privacy_level is not MISSING:
if not isinstance(privacy_level, StagePrivacyLevel):
raise InvalidArgument(
"privacy_level field must be of type PrivacyLevel"
)
payload["privacy_level"] = privacy_level.value
if payload:
await self._state.http.edit_stage_instance(
self.channel_id, **payload, reason=reason
)
async def delete(self, *, reason: Optional[str] = None) -> None:
"""|coro|
Deletes the stage instance.
You must have the :attr:`~Permissions.manage_channels` permission to
use this.
Parameters
-----------
reason: :class:`str`
The reason the stage instance was deleted. Shows up on the audit log.
Raises
------
Forbidden
You do not have permissions to delete the stage instance.
HTTPException
Deleting the stage instance failed.
"""
await self._state.http.delete_stage_instance(self.channel_id, reason=reason)
| [
"[email protected]"
] | |
f08f5e37c8d43e03f7302f3dc075c370c0ebb88c | c70d020907e538492665c7fe75d7b2b90c88ba93 | /python/pygobject/basis.py | 9507a9e5cafe13baefa28c73ed1d79d857155810 | [] | no_license | 4179e1/misc | 7250de0bc0d9ab5641f48ec87f038f8b5dbed29b | 1fb4d38b75fcc7692da605a6d3ec72e735116de1 | refs/heads/master | 2023-08-10T23:37:10.362847 | 2023-07-08T14:27:53 | 2023-07-08T14:27:53 | 14,710,900 | 3 | 3 | null | 2023-02-23T02:03:23 | 2013-11-26T08:21:00 | Roff | UTF-8 | Python | false | false | 151 | py | #!/usr/bin/env python
from gi.repository import Gtk
win = Gtk.Window()
win.connect ("delete-event", Gtk.main_quit)
win.show_all()
Gtk.main()
| [
"[email protected]"
] | |
aae7967595c33684d0cddfce97bc78285b719b53 | 67c0bc2b2292857fcc19b3c6e6da5570dc09749c | /chapter_6_visualization/audio_path.py | b8f4132d681a1663b16025bb3e2816c9f6d25d96 | [
"Apache-2.0"
] | permissive | jim-schwoebel/voicebook | 9d28f638fa6a31cb8c4915f9871c07da261b3ea6 | 0e8eae0f01487f15589c0daa2cf7ca3c6f3b8ad3 | refs/heads/master | 2022-12-11T13:41:24.005431 | 2021-04-15T13:51:35 | 2021-04-15T13:51:35 | 137,778,789 | 363 | 84 | Apache-2.0 | 2022-12-08T03:58:01 | 2018-06-18T16:37:37 | Python | UTF-8 | Python | false | false | 3,273 | py | '''
================================================
## VOICEBOOK REPOSITORY ##
================================================
repository name: voicebook
repository version: 1.0
repository link: https://github.com/jim-schwoebel/voicebook
author: Jim Schwoebel
author contact: [email protected]
description: a book and repo to get you started programming voice applications in Python - 10 chapters and 200+ scripts.
license category: opensource
license: Apache 2.0 license
organization name: NeuroLex Laboratories, Inc.
location: Seattle, WA
website: https://neurolex.ai
release date: 2018-09-28
This code (voicebook) is hereby released under a Apache 2.0 license license.
For more information, check out the license terms below.
================================================
## LICENSE TERMS ##
================================================
Copyright 2018 NeuroLex Laboratories, Inc.
Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
You may obtain a copy of the License at
http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
limitations under the License.
================================================
## SERVICE STATEMENT ##
================================================
If you are using the code written for a larger project, we are
happy to consult with you and help you with deployment. Our team
has >10 world experts in Kafka distributed architectures, microservices
built on top of Node.js / Python / Docker, and applying machine learning to
model speech and text data.
We have helped a wide variety of enterprises - small businesses,
researchers, enterprises, and/or independent developers.
If you would like to work with us let us know @ [email protected].
================================================
## AUDIO_PATH.PY ##
================================================
Give some simple visual feedback when recording an audio stream.
'''
import sounddevice as sd
import soundfile as sf
import random, time, librosa, os
import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
from drawnow import drawnow
def make_fig():
plt.scatter(x, y)
def record_data(filename, duration, fs, channels):
# synchronous recording
myrecording = sd.rec(int(duration * fs), samplerate=fs, channels=channels)
sd.wait()
sf.write(filename, myrecording, fs)
y, sr = librosa.load(filename)
rmse=np.mean(librosa.feature.rmse(y)[0])
os.remove(filename)
return rmse*1000
# initialize plot
plt.ion() # enable interactivity
fig = plt.figure() # make a figure
x = list()
y = list()
for i in range(100):
# record 20ms of data
sample=record_data('sample.wav',0.02, 44100, 1)
x.append(i)
y.append(sample)
drawnow(make_fig)
plt.savefig('stream.png')
os.system('open stream.png')
| [
"[email protected]"
] | |
db6175fa2394c30524ad292439ef8721022ae025 | 851c474c9d91875b0fa8fe46d591bb6550b1c550 | /eye/migrations/0003_auto_20200818_0030.py | 62e72256111c4d71a8e8f0ef2e19f772bd42a5f2 | [] | no_license | songlei1979/BigEye4 | 1a8e9c71cae3e3bd3fb5432c05b73997ba9590c2 | 825e79ebd43d71203c827490d5ffe36c861e4dec | refs/heads/master | 2022-12-03T22:19:25.224277 | 2020-08-26T05:44:19 | 2020-08-26T05:44:19 | 288,315,654 | 0 | 0 | null | null | null | null | UTF-8 | Python | false | false | 449 | py | # Generated by Django 3.0.8 on 2020-08-18 00:30
from django.db import migrations
class Migration(migrations.Migration):
dependencies = [
('eye', '0002_auto_20200812_1007'),
]
operations = [
migrations.AlterModelTable(
name='allocation',
table='eye_allocation',
),
migrations.AlterModelTable(
name='assignment',
table='eye_assignment',
),
]
| [
"[email protected]"
] | |
3803da3b8f058178d20d30d5aa287d146a64bf84 | 7579431f002103a74b5ae6bccf76458b221e78ab | /Dynammic Programming/Egg Dropping Puzzle.py | 0cea9ac5597a588db4fd63558fc43eea55a49cab | [] | no_license | mukundajmera/competitiveprogramming | 5c187e9681b320482c7b8cdfa71be95f9f9184c1 | 85774aea5a20a9cf4a97c66237d2faa570edd96b | refs/heads/main | 2023-03-21T14:01:03.653953 | 2021-03-22T19:41:54 | 2021-03-22T19:41:54 | 319,270,423 | 1 | 0 | null | null | null | null | UTF-8 | Python | false | false | 1,375 | py | # User function Template for python3
# Function to get minimum number of trials needed in worst
# case with n eggs and k floors
import math
def eggDrop(n, k):
# code here
# create table of n+1, k+1
dp = [[None] * (n + 1) for i in range(k + 1)]
# fill
# floor 0 with egg is zero
# floor 1 with egg is 1
for i in range(1, n + 1):
# floor 1 with egg is 1
dp[1][i] = 1
# floor 0 with egg is zero
dp[0][i] = 0
for j in range(k + 1):
# egg 1 for each floor is 1
dp[j][1] = j
# check for egg with n value with f floors
# min (max( case1 (break), case2 (do not break))) + 1
# min(dp[i][j], (max( dp[x-1,n-1], dp[f-x,e])) + 1)
for floor in range(2, k + 1):
for egg in range(2, n + 1):
dp[floor][egg] = math.inf
# iter for x
for rem in range(1, floor + 1):
dp[floor][egg] = min(dp[floor][egg], 1 + max(dp[rem - 1][egg - 1], dp[floor - rem][egg]))
# print(dp)
# print(dp[k][n])
return dp[k][n]
# {
# Driver Code Starts
# Initial Template for Python 3
import atexit
import io
import sys
# Contributed by : Nagendra Jha
if __name__ == '__main__':
test_cases = int(input())
for cases in range(test_cases):
n, k = map(int, input().strip().split())
print(eggDrop(n, k))
# } Driver Code Ends | [
"[email protected]"
] | |
103b7a688f8a7e8cf5d5dddf9358f9b4c41bf7fa | 7fc03f7d28ea7bbdca650a51a23fc0b13cbefde1 | /supervised_learning/0x11-attention/6-main.py | 756a7098a53ec467f39ff16efa42dd77ce531301 | [] | no_license | HeimerR/holbertonschool-machine_learning | 54c410e40d38635de482773f15e26ce1c2c95e46 | e10b4e9b6f3fa00639e6e9e5b35f0cdb43a339a3 | refs/heads/master | 2021-07-24T09:33:25.833269 | 2021-01-14T00:21:45 | 2021-01-14T00:21:45 | 236,603,791 | 0 | 6 | null | null | null | null | UTF-8 | Python | false | false | 594 | py | #!/usr/bin/env python3
import numpy as np
import tensorflow as tf
MultiHeadAttention = __import__('6-multi_head_attention').MultiHeadAttention
mha = MultiHeadAttention(512, 8)
print(mha.dm)
print(mha.h)
print(mha.depth)
print(mha.Wq)
print(mha.Wk)
print(mha.Wv)
print(mha.linear)
Q = tf.convert_to_tensor(np.random.uniform(size=(50, 15, 256)).astype('float32'))
K = tf.convert_to_tensor(np.random.uniform(size=(50, 15, 256)).astype('float32'))
V = tf.convert_to_tensor(np.random.uniform(size=(50, 15, 256)).astype('float32'))
output, weights = mha(Q, K, V, None)
print(output)
print(weights)
| [
"[email protected]"
] | |
b0680c3e15836ae1c131b441d324db4d218d5f96 | 04f8c7d9eb20745def8568fcbd2401392187ebf0 | /www/www/settings_prod.py | 2df597cfc30b7934a40ca8e4d06329af96778cbd | [] | no_license | boogiiieee/Victoria | 5f01d8c01e92d78b756324ee8da2208ab9c63bc6 | c76996698bbbd88309ed35f47d19e09fec19eb94 | refs/heads/master | 2021-09-04T03:13:00.208173 | 2018-01-15T04:05:29 | 2018-01-15T04:05:29 | null | 0 | 0 | null | null | null | null | UTF-8 | Python | false | false | 699 | py | # -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
'''
from settings import *
DEBUG = False
TEMPLATE_DEBUG = DEBUG
MANAGERS = (
('', ''),
('', ''),
)
MEDIA_ROOT = '/var/www/home/'
STATIC_ROOT = '/var/www/home/'
DATABASES = {
'default': {
'ENGINE': 'django.db.backends.postgresql_psycopg2',
'NAME': '',
'USER': '',
'PASSWORD': '',
'HOST': 'postgresql2.locum.ru',
'PORT': '5432',
}
}
ALLOWED_HOSTS = ['127.0.0.1:8000', 'localhost', '', '']
ROBOTS_SITEMAP_URLS = ['/sitemap.xml']
ROBOTS_SITEMAP_HOST = ''
DEFAULT_FROM_EMAIL = ''
EMAIL_SUBJECT_PREFIX = ''
EMAIL_HOST = ''
EMAIL_PORT = 25
EMAIL_HOST_USER = ''
EMAIL_HOST_PASSWORD = ''
EMAIL_USE_TLS = True
''' | [
"[email protected]"
] | |
c7390cd06f4184861f8f1c7715515e955cf21374 | 9427fa36416d835e28faa8e52a11140b6512e9c7 | /dæmatímaverk/dæmatími_tuples/tuples5.py | 9a17ed22e2776c27573687cc7d5525fb0ac8cac2 | [] | no_license | fannarl/traveler | e5f274e404c10fe799b87e36eb4eb37e64fb8db8 | 8bc121d9fc26374f1b0dcee6da815ed732f2d889 | refs/heads/master | 2020-03-28T23:23:31.216234 | 2018-12-14T17:22:30 | 2018-12-14T17:22:30 | 149,289,261 | 0 | 0 | null | null | null | null | UTF-8 | Python | false | false | 654 | py | def get_list():
a_list = input("Enter elements of list separated by commas: ").strip().split(',')
return a_list
def get_integer(prompt):
val = int(input(prompt))
return val
def transform(list1, list2, r1, r2):
new_list = []
for i in range(r1,r2):
new_list.append(list1[i])
for i in range(len(new_list)):
list1.remove(list1[r1])
list2.extend(reversed(new_list))
# Main program starts here - DO NOT change it
list1 = get_list()
list2 = get_list()
index1 = get_integer("Enter from value: ")
index2 = get_integer("Enter to value: ")
transform(list1, list2, index1, index2)
print(list1)
print(list2) | [
"[email protected]"
] | |
0696c8ebc33ac64b9ec37ab7fb5a23ad490a88fc | 194a1e2ac246c5f9926b014c00d4c733f0cdaf0c | /tests/wallet/test_singleton_lifecycle.py | 965eaeab5e49fb9b8403e58e5fcd5a088a688c53 | [
"Apache-2.0"
] | permissive | chia-os/btcgreen-blockchain | 03e889cd0268284b7673917ab725ad71f980b650 | 2688e74de423ec59df302299e993b4674d69489e | refs/heads/main | 2023-08-29T14:40:11.962821 | 2021-08-17T06:33:34 | 2021-08-17T06:33:34 | null | 0 | 0 | null | null | null | null | UTF-8 | Python | false | false | 6,191 | py | import asyncio
from typing import List, Tuple
from blspy import G2Element
from clvm_tools import binutils
from btcgreen.types.blockchain_format.program import Program, INFINITE_COST
from btcgreen.types.announcement import Announcement
from btcgreen.types.blockchain_format.coin import Coin
from btcgreen.types.blockchain_format.sized_bytes import bytes32
from btcgreen.types.coin_solution import CoinSolution
from btcgreen.types.spend_bundle import SpendBundle
from btcgreen.util.condition_tools import ConditionOpcode
from btcgreen.util.ints import uint64
from btcgreen.wallet.puzzles.load_clvm import load_clvm
from tests.core.full_node.test_conditions import bt, check_spend_bundle_validity, initial_blocks
SINGLETON_MOD = load_clvm("singleton_top_layer.clvm")
LAUNCHER_PUZZLE = load_clvm("singleton_launcher.clvm")
P2_SINGLETON_MOD = load_clvm("p2_singleton.clvm")
POOL_MEMBER_MOD = load_clvm("pool_member_innerpuz.clvm")
POOL_WAITINGROOM_MOD = load_clvm("pool_waitingroom_innerpuz.clvm")
LAUNCHER_PUZZLE_HASH = LAUNCHER_PUZZLE.get_tree_hash()
SINGLETON_MOD_HASH = SINGLETON_MOD.get_tree_hash()
POOL_REWARD_PREFIX_MAINNET = bytes32.fromhex("ccd5bb71183532bff220ba46c268991a00000000000000000000000000000000")
def check_coin_solution(coin_solution: CoinSolution):
# breakpoint()
try:
cost, result = coin_solution.puzzle_reveal.run_with_cost(INFINITE_COST, coin_solution.solution)
except Exception as ex:
print(ex)
# breakpoint()
print(ex)
def adaptor_for_singleton_inner_puzzle(puzzle: Program) -> Program:
# this is prety slow
return Program.to(binutils.assemble("(a (q . %s) 3)" % binutils.disassemble(puzzle)))
def launcher_conditions_and_spend_bundle(
parent_coin_id: bytes32,
launcher_amount: uint64,
initial_singleton_inner_puzzle: Program,
metadata: List[Tuple[str, str]],
launcher_puzzle: Program = LAUNCHER_PUZZLE,
) -> Tuple[Program, bytes32, List[Program], SpendBundle]:
launcher_puzzle_hash = launcher_puzzle.get_tree_hash()
launcher_coin = Coin(parent_coin_id, launcher_puzzle_hash, launcher_amount)
singleton_full_puzzle = SINGLETON_MOD.curry(
SINGLETON_MOD_HASH, launcher_coin.name(), launcher_puzzle_hash, initial_singleton_inner_puzzle
)
singleton_full_puzzle_hash = singleton_full_puzzle.get_tree_hash()
message_program = Program.to([singleton_full_puzzle_hash, launcher_amount, metadata])
expected_announcement = Announcement(launcher_coin.name(), message_program.get_tree_hash())
expected_conditions = []
expected_conditions.append(
Program.to(
binutils.assemble(f"(0x{ConditionOpcode.ASSERT_COIN_ANNOUNCEMENT.hex()} 0x{expected_announcement.name()})")
)
)
expected_conditions.append(
Program.to(
binutils.assemble(f"(0x{ConditionOpcode.CREATE_COIN.hex()} 0x{launcher_puzzle_hash} {launcher_amount})")
)
)
launcher_solution = Program.to([singleton_full_puzzle_hash, launcher_amount, metadata])
coin_solution = CoinSolution(launcher_coin, launcher_puzzle, launcher_solution)
spend_bundle = SpendBundle([coin_solution], G2Element())
lineage_proof = Program.to([parent_coin_id, launcher_amount])
return lineage_proof, launcher_coin.name(), expected_conditions, spend_bundle
def singleton_puzzle(launcher_id: Program, launcher_puzzle_hash: bytes32, inner_puzzle: Program) -> Program:
return SINGLETON_MOD.curry(SINGLETON_MOD_HASH, launcher_id, launcher_puzzle_hash, inner_puzzle)
def singleton_puzzle_hash(launcher_id: Program, launcher_puzzle_hash: bytes32, inner_puzzle: Program) -> bytes32:
return singleton_puzzle(launcher_id, launcher_puzzle_hash, inner_puzzle).get_tree_hash()
def solution_for_singleton_puzzle(lineage_proof: Program, my_amount: int, inner_solution: Program) -> Program:
return Program.to([lineage_proof, my_amount, inner_solution])
def p2_singleton_puzzle(launcher_id: Program, launcher_puzzle_hash: bytes32) -> Program:
return P2_SINGLETON_MOD.curry(SINGLETON_MOD_HASH, launcher_id, launcher_puzzle_hash)
def p2_singleton_puzzle_hash(launcher_id: Program, launcher_puzzle_hash: bytes32) -> bytes32:
return p2_singleton_puzzle(launcher_id, launcher_puzzle_hash).get_tree_hash()
def test_only_odd_coins_0():
blocks = initial_blocks()
farmed_coin = list(blocks[-1].get_included_reward_coins())[0]
metadata = [("foo", "bar")]
ANYONE_CAN_SPEND_PUZZLE = Program.to(1)
launcher_amount = uint64(1)
launcher_puzzle = LAUNCHER_PUZZLE
launcher_puzzle_hash = launcher_puzzle.get_tree_hash()
initial_singleton_puzzle = adaptor_for_singleton_inner_puzzle(ANYONE_CAN_SPEND_PUZZLE)
lineage_proof, launcher_id, condition_list, launcher_spend_bundle = launcher_conditions_and_spend_bundle(
farmed_coin.name(), launcher_amount, initial_singleton_puzzle, metadata, launcher_puzzle
)
conditions = Program.to(condition_list)
coin_solution = CoinSolution(farmed_coin, ANYONE_CAN_SPEND_PUZZLE, conditions)
spend_bundle = SpendBundle.aggregate([launcher_spend_bundle, SpendBundle([coin_solution], G2Element())])
run = asyncio.get_event_loop().run_until_complete
coins_added, coins_removed = run(check_spend_bundle_validity(bt.constants, blocks, spend_bundle))
coin_set_added = set([_.coin for _ in coins_added])
coin_set_removed = set([_.coin for _ in coins_removed])
launcher_coin = launcher_spend_bundle.coin_solutions[0].coin
assert launcher_coin in coin_set_added
assert launcher_coin in coin_set_removed
assert farmed_coin in coin_set_removed
# breakpoint()
singleton_expected_puzzle_hash = singleton_puzzle_hash(launcher_id, launcher_puzzle_hash, initial_singleton_puzzle)
expected_singleton_coin = Coin(launcher_coin.name(), singleton_expected_puzzle_hash, launcher_amount)
assert expected_singleton_coin in coin_set_added
# next up: spend the expected_singleton_coin
# it's an adapted `ANYONE_CAN_SPEND_PUZZLE`
# then try a bad lineage proof
# then try writing two odd coins
# then try writing zero odd coins
# then, destroy the singleton with the -113 hack
return 0
| [
"[email protected]"
] | |
5078630d55858cd9668eb7877bb6ed87f89a2020 | acb8e84e3b9c987fcab341f799f41d5a5ec4d587 | /langs/0/a3y.py | c12946f262d52a5b5e020798136feaac117c0a6b | [] | no_license | G4te-Keep3r/HowdyHackers | 46bfad63eafe5ac515da363e1c75fa6f4b9bca32 | fb6d391aaecb60ab5c4650d4ae2ddd599fd85db2 | refs/heads/master | 2020-08-01T12:08:10.782018 | 2016-11-13T20:45:50 | 2016-11-13T20:45:50 | 73,624,224 | 0 | 1 | null | null | null | null | UTF-8 | Python | false | false | 486 | py | import sys
def printFunction(lineRemaining):
if lineRemaining[0] == '"' and lineRemaining[-1] == '"':
if len(lineRemaining) > 2:
#data to print
lineRemaining = lineRemaining[1:-1]
print ' '.join(lineRemaining)
else:
print
def main(fileName):
with open(fileName) as f:
for line in f:
data = line.split()
if data[0] == 'a3Y':
printFunction(data[1:])
else:
print 'ERROR'
return
if __name__ == '__main__':
main(sys.argv[1]) | [
"[email protected]"
] | |
673ee013002ca17e8e0fec41ab801aa3d9ac69ce | 356fd94e07539437ced3514c664be5e8cec40a88 | /amicus/simplify/analyst/encode.py | fbab552e5f889a64fcf105e2cc999c37750559d2 | [
"Apache-2.0"
] | permissive | WithPrecedent/amicus | 6740de4c4c43c0ca3b6f71ff1892322b92f61678 | 0de6d90c34b8402f4464dcba784349514b3b8e42 | refs/heads/main | 2023-04-25T04:18:58.842285 | 2021-05-19T19:01:00 | 2021-05-19T19:01:00 | 339,543,031 | 1 | 0 | null | null | null | null | UTF-8 | Python | false | false | 9,607 | py | """
simplify.analyst.encode
Corey Rayburn Yung <[email protected]>
Copyright 2021, Corey Rayburn Yung
License: Apache-2.0 (https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0)
Contents:
"""
from __future__ import annotations
import dataclasses
from typing import (Any, Callable, ClassVar, Dict, Hashable, Iterable, List,
Mapping, MutableMapping, MutableSequence, Optional, Sequence, Set, Tuple,
Type, Union)
import amicus
from amicus import project
@dataclasses.dataclass
class Encode(amicus.project.Step):
"""Wrapper for a Technique.
An instance will try to return attributes from 'contents' if the attribute
is not found in the Step instance.
Args:
name (str): designates the name of a class instance that is used for
internal referencing throughout amicus. For example, if an
amicus instance needs settings from a Configuration instance,
'name' should match the appropriate section name in a Configuration
instance. Defaults to None.
contents (Technique): stored Technique instance used by the 'implement'
method.
iterations (Union[int, str]): number of times the 'implement' method
should be called. If 'iterations' is 'infinite', the 'implement'
method will continue indefinitely unless the method stops further
iteration. Defaults to 1.
parameters (Mapping[Any, Any]]): parameters to be attached to 'contents'
when the 'implement' method is called. Defaults to an empty dict.
parallel (ClassVar[bool]): indicates whether this Component design is
meant to be at the end of a parallel workflow structure. Defaults to
True.
"""
name: str = 'encode'
contents: Encoder = None
container: str = 'analyst'
parameters: Union[Mapping[str, Any], project.Parameters] = (
project.Parameters())
@dataclasses.dataclass
class Encoder(amicus.quirks.Loader, amicus.project.Technique):
"""Wrapper for an encoder from category-encoders.
Args:
name (str): designates the name of a class instance that is used for
internal referencing throughout amicus. For example, if an
amicus instance needs settings from a Configuration instance,
'name' should match the appropriate section name in a Configuration
instance. Defaults to None.
contents (Technique): stored Technique instance used by the 'implement'
method.
iterations (Union[int, str]): number of times the 'implement' method
should be called. If 'iterations' is 'infinite', the 'implement'
method will continue indefinitely unless the method stops further
iteration. Defaults to 1.
parameters (Mapping[Any, Any]]): parameters to be attached to 'contents'
when the 'implement' method is called. Defaults to an empty dict.
parallel (ClassVar[bool]): indicates whether this Component design is
meant to be at the end of a parallel workflow structure. Defaults to
False.
"""
name: str = None
contents: Union[Callable, Type, object, str] = None
container: str = 'encode'
iterations: Union[int, str] = 1
parameters: Union[Mapping[str, Any], project.Parameters] = (
project.Parameters())
module: str = None
""" Public Methods """
def implement(self, project: amicus.Project) -> amicus.Project:
"""[summary]
Args:
project (amicus.Project): [description]
Returns:
amicus.Project: [description]
"""
self.contents = self.contents(**self.parameters)
data = project.data
data.x_train = self.contents.fit(data.x_train, data.y_train)
data.x_train = self.contents.transform(data.x_train)
if data.x_test is not None:
data.x_test = self.contents.transform(data.x_test)
if data.x_validate is not None:
data.x_validate = self.contents.transform(data.x_validate)
project.data = data
return project
catalog = amicus.base.Catalog(
contents = {
'backward_encode': Encoder(
name = 'backward encoder',
contents = 'BackwardDifferenceEncoder',
parameters = project.Parameters(
name = 'backward_encode',
implementation = {'cols': 'data.categoricals'}),
module = 'category_encoders'),
'base_n_encode': Encoder(
name = 'base n encoder',
contents = 'BaseNEncoder',
parameters = project.Parameters(
name = 'base_n_encode',
implementation = {'cols': 'data.categoricals'}),
module = 'category_encoders'),
'binary_encode': Encoder(
name = 'binary encoder',
contents = 'BinaryEncoder',
parameters = project.Parameters(
name = 'binary_encode',
implementation = {'cols': 'data.categoricals'}),
module = 'category_encoders'),
'cat_boost_encode': Encoder(
name = 'category boost encoder',
contents = 'CatBoostEncoder',
parameters = project.Parameters(
name = 'cat_boost_encode',
implementation = {'cols': 'data.categoricals'}),
module = 'category_encoders'),
'count_encode': Encoder(
name = 'count encoder',
contents = 'CountEncoder',
parameters = project.Parameters(
name = 'count_encode',
implementation = {'cols': 'data.categoricals'}),
module = 'category_encoders'),
'glmm_encode': Encoder(
name = 'glmm encoder',
contents = 'GLMMEncoder',
parameters = project.Parameters(
name = 'glmm_encode',
implementation = {'cols': 'data.categoricals'}),
module = 'category_encoders'),
'hashing_encode': Encoder(
name = 'hashing encoder',
contents = 'HashingEncoder',
parameters = project.Parameters(
name = 'hashing_encode',
implementation = {'cols': 'data.categoricals'}),
module = 'category_encoders'),
'helmert_encode': Encoder(
name = 'helmert encoder',
contents = 'HelmertEncoder',
parameters = project.Parameters(
name = 'helmert_encode',
implementation = {'cols': 'data.categoricals'}),
module = 'category_encoders'),
'james_stein_encode': Encoder(
name = 'james stein encoder',
contents = 'JamesSteinEncoder',
parameters = project.Parameters(
name = 'james_stein_encode',
implementation = {'cols': 'data.categoricals'}),
module = 'category_encoders'),
'leave_one_out': Encoder(
name = 'leave one encoder',
contents = 'LeaveOneOutEncoder',
parameters = project.Parameters(
name = 'leave_one_out_encode',
implementation = {'cols': 'data.categoricals'}),
module = 'category_encoders'),
'm_estimate_encode': Encoder(
name = 'm estimate encoder',
contents = 'MEstimateEncoder',
parameters = project.Parameters(
name = 'm_estimate_encode',
implementation = {'cols': 'data.categoricals'}),
module = 'category_encoders'),
'one_hot_encode': Encoder(
name = 'backward encoder',
contents = 'OneHotEncoder',
parameters = project.Parameters(
name = 'one_hot_encode',
implementation = {'cols': 'data.categoricals'}),
module = 'category_encoders'),
'ordinal_encode': Encoder(
name = 'ordinal encoder',
contents = 'OrdinalEncoder',
parameters = project.Parameters(
name = 'ordinal_encode',
implementation = {'cols': 'data.categoricals'}),
module = 'category_encoders'),
'sum_encode': Encoder(
name = 'sum encoder',
contents = 'SumEncoder',
parameters = project.Parameters(
name = 'sum_encode',
implementation = {'cols': 'data.categoricals'}),
module = 'category_encoders'),
'polynomial_encode': Encoder(
name = 'polynomial encoder',
contents = 'PolynomialEncoder',
parameters = project.Parameters(
name = 'polynomial_encode',
implementation = {'cols': 'data.categoricals'}),
module = 'category_encoders'),
'target_encode': Encoder(
name = 'target encoder',
contents = 'TargetEncoder',
parameters = project.Parameters(
name = 'target_encode',
implementation = {'cols': 'data.categoricals'}),
module = 'category_encoders'),
'weight_of_evidence_encode': Encoder(
name = 'weight of evidence encoder',
contents = 'WOEEncoder',
parameters = project.Parameters(
name = 'weight_of_evidence_encode',
implementation = {'cols': 'data.categoricals'}),
module = 'category_encoders')})
| [
"[email protected]"
] | |
8a7146223b544962aa2917ea4cf93337f3460901 | 3740de0d6e43ea140fc09ab314e4c492603ba185 | /scripts/sources/s_checklist_scenariobased_step07.py | f74d1ac5806b3df08f57092c9a18ef1c0abce61d | [
"MIT"
] | permissive | s0ap/arpmRes | 29c60c65fd3e11be1cc31d46494e5b3ebf6e05ab | ddcc4de713b46e3e9dcb77cc08c502ce4df54f76 | refs/heads/master | 2022-02-16T05:01:22.118959 | 2019-08-20T16:45:02 | 2019-08-20T16:45:02 | null | 0 | 0 | null | null | null | null | UTF-8 | Python | false | false | 4,564 | py | #!/usr/bin/env python3
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
# ---
# jupyter:
# jupytext:
# text_representation:
# extension: .py
# format_name: light
# format_version: '1.4'
# jupytext_version: 1.2.0
# kernelspec:
# display_name: Python 3
# language: python
# name: python3
# ---
# # s_checklist_scenariobased_step07 [<img src="https://www.arpm.co/lab/icons/icon_permalink.png" width=30 height=30 style="display: inline;">](https://www.arpm.co/lab/redirect.php?code=s_checklist_scenariobased_step07&codeLang=Python)
# For details, see [here](https://www.arpm.co/lab/redirect.php?permalink=ex-vue-7).
# +
import numpy as np
import pandas as pd
from arpym.portfolio import spectral_index
from arpym.statistics import meancov_sp, quantile_sp
# -
# ## [Input parameters](https://www.arpm.co/lab/redirect.php?permalink=s_checklist_scenariobased_step07-parameters)
# +
# indicates which projection to continue from
# True: use copula-marginal projections
# False: use historical projections
copula_marginal = True
lam = 3e-7 # parameter of exponential utility function
c_quantile = 0.95 # confidence level for the quantile satisfaction measure
c_es = 0.95 # confidence level for the negative expected shortfall
# -
# ## [Step 0](https://www.arpm.co/lab/redirect.php?permalink=s_checklist_scenariobased_step07-implementation-step00): Load data
# +
path = '../../../databases/temporary-databases/'
if copula_marginal:
# Projection
db_projection_tools = pd.read_csv(path + 'db_projection_tools.csv')
j_ = int(db_projection_tools['j_'][0])
db_scenprob = pd.read_csv(path + 'db_scenario_probs.csv')
p = db_scenprob['p'].values
# Pricing
db_pricing = pd.read_csv(path + 'db_pricing.csv')
pi_tnow_thor = db_pricing.values
# Aggregation
db_exante_perf = pd.read_csv(path + 'db_exante_perf.csv')
y_h = db_exante_perf.values.squeeze()
else:
# Projection
db_projection_tools = pd.read_csv(path + 'db_projection_bootstrap_tools.csv')
j_ = int(db_projection_tools['j_'][0])
db_scenprob = pd.read_csv(path + 'db_scenario_probs_bootstrap.csv')
p = db_scenprob['p'].values
# Pricing
db_pricing = pd.read_csv(path + 'db_pricing_historical.csv')
pi_tnow_thor = db_pricing.values
# Aggregation
db_exante_perf = pd.read_csv(path + 'db_exante_perf_historical.csv')
y_h = db_exante_perf.values.squeeze()
db_holdings = pd.read_csv(path + 'db_holdings.csv')
h = np.squeeze(db_holdings.values)
# -
# ## [Step 1](https://www.arpm.co/lab/redirect.php?permalink=s_checklist_scenariobased_step07-implementation-step01): Calculate certainty equivalent satisfaction measure
# +
# expected utility
expected_utility = p @ (-np.exp(-lam * y_h)) # expected utility computation
# certainty equivalent satisfaction measure
cert_eq_yh = -(1 / lam) * np.log(-expected_utility)
# -
# ## [Step 2](https://www.arpm.co/lab/redirect.php?permalink=s_checklist_scenariobased_step07-implementation-step02): Quantile satisfaction measure
# quantile
q_yh = quantile_sp(1 - c_quantile, y_h, p, method='kernel_smoothing')
# ## [Step 3](https://www.arpm.co/lab/redirect.php?permalink=s_checklist_scenariobased_step07-implementation-step03): Expected shortfall satisfaction measure
# +
# indicator function
def indicator(x):
return (0 <= x and x <= 1 - c_es)
# spectrum function
def spectr_es(x):
return (1 / (1 - c_es)) * indicator(x)
# negative expected shortfall
es_yh, _ = spectral_index(spectr_es, pi_tnow_thor,
p, h)
# -
# ## [Step 4](https://www.arpm.co/lab/redirect.php?permalink=s_checklist_scenariobased_step07-implementation-step04): Expectation and variance satisfaction measures
# expectation satisfaction measure
mean_yh, var_yh = meancov_sp(y_h, p)
# opposite of variance is satisfaction measure
neg_var_yh = -var_yh
# ## [Step 5](https://www.arpm.co/lab/redirect.php?permalink=s_checklist_scenariobased_step07-implementation-step05): Save database
# +
out = pd.DataFrame({'cert_eq_yh': pd.Series(cert_eq_yh),
'q_yh': pd.Series(q_yh),
'es_yh': pd.Series(es_yh),
'mean_yh': pd.Series(mean_yh),
'neg_var_yh': pd.Series(neg_var_yh),
'c_es': pd.Series(c_es),
'c_quantile': pd.Series(c_quantile)})
if copula_marginal:
out.to_csv(path + 'db_quantile_and_satis.csv',
index=False)
else:
out.to_csv(path + 'db_quantile_and_satis_historical.csv',
index=False)
del out
| [
"[email protected]"
] | |
df39f1b43eaa8211c126ff9d37b5062dbbbf6b0a | 7f99fb1f9d051dbcd13770e7a08e92f90e6027ca | /Analyzer/fakeRateGetRatesMuons_DiBoson_cfg.py | 505ad378830fb34d6a4008d8b48de6479a3b79a3 | [] | no_license | kmtos/AnalyzerGeneratorRecoVariousFunctions | be54dd360a37b4ef1aeef2ee692ada4351b7db2e | acd8cde2f5657674c73eae9af28f3235b9b3f7c5 | refs/heads/master | 2021-01-10T08:34:49.953330 | 2018-07-26T12:36:41 | 2018-07-26T12:36:41 | 50,570,873 | 0 | 0 | null | null | null | null | UTF-8 | Python | false | false | 3,085 | py | ### PDG IDs ###
A_PDGID = 36
MU_PDGID = 13
TAU_PDGID = 15
ANY_PDGID = 0
### Tau decay types ###
TAU_HAD = 0
TAU_MU = 1
TAU_E = 2
TAU_ALL = 3
### Tau hadronic decay types ###
TAU_ALL_HAD = -1
TAU_1PRONG_0NEUTRAL = 0
TAU_1PRONG_1NEUTRAL = 1
TAU_1PRONG_2NEUTRAL = 2
TAU_1PRONG_3NEUTRAL = 3
TAU_1PRONG_NNEUTRAL = 4
TAU_2PRONG_0NEUTRAL = 5
TAU_2PRONG_1NEUTRAL = 6
TAU_2PRONG_2NEUTRAL = 7
TAU_2PRONG_3NEUTRAL = 8
TAU_2PRONG_NNEUTRAL = 9
TAU_3PRONG_0NEUTRAL = 10
TAU_3PRONG_1NEUTRAL = 11
TAU_3PRONG_2NEUTRAL = 12
TAU_3PRONG_3NEUTRAL = 13
TAU_3PRONG_NNEUTRAL = 14
TAU_RARE = 15
### No consideration of pT rank ###
ANY_PT_RANK = -1
#################
# Initialization
#################
import FWCore.ParameterSet.Config as cms
import FWCore.Utilities.FileUtils as FileUtils
process = cms.Process("CleanJetsAnalyzer")
###################################################
# initialize MessageLogger and output report
###################################################
process.load("FWCore.MessageLogger.MessageLogger_cfi")
process.MessageLogger.cerr.FwkReport.reportEvery = cms.untracked.int32(100)
process.options = cms.untracked.PSet(
wantSummary = cms.untracked.bool(True),
SkipEvent = cms.untracked.vstring('ProductNotFound')
)
process.maxEvents = cms.untracked.PSet( input = cms.untracked.int32(-1) )
####################
# Input File List
####################
process.source = cms.Source("PoolSource",
fileNames = cms.untracked.vstring(
'root://eoscms/FILE_PATHRegionB_selection_NUM.root')
)
process.ggh = cms.EDAnalyzer("FakeRateMiniAODGetRatesMuons",
outFileName = cms.string('/afs/cern.ch/work/k/ktos/public/CMSSW_8_0_17/src/AnalyzerGeneratorRecoVariousFunctions/Analyzer/BSUB/DIRNAME/DIRNAME_Plots_NUM.root'),
mu1Tag = cms.InputTag("GetMuOne"),
muonsTag = cms.InputTag("MuonsIDdxydz"),
tauTag = cms.InputTag("slimmedTausMuonCleaned"),
tauIsoTag = cms.string("byMediumIsolationMVArun2v1DBoldDMwLT"),
decayModeFindingTag = cms.string("decayModeFinding"),
checkTau = cms.bool(False),
checkTauIso = cms.bool(False),
passTauIso = cms.bool(False),
mu3dRMin = cms.double(0.0),
mu3dRMax = cms.double(0.8),
tauPtCut = cms.double(10.0),
mu3dROverlapCut = cms.double(.4),
requireRemovedMuon = cms.bool(True),
checkInvMass = cms.bool(True),
checkInvMassMin = cms.double(81),
checkInvMassMax = cms.double(101),
relIsoCutVal = cms.double(0.25),
passRelIso = cms.bool(True),
mu12dRCut = cms.double(600),
oppositeSign = cms.bool(True),
passdR = cms.bool(True),
mu2PtCut = cms.double(3),
passMu2PtCutForMu3Rate = cms.bool(True),
isMC = cms.bool(True),
xsec = cms.double(XSEC),
lumi = cms.double(LUMI_DATA),
summedWeights = cms.double(SUMMED_WEIGHTS),
pileupSummaryInfo = cms.InputTag("slimmedAddPileupInfo", "", "PAT"),
genEventInfoToken = cms.InputTag("generator", "", "SIM"),
PileupFileName = cms.string('/afs/cern.ch/user/k/ktos/GroupDir/CMSSW_8_0_17/src/AnalyzerGeneratorRecoVariousFunctions/Analyzer/FILE_TESTS/PileupWeights.root')
)
process.p2 = cms.Path(
process.ggh
)
| [
"[email protected]"
] | |
49a564d5f2ae3ade119c6bd9772c475fc668c306 | f2ba48da8c66c454470dd1441904797e5fbc509c | /WDLJ/zgw_goods/zgw_goods/run_crawl/run_wag.py | b2fd1cef7aaa4327c6c57db1d3e7c346770e5c8c | [] | no_license | awmace/Demo | 862800b81e4088615a92d2da0a576a5660e0fec9 | 9734e50578bda139d3781478b7170af723c5881a | refs/heads/master | 2023-03-06T09:01:02.321914 | 2021-02-20T07:41:25 | 2021-02-20T07:41:25 | 340,599,537 | 0 | 0 | null | null | null | null | UTF-8 | Python | false | false | 79 | py | import os
os.system('scrapy crawl uploadwuage')
os.system('scrapy crawl wuage') | [
"[email protected]"
] | |
b5ccbc7a42bed9f50e10a78f16edea638f7d2b4d | 53fab060fa262e5d5026e0807d93c75fb81e67b9 | /backup/user_070/ch164_2020_06_19_01_22_22_398779.py | bd37e300eab69845e9b34b2c8a398225a70f5f0d | [] | no_license | gabriellaec/desoft-analise-exercicios | b77c6999424c5ce7e44086a12589a0ad43d6adca | 01940ab0897aa6005764fc220b900e4d6161d36b | refs/heads/main | 2023-01-31T17:19:42.050628 | 2020-12-16T05:21:31 | 2020-12-16T05:21:31 | 306,735,108 | 0 | 0 | null | null | null | null | UTF-8 | Python | false | false | 113 | py | def traduz(ingles, eng2port):
port = []
for i in ingles:
port.append(eng2port[i])
return port | [
"[email protected]"
] | |
a94dad9094cd2893b487f36a7115d0663e3c5db0 | 526bf18a8695862067c817f432ab197ceb645f39 | /migrations/versions/76fb82b8961b_cars_add_location_diller.py | 985f450b99df7550155f2a0c2b4945f918d451e9 | [] | no_license | sintimaski/bfs-be | a7fd623911a2220face49a0ef84574f3fd7a09a8 | 964a9c7e9cc876aaf8b0723d6b3f26bd378c3721 | refs/heads/master | 2023-08-02T09:00:44.855055 | 2021-09-22T13:07:01 | 2021-09-22T13:07:01 | 339,531,610 | 0 | 0 | null | null | null | null | UTF-8 | Python | false | false | 704 | py | """common add location diller
Revision ID: 76fb82b8961b
Revises: 920ac7659cb4
Create Date: 2020-09-15 08:23:44.523023
"""
from alembic import op
import sqlalchemy as sa
# revision identifiers, used by Alembic.
revision = "76fb82b8961b"
down_revision = "920ac7659cb4"
branch_labels = None
depends_on = None
def upgrade():
# ### commands auto generated by Alembic - please adjust! ###
op.add_column(
"car_product", sa.Column("location_diller", sa.Text(), nullable=True)
)
# ### end Alembic commands ###
def downgrade():
# ### commands auto generated by Alembic - please adjust! ###
op.drop_column("car_product", "location_diller")
# ### end Alembic commands ###
| [
"[email protected]"
] | |
b6a81ff24dc21edef75de72eabcc703386468603 | 33c51931bc7d6f73da5a64ecc0e7cb751e7fc62c | /karesansui/db/model/option.py | b43f24a1ca8043122b981e017ab2dccc30551e60 | [
"MIT",
"GPL-1.0-or-later"
] | permissive | qmutz/karesansui | e86ed107f313f8c4140797a2c3250c5f16b524c2 | f4ba1cf6f88cf76c3e4dbc444139d73134f7c9d1 | refs/heads/develop | 2023-05-06T14:52:38.668631 | 2019-02-01T03:57:00 | 2019-02-01T03:57:00 | 316,682,704 | 0 | 0 | MIT | 2021-06-03T14:59:45 | 2020-11-28T07:43:33 | null | UTF-8 | Python | false | false | 6,806 | py | #!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
#
# This file is part of Karesansui Core.
#
# Copyright (C) 2009-2012 HDE, Inc.
#
# Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
# of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
# in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
# to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
# copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
# furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
#
# The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
# all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
#
# THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
# IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
# FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
# AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
# LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
# OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
# THE SOFTWARE.
#
import sqlalchemy
from sqlalchemy.orm import mapper, clear_mappers, relation
import karesansui
import karesansui.db.model
from karesansui.lib.const import DEFAULT_LANGS
def get_option_table(metadata, now):
"""<comment-ja>
Option のテーブル定義を返却します。
@param metadata: MetaData
@type metadata: sqlalchemy.schema.MetaData
@param now: now
@type now: Datatime
@return: sqlalchemy.schema.Table
</comment-ja>
<comment-en>
TODO: English Comment
</comment-en>
"""
return sqlalchemy.Table('option', metadata,
sqlalchemy.Column('id', sqlalchemy.Integer,
primary_key=True,
autoincrement=True,
),
sqlalchemy.Column('created_user_id', sqlalchemy.Integer,
sqlalchemy.ForeignKey('user.id'),
),
sqlalchemy.Column('modified_user_id', sqlalchemy.Integer,
sqlalchemy.ForeignKey('user.id'),
),
sqlalchemy.Column('key', sqlalchemy.String(12),
nullable=False,
unique=True,
),
sqlalchemy.Column('value', sqlalchemy.Text,
nullable=True,
),
sqlalchemy.Column('created', sqlalchemy.DateTime,
default=now,
),
sqlalchemy.Column('modified', sqlalchemy.DateTime,
default=now,
onupdate=now,
),
)
class Option(karesansui.db.model.Model):
"""<comment-ja>
Optionテーブルモデルクラス
</comment-ja>
<comment-en>
TODO: English Comment
</comment-en>
"""
def __init__(self, created_user, modified_user,
key, value=None):
"""<comment-ja>
@param created_user: 作成者
@type created_user: User
@param modified_user: 最終更新者
@type modified_user: User
@param key: option key
@type key: str
@param value: option value
@type value: str(Text)
</comment-ja>
<comment-en>
TODO: English Comment
</comment-en>
"""
self.created_user = created_user
self.modified_user = modified_user
self.key = key
self.value = value
def get_json(self, languages):
ret = {}
ret["id"] = self.id
ret["key"] = self.key
ret["value"] = self.value
ret["created_user_id"] = self.created_user_id
ret["created_user"] = self.created_user.get_json(languages)
ret["modified_user_id"] = self.modified_user_id
ret["modified_user"] = self.modified_user.get_json(languages)
try:
ret["created"] = self.created.strftime(
DEFAULT_LANGS[languages]['DATE_FORMAT'][1])
except:
ret["created"] = "unknown"
try:
ret["modified"] = self.modified.strftime(
DEFAULT_LANGS[languages]['DATE_FORMAT'][1])
except:
ret["modified"] = "unknown"
return ret
def __repr__(self):
return "Option<'key=%s, value=%s>" \
% (self.key, self.value)
def reload_mapper(metadata, now):
"""<comment-ja>
Option(Model)のマッパーをリロードします。
@param metadata: リロードしたいMetaData
@type metadata: sqlalchemy.schema.MetaData
@param now: now
@type now: Datatime
</comment-ja>
<comment-en>
TODO: English Comment
</comment-en>
"""
t_option = get_option_table(metadata, now)
t_user = metadata.tables['user']
mapper(Option, t_option, properties={
'created_user' : relation(karesansui.db.model.user.User,
primaryjoin=t_option.c.created_user_id==t_user.c.id),
'modified_user' : relation(karesansui.db.model.user.User,
primaryjoin=t_option.c.modified_user_id==t_user.c.id),
})
if __name__ == '__main__':
import sqlalchemy.orm
bind_name = 'sqlite:///:memory:'
engine = sqlalchemy.create_engine(bind_name,
encoding="utf-8",
convert_unicode=True,
#assert_unicode='warn', # DEBUG
echo=True,
echo_pool=False
)
metadata = sqlalchemy.MetaData(bind=engine)
if metadata.bind.name == 'sqlite':
_now = sqlalchemy.func.datetime('now', 'localtime')
else:
_now = sqlalchemy.func.now()
reload_mapper(metadata, _now)
import pdb; pdb.set_trace()
metadata.drop_all()
metadata.create_all()
Session = sqlalchemy.orm.sessionmaker(bind=engine, autoflush=False)
session = Session()
# INSERT
# SELECT One
# UPDATE
# DELETE
| [
"[email protected]"
] | |
fd67b2cea25f2c76efaf85561698eed8bbd55edd | 88e06bab1989c81a2dd649bb09b144fa7c958f89 | /leet_subarray_with_k_different_integers.py | e67b6bb2f63e7f22e17fc918d64b415ae5cb16f5 | [] | no_license | VaibhavD143/Coding | 4499526b22ee4ef13f66c3abcea671c80a8f748a | 5de3bae8891c7d174cbc847a37c3afb00dd28f0e | refs/heads/master | 2023-08-06T21:56:44.934954 | 2021-10-09T18:31:29 | 2021-10-09T18:31:29 | 263,890,286 | 0 | 0 | null | null | null | null | UTF-8 | Python | false | false | 1,572 | py | """
Intution:
l1 is left-most valid index for substring ending at rth index
l2 is left-most index from where substring becomes invalid ending at rth index
so we can generate l2-l1 substrings ending at rth index
Valid : have exactly K distinct elements
"""
from collections import defaultdict
class Solution:
def subarraysWithKDistinct(self, lst: List[int], K: int) -> int:
l1 = l2 = res = 0
dist1 = dist2 = 0
ha1 = {}
ha2 = {}
for r in range(len(lst)):
if ha1.get(lst[r],0) == 0:
dist1+=1
if ha2.get(lst[r],0) == 0:
dist2+=1
ha1[lst[r]] = ha1.get(lst[r],0)+1
ha2[lst[r]] = ha2.get(lst[r],0)+1
while dist1>K:
ha1[lst[l1]] -=1
if ha1[lst[l1]] == 0:
dist1-=1
l1+=1
while dist2>=K:
ha2[lst[l2]] -=1
if ha2[lst[l2]] == 0:
dist2-=1
l2+=1
res+=l2-l1
return res
# return self.atMostK(A,K)-self.atMostK(A,K-1)
def atMostK(self,lst,k):
l = res = 0
ha = defaultdict(int)
dist = 0
for r in range(len(lst)):
if ha[lst[r]] == 0:
dist+=1
ha[lst[r]]+=1
while dist>k:
ha[lst[l]]-=1
if ha[lst[l]] == 0:
dist-=1
l+=1
res+= r-l+1
return res | [
"[email protected]"
] | |
cfeefe2c257d1544d9c955d1dc11614118070a9c | 15e8a393f6c71ba77094a1718f4f89050409c7ae | /library/templatetags/book_tags.py | 9a7f4c4fe3a48fb66d691bf5f46e69dbe8b81227 | [] | no_license | emilte/johansson | 21a3e20208c67725776af0f94de4c29150935b50 | d16bdde26e840814562f668904b2f5588c0a13ad | refs/heads/master | 2023-07-23T21:01:32.830302 | 2021-09-05T14:56:01 | 2021-09-05T14:56:01 | 390,360,563 | 0 | 0 | null | 2021-08-30T00:42:49 | 2021-07-28T13:26:31 | SCSS | UTF-8 | Python | false | false | 2,133 | py | # imports
import PIL
import random
from django import template
from django.conf import settings
from django.utils import timezone
from django.templatetags.static import static
from django.contrib.auth.models import Permission
# End: imports -----------------------------------------------------------------
register = template.Library()
# https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/3.0/howto/custom-template-tags/
@register.inclusion_tag('library/components/book.html')
def display_book(request, perms, book, **kwargs):
return {
'request': request,
'perms': perms,
'book': book,
'classes': kwargs.get('classes'),
}
@register.inclusion_tag('library/components/book_filter_form.html')
def display_book_filter(request, perms, form, **kwargs):
return {
'request': request,
'perms': perms,
'form': form,
'classes': kwargs.get('classes'),
'action': kwargs.get('action'),
}
# https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/3.0/howto/custom-template-tags/
# @register.simple_tag
# def get_image(model, fielname):
# if not model or not getattr(model, fieldname):
# return static('/root/img/image-placeholder.png')
# return getattr(model, fieldname).url
#
# # https://stackoverflow.com/questions/16348003/displaying-a-timedelta-object-in-a-django-template
# @register.filter()
# def smooth_timedelta(timedeltaobj):
# """Convert a datetime.timedelta object into Days, Hours, Minutes, Seconds."""
# if not timedeltaobj:
# return None
# secs = timedeltaobj.total_seconds()
# timetot = ""
# if secs > 86400: # 60sec * 60min * 24hrs
# days = secs // 86400
# timetot += "{} dager".format(int(days))
# secs = secs - days*86400
#
# if secs > 3600:
# hrs = secs // 3600
# timetot += " {} timer".format(int(hrs))
# secs = secs - hrs*3600
#
# if secs > 60:
# mins = secs // 60
# timetot += " {} minutter".format(int(mins))
# secs = secs - mins*60
#
# if secs > 0:
# timetot += " {} sekunder".format(int(secs))
# return timetot
#
| [
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] | |
f38c4e2a896f8c73c898cc11185b6085feb8c88d | e9f40b2ae17b5bf7f7fba339b00cb59e2cce34fa | /uclbrt/qrmaster/syn_2/qrmaster.py | d246e2572213241f40433b368df2c79a4a91ce75 | [] | no_license | linyouwei/pycharm | 0d8dbfd83fcc88077137bcbec063186ce0fb622c | 246fe3ab855f7614fd05f2d31239170077791822 | refs/heads/master | 2021-01-19T17:38:35.698089 | 2018-03-26T10:12:50 | 2018-03-26T10:12:50 | 101,077,696 | 0 | 1 | null | null | null | null | UTF-8 | Python | false | false | 9,302 | py | # encoding=utf-8
import requests
import hashlib
from bs4 import BeautifulSoup
import json
import re
class QrmasterClass:
# 切换集群
qrm_client = ''
qrm_bpass = ''
def __init__(self, qrm_client, qrm_bpass):
self.qrm_client = qrm_client
self.qrm_bpass = qrm_bpass
def change_commuity(self, s, qrm_community_data):
info = s.get(self.qrm_client + '/userCenter.html')
main_info = BeautifulSoup(info.text, "html.parser")
com_list = main_info.find('ul', id='communitySwitch')
no_a = com_list.find('ul', class_='dropdown-menu')
a_list = no_a.find_all('a')
group_no = 0
for i in a_list:
if qrm_community_data['cname'] in i.string:
group_no = i['data-value']
# 获取no，发送请求
group_data = {
'no': group_no,
'return': '/userCenter.html'
}
s.get(self.qrm_client + '/Home/CommunityPage/entry.html', params=group_data)
s.get(self.qrm_client + '/userCenter.html')
return s
# 申请审核
def qrm_apply_verity(self, s):
img_url = self.up_image(s)
apply_data = {
"isforeign": "0",
"companyname": "畅联",
"address": "guangdong",
"representative": "555",
"telephone": "13480251015",
"fax": "",
"business": "444",
"bpath": img_url,
"areaCode": "86"
}
response = s.post(self.qrm_client + '/Home/CommunityCenter/postAuthenticationCompany', data=apply_data).json()
# 上传图片
def up_image(self, s):
img_file = {
'config': (None, 'comVerify'),
'file': open(r'./verify.png', 'rb')}
response = s.post(self.qrm_client + '/Home/File/upload', files=img_file).json()
file_url = response['data']['filename']
return file_url
# 同步美住客栈
def syn_community(self, s, mz_login_account):
s = QrmasterClass.syn_login_meizhu(self, s, mz_login_account)
resp_data = s.post(self.qrm_client + '/Home/Sync/getHotel').json()
com_data = resp_data['data'][-1]
# 此时得到的com_data 中的communityid是为0
params = {
"hotelid": com_data["hotelentity_id"],
"hotelname": com_data["name"],
"communityid": com_data["communityid"],
"universaltime_id": com_data["universaltime_id"],
"communityname": com_data["name"]
}
data = {
"hotels": '[' + json.dumps(params, ensure_ascii=False) + ']'
}
syn_url = self.qrm_client + '/Home/Sync/syncCommunity'
s.post(syn_url, data=data)
# 重复请求getHotel 得到community_no
resp_data = s.post(self.qrm_client + '/Home/Sync/getHotel').json()
com_data = resp_data['data'][-1]
com_data['communityid'] = com_data['communityid']
# 同步房间
hotel_data = {
'hotelId': com_data["hotelentity_id"],
'communityId': com_data["communityid"],
}
res = s.post(self.qrm_client + '/Home/Sync/getRoom', data=hotel_data).json()
print(res)
room_dict = {}
room_list = []
room_str = ''
for room in res['data'][0]['room']:
room_dict['id'] = room['id']
room_dict['name'] = room['name']
room_list.append(room_dict)
room_str = room_str + json.dumps(room_dict) + ','
add_room_data = {
'hotelId': com_data["hotelentity_id"],
'communityId': com_data["communityid"],
'builderName': '楼栋1',
'builderNum': '1',
'floorName': '楼层1',
'floorNum': '1',
'roomsAdd': '[' + room_str[0:room_str.__len__() - 1] + ']',
}
s.post(self.qrm_client + '/Home/Sync/syncRoomAdd', data=add_room_data)
#修改锁的类型为二维码
def update_room_type(self, s):
req_url = self.qrm_client + '/Home/Room/saveRoom'
room_data = self.get_all_room_info(s)
for i in range(room_data.__len__()):
for single_room in room_data:
single_room['locktype'] = '1'
s.post(req_url, data=single_room)
#得到锁掌柜所有的房间信息
def get_all_room_info(self, s):
# 得到每个房间页面的请求链接
req_index_url = self.qrm_client + '/room.html'
room_html = s.get(req_index_url)
soup = BeautifulSoup(room_html.text, "html.parser")
div_tag = soup.find('div', id='doc-center-page')
# print(table.tbody.tr.next_sibling.next_sibling)
page_url = div_tag.find_all('a')
page_url = page_url[:-page_url.__len__():-1]
page_url_list = []
for i in page_url:
page_url_list.append(i['href'])
page_url_list.append('room_1.html')
list_data = []
for url in page_url_list:
# 房间id:'room' 房间名：'name'房间号:'no' 锁编号：'num' 锁类型'locktype'
req_url = self.qrm_client + '/' + url
data = s.get(req_url)
soup = BeautifulSoup(data.text, "html.parser")
table_soup = soup.find('table', id='roomTable')
tr_list = table_soup.tbody.find_all('tr')
# 计算tr的数量，得到有多少个房间
num = 0
for i in tr_list:
num += 1
tr_soup = table_soup.tbody.tr
td_soup = tr_soup.td
count = 0
while True:
data = {}
for i in range(16):
td_soup = td_soup.next_sibling
data_room = {}
data_room['room'] = td_soup['data-value']
data_room['name'] = td_soup['data-name']
data_room['no'] = td_soup['data-no']
data_room['num'] = td_soup['data-num']
data_room['locktype'] = td_soup['data-locktype']
list_data.append(data_room)
count += 1
if count == num:
break
tr_soup = tr_soup.next_sibling
td_soup = tr_soup.td
return list_data
# 在锁掌柜登陆美住账号
def syn_login_meizhu(self, s, mz_login_account):
meizhu = mz_login_account['mobile']
mz_login_account.pop('mobile')
mz_login_account['meizhu'] = meizhu
print(mz_login_account)
sync_switch_url = self.qrm_client + '/Home/Sync/switchAccount'
s.post(sync_switch_url, data=mz_login_account)
return s
# 锁掌柜bpass
def qrm_bpass_login(self, s, qrm_bpass_data):
html_doc = s.get(self.qrm_bpass+'/Bpass/Public/login.html').text
soup = BeautifulSoup(html_doc, 'html.parser')
img = soup.find("img", {"id": "imgcode"})
img_path = self.qrm_bpass + img["src"]
# req.get()得到一个response对象，对象存服务器返回的信息，
# 返回的页面会存在.content和.text对象。
# .content返回的是字节码
# .text存的是Beautifulsoup根据猜测的编码方式将content内容编码成字符串。
while True:
image = s.get(img_path, stream=True).content
with open('./qrm_vcode.jpg', 'wb') as fd:
fd.write(image)
vcode = input("请输入验证码")
qrm_bpass_data['vcode'] = vcode
r = s.post(self.qrm_bpass +'/Bpass/Public/doLogin', data=qrm_bpass_data).json()
if r['status'] == 200:
break
#锁掌柜通过认证
def pass_group_verity(self, req, qrm_community_data):
query_verify_url = self.qrm_bpass + '/Bpass/ComAuthority/company.html'
group_data = {
'type': '',
'status': '',
'name': qrm_community_data['cname'],
'no': ''
}
print(group_data)
query_group = req.get(query_verify_url, params=group_data)
soup = BeautifulSoup(query_group.text, 'html.parser')
s_table = soup.find('table', id='questionTalbe')
a_list = s_table.find_all('a')
a_href = a_list[-1]['href']
reObj1 = re.compile('[0-9]+')
id = reObj1.findall(a_href)[0]
page_id = reObj1.findall(a_href)[1]
# 通过审核
verify_page_url = self.qrm_bpass + '/Bpass/ComAuthority/companyStatus/id/' + id + '/userloginID/' + page_id + '.html'
verify_data = {
"id": (None, id),
"status": (None, "3"),
"agencyId": (None, "1"),
"representative": (None, "33323"),
"hotelSign": (None, "00000"),
"brandTypeId": (None, "1"),
"typeSignId": (None, "1"),
"authorityNote": (None, "22244"),
}
req.post(verify_page_url, files=verify_data)
# 新建美住客栈，通过审核，新建房间，在锁掌柜同步集群，同步房间，修改房间为二维码房间，
| [
"[email protected]"
] | |
132f1bff7f32b051fa9726e0c877ce090d8c5506 | c264153f9188d3af187905d846fa20296a0af85d | /Python/Python3网络爬虫开发实战/《Python3网络爬虫开发实战》随书源代码/jiepai/spider.py | 7ca771da154f16c51cbbbec444ee1ad0371ecea2 | [] | no_license | IS-OSCAR-YU/ebooks | 5cd3c1089a221759793524df647e231a582b19ba | b125204c4fe69b9ca9ff774c7bc166d3cb2a875b | refs/heads/master | 2023-05-23T02:46:58.718636 | 2021-06-16T12:15:13 | 2021-06-16T12:15:13 | null | 0 | 0 | null | null | null | null | UTF-8 | Python | false | false | 1,905 | py | import os
from multiprocessing.pool import Pool
import requests
from urllib.parse import urlencode
from hashlib import md5
def get_page(offset):
params = {
'offset': offset,
'format': 'json',
'keyword': '街拍',
'autoload': 'true',
'count': '20',
'cur_tab': '1',
}
url = 'http://www.toutiao.com/search_content/?' + urlencode(params)
try:
response = requests.get(url)
if response.status_code == 200:
return response.json()
except requests.ConnectionError:
return None
def get_images(json):
if json.get('data'):
for item in json.get('data'):
title = item.get('title')
images = item.get('image_detail')
for image in images:
yield {
'image': image.get('url'),
'title': title
}
def save_image(item):
if not os.path.exists(item.get('title')):
os.mkdir(item.get('title'))
try:
response = requests.get(item.get('image'))
if response.status_code == 200:
file_path = '{0}/{1}.{2}'.format(item.get('title'), md5(response.content).hexdigest(), 'jpg')
if not os.path.exists(file_path):
with open(file_path, 'wb') as f:
f.write(response.content)
else:
print('Already Downloaded', file_path)
except requests.ConnectionError:
print('Failed to Save Image')
def main(offset):
json = get_page(offset)
for item in get_images(json):
print(item)
save_image(item)
GROUP_START = 1
GROUP_END = 20
if __name__ == '__main__':
pool = Pool()
groups = ([x * 20 for x in range(GROUP_START, GROUP_END + 1)])
pool.map(main, groups)
pool.close()
pool.join()
| [
"[email protected]"
] | |
335096cb45cac78881b05c35bf2129c9b91761c7 | 76742bf1c7dee6a01a0a41402fe734eeb0da3d74 | /venv/bin/sphinx-autogen | 7607e9cf2f5bad91acbff30af728168c78ff5ba7 | [] | no_license | Zacharilius/tangoProject | e5490c80af3caaabe2cf132a40387db2574713dc | 305fa20e344f8ad24514dff959be3e4e3632645e | refs/heads/master | 2021-01-22T23:26:51.921743 | 2015-03-17T17:52:22 | 2015-03-17T17:52:22 | 29,359,319 | 0 | 0 | null | null | null | null | UTF-8 | Python | false | false | 280 | #!/home/zacharilius/Documents/GitHub/tangoProject/venv/bin/python
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
import re
import sys
from sphinx.ext.autosummary.generate import main
if __name__ == '__main__':
sys.argv[0] = re.sub(r'(-script\.pyw|\.exe)?$', '', sys.argv[0])
sys.exit(main())
| [
"[email protected]"
] | ||
741026f4fb0abd4abf264a986c30c02d470275ad | 21c6989099b95e608c73b246c5ccc97dfac688da | /testserver.py | b7d29e7363de0bf4c74e4e5fc18ed0a4cdfda7d1 | [] | no_license | ashcrow/taboot-tailer | a8200dedab4084041ec1f931b93d53360e5789f2 | 4c403cfaeb38e7a3b10478b74b28e5b31b1d4e5b | refs/heads/master | 2021-01-21T01:18:05.144141 | 2014-05-23T15:39:45 | 2014-05-23T15:39:45 | null | 0 | 0 | null | null | null | null | UTF-8 | Python | false | false | 505 | py | #!/usr/bin/env python
import SimpleHTTPServer
import SocketServer
def main():
SocketServer.TCPServer.allow_reuse_address = True
httpd = SocketServer.TCPServer((
"127.0.0.1", 5000),
SimpleHTTPServer.SimpleHTTPRequestHandler)
print "Do not use this server for anything but testing!"
print "Serving on 127.0.0.1:5000. Hit ctrl+c to exit."
try:
httpd.serve_forever()
except KeyboardInterrupt:
httpd.shutdown()
if __name__ == '__main__':
main()
| [
"[email protected]"
] | |
988107dcdf49e79a36105bd8984988e97d0bd846 | f3b233e5053e28fa95c549017bd75a30456eb50c | /ptp1b_input/L84/84-85_wat_20Abox/set_1ns_equi.py | 3b6c86ee4db3d4d1da891eb4aea66a5c7fe219e7 | [] | no_license | AnguseZhang/Input_TI | ddf2ed40ff1c0aa24eea3275b83d4d405b50b820 | 50ada0833890be9e261c967d00948f998313cb60 | refs/heads/master | 2021-05-25T15:02:38.858785 | 2020-02-18T16:57:04 | 2020-02-18T16:57:04 | null | 0 | 0 | null | null | null | null | UTF-8 | Python | false | false | 916 | py | import os
dir = '/mnt/scratch/songlin3/run/ptp1b/L84/wat_20Abox/ti_one-step/84_85/'
filesdir = dir + 'files/'
temp_equiin = filesdir + 'temp_equi.in'
temp_pbs = filesdir + 'temp_1ns_equi.pbs'
lambd = [ 0.00922, 0.04794, 0.11505, 0.20634, 0.31608, 0.43738, 0.56262, 0.68392, 0.79366, 0.88495, 0.95206, 0.99078]
for j in lambd:
os.system("rm -r %6.5f" %(j))
os.system("mkdir %6.5f" %(j))
os.chdir("%6.5f" %(j))
os.system("rm *")
workdir = dir + "%6.5f" %(j) + '/'
#equiin
eqin = workdir + "%6.5f_equi.in" %(j)
os.system("cp %s %s" %(temp_equiin, eqin))
os.system("sed -i 's/XXX/%6.5f/g' %s" %(j, eqin))
#PBS
pbs = workdir + "%6.5f_1ns_equi.pbs" %(j)
os.system("cp %s %s" %(temp_pbs, pbs))
os.system("sed -i 's/XXX/%6.5f/g' %s" %(j, pbs))
#top
os.system("cp ../84-85_merged.prmtop .")
os.system("cp ../0.5_equi_0.rst .")
#submit pbs
os.system("qsub %s" %(pbs))
os.chdir(dir)
| [
"[email protected]"
] | |
be50f1b323652c40e6b49cf9a2bd79de2d808a78 | 9743d5fd24822f79c156ad112229e25adb9ed6f6 | /xai/brain/wordbase/nouns/_crocks.py | 1a3f520d65582f3f690bc163e29107237760a5b2 | [
"MIT"
] | permissive | cash2one/xai | de7adad1758f50dd6786bf0111e71a903f039b64 | e76f12c9f4dcf3ac1c7c08b0cc8844c0b0a104b6 | refs/heads/master | 2021-01-19T12:33:54.964379 | 2017-01-28T02:00:50 | 2017-01-28T02:00:50 | null | 0 | 0 | null | null | null | null | UTF-8 | Python | false | false | 231 | py |
from xai.brain.wordbase.nouns._crock import _CROCK
#calss header
class _CROCKS(_CROCK, ):
def __init__(self,):
_CROCK.__init__(self)
self.name = "CROCKS"
self.specie = 'nouns'
self.basic = "crock"
self.jsondata = {}
| [
"[email protected]"
] | |
e072e242996c7e1919533e5daa584cf59c3457e6 | 2e682fd72e3feaa70e3f7bf2a3b83c50d783ec02 | /PyTorch/built-in/others/CLIP_for_PyTorch/transformers/tests/utils/test_modeling_tf_core.py | 8edfc8eab02d4c58c3426a1fd71fe3e503ffa4c0 | [
"Apache-2.0",
"BSD-2-Clause",
"MIT",
"BSD-3-Clause",
"LicenseRef-scancode-generic-cla",
"LicenseRef-scancode-unknown-license-reference",
"GPL-1.0-or-later"
] | permissive | Ascend/ModelZoo-PyTorch | 4c89414b9e2582cef9926d4670108a090c839d2d | 92acc188d3a0f634de58463b6676e70df83ef808 | refs/heads/master | 2023-07-19T12:40:00.512853 | 2023-07-17T02:48:18 | 2023-07-17T02:48:18 | 483,502,469 | 23 | 6 | Apache-2.0 | 2022-10-15T09:29:12 | 2022-04-20T04:11:18 | Python | UTF-8 | Python | false | false | 15,226 | py | # coding=utf-8
# Copyright 2019 HuggingFace Inc.
#
# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
# You may obtain a copy of the License at
#
# http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
#
# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
# limitations under the License.
import copy
import os
import tempfile
from importlib import import_module
from transformers import is_tf_available
from transformers.models.auto import get_values
from transformers.testing_utils import _tf_gpu_memory_limit, require_tf, slow
from ..test_modeling_tf_common import ids_tensor
if is_tf_available():
import numpy as np
import tensorflow as tf
from transformers import (
TF_MODEL_FOR_CAUSAL_LM_MAPPING,
TF_MODEL_FOR_IMAGE_CLASSIFICATION_MAPPING,
TF_MODEL_FOR_MASKED_LM_MAPPING,
TF_MODEL_FOR_MULTIPLE_CHOICE_MAPPING,
TF_MODEL_FOR_NEXT_SENTENCE_PREDICTION_MAPPING,
TF_MODEL_FOR_PRETRAINING_MAPPING,
TF_MODEL_FOR_QUESTION_ANSWERING_MAPPING,
TF_MODEL_FOR_SEQ_TO_SEQ_CAUSAL_LM_MAPPING,
TF_MODEL_FOR_SEQUENCE_CLASSIFICATION_MAPPING,
TF_MODEL_FOR_TOKEN_CLASSIFICATION_MAPPING,
TFSharedEmbeddings,
)
if _tf_gpu_memory_limit is not None:
gpus = tf.config.list_physical_devices("GPU")
for gpu in gpus:
# Restrict TensorFlow to only allocate x GB of memory on the GPUs
try:
tf.config.set_logical_device_configuration(
gpu, [tf.config.LogicalDeviceConfiguration(memory_limit=_tf_gpu_memory_limit)]
)
logical_gpus = tf.config.list_logical_devices("GPU")
print("Logical GPUs", logical_gpus)
except RuntimeError as e:
# Virtual devices must be set before GPUs have been initialized
print(e)
@require_tf
class TFCoreModelTesterMixin:
model_tester = None
all_model_classes = ()
all_generative_model_classes = ()
test_mismatched_shapes = True
test_resize_embeddings = True
test_head_masking = True
is_encoder_decoder = False
def _prepare_for_class(self, inputs_dict, model_class, return_labels=False) -> dict:
inputs_dict = copy.deepcopy(inputs_dict)
if model_class in get_values(TF_MODEL_FOR_MULTIPLE_CHOICE_MAPPING):
inputs_dict = {
k: tf.tile(tf.expand_dims(v, 1), (1, self.model_tester.num_choices) + (1,) * (v.ndim - 1))
if isinstance(v, tf.Tensor) and v.ndim > 0
else v
for k, v in inputs_dict.items()
}
if return_labels:
if model_class in get_values(TF_MODEL_FOR_MULTIPLE_CHOICE_MAPPING):
inputs_dict["labels"] = tf.ones(self.model_tester.batch_size, dtype=tf.int32)
elif model_class in get_values(TF_MODEL_FOR_QUESTION_ANSWERING_MAPPING):
inputs_dict["start_positions"] = tf.zeros(self.model_tester.batch_size, dtype=tf.int32)
inputs_dict["end_positions"] = tf.zeros(self.model_tester.batch_size, dtype=tf.int32)
elif model_class in [
*get_values(TF_MODEL_FOR_SEQUENCE_CLASSIFICATION_MAPPING),
*get_values(TF_MODEL_FOR_IMAGE_CLASSIFICATION_MAPPING),
]:
inputs_dict["labels"] = tf.zeros(self.model_tester.batch_size, dtype=tf.int32)
elif model_class in get_values(TF_MODEL_FOR_NEXT_SENTENCE_PREDICTION_MAPPING):
inputs_dict["next_sentence_label"] = tf.zeros(self.model_tester.batch_size, dtype=tf.int32)
elif model_class in [
*get_values(TF_MODEL_FOR_TOKEN_CLASSIFICATION_MAPPING),
*get_values(TF_MODEL_FOR_CAUSAL_LM_MAPPING),
*get_values(TF_MODEL_FOR_MASKED_LM_MAPPING),
*get_values(TF_MODEL_FOR_PRETRAINING_MAPPING),
*get_values(TF_MODEL_FOR_SEQ_TO_SEQ_CAUSAL_LM_MAPPING),
]:
inputs_dict["labels"] = tf.zeros(
(self.model_tester.batch_size, self.model_tester.seq_length), dtype=tf.int32
)
return inputs_dict
@slow
def test_graph_mode(self):
config, inputs_dict = self.model_tester.prepare_config_and_inputs_for_common()
for model_class in self.all_model_classes:
inputs = self._prepare_for_class(inputs_dict, model_class)
model = model_class(config)
@tf.function
def run_in_graph_mode():
return model(inputs)
outputs = run_in_graph_mode()
self.assertIsNotNone(outputs)
@slow
def test_xla_mode(self):
config, inputs_dict = self.model_tester.prepare_config_and_inputs_for_common()
for model_class in self.all_model_classes:
inputs = self._prepare_for_class(inputs_dict, model_class)
model = model_class(config)
@tf.function(experimental_compile=True)
def run_in_graph_mode():
return model(inputs)
outputs = run_in_graph_mode()
self.assertIsNotNone(outputs)
@slow
def test_saved_model_creation(self):
config, inputs_dict = self.model_tester.prepare_config_and_inputs_for_common()
config.output_hidden_states = False
config.output_attentions = False
if hasattr(config, "use_cache"):
config.use_cache = False
model_class = self.all_model_classes[0]
class_inputs_dict = self._prepare_for_class(inputs_dict, model_class)
model = model_class(config)
model(class_inputs_dict)
with tempfile.TemporaryDirectory() as tmpdirname:
model.save_pretrained(tmpdirname, saved_model=True)
saved_model_dir = os.path.join(tmpdirname, "saved_model", "1")
self.assertTrue(os.path.exists(saved_model_dir))
@slow
def test_saved_model_creation_extended(self):
config, inputs_dict = self.model_tester.prepare_config_and_inputs_for_common()
config.output_hidden_states = True
config.output_attentions = True
if hasattr(config, "use_cache"):
config.use_cache = True
encoder_seq_length = getattr(self.model_tester, "encoder_seq_length", self.model_tester.seq_length)
encoder_key_length = getattr(self.model_tester, "key_length", encoder_seq_length)
for model_class in self.all_model_classes:
class_inputs_dict = self._prepare_for_class(inputs_dict, model_class)
model = model_class(config)
num_out = len(model(class_inputs_dict))
with tempfile.TemporaryDirectory() as tmpdirname:
model.save_pretrained(tmpdirname, saved_model=True)
saved_model_dir = os.path.join(tmpdirname, "saved_model", "1")
model = tf.keras.models.load_model(saved_model_dir)
outputs = model(class_inputs_dict)
if self.is_encoder_decoder:
output_hidden_states = outputs["encoder_hidden_states"]
output_attentions = outputs["encoder_attentions"]
else:
output_hidden_states = outputs["hidden_states"]
output_attentions = outputs["attentions"]
self.assertEqual(len(outputs), num_out)
expected_num_layers = getattr(
self.model_tester, "expected_num_hidden_layers", self.model_tester.num_hidden_layers + 1
)
self.assertEqual(len(output_hidden_states), expected_num_layers)
self.assertListEqual(
list(output_hidden_states[0].shape[-2:]),
[self.model_tester.seq_length, self.model_tester.hidden_size],
)
self.assertEqual(len(output_attentions), self.model_tester.num_hidden_layers)
self.assertListEqual(
list(output_attentions[0].shape[-3:]),
[self.model_tester.num_attention_heads, encoder_seq_length, encoder_key_length],
)
@slow
def test_mixed_precision(self):
tf.keras.mixed_precision.experimental.set_policy("mixed_float16")
config, inputs_dict = self.model_tester.prepare_config_and_inputs_for_common()
for model_class in self.all_model_classes:
class_inputs_dict = self._prepare_for_class(inputs_dict, model_class)
model = model_class(config)
outputs = model(class_inputs_dict)
self.assertIsNotNone(outputs)
tf.keras.mixed_precision.experimental.set_policy("float32")
@slow
def test_train_pipeline_custom_model(self):
config, inputs_dict = self.model_tester.prepare_config_and_inputs_for_common()
# head_mask and decoder_head_mask has different shapes than other input args
if "head_mask" in inputs_dict:
del inputs_dict["head_mask"]
if "decoder_head_mask" in inputs_dict:
del inputs_dict["decoder_head_mask"]
if "cross_attn_head_mask" in inputs_dict:
del inputs_dict["cross_attn_head_mask"]
tf_main_layer_classes = set(
module_member
for model_class in self.all_model_classes
for module in (import_module(model_class.__module__),)
for module_member_name in dir(module)
if module_member_name.endswith("MainLayer")
for module_member in (getattr(module, module_member_name),)
if isinstance(module_member, type)
and tf.keras.layers.Layer in module_member.__bases__
and getattr(module_member, "_keras_serializable", False)
)
for main_layer_class in tf_main_layer_classes:
# T5MainLayer needs an embed_tokens parameter when called without the inputs_embeds parameter
if "T5" in main_layer_class.__name__:
# Take the same values than in TFT5ModelTester for this shared layer
shared = TFSharedEmbeddings(self.model_tester.vocab_size, self.model_tester.hidden_size, name="shared")
config.use_cache = False
main_layer = main_layer_class(config, embed_tokens=shared)
else:
main_layer = main_layer_class(config)
symbolic_inputs = {
name: tf.keras.Input(tensor.shape[1:], dtype=tensor.dtype) for name, tensor in inputs_dict.items()
}
if hasattr(self.model_tester, "num_labels"):
num_labels = self.model_tester.num_labels
else:
num_labels = 2
X = tf.data.Dataset.from_tensor_slices(
(inputs_dict, np.ones((self.model_tester.batch_size, self.model_tester.seq_length, num_labels, 1)))
).batch(1)
hidden_states = main_layer(symbolic_inputs)[0]
outputs = tf.keras.layers.Dense(num_labels, activation="softmax", name="outputs")(hidden_states)
model = tf.keras.models.Model(inputs=symbolic_inputs, outputs=[outputs])
model.compile(loss="binary_crossentropy", optimizer="adam", metrics=["binary_accuracy"])
model.fit(X, epochs=1)
with tempfile.TemporaryDirectory() as tmpdirname:
filepath = os.path.join(tmpdirname, "keras_model.h5")
model.save(filepath)
if "T5" in main_layer_class.__name__:
model = tf.keras.models.load_model(
filepath,
custom_objects={
main_layer_class.__name__: main_layer_class,
"TFSharedEmbeddings": TFSharedEmbeddings,
},
)
else:
model = tf.keras.models.load_model(
filepath, custom_objects={main_layer_class.__name__: main_layer_class}
)
assert isinstance(model, tf.keras.Model)
model(inputs_dict)
@slow
def test_graph_mode_with_inputs_embeds(self):
config, inputs_dict = self.model_tester.prepare_config_and_inputs_for_common()
for model_class in self.all_model_classes:
model = model_class(config)
inputs = copy.deepcopy(inputs_dict)
if not self.is_encoder_decoder:
input_ids = inputs["input_ids"]
del inputs["input_ids"]
else:
encoder_input_ids = inputs["input_ids"]
decoder_input_ids = inputs.get("decoder_input_ids", encoder_input_ids)
del inputs["input_ids"]
inputs.pop("decoder_input_ids", None)
if not self.is_encoder_decoder:
inputs["inputs_embeds"] = model.get_input_embeddings()(input_ids)
else:
inputs["inputs_embeds"] = model.get_input_embeddings()(encoder_input_ids)
inputs["decoder_inputs_embeds"] = model.get_input_embeddings()(decoder_input_ids)
inputs = self._prepare_for_class(inputs, model_class)
@tf.function
def run_in_graph_mode():
return model(inputs)
outputs = run_in_graph_mode()
self.assertIsNotNone(outputs)
def _generate_random_bad_tokens(self, num_bad_tokens, model):
# special tokens cannot be bad tokens
special_tokens = []
if model.config.bos_token_id is not None:
special_tokens.append(model.config.bos_token_id)
if model.config.pad_token_id is not None:
special_tokens.append(model.config.pad_token_id)
if model.config.eos_token_id is not None:
special_tokens.append(model.config.eos_token_id)
# create random bad tokens that are not special tokens
bad_tokens = []
while len(bad_tokens) < num_bad_tokens:
token = tf.squeeze(ids_tensor((1, 1), self.model_tester.vocab_size), 0).numpy()[0]
if token not in special_tokens:
bad_tokens.append(token)
return bad_tokens
def _check_generated_ids(self, output_ids):
for token_id in output_ids[0].numpy().tolist():
self.assertGreaterEqual(token_id, 0)
self.assertLess(token_id, self.model_tester.vocab_size)
def _check_match_tokens(self, generated_ids, bad_words_ids):
# for all bad word tokens
for bad_word_ids in bad_words_ids:
# for all slices in batch
for generated_ids_slice in generated_ids:
# for all word idx
for i in range(len(bad_word_ids), len(generated_ids_slice)):
# if tokens match
if generated_ids_slice[i - len(bad_word_ids) : i] == bad_word_ids:
return True
return False
| [
"[email protected]"
] | |
f83c4b3c6faf3ef8350d51cee7b1ed1509e0e084 | a51062d546e0936c5b2ac5cbfb3f91fc7bf342d7 | /openff/evaluator/properties/__init__.py | a1178d3374263026cb4e256232bb78964f451d98 | [
"MIT",
"LicenseRef-scancode-unknown-license-reference"
] | permissive | joegomes/openff-evaluator | 4e748a9f43001a8e738851a9160837f6618fc8e5 | 9ccd3d017af0c6c1b556b1e77a8eccd0d1dfbcd1 | refs/heads/master | 2023-04-22T01:02:47.038298 | 2021-05-05T18:49:49 | 2021-05-05T18:49:49 | 364,670,685 | 0 | 0 | NOASSERTION | 2021-05-05T18:49:50 | 2021-05-05T18:27:10 | null | UTF-8 | Python | false | false | 423 | py | from .binding import HostGuestBindingAffinity
from .density import Density, ExcessMolarVolume
from .dielectric import DielectricConstant
from .enthalpy import EnthalpyOfMixing, EnthalpyOfVaporization
from .solvation import SolvationFreeEnergy
__all__ = [
HostGuestBindingAffinity,
Density,
ExcessMolarVolume,
DielectricConstant,
EnthalpyOfMixing,
EnthalpyOfVaporization,
SolvationFreeEnergy,
]
| [
"[email protected]"
] | |
2323ad3b44127d58791d33e46cf34b22f637af99 | 553b86e3b1ed21e64ea4feeb690af0701a17ba5f | /prob1.py | 807fc0a8bb9f9d250e350cde7f495af6014e156a | [] | no_license | shihyuuuuuuu/LeetCode_practice | d1c4b7851abfa42fcc4b56f835444792aca3f222 | dbc7e988ca9fd6f3a9541a36a0ad543c97b884af | refs/heads/master | 2023-01-03T21:25:14.426989 | 2020-11-03T07:09:29 | 2020-11-03T07:09:29 | 254,667,846 | 0 | 0 | null | null | null | null | UTF-8 | Python | false | false | 940 | py | class Solution:
# Prettier
def twoSum(self, nums: List[int], target: int) -> List[int]:
d = {}
for cnt, i in enumerate(nums):
if d.get(target - i, -1) != -1:
return [d[target-i], cnt]
else:
d[i] = cnt
# Faster, more memory
def twoSum(self, nums: List[int], target: int) -> List[int]:
num_dict = {}
for idx, i in enumerate(nums):
num_dict[i] = idx
for idx, i in enumerate(nums):
if((target - i) in num_dict and num_dict[target-i] != idx):
return [idx, num_dict[target-i]]
# Slower, less memory
def twoSum_ver2(self, nums: List[int], target: int) -> List[int]:
for idx1, i in enumerate(nums):
for idx2, j in enumerate(nums[idx1+1:]):
if(i + j == target):
return [idx1, idx1+idx2+1]
| [
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] | |
62225756896d2b4614a6f4732d1f5e155553fb11 | f931249f3766bd871eede76a950484701915c32d | /collective_decision/tests/test_models.py | aa2bd906a88f75c7dc22581ed4b16733fcad544b | [] | no_license | cleliofavoccia/Share | aa509c9cfa1aa3789237b411b2b94d952d848322 | cf0b982a6df2b8b4318d12d344ef0827394eedfd | refs/heads/main | 2023-07-11T08:29:59.016252 | 2021-08-09T10:13:53 | 2021-08-09T10:13:53 | 373,621,787 | 0 | 0 | null | null | null | null | UTF-8 | Python | false | false | 5,125 | py | """Tests of collective_decision django models"""
from django.test import TestCase
from django.db import IntegrityError
from user.models import User
from group.models import Group
from group_member.models import GroupMember
from product.models import Product
from ..models import Estimation, Decision
class EstimationModelTest(TestCase):
"""Tests on Estimation object"""
@classmethod
def setUp(cls):
"""Set up a context to test Estimation object"""
user = User.objects.create_user(
username='Frodon',
email='[email protected]',
password='sam'
)
group = Group.objects.create(name="La communauté de l'anneau ")
cls.group_member = GroupMember.objects.create(user=user, group=group)
cls.product = Product.objects.create(
name='PS5',
group=group
)
cls.estimation = Estimation.objects.create(
cost=3,
group_member=cls.group_member,
product=cls.product
)
def test_estimation_has_group_member(self):
"""Test Estimation object has relation
with GroupMember object"""
user = User.objects.get(username='Frodon')
estimation_group_member = Estimation.objects.get(
group_member=GroupMember.objects.get(
user=user
)
)
self.assertEqual(self.estimation, estimation_group_member)
def test_estimation_has_product(self):
"""Test Estimation object has relation
with Product object"""
product = Product.objects.get(name='PS5')
estimation_product = Estimation.objects.get(product=product)
self.assertEqual(self.estimation, estimation_product)
def test_delete_estimation_not_delete_group_member_and_product(self):
"""Test if Estimation object is deleted, GroupMember and Product
objects are not deleted"""
estimation = self.estimation
estimation.delete()
group_member = self.group_member
product = self.product
self.assertTrue(group_member)
self.assertTrue(product)
def test_constraints_one_estimation_per_product_and_group_member(self):
"""Test if constraint of one Estimation object between
product and group_member is respected"""
try:
estimation_two = Estimation.objects.create(
cost=6,
group_member=self.group_member,
product=self.product
)
estimation_two.save()
except IntegrityError:
estimation_two = 'IntegrityError'
self.assertEqual(estimation_two, 'IntegrityError')
class DecisionModelTest(TestCase):
"""Tests on Decision object"""
@classmethod
def setUp(cls):
"""Set up a context to test Decision object"""
user = User.objects.create_user(
username='Frodon',
email='[email protected]',
password='sam'
)
cls.group = Group.objects.create(name="La communauté de l'anneau")
cls.group_member = GroupMember.objects.create(
user=user,
group=cls.group
)
cls.decision = Decision.objects.create(
delete_group_vote=True,
modify_group_vote=False,
delete_member_vote=True,
group_member=cls.group_member,
group=cls.group
)
def test_decision_has_group_member(self):
"""Test Decision object has relation
with GroupMember object"""
user = User.objects.get(username='Frodon')
decision_group_member = Decision.objects.get(
group_member=GroupMember.objects.get(
user=user
)
)
self.assertEqual(self.decision, decision_group_member)
def test_decision_has_group(self):
"""Test Decision object has relation
with Group object"""
group = Group.objects.get(name="La communauté de l'anneau")
decision_group = Decision.objects.get(group=group)
self.assertEqual(self.decision, decision_group)
def test_delete_decision_not_delete_group_member_and_group(self):
"""Test if Decision object is deleted, GroupMember and Group
objects are not deleted"""
decision = self.decision
decision.delete()
group_member = self.group_member
group = self.group
self.assertTrue(group_member)
self.assertTrue(group)
def test_constraints_one_decision_per_group_and_group_member(self):
"""Test if constraint of one Decision object between
group and group_member is respected"""
try:
decision_two = Decision.objects.create(
delete_group_vote=True,
modify_group_vote=True,
delete_member_vote=True,
group_member=self.group_member,
group=self.group
)
decision_two.save()
except IntegrityError:
decision_two = 'IntegrityError'
self.assertEqual(decision_two, 'IntegrityError')
| [
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] | |
be6cbbd046838c6b3ea18f1e70cb6f08612db43e | 0c1d6b8dff8bedfffa8703015949b6ca6cc83f86 | /lib/worklists/operator/CT/v3.0/business/ADSL/test/data.py | 011c359518dc97400db6bdb1e079f6fba7538eb2 | [] | no_license | samwei8/TR069 | 6b87252bd53f23c37186c9433ce4d79507b8c7dd | 7f6b8d598359c6049a4e6cb1eb1db0899bce7f5c | refs/heads/master | 2021-06-21T11:07:47.345271 | 2017-08-08T07:14:55 | 2017-08-08T07:14:55 | null | 0 | 0 | null | null | null | null | UTF-8 | Python | false | false | 456 | py | #coding:utf-8
# -----------------------------doc--------------------------
# 工单 描述
WORKLIST_DOC = """ """
# -----------------------------args--------------------------
# 工单 参数
WORKLIST_ARGS = {
"ConnectionType": ("IP_Routed", "1"),
"ServiceList": ("INTERNET", "2"),
"Username": ("admin", "3"),
"Password": ("admin", "4"),
"Enable": ("true", "5")
}
| [
"[email protected]"
] | |
47ea0ceecd6c900370bb212ceedfa5d6e9398339 | 2b1b4b92b5b6dadc6dfb556e867b042c97a4d738 | /CMGTools/H2TauTau/python/proto/plotter/HistDrawer.py | afd02f94b7ea7778cb69f5c3d0a53fba6df59986 | [] | no_license | emanueledimarco/cmg-cmssw | 65f6d20ccd9bfec74856397407b96dee9830afc6 | b54ebd03ab8bad9c7694d867e3f3c54a1ad910c4 | refs/heads/CMGTools_from7412_monox | 2021-01-18T17:57:17.833303 | 2016-02-24T15:27:58 | 2016-02-24T15:27:58 | 21,276,131 | 1 | 0 | null | 2017-10-25T21:50:09 | 2014-06-27T13:11:29 | C++ | UTF-8 | Python | false | false | 6,022 | py | import re
import os
import copy
from math import log10, floor
from ROOT import TCanvas, TPaveText, TBox, gStyle
from CMGTools.RootTools.DataMC.Stack import Stack
from CMGTools.H2TauTau.proto.plotter.CMS_lumi import CMS_lumi
from CMGTools.H2TauTau.proto.plotter.officialStyle import officialStyle
officialStyle(gStyle)
def ensureDir(directory):
if not os.path.exists(directory):
os.makedirs(directory)
class HistDrawer:
ocan = None
can = None
pad = None
padr = None
@classmethod
def buildCanvas(cls):
can = cls.can
pad = cls.pad
padr = cls.padr
if not can:
can = cls.can = TCanvas('can', '', 800, 800)
can.Divide(1, 2, 0.0, 0.0)
pad = cls.pad = can.GetPad(1)
padr = cls.padr = can.GetPad(2)
# Set Pad sizes
pad.SetPad(0.0, 0.32, 1., 1.0)
padr.SetPad(0.0, 0.00, 1., 0.34)
pad.SetTopMargin(0.08)
pad.SetLeftMargin(0.16)
pad.SetBottomMargin(0.03)
pad.SetRightMargin(0.05)
padr.SetBottomMargin(0.35)
padr.SetLeftMargin(0.16)
padr.SetRightMargin(0.05)
can.cd()
can.Draw()
pad.Draw()
padr.Draw()
return can, pad, padr
@classmethod
def buildCanvasSingle(cls):
ocan = TCanvas('ocan', '', 600, 600)
ocan.cd()
ocan.Draw()
return ocan
@staticmethod
def datasetInfo(plot):
year = ''
year = '2015'
lumi = plot.lumi if hasattr(plot, 'lumi') else 0.
unit = plot.lumi_unit if hasattr(plot, 'lumi_unit') else 'pb'
energy = plot.com_energy if hasattr(plot, 'com_energy') else 13
return year, lumi, energy, unit
@staticmethod
def CMSPrelim(plot, pad, channel, legend='right'):
pad.cd()
year, lumi, energy, unit = HistDrawer.datasetInfo(plot)
theStr = '{lumi:3.3} {unit}^{{-1}} ({energy:d} TeV)'.format(year=year, unit=unit, lumi=lumi, energy=energy)
CMS_lumi(pad, theStr, iPosX=0)
lowY = 0.77
r = pad.GetRightMargin()
l = pad.GetLeftMargin()
posX = l + 0.045*(1-l-r)
posXhigh = 0.25
if legend == 'left':
posX = 1. - r - 0.08
posXhigh = 1. - r - 0.02
plot.chan = TPaveText(posX, lowY, posXhigh, lowY+0.18, "NDC")
plot.chan.SetBorderSize(0)
plot.chan.SetFillStyle(0)
plot.chan.SetTextAlign(12)
plot.chan.SetTextSize(0.6*pad.GetTopMargin()) # To have it the same size as CMS_lumi
plot.chan.SetTextFont(42)
plot.chan.AddText(channel)
plot.chan.Draw('same')
unitpat = re.compile('.*\((.*)\)\s*$')
keeper = []
@staticmethod
def draw(plot, do_ratio=True, channel='TauMu', plot_dir='plots',
plot_name=None, SetLogy=0, mssm=False,
blindxmin=None, blindxmax=None, unit=None):
print plot
Stack.STAT_ERRORS = True
can = pad = padr = None
if do_ratio:
can, pad, padr = HistDrawer.buildCanvas()
else:
can = HistDrawer.buildCanvasSingle()
pad.cd()
pad.SetLogy(SetLogy)
plot.DrawStack('HIST')
h = plot.supportHist
h.GetXaxis().SetLabelColor(1)
# h.GetXaxis().SetLabelSize(1)
unitsperbin = h.GetXaxis().GetBinWidth(1)
ytitle = 'Events'
if unit:
round_to_n = lambda x, n: round(x, -int(floor(log10(abs(x)))) + (n - 1))
ytitle += round_to_n(unitsperbin, 3)
h.GetYaxis().SetTitle('Events')
h.GetYaxis().SetTitleOffset(1.0)
h.GetXaxis().SetTitleOffset(2.0)
if do_ratio:
padr.cd()
ratio = copy.deepcopy(plot)
ratio.legendOn = False
if blindxmin or blindxmax:
if not blindxmin:
blindxmin = 0
if not blindxmax:
blindxmax = plot.GetXaxis().GetXmax()
if do_ratio:
ratio.Blind(blindxmin, blindxmax, True)
plot.Blind(blindxmin, blindxmax, False)
if do_ratio:
ratio.DrawDataOverMCMinus1(-0.5, 0.5)
hr = ratio.dataOverMCHist
# ytp_ratio = float(pad.YtoPixel(0.)/padr.YtoPixel(0))
# print 'YTP ratio', ytp_ratio
# xtp_ratio = float(pad.XtoPixel(0.)/padr.XtoPixel(0))
# print 'XTP ratio', xtp_ratio
ytp_ratio = 2.
xtp_ratio = 2.
# hr.GetYaxis().SetNdivisions(4)
hr.GetYaxis().SetTitleSize(h.GetYaxis().GetTitleSize() * xtp_ratio)
hr.GetXaxis().SetTitleSize(h.GetXaxis().GetTitleSize() * ytp_ratio)
hr.GetYaxis().SetTitleOffset(h.GetYaxis().GetTitleOffset() / xtp_ratio)
hr.GetXaxis().SetTitleOffset(h.GetXaxis().GetTitleOffset() / ytp_ratio)
hr.GetYaxis().SetLabelSize(h.GetYaxis().GetLabelSize() * xtp_ratio)
hr.GetXaxis().SetLabelSize(h.GetXaxis().GetLabelSize() * ytp_ratio)
h.GetXaxis().SetLabelColor(0)
h.GetXaxis().SetLabelSize(0)
padr.Update()
# blinding
if blindxmin or blindxmax:
pad.cd()
max = plot.stack.totalHist.GetMaximum()
box = TBox(blindxmin, 0, blindxmax, max)
box.SetFillColor(1)
box.SetFillStyle(3004)
box.Draw()
HistDrawer.keeper.append(box)
print channel
if channel == 'TauMu':
HistDrawer.CMSPrelim(plot, pad, '#tau_{#mu}#tau_{h}', legend=plot.legendPos)
elif channel == 'TauEle':
HistDrawer.CMSPrelim(plot, pad, '#tau_{e}#tau_{h}', legend=plot.legendPos)
can.cd()
plotname = plot_dir + '/'
ensureDir(plot_dir)
plotname += plot_name if plot_name else plot.name
can.SaveAs(plotname + '.png')
pad.SetLogy(0)
return ratio
drawRatio = draw
| [
"[email protected]"
] | |
8f54020865428b31e51ea2f36018f18b202ee386 | b46dff381a329b5456359d9edcbb279e7c710999 | /tilelit/tests/test_tilelit.py | f6f7297882115d058d6e9d9ba83007ba751485e7 | [
"MIT"
] | permissive | uw-biomedical-ml/tilelit | d8c48cfaf95ea90c23fe4dbc7862d76747e00628 | 36062279e321a30a194982dc61df6946614e7e22 | refs/heads/master | 2021-09-17T22:08:43.761931 | 2018-07-05T22:27:58 | 2018-07-05T22:27:58 | 114,414,633 | 3 | 2 | null | null | null | null | UTF-8 | Python | false | false | 792 | py | from __future__ import absolute_import, division, print_function
import os.path as op
import numpy as np
import pandas as pd
import numpy.testing as npt
import tilelit as ti
import skimage.data as skd
from skimage import transform as tf
def test_tile():
static = skd.coins()
ty = np.random.randn() * 0.05 * static.shape[0]
tx = np.random.randn() * 0.05 * static.shape[1]
rot = np.random.randn() * np.pi/20
affine = tf.AffineTransform(rotation=rot, translation=(tx, ty))
moving = tf.warp(static, affine.inverse)
img_initial, aff_initial = \
ti.initial_alignment(static, moving, gaussian_blur=5)
img_final, aff_final = \
ti.fine_alignment(static, img_initial, starting_affine=aff_initial)
npt.assert_almost_equal(aff_final, affine.params)
| [
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] | |
06196dc14bd12901227bf7210937a9df76502363 | 4a8c1f7d9935609b780aff95c886ef7781967be0 | /topcoder/Rookie SRM 1/OverallScores.py | d32100bb4d37fadd8b01c0ab9f613199978513d7 | [] | no_license | recuraki/PythonJunkTest | d5e5f5957ac5dd0c539ef47759b1fe5ef7a2c52a | 2556c973d468a6988d307ce85c5f2f8ab15e759a | refs/heads/master | 2023-08-09T17:42:21.875768 | 2023-07-18T23:06:31 | 2023-07-18T23:06:31 | 13,790,016 | 0 | 0 | null | null | null | null | UTF-8 | Python | false | false | 3,359 | py | # -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
import math,string,itertools,fractions,heapq,collections,re,array,bisect
class OverallScores:
def findWinner(self, N, scores):
dat = [0] * N
for i in range(len(scores) // N):
for j in range(N):
dat[j] += scores[j + i * N]
maind = -1
maval = -1
for i in range(N):
if dat[i] > maval:
maind = i
maval = dat[i]
return maind
# CUT begin
# TEST CODE FOR PYTHON {{{
import sys, time, math
def tc_equal(expected, received):
try:
_t = type(expected)
received = _t(received)
if _t == list or _t == tuple:
if len(expected) != len(received): return False
return all(tc_equal(e, r) for (e, r) in zip(expected, received))
elif _t == float:
eps = 1e-9
d = abs(received - expected)
return not math.isnan(received) and not math.isnan(expected) and d <= eps * max(1.0, abs(expected))
else:
return expected == received
except:
return False
def pretty_str(x):
if type(x) == str:
return '"%s"' % x
elif type(x) == tuple:
return '(%s)' % (','.join( (pretty_str(y) for y in x) ) )
else:
return str(x)
def do_test(N, scores, __expected):
startTime = time.time()
instance = OverallScores()
exception = None
try:
__result = instance.findWinner(N, scores);
except:
import traceback
exception = traceback.format_exc()
elapsed = time.time() - startTime # in sec
if exception is not None:
sys.stdout.write("RUNTIME ERROR: \n")
sys.stdout.write(exception + "\n")
return 0
if tc_equal(__expected, __result):
sys.stdout.write("PASSED! " + ("(%.3f seconds)" % elapsed) + "\n")
return 1
else:
sys.stdout.write("FAILED! " + ("(%.3f seconds)" % elapsed) + "\n")
sys.stdout.write(" Expected: " + pretty_str(__expected) + "\n")
sys.stdout.write(" Received: " + pretty_str(__result) + "\n")
return 0
def run_tests():
sys.stdout.write("OverallScores (400 Points)\n\n")
passed = cases = 0
case_set = set()
for arg in sys.argv[1:]:
case_set.add(int(arg))
with open("OverallScores.sample", "r") as f:
while True:
label = f.readline()
if not label.startswith("--"): break
N = int(f.readline().rstrip())
scores = []
for i in range(0, int(f.readline())):
scores.append(int(f.readline().rstrip()))
scores = tuple(scores)
f.readline()
__answer = int(f.readline().rstrip())
cases += 1
if len(case_set) > 0 and (cases - 1) in case_set: continue
sys.stdout.write(" Testcase #%d ... " % (cases - 1))
passed += do_test(N, scores, __answer)
sys.stdout.write("\nPassed : %d / %d cases\n" % (passed, cases))
T = time.time() - 1614260880
PT, TT = (T / 60.0, 75.0)
points = 400 * (0.3 + (0.7 * TT * TT) / (10.0 * PT * PT + TT * TT))
sys.stdout.write("Time : %d minutes %d secs\n" % (int(T/60), T%60))
sys.stdout.write("Score : %.2f points\n" % points)
if __name__ == '__main__':
run_tests()
# }}}
# CUT end
| [
"[email protected]"
] | |
2a722ec1fe9fcda7804a6102c78858b391aa6dfe | 377dc973a58d30154cf485de141223d7ca5424dd | /havok_classes/hkaSkeletonLocalFrameOnBone.py | 24e0e76c53f139086cdd47e4f2731f50d18ed9ba | [
"MIT"
] | permissive | sawich/havok-reflection | d6a5552f2881bb4070ad824fb7180ad296edf4c4 | 1d5b768fb533b3eb36fc9e42793088abeffbad59 | refs/heads/master | 2021-10-11T12:56:44.506674 | 2019-01-25T22:37:31 | 2019-01-25T22:37:31 | null | 0 | 0 | null | null | null | null | UTF-8 | Python | false | false | 582 | py | from .hkLocalFrame import hkLocalFrame
import struct
class hkaSkeletonLocalFrameOnBone(object):
localFrame: any
boneIndex: int
def __init__(self, infile):
self.localFrame = any(infile) # TYPE_POINTER:TYPE_STRUCT
self.boneIndex = struct.unpack('>h', infile.read(2)) # TYPE_INT16:TYPE_VOID
def __repr__(self):
return "<{class_name} localFrame={localFrame}, boneIndex={boneIndex}>".format(**{
"class_name": self.__class__.__name__,
"localFrame": self.localFrame,
"boneIndex": self.boneIndex,
})
| [
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] | |
0953423a781578e7260493e3b17df08f46cb8ffa | 0f9a97d48a9f0179bcf1e3d80c08340096eb561e | /ДЗ-5. Функции и рекурсия/C. Периметр треугольника.py | 218540cdf273e3aecc918c967a3df0f90da0aa53 | [] | no_license | dmitryokh/python | 96d8ec8c3f2d3428b90d510a1003aecf102b13d0 | 8efe761412779bed9a7516832d3152843088fa43 | refs/heads/master | 2020-04-24T03:08:42.865813 | 2019-02-20T11:41:52 | 2019-02-20T11:41:52 | 171,661,235 | 0 | 0 | null | null | null | null | UTF-8 | Python | false | false | 315 | py | from math import sqrt
def distance(x1, y1, x2, y2):
return(sqrt((x2 - x1)**2 + (y2 - y1)**2))
x1 = int(input())
y1 = int(input())
x2 = int(input())
y2 = int(input())
x3 = int(input())
y3 = int(input())
a = distance(x1, y1, x2, y2)
b = distance(x1, y1, x3, y3)
c = distance(x3, y3, x2, y2)
print(a + b + c)
| [
"[email protected]"
] | |
46b795561c7cd2ef9084ec78d43889d97b023575 | 747f759311d404af31c0f80029e88098193f6269 | /addons/stock/wizard/stock_location_product.py | 1f9777a72c1d926463d1fd0cf913ed81086e71dc | [] | no_license | sgeerish/sirr_production | 9b0d0f7804a928c0c582ddb4ccb7fcc084469a18 | 1081f3a5ff8864a31b2dcd89406fac076a908e78 | refs/heads/master | 2020-05-19T07:21:37.047958 | 2013-09-15T13:03:36 | 2013-09-15T13:03:36 | 9,648,444 | 0 | 1 | null | null | null | null | UTF-8 | Python | false | false | 2,423 | py | # -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
##############################################################################
#
# OpenERP, Open Source Management Solution
# Copyright (C) 2004-2010 Tiny SPRL (<http://tiny.be>).
#
# This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
# it under the terms of the GNU Affero General Public License as
# published by the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the
# License, or (at your option) any later version.
#
# This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
# but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
# GNU Affero General Public License for more details.
#
# You should have received a copy of the GNU Affero General Public License
# along with this program. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
#
##############################################################################
from osv import fields, osv
class stock_location_product(osv.osv_memory):
_name = "stock.location.product"
_description = "Products by Location"
_columns = {
'from_date': fields.datetime('From'),
'to_date': fields.datetime('To'),
}
def action_open_window(self, cr, uid, ids, context=None):
""" To open location wise product information specific to given duration
@param self: The object pointer.
@param cr: A database cursor
@param uid: ID of the user currently logged in
@param ids: An ID or list of IDs if we want more than one
@param context: A standard dictionary
@return: Invoice type
"""
mod_obj = self.pool.get('ir.model.data')
for location_obj in self.read(cr, uid, ids, ['from_date', 'to_date']):
return {
'name': False,
'view_type': 'form',
'view_mode': 'tree,form',
'res_model': 'product.product',
'type': 'ir.actions.act_window',
'context': {'location': context['active_id'],
'from_date': location_obj['from_date'],
'to_date': location_obj['to_date'],
},
'domain': [('qty_available', '>', 0)],
}
stock_location_product()
# vim:expandtab:smartindent:tabstop=4:softtabstop=4:shiftwidth=4:
| [
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] | |
e4def48c4cf436a2b2d384bd315d99b9a0f1b56a | 09e57dd1374713f06b70d7b37a580130d9bbab0d | /benchmark/startQiskit_noisy1310.py | f6c89f3e4f5a2d30ec73a1b5f825e843ad9d4a87 | [
"BSD-3-Clause"
] | permissive | UCLA-SEAL/QDiff | ad53650034897abb5941e74539e3aee8edb600ab | d968cbc47fe926b7f88b4adf10490f1edd6f8819 | refs/heads/main | 2023-08-05T04:52:24.961998 | 2021-09-19T02:56:16 | 2021-09-19T02:56:16 | 405,159,939 | 2 | 0 | null | null | null | null | UTF-8 | Python | false | false | 4,424 | py | # qubit number=5
# total number=56
import cirq
import qiskit
from qiskit.providers.aer import QasmSimulator
from qiskit.test.mock import FakeVigo
from qiskit import QuantumCircuit, QuantumRegister, ClassicalRegister
from qiskit import BasicAer, execute, transpile
from pprint import pprint
from qiskit.test.mock import FakeVigo
from math import log2,floor, sqrt, pi
import numpy as np
import networkx as nx
def build_oracle(n: int, f) -> QuantumCircuit:
# implement the oracle O_f^\pm
# NOTE: use U1 gate (P gate) with \lambda = 180 ==> CZ gate
# or multi_control_Z_gate (issue #127)
controls = QuantumRegister(n, "ofc")
oracle = QuantumCircuit(controls, name="Zf")
for i in range(2 ** n):
rep = np.binary_repr(i, n)
if f(rep) == "1":
for j in range(n):
if rep[j] == "0":
oracle.x(controls[j])
# oracle.h(controls[n])
if n >= 2:
oracle.mcu1(pi, controls[1:], controls[0])
for j in range(n):
if rep[j] == "0":
oracle.x(controls[j])
# oracle.barrier()
return oracle
def make_circuit(n:int,f) -> QuantumCircuit:
# circuit begin
input_qubit = QuantumRegister(n,"qc")
classical = ClassicalRegister(n, "qm")
prog = QuantumCircuit(input_qubit, classical)
prog.h(input_qubit[0]) # number=3
prog.h(input_qubit[1]) # number=4
prog.h(input_qubit[2]) # number=50
prog.cz(input_qubit[4],input_qubit[2]) # number=51
prog.h(input_qubit[2]) # number=52
prog.h(input_qubit[2]) # number=5
prog.h(input_qubit[3]) # number=6
prog.h(input_qubit[4]) # number=21
Zf = build_oracle(n, f)
repeat = floor(sqrt(2 ** n) * pi / 4)
for i in range(repeat):
prog.append(Zf.to_gate(), [input_qubit[i] for i in range(n)])
prog.h(input_qubit[0]) # number=1
prog.h(input_qubit[1]) # number=2
prog.h(input_qubit[2]) # number=7
prog.h(input_qubit[3]) # number=8
prog.h(input_qubit[0]) # number=28
prog.z(input_qubit[3]) # number=42
prog.cz(input_qubit[1],input_qubit[0]) # number=29
prog.h(input_qubit[0]) # number=30
prog.h(input_qubit[0]) # number=43
prog.cz(input_qubit[1],input_qubit[0]) # number=44
prog.h(input_qubit[0]) # number=45
prog.cx(input_qubit[1],input_qubit[0]) # number=35
prog.h(input_qubit[0]) # number=53
prog.cz(input_qubit[1],input_qubit[0]) # number=54
prog.h(input_qubit[0]) # number=55
prog.x(input_qubit[0]) # number=39
prog.cx(input_qubit[1],input_qubit[0]) # number=40
prog.cx(input_qubit[1],input_qubit[0]) # number=37
prog.h(input_qubit[0]) # number=46
prog.cz(input_qubit[1],input_qubit[0]) # number=47
prog.h(input_qubit[0]) # number=48
prog.cx(input_qubit[1],input_qubit[0]) # number=27
prog.x(input_qubit[1]) # number=10
prog.x(input_qubit[2]) # number=11
prog.x(input_qubit[3]) # number=12
if n>=2:
prog.mcu1(pi,input_qubit[1:],input_qubit[0])
prog.x(input_qubit[0]) # number=13
prog.cx(input_qubit[0],input_qubit[1]) # number=22
prog.y(input_qubit[2]) # number=41
prog.x(input_qubit[1]) # number=23
prog.cx(input_qubit[0],input_qubit[1]) # number=24
prog.rx(1.0398671683382215,input_qubit[2]) # number=31
prog.x(input_qubit[2]) # number=15
prog.x(input_qubit[3]) # number=16
prog.h(input_qubit[0]) # number=17
prog.h(input_qubit[1]) # number=18
prog.h(input_qubit[2]) # number=19
prog.h(input_qubit[3]) # number=20
# circuit end
for i in range(n):
prog.measure(input_qubit[i], classical[i])
return prog
if __name__ == '__main__':
key = "00000"
f = lambda rep: str(int(rep == key))
prog = make_circuit(5,f)
backend = FakeVigo()
sample_shot =7924
info = execute(prog, backend=backend, shots=sample_shot).result().get_counts()
backend = FakeVigo()
circuit1 = transpile(prog,backend,optimization_level=2)
writefile = open("../data/startQiskit_noisy1310.csv","w")
print(info,file=writefile)
print("results end", file=writefile)
print(circuit1.depth(),file=writefile)
print(circuit1,file=writefile)
writefile.close()
| [
"[email protected]"
] | |
9ad89e902ed284ef9edf8837805fb2c2d6c96dce | f0f2a548457e345d5432c8ddcd37daa25ee56957 | /apml-client/show-stats.py | c989e874560d2414b6478337566c10ae269a4f02 | [
"MIT"
] | permissive | blxlrsmb/myap.ml | edf2703df34de27282dbf0d7821f83b629e1ccc8 | b21270d54b453cd53e160a017f21d52e444ff62b | refs/heads/master | 2021-01-24T20:52:38.420997 | 2016-06-19T06:19:44 | 2016-06-19T06:19:44 | 36,968,412 | 1 | 0 | null | null | null | null | UTF-8 | Python | false | false | 450 | py | #!/usr/bin/env python2
# -*- coding: UTF-8 -*-
# File: show-stats.py
# Date: Sat Jun 06 20:16:34 2015 +0800
# Author: Yuxin Wu <[email protected]>
from logger import EventLogger
ev = EventLogger()
pkgs = ev.packages
names = set()
cnt = 0
for p in pkgs:
names = names.union(set(p['key'].keys()))
cnt += sum(p['key'].itervalues())
names = names.union(set(p['mouse'].keys()))
cnt += sum(p['mouse'].itervalues())
print names
print cnt
| [
"[email protected]"
] | |
bc68bd06515bf96079aa0ed7e1770b5be7c25b5c | b50ff836c3010b42821624e79cb21e4d9594f588 | /selfdrive/car/vin.py | 76fd34ca6d80e8aecc040376a6369041889c537f | [
"MIT",
"LicenseRef-scancode-warranty-disclaimer"
] | permissive | dnv26/openpilot | 5fe441eb9ef93a56b5a2522ace58c3ae415c7813 | b1db54ea553ccc41cfb54bdf66a1c31ab52432f2 | refs/heads/HKG_6.5 | 2020-09-09T06:37:33.909558 | 2019-11-14T21:47:55 | 2019-11-14T21:47:55 | 221,376,282 | 8 | 31 | MIT | 2020-05-09T02:30:46 | 2019-11-13T05:01:02 | C++ | UTF-8 | Python | false | false | 3,245 | py | #!/usr/bin/env python3
import selfdrive.messaging as messaging
from selfdrive.boardd.boardd import can_list_to_can_capnp
VIN_UNKNOWN = "0" * 17
# sanity checks on response messages from vin query
def is_vin_response_valid(can_dat, step, cnt):
if len(can_dat) != 8:
# ISO-TP meesages are all 8 bytes
return False
if step == 0:
# VIN does not fit in a single message and it's 20 bytes of data
if can_dat[0] != 0x10 or can_dat[1] != 0x14:
return False
if step == 1 and cnt == 0:
# first response after a CONTINUE query is sent
if can_dat[0] != 0x21:
return False
if step == 1 and cnt == 1:
# second response after a CONTINUE query is sent
if can_dat[0] != 0x22:
return False
return True
class VinQuery():
def __init__(self, bus):
self.bus = bus
# works on standard 11-bit addresses for diagnostic. Tested on Toyota and Subaru;
# Honda uses the extended 29-bit addresses, and unfortunately only works from OBDII
self.query_ext_msgs = [[0x18DB33F1, 0, b'\x02\x09\x02'.ljust(8, b"\x00"), bus],
[0x18DA10f1, 0, b'\x30'.ljust(8, b"\x00"), bus]]
self.query_nor_msgs = [[0x7df, 0, b'\x02\x09\x02'.ljust(8, b"\x00"), bus],
[0x7e0, 0, b'\x30'.ljust(8, b"\x00"), bus]]
self.cnts = [1, 2] # number of messages to wait for at each iteration
self.step = 0
self.cnt = 0
self.responded = False
self.never_responded = True
self.dat = b""
self.vin = VIN_UNKNOWN
def check_response(self, msg):
# have we got a VIN query response?
if msg.src == self.bus and msg.address in [0x18daf110, 0x7e8]:
self.never_responded = False
# basic sanity checks on ISO-TP response
if is_vin_response_valid(msg.dat, self.step, self.cnt):
self.dat += bytes(msg.dat[2:]) if self.step == 0 else bytes(msg.dat[1:])
self.cnt += 1
if self.cnt == self.cnts[self.step]:
self.responded = True
self.step += 1
def send_query(self, sendcan):
# keep sending VIN qury if ECU isn't responsing.
# sendcan is probably not ready due to the zmq slow joiner syndrome
if self.never_responded or (self.responded and self.step < len(self.cnts)):
sendcan.send(can_list_to_can_capnp([self.query_ext_msgs[self.step]], msgtype='sendcan'))
sendcan.send(can_list_to_can_capnp([self.query_nor_msgs[self.step]], msgtype='sendcan'))
self.responded = False
self.cnt = 0
def get_vin(self):
# only report vin if procedure is finished
if self.step == len(self.cnts) and self.cnt == self.cnts[-1]:
self.vin = self.dat[3:].decode('utf8')
return self.vin
def get_vin(logcan, sendcan, bus, query_time=1.):
vin_query = VinQuery(bus)
frame = 0
# 1s max of VIN query time
while frame < query_time * 100:
a = messaging.recv_one(logcan)
for can in a.can:
vin_query.check_response(can)
vin_query.send_query(sendcan)
frame += 1
return vin_query.get_vin()
if __name__ == "__main__":
from selfdrive.services import service_list
logcan = messaging.sub_sock(service_list['can'].port)
sendcan = messaging.pub_sock(service_list['sendcan'].port)
print(get_vin(logcan, sendcan, 0))
| [
"[email protected]"
] | |
8fd9e5477942786209d08d62c024179c66489083 | 6b2a8dd202fdce77c971c412717e305e1caaac51 | /solutions_5640146288377856_0/Python/trapped/a_small.py | d6f1fa475144b794563c801431c358bd4fcbb062 | [] | no_license | alexandraback/datacollection | 0bc67a9ace00abbc843f4912562f3a064992e0e9 | 076a7bc7693f3abf07bfdbdac838cb4ef65ccfcf | refs/heads/master | 2021-01-24T18:27:24.417992 | 2017-05-23T09:23:38 | 2017-05-23T09:23:38 | 84,313,442 | 2 | 4 | null | null | null | null | UTF-8 | Python | false | false | 538 | py | T = int(raw_input())
def solve(r, c, w):
if w == 1: return r*c
if w == c: return (r-1) + c
# following only for small case: r=1
if w > c//2: return w+1
if w == c//2: return w+1+(c%2)
return 1+ solve(r, c-w, w)
'''if c%2 == 1:
ans = 1 + (c//2)//w
ans += solve(r, c//2, w)
else:
ans = 1 + (c//2 - 1)//w
ans += solve(r, c//2, w)
return ans'''
for t in range(1,T+1):
r, c, w = map(int, raw_input().strip().split())
print "Case #%d: %d"%(t, solve(r,c,w))
| [
"[email protected]"
] | |
c8d8db5bcecf909d177c3caf44457684046f456e | e5606385fc77c1fbb30be223637b2b62372d6635 | /news/urls.py | 20fbb45caaed199e495d3c073c27917d6aaccb6c | [] | no_license | bhoj001/DJ_Test_App | 6b2f116523af72a15370e303af745d7df7d7951c | a20d5ae9049a5d432ba219eb96036953c5512bf5 | refs/heads/master | 2020-03-24T00:25:57.714156 | 2018-07-25T11:29:15 | 2018-07-25T11:29:15 | 142,290,934 | 0 | 0 | null | null | null | null | UTF-8 | Python | false | false | 202 | py | from django.conf.urls import url
from tango_with_django import views
urlpatterns = [
url(r'^home$', views.home, name='home'),
url(r'^$', views.index, name='index'),
] | [
"[email protected]"
] | |
1abb6b3b06ad3d28a1bc8ffef2a528725d178bbd | 9214a22c37f9751f66005d9033c68eadca43d6ee | /app/.history/datasets/spotify_fetch_20201212160615.py | 2d534dc61d069d9f1b881c5e1a14e0cc57cb80ae | [] | no_license | bsalgado98/lockdown-music | 0800922ea25c9b07ea4b034297e67725776de070 | a407265b7caa83667c92ee13c2adec1645acdafa | refs/heads/main | 2023-01-29T09:55:38.137972 | 2020-12-17T01:01:49 | 2020-12-17T01:01:49 | 322,133,071 | 0 | 0 | null | null | null | null | UTF-8 | Python | false | false | 687 | py | import spotipy
from spotipy.oauth2 import SpotifyClientCredentials
import json
import csv
auth_manager = SpotifyClientCredentials()
sp = spotipy.Spotify(auth_manager=auth_manager)
def get_artist_genre(artist):
results = sp.search(q='artist:' + artist, type='artist')
# print(json.dumps(results, indent=4, sort_keys=True))
artists = results['artists']
items = artists['items']
print(artists)
grammys = []
with open('the_grammy_awards.csv', mode='r') as csv_file:
csv_reader = csv.DictReader(csv_file)
line_count = 0
for row in csv_reader:
grammys.append(row)
artist = grammys[0].get('artist')
genres = get_artist_genre(artist)
# print(genres)
| [
"[email protected]"
] | |
e58b99b41a4f3a5a38ecf00da40037bd8fa7eae3 | 5a52ccea88f90dd4f1acc2819997fce0dd5ffb7d | /alipay/aop/api/response/AlipayPcreditLoanHousemortgageRealtychainNotifyResponse.py | c8ce7d57930cb013c46e118af02437d5099697ec | [
"Apache-2.0"
] | permissive | alipay/alipay-sdk-python-all | 8bd20882852ffeb70a6e929038bf88ff1d1eff1c | 1fad300587c9e7e099747305ba9077d4cd7afde9 | refs/heads/master | 2023-08-27T21:35:01.778771 | 2023-08-23T07:12:26 | 2023-08-23T07:12:26 | 133,338,689 | 247 | 70 | Apache-2.0 | 2023-04-25T04:54:02 | 2018-05-14T09:40:54 | Python | UTF-8 | Python | false | false | 506 | py | #!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
import json
from alipay.aop.api.response.AlipayResponse import AlipayResponse
class AlipayPcreditLoanHousemortgageRealtychainNotifyResponse(AlipayResponse):
def __init__(self):
super(AlipayPcreditLoanHousemortgageRealtychainNotifyResponse, self).__init__()
def parse_response_content(self, response_content):
response = super(AlipayPcreditLoanHousemortgageRealtychainNotifyResponse, self).parse_response_content(response_content)
| [
"[email protected]"
] | |
146ee16ca9aaaf47c04e5aa73ebb2fc961973fc6 | 3ec8ade4cedc4601a1dea1933182675bc35f543a | /demo/models.py | 4376f3134a7a3e28177d207c2299c172e8bd3723 | [] | no_license | artrey/drf-comments | d9fce0b14c28ef9810cc17caeb03b2435cc075b6 | ee875f820dc691df984ef8f292e8f9e532ca4689 | refs/heads/master | 2023-07-20T12:31:14.879634 | 2021-08-20T17:12:12 | 2021-08-20T17:12:12 | 398,344,295 | 0 | 0 | null | null | null | null | UTF-8 | Python | false | false | 270 | py | from django.core.validators import MaxValueValidator
from django.db import models
class Comment(models.Model):
author = models.CharField(max_length=100)
text = models.TextField()
rating = models.PositiveSmallIntegerField(validators=[MaxValueValidator(5)])
| [
"[email protected]"
] | |
75124e86e3e6d2e88fb785d3c12f62938022879e | ac7c02f29a837fdd67d2bdc77bba182080e98ed8 | /codekata/ASCII.py | 0a5f9b4a9ab3339cbd9a961167afabd66480eb85 | [] | no_license | YaminiNarayanan-359/guvi | 7630c309a86365e4367fda1ddab4e966e7d1ac5b | a52b6353100b4e9b83a003e6a327fbfb174daac4 | refs/heads/master | 2020-06-03T00:08:00.389609 | 2019-07-16T06:59:53 | 2019-07-16T06:59:53 | 191,355,064 | 0 | 0 | null | null | null | null | UTF-8 | Python | false | false | 28 | py | u=input()
d=ord(u)
print(d)
| [
"[email protected]"
] | |
a7323120d71625d329147a0ad58c8fbe841c5d7e | edcd74f8f65119bdbe737360c2ca33b4a6da160a | /python/test-multiprocessing/multiprocessing_simple.py | f23b32c4e12ab97388c5ee1cb1354982163bc9f4 | [] | no_license | hyunjun/practice | 72e83de6a1d5e04ddcd16526f16110ea2dd00373 | 5376dd48b1cefb4faba9d2ef6a8a497b6b1d6c67 | refs/heads/master | 2023-08-31T07:00:37.320351 | 2023-08-17T07:29:24 | 2023-08-17T07:29:24 | 2,704,126 | 3 | 2 | null | 2022-12-14T20:25:07 | 2011-11-03T18:28:44 | Python | UTF-8 | Python | false | false | 276 | py | # https://pymotw.com/3/multiprocessing/basics.html
import multiprocessing
def worker():
"""worker function"""
print('Worker')
if __name__ == '__main__':
jobs = []
for i in range(5):
p = multiprocessing.Process(target=worker)
jobs.append(p)
p.start()
| [
"[email protected]"
] | |
49fd37eab918232db078265207ad4f60b6097bb1 | b80bd48e12f2361ea51284fba0a08ea61673cfd4 | /drip/models.py | beec587cc63ff535831ebb3038532e3041054c3d | [] | no_license | pdc/caption | 25829912241224ec93697537900f6199fb14121b | 6677de9f0bf40d5f331da8a3fb1fb45c7404d704 | refs/heads/master | 2016-09-06T16:55:30.264130 | 2013-02-28T20:01:55 | 2013-02-28T20:01:55 | null | 0 | 0 | null | null | null | null | UTF-8 | Python | false | false | 751 | py | # -*-coding: UTF-8-*-
from django.db import models
from django.contrib.auth.models import User
from articles.models import Article
class DripAuthor(models.Model):
uid = models.IntegerField(editable=False, primary_key=True)
name = models.CharField(max_length=60, unique=True)
mail = models.EmailField(max_length=64, blank=True)
def __unicode__(self):
return u'{0} ({1})'.format(self.name, self.uid)
class DripNode(models.Model):
article = models.OneToOneField(Article, null=False, editable=False, related_name='drip')
author = models.ForeignKey(DripAuthor)
nid = models.IntegerField(editable=False, primary_key=True)
def __unicode__(self):
return u'{0} ({1})'.format(self.article.title, self.nid)
| [
"[email protected]"
] | |
7964d51dadf0214da7cc67756d0945ff15a2053c | f30e9ca8c5777196bf8e56d82ecddb80418d21ba | /test_fena/v1_12/test_blocks.py | 7f1ca52716e4415e719a8986dcf5cb915ef2c9b7 | [
"MIT"
] | permissive | Aquafina-water-bottle/Fena | 029a1d6be64bdf1bd75d647d83e524821dfc7a3c | 00a2b1dbc6f8abd968c46c637d6ad30d5fcde919 | HEAD | 2018-10-22T13:36:24.838025 | 2018-07-19T18:16:17 | 2018-07-19T18:16:17 | 96,073,393 | 0 | 0 | null | null | null | null | UTF-8 | Python | false | false | 5,790 | py | from test_fena.test_common import test_block
def test_blocks():
# block states as simple values
test_block("stonebrick[0]", "minecraft:stonebrick 0")
test_block("stonebrick[1]", "minecraft:stonebrick 1")
test_block("stonebrick[-1]", "minecraft:stonebrick -1")
test_block("stonebrick[*]", "minecraft:stonebrick *")
test_block("stonebrick[]", "minecraft:stonebrick *")
test_block("stonebrick", "minecraft:stonebrick *")
test_block("minecraft:stonebrick[0]", "minecraft:stonebrick 0")
test_block("minecraft:stonebrick[1]", "minecraft:stonebrick 1")
test_block("minecraft:stonebrick[-1]", "minecraft:stonebrick -1")
test_block("minecraft:stonebrick[*]", "minecraft:stonebrick *")
test_block("minecraft:stonebrick[]", "minecraft:stonebrick *")
test_block("minecraft:stonebrick", "minecraft:stonebrick *")
# actual block states
test_block("stonebrick[variant=mossy_stonebrick]", "minecraft:stonebrick variant=mossy_stonebrick")
test_block("stone_brick_stairs[facing=south,half=top]", "minecraft:stone_brick_stairs facing=south,half=top")
test_block("stone_brick_stairs[facing=south, half=top]", "minecraft:stone_brick_stairs facing=south,half=top")
test_block("stone_brick_stairs[facing = south, half = top]", "minecraft:stone_brick_stairs facing=south,half=top")
test_block("stone_brick_stairs [ facing = south, half = top ] ", "minecraft:stone_brick_stairs facing=south,half=top")
test_block("minecraft:stonebrick[variant=mossy_stonebrick]", "minecraft:stonebrick variant=mossy_stonebrick")
test_block("minecraft:stone_brick_stairs[facing=south,half=top]", "minecraft:stone_brick_stairs facing=south,half=top")
test_block("minecraft:stone_brick_stairs[facing=south, half=top]", "minecraft:stone_brick_stairs facing=south,half=top")
test_block("minecraft:stone_brick_stairs[facing = south, half = top]", "minecraft:stone_brick_stairs facing=south,half=top")
test_block("minecraft:stone_brick_stairs [ facing = south, half = top ] ", "minecraft:stone_brick_stairs facing=south,half=top")
# nbt tags
test_block(r'chest[0]{}', r'minecraft:chest 0 replace {}')
test_block(r'chest[1]{}', r'minecraft:chest 1 replace {}')
test_block(r'chest[-1]{}', r'minecraft:chest -1 replace {}')
test_block(r'chest[*]{}', r'minecraft:chest * replace {}')
test_block(r'chest[]{}', r'minecraft:chest * replace {}')
test_block(r'chest{}', r'minecraft:chest * replace {}')
test_block(r'minecraft:chest[0]', r'minecraft:chest 0')
test_block(r'minecraft:chest[1]', r'minecraft:chest 1')
test_block(r'minecraft:chest[-1]', r'minecraft:chest -1')
test_block(r'minecraft:chest[*]', r'minecraft:chest *')
test_block(r'minecraft:chest[]', r'minecraft:chest *')
test_block(r'minecraft:chest', r'minecraft:chest *')
test_block(r'chest[facing=west]{}', r'minecraft:chest facing=west replace {}')
test_block(r'chest[facing=west]{Lock:"lol"}', r'minecraft:chest facing=west replace {Lock:"lol"}')
test_block(r'minecraft:chest[facing=west]{}', r'minecraft:chest facing=west replace {}')
test_block(r'minecraft:chest[facing=west]{Lock:"lol"}', r'minecraft:chest facing=west replace {Lock:"lol"}')
test_block(r'chest[0]{Lock:"lol"}', r'minecraft:chest 0 replace {Lock:"lol"}')
test_block(r'chest[1]{Lock:"lol"}', r'minecraft:chest 1 replace {Lock:"lol"}')
test_block(r'chest[-1]{Lock:"lol"}', r'minecraft:chest -1 replace {Lock:"lol"}')
test_block(r'chest[*]{Lock:"lol"}', r'minecraft:chest * replace {Lock:"lol"}')
test_block(r'chest[]{Lock:"lol"}', r'minecraft:chest * replace {Lock:"lol"}')
test_block(r'chest{Lock:"lol"}', r'minecraft:chest * replace {Lock:"lol"}')
test_block(r'minecraft:chest[0]{Lock:"lol"}', r'minecraft:chest 0 replace {Lock:"lol"}')
test_block(r'minecraft:chest[1]{Lock:"lol"}', r'minecraft:chest 1 replace {Lock:"lol"}')
test_block(r'minecraft:chest[-1]{Lock:"lol"}', r'minecraft:chest -1 replace {Lock:"lol"}')
test_block(r'minecraft:chest[*]{Lock:"lol"}', r'minecraft:chest * replace {Lock:"lol"}')
test_block(r'minecraft:chest[]{Lock:"lol"}', r'minecraft:chest * replace {Lock:"lol"}')
test_block(r'minecraft:chest{Lock:"lol"}', r'minecraft:chest * replace {Lock:"lol"}')
# errors
test_block('not_a_block', expect_error=True)
test_block("wrong_id:stonebrick", expect_error=True)
test_block("stonebrick:stonebrick", expect_error=True)
test_block('stonebrick[0,1]', expect_error=True)
test_block('stonebrick[0=0,1=1]', expect_error=True)
test_block('stonebrick[asdf=0,nou=1]', expect_error=True)
test_block("stone_brick_stairs[=]", expect_error=True)
test_block("stone_brick_stairs[facing]", expect_error=True)
test_block("stone_brick_stairs[facing=]", expect_error=True)
test_block("stone_brick_stairs[facing=south=north]", expect_error=True)
test_block("stone_brick_stairs[facing=south half=top]", expect_error=True)
test_block('minecraft:not_a_block', expect_error=True)
test_block('minecraft:stonebrick[0,1]', expect_error=True)
test_block('minecraft:stonebrick[0=0,1=1]', expect_error=True)
test_block('minecraft:stonebrick[asdf=0,nou=1]', expect_error=True)
test_block("minecraft:stone_brick_stairs[=]", expect_error=True)
test_block("minecraft:stone_brick_stairs[facing]", expect_error=True)
test_block("minecraft:stone_brick_stairs[facing=]", expect_error=True)
test_block("minecraft:stone_brick_stairs[facing=south=north]", expect_error=True)
test_block("minecraft:stone_brick_stairs[facing=south half=top]", expect_error=True)
| [
"[email protected]"
] | |
2015f26b503e42442766db3c50645d21d6ecccab | 2635edb96afa8117d4584a470061e447b79adc6e | /test/booknotes_test.py | 3682f6f5b88bb82f90d549216fa699601c455763 | [] | no_license | Mark-Seaman/Sensei-2018 | 673609731ecb5ebb782dab94b2cf3d7c22940424 | 06b02892cfe1bf1d25cb4224e86eb693c82b0f29 | refs/heads/master | 2022-02-18T19:14:10.343093 | 2022-01-15T20:06:21 | 2022-01-15T20:06:21 | 158,728,468 | 0 | 0 | null | 2022-01-16T21:06:09 | 2018-11-22T16:51:55 | HTML | UTF-8 | Python | false | false | 273 | py |
from os import environ
from os.path import join
from bin.shell import file_tree_list, shell, check_shell_lines
def booknotes_list_test():
return shell('x booknotes list')
def booknotes_lines_test():
return check_shell_lines('x booknotes content', 2700, 2800)
| [
"[email protected]"
] | |
d6f031e3334ef1f7763c833a88e5aee446318a00 | c28beb6795c688c0eeaaa3a8bf66edc7e336f9b6 | /SkeinPyPy_NewUI/skeinforge_application/skeinforge_plugins/craft_plugins/cool.py | d8572d363f20cfab84c7572737a028d6804b28fe | [] | no_license | alx/SkeinPyPy | 80427f81853fb302a2f3636e3cd8a2375fd8eff4 | 5d4e8c7ed16d43bf0ede972f5b05a56199567826 | refs/heads/master | 2021-01-20T22:02:59.076693 | 2012-03-15T10:21:07 | 2012-03-15T10:21:07 | null | 0 | 0 | null | null | null | null | UTF-8 | Python | false | false | 19,101 | py | """
This page is in the table of contents.
Cool is a craft tool to cool the shape.
Cool works well with a stepper extruder, it does not work well with a DC motor extruder.
If enabled, before each layer that takes less then "Minimum Layer Time" to print the tool head will orbit around the printed area for 'Minimum Layer Time' minus 'the time it takes to print the layer' before it starts printing the layer. This is great way to let layers with smaller area cool before you start printing on top of them (so you do not overheat the area).
The cool manual page is at:
http://fabmetheus.crsndoo.com/wiki/index.php/Skeinforge_Cool
Allan Ecker aka The Masked Retriever's has written the "Skeinforge Quicktip: Cool" at:
http://blog.thingiverse.com/2009/07/28/skeinforge-quicktip-cool/
==Operation==
The default 'Activate Cool' checkbox is on. When it is on, the functions described below will work, when it is off, the functions will not be called.
==Settings==
===Bridge Cool===
Default is one degree Celcius.
If the layer is a bridge layer, then cool will lower the temperature by 'Bridge Cool' degrees Celcius.
===Cool Type===
Default is 'Slow Down'.
====Orbit====
When selected, cool will add orbits with the extruder off to give the layer time to cool, so that the next layer is not extruded on a molten base. The orbits will be around the largest island on that layer. Orbit should only be chosen if you can not upgrade to a stepper extruder.
====Slow Down====
When selected, cool will slow down the extruder so that it will take the minimum layer time to extrude the layer. DC motors do not operate properly at slow flow rates, so if you have a DC motor extruder, you should upgrade to a stepper extruder, but if you can't do that, you can try using the 'Orbit' option.
===Maximum Cool===
Default is 2 degrees Celcius.
If it takes less time to extrude the layer than the minimum layer time, then cool will lower the temperature by the 'Maximum Cool' setting times the layer time over the minimum layer time.
===Minimum Layer Time===
Default is 60 seconds.
Defines the minimum amount of time the extruder will spend on a layer, this is an important setting.
===Minimum Orbital Radius===
Default is 10 millimeters.
When the orbit cool type is selected, if the area of the largest island is as large as the square of the "Minimum Orbital Radius" then the orbits will be just within the island. If the island is smaller, then the orbits will be in a square of the "Minimum Orbital Radius" around the center of the island. This is so that the hot extruder does not stay too close to small islands.
===Name of Alteration Files===
Cool looks for alteration files in the alterations folder in the .skeinforge folder in the home directory. Cool does not care if the text file names are capitalized, but some file systems do not handle file name cases properly, so to be on the safe side you should give them lower case names. If it doesn't find the file it then looks in the alterations folder in the skeinforge_plugins folder. The cool start and end text idea is from:
http://makerhahn.blogspot.com/2008/10/yay-minimug.html
====Name of Cool End File====
Default is cool_end.gcode.
If there is a file with the name of the "Name of Cool End File" setting, it will be added to the end of the orbits.
====Name of Cool Start File====
Default is cool_start.gcode.
If there is a file with the name of the "Name of Cool Start File" setting, it will be added to the start of the orbits.
===Orbital Outset===
Default is 2 millimeters.
When the orbit cool type is selected, the orbits will be outset around the largest island by 'Orbital Outset' millimeters. If 'Orbital Outset' is negative, the orbits will be inset instead.
===Turn Fan On at Beginning===
Default is on.
When selected, cool will turn the fan on at the beginning of the fabrication by adding the M106 command.
===Turn Fan Off at Ending===
Default is on.
When selected, cool will turn the fan off at the ending of the fabrication by adding the M107 command.
==Examples==
The following examples cool the file Screw Holder Bottom.stl. The examples are run in a terminal in the folder which contains Screw Holder Bottom.stl and cool.py.
> python cool.py
This brings up the cool dialog.
> python cool.py Screw Holder Bottom.stl
The cool tool is parsing the file:
Screw Holder Bottom.stl
..
The cool tool has created the file:
.. Screw Holder Bottom_cool.gcode
"""
from __future__ import absolute_import
#Init has to be imported first because it has code to workaround the python bug where relative imports don't work if the module is imported as a main module.
import __init__
from fabmetheus_utilities.fabmetheus_tools import fabmetheus_interpret
from fabmetheus_utilities import archive
from fabmetheus_utilities import euclidean
from fabmetheus_utilities import gcodec
from fabmetheus_utilities import intercircle
from fabmetheus_utilities import settings
from skeinforge_application.skeinforge_utilities import skeinforge_craft
from skeinforge_application.skeinforge_utilities import skeinforge_polyfile
from skeinforge_application.skeinforge_utilities import skeinforge_profile
import os
import sys
__author__ = 'Enrique Perez ([email protected])'
__date__ = '$Date: 2008/21/04 $'
__license__ = 'GNU Affero General Public License http://www.gnu.org/licenses/agpl.html'
def getCraftedText(fileName, text, repository=None):
'Cool a gcode linear move text.'
return getCraftedTextFromText(archive.getTextIfEmpty(fileName, text), repository)
def getCraftedTextFromText(gcodeText, repository=None):
'Cool a gcode linear move text.'
if gcodec.isProcedureDoneOrFileIsEmpty(gcodeText, 'cool'):
return gcodeText
if repository == None:
repository = settings.getReadRepository(CoolRepository())
if not repository.activateCool.value:
return gcodeText
return CoolSkein().getCraftedGcode(gcodeText, repository)
def getNewRepository():
'Get new repository.'
return CoolRepository()
def writeOutput(fileName, shouldAnalyze=True):
'Cool a gcode linear move file. Chain cool the gcode if it is not already cooled.'
skeinforge_craft.writeChainTextWithNounMessage(fileName, 'cool', shouldAnalyze)
class CoolRepository:
'A class to handle the cool settings.'
def __init__(self):
'Set the default settings, execute title & settings fileName.'
skeinforge_profile.addListsToCraftTypeRepository('skeinforge_application.skeinforge_plugins.craft_plugins.cool.html', self )
self.fileNameInput = settings.FileNameInput().getFromFileName(
fabmetheus_interpret.getGNUTranslatorGcodeFileTypeTuples(), 'Open File for Cool', self, '')
self.openWikiManualHelpPage = settings.HelpPage().getOpenFromAbsolute(
'http://fabmetheus.crsndoo.com/wiki/index.php/Skeinforge_Cool')
self.activateCool = settings.BooleanSetting().getFromValue('Activate Cool', self, True)
self.bridgeCool = settings.FloatSpin().getFromValue(0.0, 'Bridge Cool (Celcius):', self, 10.0, 1.0)
self.coolType = settings.MenuButtonDisplay().getFromName('Cool Type:', self)
self.orbit = settings.MenuRadio().getFromMenuButtonDisplay(self.coolType, 'Orbit', self, False)
self.slowDown = settings.MenuRadio().getFromMenuButtonDisplay(self.coolType, 'Slow Down', self, True)
self.maximumCool = settings.FloatSpin().getFromValue(0.0, 'Maximum Cool (Celcius):', self, 10.0, 2.0)
self.minimumLayerTime = settings.FloatSpin().getFromValue(0.0, 'Minimum Layer Time (seconds):', self, 120.0, 10.0)
self.minimumOrbitalRadius = settings.FloatSpin().getFromValue(
0.0, 'Minimum Orbital Radius (millimeters):', self, 20.0, 10.0)
settings.LabelSeparator().getFromRepository(self)
settings.LabelDisplay().getFromName('- Name of Alteration Files -', self )
self.nameOfCoolEndFile = settings.StringSetting().getFromValue('Name of Cool End File:', self, 'cool_end.gcode')
self.nameOfCoolStartFile = settings.StringSetting().getFromValue('Name of Cool Start File:', self, 'cool_start.gcode')
settings.LabelSeparator().getFromRepository(self)
self.orbitalOutset = settings.FloatSpin().getFromValue(1.0, 'Orbital Outset (millimeters):', self, 5.0, 2.0)
self.turnFanOnAtBeginning = settings.BooleanSetting().getFromValue('Turn Fan On at Beginning', self, True)
self.turnFanOffAtEnding = settings.BooleanSetting().getFromValue('Turn Fan Off at Ending', self, True)
self.executeTitle = 'Cool'
def execute(self):
'Cool button has been clicked.'
fileNames = skeinforge_polyfile.getFileOrDirectoryTypesUnmodifiedGcode(
self.fileNameInput.value, fabmetheus_interpret.getImportPluginFileNames(), self.fileNameInput.wasCancelled)
for fileName in fileNames:
writeOutput(fileName)
class CoolSkein:
'A class to cool a skein of extrusions.'
def __init__(self):
self.boundaryLayer = None
self.coolTemperature = None
self.distanceFeedRate = gcodec.DistanceFeedRate()
self.feedRateMinute = 960.0
self.highestZ = 1.0
self.isBridgeLayer = False
self.isExtruderActive = False
self.layerCount = settings.LayerCount()
self.lineIndex = 0
self.lines = None
self.multiplier = 1.0
self.oldFlowRate = None
self.oldFlowRateString = None
self.oldLocation = None
self.oldTemperature = None
def addCoolOrbits(self, remainingOrbitTime):
'Add the minimum radius cool orbits.'
if len(self.boundaryLayer.loops) < 1:
return
insetBoundaryLoops = self.boundaryLayer.loops
if abs(self.repository.orbitalOutset.value) > 0.1 * abs(self.edgeWidth):
insetBoundaryLoops = intercircle.getInsetLoopsFromLoops(self.boundaryLayer.loops, -self.repository.orbitalOutset.value)
if len(insetBoundaryLoops) < 1:
insetBoundaryLoops = self.boundaryLayer.loops
largestLoop = euclidean.getLargestLoop(insetBoundaryLoops)
loopArea = euclidean.getAreaLoopAbsolute(largestLoop)
if loopArea < self.minimumArea:
center = 0.5 * (euclidean.getMaximumByComplexPath(largestLoop) + euclidean.getMinimumByComplexPath(largestLoop))
centerXBounded = max(center.real, self.boundingRectangle.cornerMinimum.real)
centerXBounded = min(centerXBounded, self.boundingRectangle.cornerMaximum.real)
centerYBounded = max(center.imag, self.boundingRectangle.cornerMinimum.imag)
centerYBounded = min(centerYBounded, self.boundingRectangle.cornerMaximum.imag)
center = complex(centerXBounded, centerYBounded)
maximumCorner = center + self.halfCorner
minimumCorner = center - self.halfCorner
largestLoop = euclidean.getSquareLoopWiddershins(minimumCorner, maximumCorner)
pointComplex = euclidean.getXYComplexFromVector3(self.oldLocation)
if pointComplex != None:
largestLoop = euclidean.getLoopStartingClosest(self.edgeWidth, pointComplex, largestLoop)
intercircle.addOrbitsIfLarge(
self.distanceFeedRate, largestLoop, self.orbitalFeedRatePerSecond, remainingOrbitTime, self.highestZ)
def addCoolTemperature(self, remainingOrbitTime):
'Parse a gcode line and add it to the cool skein.'
layerCool = self.repository.maximumCool.value * remainingOrbitTime / self.repository.minimumLayerTime.value
if self.isBridgeLayer:
layerCool = max(self.repository.bridgeCool.value, layerCool)
if self.oldTemperature != None and layerCool != 0.0:
self.coolTemperature = self.oldTemperature - layerCool
self.addTemperature(self.coolTemperature)
def addFlowRate(self, flowRate):
'Add a multipled line of flow rate if different.'
self.distanceFeedRate.addLine('M108 S' + euclidean.getFourSignificantFigures(flowRate))
def addGcodeFromFeedRateMovementZ(self, feedRateMinute, point, z):
'Add a movement to the output.'
self.distanceFeedRate.addLine(self.distanceFeedRate.getLinearGcodeMovementWithFeedRate(feedRateMinute, point, z))
def addOrbitsIfNecessary(self, remainingOrbitTime):
'Parse a gcode line and add it to the cool skein.'
if remainingOrbitTime > 0.0 and self.boundaryLayer != None:
self.addCoolOrbits(remainingOrbitTime)
def addTemperature(self, temperature):
'Add a line of temperature.'
self.distanceFeedRate.addLine('M104 S' + euclidean.getRoundedToThreePlaces(temperature))
def getCoolMove(self, line, location, splitLine):
'Get cool line according to time spent on layer.'
self.feedRateMinute = gcodec.getFeedRateMinute(self.feedRateMinute, splitLine)
return self.distanceFeedRate.getLineWithFeedRate(self.multiplier * self.feedRateMinute, line, splitLine)
def getCraftedGcode(self, gcodeText, repository):
'Parse gcode text and store the cool gcode.'
self.repository = repository
self.coolEndLines = settings.getAlterationFileLines(repository.nameOfCoolEndFile.value)
self.coolStartLines = settings.getAlterationFileLines(repository.nameOfCoolStartFile.value)
self.halfCorner = complex(repository.minimumOrbitalRadius.value, repository.minimumOrbitalRadius.value)
self.lines = archive.getTextLines(gcodeText)
self.minimumArea = 4.0 * repository.minimumOrbitalRadius.value * repository.minimumOrbitalRadius.value
self.parseInitialization()
self.boundingRectangle = gcodec.BoundingRectangle().getFromGcodeLines(self.lines[self.lineIndex :], 0.5 * self.edgeWidth)
margin = 0.2 * self.edgeWidth
halfCornerMargin = self.halfCorner + complex(margin, margin)
self.boundingRectangle.cornerMaximum -= halfCornerMargin
self.boundingRectangle.cornerMinimum += halfCornerMargin
for self.lineIndex in xrange(self.lineIndex, len(self.lines)):
line = self.lines[self.lineIndex]
self.parseLine(line)
if repository.turnFanOffAtEnding.value:
self.distanceFeedRate.addLine('M107')
return gcodec.getGcodeWithoutDuplication('M108', self.distanceFeedRate.output.getvalue())
def getLayerTime(self):
'Get the time the extruder spends on the layer.'
feedRateMinute = self.feedRateMinute
layerTime = 0.0
lastThreadLocation = self.oldLocation
for lineIndex in xrange(self.lineIndex, len(self.lines)):
line = self.lines[lineIndex]
splitLine = gcodec.getSplitLineBeforeBracketSemicolon(line)
firstWord = gcodec.getFirstWord(splitLine)
if firstWord == 'G1':
location = gcodec.getLocationFromSplitLine(lastThreadLocation, splitLine)
feedRateMinute = gcodec.getFeedRateMinute(feedRateMinute, splitLine)
if lastThreadLocation != None:
feedRateSecond = feedRateMinute / 60.0
layerTime += location.distance(lastThreadLocation) / feedRateSecond
lastThreadLocation = location
elif firstWord == '(<bridgeRotation>':
self.isBridgeLayer = True
elif firstWord == '(</layer>)':
return layerTime
return layerTime
def getLayerTimeActive(self):
'Get the time the extruder spends on the layer while active.'
feedRateMinute = self.feedRateMinute
isExtruderActive = self.isExtruderActive
layerTime = 0.0
lastThreadLocation = self.oldLocation
for lineIndex in xrange(self.lineIndex, len(self.lines)):
line = self.lines[lineIndex]
splitLine = gcodec.getSplitLineBeforeBracketSemicolon(line)
firstWord = gcodec.getFirstWord(splitLine)
if firstWord == 'G1':
location = gcodec.getLocationFromSplitLine(lastThreadLocation, splitLine)
feedRateMinute = gcodec.getFeedRateMinute(feedRateMinute, splitLine)
if lastThreadLocation != None and isExtruderActive:
feedRateSecond = feedRateMinute / 60.0
layerTime += location.distance(lastThreadLocation) / feedRateSecond
lastThreadLocation = location
elif firstWord == 'M101':
isExtruderActive = True
elif firstWord == 'M103':
isExtruderActive = False
elif firstWord == '(<bridgeRotation>':
self.isBridgeLayer = True
elif firstWord == '(</layer>)':
return layerTime
return layerTime
def parseInitialization(self):
'Parse gcode initialization and store the parameters.'
for self.lineIndex in xrange(len(self.lines)):
line = self.lines[self.lineIndex]
splitLine = gcodec.getSplitLineBeforeBracketSemicolon(line)
firstWord = gcodec.getFirstWord(splitLine)
self.distanceFeedRate.parseSplitLine(firstWord, splitLine)
if firstWord == 'M108':
self.oldFlowRate = float(splitLine[1][1 :])
elif firstWord == '(<edgeWidth>':
self.edgeWidth = float(splitLine[1])
if self.repository.turnFanOnAtBeginning.value:
self.distanceFeedRate.addLine('M106')
elif firstWord == '(</extruderInitialization>)':
self.distanceFeedRate.addTagBracketedProcedure('cool')
return
elif firstWord == '(<operatingFlowRate>':
self.oldFlowRate = float(splitLine[1])
elif firstWord == '(<orbitalFeedRatePerSecond>':
self.orbitalFeedRatePerSecond = float(splitLine[1])
self.distanceFeedRate.addLine(line)
def parseLine(self, line):
'Parse a gcode line and add it to the cool skein.'
splitLine = gcodec.getSplitLineBeforeBracketSemicolon(line)
if len(splitLine) < 1:
return
firstWord = splitLine[0]
if firstWord == 'G1':
location = gcodec.getLocationFromSplitLine(self.oldLocation, splitLine)
self.highestZ = max(location.z, self.highestZ)
if self.isExtruderActive:
line = self.getCoolMove(line, location, splitLine)
self.oldLocation = location
elif firstWord == 'M101':
self.isExtruderActive = True
elif firstWord == 'M103':
self.isExtruderActive = False
elif firstWord == 'M104':
self.oldTemperature = gcodec.getDoubleAfterFirstLetter(splitLine[1])
elif firstWord == 'M108':
self.oldFlowRate = float(splitLine[1][1 :])
self.addFlowRate(self.multiplier * self.oldFlowRate)
return
elif firstWord == '(<boundaryPoint>':
self.boundaryLoop.append(gcodec.getLocationFromSplitLine(None, splitLine).dropAxis())
elif firstWord == '(<layer>':
self.layerCount.printProgressIncrement('cool')
self.distanceFeedRate.addLine(line)
self.distanceFeedRate.addLinesSetAbsoluteDistanceMode(self.coolStartLines)
layerTime = self.getLayerTime()
remainingOrbitTime = max(self.repository.minimumLayerTime.value - layerTime, 0.0)
self.addCoolTemperature(remainingOrbitTime)
if self.repository.orbit.value:
self.addOrbitsIfNecessary(remainingOrbitTime)
else:
self.setMultiplier(remainingOrbitTime)
if self.oldFlowRate != None:
self.addFlowRate(self.multiplier * self.oldFlowRate)
z = float(splitLine[1])
self.boundaryLayer = euclidean.LoopLayer(z)
self.highestZ = max(z, self.highestZ)
self.distanceFeedRate.addLinesSetAbsoluteDistanceMode(self.coolEndLines)
return
elif firstWord == '(</layer>)':
self.isBridgeLayer = False
self.multiplier = 1.0
if self.coolTemperature != None:
self.addTemperature(self.oldTemperature)
self.coolTemperature = None
if self.oldFlowRate != None:
self.addFlowRate(self.oldFlowRate)
elif firstWord == '(<nestedRing>)':
self.boundaryLoop = []
self.boundaryLayer.loops.append(self.boundaryLoop)
self.distanceFeedRate.addLine(line)
def setMultiplier(self, remainingOrbitTime):
'Set the feed and flow rate multiplier.'
layerTimeActive = self.getLayerTimeActive()
self.multiplier = min(1.0, layerTimeActive / (remainingOrbitTime + layerTimeActive))
def main():
'Display the cool dialog.'
if len(sys.argv) > 1:
writeOutput(' '.join(sys.argv[1 :]))
else:
settings.startMainLoopFromConstructor(getNewRepository())
if __name__ == '__main__':
main()
| [
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8ab6f785b6f34c9e36b99994af2bb9339cfbb8db | 9b64f0f04707a3a18968fd8f8a3ace718cd597bc | /huaweicloud-sdk-iam/huaweicloudsdkiam/v3/model/show_user_mfa_device_request.py | e917b2945cce19343061600282e1586bd29f038b | [
"Apache-2.0"
] | permissive | jaminGH/huaweicloud-sdk-python-v3 | eeecb3fb0f3396a475995df36d17095038615fba | 83ee0e4543c6b74eb0898079c3d8dd1c52c3e16b | refs/heads/master | 2023-06-18T11:49:13.958677 | 2021-07-16T07:57:47 | 2021-07-16T07:57:47 | null | 0 | 0 | null | null | null | null | UTF-8 | Python | false | false | 2,931 | py | # coding: utf-8
import re
import six
class ShowUserMfaDeviceRequest:
"""
Attributes:
openapi_types (dict): The key is attribute name
and the value is attribute type.
attribute_map (dict): The key is attribute name
and the value is json key in definition.
"""
sensitive_list = []
openapi_types = {
'user_id': 'str'
}
attribute_map = {
'user_id': 'user_id'
}
def __init__(self, user_id=None):
"""ShowUserMfaDeviceRequest - a model defined in huaweicloud sdk"""
self._user_id = None
self.discriminator = None
self.user_id = user_id
@property
def user_id(self):
"""Gets the user_id of this ShowUserMfaDeviceRequest.
待查询的IAM用户ID，获取方式请参见：[获取用户ID](https://support.huaweicloud.com/api-iam/iam_17_0002.html)。
:return: The user_id of this ShowUserMfaDeviceRequest.
:rtype: str
"""
return self._user_id
@user_id.setter
def user_id(self, user_id):
"""Sets the user_id of this ShowUserMfaDeviceRequest.
待查询的IAM用户ID，获取方式请参见：[获取用户ID](https://support.huaweicloud.com/api-iam/iam_17_0002.html)。
:param user_id: The user_id of this ShowUserMfaDeviceRequest.
:type: str
"""
self._user_id = user_id
def to_dict(self):
"""Returns the model properties as a dict"""
result = {}
for attr, _ in six.iteritems(self.openapi_types):
value = getattr(self, attr)
if isinstance(value, list):
result[attr] = list(map(
lambda x: x.to_dict() if hasattr(x, "to_dict") else x,
value
))
elif hasattr(value, "to_dict"):
result[attr] = value.to_dict()
elif isinstance(value, dict):
result[attr] = dict(map(
lambda item: (item[0], item[1].to_dict())
if hasattr(item[1], "to_dict") else item,
value.items()
))
else:
if attr in self.sensitive_list:
result[attr] = "****"
else:
result[attr] = value
return result
def to_str(self):
import simplejson as json
return json.dumps(self.to_dict())
def __repr__(self):
"""For `print` and `pprint`"""
return self.to_str()
def __eq__(self, other):
"""Returns true if both objects are equal"""
if not isinstance(other, ShowUserMfaDeviceRequest):
return False
return self.__dict__ == other.__dict__
def __ne__(self, other):
"""Returns true if both objects are not equal"""
return not self == other
| [
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] | |
d5476304cb3aab788f50565a72061d73b9a6a5ed | 5aaa7bdc5085987f925748e6b9afc694a3e9b908 | /y63p.py | f9fbeee2e07e974b15c4185a22fd4c85e17a50fb | [] | no_license | swarnanjali/pythonproject | e086af8e2b03f8dae9e155f958c99c4ebb722445 | 10932592b601c7b27ce7eebeeb59e3876ac8fafb | refs/heads/master | 2020-06-22T10:31:43.354583 | 2019-07-10T14:47:26 | 2019-07-10T14:47:26 | null | 0 | 0 | null | null | null | null | UTF-8 | Python | false | false | 129 | py | t=input()
s=''
n=[]
for i in t:
if i not in n:
s+=i
n.append(i)
elif i in n:
break
print(len(n))
| [
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] | |
cd4860ec2a8cda26dffcb523f58de782eb9b010c | 53181572c4b22df4b569a9901bcd5347a3459499 | /ceit_191116/py200111/output_2_format.py | 67686883b4583dec92ce8b20bb65683a5a040e91 | [] | no_license | edu-athensoft/ceit4101python_student | 80ef067b77421fce76d04f778d5c6de8b12f676c | 33cfa438c062d45e8d246b853e93d3c14b92ff2d | refs/heads/master | 2020-07-30T01:04:21.084384 | 2020-07-27T02:21:57 | 2020-07-27T02:21:57 | 210,027,310 | 0 | 0 | null | null | null | null | UTF-8 | Python | false | false | 349 | py | """
output formatting
string format()
positional arguments
"""
name1 = 'Obama'
name2 = 'Helen'
name3 = 'Marie'
name4 = "Cindy"
greeting1 = "morning!"
greeting2 = "afternoon!"
greeting3 = "evening!"
print("Good {1}, {0}! Long time no see".format(name3, greeting3))
print("Good {2}, {0} and {1} ! Long time no see".format(name3, name4, greeting3)) | [
"[email protected]"
] | |
c17f393578dbf4d70079ed8f1bf7e03fa2ae8362 | 326e1a4dde10d287b8978ee6c7d1946934c1c0c1 | /main/helper/constants.py | b6d72fef11557b099c01a5e5e402d89a8405d198 | [] | no_license | volgoweb/tt | ee7a7021bf541f8dc544095c458c8a54c0956d58 | 7d2bc6b1a6ca3218f13f45ba3ccfda6482b3233c | HEAD | 2016-08-06T00:57:27.681694 | 2015-03-05T07:59:31 | 2015-03-05T07:59:31 | 24,623,981 | 1 | 0 | null | null | null | null | UTF-8 | Python | false | false | 139 | py | # -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
constants = {
# ответ при неудаче аякс запроса
'BAD_AJAX_RESPONSE' : 'ERROR',
}
| [
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] | |
730f11cd40ad83877318044f913b110a4afb45f1 | 5a75325ffdc14ca1eb08fa32225ba2b5b1347010 | /compose/django/cull_backups.py | a05a182ed41edc94c1e0e8a196199c79d301f5c9 | [
"MIT"
] | permissive | teamhero/hawc | cdc3f058aeef104c9305af67a54579f7f6362111 | 528f4ec605e8f406e0d147ba240a6a604f80a713 | refs/heads/master | 2021-05-23T06:09:01.679227 | 2019-03-11T14:30:39 | 2019-03-11T14:30:39 | 94,796,508 | 0 | 2 | NOASSERTION | 2020-04-03T23:47:21 | 2017-06-19T16:14:52 | Python | UTF-8 | Python | false | false | 792 | py | #!/usr/bin/env python3
import os
from datetime import date, datetime
today = date.today()
print('Checking db backups for removal: {}'.format(today))
root = '/data/backups'
for fn in os.listdir(root):
if '.sql.gz' not in fn:
continue
d1 = datetime.strptime(fn, 'hawc-%Y-%m-%dT%H_%M.sql.gz').date()
days = (today - d1).days
if days <= 14:
# keep all <= 14 days
keep = True
elif days <= 90:
# keep one weekly for 3 months (or first of month)
keep = (d1.day == 1 or d1.weekday() == 0)
else:
# keep only the first of the month
keep = (d1.day == 1)
if not keep:
fn = os.path.join(root, fn)
print('Removing %s' % fn)
os.system('rm {}'.format(fn))
print('db backup removal complete')
| [
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] | |
1359004d9f80c9154062c624edc743d5280a1316 | ecd27923efba50703a7bfbfa2ba37a8cc78560ea | /automatic_scraper/config/bid/liriqing/liaoning_huludao_ggzy_config.py | 6d9fe5faedd7b9732ff28010a2a073fb58b59ae8 | [] | no_license | yougecn/work | fb691b072a736731083777e489712dee199e6c75 | 1b58525e5ee8a3bdecca87fdee35a80e93d89856 | refs/heads/master | 2022-03-03T19:14:17.234929 | 2018-04-17T12:29:19 | 2018-04-17T12:29:19 | null | 0 | 0 | null | null | null | null | UTF-8 | Python | false | false | 3,379 | py | # coding: utf-8
import time
import logging
import re
logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
author = "liriqing"
web_title = u"葫芦岛市公共资源交易"
data_source = 'http://www.hldggzyjyzx.com.cn'
start_urls = [
#招标公告
"http://www.hldggzyjyzx.com.cn/Front/jyxx/071001/071001001/",
"http://www.hldggzyjyzx.com.cn/Front/jyxx/071002/071002001/",
"http://www.hldggzyjyzx.com.cn/Front/jyxx/071002/071002002/",
#更正公告
"http://www.hldggzyjyzx.com.cn/Front/jyxx/071002/071002003/",
#中标候选人
"http://www.hldggzyjyzx.com.cn/Front/jyxx/071001/071001002/",
#中标
"http://www.hldggzyjyzx.com.cn/Front/jyxx/071001/071001003/",
"http://www.hldggzyjyzx.com.cn/Front/jyxx/071002/071002004/"
]
db_config = {
'host': '127.0.0.1',
'port': 3306,
'user': 'root',
'password': 'asd123',
'database': 'bid_data',
'table': 'zhaotoubiao'
}
# 列表页模板
index_pattern = {
"_list": {'pattern': "//tr[@height='15']", 'type': 'xpath', 'target': 'html', 'custom_func_name': ''},
"_next_page": {'pattern': "//td[text()='下页 >' and @onclick]", 'type': 'xpath', 'target': 'html', 'custom_func_name': ''},
"title": {'pattern': "//a", 'type': 'xpath', 'target': 'text', 'custom_func_name': ''},
}
# 详情页模板
detail_pattern = {
"sc": {'pattern': "//table[@bgcolor='#ffffff']", 'type': 'xpath', 'target': 'html', 'custom_func_name': ''},
"_issue_time": {'pattern': "//font[@class='webfont']", 'type': 'xpath', 'target': 'text', 'custom_func_name': ''},
# "pub_date_fmt": "%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S",
}
def init(item):
"""初始化时执行"""
logger.info(u'init item: %s', item)
item['_web_title'] = item['web_title']
del item['web_title']
item['region']=u'辽宁-葫芦岛市'
item['_delay_between_pages'] = 3
def process_list_item(list_element, item):
"""处理列表页元素
:param list_element: _list模板解析出的html元素
:param item:
获取列表页后，根据_list模板获取每一个详情html代码后执行
有些内容可在列表页获取，可自定义在此处理，如：
item['pub_date'] = pq(list_element).find('span').text()
"""
#item['issue_time'] = int(time.mktime(time.strptime(item['issue_time'], "%Y-%m-%d")))
if '071001001' in item['_current_start_url'] or '071002001' in item['_current_start_url'] or '071002002' in item['_current_start_url']:
item['bid_type']=1
elif '071001002' in item['_current_start_url']:
item['bid_type']=4
elif '071002003' in item['_current_start_url']:
item['bid_type'] = 2
elif '071001003' in item['_current_start_url'] or '071002004' in item['_current_start_url']:
item['bid_type'] = 0
# 停止翻页
# if item['_current_page'] == 10:
# item['_click_next'] = False
def process_detail_item(item):
"""处理详情页
:param item:
获取详情页信息，存入item后执行
可在此处理程序无法处理的情况
如详情页无法解析发布时间，需要使用正则表达式从content中提取等
"""
time_data=re.search(r'(\d+)/(\d+)/(\d+)',item['_issue_time'].strip(),re.S).group()
item['issue_time'] = int(time.mktime(time.strptime(time_data, "%Y/%m/%d")))
if len(item['sc']) > 0:
item['is_get'] = 1
else:
item['is_get'] = 0
| [
"[email protected]"
] | |
dfa29b530d8cfec3c71ef5b903b2669318bf08a0 | 8f7615603d4d923fd2cda41a2105b85b596ab4c5 | /leetcode/easy/605-Can_place_flowers.py | 0768c8acf6ccd14529365904c51987083054bec6 | [
"MIT"
] | permissive | shubhamoli/solutions | e7ec922047c16cfdc10070aa5b884a278b12d8c5 | 5a24fdeb6e5f43b821ef0510fe3b343ddda18f22 | refs/heads/master | 2021-01-05T04:13:35.302613 | 2020-06-27T18:28:18 | 2020-06-27T18:28:18 | 240,875,585 | 1 | 0 | null | null | null | null | UTF-8 | Python | false | false | 820 | py | """
Leetcode #605
"""
from typing import List
class Solution:
def canPlaceFlowers(self, flowerbed: List[int], n: int) -> bool:
if not flowerbed:
return False
# the idea here is check for 0 and if left and right of 0 are also 0
# then plant
N = len(flowerbed)
i = 0
count = 0
while i < N:
if (flowerbed[i] == 0 and (i == 0 or flowerbed[i-1] == 0) and (i == N - 1 or flowerbed[i+1] == 0)):
flowerbed[i] = 1
count += 1
if count >= n:
return True
i += 1
return False
if __name__ == "__main__":
solution = Solution()
assert solution.canPlaceFlowers([1,0,0,0,1], 1) == True
assert solution.canPlaceFlowers([1,0,0,0,1], 2) == False
| [
"[email protected]"
] | |
2844cf4b13b35cbfb70349ea571ed31560c361e4 | c9ddbdb5678ba6e1c5c7e64adf2802ca16df778c | /cases/synthetic/stdlib-big-881.py | 32893ae51d75e73a580c1f5cc1e4256b561b48b9 | [] | no_license | Virtlink/ccbench-chocopy | c3f7f6af6349aff6503196f727ef89f210a1eac8 | c7efae43bf32696ee2b2ee781bdfe4f7730dec3f | refs/heads/main | 2023-04-07T15:07:12.464038 | 2022-02-03T15:42:39 | 2022-02-03T15:42:39 | 451,969,776 | 0 | 0 | null | null | null | null | UTF-8 | Python | false | false | 9,003 | py | # ChocoPy library functions
def int_to_str(x: int) -> str:
digits:[str] = None
result:str = ""
# Set-up digit mapping
digits = ["0", "1", "2", "3", "4", "5", "6", "7", "8", "9"]
# Write sign if necessary
if x < 0:
result = "-"
x = -x
# Write digits using a recursive call
if x >= 10:
result = result + int_to_str(x // 10)
result = result + digits[x % 10]
return result
def int_to_str2(x: int, x2: int) -> str:
digits:[str] = None
digits2:[str] = None
result:str = ""
result2:str = ""
# Set-up digit mapping
digits = ["0", "1", "2", "3", "4", "5", "6", "7", "8", "9"]
# Write sign if necessary
if x < 0:
result = "-"
x = -x
# Write digits using a recursive call
if x >= 10:
result = result + int_to_str(x // 10)
result = result + digits[x % 10]
return result
def int_to_str3(x: int, x2: int, x3: int) -> str:
digits:[str] = None
digits2:[str] = None
digits3:[str] = None
result:str = ""
result2:str = ""
result3:str = ""
# Set-up digit mapping
digits = ["0", "1", "2", "3", "4", "5", "6", "7", "8", "9"]
# Write sign if necessary
if x < 0:
result = "-"
x = -x
# Write digits using a recursive call
if x >= 10:
result = result + int_to_str(x // 10)
result = result + digits[x % 10]
return result
def int_to_str4(x: int, x2: int, x3: int, x4: int) -> str:
digits:[str] = None
digits2:[str] = None
digits3:[str] = None
digits4:[str] = None
result:str = ""
result2:str = ""
result3:str = ""
result4:str = ""
# Set-up digit mapping
digits = ["0", "1", "2", "3", "4", "5", "6", "7", "8", "9"]
# Write sign if necessary
if x < 0:
result = "-"
x = -x
# Write digits using a recursive call
if x >= 10:
result = result + int_to_str(x // 10)
result = result + digits[x % 10]
return result
def int_to_str5(x: int, x2: int, x3: int, x4: int, x5: int) -> str:
digits:[str] = None
digits2:[str] = None
digits3:[str] = None
digits4:[str] = None
digits5:[str] = None
result:str = ""
result2:str = ""
result3:str = ""
result4:str = ""
result5:str = ""
# Set-up digit mapping
digits = ["0", "1", "2", "3", "4", $STRING, "6", "7", "8", "9"]
# Write sign if necessary
if x < 0:
result = "-"
x = -x
# Write digits using a recursive call
if x >= 10:
result = result + int_to_str(x // 10)
result = result + digits[x % 10]
return result
def str_to_int(x: str) -> int:
result:int = 0
digit:int = 0
char:str = ""
sign:int = 1
first_char:bool = True
# Parse digits
for char in x:
if char == "-":
if not first_char:
return 0 # Error
sign = -1
elif char == "0":
digit = 0
elif char == "1":
digit = 1
elif char == "2":
digit = 2
elif char == "3":
digit = 3
elif char == "3":
digit = 3
elif char == "4":
digit = 4
elif char == "5":
digit = 5
elif char == "6":
digit = 6
elif char == "7":
digit = 7
elif char == "8":
digit = 8
elif char == "9":
digit = 9
else:
return 0 # On error
first_char = False
result = result * 10 + digit
# Compute result
return result * sign
def str_to_int2(x: str, x2: str) -> int:
result:int = 0
result2:int = 0
digit:int = 0
digit2:int = 0
char:str = ""
char2:str = ""
sign:int = 1
sign2:int = 1
first_char:bool = True
first_char2:bool = True
# Parse digits
for char in x:
if char == "-":
if not first_char:
return 0 # Error
sign = -1
elif char == "0":
digit = 0
elif char == "1":
digit = 1
elif char == "2":
digit = 2
elif char == "3":
digit = 3
elif char == "3":
digit = 3
elif char == "4":
digit = 4
elif char == "5":
digit = 5
elif char == "6":
digit = 6
elif char == "7":
digit = 7
elif char == "8":
digit = 8
elif char == "9":
digit = 9
else:
return 0 # On error
first_char = False
result = result * 10 + digit
# Compute result
return result * sign
def str_to_int3(x: str, x2: str, x3: str) -> int:
result:int = 0
result2:int = 0
result3:int = 0
digit:int = 0
digit2:int = 0
digit3:int = 0
char:str = ""
char2:str = ""
char3:str = ""
sign:int = 1
sign2:int = 1
sign3:int = 1
first_char:bool = True
first_char2:bool = True
first_char3:bool = True
# Parse digits
for char in x:
if char == "-":
if not first_char:
return 0 # Error
sign = -1
elif char == "0":
digit = 0
elif char == "1":
digit = 1
elif char == "2":
digit = 2
elif char == "3":
digit = 3
elif char == "3":
digit = 3
elif char == "4":
digit = 4
elif char == "5":
digit = 5
elif char == "6":
digit = 6
elif char == "7":
digit = 7
elif char == "8":
digit = 8
elif char == "9":
digit = 9
else:
return 0 # On error
first_char = False
result = result * 10 + digit
# Compute result
return result * sign
def str_to_int4(x: str, x2: str, x3: str, x4: str) -> int:
result:int = 0
result2:int = 0
result3:int = 0
result4:int = 0
digit:int = 0
digit2:int = 0
digit3:int = 0
digit4:int = 0
char:str = ""
char2:str = ""
char3:str = ""
char4:str = ""
sign:int = 1
sign2:int = 1
sign3:int = 1
sign4:int = 1
first_char:bool = True
first_char2:bool = True
first_char3:bool = True
first_char4:bool = True
# Parse digits
for char in x:
if char == "-":
if not first_char:
return 0 # Error
sign = -1
elif char == "0":
digit = 0
elif char == "1":
digit = 1
elif char == "2":
digit = 2
elif char == "3":
digit = 3
elif char == "3":
digit = 3
elif char == "4":
digit = 4
elif char == "5":
digit = 5
elif char == "6":
digit = 6
elif char == "7":
digit = 7
elif char == "8":
digit = 8
elif char == "9":
digit = 9
else:
return 0 # On error
first_char = False
result = result * 10 + digit
# Compute result
return result * sign
def str_to_int5(x: str, x2: str, x3: str, x4: str, x5: str) -> int:
result:int = 0
result2:int = 0
result3:int = 0
result4:int = 0
result5:int = 0
digit:int = 0
digit2:int = 0
digit3:int = 0
digit4:int = 0
digit5:int = 0
char:str = ""
char2:str = ""
char3:str = ""
char4:str = ""
char5:str = ""
sign:int = 1
sign2:int = 1
sign3:int = 1
sign4:int = 1
sign5:int = 1
first_char:bool = True
first_char2:bool = True
first_char3:bool = True
first_char4:bool = True
first_char5:bool = True
# Parse digits
for char in x:
if char == "-":
if not first_char:
return 0 # Error
sign = -1
elif char == "0":
digit = 0
elif char == "1":
digit = 1
elif char == "2":
digit = 2
elif char == "3":
digit = 3
elif char == "3":
digit = 3
elif char == "4":
digit = 4
elif char == "5":
digit = 5
elif char == "6":
digit = 6
elif char == "7":
digit = 7
elif char == "8":
digit = 8
elif char == "9":
digit = 9
else:
return 0 # On error
first_char = False
result = result * 10 + digit
# Compute result
return result * sign
# Input parameters
c:int = 42
c2:int = 42
c3:int = 42
c4:int = 42
c5:int = 42
n:int = 10
n2:int = 10
n3:int = 10
n4:int = 10
n5:int = 10
# Run [-nc, nc] with step size c
s:str = ""
s2:str = ""
s3:str = ""
s4:str = ""
s5:str = ""
i:int = 0
i2:int = 0
i3:int = 0
i4:int = 0
i5:int = 0
i = -n * c
# Crunch
while i <= n * c:
s = int_to_str(i)
print(s)
i = str_to_int(s) + c
| [
"[email protected]"
] | |
fce93dd6490570c79d10bd6acd01a91479394c8c | 7ae20e08e736e6df546cb5a80df2baf067686b52 | /tasks/sprint-5/Финал B - Remove Node/my_solution.py | 4cbe757f866c016c572fa865b916b06f74304bf0 | [] | no_license | Grey2k/yandex.praktikum-alghoritms | faf466374c932733cc1c5049a2df719d8fd33ac7 | 97b1b4858265b44266a33b834e1e9a1349739048 | refs/heads/master | 2023-08-28T02:46:16.502298 | 2021-09-28T19:08:35 | 2021-09-28T19:08:35 | 334,646,281 | 10 | 1 | null | null | null | null | UTF-8 | Python | false | false | 2,728 | py | # from node import Node
def remove(root, key):
if root is None:
return root
node_to_remove, parent_of_node_to_remove = find_node(root, None, key)
# If noting to remove returns original root
if node_to_remove is None:
return root
# Removing found node
return remove_node(root, parent_of_node_to_remove, node_to_remove)
def remove_node(root, node_parent, node):
left = node.left
right = node.right
# 0 Case - Node is root without children
if node is root and left is None and right is None:
root = None
return root
# 1 Case - Node is root and has children
if node is root:
if left is None:
root = right
return root
else:
max_node = find_max_and_remove(left)
root = max_node
# if maximum is not left part itself
if max_node is not left:
max_node.left = left
max_node.right = right
return root
# 2 Case - Node has no children
if left is None and right is None:
if node_parent.left is node:
node_parent.left = None
else:
node_parent.right = None
return root
# 2 Case - Node has children
if left is None:
if node_parent.left is node:
node_parent.left = right
else:
node_parent.right = right
else:
max_node = find_max_and_remove(left)
if node_parent.left is node:
node_parent.left = max_node
else:
node_parent.right = max_node
# if maximum is not left part itself
if max_node is not left:
max_node.left = left
max_node.right = right
return root
def find_max_and_remove(node):
parent = node
if parent.right is None:
return parent
while True:
if parent.right.right is None:
found = parent.right
parent.right = None
return found
parent = parent.right
def find_node(root, parent, key):
if root is None:
return None, None
if root.value == key:
return root, parent
if root.value < key:
return find_node(root.right, root, key)
if root.value > key:
return find_node(root.left, root, key)
# noinspection Assert
def test():
node1 = Node(None, None, 2)
node2 = Node(node1, None, 3)
node3 = Node(None, node2, 1)
node4 = Node(None, None, 6)
node5 = Node(node4, None, 8)
node6 = Node(node5, None, 10)
node7 = Node(node3, node6, 5)
new_head = remove(node7, 10)
assert new_head.value == 5
assert new_head.right is node5
assert new_head.right.value == 8
| [
"[email protected]"
] | |
9afc47d3742c9bd1433e0d1f78a7a3bc61f0e45d | 65b6e3dada91a0acb589d25358badb02c845b67f | /examples/ex_graph.py | dafeb6b4aa33fafca13629a3f11db2e1e0c8e08c | [
"BSD-3-Clause"
] | permissive | polestar37/src | 5b9bacb1e1e5118835d47c0f44fa5ad78fb0ad04 | 5dd54527356901b24b6ea3caff644a26aeb3c3c6 | refs/heads/master | 2021-01-15T22:39:44.730414 | 2017-06-22T23:06:15 | 2017-06-22T23:06:15 | null | 0 | 0 | null | null | null | null | UTF-8 | Python | false | false | 2,635 | py | # -----------------------------------------------------------------------
# This is an example illustrating how to use the user graphing functionality
# in Python
# (c) Hex-Rays
#
from idaapi import *
class GraphCloser(action_handler_t):
def __init__(self, graph):
action_handler_t.__init__(self)
self.graph = graph
def activate(self, ctx):
self.graph.Close()
def update(self, ctx):
return AST_ENABLE_ALWAYS
class ColorChanger(action_handler_t):
def __init__(self, graph):
action_handler_t.__init__(self)
self.graph = graph
def activate(self, ctx):
self.graph.color = self.graph.color ^ 0xffffff
self.graph.Refresh()
return 1
def update(self, ctx):
return AST_ENABLE_ALWAYS
class MyGraph(GraphViewer):
def __init__(self, funcname, result):
self.title = "call graph of " + funcname
GraphViewer.__init__(self, self.title)
self.funcname = funcname
self.result = result
self.color = 0xff00ff
def OnRefresh(self):
self.Clear()
id = self.AddNode((self.funcname, self.color))
for x in self.result.keys():
callee = self.AddNode((x, self.color))
self.AddEdge(id, callee)
return True
def OnGetText(self, node_id):
return self[node_id]
def Show(self):
if not GraphViewer.Show(self):
return False
# graph closer
actname = "graph_closer:%s" % self.title
register_action(action_desc_t(actname, "Close: %s" % self.title, GraphCloser(self)))
attach_action_to_popup(self.GetTCustomControl(), None, actname)
# color changer
actname = "color_changer:%s" % self.title
register_action(action_desc_t(actname, "Change colors: %s" % self.title, ColorChanger(self)))
attach_action_to_popup(self.GetTCustomControl(), None, actname)
return True
def show_graph():
f = idaapi.get_func(here())
if not f:
print "Must be in a function"
return
# Iterate through all function instructions and take only call instructions
result = {}
for x in [x for x in FuncItems(f.startEA) if idaapi.is_call_insn(x)]:
for xref in XrefsFrom(x, idaapi.XREF_FAR):
if not xref.iscode: continue
t = GetFunctionName(xref.to)
if not t:
t = hex(xref.to)
result[t] = True
g = MyGraph(GetFunctionName(f.startEA), result)
if g.Show():
return g
else:
return None
g = show_graph()
if g:
print "Graph created and displayed!"
| [
"Arnaud Diederen [email protected]"
] | Arnaud Diederen [email protected] |
5441634d49305645e4e9a6c7fbaffd964e776814 | ad2251276aec376b480a31373165cf5b63a109c0 | /input/litdata/bouwens2017.py | bbd597895d8fcf211e9ab49763d96822106933fe | [
"LicenseRef-scancode-warranty-disclaimer",
"MIT"
] | permissive | mirochaj/ares | 1b6bbe39c423762eb3051d65718394e8e839cd14 | f323300b56ae61fab56eda1e5179cfc991eaa74f | refs/heads/main | 2023-08-19T04:14:29.928747 | 2022-11-09T22:46:08 | 2022-11-09T22:46:08 | 249,536,610 | 16 | 13 | MIT | 2023-08-28T23:00:00 | 2020-03-23T20:25:55 | Python | UTF-8 | Python | false | false | 1,534 | py | """
Bouwens et al., 2017, ApJ, 843, 129
Table 4 and volume estimate from text.
"""
info = \
{
'reference': 'Bouwens et al., 2017, ApJ, 843, 129',
'data': 'Table 5',
'label': 'Bouwens+ (2017)'
}
import numpy as np
redshifts = [6.]
wavelength = 1600. # I think?
ULIM = -1e10
tmp_data = {}
tmp_data['lf'] = \
{
6.0: {'M': list(np.arange(-20.75, -12.25, 0.5)),
'phi': [0.0002, 0.0009, 0.0007, 0.0018, 0.0036,
0.0060, 0.0071, 0.0111, 0.0170, 0.0142,
0.0415, 0.0599, 0.0817, 0.1052, 0.1275,
0.1464, 0.1584],
'err': [(0.0002, 0.0002), (0.0004, 0.0004),
(0.0004, 0.0004), (0.0006, 0.0006),
(0.0009, 0.0009), (0.0012, 0.0012),
(0.0066, 0.0014), (0.0101, 0.0022),
(0.0165, 0.0039), (0.0171, 0.0054),
(0.0354, 0.0069), (0.0757, 0.0106),
(0.1902, 0.0210), (0.5414, 0.0434),
(1.6479, 0.0747), (5.4369, 0.1077),
(19.8047, 0.1343)],
},
}
units = {'lf': 1.}
data = {}
data['lf'] = {}
for key in tmp_data['lf']:
#mask = np.array(tmp_data['lf'][key]['err']) == ULIM
N = len(tmp_data['lf'][key]['M'])
mask = np.array([tmp_data['lf'][key]['err'][i] == ULIM for i in range(N)])
data['lf'][key] = {}
data['lf'][key]['M'] = np.ma.array(tmp_data['lf'][key]['M'], mask=mask)
data['lf'][key]['phi'] = np.ma.array(tmp_data['lf'][key]['phi'], mask=mask)
data['lf'][key]['err'] = tmp_data['lf'][key]['err']
| [
"[email protected]"
] | |
88f232fac4f287de895c8cbfeeff0607dcc04412 | bc54edd6c2aec23ccfe36011bae16eacc1598467 | /simscale_sdk/models/one_of_advanced_concepts_momentum_sources.py | e65a552e5e7b0f64ea0e3a14eb179f8092694ec8 | [
"MIT"
] | permissive | SimScaleGmbH/simscale-python-sdk | 4d9538d5efcadae718f12504fb2c7051bbe4b712 | 6fe410d676bf53df13c461cb0b3504278490a9bb | refs/heads/master | 2023-08-17T03:30:50.891887 | 2023-08-14T08:09:36 | 2023-08-14T08:09:36 | 331,949,105 | 17 | 5 | null | null | null | null | UTF-8 | Python | false | false | 9,735 | py | # coding: utf-8
"""
SimScale API
The version of the OpenAPI document: 0.0.0
Generated by: https://openapi-generator.tech
"""
import pprint
import re # noqa: F401
import six
from simscale_sdk.configuration import Configuration
class OneOfAdvancedConceptsMomentumSources(object):
"""NOTE: This class is auto generated by OpenAPI Generator.
Ref: https://openapi-generator.tech
Do not edit the class manually.
"""
"""
Attributes:
openapi_types (dict): The key is attribute name
and the value is attribute type.
attribute_map (dict): The key is attribute name
and the value is json key in definition.
"""
openapi_types = {
'type': 'str',
'name': 'str',
'average_velocity': 'DimensionalVectorSpeed',
'topological_reference': 'TopologicalReference',
'geometry_primitive_uuids': 'list[str]',
'fan_direction': 'DimensionalVectorDimensionless',
'fan_pressure': 'DimensionalFunctionPressure'
}
attribute_map = {
'type': 'type',
'name': 'name',
'average_velocity': 'averageVelocity',
'topological_reference': 'topologicalReference',
'geometry_primitive_uuids': 'geometryPrimitiveUuids',
'fan_direction': 'fanDirection',
'fan_pressure': 'fanPressure'
}
discriminator_value_class_map = {
'AVERAGE_VELOCITY': 'AverageVelocityMomentumSource',
'FAN_PRESSURE_DROP': 'FanPressureDropMomentumSource'
}
def __init__(self, type='FAN_PRESSURE_DROP', name=None, average_velocity=None, topological_reference=None, geometry_primitive_uuids=None, fan_direction=None, fan_pressure=None, local_vars_configuration=None): # noqa: E501
"""OneOfAdvancedConceptsMomentumSources - a model defined in OpenAPI""" # noqa: E501
if local_vars_configuration is None:
local_vars_configuration = Configuration()
self.local_vars_configuration = local_vars_configuration
self._type = None
self._name = None
self._average_velocity = None
self._topological_reference = None
self._geometry_primitive_uuids = None
self._fan_direction = None
self._fan_pressure = None
self.discriminator = 'type'
self.type = type
if name is not None:
self.name = name
if average_velocity is not None:
self.average_velocity = average_velocity
if topological_reference is not None:
self.topological_reference = topological_reference
if geometry_primitive_uuids is not None:
self.geometry_primitive_uuids = geometry_primitive_uuids
if fan_direction is not None:
self.fan_direction = fan_direction
if fan_pressure is not None:
self.fan_pressure = fan_pressure
@property
def type(self):
"""Gets the type of this OneOfAdvancedConceptsMomentumSources. # noqa: E501
Schema name: FanPressureDropMomentumSource # noqa: E501
:return: The type of this OneOfAdvancedConceptsMomentumSources. # noqa: E501
:rtype: str
"""
return self._type
@type.setter
def type(self, type):
"""Sets the type of this OneOfAdvancedConceptsMomentumSources.
Schema name: FanPressureDropMomentumSource # noqa: E501
:param type: The type of this OneOfAdvancedConceptsMomentumSources. # noqa: E501
:type: str
"""
if self.local_vars_configuration.client_side_validation and type is None: # noqa: E501
raise ValueError("Invalid value for `type`, must not be `None`") # noqa: E501
self._type = type
@property
def name(self):
"""Gets the name of this OneOfAdvancedConceptsMomentumSources. # noqa: E501
:return: The name of this OneOfAdvancedConceptsMomentumSources. # noqa: E501
:rtype: str
"""
return self._name
@name.setter
def name(self, name):
"""Sets the name of this OneOfAdvancedConceptsMomentumSources.
:param name: The name of this OneOfAdvancedConceptsMomentumSources. # noqa: E501
:type: str
"""
self._name = name
@property
def average_velocity(self):
"""Gets the average_velocity of this OneOfAdvancedConceptsMomentumSources. # noqa: E501
:return: The average_velocity of this OneOfAdvancedConceptsMomentumSources. # noqa: E501
:rtype: DimensionalVectorSpeed
"""
return self._average_velocity
@average_velocity.setter
def average_velocity(self, average_velocity):
"""Sets the average_velocity of this OneOfAdvancedConceptsMomentumSources.
:param average_velocity: The average_velocity of this OneOfAdvancedConceptsMomentumSources. # noqa: E501
:type: DimensionalVectorSpeed
"""
self._average_velocity = average_velocity
@property
def topological_reference(self):
"""Gets the topological_reference of this OneOfAdvancedConceptsMomentumSources. # noqa: E501
:return: The topological_reference of this OneOfAdvancedConceptsMomentumSources. # noqa: E501
:rtype: TopologicalReference
"""
return self._topological_reference
@topological_reference.setter
def topological_reference(self, topological_reference):
"""Sets the topological_reference of this OneOfAdvancedConceptsMomentumSources.
:param topological_reference: The topological_reference of this OneOfAdvancedConceptsMomentumSources. # noqa: E501
:type: TopologicalReference
"""
self._topological_reference = topological_reference
@property
def geometry_primitive_uuids(self):
"""Gets the geometry_primitive_uuids of this OneOfAdvancedConceptsMomentumSources. # noqa: E501
:return: The geometry_primitive_uuids of this OneOfAdvancedConceptsMomentumSources. # noqa: E501
:rtype: list[str]
"""
return self._geometry_primitive_uuids
@geometry_primitive_uuids.setter
def geometry_primitive_uuids(self, geometry_primitive_uuids):
"""Sets the geometry_primitive_uuids of this OneOfAdvancedConceptsMomentumSources.
:param geometry_primitive_uuids: The geometry_primitive_uuids of this OneOfAdvancedConceptsMomentumSources. # noqa: E501
:type: list[str]
"""
self._geometry_primitive_uuids = geometry_primitive_uuids
@property
def fan_direction(self):
"""Gets the fan_direction of this OneOfAdvancedConceptsMomentumSources. # noqa: E501
:return: The fan_direction of this OneOfAdvancedConceptsMomentumSources. # noqa: E501
:rtype: DimensionalVectorDimensionless
"""
return self._fan_direction
@fan_direction.setter
def fan_direction(self, fan_direction):
"""Sets the fan_direction of this OneOfAdvancedConceptsMomentumSources.
:param fan_direction: The fan_direction of this OneOfAdvancedConceptsMomentumSources. # noqa: E501
:type: DimensionalVectorDimensionless
"""
self._fan_direction = fan_direction
@property
def fan_pressure(self):
"""Gets the fan_pressure of this OneOfAdvancedConceptsMomentumSources. # noqa: E501
:return: The fan_pressure of this OneOfAdvancedConceptsMomentumSources. # noqa: E501
:rtype: DimensionalFunctionPressure
"""
return self._fan_pressure
@fan_pressure.setter
def fan_pressure(self, fan_pressure):
"""Sets the fan_pressure of this OneOfAdvancedConceptsMomentumSources.
:param fan_pressure: The fan_pressure of this OneOfAdvancedConceptsMomentumSources. # noqa: E501
:type: DimensionalFunctionPressure
"""
self._fan_pressure = fan_pressure
def get_real_child_model(self, data):
"""Returns the real base class specified by the discriminator"""
discriminator_key = self.attribute_map[self.discriminator]
discriminator_value = data[discriminator_key]
return self.discriminator_value_class_map.get(discriminator_value)
def to_dict(self):
"""Returns the model properties as a dict"""
result = {}
for attr, _ in six.iteritems(self.openapi_types):
value = getattr(self, attr)
if isinstance(value, list):
result[attr] = list(map(
lambda x: x.to_dict() if hasattr(x, "to_dict") else x,
value
))
elif hasattr(value, "to_dict"):
result[attr] = value.to_dict()
elif isinstance(value, dict):
result[attr] = dict(map(
lambda item: (item[0], item[1].to_dict())
if hasattr(item[1], "to_dict") else item,
value.items()
))
else:
result[attr] = value
return result
def to_str(self):
"""Returns the string representation of the model"""
return pprint.pformat(self.to_dict())
def __repr__(self):
"""For `print` and `pprint`"""
return self.to_str()
def __eq__(self, other):
"""Returns true if both objects are equal"""
if not isinstance(other, OneOfAdvancedConceptsMomentumSources):
return False
return self.to_dict() == other.to_dict()
def __ne__(self, other):
"""Returns true if both objects are not equal"""
if not isinstance(other, OneOfAdvancedConceptsMomentumSources):
return True
return self.to_dict() != other.to_dict()
| [
"simscale"
] | simscale |
e3b7c0253fc3545cc8614c084a9fd36fb3322e26 | e2a8c529c7e92108c11f01cbef168b5b9137521a | /ChromeGo/XX-Net/code/default/launcher/post_update.py | d05d8c507d1b2ec9887e5be04d71ed6fe7e89b0b | [
"BSD-2-Clause"
] | permissive | glxdegit/fanqiang | c28a514988eaaf6485c682bc346aa276e8b0c0b3 | 85691ef7a5ec99fbd81f8bdb09db7b60379e3c38 | refs/heads/master | 2022-07-07T06:41:24.681743 | 2020-05-16T02:25:22 | 2020-05-16T02:25:22 | 264,363,999 | 3 | 2 | null | 2020-05-16T05:11:06 | 2020-05-16T05:11:06 | null | UTF-8 | Python | false | false | 2,603 | py | import os
import sys
import re
import stat
import shutil
current_path = os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(__file__))
root_path = os.path.abspath(os.path.join(current_path, os.pardir))
top_path = os.path.abspath(os.path.join(root_path, os.pardir, os.pardir))
from xlog import getLogger
xlog = getLogger("launcher")
import config
def check():
import update_from_github
current_version = update_from_github.current_version()
last_run_version = config.get(["modules", "launcher", "last_run_version"], "0.0.0")
if last_run_version == "0.0.0":
postUpdateStat = "isNew"
elif last_run_version != current_version:
postUpdateStat = "isPostUpdate"
run(last_run_version)
else:
return
config.set(["update", "postUpdateStat"], postUpdateStat)
config.set(["modules", "launcher", "last_run_version"], current_version)
config.save()
def older_or_equal(version, reference_version):
try:
p = re.compile(r'([0-9]+)\.([0-9]+)\.([0-9]+)')
m1 = p.match(version)
m2 = p.match(reference_version)
v1 = map(int, map(m1.group, [1, 2, 3]))
v2 = map(int, map(m2.group, [1, 2, 3]))
return v1 <= v2
except:
xlog.warn("older_or_equal fail: %s, %s" % (version, reference_version)) # e.g. "get_version_fail" when post_update.run(last_run_version), "last_run_version" in \data\launcher\config.yaml
return False # is not older
def run(last_run_version):
if config.get(["modules", "launcher", "auto_start"], 0):
import autorun
autorun.enable()
if os.path.isdir(os.path.join(top_path, 'launcher')):
shutil.rmtree(os.path.join(top_path, 'launcher')) # launcher is for auto-update from 2.X
if older_or_equal(last_run_version, '3.0.4'):
xlog.info("migrating to 3.x.x")
for filename in os.listdir(top_path):
filepath = os.path.join(top_path, filename)
if os.path.isfile(filepath):
if sys.platform != 'win32' and filename == 'start':
st = os.stat(filepath)
os.chmod(filepath, st.st_mode | stat.S_IEXEC)
if filename in ['start.sh', 'start.command', 'start.lnk', 'LICENSE.txt', 'download.md', 'version.txt', 'xxnet', 'xxnet.bat', 'xxnet.vbs']:
os.remove(filepath)
else:
if filename in ['goagent', 'python27', 'gae_proxy', 'php_proxy', 'x_tunnel', 'python3', 'Python3', 'lib', 'SwitchySharp']:
shutil.rmtree(filepath)
| [
"[email protected]"
] | |
45aab77aeb697bf1ad193b75e81fb1b11904a171 | 2995ab9f4d8e4292763f215709bd3da266c812d4 | /proyecto_ibis/ibis/users/migrations/0003_auto_20210611_1201.py | 696f1309a1b6218a8098ff72531e3d4b7f7bf16a | [] | no_license | mrinxx/Ibis | a45c84184c03c5983cfb67ba303235162f22abfb | 4435fad66bf8082eb9a3b41b0b2d415607cd207a | refs/heads/main | 2023-06-01T19:40:16.092648 | 2021-06-14T20:48:10 | 2021-06-14T20:48:10 | 376,138,283 | 0 | 0 | null | null | null | null | UTF-8 | Python | false | false | 634 | py | # Generated by Django 3.2.4 on 2021-06-11 12:01
from django.db import migrations
class Migration(migrations.Migration):
dependencies = [
('users', '0002_remove_guardian_image'),
]
operations = [
migrations.RemoveField(
model_name='alumn',
name='address',
),
migrations.RemoveField(
model_name='alumn',
name='city',
),
migrations.RemoveField(
model_name='alumn',
name='last_name',
),
migrations.RemoveField(
model_name='alumn',
name='name',
),
]
| [
"[email protected]"
] |
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