Datasets:
text
large_stringlengths 2
26.8k
| model
large_stringclasses 9
values | temperature
float64 0
1
| target
int64 0
1
| top_p
float64 0
1
| family
large_stringclasses 5
values |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Youth Crime and Punishment Essay Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. Causes of youth crime 3. Types of crimes committed by youth 4. The law on youth criminals/punishment 5. Conclusion 6. Works Cited Introduction Crime can be described as a deviant behavior that violates the prevailing norms or cultural standards prescribing how humans ought to behave normally (Gary 4). Statistics state that the youth crime rate has increased over the years but the big question is how has that happened and why. The current generation youth has been exposed to so many immoral behaviors and they desire to ape what is happening around them. Parents, teachers, media and peer groups are largely to be blamed for these results because they are the ideal tool of control to the youth. In the United States and Canada, youth has resulted to commit crimes in defense of discriminatory acts. The “rod” what happened to it? Is it part of the blame? Drug related crimes, homicides committed by youth and even property crimes just to mention but a few are crimes that the youth commit. Punishment is seen as one way of tackling and minimizing the crime rates but has it been effective? If the law enforcers have voted it in and made sure it is in action the why is the crime rates among the youth taking its toll in the society (Gary 23). Causes of youth crime There are major risk factors that lead the youth to commit crime which include; Parental supervision and discipline which is characterized with harsh and erratic parental discipline, cold or rejecting parental attitudes has led to the children lacking inhibition against offending. Parental conflict and separation also contributes to the youth crimes. Having separated parents or a broken home does not create the high risk of offending rather the parental conflict which led to the separation. Social and Economic deprivation are important factors contributing to antisocial behavior and crime. Research states that the risk of becoming criminally involved is higher for young people raised in disorganized inner city areas, characterized by physical deterioration and overcrowded households (Donald 473). Types of crimes committed by youth Drug related offenses are prevalent; also property crime rates have been evident especially in the schools. Research states that1 in 10 youth crimes occurred on school property, assaults being the most prevalent offenses (27%).Homicides among teenagers have contributed negatively to the society especially among the victims (Gary 46). The law on youth criminals/punishment The question has been why has the crime rates been so much adverse yet the law on the youth crimes is being enforced? There has been an alarm over youth crimes but few efforts reduce the rate offer partial solutions to the problem. Many crime-control projects have been initiated but there is little appreciable effect. Some of the experts believe that locking up large numbers of the worst offenders would bring reduction but others question the applicability of such a move (Bureau of Justice Statistics 162). Therefore, we see that punishment on the youth crimes have not had any effect whatsoever. This implicates that the society continues to become rotten because the law has failed to do its part. Conclusion Based on the above we need to look for strategies which will be effective and control or even rehabilitate the offenders among the youth. First, the causes should be looked at in depth and thoroughly scrutinized. This is the most basic thing which should be done to come up with effective resolutions. The reason is that we are answering the question ‘why do the youth go out and commit offenses?’ what drives them to offend is what should be dealt with first. Issues of parental conflict, socio-economic issues, and harsh discipline from the parents should be addressed adequately. They should pass a law that makes it mandatory for parent to take parental class so as to bring up their children in a socially acceptable way. Secondly the law enforcers should look at what went wrong to the laws they are following and make quick amendments which will be fair and effective to both the youth and the society. Works Cited Bureau of Justice Statistics. Performance Measures for the Criminal Justice System: Discussion from the BJS-Princeton Project. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Justice, 1993. 152-179. Cressey, Donald R. “Crime: I. Causes of Crime.” vol. 3. New York: Macmillan and Free Press, 1968. 471–476. LaFree, Gary. Losing Legitimacy: Street Crime and the Decline of Social Institutions in America. Boulder, Colo.: West view, 1998. 3-52. | human | 0 | 0 | 0 | human |
It is through various literary techniques that Shelly’s belief — art and language outlast politics — shines through. As the poem creates the mysterious sculpture found in “an antique land” and subsequently destroys it, the reader experiences a sense of ironic loss that almost hedges into hopelessness. Shelly’s poem Ozymandias effectively communicates that political power is not everlasting and even the most feared of leaders cannot halt the passage of time through its use of irony, alliteration, and metaphor. Main body Shelly’s main literary device in Ozymandias is his use of irony to emphasize the decay of political power at the hands of time. Ironically, Ozymandias’ statue bears a “wrinkled lip” and “sneer of cold command”, features that indicate a powerful and foreboding king, but the statue itself is falling apart. Even the inscription declaring that people should “look on my works, ye mighty, and despair!” is ironic; the reign would no longer strike fear in anyone for it had crumbled many years ago. Shelly examines the statue, constructing an image of the king and his rule only to rip it apart in the latter half of the poem by pointing out that there was very little left of even the statue, just as there is nothing left of Ozymandias’ reign. This sense of irony, that a king who was so feared that his people suffered by “the hand that mocked them…” lost his kingdom and life to the sands of history, which eventually overtake all men, runs deeply in Shelly’s Ozymandias. Shelly uses alliteration frequently in Ozymandias to draw attention to certain images throughout the poem. The use of alliteration gives the poem a rhythm and flow in addition to illuminating the importance of certain lines. The letter ‘s’ in particular is repeated on three separate alliterative occasions. At the beginning of the poem, Shelly describes where the traveler found the statue, “…on the sand, [h]alf sunk, a shattered…”. This draws the reader’s attention to the hidden, already destroyed image of the statue; it is not proudly displayed anymore, it is buried and hidden and alone. The ‘s’ alliteration continues as Shelly describes the sneer and “cold command” that “…yet survive, stamped on…” the statue’s pedestal. This particular point is alliterated not once but twice because it is, simply, the entire point of the poem. Shelly uses “sneer”, “survive”, and “stamped” to reiterate the ‘s’ sound as well as “cold command” within the same sentence to emphasize that art lives on, the sculptor’s work survived, even though Ozymandias is long dead and his period of rule long since over. Finally, Shelly says that “the lone and level sands stretch far away” at the end of the poem, giving the illusion of never-ending space that stretches forever; history goes forever, no one can stop it. Through the use of alliteration, Shelly commands his reader’s attention to the central theme of his poem; no political power is strong enough to resist the decay of time. The decaying statue in Ozymandias is a metaphor for the decay of political power. Shelly effectively utilizes this metaphor throughout the poem to emphasize that political power is not ever-lasting. Art, however, is eternal and despite the march of time, the statue remains as evidence of what was and what has been lost. The broken statue itself is a metaphor of a ‘here today, gone tomorrow’ sentiment. Shelly describes the statue, the king, the rule, and even the people under Ozymandias, but in the latter half of the poem, the statue is nothing but a “colossal wreck”. “Nothing beside remains”, save for the inscription and the sneer on the statue’s ancient face. Ozymandias is lost and his kingdom gone. He is even further removed from the reader because Shelly uses the narrator as a person relaying a story he heard from yet someone else. Not only is the reign of the king over, not only is his statue a decaying mess, but he is not even directly known to the author; Ozymandias is so far removed from history, he may as well not even exist. But the statue heralded a much-feared, strong king from a bygone era, illustrating Shelly’s metaphor that encompasses the entire poem. The lost king Ozymandias could not hold onto his power, but the sculptor’s statue lasted throughout the ages. Conclusion The poem Ozymandias is an incredible illustration of how nothing can last forever; no man can hold onto absolute power for all time. Everyone who lives also dies, every era and every kingdom will eventually dissolve or morph into something different. Art, however, carries forward forever, even if it is a “colossal wreck” by the time it is rediscovered. Through Shelly’s use of irony, alliteration, and metaphor, the reader experiences a dramatic sense of haunting reality: everything ends and people are powerless to stop it. | human | 0 | 0 | 0 | human |
Capitalism and Its Role in Commodity Exchange and Value Essay (Book Review) The emergence of capitalism has contributed to the development of the community exchange system. Introducing money as a tool for measuring use-value of commodities has provided a revolution into the economic society. Money, therefore, has become a powerful instrument of assessing prices and value of goods and services. They represent both material side and ‘fetishism’ of goods and services. Therefore, commodity price often equals to material and spiritual needs of consumers. Apart from the presented network of commodity exchange, the complex capitalist system also introduces significant problems to the recognized system of use-value and its magnitude. Apparently, the problem of shifts and deviations is explained in ability of the capitalism system to estimate the commodity in accordance with labor engaged in creating the value of a product. All these problems are highlighted in studies by Marx about commodities, as well as in the deliberations of Longhofer. According to Langhofer (2012), “…economic lives are comprised of thousands of wages, purchases, gifts, saving, and investment, but they are also social lives comprised of complex human relationships” (p. 108). The complex nature of human interaction also leaves imprint on value formation of the products of these relationships. According to Marks, other than material side of value is more confined to mysterious processes because “the social character of men’s labour appears to them as an objective character stamped upon the product of that labour” (Marx, 2012, p. 133). Thus, commodity cannot be estimated on the basis of its material values because of the presence of human factor. Moreover, because commodities are result of labor of individuals working independently, the outcome can be regarded as a result of social relations. The analysis of Marx’s theories and assumptions provides a better understanding of how capitalism and commodity system can face financial and economic crisis. Specifically, the theorist attached much importance to the capability of capitalism to adapt to the changes and reinvent the values and principles of commodity exchange and labor distribution. Specifically, Langhofer (2012) emphasizes, “… that the spontaneous collision of social and economic events is actually not spontaneous, but is driven by underlying contradictions in how we create, manufacture, and manipulate the material necessities of life” (p. 109). Therefore, the mysterious nature of commodity is explained by changes in material concerns of consumers. It is important for capitalists to understand how a specific use-value can be obtained, as well as evaluate attitude of consumers towards specific products across time and space. Judging from the historically predetermined trends, future approaches to commodity exchange will rely on the human relations and social aspects of market (Langhofer, 2012). In addition, financial and economic recessions also depend largely on which value will be introduced to the commodity with regard to the character of social interactions. The concept of exchange, therefore, will adjust to the changes in outlooks on market relations. In conclusion, it should be stressed that the deliberations on commodities, exchange values, and economic crisis are closely interconnected. In case of financial recessions, the role of capitalist relations is confined to assessing deviations and shifts in exchange value. Human factor should also be taken into the deepest consideration while assessing the consequences of financial and economic pitfalls for the country because they provide grounds for further analysis of free market opportunities. Approaches to treating the importance of labor and its relation to the exchange value of a single commodity provide better understanding of capitalist system. References Longhofer, W. (2012). Networks of Capital: Dimensions of Global Capitalism. In W. Longhofer (Ed.) Social-Theory Re-Wired: New Connections to Classical and Contemporary Perspectives . US: Taylor & Francis. pp. 107-109. Marx, K. (2012). Capital. In W. Longhofer (Ed.) Social-Theory Re-Wired: New Connections to Classical and Contemporary Perspectives . US: Taylor & Francis. pp. 129-135. | human | 0 | 0 | 0 | human |
Externalities Effects on People and Environment Essay Positive and negative externalities Studies by Baldwin, Wyplosz, and Wyplosz show that positive and negative externalities have good and bad effects on the people and the environment (5). A positive externality is attractive to the consumer while a negative externality is detrimental to the consumer because a firm is not obliged to pay for the adverse effects of the negative externality on the environment. The mechanism that leads to a negative externality happens when a consumer pays less for an externality than the society, leading to serious market failures. Social and private marginal cost For instance, manufacturing activities increase air pollution, which negatively affects the environment and the health of the people, leading to an increase in health care costs and environmental cleanup costs (Chatzimouratidis and Pilavachi 35). The environmental effects include an increase in global temperatures due to the high concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. That is a good example of market failure because the social marginal cost ( SMC ) is lower than the private marginal cost (PMC) (Matthews and Lave 12). The sum of the imputed monetary value indicates the overall benefits of the society, which leads to product pricing mechanisms that do not reflect the true cost of externalities. The government can address such as situation by imposing taxes. A typical example is the externality cost of coal based on the complete life cycle of the production, use, and the effects of the emission of chemicals into the environment without including the market cost of the fuel (Sovacool 25). Consuming power generated from coal plants leads to negative consumption externality, which causes a reduction in the well-being of the society and the environment. The situation reveals itself as one that does not allow for equal distribution of the adverse health effects caused by the emissions of pollutants on children, the elderly, and those with respiratory problems, and the environment. Government activities What action has our government taken in order to provide this good or service in an equitable fashion? To bring about the socially optimal market quantity, the government introduced relevant policies through the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to facilitate the development of alternative sources of energy to remediate the negative externalities. The proposed solutions that have been implemented include diversification and development of alternative sources of renewable energy such as wind and solar power (Frank, Bernanke and Johnston 29). Government has imposed taxes rather than internalising an externality among the consumers, which is difficult to implement to create an equilibrium condition between the social marginal benefits and fuel costs. The tax acts as an input cost for internalising the externalities (McConnell, Brue and Flynn 30). Additional intervention measures include subsidies, regulations, use of better quality plants, and application of a corrective tax. What are the alternatives to government intervention? Establishing standards for compliance based on achievable targets, rate of return considerations, imposing emission fees and fuel taxes, setting aside considerations, establishing collaborative considerations, and integrating the allowance trade policy. What has been the end result of government intervention? The end results have been a significant decrease in the number of coal powered stations because of an increase in the government’s coordination activities with energy producing firms to establish better plans to minimise the effects of externalities on the people and the environment. Works Cited Baldwin, Richard E., Charles, Wyplosz, and Charles, Wyplosz. The economics of European integration . London: McGraw-Hill, 2006. Print. Chatzimouratidis, Athanasios I., and Petros A. Pilavachi. “Multicriteria evaluation of power plants impact on the living standard using the analytic hierarchy process.” Energy Policy 36.3 (2008): 1074-1089. Print. Frank, Robert H., Ben Bernanke, and Louis Dorrance Johnston. Principles of economics . New York: McGraw-Hill/Irwin, 2007.Print. Matthews, H. Scott, and Lester B. Lave. “Applications of environmental valuation for determining externality costs.” Environmental Science & Technology 34.8 (2000): 1390-1395.Print. McConnell, Campbell, Stanley Brue, Sean Flynn , Microeconomics: Principles, Problems, & Policies . London: McGraw-Hill, 2006.Print. Sovacool, Benjamin K. “Critically weighing the costs and benefits of a nuclear renaissance.” Journal of Integrative Environmental Sciences 7.2 (2010): 105- 123. Print. | human | 0 | 0 | 0 | human |
A Road Map for Managed Care Success Essay Managed care is an arrangement whereby health insurance plans work in conjunction with health care service givers and health care facilities to give services to enrolled members at a lower cost (Birenbaun, 1997). There is increasing use of managed care in today’s health care provision hence the need to ensure its success. According to Ayers and Benson (1995), ten practices would greatly improve the chances of success of managed care. These ten ways are further grouped into three; those practices which focus on strategic planning, those that focus on operations control, and those that focus on operations effectiveness. In strategic planning, some practices take care of the structure, capital assets, and management team of managed care businesses. Provider integration is also essential for the success of managed care. The health care provider needs to form horizontal alliances, with others giving similar care, and vertical alliances, which puts all medical services under a single organization (Ayers and Benson, 1995) The business of managed care has a huge capital requirement in terms of facilities, supplies, and even financial assets. Infrastructure management is, therefore, necessary to take care of these aspects of managed care business. A management team with true leadership and good negotiating abilities is needed in managed care to ensure the smooth running of operations. The lack of such a team would lead to the misappropriation of funds and hence poor performance of the managed care enterprises (Ayers and Benson, 1995). Operations control deals with practices that help control cost and maintain the quality of services. There are four practices used to ensure effective operations control. Protocols are necessary for each managed care provider since they act as product definitions for the particular provider. Risk assessment is also useful as it helps in setting the cost and preparing for the future of the enterprise (Ayers and Benson, 1995). Utilization measurement looks at information on services delivered. This information helps in cost control and optimization of health care services. Activity-based costing is another practice that provides for control of costs hence controlling profitability. This is necessary for the provider to control operations well. The compensation of members of a provider organization determines their behavior. Recognition and rewards also have an appositive impact on the behavior of members. These serve as incentives to both parties and lead to better performance (Ayers and Benson, 1995). Operations effectiveness comes in to ensure that there is a balance between cost, service provision, and outcomes of the patients. The need for ready access to information necessitates proper information management. Information technology has roles in aspects of administration, accounting, community networking, clinical interface, and data interchange. Reengineering in all areas of managed care leads to improvements in the process of managed care. It entails changes in service provision with a positive impact on time and cost. Quality assurance from the managed care providers is important as there is a need to keep high standards of service delivery to customers (Ayers and Benson, 1995). For the success of managed care, the ten practices proposed by Ayers and Benson (1995) need to be implemented. However, it is not easy to implement all of them. This leaves a desire for methods that are easier to implement. The practitioner’s best interests may not be well taken care of due to the big number of personnel needed and they may feel dissatisfied. References Ayers, J. and Benson, L. (1995). A road map for managed care success: administrative radiology, AR, 14, 8, 31 -7. Birenbaum, A. (1997). Managed care: Made in America . Westport, Conn: Praeger. | human | 0 | 0 | 0 | human |
The Influence of Water Quality on the Population of Salmonid Fish Proposal Introduction Freshwater fish of the salmon group have a high economic value, and therefore their artificial farming requires compliance with special conditions. However, unlike farmed species, wild salmon species living in the natural environment of freshwater ecosystems are at greater risk due to the lack of control. Consequently, any fluctuations in the external environment, whether temperature changes or water pollution, can have a destructive effect on the quality of life of such wild species. It is expected that populations of wild salmonid fish may decline rapidly due to water pollution instead of farmed species because the effects of water pollution are deleterious. Specifically, this could include radical changes in trophic chains, oxygen depletion, and localized temperature increases: these changes together have the potential to cause wild populations of freshwater salmon to decline at a faster rate. Testing this hypothesis is an essential piece of critical research that will provide applied knowledge that provides a better understanding of the ecological security of freshwater ecosystems. The findings are expected to be a valuable resource for environmental policy change. Including, if the study uncovers other patterns that were not originally anticipated, it will create a more extensive and fundamentally promising contribution to improving procedures for the ecological safety of salmonid fish. Materials and Methods Materials * Salmonid fish (2×50) * Water from the American River * Water from the American River mixed with sewage water * Fish food * Temperature sensor, light sensor, and water oxygenation sensor. The design of the experiment will be based on the use of two comparison groups, an experimental and a control group. Each sample is to be represented by fifty individuals caught at random from the waters of the American River. Initially, identical conditions will ensure that systematic error is minimized. It is proposed that the experimental sample of salmonids be placed in an artificial tank with water mixed with sewage waste, while the control group is placed in a tank of the same size and under the same physical conditions, with the difference being that the water filling it must be favorable to the fish, that is, from their usual habitat. Control variables would include feeding regimen, amount of light ingested, and water temperature, while the water quality in which the fish swim would differ. This quality is expected to influence the population dynamics of the samples. Results Preliminary studies offering a foundation for the current experiment have yielded several impressive results. First, water pollution is associated with the development of diseases in fish, including epidermal papilloma, fin rot, and hyperplasia (Austin, 1998). Second, changes in oxygen saturation in the freshwater ecosystem have resulted in radical changes in fish behavior (Reebs, 2009). This suggests that contaminated water will harm the salmon population size. Specifically, habitat contamination is expected to show the mortality of a more significant proportion of fish in the experimental group, even in the short term. In contrast, for the control group, no significant changes are expected to be seen because the natural conditions of the fish have been maintained. Discussion This study aimed to investigate the effects of polluted waters on the quality of life of salmonid fish. Specifically, population dynamics were used as the dependent variable. The experimental fish population was expected to decline due to the deleterious effects of polluted waters. This deleterious effect could be realized through a decrease in population size — which is one of the most expected outcomes — or through changes in fish behavior, which scientific papers have predicted. In either case, the effects of water pollution are predicted to be noticed. Potential sources of error in the study could be smaller vessels, which would inevitably change salmon behavior. In addition, the experimental groups may be different due to mutational mechanisms that were not evident in the selection. The results will prove extremely useful in terms of environmental safety. It will help environmentalists monitor natural habitats in more detail and model changes. In addition, the proposed study could easily be expanded: additional fish species could be used as such variations, and the more targeted effects of different contaminants on population welfare could be studied. Taking into account considerations of ecological safety and economic value of salmonid fish, the present study deserves to be carried out. References Austin, B. (1998). The effects of pollution on fish health. Journal of Applied Microbiology, 85 (S1), 234-242. Web. Reebs, S. G. (2009). Oxygen and fish behaviour [PDF document]. Web. | human | 0 | 0 | 0 | human |
Factors That Should Take Into Account When Designing a Tax System to Finance Public Expenditure Essay Tax can be termed as a levy or fee that is charged by a government on products and income of the people in that state. Tax is either direct or indirect tax. Direct tax is the levy on an individual’s or corporate’s income. Indirect tax on the other hand is charged on the prices of goods and services offered in the country. The government normally has a body that is bestowed with the responsibility of collecting taxes on its behalf (Web-book, n.d, p.1). The tax collected is principally used to finance the expenditure of the government, for instance, paying of government officials and provision of essential services to the residents of the country. Designing a tax system for a country is normally a very difficult decision for the law makers and tax agencies. The government is therefore compelled to lay down factors that will guide it in selecting the tax system to use (Web-book, n.d, p.1). This will be steered by factors such as transparency and simplicity of the system. If the tax system is detailed and complicated, it leaves room for legal evasion of tax which is a loss of revenue to the country. An example is the sales tax that was earlier on charged on transactions. This system had loopholes because tax was charged if the goods were sold but not charged if the goods were transferred to a branch of the company. If the government uses the value added tax system then all possible loopholes will be sealed leaving the government with more revenue. The tax system should also be easy to understand. This will help citizens to know and precisely understand what they are being taxed on. This will make remittance of tax easier and simpler as people will know what and how much they are supposed to pay in form of taxes. It should also be stable, in that it does not change or fluctuate yearly or periodically. If the tax system is stable it will not cause inconveniences in financing of public expenditure. A change in the tax system causes a decline or an improvement in the amount of revenue collected, thereby resulting in a surplus or deficit is revenue (Seto, 2009, p.1). The system should also be unavoidable, implying that all people comply in paying of the taxes. In the past, there have been instances of people avoiding or underpaying their taxes. The system should be free of inter-governmental leakages, implying that the state and the local tax system should share information. This will create transparency and accountability between the two. A good tax system should be efficient to ensure that all taxes are collected accordingly (Seto, 2009, p.1). The system should also not interfere with the private economic decisions. Adequacy should be observed for the government or state to be able to meet its targets on public expenditure. Last but not least, the tax system should also be fair on the mode of payment. This means that there should be considerations for the high income earners and low earners. A good tax system is the one that ensures that people with higher incomes pay more than their counterparts with less income (Seto, 2009, p.1). This is due to the fact that if low income earners are overtaxed they are left with little income hence having difficulties in living a decent life. As much as the state requires tax revenue to finance its public expenditure, it should ensure that the system has the right measures put in place. This being public money, it should be well spent and accounted for. Reference List Seto, T. (2009). Four Core Principles of Tax System Design: Introduced and Applied to the Taxation of Multinationals . Web-book. (n.d). Financing Government. Web. | human | 0 | 0 | 0 | human |
Youth Cultural Consumption and Its Impact on the Economy Essay Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. Main body 3. Conclusion 4. Reference List Introduction The youth has always been symbolically recognized as the future of society. The younger generation has been considered to be more developed and more promising than the older generation that tends to follow the traditions while the young people are always open for innovations. Nowadays the population of the developed countries tends to become younger; this means that the demographic sector of the youth becomes more and more influential. This is especially evident in the sphere of culture since it has become obvious that youth cultural consumption is of great importance for the modern economies of developed countries. Main body Culture is necessary to let the young become good citizens and harmonious individuals. However, “culture is not something already-made which we ‘consume’; culture is what we make in the varied practices of cultural consumption” (Vlasselaers, Baetens, & Lambert 2000, p 269). Nowadays culture is seen as commonly seen as “the product of ‘culture industry’”, which means that culture and economy are also greatly interrelated (Harris 2005, p 2007). Culture is the sphere that can bring great profit to the manufacturers and the youth is the target audience of a great number of businesses belonging to the “culture industry”. Adults form a category of people that have full-time work and spend the greater part of their time there having little leisure time while the main duty of the youth, mainly teenagers, is to study. Thus, young people have significantly more time to spend on their leisure activities. Culture and leisure are interrelated as leisure time is usually filled with some cultural activities. In this relation, the statement that “leisure has been acquiring increasing economic importance since its commercialization first became significant in the nineteenth century” seems important (Bull, Hoose, & Weed 2003, p 110). There are factors that influence cultural consumption in relation to the youth; they are historical and technological factors. The development of youth cultural consumption is influenced by historical events and circumstances: for instance, the time between the two World Wars was the time when the economy of the countries had to be restored and cultural consumption was not among the preferences of the population and manufacturers. Still, nowadays, in a relatively peaceful world, young people have an opportunity to get free access to education and careers and this enables them to take part in cultural activities and consume cultural products more effectively. There exist different types of cultural consumption, ranging from reading that is, probably, the most traditional one, to cinema-going, theater-going, listening to music, etc. Technological development and the interrelation of the development of youth culture consumption are evident. Young people are always interested in technological innovations and the rapid development of technology and its application to the sphere of culture, such as the invention of new information-carrying media, visual effects in the films, etc. make them more interested in culture and they become more active consumers of the culture industry. At the same time, youth cultural consumption impacts the economy of developed countries a lot. It is known that during the twentieth century “the service sector, of which leisure is a part, has replaced the manufacturing sector as the dominant mode within the economy” (Bull, Hoose, & Weed 2003, p 110). Hence the assumption that youth cultural consumption shapes the demand in the culture industry, which is of great importance for the economy of the country. For instance, the Internet has become an important cultural medium that is extremely popular with the youth and the use of the Internet for cultural purposes shapes the increased demand for computers, software, and associated goods, the sales of which contribute to the economy of the state. Besides, youth cultural consumption influences the export and import of the countries. For example, China is the county that is the most influential manufacturer of technical devices that are necessary for the culture industry, such as mp3-players, TV sets, etc. and the great demand for these devices impacts the economy of the state positively in terms of export of these products. Hollywood is the main manufacturer of films and the popularity of Hollywood films among the youth also contributes to the American economy too. Conclusion Drawing a conclusion, it is possible to state that the youth is an extremely influential layer of society in terms of its impact on the economy of the countries. Young people are active consumers of the culture industry and they shape the demand for cultural products that influence import and export, contributing to the economy of the countries that are active manufacturers of modern cultural production or associated goods. Reference List Bull, C, Hoose, J, & Weed, M 2003, An Introduction to Leisure Studies , Pretence Hall, London. Harris, D 2005, Key Concepts in Leisure Studies , SAGE, London. Vlasselaers, J, Baetens, J, & Lambert, J 2000, The Future of Cultural Studies: Essays in Honour of Joris Vlasselaers , Leuven University Press, Leuven. | human | 0 | 0 | 0 | human |
Nurse Staffing in the United States Coursework Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. Current Staffing Trends 3. Acuity 4. Staffing Frameworks 5. Effective Skill Mix 6. Non-Productive FTEs 7. References Introduction Currently, the workforce of the United States is severely understaffed for health workers, especially nurses. The nursing profession is one of the most challenging across the board. Today, nurses play a variety of roles: they not only conduct standard procedures but also take up the responsibilities of a counselor, health promoter, and patient advocate. Given the inadequate patient-to-nurse ratio, it is readily imaginable how overwhelmed nurses probably are. What could definitely help to improve the situation is effective staffing management. Ideally, it would help nurses avoid burnout, keep a healthy work-life balance, and stay alert and concentrated on the job. This, in turn, would account for more precision and accuracy in the workplace. This essay covers current staffing trends in nursing, staffing frameworks, and acuity as well as gives an explanation of an effective skill-mix and non-productive FTEs. Current Staffing Trends Challenges in nurse recruitment are at an all-time high: in 2019, there is still a vast number of job openings to be filled. Most hospitals depend on new graduate nurses to apply for these jobs. Sadly enough, as many as 57% of newly graduated health workers cannot keep up with the straining work pace and leave their facilities in their first two years on the job (Avant Health Professionals, 2019). This trend is fairly alarming, especially given that the retirement rates among nurses are also on the rise. In 2019, more nurses than ever choose to quit the field altogether, which leads to dangerously low staffing levels. When experienced nurses leave, they no longer can pass down their clinical expertise and institutional knowledge, therefore, depriving younger nurses of an opportunity to receive meaningful mentorship. Understaffing also accounts for unsafe conditions for both nurses and patients. The most understaffed units are medical-surgical, emergency room, and operating room. Currently, US hospitals are trying to balance out the situation by inviting international nurses from developing countries. Acuity One of the key roles of a nurse staffing manager is evaluating acuity and putting together a schedule accordingly. In the nursing field, acuity levels refer to the urgency of a situation regarding a patient (Thomas, 2015). Measuring acuity levels helps nurse managers set adequate staffing levels. Without an appropriate system in place, patients may be deprived of the amount of care that matches their most dire needs, which in turn, would lead to the aggravation of their conditions. Building a system that takes acuity levels in consideration is especially important at understaffed facilities. The general logic is usually that higher acuity patients, i.e. patients who are severely ill, need more intensive care. On the other hand, patients with more predictable health outcomes and who are doing better overall should receive less frequent care. A proper understanding of acuity and adequate response are vital to managing multiple patients in the clinical setting. Staffing Frameworks There are four key staffing frameworks in the nursing field based on the criterion of the availability of resources: 1. The least resourced model: a facility heavily relies on low-qualified personnel and agency staff; 2. The moderately resourced basic model: a facility mainly relies on auxiliary nurses; they do not work after hours as much as those within the first model; 3. The moderately resourced professional model: a facility employs fewer less-qualified personnel. For registered nurses, it means more workload as well as working overtime; 4. The most resourced model: a facility capitalizes on highly qualified personnel and leverages instability in nursing teams (Africa, 2017). Effective Skill Mix The nursing skill mix refers to the percentage of highly qualified specialists in a nursing team. Thus, a poorer mix stands for a small share of professionals while a richer mix means that a greater number of professional nurses are present on the team. Ideally, medical facilities should strive for enriching their teams, attracting, and retaining high caliber cadres. Having proper academic and professional background implies not only practical knowledge but also interdisciplinary, transferable skills such as critical thinking and therapeutic communication. A team with a large share of professional nurses promotes continuing education as the rest of the team feels the need to keep up with the part that is most qualified. Moreover, as recent studies have shown, having professionals on the team positively correlates with better patient outcomes, i.e. lower mortality rates as well as lower readmission rates (Thomas, 2015). It is argued that there are two strategies that a hospital may adopt to ensure enrichment. First, a hospital might consider attracting experienced nurses through external and internal advertisement. The other option is to try and grow cadres with the required skill set within the organization. Non-Productive FTEs One of the key concepts of nurse staffing management is the concept of productive and non-productive hours. Typically, non-productive time includes vacation and holidays, sick leave, staff development and meeting, orientation for newcomers, new equipment orientation, and more (Young, White, & Dorrington, 2018). It can also be time spent on improving nurses’ professional expertise as attending training sessions and further nursing education. In facilities that hire traveling nurses, commuting is seen as part of non-productivity. Generally speaking, non-productive hours do not add value to various processes; yet, they are paid according to the current policies (Mason, Gardner, Outlaw, & O’Grady, 2015). References Africa, L. M. (2017). Transition to practice programs: Effective solutions to achieving strategic staffing in today’s healthcare systems. Nursing Economics , 35 (4), 178. Avant Health Professionals. 2019 trends in nurse staffing. Web. Mason, D.J., Gardner, D.B., Outlaw, F.H., & O’Grady, E.T. (2015). Policy & politics in nursing and health care. Amsterdam, Netherlands: Elsevier Health Sciences. Thomas, T. (2015). Management and leadership for nurse administrators. Burlington, MA: Jones & Bartlett Publishers. Young, C., White, M., & Dorrington, M. (2018). Nurse staffing improvements through interprofessional strategic workforce action planning. Nursing Economics , 36 (4), 163-194. | human | 0 | 0 | 0 | human |
Student Loans as Regular Income Essay Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. Student Loans and the Profit They Carry 3. Conclusion 4. References Introduction It is common for individuals pursuing higher education to use student loan programs to assist them with payment for their studies. Schmeiser, Stoddard, and Urban (2016) indicate that the current number of American students with loan debts exceeds 44 million people. Many experts in the field of economics tend to believe that the mentioned type of loan cannot be considered as a taxable income, for it is expected that debtors will pay that money back. Nevertheless, recent studies have shown that loaners can sometimes benefit from using credit funds. The present research will focus on facts proving that student loans can be treated as the source of regular income. Student Loans and the Profit They Carry Aside from the fact that student credits are tax-deductible, they can lower the amount of other taxes withdrawn from a person. Even though one pays for education with a loan, one is allowed to claim tax reduction with such an option as American Opportunity Credit (Findeisen & Sachs, 2016). By referring to this program, an individual can save up to $2,500 per year: the total tax bill becomes reduced, and it results in a significant economy for a taxpayer at an annual rate. The exact sum of money one can save ultimately depends on a tax bracket used by a person and an overall tuition fee. When discussing studying at college, one should also consider the presence of grants and scholarships. The latter are free funds that people receive without the need to return those. An acquired student loan automatically offers an opportunity to withdraw extra money when education starts. Moreover, financial aid for students is generally not considered as a taxable income if it is spent on books or other college supplies (Schmeiser et al., 2016). The fact that the majority of learners use scholarships to cover at least a part of their study-related expenses proves that credit programs serve as a means to gain financial profit on an ongoing basis. Finally, there is a probability that the loan will be partially forgiven. The government has recently introduced an income-driven repayment (IDR) plan that exists to make student loan debts more manageable by diminishing the number of monthly payments (“What is income-driven,” 2018). In accordance with this plan, once a payment period is completed, any remaining debt is abolished regardless of a credit term. With regards to this fact, a forgiven sum can be viewed as a direct benefit, which is subject to taxation. There were frequent occasions when the amount of money written off reached thousands of US dollars. If combined with grants and reduced taxes, IDR arrives as a formidable source of finance one could spend on personal needs. Conclusion Student loans, although being tax-deductible and viewed by many experts as non-profit funds, still provide opportunities for everyone engaged in higher education to receive extra income. Credit programs allow a student to reduce his/her total tax bill, to participate in scholarship programs, and to benefit from a recently introduced income-driven repayment (IDR) plan. The latter serves as a means to legally diminish the number of monthly payments. Having put all of the research findings together, one may conclude that treating student loans as the source of regular income is an entirely reasonable approach for scholars to take when studying the discussed issue. References Findeisen, S., & Sachs, D. (2016). Education and optimal dynamic taxation: The role of income-contingent student loans. Journal of Public Economics , 138 , 1-21. Schmeiser, M., Stoddard, C., & Urban, C. (2016). Student loan information provision and academic choices. American Economic Review , 106 (5), 324-28. What is income-driven repayment? (2018). Web. | human | 0 | 0 | 0 | human |
Dictatorship in Latin America Essay The political landscape of Latin American countries has often been dominated by dictators who took virtually complete control of the state. In many cases, these people relied on violence and suppression of their political opponents or activists who could not accept totalitarian rule ( The War on Democracy ). This paper is aimed examining the impact of these political regimes on people living in Latin America. Moreover, it is critical to show why dictators could come to power in these countries and retain this authority for a long time. These are the main issues that should be discussed more closely. In the course of history, various Latin American countries could be governed by dictators. For example, one can mention Ecuador, Paraguay, or Chile. These people could use various strategies in order to retain their power. For instance, one can mention that during the rule of Augusto Pinochet nearly 3000 people disappeared (Johnson 71). This dictator adopted the policy of state-sponsored assassination (Johnson 71). Furthermore, it is important to mention the constitution adopted by Pinochet administration in 1980. This constitution undermined the possibility of any democratic reform in Chile. Moreover, the state was authorized to use torture against the people who opposed to the totalitarian government. Apart from that, those people, who were responsible for these crimes, were not brought to justice. Similar political regimes existed in other countries such as El Salvador, Argentina, or Nicaragua which were also governed by the totalitarian leaders. These examples are important for understanding the strategies of political dictators. Moreover, their activities produced disruptive effects on various Latin American societies. This is of the main arguments that can be put forward. This problem can be explained by several factors. For example, it is possible to speak about increased economic inequalities between people. These inequalities increased the likelihood of political conflicts in these societies. Moreover, the elites in Latin American countries supported military coups because they believed that the military leaders would protect their financial interests (Johnson 37; Ezrow 38). They did not oppose to the idea of totalitarian state provided that such a state could protect their property (Johnson 37). Secondly, one should not forget about military intervention into the political life of Latin American countries. For example, the United States played an important role in shaping the political regime of Latin American states ( The War on Democracy ). In particular, the released documents of the CIA indicate that the American government supported anti-communist dictators in Chile, Bolivia, and Venezuela (Johnson 71). This topic is examined in the film The War on Democracy directed by John Pilger . This documentary is aimed at demonstrating that the history of Latin America can largely be explained by the influence of foreign governments ( The War on Democracy ). This is another issue that should be taken into account. It is important for understanding the history of these countries. This discussion suggests that political dictatorship in Latin America affected the lives of many people many of whom could be killed, tortured, or imprisoned. To some degree, this situation can be explained by the internal conflicts within these societies that can be explained by economic inequalities. However, it is critical to remember about foreign intervention, especially the support which the U.S. government to many anti-communist dictators. This is the main point that can be made. Works Cited Ezrow, Natasha. Dictators and Dictatorships: Understanding Authoritarian Regimes and Their Leaders , New York: Continuum, 2011. Print. Johnson, Sterling. Peace Without Justice: Hegemonic Instability Or International Criminal Law?, New York: Ashgate Publishing, Ltd., 2003. Print. The War on Democracy . Ex. Prod. John Pilger. London: Youngheart Entertainment, 2007. DVD. | human | 0 | 0 | 0 | human |
Introduction 2. Main body 3. Colleagues’ Postings 4. Conclusion Introduction The movie “Fire in the Blood” depicts a sad tale of how multinational pharmaceutical companies and Western governments collaborated in blocking poor countries in Sub-Saharan Africa and Asia from gaining access to life-saving AIDS drugs due to the employment of a greatly monopolized profits-first approach in the sale of the drugs. Although the justification for this approach was nested on the patent system or intellectual property (IP) protections, it caused a lot of suffering and unnecessary deaths of millions of people who could not access the life-saving drugs. Main body Such a situation, in my view, could have been avoided by ensuring that governments contribute to a global health fund that could be used to pay or reward drug companies for their innovation instead of allowing them to recoup their investments through the use of the patenting system. From the movie, it is clear that patents and IP protections provided an enabling environment for monopolies to exist in the drug market, which in turn allowed drug companies to set very high prices in line with the principles of a market failure. A global health fund will ensure that the pharmaceutical companies are effectively compensated for their time and effort in producing the drugs before patents can be shared with generic drug manufacturers to enhance cost efficiencies. This way, the IP system will be safeguarded and pharmaceutical companies will be motivated to innovate more to benefit from the reward pool. On the other hand, generic drug manufacturing companies will be able to use the knowledge and expertise of the patent holders to manufacture cheap life-saving drugs, hence ensuring that drugs are easily accessible to millions of people who need them. This approach is ethical in nature as it provides access to life-saving drugs while ensuring that pharmaceutical companies are able to achieve their profit objectives. Colleagues’ Postings The student’s posting raises pertinent questions on ethics and law by arguing that pharmaceutical companies should neither be allowed to benefit unethically due to patent laws nor continue to put millions of lives at risk due to their profit-oriented objectives. Although the student’s concerns are valid, it may be difficult to implement laws and regulations that oblige pharmaceutical companies to make the life-saving drugs affordable to millions of people who require them as such a move is bound to compromise the free market dynamics. According to Universities Allied for Essential Medicines (UAEM), it is possible to increase access to life-saving drugs by supporting revolutionary research and development (R&D) practices. It is evident that multinational pharmaceutical companies charge exorbitant prices to recoup the high costs associated with research and development from the end consumers. As such, it would be plausible for governments and other stakeholders to come up with strategies that could be used to enable drug companies to cover their research and production costs so that the benefits are passed down to consumers in terms of sustainable drug prices. While activism and laws can be used to push pharmaceutical companies to lower their prices as suggested by the student, it is necessary to employ alternatives that will lead to competition in the marketplace. Conclusion The UAEM’s alternative of supporting revolutionary R&D practices will definitely lead to competition as it empowers individuals and green companies to develop effective medicines at greatly discounted costs. Multinational pharmaceutical companies will be forced to lower their prices of life-saving drugs when it becomes clear to them that they no longer have the capacity to monopolize the market. | human | 0 | 0 | 0 | human |
Legislation Related to Bioterrorism Essay Developments in Biotechnology, genetics and molecular biology have resulted in remarkable advancements in industry, agriculture and medicine. Nevertheless as the capacity of manipulating viral and bacterial genomes increases so does the possibility for rogue nations and terrorists to bioengineer biological weapons utilizing the same technology. Following the 2001 terrorist attack and subsequent bioterrorism attack through the spreading of the anthrax via anthrax-laden letters in the same year, the United States government and other governments across the globe have enacted legislations as well as increased funding for the development of comprehensive preventive and responsive counter-terrorism strategies. Despite the current legislations providing better mechanism for dealing bioterrorism it fails to restrict the dissemination of this knowledge hence making it possible for terrorist to access it and use it in the wrong way. In simple terms the greatest obstacle to our fight against bioterrorism is not lack of political and financial resources but lack of a comprehensive legislation to deal with this menace. Since the 2001 terror attack in the United States, the federal government has enacted various legislations providing for enough resources to both public and private agencies as part of its wars on terror. For instance the 2002 enactment of a bioterrorism Preparedness and Response Act in led to increased resources for bioterrorism-related fundamental research. According to Knobler et al (2002) the NIH funding aimed at bioterrorism increased by approximately $2billion dollars from fiscal year 2002 to fiscal year. In 2003, the then US president George Bush requested Congress to allow him establish a project name BioShield, at approximately $6billion to accelerate procurement of bioterrorism countermeasures and DHHS review. The BioShield initiative gives incentives in form financial resources for pharmaceutical firms to research and develop antibiotics, vaccines and antiviral agents for eradication of pathogens. The United States government also promised that it would purchase and store any countermeasures that may be developed by these companies for any future bioterrorism attacks. In the fiscal year 2004, the US Congress appropriated about nine hundred million United States dollars in optional funding for bioterrorism research in the country’s homeland security spending bill for that year. In 2003 the DHHS gave approximately $350 million to 8 new study centres specializing in biodefense studies. This information is a clear indication that there is enough funding as well as political support on health sector in dealing with bioterrorism. As mentioned earlier, the major weakness of our response to bioterrorism is the lack of a comprehensive legislation that takes into consideration all aspects of bioterrorism. Most of the current laws are aimed at either increasing funding for bioterrorism related research or increasing surveillance to detect any potential bioterrorism attack. For instance in 2001, some Australian researchers reported that they had developed a mousebox, a virus that resembled the small pox virus and that possessed the ability of killing a mouse that was earlier resistant to it (Knobler et al, 2002). The article gave a vivid description of the procedures for the development of a virus with the ability of overcoming natural defence against the illness. In the following year, i.e. 2002 other two papers published sensitive biological information showing the world that viruses could be created as well as mutated to make them more virulence (Sutton, 2003).Such sensitive information on the media might be used by terrorist for the wrong reasons. This calls for regulations that govern sharing of biological information. As long there are no laws preventing free exchange of sensitive biological research information hence allowing terrorist to freely access this information and utilize it to develop bioterrorism agents we will continue using our resources for defensive purposes instead of tackling the root cause of the problem, free exchange of biological information.. References Knobler, S. et al. (2002). Biological threats and terrorism: assessing the science and response capabilities: workshop summary . Washington, DC: National Academies Press. Sutton, V. (2003). Law and Bioterrorism. New York, NY: MacMillan Publishers. | human | 0 | 0 | 0 | human |
Language, Communication, and Augmentative and Alternative Communication (AAC) Essay What are some benefits of using AAC in an early childhood program for children under 5 who have limited spoken language? The opportunity to use AAC can be discussed as rather beneficial for those children under 5 years who have some developmental disabilities and limited spoken language. AAC provides the variety of techniques and methods which allow increasing the children’s possibilities to interact and communicate with each other effectively. For instance, the usage of gestures and body movements in order to help to perceive and comprehend the necessary information can contribute to breaking the possible barriers in communication. Moreover, the usage of symbols and pictures is significant for the children under 5 years because their perception of the visual information in connection with the auditory material is more effective due to its stability, prolonged character, and concreteness of the meaning (National Research Council and Institute of Medicine, 2000). Teachers can successfully draw the children’s attention to the object and spoken information about it with the help of gestures, movements, facial expressions, signs, eye contact, pictures, and symbols along with speech. The techniques of AAC can stimulate the children’s response to the spoken or demonstrated messages with involving them in the further communication. Furthermore, the early intervention of the methods of AAC contributes to the progress of the children’s functional communication and decreases the risks of the development of the communication difficulties in the future (Cress & Marvin, 2003). How could you use AAC to promote the inclusion of all children in a pre-school classroom? What key points might you communicate to families who have a child with verbal communication difficulties about the value of AAC in your classroom? Consider the rights of the child (all children) in your response The methods of AAC are effective for involving all the children from the classroom in the communication activity. It is possible because of a range of ways to attract the children’s attention and stimulate their responses. AAC methods can also contribute to expressing the children’s initiative in communicating. From this point, it is effective to use unaided as well as aided types of AAC with paying much attention to the facial expression, eye contact, Key Word Signs, using real objects and pictures or photos. The influential aspects of the process are the children’s interest, comprehension, and the active participation in the communication. The value of AAC in a classroom is based on the development of possibilities for the children’s interactions. It is extremely important to provide children with the possibility to communicate with each other, especially when they have the limited abilities to do it effectively. In this case, AAC is used in order to meet the children’s rights in the sphere of communication. The usage of AAC helps to overcome the barriers for children in their communicating with each other in order to share the definite information. Thus, children receive the opportunity to satisfy their communication needs and be involved in social activities. Moreover, AAC techniques are developed and researched to provide the most effective vocabulary or methods of communicating (Trembath, Balandin, & Togher, 2007). It is important for parents to concentrate on the fact that the outcomes from using AAC techniques and methods can be more successful when the efforts of teachers and families are combined, and intervention of AAC techniques is realised in the pre-school classroom (Dunst, 2000). References Cress, C. & Marvin, C. (2003). Common questions about AAC services in early intervention. Augmentative and Alternative Communication, 19 , 254-272. Dunst, C. J. (2000). Revisiting “Rethinking early intervention”. Topics in Early Childhood Special Education, 20 (2), 95-104. National Research Council and Institute of Medicine (2000). Promoting healthy development through intervention. In J. P. Shonkoff and D. A. Phillips (Eds.), From neurons to neighborhoods: The science of early childhood development . Board on Children, Youth and Families, Commission on Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press. Trembath, D., Balandin, S., & Togher, L. (2007). Vocabulary selection for Australian children who use augmentative and alternative communication. Journal of Intellectual & Developmental Disability, 32 (4), 291-301. | human | 0 | 0 | 0 | human |
The Role of the Dietary Lipids in the Organism Essay Lipids include simple lipids or triglycerides, complex lipids or phospholipids, and cholesterol or cyclic lipids. The term “fats” is used primarily for triglycerides, which are made up of three fatty acid molecules and glycerol. In the daily diet, fats account for 95–98% of lipids. That is why the term “fats” is used in the sense of food energy. Dietary lipids or fats are an indispensable component of food, a source of energy, plastic material for humans, and a supplier of essential substances. Dietary lipids contain three types of fatty acids: saturated, monounsaturated, and polyunsaturated. Saturated fatty acids predominate in animal fats such as lard or butter. Animal fats are usually solid at room temperature. Mono- and polyunsaturated fatty acids are predominantly present in vegetable fats, such as olive oil. The human body is unable to synthesize two polyunsaturated fatty acids, linoleic (Omega-6 fatty acid) and linolenic (Omega-3), so they must be obtained from food. The content of these three types of acids in different fats varies. Dietary lipid is a concentrated source of energy for the human body: 1 g of it provides approximately 9 kcal of energy. Lipids are important building material for cells; they participate in the processes of growth and regulation of vital activity and supply the human body with fat-soluble vitamins. They are needed for their absorption and transportation in the body. Phospholipids are found in all tissues and cells, most of them in nerve tissues and brain cells. The fatty layer that forms around the organs protects them from bruises. They are needed to remove bile into the intestines; otherwise, it accumulates in the gallbladder, and there is a risk of gallstones formation. Dietary lipid is essential because it carries the flavor of food and creates a feeling of fullness. The recommended caloric content of fat in the human diet is 30 – 33% or 90 – 107 g per day. A balanced composition of the daily human diet should contain 10-20% polyunsaturated, 50-60% monounsaturated, and 30% saturated fatty acids. This is achieved when one-third of vegetable and two-thirds of animal fats are used in the diet. Lipids should not provide less than 20% of dietary energy; otherwise, there may be problems with the amount of essential fatty acids and the receipt of fat-soluble vitamins. In the case of a lack of fat, the development of the whole organism can be inhibited and resistance to environmental influences can decrease. On the other hand, fats provide too much energy, and when energy intake and expenditure are not balanced, they can be stored as fat in adipose tissue, leading to overweight or obesity. The sources of dietary lipid in food are fats used in food preparation and those contained in food. To assess the amount of dietary lipid, a person needs to monitor both visible and hidden fat. The amount of the latter is difficult to estimate since it is not visible. Therefore, it is important to read the composition of the product on the packaging and monitor the fat content. Latent fat can, for example, be present in cheeses, sausages, and buns. It is recommended that the number of lipids used in cooking should not exceed half the daily amount of fat. To conclude, unsaturated fatty acids are involved in the breakdown of lipoproteins, and cholesterol, prevent the formation of blood clots and reduce inflammation. Lipids affect the metabolism in cells, are part of cell membranes, affect blood pressure, and remove cholesterol from the body, while increasing the elasticity of the walls of blood vessels. Vegetable oils are the richest in polyunsaturated fatty acids among food products. Therefore, for health to be strong, it is not necessary to avoid the fats contained in the food and used in its preparation. However, it is important to choose which fats to give preference to and which ones to use as rarely as possible. | human | 0 | 0 | 0 | human |
Company Overdiversification and Its Reasons Essay The phenomenon of diversification is not new; in fact, it has been around for a while. Emerging in 1970s, the phenomenon in question was used to denote the situation when a company prefers to hold several stocks, thus, avoiding the possibility of losing its entire financial reserve (Kenny, 2009). True, holding only one stock is extremely risky for an entrepreneurship; however, a range of company leaders, terrified by the perspective of losing their money, disseminate the company’s investments into too many stocks. Therefore, the concern for the company’s financial stability, overrating of the company’s financial assets, and the willingness to seize control over the company, therefore, seemingly contributing to its stability can be viewed as the key reasons for the phenomenon of overdiversification to take place. As it has been stressed above, most companies resort to overdiversification due to an extreme caution concerning the safety of the company’s financial assets and the unwillingness to choose several investment options, which stems from the lack of trust towards the potential investment options. However, other reasons can be specified, such as industrial policies concerning taxes and antitrust regulations, managers pursuing their interests and the increase in job loss risks. It seems that each of these factors has its effect on a company overdiversification. Still, taxes and antitrust regulations seem to have the greatest effect, since, unlike other factors, they pose a direct threat to the company’s revenues. Reference List Kenny, G. (2009). Diversification strategy: How to grow a business by diversifying successfully . Philadelphia, PA: Kogan Page Publishers. | human | 0 | 0 | 0 | human |
The Artwork Brinco by Judi Werthein Essay Judi Werthein was born in 1967 in New York. She lives and works in a city called Brooklyn. Since she was a child, Werthien has been involved in art work and that is where she gets her inspiration. One of Werthein’s artwork is the Brinco. This is a type of a high-top tennis shoe found in Mexico and the United States of America. It was devised by Werthein and given out to a large number of Mexicans who were preparing to migrate (illegally) into the United States soil. Brinco was originally designed and equipped to help illegal immigrants to trek to the USA. The term Brinco refers to the act of crossing the border from Mexico to the United States. Werthein’s shoes had a compass and a flashlight to help the immigrants who crossed at night (The Balkans project 5). They also had painkillers to help immigrants who might be injured along the way. They also had a pocket where the immigrants could hide money and a map to help them as they crossed over to the USA. The toe of the shoe was embroidered with an American Eagle which represented their dream land. Werthein’s shoes were sold in most parts of America especially at the border as a special and unique art object at the price of $200 per pair. The proceeds from the sale were used to provide necessities for the people living in Tijuana. The estimated number of shoes given to the Mexican immigrants was 1000 which were produced in China. This caused a lot of controversy in the United States since they wondered why they too could not be given the shoe freely (Regine 2). This made Werthein to be a frequent guest in talk shows and was a main feature in news. However, she received some bad mails from people who did not support her project. Werthein’s pair of shoes was simple and was produced using cheap labor which was available in the global market. To reduce the tensions ignited by the mobility in the global market by factories that were also seeking for cheap labor, Werthein shoes were manufactured in China following strategies and models used by other factories operating outside the United States in disheartened economies. Werthein’s project arbitrates on the global flow of labor and goods and also concentrates on issues of trade across borders among others. It also addresses the inconsistencies between competition and fashion in factories and the theme behind the concepts of labor geography in the global market (Anon. “The Irresistible force” 7). Werthein shoes were later sold in other parts of the world, for instance De Apple where Werthein set up a Brinco shop. The profit realized from the sale of the shoes was used to support the immigrants living in Tijuana. Inspired by her new project, Werthein went to study in India, where she got a chance to observe the farmers who used to collect seeds of cereals, beans and rice, to breed them for better farming. Werthein was really moved by their creativity and wanted to transfer her experience to improve farming in Scandinavia. She started by planting some traditional potatoes (the staple food) which she found out that place and they could be used in a variety of ways. Using the potato, Werthein was able to understand the cultural aspects related to the consumption of potatoes, the regulation imposed on the production of agricultural products, and the problems associated with those regulations. Works Cited Anon. “The Irresistible force.” Romanian Cultural Institute , 2007. Web. Regine. “ Trainers for border crossers .” Creative commons , 2010. Web. The Balkans project. “Words and art from the Balkans;” Balkans project , 2010. Web. | human | 0 | 0 | 0 | human |
Does the Universe Have A Direction? Essay Does the Universe Have A Direction? In questioning the universe, we essentially question the purpose of our existence. This essay explains that the universe has a direction and goal only when we view it as the same entity in the past, now and in our future imagination. To answer the question of whether the universe has a direction, we shall rely on the metaphysics field of ontology (Solomon and Kathleen p.7). There are two sides of explaining the nature of reality, that of realist and anti-realists. The former claim that reality is independent of us and the later disclaims this fact. Realists say that there is a planetary system and a force of gravity among other features that make up the universe. Furthermore, they state that the existence of these systems and gravity does not cease after we stop noticing. Much of realists’ theories do not factor in our epistemology of the things and events they examine. Anti-realists on the other hand must attach meaning that can be confirmed to statements of reality. Objects in reality possess attributes that we can use in define and describe them. For instance, if we propose that someone is ignorant, then we are using the attribute of ignorance to describe the person. However, when describe someone else as ignorant, then we are faced with the dilemma explaining how the two persons, which in our case are real objects, though having the same attribute of ignorance, are different people. To solve this dilemma and effectively discern single objects we have to see further than their attributes. In doing so, we have to rely on Aristotelians who have demarcated kinds from properties. The Aristotelians hold it as a fact that kinds are what the particulars or attributes belong to. So in our example above, the individuals belong to the human family and ignorance is one of their properties. We are therefore able to understand that the individuals are two members of the human family who share the same property (Newall para14-30). The universe is our reality and suggestions of a universal direction bring us to the question of time. The presentism theory holds the view that only the present exists. The externalism theory on the contrary denies the presence of now, and further explains that now is a mere reference point to differentiate events as they happen, such that Plato and other people in our past exist, but their existence is within a separate context (Newall para. 30-35). The above theories of time do not offer us much explanation that we can use in our example of the individual being ignorant. We shall therefore use the time theories of endurantism and perdurantism. Endurantists view that the individual in our above example is the same in the past as well as now. Since the same individual belonged to the humans family and continues to do so. This depicts a characteristic of endurance. In the perdurantist view, the individual is different and changes or moves to another stage depending on the perspective of the viewer. Furthermore, endurantists believe that only the now exists and the past and future are only possibilities, while the perdurantists see no particular significance in time implying that the past, now and the future and our imaginations are all equally real (Newall para.37-42). In the realists and perdurantists’ view and also as observed by Voltaire, the universe and its attributes are meaningless and only assume the meaning we give (Solomon & Kathleen p.68 & 72). When we hold this view, the universe ceases to be headed in a particular direction. Works Cited Newall, Paul. “Philosophy for beginners: Metaphysics 2”. The Galilean Library. 2005. Web. Solomon, Robert C. and Kathleen M. Higgins. The Big Questions: A short introduction to philosophy. 8 th ed. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Cengage Learning, 2010. | human | 0 | 0 | 0 | human |
Islam, Christianity and Terroristic Organizations Proposal Essay Introduction Islam and Christianity belong to the same branch of religious beliefs that have emerged in the Middle East. Despite the current trend of setting these religions as different, both of them have very many details in common. Several important figures are the same in Islam and Christianity, and the storylines in the Bible and Koran match in many parts of these books. However, a lot of people currently view Islam as a religion of war against the “unfaithful ones.” Christianity, on the contrary, is promoted as a religion of peace. Although modern terrorist groups have the Muslim ideology, Christianity was used to wage wars in the Middle Ages, and the most important similarity between these factors is that religion is often used to receive material benefits. Summary Christianity has emerged from Judaism, which predicted the coming of a new king to Earth that would finish all the hardships of true God’s followers. However, Christ became a prophet that promoted ideas which later formed into a new religious wave. According to it, he was God’s son who died for the sins of ordinary people, giving them the ability to go to Heaven. Islam does not support the same belief, yet Christ is one of the most important figures in this religion as well. He is one of the prophets that tell people about the right path to Allah. Christianity as a philosophy is based on the idea of mercy and love for other members of the human society. However, some Christian readings feature practices that are cruel, which must be applied to people who refuse to believe in Christ and his sacrifice. Nevertheless, for the most part, they promote kind behavior. Koran is not so uniform. Many people believe that it contains the call to wage war against those people who are not Muslim. In fact, this is one of the official claims of various modern terrorist groups. Terrorist Organizations Islam One of the most well-known terrorist organizations in the modern world is ISIS. It operates mainly in Syria as one of the parties of the local war conflict. However, ISIS recruits many followers all over the world, mainly through the propaganda of Islam and the description of how different the life of Muslims who join it would be. The followers of this organization often commit attacks in European or American cities. Boko Haram is another terrorist organization that is known for its cruelty (Graham, 2016). Unlike ISIS, it operates mainly in Africa, it’s a home region. Other terrorist groups have similar strategies. However, their actions are not uniform, and many of these groups are rivals. Christianity Despite the promoted image of Christianity as a religion of peace, it was used in the past to explain invasions and mass murder. One of the brightest examples was the numerous crusades of the Middle Ages when European rulers attacked the Middle Eastern region to become wealthier. One of the most recent facts associated with the extremist behavior is the Ku Klux Klan, the movement that aimed to physically eliminate African-Americans in the U.S. While most of the claims of its members concerned the matters of civilization, Christianity was also used to support their actions. Conclusion Not a single religion promotes violence. Both Christianity and Islam support practices targeted at helping each other and caring for society. However, many terrorist groups often use religion to ground their actions, which causes negative reactions like modern Islamophobia. Reference Graham, D. (2016). Boko Haram: 30,000 dead after years of carnage. The World Post . Web. | human | 0 | 0 | 0 | human |
The article is dedicated to the discussion of the main trigger points of the transition from feudalism to capitalism. Thus, the author analyzes two opposite views on that issue and tries to define the right position. The article starts with consideration of the main reasons for the change in social relationships. The author presents the Marxists’ theory that runs about the emergence of capitalism as the production relationships. On the other hand, Brenner is a supporter of the theory of division of labor as the core concept of capitalism. In this respect, Bergesen tries to examine their positions from different angles and presents the evidence-based approach to those theories. The authors consider Brenner’s point of view concerning the role of class relations in the development of capitalism. He supports the Marxists’ theory that stands for the dominating importance of class relations rather than trade relations as the basis of capitalism. On the other hand, his opinion does not coincide with Wallerstein’s view who states that the division of labor was the outcome of the changes in social relations. Further, the article discloses the connection between the core/periphery relations and unequal commodity distribution. Thus, he denied the fact that capitalism was the outcome of new trade relations and the division of labor. On the contrary, he sticks to the point that the emergence of the new stage in the social relations of production was due to class struggles. In other words, the author emphasizes the historical aspect in the class relations development and the foundation of capitalism. Both economic development and underdevelopment have their own specific historical reasons, which are not interconnected. Bergesen is assured that Marxist theory works in case it does not involve periphery, but gives a diligent attention to the core relations. On the other hand, the researcher expresses his disagreement concerning the Wallerstein’s theory of division of labor because the emergence of the world system was due to the unequal commodity exchange. Bergesen, being the supporter of the Marxist theory, discovers the weaknesses both of Brennen’s as well as Wallerstein’s positions. According to his point of view, the disadvantage of Marxists’ theory lies in considering class relations within a certain region. In their turn, the world system theorists are wrong considering commodity but not class relations as the crucial ones in the appearance of capitalism. For the better understanding of the core principles of capitalism, the author studies other points of view on this problem in order to find what predetermined a new mode of production. Nevertheless, the author skeptically perceived the answers given by Andre Gunder Frank who believed that exchange and production are mutually connected since that idea denied the prevailing role of class relations. After considering the core points of the article, it brings me to the conclusion the author’s analysis of world systems theory has a significant value for the further study of the economic and class relationships. In addition, all the points have the ground basis and, therefore, the article deposited to the better understanding of the main historic processes that influenced the development of trade and capitalism. Besides, Bergesen proved that class relations are the core point that predetermined the transition from feudalism to capitalism. | human | 0 | 0 | 0 | human |
Successful Careers in Culinary Arts Research Paper Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. Who is a “hot line” cook? 3. Advantages of the career 4. Disadvantages of the career 5. Conclusion 6. Works Cited Introduction Admittedly, the vast majority of people spend hours, days or months trying to decide what career to choose. Some of the major factors which influence the choice are salary, schedule and self-realization and the image of the career. If a person likes cooking he or she may consider culinary arts career. One of the most fascinating careers in this area is hot line. Who is a “hot line” cook? Hot line includes all cooks participating in preparing hot foods – “soups, appetizers, entrées, vegetables”, etc (Donovan 18). The term “hot line” was coined since in the majority of kitchens hot food was prepared on the stoves arranged in a single line (Donovan 18). The qualities which any hot line cook should possess are expertise in a variety of dishes, “split-second timing, excellent memory skills, and the ability to keep a variety of dishes in production at one time” (Donovan 19). These people create gorgeous dishes which are artworks. Here cooks can use their creativity and even obtain worldwide popularity. Advantages of the career In the first place, it is necessary to point out that culinary is one of the most ancient and well-developed industries. It originates from “the taverns of ancient Rome” (Mondschein and Matters xii). Nowadays it is a very profitable industry. For instance, National Restaurant Association stated that it was “$558 billion industry” and calculated that “each American eats out an average of 230 times per year” (Mondschein and Matters xii). It goes without saying that such profitable industry presupposes quite high salaries. For example, in 2006 US head chefs and cooks working in “fancy restaurants” made about $60,730. At present the salaries increased. Apart from good salaries career in culinary art can bring satisfaction. Creative people are able to realize their ideas. Reputedly, cook was always a very important profession since no place (restaurants, taverns, homes) or event (conferences, and even wars) could do without cooks. More so, among the first Europeans who set foot on American land there were cooks. At present the profession did not lose its significance and even became “glamorous” (Mondschein and Matters xiii). Thus, the career of hot food cook is very attractive for creative people. Disadvantages of the career Admittedly, this career can have drawbacks, as any other. However, it is important to state that these shortcomings are insignificant (especially in comparison with other professions). First, working at a hot line is “physically demanding” since the cook has to spend hours on his/her feet ( Career as a Chef ). However, there are many people who cannot just sit, they are very active. Thus, if a person active he/she will become a good cook. Some claim that salaries are not high, especially salaries of novice cooks. Nevertheless, t is but natural since in any sphere novice workers do not get much since they are first tried. Finally, many people claim that cooks have too little time for their families or just recreation since they often have to work on weekends and in the nighttime. However, it is possible to mange one’s time irrespective of any schedule. Conclusion On balance, the career of a hot line cook is an exciting opportunity to self-realize for active and creative people. Moreover, this can be a successful career which will bring a lot of profits and even worldwide popularity. Works Cited Career as a Chef . Chicago: Institute For Career Research, 2007. Donovan, Mary Deirdre. Opportunities in Culinary Careers . New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Professional, 2003. Mondschein, Ken and Print Matters. Food and Culinary Arts . New York, NY: Infobase Publishing, 2009. | human | 0 | 0 | 0 | human |
As a result, a firm is able to use a convenient distribution format that provides goods to customers more effectively. Therefore customers obtain products promptly in different retail outlets; an approach that allows a firm to penetrate the foreign market easily. A firm is able to satisfy the needs of its customers because it improves the quality of service it offers to consumers of its products. As a result, the firm gets more positive customer feedback because it consistently meets their needs (Hisrich, 2010, p. 29). A joint venture enables an international firm to utilise a pre-existing market structure to minimise risks associated with foreign. A joint venture may make a foreign firm incur higher expenses to set up operations in a foreign country. Some countries have a lot of regulations that bar foreign firms from entering their markets to take advantage of available opportunities. An ineffective management structure is also one of the key problems a joint venture is likely to face. This slows down decision making processes in the joint venture because all parties have to agree before a specific decision is enforced. Poor financial performance may also have a negative effect on a joint venture. Some local firms may use their favoured market position to make foreign firms pay more money to set up joint ventures. It is necessary for all business firms to assess all risks involved before agreeing to become part of a joint venture (Hisrich, 2010, p. 36). A joint venture offers business firms an opportunity to expand their operations and I believe that it is an effective way through which a firm can make an impact in foreign markets. A joint venture between a design firm in the US and another partner in Germany has several benefits. The joint venture will enable the US firm to rely on the existing structure of the German firm to market its products. It also allows the US firm to overcome regulatory hurdles in the German market which comply with strict EU economic policies. However, the firm may need to modify some its designs to ensure they comply with German specifications. The firm is likely to incur additional product development costs (Gaspar, 2011, p. 78). The ownership structure may also slow down decision making in the firm due to differences between managers from the two entities. References Gaspar, J. (2011). Introduction to global business: Understanding the international environment. Mason, OH: Cengage Learning. Hisrich, R.D. (2010). International entrepreneurship: Starting, developing, and managing a global venture. London, UK: Sage Publications. | human | 0 | 0 | 0 | human |
Individuals were subjected to brutal killings between 2nd and 5th October under Rafael Trujillo’s orders (Wright, 2018). This analysis presents a reflection on the massacre’s impacts among victims. Specifically, individuals who experienced the parsley massacre endured both physical and psychological challenges arising from atrocities committed by military officers from the Dominican Republic (Veldwachter, 2020). Corporal punishment and physical torture resulted in physical injuries among victims. Social embarrassment from the military officers traumatized individuals, which lead to adverse psychological impacts. Ethnic minorities, in essence, suffered political oppression and economic segregation in the following years until the dictator was assassinated in 1961. Haitian’s Parsley Massacre victims (1937) suffered physical consequences from the military regime under Rafael Trujillo. For instance, media reports of 1961 indicated extreme body torture among individuals caught by military officers (DeLugan, 2018). This was intended to send a direct message to the ethnic Haitians of their unwanted presence in the Dominican Republic. In addition, victims of the massacre had to endure long-lasting physical scars left after torture. Many Haitians. Corporal punishment, for example, included whipping and brutal caning among minorities who seemed defiant of the military rule. Authoritarian practices were common during Trujillo’s reign, which ended in 1961 (Veldwachter, 2020). Representatives of the authoritarian leadership committed social injustices against Haitians living in the country’s northwest border with the Dominican Republic. Many victims who survived torture from the military officers depicted significant and permanent body marks. Atrocities committed against Haitians in 1937 resulted in permanent physical scars among victims of the massacre. The Parsley Massacre’s physical consequences are also associated with a river that separates Haiti from the Dominican Republic in the latter’s northwest border. It is worth noting that many victims of the genocide included are Haitians living in the Dominican Republic. The natural landscape where the war began is significant for separating farmlands belonging to Dominicans and grazing areas for Haitian herders (Veldwachter, 2020). Traditionally, members from both communities traversed the river for social and economic activities. For instance, children crossed the river when attending schools on the other side of the border. Herders from the Haitian communities engaged in the ancient barter trade exchanging cattle products with agricultural produce. Social activities included religious activities that occurred harmoniously between the two societies. However, Rafael Trujillo’s dictatorship practices distorted peace using military rule, which facilitated mass killings among minorities (DeLugan, 2018). Most importantly, physical impacts encountered by Haitian’s should be recognized and acknowledged to condemn authoritarian practices against minority communities. Moreover, victims of the Parsley Massacre experienced severe psychological impacts. Individuals who survived the event suffered from advanced trauma, which impacted their mental well-being. The security of one’s family was a substantial source of discomfort among victims who escaped. Parents were separated from their children as they were fleeing soldiers sent by Rafael Trujillo (DeLugan, 2018). Siblings also ran in different directions to save themselves from physical torture. The advanced trauma resulted in hampered decision-making among Haitians who endured the atrocities. For instance, children found it difficult to attend school in areas with high violence. Trauma was instilled by fear among victims as the officers committed extreme crimes against humanity during the dictatorship period (Veldwachter, 2020). Most fundamentally, members of the Haitian community in the Dominican Republic suffered long-term mental impacts from the massacre. Additionally, Haitian victims who survived the 1937 massacre encountered advanced stress and depression after 1961. Social discrimination and segregation of minority populations in the Dominican Republic are substantially defined ethnicity (DeLugan, 2018). Rafael Trujillo facilitated a mechanism of distinguishing individuals from both communities based on the pronunciation of syllables with the letter “r”. Haitians have identified accurately as they pronounced the term “Perejil” with a trilling “r” (Wright, 2018). In essence, this provided a platform for social discrimination in subsequent years after the dictator was assassinated. Specifically, victims of the 1937 massacre in the northwest Dominican Republic endured post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). This is a mental condition that affects normal cognitive functions due to distorted images processed by the brain (Veldwachter, 2020). For instance, army veterans can suffer from this condition for being exposed to military conflicts. Similarly, Haitians who witnessed dead bodies along the way suffered from associated mental illnesses. In conclusion, Haitians suffered significantly during the Parsley Massacre of 1937. Military agents of Rafael Trujillo executed many victims using physical torture. Survivors of the atrocities depict body scars which illustrated mechanisms used to cause fear among victims. Social embarrassment through corporal punishment also contributed to the physical impacts of the Parsley Massacre. In addition, victims of the genocide also endured psychological impacts arising from diverse traumatic events. Family members were separated, and children were denied an opportunity to access necessities. PTSD was a common mental challenge to Haitian victims who escaped the Dominican Republic. It is objective to acknowledge and recognize the adverse impacts of authoritarian leaders across the globe. The Parsley Massacre (1937) depicts the possibility of mass killings evidenced against Haitians. References DeLugan, R. M. (2018). Reimagining the strange and familiar in national belonging: Memory, heritage, and exclusion in the Dominican Republic. Journal of Anthropological Research , 74 (4), 450-467. Veldwachter, N. (2020). How to kill with words: The convergence of Dominican and German rhetoric in the 1937 Haitian massacre. Journal of Haitian Studies , 26 (1), 74-103. Wright, M. (2018). The Dominican racial imaginary: Surveying the landscape of race and nation in Hispaniola. New Brunswick, England: Rutgers University Press. | human | 0 | 0 | 0 | human |
The Sparse Identification of Nonlinear Dynamics (SINDy) Usage Essay Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. Problem Description 3. Methods Used 4. System Discovery and Formula Used 5. Conclusion 6. References Introduction Equation extraction from governing data can be difficult among scientists and engineers. Overfitting is avoided by balancing the models’ complexity with a descriptive ability. The study by Steven Brunton and others at the University of Washington demonstrates the use of Sparse Identification of Nonlinear Dynamics (SINDy). The algorithm can be used in several problems, from simple canonical systems to fluid vortex shedding. Problem Description With recent technological advancement data analysis software and programs have been developed, data distillation has remained slow (Brunton et al., 2016). Consequently, data extrapolation has been limited to attractor’s sampling and construction. For instance, the discovery of Kepler, although equipped with extensive and most accurate planetary data, lacked fundamental dynamic relationship description of planetary orbits (Brunton et al., 2016). Conversely, Newton’s discovery of the relationship between momentum and energy presented a dynamic model that can predict behaviors where data is unavailable. Methods Used Linear and nonlinear oscillators were used to demonstrate difficulties in simple canonical systems. Also, the study applied chaotic Lorenz system to demonstrate the challenges in simple canonical systems (Brunton et al., 2016). Most physical systems have limited number of relevant dynamic definition terms, limiting number of leading equations in high-dimensional nonlinear function space (Brunton, 2016). Algorithms in the unsteady fluid wake and nonlinear PDEs were also demonstrated by the study method (Brunton, 2021). After that, the dynamics were subjected to generalization to include parameters, time, and forcing. System Discovery and Formula Used The study reenvisioned a dynamical system discovery problem from sparse regression perspective and compressed sensing. The dynamical system considered was of the form: , x( t ) is the system’s state at duration t and f( x (t)) is the dynamic constraint (Brunton et al.,2016). Do determine f the collected data was sampled using the matrix: Next, a library of Θ ( X) was constructed each consisting of non-linear functions of X’ s column. Θ ( X) consist of constants, trigonometric terms or polynomials. To determine active non-linear using the formula: , each column of is a sparse vector that determines active terms. A model governing each equation was determined: . Since is a symbolic functions’ vector of element x . Therefore, x=f(x)=ΞT (Θ(XT)) T New Results and Possible Extensions The work shows that generalizing the SINDy algorithm allows analysis of externally forced and controlled systems. Fields such as neuroscience, with big data without governing equations can apply the new results from the study. The works present the discovery of standard forms by including optimization parameters, thus making a significant step towards unassisted dynamical systems’ identification. Chaotic Lorenz system formula: x=σ (y− x), [7a] y= x (ρ− z) −y, [7b] z=xy −βz, [7c] The data collected was stored matrices X and . For the PDE coordinate system, the mean-field model for the cylinder was: x= μx −ωy+Axz, [8a] y= ωx+ μy+Ayz, [8b] z= λ (z− x2 − y2) [8c] When λ is large the z dynamics are fast and the slowing manifold z= (x 2 + y 2 ). The vortexes should be shedding. For bifurcations and parameterization, the SINDy algorithm was encompassed to allow discovery of normal forms (31, 50). Parameter μ was appended into the dynamics: x=f (x; μ) [9a] μ= 0. [9b] Identifying f (x; μ), a sparse combination of x and μ was easy. 1D logistic x k+1 =μx k (1−X k ) +η k. 2D Hopf normal form (51) x=μx+ ωy−Ax (x 2 +y 2) y= – ωx +μy−Ay (x 2 +y 2) Time dependence and external forcing μ are added to the vector field: x= f(x, u(t), t), and t= 1. Conclusion While data science seems a panacea for scientific and engineering problems, it only provides a principled approach to leveraging data. Traditional systems to dynamic and big data available are prone to overfitting: statistical data models fit precisely against their training data. Therefore, algorithms producing parsimonious models are desirable. The work applied sparse regression in determining dynamic equations that accurately represent data. Generalizing the SINDy algorithm used in the piece makes it possible to analyze forced and externally controlled systems. Therefore, the new results are beneficial to climate science, epidemiology, financial markets, and other scientific and engineering fields with big data. References Brunton, S. L., Proctor, J. L., & Kutz, J. N. (2016). Discovering governing equations from data by sparse identification of nonlinear dynamical systems. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 113 (15), 3932-3937. Web. Brunton, S. (2016). Sparse identification of nonlinear dynamics (SINDy) . YouTube . Web. Brunton, S. (2021). Sparse identification of nonlinear dynamics (SINDy): Sparse machine learning models 5 years later! YouTube . Web. | human | 0 | 0 | 0 | human |
Ethical Approvals and Clearance 2. Study Design 3. Sampling 4. Data Collection 5. Analytical Tool This part of the paper is devoted to the methodology. It reflects ethical approvals and clearance, study design, sampling, data collection, and analytical tool that would contribute to the perspective concise analysis of the study results. It seems appropriate to examine every aspect of the methodology respectively. Ethical Approvals and Clearance The research is conducted according to the ethical principles. The participation is completely voluntary. Before completing the survey, every participant should carefully read and sign a consent form, where all the rules are written in detail. It it stated that answers and the personality of respondents will be kept anonymous. Moreover, all the information provided by participants will be secured by password and destroyed after the research. Participants are free to interrupt the completion of the survey at any time. Thus, the study does not violate human rights and discriminate persons due to their age, gender, or ethnicity providing clear and uncomplicated rules that explain the purpose of the study. The research is to acquire the information directly from participants. It is also should be noted that the study provides participants with the relevant contacts concerning e-mail and phone number in the case if they would like to know more about the research. Study Design Every study needs a research design before starting because it is an integral part of the research. Therefore, we need to determine a research method of the research. In our study, we would use a mixed design of the investigation. A qualitative method involves the collection of information in a free form; it focuses on the understanding, explanation, and interpretation of empirical data that is the source of speculation and productive ideas. A quantitative method comprises conducting various surveys based on the use of structured questions of closed type, which corresponds to a large number of respondents. The main objective of quantitative research is to obtain a numerical estimate of the issue or the reaction of respondents towards it. Consequently, the quantitative representation would be accompanied the qualitative explanation of the situation. Sampling The research bases on the self-evaluation of participants. Namely, they evaluate whether metacognition improves their learning performance or not. In order to study a particular group of students, the research is focused on 22 female students from Zayed University, Abu Dhabi campus. Their majors are psychology and human services. Participants’ age is between 20-24 years. The majority of them are in their third year of education. Therefore, inclusion and exclusion criteria consist of age, gender, and University. Data Collection First of all, we identified a key objective of the study. The research question is: “Do people who monitor their learning better are able to perform better on exams?”. In this connection, to test hypotheses and statements that were identified in the introduction and literature review, we chose a questionnaire as the data collection method. As it was stated earlier, the research data collection involves a combination of qualitative and quantitative methods. Using them individually, the researcher risks to receive too superficial information or personal opinion that do not correspond to the opinion of the majority. Therefore, we used no close-ended questions allowing participants four variants of answers. Questions are posed in a simple and easy to perceive form. All of them are specific and understandable. We would suggest participants exams that they already passed. Before starting the exam, they would be asked to assess their potential degree according to a ten-point scale. After that, students would evaluate their results as well as studying hours. All the information would be recorded in the Excel table for the further analysis. It seems very important to point out the fact that it was noted that there is no direct benefit for respondents. However, they might find it interesting and important to contribute to the research in the field of psychology. Analytical Tool The results of the research would be analyzed in Excel. The first table would represent the direct results of the research including participants’ answers, post-test rating, and study hours. The second table would count the correlation and average points that would contribute to the appropriate analysis and discussion of results. Excel table seems to be an appropriate and useful tool for the analysis as it allows calculating numerical data with high degree of accuracy that is quite significant to receive correct results of the study. What is more, it promotes the visibility of the represented information. In addition, the introduction of quantitative indicators to the study is necessary and indispensable component to obtain objective data results. For this purpose, it is useful to apply methods of mathematical statistics to study learning issues. It would promote various subjects such as the processing of factual data, the rationale for the scientific research, and others. The analysis of the data conducted in the research could not be easily argued and denied as there is evidence of it being taken directly from participants. Therefore, the information presented in the Excel would appear to be accurate and trustworthy. | human | 0 | 0 | 0 | human |
Private Labels Competing Against the FMCG Case Study Private labels are those goods that are by produced by the retailers such as supermarkets. There are several reasons why this marketing strategy has become very popular. First of all, at the time of economic recession, the purchasing power of many clients has declined. This is why they search for less expensive goods (Lincoln 25). Therefore, the marketing of private labels can increase the profitability of many retailers that try to become less dependent on manufacturers. Furthermore, consumers notice that in many cases, private labels are not inferior to branded goods in terms of quality. This is one of the main aspects that can be identified. To a great extent, one can speak about a significant shift in public attitude toward such these products. They are no longer associated with poor quality (Lincoln 25). This is why this marketing strategy has been successfully implemented by many firms. Additionally, it is vital to remember that modern businesses can operate on the Internet. Information technologies enable buyers to compare different products in terms of price and quality. In many cases, these people prefer to purchase private labels. These are the main reasons that can explain the popularity of these products among retailers as well as consumers in Europe or the United States. At present, one cannot say whether the situation will change in the future, especially at the time when the purchasing power of people increases. Nevertheless, it is quite possible that these labels will not lose their competitive position. Much will depend on the marketing strategies adopted by various producers. This is one of the main arguments that can be put forward. The manufacturers of branded fast moving consumer goods (FMCGs) adopt various strategies in order to regain their competitive edge at the time when the economy recovers. First of all, they can launch their own stores (Kotler 128). In this way, they can increase the loyalty of consumers. Furthermore, such an approach can distinguish a certain product among many private labels. This is one of the actions that can be taken. Nevertheless, such a policy has significant limitations because it is applicable only to companies that produce various brands. This is one of the main issues that should be considered by the managers of these companies. Furthermore, these businesses can carry out marketing campaigns that stress the quality of branded goods. This strategy is also helpful for attracting clients. However, the main issue is that many consumers have changed their attitudes toward private labels and FMCG. Many clients are no longer convinced that branded FMCGs are superior to private labels (Lincoln 25). Therefore, the producers of FMCGs should introduce innovative products that can be distinguished in terms of functionality, design, reliability, or other criteria. So, they will need to create additional value for customers. This is one of the ways in which they can strengthen their position in the market. Finally, these companies may decide to cooperate with retailers. It should be kept in mind that some producers provide goods to retailers and later these products are sold as private labels (Lincoln 25). Such a strategy can help these businesses improve their sustainability. These are some of the policies that FMCG managers can adopt in order to improve their long-term performance. Works Cited Kotler, Phillip. A Framework for Marketing Management , New York: Prentice Hall, 2011. Print. Lincoln, Keith. Private Label: Turning the Retail Brand Threat into Your Biggest Opportunity, New York: Kogan Page Publishers, 2009. Print. | human | 0 | 0 | 0 | human |
Australian Bankers’ Association Promotion Strategy Report (Assessment) Australian bank customers have had a very bad perception about the country’s banking sector. For instance, many customers believe that banks are closing branches to cut costs. This is a misconception as the country is ranked well with 25,000 banking access points per one million residents when compared to countries like UK, Singapore and France (Australian Bankers Association 2010, p. 8). Customers should also know that the sector has real competition among various banks. After deregulation, transaction accounts are now available in 24 banks, 177 credit unions and 14 building societies (Australian Bankers Association 2010, p. 11). It should also be known that competition has reduced interest margins to less than 2% (Australian Bankers Association 2010, p. 13). Most of these customers believe that banking services are not affordable. This is a misconception as transaction fees accounts for only 1% of banks revenues (Australian Bankers Association 2010, p. 17). Therefore, this will be communicated to different people and customers to do away with these misconceptions. In this case, TV will be effective in reaching a wide mass of people. This is because it is mostly accessible and adverts can be made appealing to different age groups (Westpac 2010, p. 8). Other forms of promotion will also be used to reach individual target groups. Public relations and sales promotion will give individual target groups the attention they deserve and in the process explain all they need to know. Personal selling is very interactive and can be tailor made to suit different interests. Because there is a good advertising budget, all banks will be covered in this campaign as it’s an all industry affair (Australian Bankers Association 2010, p. 26). This will pull together their efforts in reaching a wide mass of people. Therefore, all banks will be required to input their contributions on the way forward. Reference List Australian Bankers Association., 2010. Fact sheets on banking industry . Web. Westpac., 2010. Australia’s First bank. Web. | human | 0 | 0 | 0 | human |
Introduction 2. Background 3. Selection Criteria 4. Conclusion 5. References Introduction To analyze the financial information of the organization the company California Pizza Kitchen can be seen as a suitable choice. California Pizza Kitchen (CPK) is a chain of full-service restaurants, offering California-style cuisine, represented through creative pizzas, pasta, soups, sandwiches, appetizers, and desserts. The restaurant was opened on March 27, 1985, by the attorney’s Rick Rosenfield and Larry Flax, who both hold the position of Co-Chairman of the Board of Directors, Co-President & Co-CEO of the company. The present paper will provide a short description of the organization and the reasons for which it is was deemed suitable for analyzing financial information. Background The company currently consists of owned, licensed, or franchised 265 locations in 321 states and 10 foreign countries. The company has 25 years of operational history in the segment of casual dining restaurants (CPK, 2010). The chain has two directions of development, the full-service restaurants, and the CPK/ASAP concept which focuses on the fast-casual service is significantly smaller restaurants. As of 2010, the company employs approximately 14,600 employees, among which 190 employees are working in the company’s headquarters in West Century Boulevard, Los Angeles, California (CPK, 2010, 2011b). The company market value is estimated as $343 million, where the revenues in 2010 were $642.2 million, with a non -GAAP net income of $17.1 million (CPK, 2011a; Forbes, 2011a). Selection Criteria The company went public in 200, and thus, it is publicly traded with plenty of information available on its website. Additionally, the company is considerably small having a single direction of development, and a relatively small period of being publicly traded, for comparison reasons. Although the company is currently having a decrease in sales, according to their 2010 financial results, it is appraised on several levels. Forbes magazine put the company on its annual list of self-made entrepreneurs, which are also on the list of America’s best small companies. The conditions taken in consideration include such aspects as annual revenues in the range between $5million and $750 million, being publicly traded at least for a year, and “stock price no lower than $5” (Forbes, 2011a). The criteria for rankings include sales growth, return on equity, and other aspects, for which it is ranked as 192 (Forbes, 2011b). The company might be distinguished among many companies by the fact that the original founders are still taking control of the organization despite going public. Additionally, with the company having its highs and lows during the time it went public, it can be used for comparison purpose with all statements, annual reports, SEC filings, and stock information being available on “Investor Relations” section of the company’s website located at(CPK, 2011c). Conclusion The present paper provided a brief overview of the company California Pizza Kitchen (CPK) for the purpose of being approved as the organization to be used during the Session’s Long Project (SLP). The paper argued that the company is a suitable candidate for analyzing its financial information. Being publicly traded, ranked among Forbes 200 small companies in 2009 and publishing all their relevant financial information on their website provides an opportunity for using and analyzing the company’s financial position. References CPK. (2010). California Pizza Kitchen, Inc. and Subsidiaries 2009 Annual Report on Form 10-K . California Pizza Kitchen . CPK. (2011a). California Pizza Kitchen Announces Financial Results for the Fourth Quarter and Fiscal Year 2010. California Pizza Kitchen . Web. CPK. (2011b). Investors Relations: CPK Fact Sheet. California Pizza Kitchen . Web. CPK. (2011c). Investors Relations: Financial Information. California Pizza Kitchen . Web. Forbes. (2011a). The 200 Best Small Companies: California Pizza Kitchen. Forbes.com LLC . Web. Forbes. (2011b). In Depth: Self-Made Stars – California Pizza Kitchen . Forbes.com LLC . | human | 0 | 0 | 0 | human |
Polish Coal Export to Germany, Its History and Trends Research Paper Abstract Poland was the largest exporter of polished coal to Germany in the early twentieth century. The country continues to export coal to Germany. Germany was allowed by the Geneva Convention to import coal from the Silesia region in the 1924 to 1925. Germany was also the greatest purchaser of coal, especially the one that was duty free, as an outcome of the pact that was signed in Geneva. It is very critical to mention that the most part of Silesian coal basin was in Poland, and this is what made Poland the largest exporter of coal in Germany. In 1925, after the treaty termination, the government of Germany banned the import of coal from Poland. Poland is a country known to be rich in minerals. Today it has become the biggest manufacturer of coal. Coal has many uses, but the most common usage is in the production of electricity. The history of Polish coal began many years ago. Historians document that coal mining in Poland started in early twentieth century. This research paper will deliberate the export of Polish coal to Germany. History of export of Polish Coal to Germany Poland was trying to develop its economic system after it had acquired independence from the Germans. The Silesian coal mine was one of the biggest in the country. Most of the biggest mines in Poland were owned by foreign businessmen who were registered under corporations, for example: Donnersmarck, Ballestrem and Hohenlohe. During the inter-war period, the production of coal went up. During this time, coal export was at fourteen million tons. 172 million tons of coal were exported from Poland to other countries between the year 1924 and 1938 ( From Ballestrem to the port in Gdynia , 2012). Due to a rise in production, Poland was forced to ship forty percent of the total production abroad. The Geneva Convention allowed Germany to import specific amount of coal from the Silesia region. A new custom law was overhauled by the Poland parliament, which was directed at protecting Poland market from outside influence. Since Poland began exporting coal to Germany, it faced resistance from the German. The opposition took place, despite Germany being one of the biggest buyers of Silesian coal. One of the reasons is that the largest part Silesian mines were on the Poland side. In January 1925, the government of Germany banned the import of coal from Poland. Therefore, Poland was forced to look for new markets for its coal ( From Ballestrem to the port in Gdynia , 2012). Reasons for the decrease in the amount of Polish coal exported to Germany The amount of coal that Germany imports from Poland is likely to fall in the next few years. For example, since 2012, the amount of Germany import of Polish coal has gone down by seven percent. The cause for the fall of coal imports is the rough economic situation in Europe. The increment in the use of other renewable energies such as solar power has likewise led to the reduction in the amount of coal imported from Poland. Competition from coal producing nations has also contributed to a decrease in the amount of Polish coal exported to Germany (Eckert, 2012). Presently, the largest importers of Polish fine coal include Austria, Britain, Czech Republic and Germany. The coarse coal for heat generating purposes is imported to Ireland and United Kingdom. However, Polish coal faces competition from nations such as Russia, United States of America and South Africa. Despite strong competition, Polish coal continues to be one of the best in Europe. References Eckert, V. (2012). German hard coal imports seen down 7 pct in 2012 . Web. From Ballestrem to the port in Gdynia. The pre-war period . (2012). Web. | human | 0 | 0 | 0 | human |
“Peter Pan” a Story by James Matthew Barrie Essay “Peter Pan” by J.M. Barrie is a unique story, which tells tales about children in a tone more typical for an adult literature. The main character of Barrie’s books is a magic boy who does not grow older. There are three main propositions concerning Peter Pan. The first one is the result of his unique ability – the time does not pass for him (there is no past and no future). The second proposition is that he doesn’t differentiate between what is “real” and what is “make-believe.” The third proposition is that Peter doesn’t love anybody except himself. All the above-mentioned propositions are interrelated in Barrie’s depiction of Peter in a way that often creates new qualities of the character and violates initial propositions. Barrie introduces his character as an ordinary boy. In his physical appearance, Peter Pan does not differ greatly from the ordinary children. He is described as “a lovely boy, clad in skeleton leaves and the juices that ooze out of trees but the most entrancing thing about him was that he had all his first teeth” (Barrie 10). The character of the boy is determined by his connection with the world of magic and the Neverland island in particular. Numerous adventures disclose different traits of Peter’s character, showing him as an adult person rather than a “lovely boy.” The first proposition about Peter Pan is a little boy who whom there is no past and no future. Peter is self-centered to the extent that prevents him from following the course of events. Peter does not have a concept of exact time and time flow. When he is asked about his age, he replies “I don’t know… “but I am quite young” (Barrie 23). Specific perception of time that Peter possesses is closely connected with his self-consciousness. The boy easily forgets what happened to him and lives in the now. For example, when Wendy warns him that sewing his shadow might hurt, the boy replies “Oh, I shan’t cry”. Peter says this because he “was already of the opinion that he had never cried in his life” (Barrie 10). Peter utterly forgets that he was crying a moment ago. Peter’s special perception of time influences his memory it is difficult for him to remember his friends. The second proposition concerning Peter Pan is that he doesn’t differentiate between what is “real” and what is “make-believe”. For Peter imaginary and unnatural things and actions are quite natural. The entire world around him is the reflection of himself. Peter easily perceive the idea of sewing his shadow to his feet, he talks to fairies, fights with pirates and flies in the most natural way and teaches his friends to fly with the help of fairy powder. For Barrie’s character the world is not divided in to real and unreal. Everything exciting and created by imagination is real. A good example of a “make-believe” reality is the Neverland where Peter brings his friends. The unreal island often becomes the stage for rather mundane events. The third proposition about Peter Pan is that Peter doesn’t love anybody except himself. This quality of Peter’s character is revealed in his communication with children. When Wendy helps Peter to attach his shadow he does not reveal any gratitude. “How clever I am!” he crowed rapturously, “oh, the cleverness of me!” (Barrie 22). The author points out that “It is humiliating to have to confess that this conceit of Peter was one of his most fascinating qualities” (Barrie 23). Barrie clearly states that “there never was a cockier boy” (23). Peter’s selfishness is revealed in his careless and even ruthless actions when they fly across the sea. He lets his friends fall asleep and start to fall down and saves them at the last moment. The author states on the subject “it was his cleverness that interested him and not the saving of human life” (33). The complicated character of Peter Pan sometimes reveals qualities contrary to the initial propositions. For example, the proposition that Peter loves nobody but himself is violated when Peter says to Wendy that “… one girl is more use than twenty boys”(Barrie 23). Peter’s caring attitude to fairy Tink also contradicts with his selfishness. Peter reveals his affection to Wendy when she is believed to be dead, which also proves that he is not indifferent to others. The violation of the “real” and “make-believe” rule can be revealed in Peter’s attitude to mothers. On the Neverland island, many boys miss their mothers, but Peter prohibits even to talk about mothers. Peter “despised all mothers” (Barrie 62). Nevertheless, Peter asks Wendy to be his mother, and mother for all of the boys. This awkward request shows how vulnerable Peter Pan is. It explains that Peter’s love for himself is a compensation for not being loved by anybody, especially his mother. Barrie creates Peter Pen as a real human with bad and good traits of character. The bad qualities are easily seen from the very beginning of the story, but as the narration develops positive traits of character and new propositions appear. The author creates the propositions about his main character to make the story easier to read. He violates those propositions to engage the reader’s interest, to apply the reader’s personal experience to the perception of the story. “Peter Pen” is written in a way that helps every adult recognize himself in a certain period in life. Work Cited Barrie, James Matthew. Peter Pan . Collector’s Library, 2008. | human | 0 | 0 | 0 | human |
Franklin D. Roosevelt’s Plans to End the Great Depression in His Presidency Essay Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. The Great Depression 3. Measures to End the Great Depression 4. Conclusion 5. Works Cited Introduction President Franklin Roosevelt rose to power at the time when the U.S. was facing hardships in the economy with the great depression badly affecting the economic activities of the country. Although the President did not have new measures to combat the great depression, he had normal old techniques to be applied together with a message of hope to the Americans that they could overcome everything that is affecting the economy. He encouraged the Americans to overcome fear first. This paper discusses the techniques that President Roosevelt used to overcome the great depression in his presidency. The Great Depression The great Depression affected the economy of the U.S. in the 1930s with people’s values shrunken to the lowest levels. The government increased taxes due to reduced levels of income with ability for consumers to consume goods decreasing to lowest levels. In addition, the means of exchange that measures the level of liquidity in the economy had gone down thereby freezing any form of trade. Enterprises closed down even as savings of many Americans were diminished. The level of economic activities in the country was badly affected and the levels of unemployed were soaring. Therefore, the president had to offer not only hope, but ways through which the economy could be resuscitated (Polenberg 39). Measures to End the Great Depression The President began by offering measures that could be undertaken to end the great depression. He argued that banks had lacked morals and ethical standards that led to lack of credit to borrowers. Due to this, he stated that his government would restore values in the banking sector so that credit can be improved and the levels of investment increased. This was not the only solution to the problem. He argued that employment levels were low and the economy could only be revived through reduced unemployment levels. This could be achieved by various means beginning by direct recruitment by the government. He pointed out that his government would treat unemployment as an act of emergency such as war. Through employment, the country’s natural resources would be put back to use (Polenberg 40). The other revealed measure to end the great depression was balancing of population in industrial centers together with redistribution into agricultural land. Through this, Agricultural production would be increased even as unemployment reduces. This was to be accompanied by the increased purchasing power of the population. The federal government pledged to support these activities by effective planning and provision of effective means of transportation of manufactured farm products. Despite this, the efforts were to begin immediately and not wait any longer (Polenberg 42). President Roosevelt pointed to regulation of the financial sector as another ensure that would ensure that the recession did not repeat itself again in future. This could involve strict supervision of all banking, credit and investment activities carried by all financial institutions. This could help end speculation using other people’s money. In addition, the president prioritized stability of the national economy over international trade. In the State of the Union Address in 1935, the president reiterated that the federal government owed the Americans in terms of provision of employment. Therefore, he outlined measures taken by the federal government to reduce levels of unemployment. These measures included a vast public works program that would cost $5 billion such as slum clearance and upgrading, rural electrification and reforestation (Polenberg 64). Further still, he reiterated that his second term government would ensure that unemployment is low, interest rates are maintained low to encourage investment, more agricultural production would be promoted and better and cheap infrastructure would be provided to the American citizens. The president further argued that welfare programs established by the federal government such as home relief should come second to work relief, a statement that has spurred mixed reactions. A part from economic recovery and overcoming the Great Depression, President Roosevelt was concerned with the conservation of the environment. He continuously pointed out that the environment should be conserved for the future generations that will succeed the land in a few years to come. His government undertook measures to conserve the environment through various programs such as the reforestation, dam construction and provision of hydroelectric power projects to show his concern for the environment (Polenberg 66). Conclusion It is true that President Roosevelt had measures in place to overcome the great depression that affected the U.S. economy in the 1930s. First, the great depression had led to low levels of productivity that was accompanied by high unemployment levels, lack of credit in financial institutions, low investment and reduced farm output. The measures as he outlined in his inaugural address to the nation were many. They included government support to improve agricultural production and general productivity in the country through improved industrial activities. Farmers were to be supported by provision of cheap infrastructure and provision of cheap social amenities such as electricity through the rural electrification programme. Unemployment was to be reduced by direct government recruitment. Lastly, government regulation of the banking sector was to ensure that the issues affecting the economy are not repeated in future. In addition, the President pursued environmental conservation measures such as reforestation. Works Cited Polenberg, Richard. The Era of Franklin D. Roosevelt, 1933-1945: A Brief History with Documents . Basingstoke: Palgrave McMillan. 2000. Print. | human | 0 | 0 | 0 | human |
Financial Reporting Practices and Ethics in Business Research Paper In the current competitive environment, creating constructive strategies for enhancing the effectiveness of financial reporting practices of health care organizations is of critical significance. It is the path that contemporary health care professionals should take and achieve substantial growth. Efficient reporting strategies incorporate various elements of fiscal management and accounting principles and financial ethical standards. One of the most essential elements of financial management is fiscal planning. The planning ensures that sufficient resources are available at the appropriate times to solve needs of the health organizations. These needs include long-term requirements, costly technical equipment, and short-term needs, such as employees’ payment and upgrading equipment. The next element is fiscal control. It enables organizations to meet their goals. Fiscal control evaluates the security of organizational assets, efficiency of the management and productivity of the assets (Financial management, n. d.). The other elements are directing and organizing, which ensure that organization brings together human, financial, and physical resources and develop a positive relationship among the resources. This process entails delegation of authorities, identification of activities and coordination of responsibility relationships. The final element is fiscal decision-making. It helps develop a relationship among financing tools, investment, and dividends. In addition, it helps the management determine the most appropriate means of distributing profits (Financial management, n.d.). Health care centers also incorporate accounting principles and general financial ethical standards in their management plans. Doctors and nurses abide by ethical standards that regulate the purchase of drugs and other health care related items. One of the key ethical standards that health care finance professionals uphold to achieve their objectives is competence. According to Morley (2013), to be competent, the professionals need to acquire quality formal education and continue learning by taking part in forums that equip them with new information that can have impact on their career. In addition, they need to be aware of changes in the accounting principles. Among other things, they must display integrity and be honest. Additionally, accountants and financial experts must maintain objectivity. They need to be objective and avoid conflicts of interest to achieve institutional and individual goals. They must not work for their relatives, as most people have some significant interest in their relatives’ organizations. All associations of financial professionals discourage engaging in dishonest practices irrespective of the type of connections that may exist between the expert and the employer. The associations hold that practices such as manipulating records to enhance a firm’s reputation and perceived financial performance are against the accounting standards (Governance, n. d). Another general accounting principle is confidentiality. Financial professionals have access to their employees’ vital and sensitive financial and personal information. Accounting principles and ethical standards oblige accountants to keep such pieces of information private with the exception of when a court of law orders for disclosure. Apart from keeping the data private, all associations for accountants and financial professionals require the professionals not to use the information to gain undue advantages. Notably, Health Net has codes of conduct that comply with the standards. It has adopted a ‘report a potential violation policy’. The policy assures that the organization maintains a high level of transparency, objectivity and competence. According to credible information on the organization’s official website, the code ensures that nobody misuses its resources and no one suffers for reporting violation. Workers in the organization have the freedom to discuss with their supervisors matters relating to the violation of their code. Anyone who thinks a director of the company has violated the code has the option of reporting to the Chief Ethics officer or the Legal Department. The codes enable the managers to understand their roles and responsibilities, which ultimately leads to keeping of accurate and verifiable accounting records. The policy also requires people who have information regarding poor management of accounting and auditing activities to report the issues to the Audit Committee (Governance, n. d). Health Net also requires its employees to avoid conflicts of interest. The company says that those who engage in activities such as working for its competitor, benefiting unduly from the information they have acquired in the course of work, or have a financial interest in other similar health care venture, should not continue working for the company. This policy ensures that stakeholders of the company keep ethical standards and safeguard the interests of the company. Additionally, the organization has an anti-money laundering policy. The company has put measures in place to detect fraud and prevent its officers from using illegal means to make money. It requires its customers and staff to report officers that use transaction structures that lack commercial justification to the Legal Department. Apart from Health Net, the National Association for Health Care Quality upholds similar ethical principles. The organization requires healthcare professionals to possess skills in health care information fundamentals such as reporting, computer use and statistical processes (NAHQ code of ethics and standards of practice, 2011). The ethical standards make the professionals competent. The standards also enhance reporting strategies of health centers and other institutions that adopt them. References Corporate governance. (n.d). Health.net. Web. Financial management . (n.d.). Reaady Ratios: Financial Analysis and Accounting Book of Reference . Morley, M. (2013). Accounting principles & general financial ethical standards . Small business . NAHQ code of ethics and standards of practice. (2011). NAHQ.org . Web. | human | 0 | 0 | 0 | human |
Administrative Agencies and Regulatory Flexibility Act Essay Administrative Agencies Administrative agencies are an important part of the governmental system. They could be defined as organizations, created for solving important social problems. These agencies interact directly with people from the society and provide them required services. The Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) is one of the public agencies, related to the Department of Health & Human Services. The main purpose of this agency is “to protect America from health, safety and security threats, both foreign and in the U.S.” (“CDC,” 2014, para. 1). The agency’s functions are to detect and prevent dangerous disease spreading, to apply novel technologies, and to develop healthy behavior of the community. Main questions to the CDC: * Does the organization provide funding for the healthcare researches? What are the criteria for research program preferences? * What is the list of CDC’s actions in case of emergency? What legal measures could it take? * What is the agency’s policy according to the vaccination? Does it have the power to oblige parents to vaccinate their children? Administrative agencies are important for the society due to its role in urgent social problems solving. These agencies provide their services directly to people in the community. Dealing with current problems directly, administration of the agency changes existing rules and regulations according to the particular issue to make it more efficient. Another important role of agencies is investigations and scientific researches. Agencies provide funding for research projects and apply the obtained results into the practice. However, some people believe that administrative agencies have too much power. This suggestion is based on the lack of regulation of these agencies work. In fact, administrative agencies have the power of legislation, execution, and judgment in the areas of their responsibility. It leads to the almost uncontrolled power of the administrative agencies. Regulatory Flexibility Act Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act (GINA) was passed with the purpose to protect employees from the discrimination on the genetic information basis, in particular, on the basis of family diseases and inclinations. According to this act, employers have no rights to request the employee’s genetic information, share it among staff members or use it for the job transferring or firing. However, this act has some limitations, in particular, according to the health insurance and wellness providing. Mainly, this act could be related to the employee’s individual health insurance plan development. The problem is that insurance companies are not supposed to request the information about family based diseases with the purpose to provide better healthcare services. The Regulatory Flexibility Act (RFA) could be applied in this situation to regulate the GINA’s effect on these companies. In particular, some of the GINA’s aspect could be avoided. For example, insurances companies might be able to request information, related to the employee’s health condition, however, might not be able to share it with the employer. For example, one of the public comments (, related to the GINA, was from the company which provides wellness plans for the workers and their families. To develop the optimal plan, the company should obtain the data according to the employees’ genetic information, in particular, according to the metabolic diseases. After the GINA was passed, the company could not provide their services without, in fact, breaking the law. It could be stated that organization’s concerns are rational. Without this particular information, it is impossible to develop the program for health improvement which would be useful. Moreover, it is possible to even to impair the situation without the required information. Thus, it could be supposed that the RFA could be applied to regulate the GINA in this particular case. References CDC. Mission, role, and pledge . (2014). Web. | human | 0 | 0 | 0 | human |
Management of e-waste Essay Today’s technology is rapidly changing thus rendering existing technology and equipment obsolete quite often. This applies to electronic devices and equipment like computers, printers, copiers, scanners, keyboards and monitors. A recent study indicates that 300 million and above computers were obsolete in 2007 and the number was expected to triple by 2013. This poses a challenge on disposal of such obsolete equipment by schools (Sawyer, 2010). E-Waste contains toxic elements that may be harmful to the environment if crushed, burned or disposed at landfills. Such toxic elements may be harmful to the school’s population. Therefore, there are several recommended disposal mechanisms. Computer and equipment purchase done in a life cycle. Computers and equipment purchased by the school should be done in a life cycle. This means at the time of purchase the school makes an appropriation of how long the machines are to be used and disposed. The school disposes the machines in bulk which is simple. Recycling by vendors. The school can contact the vendors and suppliers of such equipment for disposal. Also, when making new purchases, ensure the vendor has a return/ recycling program. Donation to others. The school can opt to donate usable equipment to charitable organizations. This goes a long way as a way of giving back to the community. Auctioning unused equipment. The school can identify the surplus equipment and organize a local auction to dispose them off. This generates some income for the school. Use of commercial recyclers. The school can use the services of an electronic commercial recycler, county or state recycler to dispose its used computers and equipment. The school can fully adopt the above mechanisms for effective and efficient disposal off their e-waste. References Francis, C. A. (2009). Organic farming: the ecological system . American Society of Agronomy, Madison, WI. Sawyer, P. L. (2010). Electronic waste management and recycling issues of old computers and electronics . Nova Science, New York. | human | 0 | 0 | 0 | human |
The Case Korematsu v. United States Essay The case Korematsu v. United States illustrates that the principles imbedded in the Constitution of the United States can be violated or at least misinterpreted, especially at the time when the country has to cope with a threat to national security. This paper is aimed at discussing the opinions of judges who had to pass verdict about the internment of Japanese Americans and their exclusion from military areas. It is important to examine three themes, namely national security, race, and the constitutionality of the internment since they are vital for legislators. Justices Hugo Black and Felix Frankfurter supported the decision of the government. In their opinion, internment was not motivated by racial prejudices against Japanese Americans. They believed that the internment of these citizens was motivated by the necessity, in particular, the war with Japan. This is one of the main points that they made. In contrast, Justice Frank Murphy disagreed with this argument. In his opinion, racial considerations did play a vital role, and these biases affected the views of legislators. Additionally, he noted that Americans of German or Italian origin were not interred, even though both Germany and Italy could potentially pose a threat to the national security of the country. This example indicates at the inconsistency of governmental policies. This is one of the main issues that should be considered. Furthermore, it is vital to focus on such a theme as national security. Hugo Black and Felix Frankfurter believed that during the war with Japan, the government of the United States had to take precautions in order to protect the state. In their opinion, Japanese Americans might cooperate with the government of Japan. Therefore, the decisions of the military leaders could be justified at that time. In contrast, Justices Murphy and Jackson opposed to this decision by saying that the ethnic background of a person could not turn him/her into a suspect. They believed that this approach to the national security was driven by racial prejudice, rather than evidence. This is why they did not support the policies of the state. Finally, it is vital to discuss the constitutionality of the internment. None of the judges believed that the exclusion order fully complied with the principles of the U.S constitution. Nevertheless, they looked at this problem from different perspectives. For example, Justices Jackson and Murphy argued that the U.S Constitution did not prevent the government from taking expedient military precautions, especially at the time when the country was at war. However, they did not speak about the privileges guaranteed to the citizens. In their turn, Murphy and Jackson clearly stated that the exclusion order was constitutional because the liberty of a person could not be restricted without due process. These are the main aspects that can be identified. In my view, this court ruling was not legitimate and the exclusion could not be upheld because ethnicity cannot be the measurement of a person’s loyalty to the country. It should be mentioned that Korematsu was born in the United States. More importantly, he held the citizenship of the country, and he possessed certain unalienable rights that had to be safeguarded. This is why Korematsu and other Japanese Americans could not be removed from their homes or official posts. This is the main argument that can be put forward. | human | 0 | 0 | 0 | human |
“Introduction to Manufacturing Lipke, David. “American Apparel Focuses on Fundamentals”. WWD Issue.” Essay (Article) This article gives a point of view of American Apparel from the perspective of a fairly new company in a hotly competitive market. Lipke, the author, focuses on cutting down costs by the company to pay off the company’s debts, however after years of financial success, production problems have brought up costs in their LA facilities and lowered profitability. American Apparel applies product costing in tracking and assessing the expenses involved in the manufacturing process and selling costs, from raw materials purchases to costs incurred in transiting the finished products to retail stores (Lipke, 1). The article stresses that the main focus is on interdependent of the decision making process needed in apparel product development. Due to the kind of competitive environment American Apparel is operating in, product costing is essential for its survival in the market. American Apparel has established an elaborate inquiry that provides accurate information of a product’s real cost and benefit. American Apparel has recognized that its competitiveness is improved by purchasing, processing, logistics, and product design affiliates implement total lifecycle costing. American Apparel is trying to strengthen their management ranks with new talent and reduce inventory. Furthermore, the company mentions that they are a new company that has not worked out all the kinks yet and they are working hard to become more stable in the economy. Empirically, the article states, “(earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation and amortization) ratio was increased to 2 (from 1.75) in the first quarter of 2010, and to 1.9 (from 1.65) in the second quarter”, and adds that, “The changes will enable American Apparel to access a larger amount of its $75 million credit facility with Bank of America” (Lipke, 2) Seidler, Ben. “Fur Takes Center Stage Again.” The New York Times . September 9 th Sept. 2010. Web. This article focuses on fashion material sourcing and selection as seen during the autumn/winter 2010 runway; fur has been a fashionable preference for fashion artisans, not only in the traditional Milan and Paris, but also in New York and London. Material sourcing is not only meant to maintain a theme in a collection, but also is cost efficient on the consumers. It also shows the ability of designers and the creativity of artisans in working with different materials; in the apparel industry designers and merchandisers find different and creative ways in using fabrics and materials, such as trim, for different products other than the original designed garment. Not only was fur used for the typical, fur coat, but designers used fur as a source for many other uses as well. Observed in this autumn/winter 2010 runway were fur skirts, hats, and bags. Seidler (3) states that fur could be “feathered, shredded, unlined, or knitted”. This is mainly due to the elevated amount of fur on the runway this year. Although with the emphasis was on real fur this season, some designers decided to opt for the faux fur as well. Along with fur and many other fabrics in our wardrobe, there are many new and creative ways of using fur items for other resources. In addition, with the given today’s technology there will continue to be other ways in using our materials productively. Even artificial fur is been used by designers to explore the aesthetic and textured nature of artificial fur (Seidler, 5). Works Cited Lipke, David. “American Apparel Focuses on Fundamentals”. WWD Issue. 1 st April 2010. Web. Seidler, Ben. “Fur Takes Center Stage Again.” The New York Times . September 9 th Sept. 2010. Web. | human | 0 | 0 | 0 | human |
How Social Network Empowers Youths in the Society Report Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. Literature Review 3. Methodology 4. Results 5. Discussion 6. Conclusion 7. Reference List Introduction To facilitate meaningful youth participation in the society, there has been rising need to inject their commitments in serving the society through presentations using posters and workshops. According to Majer (2009: 17), posters are quite powerful presentations which enhance skills and knowledge development among youths due to their tendency to stimulate creativity and psychomotor skills development. With the current society dominated by information technology, the digital media is one of the emerging reliable sources of innovation among youths. Particularly, skillful presentation of ideas and expressions through posters over the internet has been revealed as one of the most powerful agents of youth development. As revealed by Hess & Tosney (2009: 59), the engagement of youths in creative arts through development of posters stimulates systems change through innovations, resulting into general community development. Quite importantly, meaningful youth involvement in various development projects facilitates value-focused decision making in the society. This report is to establish the ultimate value of youth engagement in posters presentations in various social activities. Literature Review Hess, G. & Tosney, K. (2009). Effectiveness of Poster Presentation to Enhance Youths’ Social Networks. Social Networking, 32( 1): 57-69. As noted by Hass & Tosney, the engagement of youths in various presentations using posters is one of the most powerful strategies to enhance creativity in them. Since communication is a very important skill among youths, its usage among youths in various presentations enhances the linkage between theoretical knowledge they gain in school to real life experiences or practice. On this basis, Hass & Tosney considers posters as one of the most effective facilitators of accuracy in knowledge application among youths. Though Hass & Tosney lacks precise consideration of special cases like visually impaired youths, his ideas are quite useful for active engagement of youths in community development projects. Majer, J. (2009). Using Poster Presentations to Enhance Community Skills. Curtin University of Technology: Curtin University Press, 12-21. As revealed by Majer, youth participation in social activities through developing respective posters to reflect a certain social events facilitates unity in the community. Through use of posters, youths are actively involved in community development projects, which make them realize self esteem through expressing their artistic skills through posters development. However, fails to consider talent diversity among youths, in which some of them are more talented in other community development activities or expressions, other than only through poster presentations. Tham, M. (2004) Poster Presentation of Research Work. New York: McGraw-Hill Publishers, 42-71. Through the use of posters, Tham reveals how the development of efficient communication skills among youths will be nurtured. Since posters creations of skillful artistic work, the engagement of youths in poster presentations enhances innovation and invention of new ideas in various fields. More so, Tham show how engagement of youths in poster presentations facilitates the development of various careers like arts and drawing among others. Nevertheless, this study seems to lack empirical study carried out to form a basis for the arguments presented in it. Methodology This study relied on the use of secondary research materials like books, journal articles and the internet. This study was carried out as group work and included group decision-making rather than only group leader alone. The poster we developed constituted of an advertisement of a drink meant to children made by Kool Aids Company. In development of the poster the choice of the design was also collectively agreed after each member coming with various designs. In delivering the oral presentation, one of the group members was selected to do it. Results As it was revealed, poster presentation is one of the most accurate and effective communication media due to its accuracy in information conveying. Being a visual media, the poster we developed was quite enticing in the way it was quite appealing and persuasive due to its effective color use and emotional nature. As a result, we discovered how we have the potential to express our creativity in communication through poster presentation. Discussion As it was revealed, poster presentations enhances the understanding of the potential youths have as part of their personal development towards self actualization. Though socializing with others, youths are empowered to develop various competencies and skills in the society. According to Tham (2004: 64), social networks have the capacity to engage youths in active learning since they enhance sharing of knowledge and ideas collectively. As a result, remarkable competencies have largely been experienced in team work while developing the poster meant to act as an advertisement for Kool Aids drink for children. Generally, it has been revealed, how collective poster presentations among youths facilitates the development of various skills among youths to enhance the overall society development. Conclusion As it has been revealed, the engagement of youths in poster presentation is one of the most powerful strategies to enhance creativity and development of various communication skills. Through poster presentation in team work, as a result of social networking, youths have been empowered to participate in various community development projects. Reference List Hess, G. & Tosney, K. (2009) Effectiveness of Poster Presentation to Enhance Youths’ Social Networks. Social Networking, 32( 1): 57-69. Majer, J. (2009) Using Poster Presentations to Enhance Community Skills. Curtin University of Technology: Curtin University Press, 12-21. Tham, M. (2004) Poster Presentation of Research Work. New York: McGraw-Hill Publishers, 42-71. | human | 0 | 0 | 0 | human |
Criminal Justice Workplace Observation Essay Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. Leadership 3. Culture 4. Systems 5. Law 6. Stakeholders 7. References Introduction Many agencies form part of the criminal justice. Criminal justice is incomplete without correctional facilities famously called prisons. People and government agencies perceive prisons as centers of punishment while others perceive prisons as correctional and rehabilitation facilities. Prisons are used as a venue to correct a member of the society who has done wrong and eventually reunites with other members of the society. Leadership I work in an agency where leadership is central to all activities and yields a lot of influence. Leadership is the ability to command influence. Success or failure in any organization is attributed to management. Leadership rests in the top management of the prisons who are the decision-makers and lead the prison to attain its objectives. The structure of leadership is two-fold. There are guards and wardens. These are the people who administer rules and regulations over the inmates. They restrict the free movement of inmates, administer punishment or reward them and train the inmates. The prisoners follow the directions of the wardens and guards out of respect and at times out of fear. Wardens and guards are appointed by the government to take up leadership roles in prisons. The management in the upper level is the topmost leadership center in the prison with a wide range of responsibilities within them, that is, it offers transformational leadership. “Upper management, therefore, is more concerned with the transformation of the agency towards a more competitive and active force in pursuing its own goals and objectives in the society. Leadership in the Middle and lower management rests upon the supervisors and line leaders who execute supervisory level management to carry out the mandate of the upper-level management (Kania, 2008)”. Another leadership center exists among inmates themselves. Inmates from informal groups with rules and regulations, with a leader who develops a leadership structure composed of his loyal lieutenants. They develop their own rules with an internal system of punishment. However, the rules they come up with cannot supersede the rules set out by the wardens. There are circumstances where the warden tolerates the rules among the inmates as long as they help to maintain law and order in the facility. Culture Culture is another factor to watch in the agency. Culture is the belief system of people, their way of living, religious beliefs, and values as they share them in the agency. Culture affects the functioning of group members, especially where they follow the different cultures. The facility has many different cultures. Therefore, there is a need to take care of the approach to inmates to avoid offending them without knowing their culture. Organizational culture features prominently in the effective functioning of the teams. Culture is a center for the positive establishment of the mission and vision of the agency. Inmates in this agency have a culture of forming informal groups among them as seen above. The prison has also developed a culture of training their inmates to equip them with life skills that would help them after they leave the facility. The warden has also developed a culture of rotating guards who watch over inmates for twelve hours to ensure they attain their tasks as a team. Systems The main players in the system are the law enforcement officers who are mandated to maintain law and order and they are the one who makes arrests, followed the courts of law which administer trial to the accused, and finally the collection facility for punishment and rehabilitation. The first system is in law enforcement as enshrined in the constitution. The accused person has a right to remain silent since what he can say can be used against him in a court of law, the accused has a right to an attorney, and where he cannot afford one, the state should provide him with one. Officers are required to conduct searches only when they have search warrants (Peak, 2010). The court system is the second. It ensures a fair trial for the accused by ensuring that the accused person does not incriminate himself and there is a jury trial and fair representation by a counsel. The third system is the correctional facility. When an accused is found guilty he is sent to a correctional facility for punishment and rehabilitation. These take two forms, either probation or incarceration or in some instances, both. Law There are many laws and statutes passed to help in the criminal justice system. The law set out the maximum penalty and maximum sentences a person can be given once found guilty of an offence. The law has to be argued out by the lawyers in a court of law. This will enable judges to pass their judgment based on the facts of the law. Stakeholders The influential stakeholders comprise various bodies as discussed below. Political bodies usually have a negative effect on the justice system because they want cases decided politically rather than legally. The president as a political figure also offers presidential pardons to offenders of minor offences. Community groups like the media and human rights activists are very influential. They ensure that the rule of law is upheld while passing judgment and they advocate for a fair trial of the accused persons. These influential groups make sure that what needs to be done happens. Employees also are influential since they see what happens daily. Employees then relay what they see to wardens for collective action (Robbins & Judge, 2009). References Kania, R. E. (2008). Managing Criminal Justice Organizations: An Introduction to Theory & Practice. New York: Elsevier. Peak, K. (2010). Justice administration: police, courts, and corrections management. New York: Pearson/Prentice Hall. Peter, J. (2012). How Does the Criminal Justice System Work? Web. Robbins, S. P., & Judge, T. A. (2009). Organizational behavior. New York: Pearson/Prentice Hall. | human | 0 | 0 | 0 | human |
Project Head’s Leadership and Managerial Profile Report (Assessment) Background Problem Faced by Knowlton Knowlton lacks confidence; he does not believe in himself when competition arises. According to the write-up, Bob Knowlton is the head of the project dealing with the photon correlator since his scientific breakthrough two years before. He has been good at this job for the previous two years. He even thinks that he has ‘produced’ just as Dr. Jerrold had advised him to do in order to be prosperous in his line of duty. However, the situation changes when Jack Remington arrives at the lab. He gets irritated when Remington talks about the graphs he was analyzing. He thinks that Remington is very smart and competitive. He feels bad when he realizes that Remington is enthusiastic about work and is smart enough to find out the problem with the photon. He even describes him to his wife as a genius. During the morning meetings with his laboratory team, he realizes that Remington is organized and very thorough in his presentation. Knowlton is not comfortable to make a speech for a special meeting with projects heads and the financial investors. He brightly deceives Jerrold to allow Remington write and deliver a speech. Ego-Defence Mechanism Knowlton uses rationalisation as his ego-defence mechanism. He gives fake reasons for his resignation. He writes a letter to Jerrold saying that he has found a better position in another company. However, this statement is not true. In the real sense, he would receive a slightly lower salary than what he gets at Jerrold’s company. He indicates that he would not appear in the lab anymore for personal reasons and that he would gladly go back to help in case of any mix-ups in the group. In addition, he indicates that Remington is capable of providing leadership in the group. He then adds that his decision to leave suddenly is due to a change in his family circumstances. This assertion is also not true; he resigns because he is afraid that Remington will take his job and that he will have to work under him. Power Bases That Knowlton Failed to Draw Upon Knowlton was not able to draw power from the expert power base. This base of power involves employees believing that their leader has a high level of expertise and knowledge in a particular field. Knowlton, therefore, should have shown his superiority during the meetings with his employees for Remington to respect him as his superior. He should have written and read speeches to project leaders and financial investors. Leadership requires courage and readiness to share and teach. Knowlton’s Leadership Style Knowlton’s style of leadership is legitimate. Legitimate power refers to having a position of power in the company. For instance, being a boss or an important member of a team of leaders. He does not show any authority to the employees under him. He just guides them on what to do to achieve the goal of the project. He is offended when Remington shows up and insists on individual work. Bob Knowlton’s Managerial Profile Knowlton is a smart scientist who has made great progress in his field. He, however, does not have managerial skills. He is not confident in his qualities in the presence of competition. When Remington arrives, he thinks that he is not good enough. He is worried that Remington might find so many mistakes in the reports about the project. He does not believe that he can present Remington’s ideas to the project leaders. He is also not ready to embrace new ideas. Worse still, he is not happy that Remington is working single-handedly in troubleshooting the performance of the photon yet he advocates group work. | human | 0 | 0 | 0 | human |
Security Threats in Social Sites Report There are quite a couple of benefits for a firm that invests in information security. The ability to cope effectively with today’s security threats in social sites such as web hacking to steal consumer identity, and other internet disruptions is at the verge. Insecurity has caused complexity and slow progression in delivery of products and services in the virtual market since people want to countercheck viability before any engagements. Risks involved in virtual transactions or commitments are huge threats especially sites such as Facebook, MySpace or emails servers, since they necessitate submission of personal information. Today, information requires proper security for an effective collaboration. The service providers are able to invest heavily on the security due to possible negative effect, for instance the recent attacks on giant search engines, Google and Yahoo in China. Major risks may include stolen patent laws, compromise of data integrity and worse cases such as total loss and manipulation of information to gain profits. Various government regulations and business policies or requirements quantify the sites’ information security as a competitive advantage. Regulations make the customer to feel comfortable transacting in such firms and provide a legal platform in case of violations. The group sites and other social accounts must engage security measures to ensure privacy of information. Contrasting speculations that the sites lack security or privacy, the involved firms recognize benefits of investing in Information Security, thus the need to understanding methodologies behind risks experienced by the clients (Schneier, 2009). Security is quantifiable through evaluation of performance or comparison between the prospective or potential competitors. The quantitative risk analysis shows how the control adds value in a reputable and comparable manner. Lack of major cases involving private data violations is a good sign of enhanced privacy. Companies are able to control the data losses by investing in proper security control measures such as server configurations. Today, ability to prove availability of system security such as assuring privacy of data or information in social sites falls upon business proceedings. None of the companies that manage social sites has experienced critical performance hitches such as bleach of data or highly impacts on reputation due to compromised clients’ data. Although it is difficult to predict the value and amount of Information Security that protect privacy, it is helpful and important to determine availability. Data privacy depends on information security, which also ensures full protection of the information and systems from attacks such as unauthorized access, malicious attacks, theft, unauthorized disclosure or use, disruptions and illegal modifications. As a standard in support of privacy, information security has to involve safe usage and transfers. Security enhances easy and quick data and information exchange for the end-users during communication in both private and public networks. Information security is more beneficial in the public domain because of the advanced setup and high possibilities of attacks. Today the security of data links that are more susceptible to exploration occurs through data encryption or public key cryptography, which is a very common practice by the companies owning the collaborative sites (Schneier, 2009). When using the sites, a consumer can note protection of profiles as an assurance over application. Enhanced government policies and regulations ensure protection of privacy, intellectual property rights and enhance management of information by defending against challenges of unauthorized system access. Another protective mechanism involves isolation of untrusted form of malicious or unsecure users through authentication and enhancement procedures. The information security protocol also prevents systems’ attacks by locking down the server systems or ensuring only authorized access. The operational procedures during the security enhancement process involves checking eavesdropping and, enhancing use of strong passwords to stop gathering of information by the system users or visitors through authentication of access. The security procedures also enhance encryption of information during transfers between servers or other workstations (Easttom, 2006). References Easttom, C. (2006). Network Defense and counter measures principles and practices: Security Series . Pearson Prentice Hall Schneier, B. (2009). Security ROI Fact and Fiction . Retrieved from https://www.schneier.com/ | human | 0 | 0 | 0 | human |
The main reason for labeling is to enable consumers to identify a certain product easily and as quickly as possible. Most consumers have a difficult time identifying their preferred products if they are not well labeled. Secondly, companies label their products to make them more appealing to their target market. A significant number of consumers purchase certain products because of how they are labeled or packaged, and not because of their quality. Product labeling and sustainable marketing can also be used to rebrand Kern County almonds to enhance their marketability. Kern County can enhance the marketability and brand position of its almonds by designing an effective labeling system for the products. The packaging of the almonds can be designed using an attractive phrase containing alluring words such as ‘Kern County almonds, truly raw almonds, never pasteurized’; the phrase can make the product look more attractive and appealing to the customers. These words would not only explain to the consumers how fresh the almonds are, but also make them look unique and different from the others. Such a label on the package would also be easy for the consumers to identify. The label on the package containing the Kern County almonds should also show the nutritional value of the product in it. For instance, the label may include information such as low in carbohydrates, rich in fiber, rich in protein, rich in healthy raw fat, rich in good cholesterol, and sweet and delicious. These words provide consumers with important information that they need to know about the almonds before they even purchase them. Most consumers are extremely careful when dealing with new products, and are keen to know what is contained in them before buying or consuming them. Consequently, including such information on the packaging containing the Kern County almonds would make the brand more attractive to customers. Figure 1: Proposed Kern County Almonds Label. Kern County Almonds: low in carbohydrates, rich in fiber, rich in protein, rich inhealthy raw fat, rich in good cholesterol, and sweet & delicious When bright and attractive colors are included on the label, they can be a very effective way of attracting and retaining target customers for the Kern County almonds. Kern County can conduct viability tests to check whether appropriately labeling the almonds would make them unique before implementing the strategy on a large-scale basis. Companies can easily make significant sales and increase their profits if their labels are unique and appealing to consumers. For that reason, Kern County should ensure that the labels and packaging are attractive enough to catch the attention of the target consumers. Lastly, labeling and packaging can be used by Kern County to improve the product positioning for the almonds. The marketing team can also design fancy labels for the product to make it look like a premium brand — most customers like purchasing prestigious brands and offering them as gifts to their relatives and friends. In conclusion, attractive labels can be used to enhance product positioning for the Kern County almonds. In order to label the almonds attractively, their packaging should comprise attractive pictures and meaningful words. The labels should also be done using fancy colors that are appealing and attractive to the customers. | human | 0 | 0 | 0 | human |
Basic Operations of Computer Forensic Laboratories Essay Table of Contents 1. National standards 2. Laboratory components 3. Working conditions 4. Standard laboratory equipment 5. Tools 6. References National standards National standards provide a platform upon which computer forensic laboratories operate in the US (Nelson, Phillips & Steuart, 2010; Easttom, 2014). They are aimed to achieve practical and realistic computer forensic laboratory goals. All computer forensic laboratories in the US have to adhere to the national standards before they could be certified (Easttom, 2014). The standard 1.3.3.1 provides essential information that is crucial for developing technical skills for personnel. The standard 1.4.2.6 outlines emerging technical procedures that should be fulfilled by computer forensic laboratories. The standard 1.4.2.8 provides a framework within which samples are handled in a computer forensic laboratory. The standard emphasizes documentation that is aimed to maintain a high degree of the validity of the laboratory procedures. The standard 1.4.2.11 offers approaches that should be adopted to certify laboratory equipment and instruments. The standard also aims to ensure that adequate instruments are utilized to carry out laboratory procedures. The standard 1.4.2.12 offers guidelines that should be adhered to when maintaining computer forensic laboratory equipment and/or instruments. All instruments and/ equipment should be maintained in a way that promotes safe and valid analysis. All testing laboratories should be certified to operate upon meeting the requirements of the standard 1.4.2.13 that offers the framework for calibration of equipment and/instruments. Finally, the standard 2.11.4 aims to ensure that all technical personnel of a computer forensic laboratory pass a mandatory competency test before a laboratory could be certified (Easttom, 2014). Laboratory components There are 5 main categories of components that are used in computer forensic laboratories (Nelson et al., 2010; Easttom, 2014). First, computer forensic laboratories should have specific facilities that are utilized to ensure secure working environments. The environments could be achieved by adopting controls that prevent unauthorized access to digital information stored in computer systems. Second, laboratory configuration is an essential component of computer forensic laboratories that aim to put in place the required furniture and furnishing. The following examples of configuration components are common in many computer forensic laboratories: desktops, bookcases, evidence safe or locker, LAN and server stations, storage shelves, and forensic software. Third, the equipment used in a computer forensics laboratory may depend on the type of operating systems, storage capacities of computer hard disks, tape media, and the type of forensic investigation mainly conducted in a laboratory. Fourth, the software components used in the laboratory could be designed locally or purchased from commercial software developers. These are crucial programs that are used in data capture and analysis, among other uses. Fifth, reference materials offer excellent resources that professionals refer to when in need. The resources provide relevant answers to questions with regard to digital evidence and procedures (Easttom, 2014). Working conditions Working conditions of personnel in computer forensic laboratories differ from one facility to another. Technicians are involved in collecting and analyzing digital evidence. They could either investigate crime in the field or in the laboratory (Nelson et al., 2010). In most cases, forensic science technicians spend a considerable amount of time writing reports in the laboratory. Although computer forensic experts work during normal business hours, they could be called upon to investigate urgent crimes within their areas of jurisdiction outside normal working hours. Crime scene investigators and experts in computer forensics appear in court as expert witnesses who provide detailed and specialized evidence regarding computer-related crimes (Easttom, 2014). Standard laboratory equipment Standard computer forensic equipment is used to support standard procedures and conditions in the laboratories. The equipment makes it possible for many computers used within the context of digital evidence investigations to be used along similar methods on each occasion (Nelson et al., 2010). A mobile forensic workstation is used to collect digital evidence in the field. The equipment is also utilized to analyze suspected computer data. The rapid imaging device is an essential device used to copy suspect hard drives found in computers used to commit crimes. The equipment copy and retain the integrity of the data found in the hard disks. Interceptor equipment supports wireless networks that support airborne communications. The equipment captures crucial contents of airborne communications in static and mobile locations. This is important because computer forensic experts have adopted the use of wireless networks to gather, analyze and store computer evidence (Taylor, Haggerty, Gresty & Lamb, 2011). In addition, forensic workstations could be used in the laboratory for the analysis of data obtained from the laboratory (Nelson et al., 2010; Easttom, 2014). Tools Computer forensic investigations involve the use of specific tools used in the analysis of computer memory (Easttom, 2014). The analysis is important because it identifies digital evidence hidden in computer memory devices like hard disks. MemGator interrogates files in a computer in order to isolate crucial evidence. It gives a report to an investigator who decides the value of the information obtained. Memoryze is used to obtain memory from Microsoft Windows-based computers. In addition, the tool analyzes live memory in a running computer. Computer forensic investigators use PTFinder to search a memory of a computer that uses a Windows operating system. It identifies important threads and processes that can be placed into a file for further analysis. References Easttom, C. (2014). System forensics, investigations, and response (2 nd ed.). Burlington, MA; Jones and Bartlett Learning. Nelson, B., Phillips, A., & Steuart, C. (2010). Guide to computer forensics and investigations . Stamford, CT: CengageBrain. com. Taylor, M., Haggerty, J., Gresty, D., & Lamb, D. (2011). Forensic investigation of cloud computing systems. Network Security, 2011 (3), 4-10. | human | 0 | 0 | 0 | human |
Dietary Fat Intake and Development of Breast Cancer Essay (Article) Table of Contents 1. Objective/Aim 2. Methods 3. Results 4. Discussion 5. References Objective/Aim This study aimed to determine the relationship between dietary fat intake and the development of breast cancer in women. The following are the specific objectives that are outlined in this article. * To determine the relationship between dietary fat and breast cancer in women. * To identify specific types of fat associated with breast cancer in women. * To come up with a report that can be used to inform future studies about dietary fat as a risk factor to cancer among women. Methods The researchers worked with the hypothesis that high dietary fat intake increases breast cancer among women (Sieri 2). They used cohort studies design to conduct their investigation and determine if there is any relationship between fat intake and breast cancer. From their investigation, it was evident that high saturation of fat was associated with the risk of ER+PR+ disease (Barh 45). It means that women who have an excessive intake of dietary fat have a higher risk of developing breast cancer. The researcher used a large sample of 337,327 heterogeneous cohorts of women. 10,062 case patients developed cancer after 11 years. The sample population was only taken from women above 18 years. Men did not form part of the research. The process of selecting the participants was unbiased. The researcher identified the participants through stratified sampling from 10 European countries. The sample population was selected through correspondents in various hospitals across the 10 European countries. The outcome of the study strongly suggests that there is a close relationship between a high intake of dietary fat and the development of breast cancer (Lee 74). The researchers suggested that there is a need to conduct follow-up strategies to help in eliminating any doubts that one may have about this disease. Results The findings of the research revealed that women who had a high quintile of consumption of saturated fat had a significant risk of ER+PR+ breast cancer. The result also revealed a close relationship between ER+PR− breast cancer and high saturation of fat within the body. Development of HER2− the disease was also closely associated with a high intake of fat. However, the study did not find any statistically significant relationship between high intake of fat and ER−PR− disease, another major precursor to breast cancer. In summarizing their findings, the researchers concluded that there is a close relationship between high intake of dietary fat and most of the precursors to breast cancer. Women who had high saturation of fat in their bodies were at greater risk of getting breast cancer (Coulston, Boushey, and Ferruzzi 36). However, it is also important to note that the findings revealed that the cause of some of the precursors to cancer such as ER−PR− the disease is not in any way related to intake of fat. Discussion A critical analysis of this research reveals several strengths and weaknesses. The main strength of this study is the huge number of participants who were used to come up with the findings. 337,327 respondents were a huge number that makes this study very reliable. The fact that the study was conducted in 10 countries and involved so many experts also strengthens the finding (Carson 19). However, its main weakness is the time it took to complete it. Within 11 years, some dynamics might have changed (Legato 94). The findings can be generalized when analyzing the relationship between dietary fat and breast cancer in women. References Barh, Debmalya. Omics Approaches in Breast Cancer: Towards Next-Generation Diagnosis, Prognosis, and Therapy . New York: Cengage, 2014. Print. Carson, Bernard. Integrative Nutrition Therapy: From Particles to Circuits . Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2015. Print. Coulston, Ann, Carol Boushey, and Mario Ferruzzi. Nutrition in the Prevention and Treatment of Disease . London: McMillan, 2013. Print. Lee, Edmond. Dietary Fat and Cancer: Genetic and Molecular Interactions . Boston, MA: Springer US, 2013. Print. Legato, Marianne. Principles of Gender-Specific Medicine . Amsterdam: Academic Press, 2010. Print. Sieri, Sabina. Dietary Fat Intake and Development of Specific Breast Cancer Subtypes. JNCI J Natl Cancer Inst , 106.5 (2014): 1-6. Print. | human | 0 | 0 | 0 | human |
Using Victim Impact Statements and Defendant’s Sentencing Memorandums in Court Essay (Critical Writing) Victim impact statements and sentencing memorandums are already widely used in court in every state. Despite the states’ laws differentiating, sometimes significantly, the basic role of jurisdiction remains the same. Its purpose includes retribution, incapacitation, rehabilitation, restoration, and deterrence (Hartley et al, 2017). Many opposing forces serve in court in order to achieve these goals successfully. There are aspects that are not in the judge’s power, like mandatory sentencing for certain types of convictions, however, every case still remains unique. Paying more attention to victim impact statements and sentencing memorandum will certainly have its imminent effects, and despite its downsides discussed later, my opinion is that judges should pay more attention to these parts of the process. Firstly, a closer and more careful inspection of these two documents will allow the judge to become aquatinted with the case from within. Reading through the offender’s memorandum, an experienced judge will be able to learn more about the personality and true intentions of them than the conditions of the court will ever make space for. It is expectant of the offender to bend the truth, however, the judge would be able to devise it when presented with other documents, such as the criminal history. The concept of “acceptance of responsibility” constitutes the main problem with this part of the hearing, as many “offenders learn to act contrite and make false statements about their acceptance of responsibility” (Hartley et al., p. 249). Thus, the judicial expertise becomes even more valuable when dealing with sentencing memorandums. Victim impact statements function similarly to sentencing memorandums; however, they serve a slightly different purpose. In this document, the victim is supposed to expose to the court the true circumstances of the crime committed. However, they tend to be emotional, as they are written by a person who was affected directly. Therefore, both of these parts of a hearing can, in fact, mislead the court, however, they also “personify” crime in a sense that they give the judge better idea of the main actors of the felony. In that role, they may be greatly beneficial in passing a fair judgement – however, the judge’s responsibility raises even higher. Thus, I consider these documents to be of high importance, and the jurisdiction should give it more attention – the punishments will only become more realistic. Reference Hartley R. D., Rabe G. A., Champion D. J., & Champion D. J. (2017). Criminal Courts . VitalSource. | human | 0 | 0 | 0 | human |
End of preview. Expand
in Data Studio
RIP Dataset
Overview
The Rewritten Ivy Panda (RIP) Dataset is an AI-text detection dataset focusing on student essays. test.parquet contains additional metrics for the test essays.
This dataset was used in our paper Which LLMs are Difficult to Detect? A Detailed Analysis of Potential Factors Contributing to Difficulties in LLM Text Detection.
Data Generation
Eight LLMs rewrote essays from the Ivy Panda essay dataset:
- Anthropic Claude Haiku and Sonnet
- Meta Llama 2 13B and 70B,
- OpenAI GPT-3.5 and GPT-4o
- Mistral 7B and 8x7B
Human essays were also sourced from the Ivy Panda essay dataset.
Citation
@misc{thorat2024llmsdifficultdetectdetailed,
title={Which LLMs are Difficult to Detect? A Detailed Analysis of Potential Factors Contributing to Difficulties in LLM Text Detection},
author={Shantanu Thorat and Tianbao Yang},
year={2024},
eprint={2410.14875},
archivePrefix={arXiv},
primaryClass={cs.CL},
url={https://arxiv.org/abs/2410.14875},
}
- Downloads last month
- 46