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And she called יהוה * יהוה The messenger who spoke is labeled with the principal's name, to underscore that the message was delivered on the principal's behalf. (A narrative convention in the Hebrew Bible.) who spoke to her, "You Are El-roi," * El-roi Apparently "God of Seeing." by which she meant, "Have I not gone on seeing after my being seen!" * Have I not gone on seeing after my being seen Meaning of Heb. uncertain.
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Therefore the well was called Beer-lahai-roi; * Beer-lahai-roi Apparently "the Well of the Living One who sees me." it is between Kadesh and Bered.—
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Hagar bore a son to Abram, and Abram gave the son that Hagar bore him the name Ishmael.
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Abram was eighty-six years old when Hagar bore Ishmael to Abram.
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When Abram was ninety-nine years old, יהוה appeared to Abram and said to him, "I am El Shaddai. * El Shaddai Traditionally rendered "God Almighty." Walk in My ways and be blameless.
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I will establish My covenant between Me and you, and I will make you exceedingly numerous."
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Abram threw himself on his face; and God spoke to him further,
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"As for Me, this is My covenant with you: You shall be the father of a multitude of nations.
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And you shall no longer be called Abram, but your name shall be Abraham, * Abraham Understood as "father of a multitude." for I make you the father of a multitude of nations.
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I will make you exceedingly fertile, and make nations of you; and kings shall come forth from you.
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I will maintain My covenant between Me and you, and your offspring to come, as an everlasting covenant throughout the ages, to be God to you and to your offspring to come.
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I assign the land you sojourn in to you and your offspring to come, all the land of Canaan, as an everlasting holding. I will be their God."
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God further said to Abraham, "As for you, you and your offspring to come throughout the ages shall keep My covenant.
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Such shall be the covenant between Me and you and your offspring to follow which you shall keep: every male among you shall be circumcised.
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You shall circumcise the flesh of your foreskin, and that shall be the sign of the covenant between Me and you.
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And throughout the generations, every male among you shall be circumcised at the age of eight days. As for the homeborn slave and the one bought from an outsider who is not of your offspring,
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they must be circumcised, homeborn and purchased alike. Thus shall My covenant be marked in your flesh as an everlasting pact.
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And if any male who is uncircumcised fails to circumcise the flesh of his foreskin, that person shall be cut off from kin; he has broken My covenant."
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And God said to Abraham, "As for your wife Sarai, you shall not call her Sarai, but her name shall be Sarah. * Sarah I.e., "princess."
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I will bless her; indeed, I will give you a son by her. I will bless her so that she shall give rise to nations; rulers of peoples shall issue from her."
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Abraham threw himself on his face and laughed, as he said to himself, "Can a child be born to a man a hundred years old, or can Sarah bear a child at ninety?"
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And Abraham said to God, "O that Ishmael might live by Your favor!"
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God said, "Nevertheless, Sarah your wife shall bear you a son, and you shall name him Isaac; * Isaac Heb. Yishaq , from sahaq , "laugh." and I will maintain My covenant with him as an everlasting covenant for his offspring to come.
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As for Ishmael, I have heeded you. * I have heeded you Heb. shema‘tikha , play on "Ishmael." I hereby bless him. I will make him fertile and exceedingly numerous. He shall be the father of twelve chieftains, and I will make of him a great nation.
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But My covenant I will maintain with Isaac, whom Sarah shall bear to you at this season next year."
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Done speaking with him, God was gone from Abraham.
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Then Abraham took his son Ishmael, and all his homeborn slaves and all those he had bought, every male in Abraham's household, and he circumcised the flesh of their foreskins on that very day, as God had spoken to him.
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Abraham was ninety-nine years old when he circumcised the flesh of his foreskin,
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and his son Ishmael was thirteen years old when he was circumcised in the flesh of his foreskin.
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Thus Abraham and his son Ishmael were circumcised on that very day;
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and all [men of] his household, his homeborn slaves and those that had been bought from outsiders, were circumcised with him.
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יהוה appeared * appeared Or "initiated communication (with); made contact (with)"—without indicating a visual experience—as in 12.7; 17.1; 26.2, 24; 35.9–10; 48.3–4; and seven passages elsewhere in the Bible. to him by the terebinths of Mamre; he was sitting at the entrance of the tent as the day grew hot.
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Looking up, he saw three figures * figures Lit. "participants whose involvement defines the depicted situation." Or "agents [of the divine]," as the notice of the advent of divine communication in v. 1 (see previous note) implies an agency situation that casts these participants in their defining role as agents. Trad. "men." Cf. Rashbam, Ramban; see further the Dictionary under 'ish ; Agent. standing near him. Perceiving this, he ran from the entrance of the tent to greet them and, bowing to the ground,
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he said, "My lords! * My lords Or "My lord," referring either to the delegation's apparent leader or to God. If it please you, do not go on past your servant.
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Let a little water be brought; bathe your feet and recline under the tree.
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And let me fetch a morsel of bread that you may refresh yourselves; then go on—seeing that you have come your servant's way." They replied, "Do as you have said."
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Abraham hastened into the tent to Sarah, and said, "Quick, three seah s of choice flour! Knead and make cakes!"
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Then Abraham ran to the herd, took a calf, tender and choice, and gave it to a servant-boy, who hastened to prepare it.
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He took curds and milk and the calf that had been prepared and set these before them; and he waited on them under the tree as they ate.
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They said to him, "Where is your wife Sarah?" And he replied, "There, in the tent."
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Then one said, "I will return to you next year, * next year Heb. ka-‘et hayyah ; cf. Gen. 17.21; 2 Kings 4.16–17. and your wife Sarah shall have a son!" Sarah was listening at the entrance of the tent, which was behind him.
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Now Abraham and Sarah were old, advanced in years; Sarah had stopped having her periods. * her periods Heb. 'orah ka-nashim , lit. "the way of women"; NJPS "the periods of women." (Perhaps, in light of Akkadian 'arhu "month," the lit. meaning is actually "women's menses.")
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And Sarah laughed to herself, saying, "Now that I've lost the ability, * I've lost the ability Precise force of Heb. veloti uncertain. NJPS "I am withered," trad. "I am waxed old." am I to have enjoyment—with my husband so old?"
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Then יהוה * יהוה The agent who is speaking is labeled with the principal's name, to underscore that the following message is delivered on the principal's behalf. (A narrative convention throughout the Hebrew Bible; cf. Kimhi at 31.3.) said to Abraham, "Why did Sarah laugh, saying, ‘Shall I in truth bear a child, old as I am?'
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Is anything too wondrous for יהוה ? I will return to you at the same season next year, and Sarah shall have a son."
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Sarah lied, saying, "I did not laugh," for she was frightened. Came the reply, "You did laugh."
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The agents * agents Lit. "[other] participants whose involvement defines the depicted situation." See note at 18.2. set out from there and looked down toward Sodom, Abraham walking with them to see them off.
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Now יהוה had said, "Shall I hide from Abraham what I am about to do,
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since Abraham is to become a great and populous nation and all the nations of the earth are to bless themselves by him?
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For I have singled him out, that he may instruct his children and his posterity to keep the way of יהוה by doing what is just and right, in order that יהוה may bring about for Abraham what has been promised him."
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Then יהוה said, "The outrage of Sodom and Gomorrah is so great, and their sin so grave!
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I will go down to see whether they have acted altogether according to the outcry that has reached Me; if not, I will take note."
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The agents went on from there to Sodom, while Abraham remained standing before יהוה.
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Abraham came forward and said, "Will You sweep away the innocent along with the guilty?
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What if there should be fifty innocent within the city; will You then wipe out the place and not forgive it for the sake of the innocent fifty who are in it?
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Far be it from You to do such a thing, to bring death upon the innocent as well as the guilty, so that innocent and guilty fare alike. Far be it from You! Shall not the Judge of all the earth deal justly?"
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And יהוה answered, "If I find within the city of Sodom fifty innocent ones, I will forgive the whole place for their sake."
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Abraham spoke up, saying, "Here I venture to speak to my lord, I who am but dust and ashes:
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What if the fifty innocent should lack five? Will You destroy the whole city for want of the five?" "I will not destroy if I find forty-five there."
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But he spoke up again, and said, "What if forty should be found there?" "I will not do it, for the sake of the forty."
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And he said, "Let not my lord be angry if I go on: What if thirty should be found there?" "I will not do it if I find thirty there."
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And he said, "I venture again to speak to my lord: What if twenty should be found there?" "I will not destroy, for the sake of the twenty."
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And he said, "Let not my lord be angry if I speak but this last time: What if ten should be found there?" "I will not destroy, for the sake of the ten."
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Having finished speaking to Abraham, יהוה departed; and Abraham returned to his place.
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The two messengers arrived in Sodom in the evening, as Lot was sitting in the gate of Sodom. When Lot saw them, he rose to greet them and, bowing low with his face to the ground,
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he said, "Please, my lords, turn aside to your servant's house to spend the night, and bathe your feet; then you may be on your way early." But they said, "No, we will spend the night in the square."
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But he urged them strongly, so they turned his way and entered his house. He prepared a feast for them and baked unleavened bread, and they ate.
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They had not yet lain down, when the town council [and] the militia of Sodom * town council [and] the militia of Sodom Cf. Gen. 34.20, Josh. 7.4–5, and Judg. 20.2. Heb. we-'anshe ha-‘ir 'anshe sedom ; NJPS "the townspeople, the men of Sodom," trad. "the men of the city, the men of Sodom." —insignificant and influential alike, * insignificant and influential alike NJPS "young and old," trad. "both young and old"; Heb. mi-na‘ar we-‘ad zaqen . See the Dictionary under na‘ar and "elders." the whole assembly without exception—gathered about the house.
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And they shouted to Lot and said to him, "Where are the ones * ones Lit. "participants whose involvement defines the depicted situation." NJPS "men." See the Dictionary under 'ish . who came to you tonight? Bring them out to us, that we may be intimate with * be intimate with I.e., humiliate. them."
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So Lot went out to them to the entrance, shut the door behind him,
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and said, "I beg you, my friends, do not commit such a wrong.
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Look, I have two daughters * daughters I.e., of great value to Lot; cf. Judg. 11.35; 2 Sam. 12.3. who have not known a man. Let me bring them out to you, and you may do to them as you please; * do to them as you please I.e., I will entrust them to you as hostages if you will trust me meanwhile with the visitors. but do not do anything to the others, * the others NJPS "these men." Cf. note at v. 5. since they have come under the shelter of my roof."
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But they said, "Stand back! The fellow," they said, "came here as an alien, and already he acts the ruler! Now we will deal worse with you than with them." And they pressed hard against that householder * against that householder Heb. ba-'ish ; NJPS "against the person [of Lot]," trad. "upon the man." See the Dictionary under 'ish . —against Lot—and moved forward to break the door.
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But the agents * agents See notes at 18.2, 16; cf. 19.1. stretched out their hands and pulled Lot into the house with them, and shut the door.
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And the people * people So NJPS; lit. "[other] participants whose involvement defines the depicted situation." Trad. "men." See the Dictionary under 'ish . who were at the entrance of the house, low and high alike, * low and high alike Cf. note at v. 4. Heb. mi-katon we-‘ad gadol ; NJPS "young and old," trad. "both small and great." they struck with blinding light, so that they were helpless to find the entrance.
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Then the agents said to Lot, "Whom else have you here? Sons-in-law, your sons and daughters, or anyone else that you have in the city—bring them out of the place.
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For we are about to destroy this place; because the outcry against them before יהוה has become so great that יהוה has sent us to destroy it."
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So Lot went out and spoke to his sons-in-law, who had married his daughters, and said, "Up, get out of this place, for יהוה is about to destroy the city." But he seemed to his sons-in-law as one who jests.
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As dawn broke, the messengers urged Lot on, saying, "Up, take your wife and your two remaining daughters, lest you be swept away because of the iniquity of the city."
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Still he delayed. So the agents seized his hand, and the hands of his wife and his two daughters—in יהוה's mercy on him—and brought him out and left him outside the city.
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When they had brought them outside, one said, "Flee for your life! Do not look behind you, nor stop anywhere in the Plain; flee to the hills, lest you be swept away."
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But Lot said to them, "Oh no, my lord!
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You have been so gracious to your servant, and have already shown me so much kindness in order to save my life; but I cannot flee to the hills, lest the disaster overtake me and I die.
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Look, that town there is near enough to flee to; it is such a little place! Let me flee there—it is such a little place—and let my life be saved."
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He replied, "Very well, I will grant you this favor too, and I will not annihilate the town of which you have spoken.
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Hurry, flee there, for I cannot do anything until you arrive there." Hence the town came to be called Zoar. * Zoar Connected with mis‘ar "a little place," v. 20.
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As the sun rose upon the earth and Lot entered Zoar,
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יהוה rained upon Sodom and Gomorrah sulfurous fire from יהוה out of heaven—
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annihilating those cities and the entire Plain, and all the inhabitants of the cities and the vegetation of the ground.
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Lot's * Lot's Lit. "His." wife looked back, * back Lit. "behind him." and she thereupon turned into a pillar of salt.
{ "url": "https://www.sefaria.org/Genesis.19.26", "ref": "Genesis 19:26", "versionTitle": "The Contemporary Torah, Jewish Publication Society, 2006", "lang": "en", "docCategory": "Tanakh", "dataQuality": "professional", "pagerank": 45635.92440820145 }
Next morning, Abraham hurried to the place where he had stood before יהוה,
{ "url": "https://www.sefaria.org/Genesis.19.27", "ref": "Genesis 19:27", "versionTitle": "The Contemporary Torah, Jewish Publication Society, 2006", "lang": "en", "docCategory": "Tanakh", "dataQuality": "professional", "pagerank": 73723.03218691907 }
and, looking down toward Sodom and Gomorrah and all the land of the Plain, he saw the smoke of the land rising like the smoke of a kiln.
{ "url": "https://www.sefaria.org/Genesis.19.28", "ref": "Genesis 19:28", "versionTitle": "The Contemporary Torah, Jewish Publication Society, 2006", "lang": "en", "docCategory": "Tanakh", "dataQuality": "professional", "pagerank": 12924.062858295565 }
Thus it was that, when God destroyed the cities of the Plain and annihilated the cities where Lot dwelt, God was mindful of Abraham and removed Lot from the midst of the upheaval.
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Lot went up from Zoar and settled in the hill country with his two daughters, for he was afraid to dwell in Zoar; and he and his two daughters lived in a cave.
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And the older one said to the younger, "Our father is old, and there is not a man on earth to consort with us in the way of all the world.
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Come, let us make our father drink wine, and let us lie with him, that we may maintain life through our father."
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That night they made their father drink wine, and the older one went in and lay with her father; he did not know when she lay down or when she rose.
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The next day the older one said to the younger, "See, I lay with Father last night; let us make him drink wine tonight also, and you go and lie with him, that we may maintain life through our father."
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That night also they made their father drink wine, and the younger one went and lay with him; he did not know when she lay down or when she rose.
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Thus the two daughters of Lot became pregnant by their father.
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