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Southern Cross AI 14

Telephone 4 Timbertop Street 074 456 592 NORTH BUDERIM 4556 20 January, 1994 The Chief Executive Officer, Australian Consumers Association, 57 Carrington Road, MARRICKVILLE N.S.W. 2204 Dear Madam, As a long standing Choice subscriber and more recently a panellist I am writing about a subject upon which I dont think you have ever written prepurchase home inspection services. I am writing to suggest that your Research Department report on the industry, and seek the assistance of your Customer Service Department on the awful mess in which I find myself as a result of dealing with the most widely advertised of these firms which operates in most States. A check of my own 074 Area yellow pages reveals eight firms advertising prepurchase home inspections under the heading Building Consultants pages 135 and 136 so I would assume there are hundreds more throughout Australia. A home is by far the largest purchase most consumers will make and they pay the large fee such firms demand to ensure that their purchases are sound. ARCHICENTRE, which claims to be a fully owned division of the Royal Australian Institute of Architects, and whole full name is RAIA Archicentre Aust Pty Ltd A.C.N. 001 866 520, is a frequent advertiser, particularly in weekend newspapers usually with lowkey offers such as a DoItYourself Checklist for the Home Buyer. Such an offer appeared in a Sydney newspaper in May last year to which I responded and received dashThe Checklist which listed everything imaginable both inside and outside and concluded If you get into difficulties, or would rather have an expert do it for you, The Archicentre Home Inspection Service will carry out a complete inspection and report . dashA brochure promoting their Home Inspection Service a positive step for home buyers and home owners and offering expert advice . It described how the system worked with the use of a 300 point checklist to examine the house for, inter alia, faulty plumbing and wiring, signs of termites and borersdotted line dotted linethe confidence that an inspection report gives you, is worth the minor cost . Nowhere in the brochure is there any fine print or mention of exclusions. dashA covering letter saying A house is a major purchase and it is important to take the time to make sure that is a wise investment and not a financial disaster dotted line When you find the house of your dreams, we would like to help you make sure that there are no nasty surprises to spoil your happiness and comfort when you move in and offering a special discount of 240 instead of 275 for two months. At the time I was planning to sell my Sydney home and move to the Sunshine Coast of Queensland, In Feb 93 I selected my new home and, although it was only four years old, I took the precaution of requesting a prepurchase inspection with special regard to electrical safety. I selected Archicentre because of their literature, in particular their claimed association with the Royal Australian Institute of Architects. This has proved to be a major error of judgment as what I now have is the financial disaster from which they claimed they could protect me. The inspection was done by their Maroochydore Branch and, on the strength of their verbal report of 19 Feb, I completed the purchase. I received the written report after taking up residence and only then became aware of their Conditions of Inspection, 10 in number, which were the very last item on the report form. I would say that their forms are used throughout Australia as those I received originally plus the Inspection Report all bear the addresses of all their Offices. I feel very strongly that these alleged Conditions should be made known in advance in fact as part of the brochure, because of their extent. Some time later I became aware of inspection and reporting errors. These are NOT minor but very major i.e. dashThey said the electrics were without visible fault whereas the wiring from the house to the pool equipment shelter was unprofessionally and illegally done and when confronted with the matter hid behind Conditions 5 which says quite openly The report does not cover the condition or operation of swimming pools, spas and similar facilities. dashThey said the fences were sound, and dashThey said there was no evidence of termites or borers whereas 2 months later I discovered that the rear boundary fence, 3 large trees and logs used for garden edging were all termite infested because of termites coming from a very badly infested tree just 390 mm beyond the boundary fence. Their response to this was that the matter was properly the responsibility of the neighbour completely excusing their responsibility to report. dashThey said the front gutter on the street facing wall holds water and some joints show signs of rust but gave no explanation for the cause or the remedy. DEALINGS WITH TRADER As advised in your publication, the Complete Consumer, I wrote to the Head Office for Queensland and was contacted by the Manager of the Maroochydore Branch who informed me he had my letter. After inspecting the matters complained he denied all liability but offered to refund the inspection fee if I signed a waiver from further claim. I rebutted his use of the Conditions to evade responsibility for the wiring by reminding him that it was not the operation of the pool about which I was complaining but the WIRING from the house to the pool shed and they had undertaken to inspect wiring. He then proposed an improper and apparently illegal solution provided I still signed the waiver and paid my half on the cost in advance of the work being done. He brought a carpenter to inspect the fence and reported that it needed 20 new palings and that there were still active termites. As I was not prepared to sign the waiver or to pay in advance for a far from proper electrical job later confirmed as such by a SEQEB inspection negotiations broke down. He still accepts no responsibility for failure to report on the tree. Correspondence between us is attached. TRADE PRACTICES COMMISSION Acting on the advice in The Complete Consumer I wrote to the TPC because the firm is a national one with apparently nationally used systems as I felt that the problem should be dealt with at that level. Also I felt I had been deceived by misleading advertising which hid the exclusions until I had paid the fee, received the report and bought the house. My letter is attached together with the reply which directed me to Consumer Affairs At Nambour. It was stated that they would be able to advise you how to go about lodging an action for any lossdamage you have suffered . CONSUMER AFFAIRS I took the TPC letter to Consumer Affairs at Nambour on 15 Oct, the same day I received it and, after reading it, Mr Bromet handed me a Complaint Form to complete and return. I returned it personally on 18 Oct with complete attachments. On 17 Nov I rang to ask progress and was informed by Mr Bromet that he was preparing his report for Head Office. I asked how long it would take to get a decision and he said it could take a year but, in any case, it would not help me as I needed to take my own legal action. I reminded that TPC had said he would help me lodge an action and asked if a letter to the Minister would help he said it might. On 18 No I wrote to the Minister for Consumer Affairs and waited patiently for his reply until received on 13 January. This was no reply at all just a general letter without substance. I rang the contact person who informed me that dashTPC was in error and they could not help me lodge a claim dashAlthough the Minister said the Department attempts to mediate in disputes she could not answer my question as to whether mediation had been attempted or the result dashwhen I quoted from your book about the role of Consumer Affairs she replied it was very out of date and in any case did not have relevance to Queensland. So after waiting for 3 months Consumer Affairs did absolutely nothing to help. WHAT NEXT After 6 months of frustration I do not know where to turn. A Small Claim is not really applicable as the sum involved in greater than the limit. I am an Aged Pensioner with no resources to take Archicentre to court even though the case appears to be winnable. I am looking at losing my home if the tree falls on it and selling up seems the only alternative. I feel that Archicentre needs to be brought to book for their untrue advertising, the undisclosed exclusions, their unprofessional work and their refusal to even refund the inspection fee without the signing of a waiver from further claim. I dislike publicity but would be glad to cooperate with The Investigators if they wish to publicise the matter. Home buyers have a right to be able to put their trust in such bodies as the Royal Australian Institute of Architects and I feel this is bigger than just one branch of Archicentre and one unhappy client. I am trying to recover 13 photographs of the wiring and the tree and will send them upon receipt. THE TREE This is not just a danger to my life and property but to several homes nearby. I paid a tree surgeon for a report in Oct and he reported that it has definite white ant infestation, entrance at bottom most probably pipe running up centre. Large dead fork at top, approx height 30 metres, approx weight 9 tons. Possible danger to life and property at 4 Timbertop Street in cyclonic weather . Another tree surgeon was unwilling to report in case he was proved wrong as it could do anything including collapsing under its own weight. I have written to the owners requesting that they cease the hazard but they ignored the letter and havent even had termite treatment. I then sought the help of the Community Justice Programme but they reported that they sent two letters to the owners without response. I have been told by neighbours that a number of representations have been made to the Council over the years without success. I have been to the Council personally and by letter and they insist that even if the tree is a danger there is nothing they can do. Strangely, to illustrate the stupidity of the Councils attitude on the day I visited the Council about the tree I requested in writing permission to lop my own 3 trees in case they fell on neighbouring houses. The next week a Council officer inspected the trees and signed approval on the spot for the stated reason trees endangering dwellings . The termite infested tree is a far greater danger as another house on my rear boundary and within just a couple of metres of the tree has 3 little children aged 1 10 and even the owners of the tree have young children. This Council officer agreed that the tree is a danger but reiterated that there is nothing they can do. I asked the two tree surgeons with whom I discussed the tree to quote on the lopping of my own trees. Both refused to quote on the grounds that the trees are healthy having been treated and it is their policy to protect healthy trees. One said lopping was not the answer as it would ruin the canopy and he felt it better to remove them all together for which the approval could easily be amended. Both expressed the view that the Council could act regarding the dangerous tree. INSURANCE Having read with great interest your several articles on Insurance I am greatly concerned at the possible fall of the tree as it could destroy all or a large part of my home, swimming pool, contents and car which are presently covered by RACQ INsurance until the end of March when I will move to one of the companies you recommended.

AUTOCAD photo RELEASE II Mark Casey draws on his background in computeraideddesign to preview the new release of the worlds topsellingPC CAD software. Its been over two years since the last release of AutoCad, the worlds best selling computeraided design program for PCs and workstation. In that time, user suggestions have been flooding in and the AutoCad development team has been working overtime improving what many believe is already an unbeatable product. The good news is that with Release II of AutoCad, they have improved the program, particularly in the areas of networking, solids modelling and drawing output. It has added a new programming language interface, enhanced the user interface and made many other smaller, user requested changes. AutoCad has some 10,000 users in Australia and New Zealand, and 400,000 worldwide, running the program on PCs, under MSDos, XENIX, OS2, Macintoshes, Sun, Apollo and DEC workstations. It requires a maths coprocessor, 2Mb RAM 4Mb is recommended and 20Mb of hard disk space. A wide range of mice, digitisers, displays, printers and plotters are supported. The difference in Release II is apparent at installation. Users are prompted to enter their name and the name of the dealer they obtained the system from. This information is embedded in the acad.exe file on the floppy disc and displayed whenever the program is run. Autodesk calls the process personalisation. The first and perhaps the biggest advance in the new release is its networking capability. Previous releases of AutoCad could be installed and used on a network, but unless the network administrator set up some advanced file restrictions, more than one user was able to open the same drawing file simultaneously. The problem here was that a user could inadvertently overwrite the changes made by another user. The new release introduces file locking as a standard feature and is suitable for any type of network. When a drawing file is loaded into memory a small file with the same file name but a different extension in created. So long as that file exists, no other user can load the same drawing. Users who attempt to do so are told the file is in use. The lock file is deleted when the user is done, freeing it for another user. excerpt If disaster strikes, Release II users will appreciate the new file recovery facility. Every byte in a drawing is subject to verification when the drawing is opened using Cyclic Redundancy Check CRC, an error checking mechanism. If a file is damaged, AutoCad will load the undamaged portion of the file, minimising the loss. As the file recovery option will only work with Release II drawings upwards, it would be a wise move to write a macro to load all nonRelease II files and save them in the new, recoverable format. Enhanced interface autodesk has made some excellent enhancements to the Release II user interface. AutoCad has a comprehensive menu system, with cascading, drop down menus and icon menus. Some of the menu titles and contents have been changed. Bonus files are now shown in a menu, so there is no excuse not to use them. Two of the new bonus Autolisp routines are dline.lsp which allows the creation of double parallel lines with corner cleanup and mvsetup.lsp for creating multiple viewports and preselected viewpoints. As menus are stored in the acad.mnu file they can be readily customised to any user. Dialogue boxes in Release II, used to set entity properties, layer characteristics, attributes, edit text strings and so on, have been improved dramatically. They now feature scroll bars, check boxes and text input areas. Where text extends beyond the left or right of an input area, a reverse photo caption video arrow indicates there is more than meets the eye. A new command called ddedit brings up a dialogue box which allows quick on screen editing of text and attribute definitions. Filename entry dialogue boxes can be configured to show a list of files alphabetically whenever AutoCad needs to access an external File for example, vslide or dxfin. Too many files No problem. The asterisk character and question mark character can be used to control which files are shown. Other wildcards put MSDos to shame. The and characters act as usual. But the at character matches a single alphabetic character the hash character, a single numeric character and the period . a single character of any other type. Character ranges can be specified too. For example, AJC will find files AC, BC through JC. The tilde character provides the logical not function. Command aliasing for those with an aversion to typing in lengthy commands, command aliasing will come as a welcome feature. In a file called acad.pgp, any AutoCad command photo can be assigned an abbreviation. When typed, the full command is displayed. Out of the box, AutoCad comes with several AutoCad commands already aliased. And for users who forget whats what, contextual help has been improved so that it provides an online assistant for the current command and also sub commands. Data entry has been improved in a number of small but significant ways. For instance, when entering 3D coordinates, cylindrical and polar coordinates can now be used. In addition to an X, Y, Z coordinate, a user can now specify points by their distance and angle in the XY plane and either an angle up from the XY plane spherical or Z coordinate cylindrical. A more specialised enhancement is the addition of a new entity type, a polyface or pface. It produces a general polygon mesh of arbitrary topology, allowing one object to be made up of several apparently unrelated lines or surfaces. Application developers might use a polyface to draw apparently complex objects which in fact have only a few entities, or to draw objects that have both wire frame and surface representations as separate layers that can be turned on or off. Dimensioning, the automatic annotation of AutoCad drawings, has been improved significantly in the new release in response to user demands and the need to conform with international dimensioning standards. Ordinate dimensioning is a new dimensioning method that allows a dimension to be specified relative to a fixed reference point. Designers whose work is ultimately used to drive tooling machines will appreciate this facility. excerpt Different colours can now be assigned to different parts of the dimension, such as dimension lines, extension lines and text. The dimension text can now be moved from its default position and rotated with the dimension extension lines able to be set at an oblique angle. To cap all this, dimensioning styles can be saved, as a named dimstyle, and applied to other drawings. This will save a considerable amount of effort in drawings which use dimensioning heavily. Text alignment has been made simpler, yet more powerful. With Release II, users can specify both horizontal and vertical alignments. Horizontal, left, right and centre justification is possible, vertically, text can be aligned to the top, middle or bottom of the text area, giving a total of 12 text alignment positions. A major addition to the AutoCad feature list is the ability to use external reference files. The insert command is still available but it has been supplemented by the xref command, which offers greater power and flexibility, particularly in managing large drawings. The difference is that with xref, the additional drawing does not become part of the current drawing and cannot be altered. Both drawings can be seen on the screen, but each is stored separately. Changes to the referenced file will be reflected in the drawing referencing it, and its entities and named objects will be temporarily added to the current drawing. Although a referenced file cannot be altered, it is possible to snap to geometric features of an object using osnap. The user also has complete control of layer visibility. An xrefed drawing can be made a permanent part of the current drawing with the xrefs bind command option. Conversely, the detach option removes the referenced drawing. Thanks to xref, a drawing can reference multiple instances of the same drawing or many external drawings can be included in one drawing. For anyone who uses AutoCad in situations where the same drawing components are used repeatedly, xref is a great enhancement. Release II introduces two new terms to the AutoCad vocabulary Model space and Paper space. Model space is the equivalent to the environment that preRelease II users have been using to create their drawings. Paper space is new. It is best thought of as wysbarwyg page design for CAD. Multiple views can be plotted on a single sheet of paper, with each excerpt view having its own scaling, its own dimensions, its own layer characteristics, its own position and size on the page. The paper space command, mview, also works for screen display, allowing much more flexible on screen presentations. Rectangular viewports can be overlapped, moved, scaled and specified just like any other entity. When modelling, the active viewport is highlighted with a thick border. mview options allow for hidden line removal during plotting and layer visibility in a viewport can be controlled by a new command vplayer. ads autocad application developers should welcome the addition of the AutoCad Development System, ads, which allows high level programming languages such as C to generate AutoCad applications. With ads, an external C routine can be accessed from within AutoCad and have access to the AutoCad drawing. Routines could be developed to access external database or spreadsheet files, linking drawing objects to a bill of materials application, for instance. The difference between ads and Autolisp is that the former uses compiled code, for better performance, whereas Auto lisp is an interpreter. Where a great deal of external calculation is involved, ads can out perform Autolisp by up to 700 per cent. External database access may not be necessary in all situations. The new release allows up to 16K of data to be linked to an object and stored in the drawing file Extended Entity Data. Compiled ads programs are also more secure than the Autolisp command lists, opening up opportunities for third party developers. Any Autolisp program can be converted to an ads program without too much bother. AutoCad has always been regarded as an excellent wireframe modeller. It has also performed well as a surface modeller, where the surface of an object is represented as a grid. But both these modelling methods have shortcomings when it comes to the 3D. Solids modelling is the best form of 3D modelling for many applications. Solid models are the most accurate and informationally complete representations of 3D objects. But solids modelling has traditionally needed very expensive software and has been difficult to use. With Release II, Autodesk ships an optional solids modeller called the Advanced Modelling Extension. It represents solids by constructive solid geometry csg, building up complex objects from simpler primitives such as cubes, cones and spheres. In addition, a models boundary information is stored. A Brep model represents a solid object as a collection of planes or surfaces. 2D profiles may be extruded or revolved to create complex solids. Before ame, AutoCad users would have turned to AutoSolid, currently version This product has now been effectively integrated into AutoCad as ame. Compared to AutoSolid, ame has more primitives and uses much of the power of AutoCad, rather than its own commands. ame is a powerful program in its own right with over 30 commands. Objects are built from primitives and profiles that can be extruded, solidified, chamfered and moved. Objects can be shown as wireframe, mesh or shaded solids with up to 256 colours. Separate objects can be combined with Boolean operators. When the primitives that make up an object are edited, changes are reflected in the combined object. And once a solid is constructed, excerpt ame can calculate its mass properties, areas, work out an objects centre of gravity, extract surfaces and create cross sections of an object in an instant. But while ame is an optional extra, included in every copy of Release II, there is also a subset of ame called Amelite.

MR.BUTTHEAD Some of the army regulars had very strange ways of disciplining young servicemen. I am still convinced that the regular army guys resented the fact that we were national servicemen and they therefore treated us as if we were secondclass citizens. Some of the sergeants and sergeantmajors made us do some very unusual things. For example, we once were told that there would be a big inspection by some top brass and we therefore had to pick up every scrap of paper, every cigarette butt in and around the army barracks. This was not too bad, but one goon of a sergeant then made me sew these butts together with a needle and thread. I ask you Is this the way to win wars or to defend Australia Being young and willing, I did what I was told, even though I knew that the sergeantmajor must have been a sheep short of a paddock. It was a demeaning job and I never forgot the humility of sitting down with a pile of cigarette butts, needle and thread. Then, only a couple of years ago, I ran into this particular sergeantmajor. I was with Lynne and the Rex Hunt Fishing World crew in the international lounge, waiting for a Qantas flight to New Zealand. And who should walk in but this clown and his wife. To make matters worse, he immediately recognised me, tapped his wife on the arm and marched over. Do you remember me, Rex he smiled. Do I remember you, you little bastard You treated me worse than a dog and I wouldnt throw a bucket of water over you if you were on fire. I gave it to him in spades and told him exactly what I thought of him. He walked over to me stretching to his full height of 52, but by the time I had finished with him he looked like one of the Seven Dwarfs. I really cut him down to size, and he deserved it. I SCREAM FOR AN ICECREAM I always have been a great sports fan, whether it be football, cricket or tiddlywinks. If it was some form of competition, I wanted to know about it. If it was some form of bigtime sport, I wanted to be there. And, naturally, I wanted to be there when Australia played Test cricket against the West Indies in 1960In fact, my mates and I were among the first at the MCG for one days Test cricket and we made our way to the notorious Bay 13 area in the old Southern Stand. This particular area later became infamous for its beerswilling fans. However, I was just a kid and was more interested in icecreams. In fact, I am still a great icecream eater and if you put a carton in front of me Ill polish it off in no time flat. I had a few bob on me that day and, with the weather being very hot, I had my eyes out for the icecream boy. The big go in those days was what they called dixies icecreams in tiny cardboard buckets, and eaten with a tiny wooden spoon. There was no stopping me that day. I set a new Bay 13 record in eating 18 dixies between the lunch and the tea sessions. Not bad, eh My old Richmond coach Tommy Hafey also is big on the fang when it comes to icecream, so he would understand this story. What about it, Tommy How many dixies can you eat in one session TAR AND CEMENT I always appeared to be in one scrape or another and my mother must have thought I was cursed. However, she need not have worried. I was just a normal schoolboy with normal schoolboy habits and a propensity for mishap, as evidenced by the day I came a cropper in tar at Mentone. I was riding my bike home from school with a group of friends one day when we came across a particular schoolboys delight wet tar. It was perfect for a bit of skylarking and we rode our bikes through and through this tar just to see what marks we could leave with our tyres. It eventually was my turn to see how I could ruin the road makers day, so I therefore went back for the biggest warmup you could imagine. I almost disappeared from sight in my effort to build up a head of steam. I fully intended doing a huge skidmark on the wet tar. I pedalled and pedalled like an Olympian, the legs pumping faster and faster. The bike hit the tar all right, but one of my mates a real clown decided to poke a stick through my spokes. You guessed it I went head over turkey and went face first into the tar and skidded about 20 metres into a gutter. I then had to ride all the way home in my undies. My school uniform had been ruined and I still dont know what was worse the embarrassment of riding a bike in my old Yfronts, or facing my mother. Naturally, Mum went apedroppings and my punishment was mowing the lawns for the next 12 months. You now can understand why the Bearded Burbler does not like going near the mower. And I still get the heebyjeebies every time I smell tar. After all, my mother felt like throwing feathers on me that day to complete the job. UP A GUM TREE You might not believe it, but Yours Truly once was a cub, as a member of the Fifth Mordialloc Sea Scouts. And I took my cubbing very seriously indeed. In fact, I had just about every badge on offer, from one for seamanship to one for sewing can you imagine the Bearded Burbler with needle and thread. I needed just one badge to complete my collection and I was absolutely determined to get it as soon as possible. The badge was for treeclimbing and, Rex Hunt being Rex Hunt, I was not going to climb any old tree. I had to climb the biggest tree in the neighbourhood a massive gum tree. My task was to climb this tree and leave handkerchiefs on various limbs to prove that I had completed the task. Well, I got 30 feet up and then shit myself literally I kid you not There I was, up the proverbial pole in a real mess. To make matters worse, I froze and nothing could get me to move from the branch 30 feet in the air. The Fire Brigade was called and I had to make a most undignified climb down a ladder. Naturally, I never got this particular badge, but I didnt really care. I had had enough cubbing and my uniform went straight to the Op Shop. However, it was not in the best of conditions after I had made a mess of myself up a gum tree. And, talking of climbing, I was involved in a similar stunt one day when I went on holidays with my family to northern Victoria. It was in wheat country near Sea Lake and, being bored witless, I decided to climb a wheat silo. I climbed and climbed and got about 50 feet up a hell of a height for an 11yearold when I again found myself in difficulties. My uncle called for me to get down but, as hard as I tried, I just could not do it. I can remember my uncle standing there, like an ant below, bellowing at me as I inched my way down, step by precarious step. It took me just 10 minutes to climb 50 feet, but it took me two and a half hours to get down. Now, however, if there is no lift, the is no climb for Rex Hunt. I am averse to heights and even one floor up I get vertigo. FIELD OF DREAMS My childhood can best be described as something of a fantasy as I certainly lived in another world of football, cricket, fishing and horseracing. If it involved sport, I was into it in a big way. I would use a cricket bat to hit a ball against a wall all day during summer and, in winter, I would be down at the Parkdale Oval practising my kicking and marking. And, whether it be cricket or football, I would be practising my broadcasting. I would kick the football to myself and give a running commentary about a beautiful mark by Rex Hunt. Or I would describe, to myself, the maaagnificent century by Rex Hunt. As it turned out, I was far better at cricket than at football, even if I have to admit that I was not a natural football talent. I had to work very, very hard on my game and the fact that I eventually played at the top level was only because of hard work and constant practice. For example, I would be in my bungalow at home near the Parkdale Oval and, instead of hitting the books, I would tear down to the football ground to have a kick. However, I went to extraordinary lengths to do so. Much of my practice was done at night, so I would shimmy up an SEC pole and connect two wires. Then, bingo, the Parkdale Football Club lights would glow and I would have my own field of dreams. I would kick the ball high into the air and then run to get underneath it for a mark all done to my own commentary. Heaven knows how many Brownlow Medals and premierships I won. However, it was good for me as my football skills improved to the stage where I was able to get a regular game with the Parkdale Under 17s. I even won the competition best and fairest before moving on to play with the Richmond Under 19s and then graduating to the reserves and then the seniors. At one stage as a teenager I could not get a kick in a stable and was always one of the leftovers in school football. Then, just a few years later, I was playing at the highest level with the Richmond Football Club. And all because I had a dream. I was absolutely determined to become a League footballer and, through sheer determination, I made my dream come true. I did it through my own field of dreams and every time I see the Kevin Costner film of that name, I smile to myself and think of the times I shimmied up that SEC pole just so that I could have some light for my football practice. THE YOUNG BUSINESSMAN I was very young when I had my first business experience. As my family lived near the Cheltenham Golf Course, it was only a matter of time before I joined some of my schoolboy mates in finding and selling golf balls. The Cheltenham Golf Course had a pond adjacent to the first tee and although it was a difficult hole for the average golfer, it was a schoolboys dream. My mates and I would walk barefooted into the dam in efforts to retrieve golf balls. Golfers would ask us to walk around to find balls in the muddy waters. They offered us two bob 20 cents for each ball we could find. However, it was amazing how few balls we could find whilst the golfers were watching us. We would have to give a frustrated look and tell them that we simply could not find any balls. Then, when the golfers went to the second tee, we miraculously would find balls. We used to stand on them so that they could easily be retrieved when the golfer was out of sight. We later would sell the balls to the professional for three shillings and sixpence each 35 cents. We saw nothing wrong with this. If the old codgers had wanted to save money they could have waded into the pond themselves.

LETTERHEAD 31 March 1994 Mr R.D.Clifford Program Manager IBM International Foundation Old Orchard Road ARMONK NY 10504 U.S.A. Fax 001119147657537 Dear Mr Clifford I am writing on behalf of the Board of Directors of Work Ventures to thank you for approving a grant towards the cost of our Nonprofit Management Development Program. I am faxing a copy of this letter plus the signed agreement page. The full original documents will be posted today by express mail. Please accept our thanks for your support. We look forward to the grant payment at you earliest convenience. Yours faithfully Steve Lawrence General ManagerCompany Secretary 22 October 1993 Mr Caleb Schutz Corporate Support Program Executive IBM International Foundation Old Orchard Road ARMONK NY 10504 USA Fax 19147657478 Dear Caleb, GRANT APPLICATION MANAGEMENT DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM FOR NON PROFITS Attached is our completed application for this project as requested through Ms Louise Davis at IBM Australia. The application has been transmitted by fax, the original and all attachments have been posted. Please notify me if you require further information. Yours faithfully, Steve Lawrence General Manager LETTERHEAD 12th July, 1991 Ms Louise Davis Program Manager Corporate Relations IBM Australia Limited PO Box 400 PENNANT HILLS NSW 2120 Dear Louise On behalf of WorkVentures Ltd I am writing to thank IBM Australia Limited for its recent donation of a PS2 Model 80 with colour screen and DOS 0 to our Sydney ITeC centre. We appreciate IBMs generous support for our centre. The Model 80 will be used as a file server to enable establishment of a local area network in our centre. We propose to set up the LAN very shortly and IBMs support will certainly facilitate this happening. Enclosed please find our signed copies of Attachments A and B.. As you are aware, we are required to obtain valuations for donated equipment for audit purposes as part of our agreement with the Commonwealth Department of Employment, Education and Training. We would therefore appreciate it if you could send us details of the value of this donated equipment. Once again, we wish to express our thanks to IBM. We look forward to a strong ongoing and mutually beneficial relationship. Yours sincerely Steve Lawrence General Manager LETTERHEAD 28th June 1991 Ms Louise Davis Program Manager, Corporate Relations IBM Australia Limited PO Box 400 PENNANT HILLS NSW 2120 Dear Louise, IBM SPONSORSHIP FOR NATIONAL INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY CENTRES ITeCS 1986 1991 As we near the end of the current 3 year sponsorship relationship with IBM I would like to take the opportunity to thank you and our other longstanding friends in IBM for your support not just over the current 3 year period but since well before the ITeC program was born. Without IBM assistance in the initial development phase during 1985 and 1986 it is unlikely ITeCs would exist today. I felt it might be useful if I took the time to review our progress and the role IBM has played for your consideration as we look at how IBM might choose to work with us into the future. I have not proposed the specifics for a continuing relationship but rather set the scene in the attached report for discussion within the ITeC network and within IBM. I look forward to discussing with you how we might then meet to take these discussions into the next phase. Once again our grateful thanks to you and our many other friends at IBM. Yours sincerely Steve Lawrence VICE PRESIDENT DIRECTORCORPORATE RELATIONS. LETTERHEAD Monday, 17 September 1990 Mrs Louise Davis Program Manager, Corporate Relations IBM Australia Limited PO Box 400 PENNANT HILLS NSW 2120 Dear Louise, Thank you for your letter of 30 August and the decision by IBM to donate an IBM PS2 model 286 to our work. This will make a major contribution to enabling our centre to gain the benefit of electronic communication with other ITeCs. The resulting sharing of curriculum materials, ideas and resources should help significantly improve our services in the training and support of Sydneys unemployed as well as community and small business clients. I am happy to abide fully with the conditions outlined in your letter and have attached a signed copy of your letter as requested. Con Hagiliamis our Computer Training Manager has asked me to confirm that we would be pleased if you would present certificates to the graduates of our Computer Training course on Thursday 20 September at 11 am. I want to thank you for assisting us on this occasion as it means a great deal to both staff and trainees to have our sponsor companies involved. For some of the trainees this will be their first completion of a formal course of training and a very important person achievement. I look forward to seeing you on Thursday. If the computer is ready at that time you may like to formally present it to us at the graduation. Yours faithfully, Steve Lawrence General Manager LETTERHEAD 1 December 1994 Mr John Ford Manager Sponsorships Carlton United Breweries GPO Box 4050 Sydney 2001 Fax 281 7087 Dear John Re Newtons Restaurant Training Project This is to confirm our recent conversation regarding support for our innovative employment training venture to assist homeless and disadvantaged inner city young people find jobs and a career in Australias growing hospitality industry. We are seeking CUB support in donating and installing beer dispensing equipment in our lisenced bar to allow us to train unemployed youth, and serve beer on tap. If possible we would like to have both full beer and a light beer capacity. Peddle Thorpes Interior Design Division has donated their services to assist in the design and renovation of the restaurant premises in King St Newtown and a variety of other companies like your own are rallying to assist us outfit it as a very exciting and modern eating venue. Our principal sponsor is Mayne Nickless Limited, who have agreed to support the project as their primary community initiative in NSW for the next four years. Other current donors include OBriens Glass, Premium Cork Timbers, Coca Cola Bottlers, Bristol Paints, CSR, State Bank, Bayliss Blinds, MSS and Armaguard. CUB support will be acknowledged in project promotion and in our company annual report. We will of course serve and recommend your product Gifts to Work Ventures are tax deductable and we are also exempt from sales tax. I will enclose a copy of our company Annual Report for your perusal. We are very eager to have CUB participation in this positive venture which will assist young people find hope, in a workforce where much youth employment has disappeared. As the restaurant is due to open on 13 December we would appreciate an early response. I will call you again next week. Yours sincerely Steve Lawrence General Manager 10 August 1995 Mr Andre Kaspura Area Manager,Sydney Eastern Area Department of Employment,Education and Training GPO Box K764 Sydney 2001 Attention Colleen Bramble Dear Andre NEWTONS TRAINING RESTAURANT PROJECT This is to confirm our acceptance of funding for this pilot training program for disadvantaged youth as outlined in your letter of 10 November and our earlier submission, together with Colleen Brambles letter of 30 November. We understand funding of 36,400 will be arranged as a variation to our Maroubra Skillshare contract and that additional costs for Access assessment fees and ancillary costs for uniforms etc as requested in our submission will be reimbursed or paid on receipt of invoice from the supplier. The program will provide training and employment support to 30 job compact or at risk young persons approved as eligible by Newtown CES over a 15 week period. Newtown will be our supervising CES office. In anticipation of this program a number of selected participants have already been introduced to the project and are ready for signup as normal for FTA approved courses. We would hope this can be arranged as soon as possible. As requested some amendments have been made to our original submission outlining training program details. An amended version of the proposal is attached. On the Industrial Relations issue raised in your correspondence we wish to advise that discussions have been held with several Skillshare projects, the Industrial Relations Manager with the Restaurant Caterers Association and DEET Central Office. We understand that several precedents exist for unpaid onthejob style training in a similar manner to that proposed. Several other Skillshare projects are already operating on the same basis as that proposed by us with departmental support. Almost all Skillshare and other labour market programs offer Work Experience placements with community awareness and support its benefits are widely agreed to be critical to improving employment prospects for participants. The ACTU has agreed to allow up to 250 hours of unpaid onthejob training for participants of AVCTS programs in private sector workplaces for school students under TRACS courses. For our own program the following undertakings are given no trainee will be allowed to work on any task longer than is required to achieve proficiency in the competency in which they are being instructed, award rates will be paid for any work beyond this this project is being run with sufficient paid staff to do the work required without requiring the assistance of trainees except for the training role for which the project was created no individual will receive any financial benefit from income generated by the venture except unemployed participants. When trainees have completed the training modules of the program they will be offered parttime employment at the restaurant wherever possible unless they have already found paid work elsewhere. The individual plan which has been requested that we produce for each client and an assessment of clients and activities will be forwarded to Newtown CES after the conclusion of the program. A weekly attendance record for all participants will be faxed at the beginning of the following week. We look forward to working with the Area Office and CES staff on this innovative employment initiative and to seeing many longterm unemployed and at risk young people find work. We also hope some staff will join us at the restaurant from time to time to assess for themselves the skills being gained from the program. With best wishes for the Christmas Season and New Year Yours sincerely Steve Lawrence General Manager 10 August, 1995 Mr Greg Kent Assistant Area Manager Department of Employment Education and Training Dear Mr Kent Re Focus I am writing to indicate our willingness to undertake the Research Assignment you requested us to consider, to enable the department to assess and develop a training strategy for the proposed venture if it is found to be capable of offering sustained employment to LTU jobseekers as has been proposed. WorkVentures would engage Management Alternatives Pty Ltd to undertake much of the work under our oversight and with our assistance. Paul Bullen and Kinga Bissits the companys principal consultants are well known to us and have undertaken a number of successful projects on our behalf. Brief capability details on Management Alternatives and its personnel are attached. We would propose to undertake the project in the following manner Complete a company search on each of the participating entities to clarify details of their financial capacity and key personnel. Hold initial meetings, beginning as soon as possible, with principals to clarify details of the proposed venture, its legal and business management structures, as well as begin to clarify duty statements for people to be recruited. In consultation with CES staff and the principals, begin to identify the likely skill profiles of potential LTU recruits thought suitable for each of the primary occupational categories. Undertake a skills audit and training needs analysis to clarify the training requirements and develop draft tender specifications for Jobtrain or similar tender documents, drawing where possible on appropriate existing Jobtrain documentation. We would of course report promptly to the department at any point if we conclude the project does not appear viable in our opinion. At this point we would also hold further work as far as possible until the department has indicated if it wishes us to proceed further.

Synopsis The depressing picture presented by the above quotation is what one might call the unpleasant human side of the plethora of government funded reviews, reports and studies of the problems faced by students in rural areas with regard to achieving educational and employment opportunities that are commensurate with their urban peers. In comparing rural Australia with urban Australia it is important to recognise that both are heterogeneous areas and in each community students face educational and employment problems. However, the additional educational disadvantages faced by students in areas classified as rural are well documented. The fundamental explanation for these problems is the isolation of the communities, and there are institutional, attitudinal and access inequalities that arise as a result of this isolation. There are however, identifiable education reforms that may help to overcome these problems. The problem of rural unemployment on the other hand cannot be solved by reforms to education alone. The limited employment opportunities experienced by rural youth, and described in Michaels frighteningly honest account, are a result of changes to the national and international economy which are drastically altering the employment prospects of all young Australians, but which leave rural youth particularly vulnerable. The most common definition of rural Australia is those areas outside the capital cities and the other major urban conglomerates, which in NSW would also exclude Newcastle and Wollongong from rural status. According to the federal governments Fair Go 1989 document, which uses this definition of rural, There are about 5,400 schools in rural Australia and in 1986, nearly 2 million students attended rural schools. This represented 39 of total school enrolments. Fair Go, 1989, p.4 It is the students in these schools that the essay invites us to compare with students in schools in the metropolitan areas. Prior to attempting this comparison two issues arise. Firstly, the metropolitan areas include a vast variety of unique communities. They include areas of affluence and high employment, as well as areas of widespread poverty and unemployment which are comparable with the worst rural economic circumstances. Further, they include areas dominated by people of Anglosaxon decent, areas dominated by people from nonEnglish speaking backgrounds, and areas with a significant Aboriginal population. Therefore, in discussing the problems of rural students in terms of equality between rural and urban areas we must focus on the aspects of education and unemployment which are specific to rural areas. These are the factors which make rural students experiences different from all of their urban counterparts. As we shall see, if there is one factor which covers all of these differences then that factor is isolation. Secondly, rural communities are also far from being homogeneous. They range from large rural regional centres like Armidale or Wagga, to very small and remote communities. As a result the degree to which they suffer from the inequalities associated with isolation vary greatly. As such, it is probably best to conceptualise rural communities as falling somewhere on a continuum, with small remote communities experiencing the most acute inequality and students in large rural regional centres having educational opportunities more closely resembling their urban peers. As stated by Merryweathers, You obviously dont need the same sort of support for Tamworth or Grafton that you need for Tibooburra or Coolarenebridotted line the range of programs dotted line tend to recognise that continuum.Merryweathers 1994 There are a number of statistics which have lead commentators to the conclusion that the problems associated with isolation have lead to inequalities of opportunity between rural and urban students. The factors that are pointed to are summarised in Education in Rural Australia,untranscribed quotation To this Henry adds that students in rural areas are, dotted line more likely than their urban counterparts to be forced into less prestigious unskilled employment. Henry, 1989, p.1. Finally, a telling statistic quoted by Baker in a case study of an isolated high school in NorthWestern New South Wales was that, A considerable proportion, estimated at about 1520 of primary school leavers, are sent to boarding schools outside the shire. Baker Proudfoot, 1989, p.2 This illustrates that many rural parents show their level of approval of rural education by voting with their feet. What is the explanation for all of these statistics which point to rural inequality It can be argued that all rural students suffer the problems associated with isolation to a varying extent. Isolation manifests itself in many ways which all contribute to the inequality between rural and urban education. These manifestations of isolation can be classified under three headings access, institutional problems, and attitudes. Firstly, the most obvious problems faced by rural students resulting from isolation, is their inferior access to education at primary, secondary, and tertiary level. This lack of access is both in terms of physical distances to be travelled and also in terms of the choices of subjects that students are able to study. Regarding travel, there seems to be little data published about the effects of school travel on students in NSW or Australia, but the following quotation reflects much anecdotal evidence, Parents and teachers commonly point to school travel as contributing to fatigue, reduced enthusiasm for school and homework and unsatisfactory behaviour. Students preparing for the HSC often seek weekly accommodation closer to the school to avoid travelling long distances. Listening and Responding, 1984, p.11 This quote refers only to those students who are within reasonable travelling distance of a school. Of even greater concern is the fact that it was estimated in 1989 that about 15,000 children in Australia did not have ready access to school, meaning that they were left the option of boarding away from home, or learning by correspondence, both of which involve obvious disadvantages for students. The second aspect of access is the fact that students in isolated communities often do not have the range of subject choices that are available to students in metropolitan areas or larger regional centres. For example, in 1980 the number of HSC subjects available to students in centres with a single small high school averaged 1, compared with an average of 6 available to students in centres with two or more high schools. Listening and Responding, 1984, p.17 This problem is of course one of economics. In a school with only 12 senior students, whilst class sizes will be favourably small, the school could not afford to have the staff available to teach a wide variety of subjects. It should be notes that the NSW state government has attempted to overcome the problems of access outlined above. In 1989 they announced projected expenditure of 22m entitled Access Initiatives in the Rural Schools Plan, 1989p. 6. A major review of the Distance Education Program was undertaken and, although there are as yet no written reports of the progress that has been made, in an interview with the manager of NSW Distance Education the following statements were made, One of the problems in, lets say, a small country high school is physically being able to do a range of subjectsdotted line Youve got the child who wants to do French at Coolarenbri Central Schooldotted lineobviously you wont have a French teacher in a school of that size dotted line then you can enrol a child in one of the Distance Education Centres or at the Open High School and the kid will get a quality educational service dotted line so much so that dotted line I think it might have been the 2U A French dotted line the top student in the state in the HSC last year was a student enrolled in Distance Education dotted linein Queenbeyan. Some of the small central schools across the state have traditionally only gone to, say, Year 10 dotted line If we can take Tottenham dotted line the fact is that the school numbers will never be sufficient to have a substantial senior school dotted line yet youve got kids within the district whodotted line should have the opportunity to go on. And they could go away to board or sometimes, with excessive travel on a daily basis, go to Dubbo or where ever. What weve set up in those cases is what we now call the Access Program where the kids will stay in their particular school, their community. We will network the schools. So you may have an English teacher at Tottenham who wants to do some senior work, by networking 4 or 5 senior schools and using Telematic teaching using telephone, fax, computer and modem dotted line the teacher will teach 3 kids in Tottenham face to face, 2 kids in Tullibigeal, 1 kid in Tullamore, 4 kids in Trange, who come in, sit in a room with the array of gear, and theyll do their 40 minutes of Englishdotted lineMerryweathers, 1994 Although the extent of these programs is limited by available funds and there are many arguments to say that such education is not as good as a classroom education with, for example, 20 other students and a teacher face to face, thoseinvolved with the Distance Education program are certainly overcoming many of the inequities that have existed. The materials produced by the unit are marketed by the Department of Education, sold to schools in Metropolitan areas and are of extremely high quality. Imaginative approaches are taken to ensure that students in isolated settings are able to learn the same concepts as their less isolated peers with the use of a the full range of available information technology, and specially designed kits containing such things as the chemicals necessary for science experiments. For example, instead of performing a dramatic piece in front of a class, a student might videotape the performance and it could then be shown to teachers and or other students obvioulsy learning skills that would not be available to many urban students in the process. Whilst such students have fewer opportunities to interact with their peers there are regular meetings of students from the area. Meetings with teachers have also been made easier since the decentralisation of the Distance Education department. Access to secondary education is also an issue and the low levels of rural students continuing on to tertiary level is often blamed on the lack of access. Again, this is a problem that has been reduced in recent years. Main university campuses currently exist at Wollongong, Armidale, Lismore, and Bathurst, with other smaller associated campuses being spread across the state. These Universities, along with their metropolitan counterparts, offer external study options, as does the system of TAFE institutions that are spread widely across the state. However, studying externally, commuting or moving to larger regional centres both have financial and educational disadvantages posing a definite though unavoidable problem for rural students. Many of the problems of access are realistically unavoidable in a large, sparsely populated nation. However, it can be seen from the initiatives of both the federal and state governments outlined above that the lack of opportunity experienced by rural students is a problem that is being addressed though the use of information technology, the expansion of the tertiary education sector, and the imaginative approaches of teachers and policymakers. The second group of problems associated with isolation have been termed institutional problems. This involves the problems of staffing and resourcing rural schools. Staffing is a major problem in rural areas. The following statements come from two case studies of isolated rural schools. When my wife and I first drove into Plains dotted line it was all brown and dead and dry. It was very disconcerting and besides which we drove straight through the town and thought God, theres got to be more than thisdotted line my wife said, Oh lets turn around and go back home, I dont want to stay here. third year teacher describing arrival as a first year out teacher Baker Proudfoot, 1989, p.203 dotted line a survey of final year teacher education students indicated that close to threequarters of such students would refuse a teaching post in the area Baker Proudfoot, 1989, p.196 Its a bit of a hole dotted line theres nothing here. This town stinks male I would never live here. Its a dump. Female Henry, 1989, p.17 The above statements illustrate a widely acknowledged problem that rural school are undesirable in the eyes of teachers. This has lead to difficulties in filling vacancies and a high turnover of staff, although the recent lack of vacancies in metropolitan and coastal schools has alleviated the problem to a large extent. The problems for a school of high staff turnover have been outlined by Hatton 1985, p.13132 can can include low instructional pride, discontinuation of sporting or cultural activities, difficulties in maintaining innovative curriculum initiatives, and large numbers of inexperienced and stopgap teachers. On the other hand, large numbers of inexperienced teachers has the possible advantage of bringing into the school new ideas and enthusiasm. However, it cannot be denied that experience is certainly something that is valuable to a teacher and in rural schools it seems to be in far shorter supply. It should be noted of course that there are also many metropolitan schools that suffer the same problem of being considered undesirable places to teach. Further, the state government spent approximately 12m between 1988 and 1992 in an attempt to encourage teachers into rural schools through a range of incentives. Rural Schools Plan, 1989, p.3. However, the success of this initiative is obviously difficult to measure. The second aspect of the staffing problem is that it is often argued that first year out teachers are inadequately prepared to teach in rural schools. Of course this is a criticism that is often applied to new teachers entering any school, and the corresponding comment is that new teachers learn more about teaching in the first month at a school than they could ever learn at university anyway. UNEs Graduate Dip.Ed. excepted The second of the institutional problems of isolation is that of providing resources to students in rural schools that are equivalent to those in metropolitan schools. These educational resources can be as tangible as text books, a video, or a school library, or as intangible as the range of cultural experiences that are often not available to rural students. These are problem that can be overcome by increased government funding to provide the necessary hardware as well as to fund field trips by students to more populous regions and visits by musical and drama groups etc. to isolated regions. Extra funding has come in the from of the Country Areas Program a federal government initiative and the Isolated Schools Grants a NSW government initiative. CAP and ISG funds have been used to fund excursions and field trips, regular visits by advisory and itinerant teachers with special skills, tertiary orientation programs for rural students, communication links between schools through the use of computer networking, satellite dishes and facsimile machines and a wide variety of other schemes. Country Areas Program, 1990, p.12 Unfortunately funding for CAP and ISG face the same constraints as many government initiatives. The funding for CAP did not increase in real terms between 1982 and 1990, despite the fact that there was a widening range of schools desiring assistance during that period Country Areas Program, 1990,p.15. On the issue of resources, two further points should be noted. Firstly, many rural students do have access to a wide range of educationally valuable experiences which come from the communities in which they live.

Elaine Thompson is a Senior Lecturer and, at present, Head of the School of Political Science, University of New South Wales Democracy undermined reforms to the Australian public service from Whitlam to Hawke Since the Second World War the two challenges confronting government administration have been to ensure that the bureaucracy responded to the wishes of its political masters and to ensure that the bureaucracy responded with sensitivity to the wishes of the public. Directly related to these problems of responsiveness and sensitivity were a host of technical problems which arose from the organisational structures of government red tape, insensitivity, slowness, rigidity, time serving, conservatism, confusion, empire building, infighting, inefficiency, irrationality and high costs. There were seen to be problems of coordination, of implementation, and of information flows. The list seemed endless enough. Bureaucrats are portrayed as fearridden yet arrogant, as milquetoasts yet Machiavellians. Bureaucracy is rigid and at the same time expansionist1 First reform period 19731986 From 1973 until 1986 there were a succession of inquiries into and reforms of the Australian public service.2 All were aimed, overwhelmingly, at ensuring accountability to government, improving responsiveness to the people, and improving efficiency in that order. Both the Fraser LiberalNational government of 1976 1983 and the Hawke Labor government elected in 1983 attempted to assert supremacy over policy direction and to create a responsive, accountable public service.3 Reforms under Fraser Fraser introduced a series of major administrative reforms aimed at improving the lot of the individual citizen against the bureaucracy Freedom of Information legislation, a Federal Ombudsman, an Administrative Review Tribunal and an Administrative Court were all created. While these changes amounted to a revolution in the relationship between citizen and bureaucracy they were not the centrepiece of Frasers reforms. Frasers main concern was to ensure that the public service did the governments bidding. He was determined that as prime minister he should have greater control over policy areas and that key policy initiatives were implemented by the bureaucracy. To achieve those ends Fraser increased the power of the Department of Prime Minister and Cabinet, expanded the role of his personal advisers, and organised cabinet to ensure the dominance of the prime minister and a group of senior ministers.4 Frasers ideological commitment to the expansion of the private sector and to cutbacks in the public set him on a collision course with the bureaucracy, especially because the ideology was combined with policies aimed at reducing the size of the public service rapidly and demands on the public service to continue performing all its functions quickly and efficiently. In addition, the government too frequently used rhetoric which attacked and denigrated the public service, viewing it as a parasite on the productive private sector of the economy. The remark of Sir Phillip Lynch that public servants had their snouts in the trough, burned deeply into the Canberra bureaucratic mind.5 While the control mechanisms selected by Fraser were not in themselves illchosen, the governments style resulted in a demoralised bureaucracy and, in some ways, a government ultimately ill served by its bureaucrats. Conflicts arose because Fraser was attempting to force policy responsiveness onto departments used to doing things in their own ways. Those departments resented public servants from the Prime Ministers Department overseeing, on behalf of the Prime Minister, what they were doing on their own turf Fraser attacked the cosy norms of the public service, and was in turn bitterly attacked.6 Tensions were exacerbated by Frasers authoritarian, domineering political style and a relationship of mistrust and hostility emerged between government and bureaucracy. The overall result was that Fraser failed to create a public service responsive to government. Indeed his attempts at control brought about a situation close to administrative breakdown, with the last period of the Fraser years marked by administrative scandals which seriously undermined the credibility of that government and contributed to its electoral defeat. Despite Frasers rhetoric of efficient and lean government, parts of the public service was found to be negligent and wasteful.7 For example, the Australian Wheat Board had failed to supply parliament with proper accounts between 1976 and 1978, and had handled 6000m of growers funds without issuing a single financial statement on its expenditure. The Department of Finance had on at least three occasions ignored the strict guidelines which controlled the expenditure of the special advances to the Minister of Finance. In 1982 the federal Health department was found grossly inadequate in responding to medical fraud and overservicing. The Australian Dairy Corporation was found to be engaged in illegal activities and its public service staff to be acting entirely to protect their own interests. On several occasions, files were not available to parliamentary inquiries and evidence was given that relevant information had been deliberately destroyed. Most damaging of all were the October 1982 revelations of the Costigan Royal Commission. The Costigan report on bottomoftheharbour tax avoidance schemes argued that dishonesty, gross negligence and incompetence in the Commonwealth crown solicitors office in Perth, had allowed a major fraud on Federal revenue through tax evasion, and that the governments failure to outlaw bottomoftheharbour tax schemes arose from the legal errors and incompetence of its officers. Fraser failed to gain control and the scandals that surrounded the bureaucracy helped create an atmosphere in which reforms aimed at control could be brought down. They also helped push a concern for efficient government up the list of priorities by highlighting the need for an efficient, lean public service. In so doing, they helped pave the way for the changes that were to come. The Hawke government The Labor party decided that the desired relationship between bureaucracy and government could best be created through coherent long term reform of the public service. They came to office with an energetic managerial elite made up of politicians, public servants and political advisers committed to administrative reform aimed primarily at ensuring that governments would be well served by their bureaucrats, and introduced proposals in an atmosphere of bipartisan support dotted lineboth sides know they need their own highly qualified boys sic in senior positions to ensure that the will of ministers prevails and is put into practice. There is a strong bipartisan feeling that the balance of power must be shifted towards ministers from the senior career public servants.8 In June 1984, a package of legislative measures was passed, designed to improve the responsiveness of the public service to governmental priorities, improve equity within its own work force and in the delivery of government service, and enhance efficiency. At this stage the governments concern was still overwhelmingly with public service responsiveness. Efficiency was seen as a process to improve the delivery of policy to the public. The government abolished the divisional structure of the public service, transferred the control of staff numbers from the Public Service Board to the Minister for Finance gave department Secretaries virtual autonomy on organisation matters provided they stayed within the staffing aggregates set by the budget and the positions classification guidelines established by the Board and consolidated administrative appropriations into larger votes effectively enabling secretaries to transfer funds across the range of functional inputs. A commitment was made to a Financial Management Improvement Program FMIP, the objectives of which were i in determining priorities all resources claims of the department are taken into account ii programs are consistent with established goals, objectives and policies iii objectives and program structures are oriented towards outcomes and are specific enough for subsequent performance to be measured iv performance indicators and systems to assess program performance and monitor resource usage are developed v responsibility is delegated to those held accountable. After a year, the coordination of staff numbers and financial controls were regarded as so successful that a Commissioner of the Public Service Board commented in retrospect it seems strange that they were ever considered separately.9 Other changes included greater openness in recruitment of senior executives a refocussing of public service management attention away from processes and on to outputs and an innovative approach to organisational change and, in particular, a move towards less hierarchical structures. The Senior Executive Service SES The creation of a Senior Executive Service was the fundamental change, aimed at changing the norms of the bureaucracy and strengthening the career services capacity for policy formulation and implementation. The reforms objectives were to develop a more distinctive senior public service with a broad commitment to professional service rather than a narrow loyalty to a single department, client group or policy area, and to make the senior ranks of the bureaucracy more open to all, establishing in the process new norms of equity and representativeness. The creation of the Senior Executive Service was justified as an attempt to improve the responsiveness of senior bureaucrats and enhance their capacity to understand problems as a whole, from a politicians perspective. The old Australian career service had ensured that most officials spent their careers within one department and developed a departmentallybased perspective on issues, rather than one based on a broad notion of the public interest. Because it was difficult for governments to bring in their own political appointees, or even outside recruits, and it was almost impossible to fire public servants, a government was often faced with a public service which resisted the political imposition of goals. There were also problems in that the people at the top of the bureaucratic pyramid were at times past their prime and the structures generally tended towards rigidity. This first reform period could still be seen as part of the overall tradition of reforms to create a responsive, accountable public service which ran its programs efficiently. The second reform period 1986 and beyond However a seachange occurred in the 198687 period. In response to the economic crisis of mid1986 and the 1000 million blowout of the budget deficit, the Hawke government imposed a freeze on staff numbers in the public service and gave approval for a razor gang to seek about 1000 million in new spending cuts. The previously projected growth in the public service for 198687 had been between one and a half and two and a half per cent 2000 to 3000 people.10 In August and September, it introduced by far the most radical changes in the history of the Australian public service mechanisms whereby public servants could, relatively easily, be dismissed on the grounds of redundancy or inefficiency. The Public Service Act was accordingly amended in NovemberDecember 1986 by the introduction of the Public Service Legislation Streamlining Act and the repeal of the Commonwealth Employees Redeployment and Retirement Act The Public Service Board was given the power to transfer staff within the public service in the interests of the efficient management of the service. Departmental Secretaries were given increased power to remove inefficient staff, and to switch monies between wages and other administrative expenses. In addition, for all but junior staff, the right of appeal over promotions was abolished. Departments and agencies were to submit staffing plans which indicated how the desired reduction in staff numbers could be achieved. As such plans were approved, the staff freeze was lifted. Finally an Efficiency Scrutiny Unit, reporting directly to the Prime Minister, was established to oversee an extensive program of scrutiny into selected areas of public sector administration. These considerable reforms prevailed despite objections from the public service union because there was a general feeling that in the economic circumstances the government had no choice the public sector had to be cut back, and made cost efficient. The agenda had begun to shift. In June 1986 the Public Service Board and the Department of Finance released a report reaffirming the objectives of financial management improvement. However, there was little comment on how new procedures would improve productivity and performance. Moreover Government did not provide departments with additional resources to implement FMIP initiatives. The 1986 FMIP report, like its predecessors, reflected an overwhelming preoccupation with efficiency in the management of programs rather than with the quality of policy advice. This preoccupation, which was associated with achieving savings in expenditure amounted to a fundamental change in the perception of public administration the tasks of public servants were now managerial rather than policy oriented.

Modesty For Martin Johnston, 19471990 This much I know about modesty. The most striking feature of the most arresting application of the word in our language is surely its dotted lineimmodesty. Thus we define by opposites, and by indirections find directions out. But opposites may be said mutually to contain each other and are thus, by implication, modest. This is only the first of the ironies of modesty, the ironic notion par excellence. We might note that in Swifts A Modest Proposal for Preventing the Children of Ireland from Being a Burden to their Parents or Country, it is decidedly not the content which is modest it being indeed immodest if not outrageous. Rather, its form in its modest understatement simultaneously conceals and exacerbates the outrage of the message. A Modest Proposal is, then, an immodest triumph of tonal modesty I think it is agreed by all Parties, that this prodigious number of Children in the Arms, or on the Backs, or at the Heels of their Mothers, and frequently of their Fathers, is in the present deplorable state of the Kingdom a very great additional grievance and therefore whoever could find out a fair, cheap and easy method of making these Children sound and useful Members of the Commonwealth, would deserve so well of the publick, as to have his Statue set up for a Preserver of the Nation. Of course the irony, the immodesty of this tonal triumph is that its very modesty permits no disagreement Given the terms propensity for elusive ironies, perhaps it is time to establish definitions. MODEST. having or expressing a humble opinion of oneself or ones accomplishments or abilities. reserved or shy modest behaviour. not ostentatious or pretentious. not extreme or excessive, moderate C16 via Old French from Latin modestus moderate, from modus MODE. There was never any doubt about that, was there What I find more suggestive is that in my admittedly thirtyyearold edition of the Shorter Oxford Dictionary modesty comes insistently between the hyperbolic modernise and the undemonstrative modicum. Which seems just the right place for it. The argument between modesty and immodesty seems at times an argument between simplicity and complexity, allowing that we are talking about a deceptive simplicity. As a university teacher, I cannot help feeling that certain pedagogic situations which are regrettably reasserting their institutional dominance under current constraints favour the immodest and the complex, not merely as a performative mode but as an analytic mode. The large lecture privileges analyses of the Byzantine complexities of immodest texts the small tutorial a situation which is being eroded where it is not dying favours intimate investigations of textual minutiae. Contrastive example it is structurally easier, if not more appropriate, to address a large lecture theatre on the complexities of Ulysses, while it is structurally more decorous to discuss in a small tutorial to have the students by indirection find direction out isnt that what education means the function of the napkin ring which falls from the table at the conclusion of the disastrous Christmas dinner in A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man. One might, indeed, trace a history of modernist modestysimplicity immodestycomplexity in Joyces paradigmatic career from the Lyric in both poetry and prose Chamber Music and Dubliners to the Epic Ulysses and Finnegans Wake. He himself articulated had Stephen Dedalus articulate the distinction between lyric, epic and dramatic in the final section of Portrait. Perhaps Aaron Copland had in mind some similar notions of the appeal of the complex to criticism, pedagogy, and hermeneutics at large when he observed, correctly or incorrectly, of Weberns music One gains the impression that it is not the music before which the commentators are lost in admiration so much as the way in which it lends itself to detailed analysis. And yet many would find Weberns music distinguished by its modesty. Thus modest art may provoke anything but modest criticism. With regard to modesty, the dictionary spoke of reserved or shy. modest behaviour . While it is not central to my purpose this is essentially a set of variations upon the modestyimmodesty of literature or, if you prefer the more modest current parlance, of texts to consider modesty in its anthropological and psychological aspects, it might seem in the undying words of Lady Bracknell like carelessness to ignore this dimension completely. In Civilization and Its Discontents 1930, Freud links modesty and shame, seeing these qualities as repressions indicative of the price paid for civilisation The fateful process of civilization would thus have set in with mans adoption of an erect posturedotted line This made his genitals, which were previously concealed, visible and in need of protection, and so provoked feelings of shame in him. In The Civilizing Process 1939, Norbert Elias catalogues displacements down the ages of this scene of urmodesty. One example, from the eighteenth century, must suffice It is strange abuse to make two people of different sex sleep in the same room. And if necessity demands it, you should make sure that the beds are apart, and that modesty does not suffer in any way from this commingling. Only extreme indigence can excuse this practicedotted lineIf you are forced to share a bed with a person of the same sex, which seldom happens, you should maintain a strict and vigilant modesty. La Salle, Les Regravegles de la bienseacuteance et de la civiliteacute chreacutetienne Implicit in both Freuds and Eliass accounts of the civilising process is the principle freedom implies constraint. This principle underscores both the moeurs represented in the modern short story a central concern of this essay and the strategies of the short story as a modest mode. Before turning to the modesty of the short story and the lyric, it might be chastening to consider the observations of Italo Calvino the most modest of postmodernists on the essential immodesty of literatures aspirations Over ambitious projects may be objectionable in many fields, but not in literature. Literature remains alive only if we set ourselves immeasurable goals, far beyond all hope of achievement...Since science has begun to distrust general explanations and solutions that are not sectorial or specialised, the grand challenge for literature is to be capable of weaving together the various branches of knowledge, the various codes, into a manifold and multifaceted vision of the world. Six Memos for the Next Millenium Multiplicity, written 1985, published posthumously 1988 I presume to think that Calvino had the totality of literature in mind when he recommended such lack of restriction if not of restraint. For some genres are less restrained than others. The novel is by nature immodest. Consider Tolstoys apocryphal ejaculation at the dinner table, War and Peace firmly locked into its frames at the printer Ive left out the yacht race . The short story does not share these encyclopaedic aspirations. And yet such is literatures multiplicity that Tolstoy could admire Chekhovs short stories though not his plays and love the man. Tolstoy told Gorki What a beautiful, magnificent man modest and quiet, like a girl. If short fiction, if brief, fragmented texts Fragments are the only forms I trust characterise the postmodern era, if Australia experienced an efflorescence and possible dominance of the short story in the 1980s, then where does this fit in literatureatlarges essential immodesty We may find in Samuel Becketts postmodern minimalism and irony a sort of terminal modesty modesty as eschatological understatement modesty rhetorically figured as litotes etymology frugality, as meiosis lessening. Literature may well be passing through a modest phase. Witness Beckett, Calvino, Donald Barthelme. After all, some postmodern Puttenham might redefine irony as a sort of immodest modesty modest immodesty . The ironic, minimalist modesties of the late Donald Barthelme like Beckett and Calvino and Carver, he too died in the last few years characterise the postmodern era The death of God left the angels in a strange position. They were overtaken suddenly by a fundamental question. One can attempt to imagine the moment. How did they look at the instant the question invaded them, flooding the angelic consciousness, taking hold with terrifying force The question was, What are angels. New to questioning, unaccustomed to terror, unskilled in aloneness, the angels we assume fell into despair. And speaking of falls, fortunate or otherwise, into being or elsewhere, there fell from this page of my copy of Barthelmes City Life 1970 an index card inscribed in my own hand KIERKEGAARD Marie often used to read me from the Bible. It must be difficult to believe all that. Later on I even read Kierkegaard useful reading for an aspiring clown, it was difficult, but not exhausting. Heinrich Boll, The Clown I can no longer find the file of which that card was a member. If I remember correctly, it was an Irony file. Yet another projected book Surely the essay, he comforted himself, was the discursive postmodern project par excellence, rejecting the false totalisations of the book, no less than the short story rejects the false totalisations of the novel, no less than the clown is the postmodern persona par excellence, modesty rejecting the blandishments of the ubermensch. Such selfserving aside, there can be no question that Barthelmes fragments represent the spirit of the age, while the Novel, as represented by the ages scourge, the great essayist Gore Vidal, signifies in, say Lincoln not so much the muchbruited death of the novel , as its petrification into a loose, baggydotted linebehemoth. The age demandeddotted line a new modesty. Consider the unfailing modesty of the lyric. Emily Dickinson modest and quiet, like a girl Oh really, Count offers a splendidly contrastive example to her contemporary Walt Whitmans barbaric yawp , to the sheer expansiveness of his epic urge. For her, everything is infinitely contractible. Being, Motion and Time become A Route of Evanescence With a revolving Wheel A Resonance of Emerald A Rush of Cochineal And every Blossom on the Bush Adjusts its tumbled Head The mail from Tunis, probably, An easy Mornings Ride And who in her heart of hearts, prefers the expansive, epic, novelistic Dr Williams of Paterson to the W.C.W. of this so much depends upon a real wheel barrow glazed with rain water beside the white chickens. Or prefers the albeit consciously hyperbolic, polymorphous, agglomerative Frank OHara of Second Avenue and In Memory of My Feelings to the OHara of the Lunch Poems, particularly the OHara of It is 1220 in New York on a Friday three days after Bastille Day, yes it is 1959 and I go get a shoeshine because I will get off the 419 in Easthampton at 715 and then go straight to dinner dotted line and I am sweating a lot by now and thinking of leaning on the john door in the 5 SPOT while she whispered a song along the keyboard to Mal Waldron and everyone and I stopped breathing Nearer to home, the sometimes blitzkrieg gestures of the Generation of 68 have led to the undervaluing of a certain quieter, less demonstrative, lyric impulse The sadness in the human visage stares out of these frames, out of these distant eyes the static bodies painted without love that only lack of talent could disguise. dotted line History has made artists of all these painters who lack energy and feature. But how some gazes cling. Around the hall the pathos of the past, the human creature. Vivian Smith, At an Exhibition of Historical Paintings, Hobart. If the age demanded Pounds epic, it demanded Marianne Moores lyric no less. Moore celebrated Pounds craft and learning, while lamenting his phallocentrism. She, of course, is the quintessentially modest poet see her two versions of Poetry, the poet who perhaps best understood the necessity of modesty. Note how, typically, she begins her definition with a hypothetical. Modesty prefers the subjunctive TO A SNAIL If compression is the first grace of style, you have it. Contractility is a virtue as modesty is a virtue. It is not the acquisition of any one thing that it is able to adorn, or the incidental quality that occurs as a concomitant of something well said, that we value in style, but the principle that is hid in the absence of feet, a method of conclusions a knowledge of principles, in the curious phenomenon of your occipital horn. Even her note to this poem is, by her own standards, modest Line 1 The very first grace of style is that which comes from compression. Demetrius on Style, translated by W.Hamilton Fyfe Heinemann 1932. Amen. And note that attribution is the mark of the modest. Could she have had Pound, the epic and the novel or certain novels in mind when she addressed a poem TO A STEAM ROLLER The illustration is nothing to you without the application. You lack half wit. You crush all the particles down into close conformity, and then walk back and forth on them. Modesty, particularly modesty experienced as humility, plays a significant formal role in the Christian lyric. It also plays a crucial dramatic role in the Christian novel in Dostoyevskys steamrollers, for example. But this is not the same thing. Eschatologically understood, formal modesty is one with plain speaking Who sayes that fictions onely and false hair Become a verse Is there in truth no beautie Is all good structure in a winding stair dotted line I envie no mans nightingale or spring Nor let them punish me with losse of rime, Who plainly say, My God, My King. That selfabasement is perhaps paradoxically its own poetic disproof, though not its own disproof as poetry. Yet George Herbert could affect the metaphysics with the best of them. The modesty of this anagram and the mere couplet explicating it somehow compound the outrageousness of the conceit. MARY Ana gram ARMY How well her name an Army doth present, In whom the Lord of Hosts did pitch his tent The short story rarely achieves such brevity and density. Is this why Octavio Paz claims that the poet sets his matter free. The prose writer imprisons his Quoted in Beverley Farmers A Body of Water. Calvino hoped to edit an anthology of tales consisting of one sentence only, to rival Borgess and Bioy Casaress Cuentes breves y extraordinarios 1955, but could not find any to match the one by the Guatemalan writer Augusto Monterroso Cuando desperto, el dinosauro todavia estaba alli. When I woke up, the dinosaur was still there. There is, admittedly, a North American anthology titled Sudden Fiction American ShortShort Stories eds Shapard Thomas, 1986 but, as some of these are four pages long, they are no match for the Monterroso. In his preference for short literary forms Calvino was following the true vocation of Italian literature, which is poor in novelists but rich in poets in his admiration of Borges, he underscores the merits of a sort of metaphysical cum metatextual modesty Borges achieves his approaches to the infinite without the least congestion, in the most crystalline, sober, and airy style. Calvino himself dreams of immense cosmologies, sagas, and epics all reduced to the dimensions of an epigram . Perhaps because of that true vocation of Italian literature Italo Calvino may have been so fortunate as to escape the deep prejudice against short fictions against modesty that characterises other cultures. The German Christa Wolf has had to face it Was bleibt, written in 1979, reworked in 1989, and published this year 1990 dotted line is a slight work, little more than a novella, really Ian Buruma in the New York Review of Books, 20 December 1990. You cannot fail to recognise the unexamined prejudice little more than a novella, really . Henry James and Anton Chekhov would have recognised it, as would Helen Garner. Such an unexamined prejudice surfaced locally in the notorious, and notoriously philistine, Letter from Mt. Isa, for whose philistinism rumours of irony will not serve as a defence What I would really like to write about says our pseudonymous correspondent, unconsciously surely echoing Flaubert, whose works would be anathema to him and vice versa are the important issues in our society today. I would like to write about police and political corruption, about the destruction of the environment, about the power of the media and big business, about how the share market is manipulated, and so ondotted line The two most important pieces of new Australian writing I have experienced since I came to this country were both on television. One was called The Dismissal and the other was called Scales of Justice. Curious how this anticipates Tom Wolfes no less specious Stalking the BillionFooted Beast Harpers, November 1989. Which is not for a moment to deny the pleasures or importance of such works of fiction as Bonfire of the Vanities or The Dismissal or Scales of Justice rather it is to condemn the utter unnecessity of celebrating their undoubted virtues by denigrating Robert Coover or Frederick Barthelme as Wolfe does or, more egregiously, a generation of Australian fiction writers as the persona from Mt Isa does without having the courage to name them, or, more importantly, to subject their works to analysis.

MATT KELLY Tut. S.Firth 9226319 Due 29494 extension granted. Topic IS AUSTRALIA TOO EAGER TO PLEASE INDONESIA The potential of attack from the north has been, since British settlement, the greatest fear of Australia as a nation. A feeling of geographic and political isolation has indeed been reflected in both popular sentiment and official Foreign Affairs and Defence policies. Indonesia has simply become the next in a long line of potentially aggressive northern raiders, that has passed through every large power on the globe. It is justified that Indonesia, a nation only after the end of the Second World War signalling the end of Dutch colonialism has become a regional power and as such is treated with such a magnitude of caution, if not respect. In looking at the official policy of the Department of Foreign Affairs and taking this structural framework in applying it to Indonesian actions in the South Pacific, I propose that Australia is looking to the goal it has always aspired to regional security.1 Looking now away from great and powerful friends but to regional alliance and cooperation and as such must include Indonesia. Australia is definitely attempting to please Indonesia, due to Indonesias crucial position in the region. The role though of any government and indeed its priority must be to protect its nationals and therefore Australia, by this definition, cannot be described as being too eager to please Indonesia. Security, or more correctly, the fear of invasion or incursion from the north has always been the factor exercising a condition effect upon Australias external outlook, virtually since the British began to colonise the continent some 200 years ago.2 As the Pacific, and in particular the Indonesian islands are Australias closest neighbours, then attack is perceived to either come through Indonesia or directly from it. The latter was not a serious concern before the Second World War and Indonesian independence, strongly supported by the Chifley Labor government. Instead Australia feared China, the sleeping giant of Asia and then the eventually justified yellow peril of Japan and was one of the most compelling arguments for the federation of the former seperate British colonies, in Australia in 3 Seemingly with a diverse cultural and political background and perceiving herself as being a bastion of Europe in Asia,4 Australia has feared Asian invasion more than any other. Although this is understandable, considering the isolated geopolitical position that Australia finds herself in. Australias reliance on socalled Great and Powerful friends,5 continued up to the present day but heavily to 1965, was not solidly founded. While being powerful, militarily and politically, globally they are not countries of the South Pacific and as such are not generally greatly concerned by its events. As a result alliance with these powers has left Australia in a hopeless position of isolation, in a country that is virtually indefenceable with an army volunteered from a total population of seventeen million. It is this Xenophobia of being attacked in an isolated and virtually defenceless position that has been the basis of Australian foreign policy that has seemingly been given no other viable options that a available in the present era.6 When the Indonesian republic was declared in December 1949, Australia had already been thinking about the possible scenario of the Indonesians, a hundred million or so just up there, potential friends, potential enemies.7 It seemed that with the coming to power of the Indonesian Communist Party PKI in a new Cold War framework that Australian Foreign Affairs and Defence policy nightmares were coming true in the most threatening fashion. In an era that was like no other the whole globe was divided into blocs, especially true just after the end of the Second World War, either East or West and there was no conceiveable means for bilateral action between members on opposing sides. This was especially the case with a conservative government, under Menzies that had come to power on the wave of the US, virtually forcing the Chifley Labor government from office due to a large extent the equality, nonprotagonist but suspected communist views of Foreign Minister, Dr Evatt.8 Indonesia therefore posed a severe strategic problem on the heavily US sponsored Conservative Australia in the South Pacific. With the disposition of the PKI and its leader Sukarno, by the right wing military government of Suharto in 1965, did not ease the anxiety that Australian policy makers were faced with in dealing with such a massive regional player, that had been feared for sometime, with the backing of the US. Due to the size of Indonesia and its geographic position that connects, for all intentsandpurposes, the North and South Pacific, the US would move to keep her new ally happy in the face of Soviet expansion, seemingly rampant in South East Asia. The US in following such a policy towards Indonesia would logically make moves to ensure that any allies of the US would allow this country a free reign. This was considered by Foreign Affairs and Defence as being a potentially horrendus event in the stability of the region. Shortly before Suharto came to power, the PKI government began programmes to expand their territory seen in the wars against Malaysia and Singapore, the Confrontation9 and made moves to incorporate West Papua. Although it was such actions that were to put the guard of Foreign Affairs and Defence up it was these very incidents that were to start Australian Indonesian relations. While I shall deal with these two issue later in this essay, it is essential to the overall question to explore the origins and nature of AustralianIndonesian relations and to what extent, if any, that they have changed. Changed fundamentally in a manner that can be observed as attempting, beyond what is necessary to please Indonesia. Under conservative leadership, the view existed that Australia, while wary of Indonesian movements in the region, had the power to impose its will on its Third World neighbour. To build amicable relations with South East Asia in this period was a direction that was not seriously considered, with Australia almost holding contempt for the region in the 1950s60s.10 The fear of Indonesia was definitely evident in the Defence spendature of the 1960s that purchased F111s the department had specifically in mind their strike range that was capable of reaching Indonesia.11 Nancy Viviani explains the myths that, survived from that aggressive foreign policy era, of Australias success in having significant impact on Indonesian policy and outcomes.12 Viviani quite quickly dispells the theories of the Menzies era as being, if implementated in modern times, negative to AustralianIndonesian relations and potentially dangerous. The Whitlam period, and following him Malcolm Fraser on becoming Prime Minister in 1975, was the first to realise the real power and strategic position Indonesian action should be tolerated, to maintain AustralianIndonesian relations at all costs. This was extremely pleasing to the Department of Foreign Affairs who had recognized this fact for a long time, whose official approach stated The maintenance of the bilateral relationship is the paramount consideration in policy even when Australian and Indonesian interests are in direct conflict.13 Such a policy was quite obviously referring tuo areas of public and political concern in Australia in the period, 19725 and beyond, namely West Papua and East Timor. It was in this period that Australian Foreign Affairs and Defence, seemingly to a lesser extent, realized that such a large ally to the US in the context of continuing USSoviet Cold War, was of greater concern to the US over Indonesian neocolonialism and alleged human rights abuses. Under no circumstances could the pospect of Australias largest ally, the US, acting against Indonesian action while it remained anticommunist under Suharto, in such a vital area as South East Asia is nothing less than being naieve to US Cold War foreign policy. Similarly it is to know nothing of Australian policy in regards to its belief in great and powerful friends that US policy in such an important issue would be ignored. Whitlams US friendly policy in regards to Indonesian actions, and to not recognize human rights abuses, reflected all astute advice within the bureaucracy.14 The next major occurrence in Australian foreign policy came with the third Hawke ministry of With the departure of Foreign Affairs Minister Bill Hayden, who became Governor General, came Senator Gareth Evans to the newly amalgamated portfolios of Foreign Affairs and Trade DFAT. Evans and DFAT exploded onto the scene, with a strong and allegedly new approach to Australias self perceived, traditional geopolitical isolation in the South Pacific. The actual content of the Evans policy is not that different from that of his predecessors, but had made a definite attempt to impose a coherent intellectual framework on Australian foreign policy.15 I say has made an attempt because the current DFAT experiment under Senator Evans is one that has not finished. DFAT during Evanss time as minister has publically issued concrete policy which has formally recognized what had been occurring in foreign affairs and security issues for over a decade. The official policy of Comprehensive Engagement, released in 1988, was the first to formally recognize Australia as being a part of the region in which it was located.16 The geographical fact that Australia was in South East Asia called for the fact that every attempt should be made for Australia to move into this area. This meant moving into close alliance with the Association of South East Asian Nations ASEAN and as such moving closer to the Associations largest and most influential power Indonesia. Developing closer links to the region can only be beneficial because it both reduces distrust and tension and brings about concrete achievements, additionally it will help ease the reality of Australia being literally locked out of the region.17 The fact that ASEAN works to the exclusion of Australia is one that the Australian government cannot scoff at, as was the case in the 1950s and 60s. Australia is definitely recognized as being of minimal importance to the region in the modern world, that as Nancy Viviani sees as being something that official policy falsely and dangerously was based upon in dealing with South East Asia. Reinforcing Comprehensive Engagement in Australias dealing with South East Asia is the Ministerial Statement onAustralias Regional Security, released in 1989, that called on Australias security interests to be promoted in the South Pacific.18 The political euphemism for this strategy, backingup the 1988 release is Constructive Commitment and Evans promises the public that this is similarly a revolutionary peice of foreign affairs. In both statements Evans looks to a changing world in the postCold War era, that looks away from the protective wing of great and powerful friends, but instead looks to regional cooperation. This cooperation moved away from being solely defence driven as in the past but to a multimensional approach.21 To go past strictly military capabilitiesdotted linethat will embrace diplomacy, economic and trade relations, as well as aid immigration, education and cultural relations20 The concepts of multidimensionalism and regional cooperation while not being new, are clearly masked with political rhetoric that attempts to sell ideas to the voting public, that date back to the Chifley administration of the 1940s and the Foreign Minister Dr Evatt.22 While the players have changed in priority for regional security, from ANZUS to ASEAN, the objectives have not changed. Similarly a multidimensionalism security approach was introduced in 1976 by the Fraser government and was continued by the Hawke government of Evanss documents are not new, but can be seen as the continuation of a long tradition, marked by an adoption of the very strategies advocated in the constructive commitment docterine.22 It is important to acknowledge, before analysing the empirical evidence of Australias actions in South East Asian and more narrowly in regards to Indonesia, that Australian foreign policy objectives have changed very little, although approach has. Due to contraints of space I shall look a Indonesian actions in West Papua and East Timor and Australian Foreign Affairs Policy, as a micro examination of this relationship. In doing this I shall show that Australia has acted in a way forced upon herself by her geopolitical position, that has attempted to ensure regional and therefore Australias own security. Australia has dealt with Indonesia in a way that has allowed the nation continued, and scope for improved viability in the region. This method has been to create Indonesianfriendly policy that can only protect the collective lives of Australians and the soverignty of the nation, that is paramount over any other concern in the region, or the globe, and is a fundamental for Australian Government.

Child Support Scheme The Child Support Scheme aims to help custodial parents receive their maintenance regularly and on time. The Child Support Scheme was introduced in two stages and has different implications depending on the date of separation and the date of birth of each child. People receiving Social Security payments may be able to have their maintenance collected by the Child Support Agency which is part of the Australian Taxation Office or, under certain conditions, choose to collect maintenance privately. Stage 1 from 1 June 1988 Stage 1 applies to parents who separated before 1 October 1989 and who do not have a child born on or after that date. Parents may get a court order, register an agreement in court or make private arrangements to receive maintenance. Stage 1 of the Scheme also allows custodians who have court orders or court registered agreements dated before 1 June 1988 to apply for collection with the Child Support Agency. Social Security clients who are not already registered for collection with the agency may choose to collect their court order or court registered agreement privately. If the noncustodial parent stops paying the full amount privately at any time the custodian must apply to the Child Support Agency for collection of the maintenance. If the Agency collects the payments, Social Security clients cannot change to private collection at a later stage. Stage 2 from 1 October 1989 This stage applies to parents who separated on or after the 1 October 1989 or who have a child born on or after that date. Assessment of Child Support The person who has daily care of the child can apply to the Child Support Agency for an assessment of child support. The person does not have to be a parent of the child. The Agency uses a formula to calculate the amount of child support to be paid by using the income of the person who will pay child support in the following way The noncustodial parents taxable income Less an allowance for living expenses and for each natural or adopted dependent child living with the noncustodial parent Less the custodians excess income over average weekly earnings allowance is made for child care costs After making these deductions a percentage of the remaining income is paid as support. The percentage varies according to the number of children Number of children 1 2 3 4 5 or more Child support 18 27 32 34 36 The assessment is recalculated each year to allow for inflation and changes in income. If either parents income drops by at least 15, they can ask for a new assessment. The formula can work differently in some cases e.g. where the custody of the child is shared between parents or, from 1 July 1993, if the noncustodial parent has substantial access. Child Support Review Officers If either party is dissatisfied with an assessment they may seek an independent review by a Child Support Agency Review Officer. Applications are free and do not involve legal representation. If the matter is not resolved by a Child Support Review Officer either party may appeal to the Family Court. Child Support and Social Security Clients Stage 2 Social Security clients must apply to the Child Support Agency for an assessment unless they are exempt from seeking child support. They can make arrangements with the noncustodial parent for private payment of child support or have payments collected by the Agency. Before 1 July 1992 assessments had to be collected by the Agency. Where a Social Security client collects payments privately they must collect the full amount assessed by the Agency. If the noncustodial parent stops paying the full amount privately at any time the custodian must apply to the Child Support Agency for collection of the maintenance. If the Child Support Agency collects the payments, Social Security clients cannot change to private collection at a later stage. Certain Social Security payments may not be granted or continued to a custodian who has not taken adequate steps to obtain maintenance. However, there are reasons why a custodian may not have to take steps to obtain maintenance. Social work staff will assist clients who have problems with claiming maintenance. Child Support and nonSocial Security Clients If the custodian is not a Social Security client and can agree with the other parent on an amount of child support, neither the Child Support Agency nor the courts need be involved. However, registering the agreement with the Agency as a child support agreement does provide safeguards. In these cases, the Agency can collect the payments if the parties wish. Maintenance Collection Maintenance is paid to the Child Support Agency or directly to the custodian. When maintenance is paid through the Agency the liability may be deducted from the noncustodial parents wage or salary together with their tax or paid directly to the Agency. sHow is Agency Maintenance Paid Social Security arranges for payments which come through the Child Support Agency to go into the custodians bank, building society or credit union account. Provided that the noncustodial parent makes payments on time, the custodian will be able to receive child support payments on the third Wednesday of each month. If the noncustodial parent pays later in the month then the custodian may receive that child support payment on the first Wednesday of the next month. Maintenance Income Test Maintenance can affect Additional Family Payment if the amount received is higher than the maintenance income free area i.e. the amount of child support a Social Security client may receive before their payment starts to be reduced. Concession Cards and Child Support Social Security custodians with concession cards are able to apply for a duplicate card to give to the noncustodial parent to use for the children during access visits. To protect the custodians privacy, the duplicate card will not have any of the custodians details on it. It will only cover the children and not the noncustodial parent. CHILD CARE ASSISTANCE Child Care Assistance is a scheme to help low and middle income families with child care fees. Child care centres and family day care schemes approved under the Childrens Services program administered by the Department of Human Services and Health can offer reduced fees according to family income, the number of children in child care and the number of children in the family. Social Security assesses the income of applicants for Child Care Assistance and works out the percentage of fee relief to which each client is entitled. Application forms are available from child care services and Social Security. When an application is lodged at a Social Security office it should be accompanied by papers which provide proof of income. Social Security treats the details on the form as confidential, but provides the child care service with the childrens names and the percentage, so services can work out the fees for child care. Social Security is not directly involved in assistance for Occasional or Outside School Hours care. However, assistance for these types of care is based on the clients Family Payment status. The client should take the annual Family Payment advice which is sent in January to the child care service who will work out if the client can get assistance. More details about the scheme can be obtained from child care services or the Department of Human Services and Health. CHAPTER EIGHT Rights and Appeals Reviews and appeals Freedom of Information Social Security Appeals Tribunal Commonwealth Ombudsman Administrative Appeals Tribunal Privacy of Information Reviews and appeals Where a person is affected by a decision made about their Social Security entitlement, there are several steps they can take. They should first discuss the matter at the local regional office with the person who made the original decision. If, after this, they are still unhappy with the decision, they can request a review by an Authorised Review Officer at the area office. If they are unhappy with the decision of the Authorised Review Officer, they can apply to the Social Security Appeals Tribunal SSAT for a review. It is important to understand that the SSAT is able to look at a decision only if that decision has been reviewed by an Authorised Review Officer. If they are unhappy with the SSAT decision, they can have a review of the SSAT decision by applying to the Administrative Appeals Tribunal AAT. A request for a review of a decision should be made within 3 months of receiving advice of the original decision. This is because if the review is decided in the persons favour, arrears may only be paid if the request is lodged within this 3 month period. Requesting a review The first step in the review process requires the person who made the original decision to explain the disputed decision. This provides the opportunity to correct misunderstandings, present new information or evidence and to get an incorrect decision changed immediately. If the original decision is not changed, the person will be advised to discuss the matter with an Authorised Review Officer and of their right of appeal to the SSAT should they be unhappy with the decision of the Authorised Review Officer. Authorised Review Officer Authorised Review Officers are senior, expert staff located in area offices who work independently of the regional offices and look at disputed decisions. They may set aside a decision and substitute a new one, vary or affirm a decision. The Authorised Review Officer will bullet look at the information used by the person who made the original decision bullet where possible, talk to the person seeking review by phone to discuss the matter bullet check whether any new, relevant information is available bullet clear up any misunderstandings bullet correct any mistakes that were made bullet reconsider the original decision and bullet inform the person of the result in a letter explaining the reasons for the decision. Following the review by the Authorised Review Officer, if the person still believes that the decision is incorrect, they can then appeal to the Social Security Appeals Tribunal SSAT. However, it should be noted that the SSAT is only able to look at a decision if that decision has been reviewed by an Authorised Review Officer. Social Security Appeals Tribunal SSAT The Social Security Appeals Tribunal SSAT is an independent statutory authority established as the first tier of external review of Social Security decisions. It aims to provide a mechanism of review that is fair, just, economical, informal and quick. When reviewing a Social Security decision, the SSAT may affirm, vary or set aside a decision of the Department. When it sets aside a decision, it substitutes a new decision or sends it back to the Department with directions or recommendations. The SSAT is able to review a decision only if that decision has been reviewed by an Authorised Review Officer How to appeal A person may apply to the SSAT for a review of a decision by sending or delivering a written application to an office of the Tribunal or any Social Security regional office or by telephoning the Tribunal. Appeal forms are available from any Social Security or SSAT office. The SSAT can be contacted in all states and territories by writing to GPO Box 9943 in your capital city, or by telephoning 008 011 140 008 041 514 in the ACT. Office addresses are listed in Appendix VIII of this book. Applications are free of charge. The SSAT can pay reasonable travel and accommodation costs of applicants and will provide an interpreter when needed. SSAT members are drawn from varied backgrounds, and include lawyers, social and community welfare workers, medical practitioners and members who have a background in Social Security matters. The Tribunal has offices in all capital cities and also visits various regional centres from time to time. Applications are heard by a panel of three members. In medical cases, a medical member is added to the panel. Hearings are conducted in an informal manner. They are not like a court and it is not necessary to bring a lawyer.

Decriminalising drugs least worst WHETHER to decriminalise the use of cannabis must inevitably come down to a blunt choice between crime and health. It is bizarre indeed that in a nation where 20,000 or so people die each year as a result of smoking and another 2000 or so in road accidents, we can contemplate putting another carcinogen on the supermarket shelves and another mindaltering substance within reach of drivers. But do we have a choice While cannabis remains illegal and possession of even tiny amounts can result in a criminal conviction, the drug trade will remain demanddriven and deadly. There is a growing conviction among some criminologists that decriminalisation of the possession and use of small amounts of cannabis is the course which governments will reluctantly take sooner or later. Some argue that heavy drugs such as cocaine and heroin will probably end up being legal too, even if their prescription is tightly administered. US economist Milton Friedman has suggested that if drugs had been decriminalised years ago drugs such as the highlyaddictive and deadly crack might not have been developed. His argument is that new designer drugs, some capable of causing appalling physical and mental damage to this generation and mental damage to the unborn next generation, were manufactured primarily because the high price of illegal drugs created a demand for cheaper substitutes. Demand and supply ever since mankind first felt compelled to control substances which alter our perception of the world, it has argued too about whether the pushers are really being pushed. And since then society has argued too about whether people should be free to inhale, inject and ingest whatever they like. Wherever crusaders rail against drugs, subterranean markets have emerged to conduct the business of altering peoples brains. Prohibition doesnt work. It makes purchase and possession more difficult, but it doesnt stop drugtaking. The higher risks drive up prices and the profits to suppliers, but wreak their revenge on society through a much higher level of crime by users. Today, most housebreaking and robbery is committed by people seeking money for drugs. Dealing with this crime, and with the distortions and corruptions of the system by those who profit from it, has fundamentally altered the criminal justice balance in the community. The real arguments against legalising drugs are health ones. It is not only brains which become altered but lungs, livers, hearts, reflexes and powers of perception, some temporarily, some permanently. The dilemma for legislators is to weigh the medical costs of drugs including damage inflicted upon innocent family members and strangers against the cost of maintaining and enforcing prohibitions which everybody realises have not worked. We live in a society in which dangerous drugs can be smuggled into maximumsecurity prisons. What hope can we entertain that drugs can be kept out of schools, bars and dinner parties Noone likes to admit defeat, but obviously even the most spectacular of drug hauls barely mists the surface of the drug trade. The medical argument against decriminalisation of drugs, from cannabis to heroin, ecstasy and a pharmacists shelf full of other abused substances, is powerful. At a time when the medical profession has put debate about smoking and drinking back on the news pages, the courts and the parliament, political parties, including both the ALP and the Liberal Party in the ACT, toy periodically with the idea of loosening the controls on drug use. And how do they justify the apparent contradictions of banning smoking in public buildings with one hand and decriminalising another dangerous form of cigarette with the other They dont. They are only too aware of the comparisons, the double standards, the inconsistencies. They can only repeat the single unchallenged fact that prohibition has not worked. LEGISLATORS must make a decision about the direction drug enforcement will take. Australia can follow the path of the United States and press more and more futile time and money into enforcement, or it can divert a fraction of that money towards education and a fraction more towards the provision of controlled doses of clean drugs to addicts and legal cannabis to smokers. Earlier this year the Victoria Police issued figures of charges which followed the states Operation Noah, a dobadruggie dialin held annually in most states, including the ACT. Of the 676 charges to arise from the phonein, only one was related to the supply of heroin. Almost 600 involved marijuana and 413 were for possession or use. If society thinks that is money well spent, so be it. If, on the other hand it sees cannabis as a drug no better or worse than alcohol in its power to numb, and no better or worse than tobacco in its power to wreak physical havoc, perhaps it is more realistic to move towards decriminalisation, meanwhile educating Australians against the abuse of all drugs. Cocaine and heroin might have to wait for another day. Decriminalising drug use, particularly at the milder end of the scale, seems like the worst alternative except for everything else. Everything else has failed the decriminalisation path offers more chance of breaking some of the evil nexuses than anything else. Accompanied by some sustained attacks on drug demand, via education, it may even reduce the corruption of the supply end of the equation. Health outside inquiry needed THE Governments move to initiate an investigation into what amounts to a 57 million budget blowout within the Department of Health is a welcome response to a very serious problem. However the investigator should a completely independent outsider, with a brief to review the entire health operational and accounting systems. The Governments decision to put the investigatory role under the control of the head of the Department of Health, Education and the Arts, Dr Eric Willmot, overlooks the need for all scrutiny not only to be impartial but to be seen to be impartial. There can be no doubting Dr Willmots experience and impartiality, but the Government asks too much when it thrusts such a role on the head of the department under investigation. Such investigations are better handled by officers specifically operating outside the particular Government department under investigation and unlikely to be influenced by professional or personal relationships. Public perceptions can be fundamentally undermined when allegations, no matter how untrue, can be made of vested interest or partiality. The Department of Health has long been a problem area for the ACT with perennial cost overruns requiring additional funding and failures to meet political and management targets. A siege mentality and some secretiveness have also long been evident. The problems have also been highlighted, but little seems to have changed. Of particular concern should be the nonpayment of 5 million in accounts dating back to last financial year.This fact, confirmed by the Minister for Health, Gary Humphries, implies that a serious breach of accepted Government accounting practices may have occurred. It should have been picked up on audit. It probably should have been picked up by Treasury. The concern is not merely about a technical failure it may also have meant that tradesmen and other hospital creditors, many no doubt under particular economic pressure in the present climate, have not been having their bills paid on time. One is entitled to expect better of a government authority. The department is no longer just dealing with the daytoday running of hospitals and health services in the ACT.Today it is vitally involved in a multimilliondollar hospital redevelopment project the success or failure of which will dictate the quality of health care to ACT residents for decades to come. There can be no room for mistakes or sloppy management. Mr Humphries issued yesterday an assurance that the redevelopment budget was on track, but in all the circumstances more than just a ministerial reassurance is needed. What is needed is not simply a reassurance that an annual appropriation will not be exceeded, but that the project will deliver what was promised of it at the beginning. The budgetary status and viability of the hospital redevelopment should also be examined. ACT residents need not be assured that the health bureaucrats have got it right and that the budget blowout identified last week is not just the tip of the iceberg. There could be devastating consequences if the hospital redevelopment budget were allowed to get out of hand. The Chief Minister, Trevor Kaine, leapt to the defence of his public servants in the wake of criticism levelled at them by the AuditorGeneral last month, but he must not allow his views of their competency or otherwise stand in the way of a full examination of the financial status of what is arguably the most portfolio area and what is the Governments most expensive and complex capitalworks undertaking. As each week goes by the hospital redevelopment project involves the commitment of more and more funds and, as yet, the bottom line has still not been clearly drawn. A full examination of the projects continuing viability is warranted if only to reassure the public, politicians and bureaucrats that they are on the right track. The recurrent savings identified as likely to result from the development of one principal hospital and the closure of Royal Canberra Hospital North were not large about 8 million a year. This makes it even more crucial that the numbers upon which the redevelopment has been predicated are not fatally flawed. THE task of the investigator on examining what had been going wrong in the health department will not be easy. He might well find a distinct lack of cooperation from some quarters. Many significant reputations bureaucratic and medical are riding on the health budget and the success or failure of the redevelopment project. There are those who are pursuing the task with what amounts to a missionary zeal and who will brook no criticism or legitimate questions. Their enthusiasm for the project is laudable, but they should not allow their hopes and enthusiasms to colour their judgement of its viability. It in one thing for doctors to have the very best and the very latest in medical technology housed in grandiose buildings, it is another thing for ACT taxpayers to meet the inevitable cost. It was significant that Mr Humphries chose to point out yesterday that some of the budgetary problems arose during the term of the Interim Hospitals Board. That may be true, but as much as Mr Humphries has had to rely on his advisers, his predecessor controllers relied on the same people. A lot of things have changed but the hands at the steering wheel have been much the same throughout, With something obviously wrong in the management, can Mr Humphries be certain that everything else remains on track Europeans query extent of unity THERE is nothing like a serious war to make nations fumble nervously for their constitutions and sing a few bars of the national anthem. It is time for conservatism and inhibitions. It comes as no shock then to see Britain reiterating its dissatisfaction with plans to fasttrack some aspects of European economic unity, particularly those aspects which would see the dozen member nations surrender crucial controls over economic policy to the European Community. It is almost as if Europe is having second thoughts about unity, now that real life has given member nations a chance to show how solid and confident they can be in terms of foreign policy and defence policies. Simultaneously, a world recession nibbles, bringing into focus all the what ifs about monetary union, industrial reform, government spending and government debt. To make matters worse, questions have been generated in areas such as law and order, immigration, even family law, with plenty more to come. A report on divorce from Brussels earlier this month showed that as Europe knits itself into an increasingly homogenous community, laws will either have to catch up or risk becoming ludicrously obsolete. Could there come a time when the law will allow Irish farmers to market their produce on a single, obstaclefree market, but will refuse to recognise a divorce between an Irish farmer and a Dutch spouse

LAND USE AND DECLINING WATER QUALITY Introduction Water is essential to life. It is an iron constraint on farming, and where farmers cannot expect reasonable rainfall they will try to augment nature through irrigation. Excess water can be just as bad as insufficient, and so drainage schemes, often using natural wetlands, have become essential in some areas. Drainage water carries a variety of contaminants that cause real impacts on the aquatic ecosystems that receive them. Streams are the main waste removal mechanism for agricultural runoff and for agricultural and industrial processing wastes. Of even more significance is the role of natural waters in the transport and transformation of sewage effluent. Water is essential for the survival of country towns which depend on an adequate supply of reasonable quality water for domestic use. To these traditional uses of water we now need to add the pressure to sustain various instream values. These include the need to protect the biological integrity of the water resource, to enable fish to survive and other organisms like frogs, tortoises and platypus to survive in our already degraded waterways. Waterways now have to support recreation, tourism, fisheries and nature conservation values and continue to meet the traditional demands placed upon them. We now know that the quality of the water in a river or a storage reflects the quality of land management in the catchment. The best measure we can have for the success of Total Catchment Management is the quality of the water draining from a catchment. There is an essential, unavoidable and direct connection between a catchment and the quality of water coming from it. Many people believe that water quality in Australian streams, storages and coastal areas is getting worse. The media regularly carry stories about the unacceptable quality of rural town water supplies, the increasing outbreaks of toxic algal blooms in storages, fish kills, increased turbidity and contamination by agricultural chemicals. We often do not have sufficient data to show the deterioration of water quality from our monitoring programs, but this is often because of inadequacies in them. In the systems that have been studied it is common to find increasing sediment, increasing nutrients, increasing organic contaminants and various undesirable changes in the biology of the water as a result of these changes. Some of these problems are caused by acute incidents where there has been a spill or misuse of some chemical. These incidents need to be minimised by more fool proof systems, better training of operators and better policing by regulatory agencies. These are obvious steps to reduce very obvious problems, and will not be further discussed in this article. The effects of normal agricultural and grazing practices on water quality are also important. Farmers know all too well the importance of nutrients like phosphorus to their agricultural production. Aquatic ecosystems, just like farmlands, are driven by nutrients. The phosphorus coming from land runoff has been shown to increase production in waterways markedly. Some increase in production can be tolerated, but aquatic ecosystems are effective at conserving nutrients, and if excess fertiliser enters waterways, then a new and much less desirable aquatic ecosystem results. Lake Burley Griffin in Canberra is a good example of the sort of changes that can take place in aquatic ecosystems. The lake has always had reasonably high nutrient levels due to sewage effluent from the upstream town of Queanbeyan. Lake Burley Griffin was productive from when it first filled and rapidly supported extensive growths of water weeds. These dominated the lake for its first 18 years. They were a moderate nuisance and were controlled by using an aquatic weed cutter. In the late 70s and early 80s the lake changed. The water weeds died out and were replaced by blooms of algae. The algae that appeared were the toxic bluegreen algae cyanobacteria which have been responsible for stock deaths in many parts of Australia. From time to time the lake was closed for swimming because of concerns that human health could be at risk. This switch from water weeds to toxic algae surprised many people, because thee was nothing obvious that had changed to cause the switch. It just happened over a period of three to four years without any dramatic changes in land use or land management in the catchment. This is a response to chronic pollution where waste discharges and runoff over time eventually overcome the assimilative capacity of the aquatic ecosystem and cause degradation. An aquatic ecosystem can often handle stress for some time without any very obvious or undesirable symptoms, but then suddenly collapses and a new and less desirable ecosystem emerges. The switching from one ecosystem to another is not necessarily because of some extra stress, but is due to the cumulative stress over time finally overcoming the lakes ability to maintain itself as a macrophyte water weed system. Understanding and being able to predict this switching from one ecosystem to another is a major current problem in ecology. There are many examples around Australia of significant degradation of waterways. In each case runoff from rural and urban lands, along with the discharge of effluents from sewage treatment works, abattoirs and intensive animal industries have been implicated in the problems. The Peel Inlet in Western Australia, Mt Bold in South Australia, Gippsland Lakes in Victoria, Hay Weir Pool and Carcoar Reservoirs in New South Wales and North Pine Dam in Queensland are all examples of water quality degradation because of catchment activities. These water bodies are contaminated by both point and nonpoint sources. Point sources like sewage treatment works, intensive animal feedlots and abattoirs are often the most evident source of contamination. Nonpoint or diffuse sources refer to the contaminants carried in the runoff from land surfaces. They are often less obvious than point sources, since they are much more variable. Contamination comes following runoff. But overall, the nonpoint sources may be very significant in their impact on water quality. It may be essential to attack nonpoint sources if we are to have sustainable water resources. Measuring NonPoint Loads When rain runs off land it transports both dissolved and particulate materials to receiving water bodies. Much of the material transported in runoff water is particulate, comprising soil particles, fertiliser particles, plant material and animal excreta. Some is in the dissolved form, and nutrients are important here. These materials exported from farmland must be seen as a loss of a productive asset by the farmer. Some of the materials lost have been put there at considerable cost to improve productivity. It makes no sense to a farmer to have expensive fertiliser and important organic matter washed down the drain. On top of these costs, the serious degradation they cause to the stream ecosystems by destroying fish and other recreational opportunities must be addressed. When considering how to measure nonpoint sources it is obvious that they operate mainly when rain is falling and runoff is being generated. The rain and runoff provide the energy that detaches and transports particles. This means that receiving waters are subject to intermittent pulses of contaminants. You can only predict these pulses to the extent that you can predict rainfall. The contaminants of importance are bullet Phosphorus and nitrogen, coming from fertiliser and animal excreta and promoting plant growth in the receiving waters. bullet Sediment, coming from soil erosion and causing turbidity in the receiving waters. bullet Organic matter, from plant material and animal wastes which, as they break down, can lead to a loss of oxygen in the receiving waters. bullet Agricultural chemicals, and their breakdown products, that can affect biota in a variety of ways. Microbial contaminants, from sewage and animal wastes, that might cause infection to users of the water. bullet Heavy metals, from road runoff that includes lead in petrol, material from tyres and from other sources. In comparing point and nonpoint pollutants there are three important differences that must be considered bullet Nonpoint sources are intermittent, while point sources often flow almost continuously. bullet Extreme runoff events transport huge amounts of contaminants to the receiving waters. An event like a one in 10 year flood may be more important than all the smaller events combined. bullet Nonpoint nutrients are generally in the particulate form and may be less available to promote plant growth than the soluble nutrients in sewage effluent. When thinking about the contaminants that enter a receiving water it is important to think of loads not concentrations. It is possible to have a high concentration but if the amount of water involved is low, the amount or mass of contaminant is low. It may not matter. Load is calculated by multiplying the volume of water in say cubic metres by the concentration in mgm3 and may be expressed as kgyr or as kghayr. To calculate loads, measurements of concentration need to be multiplied by a volume measurement. Since flow volume is measured continuously at stream gauging stations it is necessary to estimate how many measurements of concentration are needed to get a reasonable estimate of load. Since export of contaminants takes place during runoff events, sampling needs to be based on flow, not time. There is not much point taking a lot of concentration measurements during low, dry weather flow periods. The concentrations will not vary much the loads themselves will be minor in comparison with what is moving during high flow events. When using automatic samplers, decisions need to be made concerning at what stage or water height the sampler will be activated and what interval is appropriate for sample collection at each station. Practical considerations such as the number of sample bottles that can be accumulated before they need changing, and the staff resources to get to sampling stations during events need to be considered. The tradeoff between reliability of load estimates versus the cost of sample collection, transport and analysis is a critical issue. In studies of Lake Burley Griffin it was shown that flood events were responsible for transporting 69 per cent of the phosphorus, although they only occupied nine per cent of the study period Cullen and Rosich, 1979. The importance of high flow events is even more apparent from Table 1, showing some data on phosphorus exports found in the Monkey Creek study done by the Water Research Centre at the University of Canberra and the Sydney Water Board. It shows the total phosphorus coming off the catchment over the entire study, and the amount of phosphorus that came off in selected high flow events. These results show that 61 per cent of the phosphorus and 41 per cent of of the water moved down Monkey Creek moved in one per cent of the time during the study. Had these three days of high flows not been measured, then the export would have been underestimated by 60 per cent. This table shows some of the great difficulties in measuring nonpoint contamination. Measurements of pollutant exports are very expensive since facilities to collect and analyse large numbers of samples must be maintained for when the high runoff event happens. This requires a capability to get staff into the field within a few hours of the runoff starting, if automatic data collection devices are to be kept operational. The costs of these studies should not be underestimated. It is important to collect data from a range of runoff events. Since it is important to measure exports under flood conditions it may be necessary to collect data for several years to catch such high flow events. The Monkey Creek study was funded by the Australian Water Research Advisory Council, the Sydney Water Board and the University of Canberra. It cost around 350 000 for one year of data if the costs of stream gauging, sample collection, chemical analysis and numerical analysis are included. The Impacts of Variable NonPoint Pollutant Loads on Reservoirs There is a problem as to how we should think about these very occasional but very large flows. Some might think they happen so infrequently that they can be ignored. This is not true.

Waterfront strike a threat to all THE wildcat strike by the Maritime Union of Australia, which has frozen all of Australias international shipping trade, smacks of selfishness and irresponsibility. The reckless action by the MUA which has stopped cargo getting into or out of ports is an international embarrassment which needs to be concluded as quickly as it began. Within 10 minutes of the union discovering last week that the Federal Government was proposing to sell off its 25 per cent share of Australian Stevedores, Australias 3000 waterfront workers walked out, sparking the biggest wildcat strike in years. By midday Thursday, all ports were shut, 500 million in cargo is stranded and more than 160 ships stand idle at sea. The strike has cost 55 million and another 9 million is lost each day it is allowed to continue. The economic fallout is worse than the daily cost of stranded ships and cargo, with business leaders claiming it enforces the view that Australias ports remain an industrial nightmare despite promising reforms. Not since 1956, when waterside workers went on a 23day strike over work practices and hiring, has the nations ocean transport industry been so devastated by a dispute. The MUA members response to the Governments decision was too quick and too extreme. The most disturbing aspect is that union boss John Coombs told the Industrial Relations Commission on Friday the strike was a political protest and not an industrial dispute. Just as Australia was beginning to haul itself out of the depths of recession, with the economy showing encouraging signs of recovery and positive job growth figures, the nation has been plunged back to the bad old days of industrial standover tactics. The MUAs actions are hampering Australias ability to compete internationally and disrupting the internal efficiency of the entire nation. The union members are effectively snubbing their noses at the people as a whole with the results of their actions reflected in higher prices, supermarket shelf shortages and increased costs to exporters. Todays delicate economic climate has no room for unions launching into strike action according to preordained battle plans. Conciliation is and must be the correct approach taken in these matters at all times. Australia cant afford the luxury of a union which decides to strike first and ask questions later. Union leaders will meet today with Prime Minister Paul Keating and Minister Laurie Brereton. We can only hope sanity will prevail and the union will see the error of its ways. Landmark decision for ALP THE Australian Labor Party yesterday made the biggest corporate change of its history by reserving 35 per cent of its parliamentary seats for women. In the process it argued that affirmative action is a valid and possibly essential system for any major organisation. Setting quotas for minority groups is a longaccepted equity measure. Setting quotas for a group which makes up more than 50 per cent of the population remains under debate the reason being that preference for women means an equal and opposite discrimination against men. The application of affirmative action depends on the function and conditions of the organisation, company or department and cannot be laid down as a requirement for all circumstances. It must be remembered that in itself, it guarantees a job and not the merit of the job holder its intent is to right a perceived injustice, not to improve a service or product. If used, it should be an adjunct to, rather than a replacement for, equality of opportunity and it guarantees that performance will win advancement, no matter the sex of the person involved. The ALP has decided it is suitable for its purposes, and no one can accuse the party of rushing its deliberations on the matter. It set itself the task of bringing balance to representation of the sexes in parliaments in 1979, and in the 15 years since, the idea has been put through every combination of assessment. Details of the proposal were rejected by the Right, embraced by the Left, refined by the Right and then questioned by the Left, and even has had its opponents among women. The partys final ruling is that increasing the number of elected women is a political plus, a matter of justice, and a factor which could improve the delivery of government. These are all sound reasons for change, and the Labor Party must be congratulated for establishing a groundbreaking policy and then smoothing the way through the thicket of objections and cautions to have it adopted. It is a landmark decision which will require the limits of factional cooperation to be successful. It also will require women to work to win preselection. The crucial test of the policy will be in the electorates. If voters believe they are being offered women candidates who have been given the right to stand as a gift, they will make their unhappiness know. If they believe they are being offered the best possible candidate, who has needed affirmative action to get through the party processes, they will signify approval in the ballot box. Telecom shows the way IN the context of the newly competitive telecommunications marketplace, Telecoms announcement yesterday of a record 7 billion net profit for 199394 is a remarkable achievement. While the result is reflective of lower corporate tax rates and of significant reductions in net interest expenses, Telecoms 6 per cent increase in revenues, struck in conjunction with a 5 per cent reduction in consumer prices, is indicative of outstanding business practice. Those are the key components of the result enhanced profits despite cheaper prices, leading to an improved dividend to the Commonwealth Government and hence, to the national economy. When indirect taxes are added to the equation, Telecoms total contribution to the Treasury for the year is in excess of 2 billion. Telecom also retained a sharp focus on improved capital efficiency, allocating 5 billion for new plant and equipment, most of which is sourced locally, during the year. Importantly, growth in operating costs was held carefully in check despite concerted pressure on the company for improvements across the spectrum of telecommunications services. As an example of freeenterprise excellence, the Telecom profit is an object lesson to the corporate community, and a valuable indication of the mutual advantages of wellrun companies. In this instance, the company and its employees have won through increased earnings the proprietors in this case the Federal Government has won through higher dividends and the customers have won through improved service at better prices. The result gives the lie to those who would have us believe that high levels of corporate profitability necessarily equate to a degree of exploitation of the customer. Our economy is driven by the incentive of profit. For it should be understood that competition in a deregulated free enterprise economy imposes a strict discipline of exemplary service on business operators which none can escape. In recognition of the need to maintain its competitive focus and to defend its influence in the marketplace, Telecom announced yesterday it will spend in excess of 710 million in three years laying fibreoptic and coaxial cable for the provision of paytelevision and other consumer electronic media. Withstanding fierce competitive pressures and devising strategies to maximise natural market advantages were the foundation stones on which Telecom constructed its record profit. Other firms would be wise to study the result and to work to follow the Telecom lead. Political quitters cheat voters FOR societies which value individual liberty, there is one unavoidable cost the cost of maintaining the democratic system of government. And most people who take freedom for granted do not begrudge the expense. Paying for the judiciary, paying politicians their considerable salaries, paying for the trappings of political office and paying for elections are accepted without question by the majority. But one cost stands out as a cynical outrage the cost of the endless string of whimsical byelections inflicted on a longsuffering electorate by MPs who have simply tired of the duties of their office. The latest to participate in this ignoble tradition is one who has admittedly served long and with undeniable distinction as an MP and one of whom better was expected the Federal Member for Kooyong, Andrew Peacock. On Wednesday, Mr Peacock declared his intention to resign his seat before the end of the year, thereby necessitating yet another federal byelection. Already in the life of this Parliament, there have been five byelections, all of them precipitated by nothing more serious than a disinclination on the part of the sitting Member to remain in the Parliament. In January, former Labor minister and onetime treasurer John Kerin departed to take up a spot as head of the Australian Meat and Livestock Corporation. In March, John Dawkins, another extreasurer, decided to call it a day, as did another former Labor minister Neal Blewett, who quit to take up the attractive posting of High Commissioner to the United Kingdom. In the same month, longserving Liberals Jim Carlton and Michael MacKellar decided theyd had enough. For each byelection, voters were left with a bill of more than 300,000, which adds up so far to a bill in excess of 5 million a figure which fails to take into account the advertising outlays of the major parties. By what right do MPs presume to put the public to this expense Having been chosen for the high office of a Member of Parliament, surely they are orally obliged, other than in the most exceptional circumstances, to see out their term. As he confirmed his decision to resign, Mr Peacock was reported yesterday as saying he didnt owe the Liberal Party anything, and that in turn, he was owed nothing by the party after all these years. But the people of Kooyong, who have remained fiercely loyal to Mr Peacock for 28 years, who endorsed him in 1993 as their Member until the next election, were owed something they were owed Mr Peacocks loyalty in return. Planning is key to urban culture FOR historical and geographical reasons, the demographic configuration of Australia is fundamentally urban. Despite the image we cherish of ourselves as sunbronzed natives of the outback, we are in fact a race of citydwellers and two centuries of European occupation has seen that population trend firmly and permanently entrenched. For more than 200 years, new arrivals have clung together on the temperate coastal fringe. While there are thriving towns and cities at a distance from the capitals, the overwhelming bulk of our population in fact more than 10 million out of a population of 18 million is concentrated in the five major cities, of which Sydney is by far the largest. Against the background of that minimal interpretation of our populataion densities, it is not surprising the capital cities, Sydney most particularly, are surrounded by sprawling suburban areas creeping inexorably outward. Noted architect Philip Coxs condemnation of that essentially unplanned process needs to be understood in its proper context. On Monday, Mr Cox was critical of what he chose to describe as the feral nature of suburbia on Sydneys western outskirts. Mr Cox also expressed dismay at the enthusiasm of some planners and politicians for projects such as the demolition of the Cahill Expressway when the pressing and obvious need was for better planning and more thoughtful development in dinkum Australian areas our suburbs. While it is of unquestionable national importance that our city shows its best face to the world, Mr Coxs assessment of the problems of our suburbs should not be ignored. His characterisation of the outer suburbs as dinkum Australian areas is instructive. The mainstream of our culture does flow richly through our suburbs. The people in them are very much real Australians representative of the themes and currents of the Australian way of life. In the past, as Mr Cox points out, suburbs on the urban margin have grown like Topsy unplanned and without a sense of integration in the wider weave of the social fabric. Too often, new suburbs are illserved for the range of social amenities necessary for a cohesive and integrated sense of community.

PROTECTIVE CLOTHING AND SAFETY EQUIPMENT POLICY Every employer is obliged to ensure that workplaces are as safe and without risks to health as is reasonably practicable. From time to time the only way that this obligation can be met is by the use of safety equipment or protective clothing. To meet this obligation, all Departmental staff who are exposed to risk as part of their employment will be issued with the appropriate safety equipment or protective clothing, free of charge, on either a permanent or needs basis as appropriate. As part of this policy, a Guide has been prepared which gives general information on Safety Equipment or Protective Clothing requirements, means of assessing risk and selecting the correct items and purchase, issue, replacement and recording procedures See attached guide. DEFINITIONS PROTECTIVE CLOTHING items are those which would be normally worn as clothing and which the worker is required to wear as protection from hazards which regularly arise as a result of hisher work. SAFETY EQUIPMENT items are designed to protect a worker against a specific hazard and would not be normally worn as clothing. SELECTION Every Manager and Supervisor of staff is responsible for assessing whether staff are at risk so as to require the issue of Safety Equipment or Protective Clothing and for selection of the appropriate items with reference to the Guide. The assistance of the Departments Occupational Health and Safety Section is to be sought as required. The participation of the Departments Occupation Health and Safety Workplace Committees in risk assessment and the selection of Safety Equipment or Protective Clothing is fully supported by the Department. ISSUE AND REPLACEMENT The issue of either Safety Equipment or Protective Clothing items can be on either an individual or a communal basis depending on factors such as frequency of use or health issues. Where items are issued on an individual basis, the cleaning and maintenance shall be the responsibility of the staff member to whom they are issued. The replacement of such items will be determined by the condition of the items and whether that condition is as a result of fair wear and tear this includes damage as a result of an accident. At each location the Manager, Officerincharge or other delegate will be authorised to make such a determination. Where items are issued on a communal basis, the issue and maintenance or supervision of maintenance of those items is to be undertaken by a person who has been authorised to do so by the Manager or Officerincharge. Where an item is judged to have been damaged through other than fair wear and tear, the responsible person must be made aware that not only is it an offence under the Occupational Health and Safety Act, but also Departmental charges could be laid. Where staff members are not considered to be at risk, they will still be allowed to purchase items through the locations supply system, for their personal use, provided that the requirements for the payment of sales tax are maintained. RECORDING All personal issues, replacements and purchases are to be recorded as to the date, name of the item, name of the staff member, signature of the staff member and the signature and name of the authorising officer. VISITORS TO ESTABLISHMENTS Any visitor to a Departmental establishment is to be either made aware of any Safety Equipment or Protective Clothing requirements before they arrive and required to suitably equip themselves before arrival or, where visitors are a common occurrence, issued with items held on site. ACCOUNTABILITY All Departmental managers and supervisors will be held accountable for the implementation of this policy. They are also to ensure that all staff members, particularly new staff members, are aware of their rights and responsibilities under this policy. No supervisor is to allow a staff member to undertake a task unless that staff member is appropriately equipped with the required Safety Equipment or Protective Clothing which is in a serviceable condition. Each person who is responsible for a visitor to Departmental establishment is to ensure that the visitor is property protected before heshe enters any areas of risk. All staff members will be held accountable for the wearing and use of all required Safety Equipment or Protective Clothing. Staff who refuse to use the required Safety Equipment or Protective Clothing will be subject to disciplinary action under the Public Sector Management Act, 1988 unless there is a good and valid reason for the refusal. Such cases of valid reason are rare, and generally have to do with the workers inability to use the safety equipmentprotective clothing. Manager are not relieved of the responsibility to insist on safety equipment being used and protective clothing being worn. If suitable alternative safety equipmentprotective clothing is not available, managers are to consult with the O.H. S. Manager. CONCLUSION The Departments responsibilities in the supply and maintenance of Safety Equipment or Protective Clothing are recognised and accepted. Providing and ensuring the use of such items is sometimes all that can be done to reduce the effect of accidents or prevent their occurrence. Such accidents, by depriving the Department of the services of staff, can detract from the effectiveness of the services that this Department supplies to the community and can result in pain and suffering to individual staff members. A GUIDE FOR THE SELECTION AND ISSUE OF PROTECTIVE CLOTHING OR SAFETY EQUIPMENT This guide is to be used by persons who have the responsibility of issuing protective clothing or safety equipment. It covers the following areas a. the assessment of whether a person is at risk b. purchasesupply procedures for normal issue, emergency issue or staff purchases c. issue d. record keeping for personal issue or staff purchase e. procedures for dealing with staff who refuse to use protective clothing or safety equipment f. legislative requirements and g. specific items. The information contained in this guide will not cover every eventuality. Further assistance in the selection of appropriate safety equipment or protective clothing is available from the Departments Occupational Health and Safety Section or from the Department of Industrial Relations and Employment in your local area. ASSESSMENT OF STAFF AT RISK Staff can be considered to be at risk and therefore in need of protection when the tasks which they are required to carry out andor the location where such tasks are to be undertaken are likely to expose them to either physical injury or adverse health effects. This is so whether the injury or health effects are immediate or cumulative. For example, staff who are working in a machinery workshop would require overalls and safety boots because of the risks associated with long term exposure to oil, with loose clothing or with heavy objects dropping onto feet. Persons visiting that workshop to deliver some items or to consult with one of the staff would not require such protection, provided that areas they could safely occupy were clearly marked. Conversely, where farm staff are spraying chemicals, all persons in that locality who may be exposed must be provided with protection. Similarly, all persons working in an area with wet, muddy or slippery floors are to have suitable protective footwear. PROCEDURES FOR SUPPLYPURCHASE The supply of protective clothing or safety equipment is to be in accordance with normal Public Service procedures. After the required item has been identified, by first determining a need and then consulting with the Departments Occupational Health and Safety Section to select the type which is most appropriate and approved by the Department of Industrial Relations and Employment, the Government Supply Microfiche should be perused to find out if the item is in contract. If the item is in contract and in Government Supply stock, it should be ordered through Government Supply. If the item is not in stock or there is an unacceptable delay before delivery, the item can be purchased direct from the contractor. If this is unsuccessful or there is an unacceptable delay through a staff member being either at risk or unable to perform hisher work through not having the required item then a local supplier is to be contacted. Where a temporary employee is to be taken on for a period, and the duration of hisher employment is to be short ie. five weeks. The delivery time for any safety boots etc may exceed the employment duration. Therefore the temporary employee should be advised to where he can purchase the necessary item before he commences duties. Heshe should then be reimbursed via petty cash on presentation of the item and receipt. Where a staff member is to purchase an item of protective clothing andor safety equipment, from personal preference, the contractor is to be approached to ascertain if they will supply the item at cost price. In all such cases however, any sales tax on the items must be paid as failure to do so is a breach of Commonwealth Government legislation. ISSUE The issue of Protective Clothing or Safety Equipment can be either as personal issue to individuals or as a common issue which can be used by any person either operating equipment or working in an area. An example of the above would be where persons working in a workshop, because of their constant exposure to risk, would be each issued safety glasses or spectacles, and persons who enter the workshop to briefly use one of the machines eg bench grinder would not require personal safety equipment but would use a full face shield permanently kept near or on the machine. IN the case of items which could be supplied for communal use, such as respirators, rubber boots, eye protection, disposable overalls or wet weather protection, the cleanliness, disinfecting and serviceability of these items would be the reponsibility of a competent person such as supervisor or storeman. RECORDING PROCEDURES Because of the need to regulate issues and purchases of protective clothing or safety equipment, as well as the possibility, for legal requirements, of having to prove that items have been issued, all purchases and issues of protective clothing and safety equipment must be recorded. The record must be readily available and contain the following information a. the staff members name b. whether it is a purchase or an issue c. the date of purchase or issue d. the name of the item and e. if on a card system, the signature of the staff member. STAFF WHO REFUSE TO USE PROTECTIVE CLOTHING OR SAFETY EQUIPMENT Any staff member who refuses to use the protective clothing or safety equipment issued to him or her may be in breach of not only the Departments Occupational Health and Safety Policy but also the NSW Occupational Health and Safety Act 1983 and the Public Sector Management Act, Such an action could also adversely affect workers compensation entitlements in the event of a resulting injury or illness. As well, any supervisor who, being aware of such a situation, allows the staff member to work unprotected may equally be in breach of requirements. Any staff member who refuses to use hisher protective clothing or safety equipment is to be immediately removed from the task and the matter referred to the manager or officerincharge who will endeavour to find out if their is a valid reason for the refusal. If none exists, a further direction to use the protective clothing or safety equipment item will be issued in writing and if this is not followed, disciplinary action will be taken. Any staff member who reports for work without hisher issued protective clothingsafety equipment is to be directed to return home to collect the items with their attendance record being adjusted accordingly for the time absent. LEGISLATIVE REQUIREMENTS The following items are required by legislation. If, however, managers or officersincharge feel that the supply of such items is impracticable or, because of the circumstances, hazardous, then an application, stating the reasons, can be made to the Chief Inspector, Department of Industrial Relations and Employment or the Secretary, Department of Health whichever is appropriate for an exemption.

Sixteen QUITE SUDDENLY, AND WITHOUT A CHANGE in direction, the jet lumbered out of the cloud and into the world again. Scully who had not slept or rested his mind a moment, could instantly see past his sleeping daughters head, the harrowed stones, the great gullies, the expressionless mountain faces of the country below. It was late in the day and the land crawled with shadows. Only weeks ago he left Greece sad enough to feel he was leaving his homeland all over again, but now when he saw it he felt nothing, not even dread. Stewards came down the aisles smiling grimly. Billie woke, saw the sea looming beneath them as the plane banked. She looked at him with an expression he couldnt read. Greece again, he said. She put her hands in her lap and looked down on the brassy sea. He put his fingers in her hair and she shook him off gently. IN THE MAULING TRAFFIC, Scully knew theyd miss the days last hydrofoil to the islands. The light was going and the taxi got deeper and deeper into chaos, so he resigned himself to a night in Piraeus. He could smell the difference winter had brought to Athens. The stinking nephos was largely blown away by sea winds, and the place was only as foul as a regular city. The ubiquitous raw concrete was freshened with rain and Athens seemed subdued, humbled by the onset of winter. Near the Zea marina they got out and walked under the streetlights to a little hotel he knew. The wind put the hair in their eyes, but it was an easy walk uphill. Its just tonight, he said. The first boat goes early. Hungry Billie nodded. Behind them the masts of the harbour jounced in the weather, and the rain came on through them, chasing Scully and Billie to the hotel door. WELL SLEEP TOGETHER, WHAT DYOU THINK said Scully, pulling back the curtains to look down into the street. Billie sat on the double bed and looked at the fan of drachma notes beside her on the coverlet. Stops us being too lonely, eh Silently she began to weep, and Scully sat beside her, held her gently, and felt that first shaft of hatred return to him like heartburn. How could you do this, Jennifer Whats happened to you that you could do this to us He felt his teeth meet hard and shake his jaw, but the feeling receded. He looked about this cold bare little room. You can tell me, love. Rain sprayed against the long unshuttered windows and Billie said nothing. NEXT DAY THE SUN WAS OUT and the sea beyond the marina was choppy but madly lit and blue. The sky was clear, the air fresh as they went aboard the hydrofoil which idled grotesquely against the wharf. A few offseason tourists had taken seats in the strange aeronautical interior, but most of the passengers were islanders heading home with shopping. Their crates and bags were piled in the aisles. A bearded man guarded a stereo, and a woman, an islander he didnt recognize, had a German Shepherd in a pine crate. They sat astern and the craft backed out of the harbour past the forlorn yachts of the summer set and turned at the open water beyond the mole to rise up on its limbs like a great insect under the power of its diesels. Scully led Billie out into the rear deck into the fresh air as the hydrofoil charged out into the Saronic Gulf. He saw Lykavitos and the Akropolis clear against the sky. He saw the fluorescent weal of the wake. He hooked his fingers in the strap of Billies backpack. Greece. Just the colour of the water, the firm, plain outline of the stone and sky gave him memories. From the cabin came the solemn howl of a German Shepherd all at sea, and Scully managed a laugh. After half an hour they cut past the undistinguished mound of Aegina and turned for Poros. The dog went on like a siren. The sun lit the deck. At Poros the expatriate drunks and the Athenian rich were making the most of the sun on the terrace at the Seven Brothers and the sight of them caused Scully to think clearly of Jennifer for the first time that day. He hadnt planned anything beyond simply turning up. He didnt know what he would say, how he would proceed. Now he imagined her breakfasting at the Lyko or Pigadi, rolling up her khaki pants to get the sun on her legs. Or maybe the trousers wouldnt be fitting her now. A skirt. Yes. A couple of tourists disembarked at Poros, and an American Scully knew from Hydra came aboard. Scully was grateful that the man, a party animal with a rich mother in Boston, sat up front and promptly fell asleep. It looked like hed made a night of it. The pastel frontages, the flags and tired mules on the waterfront fell behind as the hydrofoil surged seaward again. Scully looked through the small tartan case at his feet. An optimists bag. A twoday trip bag. A Scully bag. And in the bottom, rolling about in lint and gum wrappers, three white candles. SCULLY FELT THE FIRST CHANGE OF NOTE in the big diesels and knew that Hydra was looming. He was facing sternward and couldnt see it, but he sensed the shadow of it falling on the water. He took Billie inboard and arranged the backpack on her shoulders, straightened her up a bit and kissed her. This is it, Bill, he murmured. Lets just take it as it comes. Well get a room and go quietly. Other passengers stirred now, and the German Shepherd began to vomit. A horrid stink arose. Handkerchiefs came out. The dog sounded like an old man trying to clear his throat. When the hydrofoil docked and the hatch fell open, there was an athletic scramble for fresh air, and the little crowd of onlookers parted in alarm as passengers bolted for the wharf. Scully strode out onto the smooth flagstones with Billies hand in his, and he saw the shuttered, wintry waterfront with its ragged pastel walls, empty balconies and idle mules. The water of the harbour was still, the moles bare but for a few men mending nets, and the yachts and cruise ships were gone. Up behind the harbour the island rose into the sky, its houses packed into the space between mountain peaks whose slopes showed patches of green he had never seen. The terracotta tiles of a thousand Venetian roofs blurred sweetly in the sun, and from the hills came a showering of goat bells falling on the breeze. A couple of tavernas were open by the water, but he was thankful it was still too early for the late breakfasters. He found the land past the bakery where the smell of dough and heat and carraway seeds was overpowering. There was a line of mules outside Pans Bar, and men were laying concrete on the corner, laughing with cigarettes in their mouths and ouzo on their breaths. Scullys heart jangled as he saw the familiar sidestreets and alleys, the bougainvillea, the little square with the lemon trees and their whitewashed trunks, the cats going through the garbage outside the pharmacy where even now old Vangelis stood coughing into his hands. Here and there a woman swept her steps or whitewashed her front wall, but there were few people in the streets and no tourists. They went up the long steps toward the little hotel he had in mind, somewhere discreet and back from the water a way. He wondered if theyd been seen already, if Jennifer had been standing by a high window or on a sunny terrace when the boat came in. What was she thinking Would she send a message, just appear, panic She could be packing her bags this moment. He paused halfway to the hotel on a little terrace from where he could see a strip of sea, and the mountain breeze caught about his ankles. In the house above, a woman sang in a deep, stern voice. He knew the song, but had never been able to follow the Greek well enough to understand it. Billie stood passive beside him, scuffing her feet on the smooth granite flags whose centres were hollow with wear. Scully hummed a few bars and caught himself shaking there in the sunlight. HE KNOCKED AT THE HEAVY COURTYARD DOOR and waited in the narrow lane. A small dark woman with an enormous bust under her black pinafore pulled the door back. With a broom in one hand, she regarded them. Kyrios Scully Scully stuttered, unnerved to be known by someone he didnt recognize. Was she someone Jennifer knew Er, neh, Kyria, kalimera, um, hello. The woman ran her hand through Billies blonde curls and ushered them into the courtyard where sunlight piled in through the bare grapevines and lit her hanging gourds and her stone stairs. Uh, Kyria. do you have a room dotted line domatio Neh, neh, poli She led them to the stairs where cats lay indolent in the light, not moving as they stepped over them. At the head of the stairs she opened a door onto a large room with several beds and wide doors opening to a balcony. Kala, Scully stammered. Kala, poli. Well take it. Efkaristo. Is very good place, you come back. Yes. Yes. Cheap for you. How about two thousand drachs The woman pursed her lips doubtfully but shrugged in the affirmative. Endakse. Okay, good. She brought them towels and soap, opened the doors and left the room, beaming. Scully took the pack off Billies shoulders and walked out onto the balcony. The fishhook of the harbour lay plainly below, and he looked out at the gulf and beyond it the mottled mass of the Peloponnese where the faraway smoke of charcoalers smudged the air above the peninsula. He wondered where she would be. Unless shed organized something from Australia, she wouldnt have a house yet. Maybe a hotel by the water or a spare room in one of the expats houses. He tried to think. Where would he go after bolting in some kind of panic God, the thought of her having a breakdown in some bare room twelve thousand miles from home. What else could make you act like that Surely it couldnt be a way of making a point. You couldnt be right in the mind to do this to people you love. Scully felt his fingernails in his palms and tried to shake it off. It was not time for macho bullshit. No breastbeating, no torrent of recriminations. Just be prepared to listen, he told himself dont go shitting in your own nest. He felt Billies hand on the back of his leg. One of her shoelaces was undone, so he knelt and retied it and looked into her troubled face. Were gonna go down now and look, orright Its a small place well probably find her before lunch and shell explain why it happened. Everythingll make sense somehow, and then I think well understand. I just want you to be brave and let us sort it out. Let her say what she has to say, okay Sometimes people having a baby can be very nervous flighty, you know, like a horse. Now are you sure there isnt anything you want to tell me first Billies eyes began to fill as she shook her head. Its alright. Im gonna fix it up. ON HIS WAY BACK down the jumbled steps to the harbour, feeling bilious and goosefleshed, Scully stamped through spokes of light that ran between the smooth white blocks of houses, and he only faintly sensed the brief heat of the suns concentration. He was lighter without all the northern clothing hed been wearing, and despite all this weirdness, he felt more himself because of it. Jeans, sneakers, cotton windcheater, the old Scully uniform.

ON THE FEASIBILITY OF USING APPLICATIONSPECIFIC SPEECH TO DERIVE A GENERALPURPOSE SPEECH RECOGNISER TRAINING DATABASE M OKane and P Kenne Faculty of Information Sciences and Engineering University of Canberra ABSTRACT A speech database is easier to markup if what the speakers are saying is known before markingup commences. In a joint project with the court reporting services we have examined the feasibility of using court speech recordings and associated transcript to derive a generalpurpose speech recogniser training database. The first question addressed was the size of the natural vocabulary that was covered by daytoday court proceedings. The next question addressed was the frequency of occurrence of the various words and phrases in this vocabulary. We then turned to the issue of how much transcript had to be examined in total in order to get a reasonable number of examples of all the commonlyoccurring words in the vocabulary. All this work was done using automatic analysis of transcript text. Another important aspect of speechdatabase collecting is the overall time it is going to take to markup a database of known size. In order to address this issue we conducted markup speed trials in which several experienced speech database markers were timed for speed of markingup speech from associated transcript. A special software markup system was used which ideally requires only four mouseclicks to mark up and confirm each instance of each word entered in the database. Each marker was markingup at word level only. Quality of markingup was checked for each marker. While the exact minimum amount of data needed to train a very large speech recogniser is unknown, experiments such as the ones described here suggest that the concept of deriving such databases from applicationspecific speech is a very large but not an impossible task. INTRODUCTION Practical use of statisticallybased recognisers requires the generation of large markedup databases to train the recognisers. The collection and markingup of speech databases is a timeconsuming task. Investigating ways of speeding up the collection of speechrecogniser training databases, we examined court transcript data. Court and parliamentary transcript has been used by others for languagemodelling studies Brown, della Pietra, Mercer, della Pietra and Lai, 1992. In Australian courts essentially all proceedings are recorded and the recordings are retained for a statutory period. For most courts written transcript is also produced and retained. We investigated the issue of seeing if the combination of transcript and recording could be used to derive a useable database for training generalpurpose and applicationspecific speech recognisers. VOCABULARY SIZE In order to gain some idea of the vocabulary size and the number of repetitions of items in the vocabulary we considered eight consecutive days of transcript from one ongoing case in one court. The growth in vocabulary size as a function of the number of days of transcript analysed is given in Figure 1a. In Figure 1b this information is presented again on the same scale as the graph of the total number of all words processed as a function of the number of days of transcript analysed. It should be noted that the transcript size for different days varies. It can be seen that the growth in the vocabulary is quite small. In total after processing eight days of transcript 170,638 words the vocabulary is If all words were repeated equally often this would mean that the average repetitions per word was approximately Of course all words do not occur equally often. So we next investigated the highfrequency words and the number of times they were repeated. The ten highestfrequency words and their number of occurrences are given in Table Note that the word the accounts for 6 of all the words processed and the words ranked 210 in the top ten occurring word list together account for another 5 of all words processed. We were interested not only in the number of items in the vocabulary but also the number of word pairs, word triples, word quadruples and word quintuples that could occur in the transcript and how these numbers varied as each new days transcript was added to the collection. This information is presented in Figure For comparison with Table 1 the top ten occurring word pairs are given in Table The top ten words even though they do occur very often do not provide a very useful vocabulary, taken as a set. In order to see if there are enough repetitions of enough other words we considered, for the eight days of transcript, how many words had greater than 10000, 5000, 2000, 1000, 500, 200, 100 occurrences. This information is given in Table We were also interested in finding out how long it took to get a reasonable number of words of reasonably high repetition rate. Some idea of this is given in Figure 3 in which the total number of words processed divided by the number of words occurring more than 400 times is plotted as a function of number of transcript days. It is interesting that after day 4 102,255 words processed, the ratio starts to rise, indicating that the highfrequency words are occurring more frequently but not a lot of other words are occurring more frequently. GENERAL VERSUS SPECIFIC One would expect that collecting a lot of data from one jurisdiction would lead to a large number of jurisdictionspecific words. Accordingly we investigated for the top 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 occurrences of the vocabulary, the word pairs, the word triples, the word quadruples and the word quintuples what the ratio of general words or phrases was to the total number of words or phrases for each set. This information is given graphically in Figure The single words are almost totally general at this part of the file with the number of jurisdictionspecific phrases becoming more frequent as the phrase gets longer. SPEAKER VARIETY The number of speakers contributing to any given transcript can vary enormously. For the eight days considered in the experiment described above, only five speakers a judge and four counsel contributed to the first seven days while fourteen speakers contributed to the eighth day which was the day on which witnesses were called for the first time. HOW REPRESENTATIVE IS MATERIAL FROM ONE COURT In order to see if data from a single court was comparable to data from another source we analysed two days of conference proceedings and compared data from these with data from the two longest days day 3 and day 4 of the eight day sequence described above. This information is given in Table MARKUP TIME The issue that makes this series of experiments worthwhile is that a courtderived speech database is extremely easy and quick to markup using a special software tool in which the speech appears in one window and the associated transcript in another. To markup a word, the operator uses only four mouse clicks one to mark the start of the word, one to mark the end, one to press to play the word and thus aurally confirm the start and end, and one in the transcript window to save the marks. Markup trials by various markers on long speech files indicate that a skilled and accurate marker averages about 14 seconds to markup a word in this way. This allows for fixing errors and scrolling both windows when necessary. HOW FEASIBLE Although the returns are considerable, the markingup of court transcript is still a daunting task. For example it would take an operator 16 12 weeks to markup the eight days of transcript, assuming the markingup rate of 14 seconds per word and a 40hour working week. Where one starts to win however is by a bootstrapping technique, whereby initially all words are marked but when enough repetitions whatever enough means of any word or phrase have been marked these are used to train a statistical wordspotter which then marksup these words and phrases automatically. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT This data analysed in this paper was provided by Auscript, the Commonwealth Reporting Service. REFERENCE Brown, P, della Pietra, V,Mercer, R L, della Pietra, S A and Lai J C 1992. An estimate of an upper bound for the entropy of English, Comp. Ling, 18, 31 DETERMINATION OF TRAINING SET SIZE FOR A STATISTICALLYBASED WORDSPOTTER M OKane, P Kenne and O White Faculty of Information Sciences and Engineering University of Canberra ABSTRACT Wordspotting in continuous speech is useful for automatically locating words for audio indexing purposes. Wordspotting is also the basic technology behind concept spotting, in which the location of enough members of a set of semanticallyrelated words and phrases in a particular segment of speech is taken as an indication that the concept represented by that set is being discussed. A set of experiments was conducted as a first attempt to determine the size of the database needed to train a statisticallybased wordspotter. False negatives and the false positives are both treated as errors in wordspotting. In the first experiment the size of the wordspotter training set needed was examined for the speech of a single speaker. Sufficient training data were collected until good wordspotting was achieved for this speaker. This experiment was then repeated for the speech of another speaker so that the variation of training set size as a function of speaker could be investigated. The training sets for the speakers were then pooled and the wordspotter was tested on test sentences for these speakers. The obvious generalisation experiment was then carried out in which the wordspotter was tested on testspeakers who were not in the training set. INTRODUCTION A computationally efficient wordspotter was developed to perform at over 99 recognition in speakerdependent mode. Results less good for the wordspotter working speakerindependently are also presented. THE WORDSPOTTER The wordspotter was constructed as follows. Twelve different 14band broad encodings OKane 1987 were computed from the fft of the input speaker. The bands for any one encoding are mutually exclusive. Each band receives one of the labels a,b,c,dottedline,n. Speech which has the word to be spotted markedup is then encoded using the twelve encodings. For each encoding a dictionary containing the encodings of the markedup target words is constructed. An example of the dictionary for the first encoding for the word crosstalk occurring 119 times in continuous speech is given in Figure If one examines the twelve dictionaries one sees that the entries in any one dictionary are generally close in some wordnearness sense. This can be quantified by formally developing measures which reflect the number of letters by which any two dictionary entries differ. Or it can be quantified by considering all word pairs, triples, dottedline, ntuples within the words of any dictionary. Table 1 shows the number of pairs to 6tuples encountered for the dictionary in Figure This table also gives the number of ntuples theoretically possible for n1 to nThe striking feature of these numbers is how small they are compared to the theoretical possibilities. That this holds for all twelve dictionaries can be seen in Table 2 which gives the 4tuple results for all encodings. This relatively low number of ntuples is used in the wordspotter as follows. The utterance to be tested for the presence of the word to be spotted is encoded using the twelve encodings. Each utterance encoding is searched for the presence of the allowed 4tuples for that encoding. Where two or more 4tuples occur overlapping a potential find is marked. Note that no word in the dictionaries is of length less than five. Also marked are cases of a 4tuple a letter 2 or more overlapping 4tuples and 2 or more overlapping 4tuples a letter a 4tuple and so on. This process is illustrated in Figure The potential finds for the twelve encodings are then ORed in time. Each potential find in each encoding is assigned a notional weight of When two or more finds are ORed the weights are summed. After the ORing process is complete, all portions of speech which have a weight of 7 or more it could be any number up to 12 are deemed to be the wordspotters best attempt at the word being spotted.

Thursday 2nd June Dear Dad, Thanks for the letter hope you survived your busy week. Thanks for the tape, too. Ive listened to about half of it so far. Ive had 2 prac exams this week Chem and Biol. Chem was OK because we could take in our notes and all we had to do was identify 2 organic unknowns. One of mine was acetic acid which was quite obvious from the smell but I had to go through all the motions of identifying it anyway The other one was more difficult. Biology was a real killer 10 stations in 10 minutes and at each one we had to identify parts of a dissection or slides then answer questions about functions etc. I unreadable know one mistake I made identified cartilage for bone and then went on to answer all the questions for that part on cartilage, but I hope I went OK on all the other parts. After this 4 of us went to a cafeacute in Newtown complained about it for about an hour. Thats about all Newtown is good for, its coffee shops Weve had less lectures this week in preparation for exams. Ive just finished my B.S. assignment but I cant tell you if its good or not because its too soon after I wrote it to be objective. Did you read in Column 8 on Wednesday about the farmers who got a cheque in the mail for a couple of thousand dollars That was the parents of a College friend of mine, Kirsty Kreig. She lives in the corridor I used to live in in Langley. The sore on my ankle I told you about got worse after I started putting Peranyl on it. Its better now although the redness and swelling has increased, the scalyness has gone. Pretty tricky of you to do a diagnosis over the phone, I think Somebody asked me the other day what you did, and when I told them they said how is that different from a GP and would you believe I didnt know apart from the extra years of study. Ive actually often wondered that myself, so please fill me in or tell Mum to since shell probably be writing next. Glad to hear Graeme finally caught a fish and would he like me to take him fishing in the holidays Last day of lectures tomorrow and its hard to believe Ive been here nearly 6 months. In a way I fell like Ive been here forever but it also doesnt seem that long. Has Chrysilla or Annette had their baby yet If yes please fill me in Must go now to post before next lectures. Love from Stephanie xox xox P.S. Sorry about the messy fast lecturerstyle writing but its 45 pm next lecture is at 3 and I have to buy stamps. P.P.S. Did you send my Naprosyn yet Tuesday, July 19th Dear Mum, Not much time has passed since I came back to College, but I thought you could probably tolerate a short letter. I hope, with musical everything, that youre not too busy, driving thingsdotted line As you may remember, I was planning to take Ballet this semester however it is not going ahead due to lack of demand. Something much better is, though Bridge I will certainly enrol, even the time is convenient Tuesdays from 30pm 30pm. Massage is being run as a 2day seminar on 2 consecutive Saturdays, which means I can also do that. There is also a day of sailing on Sunday, September 17th during which you learn to sail then sail around the harbour or so the brochure says. This sounds good but from memory this is the day you are coming to Sydney and without a doubt I would rather see you Could you send me your times days of arrival departure please We are considering changing our BS topic to Adoption nobody could find much on domestic violence. I have got 3 results back so far for chem physics exams I got 73, for physics pracs 85 for BS assignment interviews I got 86 which I was very happy with. My tutor said of my assignment This paper is very good though you could have done a little more background research. You write with an impressive level of sophistication . Id be happy for you to read it but dont know whether that would be appropriate or not In our 1st Anatomy lecture yesterday we were given the following list of vaccinations we have to have Hep B Rubella TB Measles Tetanus Mumps Diptheria Polio Next week we are having a Mantoux test for TB if we are negative, we are then vaccinated. I assume I have had all the others except Hep B, which consists apparently of 3 needles then a blood test, so Ill have it at the Uni health service if possible. As well as new doors, Williams 2nd floor has also a new extra phone, at the other end of the corridor to me. This will cut the incoming calls by half, or more, because most calls are for the other end of the corridor I guess they have more friends down there So life in Williams is getting better better I enclose a copy of my semester timetable just for interest. Cant wait to come home again. Lots of love to everyonedotted line love from Stephanie xoxox P.S. I found this petrol docket in my purse from the holidays. P.P.S. Its freezing in Sydney P.P.P.S Liz. was very grateful for the law handbook xox Saturday, July 23rd Dear Mum, I know you only spoke to me last night but Im so HOMESICK that I just HAD to write a litterdotted line it was either that or ring you again I have done a very excellent thing, and that is changed my flight from Sunday August 7th to Monday 8th at 10am. So I can spend an extra day at home all I have on that Monday is 2 lectures since ICB pracs are not on and the BS tutorial is only once a fortnight. I also rang Alison, so here are the plans for tonight pick me up at 15 pm, go to Cronulla for dinner, then go to a dance party at Caringbah then go to Craigs house dont know where that is. Alisons phone number in Newtown is 5l99613 not that I want you to ring her but just in case. Its always difficult in College to find someone to tell them what you are doing so theyll actually remember the important details time you were coming back just in case you dont, which I think is quite important in Sydney especially. They said they will then drive me home in the morning on Sunday, which is not exactly what I want to do but I guess Ill survive itdotted line Kim Childs has got about 6 letters this week, her father must be the head of Australia Post. It is pouring today, the day I wanted to do my washing I did it anyway because in terms of undies I am in dire straits The most recent intercollege competition is sculling, ie. drinking a whole glass of alcohol in one gulp. It was on last wednesday night at the University Bar needless to say I did not attend. They chose the Womens team at the Sports dinner on Tuesday night we had invited Wesley Sancta girls and all the coaches to College and they had a special sports dinner with us. After dinner whenever someone made a speech or whenever a team was mentioned, they had to scull it was foul. They have this a rather rude song that people sing at and at the end they sing Down, down, down, down until the person has sculled their drink. Dad was college like this when you went Cant wait to come home Cant wait to come home Cant wait to come home I love you all this much Love from Stephanie P.S. Its your fault that Im so homesick, if I hadnt had such a good holiday I would have been glad to get back to Uni PPS Since its your fault, you have to fix it and that means lots of LETTERS andor PICTURES as the case may be xox Thursday, July 28th Dear Mum, Thank you for being so very nice to me this week, while I have been lonely. Im feeling better today especially since I decided to write to you. We had dinner with Andrews last night, I didnt speak to one guy the whole night. It was not very well organised most of the girls sat on one side of the room the guys on the other not really intentionally but not many people could really be bothered on a weeknight. Some people did mix, however, and went to the Andrews bar afterwards. In Anatomy tutorial yesterday we had our Mantoux text I dont have a red mark yet. Have I been vaccinated for TB Im also going to arrange my Hepatitis B vaccinations today. Have you got my other letter yet I washed my woollen skivvy yesterday the instructions said to roll in a towel then dry flat in the shade. So until this morning it has been drying on my bedroom floor, but I got sick of avoiding it so I hung it on the line. I dont remember you drying things flat, so I dont think Ill bother anymore. Im not starting until 10am today because we dont have every ICB lecture every week. I have a history philosophy tutorial which I really enjoy, the tutor is actually a Biochem unreadable lecturer but he knows a lot of history has been almost everywhere. He is very old he just rambles on about Rome, and the Age of Enlightenment. We did a quiz last week to see what our history background was I only knew 1 question our of at least 50 that was what do AD BC stand for My history is really very bad I didnt even know what the Magna Carta was, let alone who signed it when Next monday the editor of Cleo the womens magazine is speaking at formal dinner. It will be interesting because these speeches usually have a my advice to you young women segment I wonder what her advice would be Maybe shell distribute free Cleos. Please tell Peter Graeme GOOD LUCK for the musical, you wont get this until tomorrow but tell them anyway. Im sending it Express Post because I hate having a letter on the way over the weekend especially if you ring me hint, hint This weekend Im staying in and working, working, working so that next unreadable weekend when I come home I dont have to worry about doing work. Im looking forward to coming home so much that I cant stop thinking about it. Its very opportune that there is also a med harbour cruise on that weekend whenever someone asks me if Im going I can tell them that Im going home that weekend . Its excellent However, if they dont live at College they often dont ask why, which is the second important part, so I tell them anyway My brothers are in the school musical one of them has a lead role . In fact the way I say it I think it sounds like Peter is the big star in an enormous Broadway production, but never mind. People who dont live in college dont appreciate what a big thing it is to go home. Kim is going Crosscountry skiing with the bushwalking club this weekend near Thredbo. She unreadable asked me if I wanted to go but said no, I really do have to work this weekend. It costs 130 and its a beginners course, so it sounds good.

BATTLE STATIONS When it launched the mighty supercharged XJR saloon, Jaguar struck a blow not just for the company, but for Britain itself. After producing the XJ220 supercar in conjunction with Tom Walkinshaw and laying claim to the Worlds Fastest Car title on behalf of England before the McLaren F1 came along, at least, and dragged the trophy a couple of counties away, Jaguar is now back in the business of building highspeed executive expresses. Capable, as the last eight years or so of Jaguar saloons have been, the chances of seeing one pound majestically past a BMW or Benz on a German autobahn were minimal. Smooth they were, and silent as well, but not particularly quick. Now that the rangetopping XJRs in town, theres every chance that Europeans will be invaded by trainloads of Henry Roots crossing the channel by tunnel and eyeballing them from the fast lane at the cars 250kmh artificially limited top speed. Such speeds are academic in Australia, although the XJR is not. Any diehard fans who remember the big saloons of the 50s and 60s and have 160,000plus for the fastest Jaguar sedan yet must be getting pretty excited by now. What theyll get is the new XJ series reshaped body which in essence harks back to Jaguars of yore arching, aggressive front guards, a curved rump, and that elongated, lowlying stance that mimics a cat stretching in the sun. In XJR trim add a few street machining tricks such as monsterfat wheels and tyres, a toothy mesh grille, in our cars case a showstopping metallic green finish and, of course, an Eatontype blower and buckets of kilowatts, and theres fun to be had. Jaguar claims the XJR wa designed to attract buyers who would otherwise go for the likes of the MercedesBenz E500, BMWs M5 or 540i. Fine, fast cars every one, but unfortunately only the latter is available in Oz. As it so happens the 540i winner of our Best Luxury Car award last year has come in for a subtle upgrade before the 5Series is totally replaced next year. For now it gets twin airbags, a memory function for the poweroperated seats, new alloy wheels, a CD stacker in the boot and a range of new colours. Mechanically, it is the same as before, meaning theres a fourlitre V8 driving the rear wheels. Yes, its smaller than the Jaguar, but compares favourably to the XJRs performance image. Like the XJR, the 540i has an automatic transmission, at least until a limited edition run of sixspeed manuals becomes available early in Jaguar will take orders for manual versions of any of its cars to replace the four speed auto, but expect a long wait while its built. And speaking of auto transmission, that brings us to our third contender, the HSV GTS 215i. What, you may ask, is a Commodore doing in such exalted European company Well for starters, there are the basic similarities between its four doors, largish boot and mighty engine which delivers power and torque figures comparable with the BMW and Jaguar. Up until now it has been available with a manual gearbox only, while Uncle Toms boys tinkered with the GM fourspeed auto so it would suit the 7litre Holden engines output. So, like the other two its a large, comfortable fourseater with oodles of effortless performance. The snag is, of course, that it costs about 80,000 less than the Bimmer and a full 100,000 less than the Jag. Could it be that much worse Could it be, in fact, a better car Could the classic Australian sedan with a relatively simple pushrod V8 match the technical might of BMW, and could the 540i in turn hold its head high against the plushness and supercharged muscle of Jaguars new spirit Are they all fourdoor sports cars or the best Grand Tourers money can buy With these and many other questions in mind, we wheeled all three onto the battle field. PRICE AND EQUIPMENT Starting with the newest and most expensive, the Jaguar XJR stops the cash registers at 166,980 thats about 20 grand more than the 0litre Sovereign and for that money its difficult to think of anything which is missing off the spec sheet. The XJR has a host of goodies to distinguish it from other Jags quite apart from whats under the bonnet monster 17inch alloy wheels with P Zero rubber, the chicken mesh grille and colourkeying of some but by no means all of the chrome set it apart. What you cant see is the XJRspecific suspension settings for roll bars, springs and dampers, the traction control, ABS and limited slip diff. Inside, theres acres of soft, creamy Connolly leather, plush carpets and Jaguars famous woodgrain trim, which in this case is a dark, greyish veneer made from smoked maple. Standard equipment includes the half leather, half timber steering wheel, a timberfinish gear knob on the Jshift lever, while for entertainment theres a sixCD stacker in the boot and a stalkoperated trip computer. Theres plenty more, and all the luxo gear youd expect including power windows, remote central locking, power seats with three memory functions, automatic climate control air conditioning with revised and far more logical controls than before dotted line the list goes on. The only options are a sunroof and metallic paint, the latter adding 2300 to the cost of our test car. The latest 540i has, as mentioned earlier, copped a passenger side airbag in line with the rest of the BMW range. The good news is that despite this and the other addons the price remains the same at 136,That includes leather seattrim, the airbags, alloy wheels, traction control, tripcomputer dotted linein fact, just about everything the Jag has except the power output and the bigger wheels and tyres. Our black test car also had the so called Shadow Line option which for 380 blacks out the cars chrome work. And just to show how competitive this business is getting, Holden hasnt changed the price of its GTS 215i in automatic gearbox form, which if anything demonstrates how much the six speed box must cost to import from America. So the GTS is 59,524 with either transmission, compared with the mechanically identical but slightly betterequipped Senator 215i. If that sounds like a lot for a Holden Commodore then take a look at what you get seriously more power and torque for starters, plus the automatic transmission with larger torque converter and recalibrated shift points, ABS and independent rear suspension, 17inch alloy wheels with appropriate rubber, and the Hydratrak limited slip differential. Its the interior that more clearly points out the GTSs sporting rather than luxury personality theres fairly lurid cloth trim with pink highlights, a good, thickrimmed leatherbound steering wheel, and Holdens extended dashboard with trip information on an LCD display. ENGINES Jaguars AJ16 technological tour de force is a significant step beyond where the twincam, 24valve 0litre straight six performed in the past. The block has been recast for extra stiffness and theres lighter aluminium pistons, the cylinder head is entirely new with reprofiled cams operating on bigger inlet valves, and even the exhaust is bigger, while the multipoint fuel injection is now sequential. In supercharged XJR form Jaguar has gone a step further, provided 10 pounds of boost to the revamped inlet manifold via an airfluidair intercooler. The compression ration has been dropped to 51 from the normally aspirated engines 101 to cope with the extra pressure, and allup the power output is a mighty 240kW at only 5000rpm and no less than 512Nm at just over 3000rpm. With the same engine capacity but no more boost than that provided by Gods clean air, the BMWs outputs shouldnt be in the same ballpark as the Jaguars. Still, BMW spares little in the way of providing the most technologically advanced engines possible, and this silky sweet, freerevving V8 is a case in point. Theres quad cams, four valves for each cylinder and the latest Bosch Motronic fuel injection and ultimate outputs of 210kW at a relatively high in this company 5800rpm and 400Nm of torque at 4500rpm. What the GTS lacks in sophistication under the bonnet it makes up for in sheer capacity. HSV has taken Holdens cast iron OHV V8 lump and stretched the stroke out to 88mm which when combined with the massive 102mm bore equals 7 litres and a whole lotta grunt. The crankshafts a propriety item on the 215i engine, of course, but it also gets unique cam profiles and a new timing chain, an 51 compression ration, new exhaust valves and valve springs and a tuned length stainless steel exhaust system with mandrelbent headers. Still, wed like to bet that the whole shebang is still considerably understressed and that the 215kW output is not the highest well see from the engine. Its the torque which is the key here, all 475Nm of it peaking at 3600rpm, although thats still somewhere short of the Jaguars maximum and, surprisingly, produced higher in the rev spectrum. Awards for underbonnet presentation must go to Jaguar for the sheer imposing nature of the straight six. It seems massively long, with the company name emblazoned on the cam cover and the supercharger nestled down on the left hand side. Theres even a little tool kit under there although goodness knows what the average Jaguar owner is meant to do with it and the fuse diagram, which just for starters gives the location of all five fuse boxes, is the most comprehensive in living memory. The BMWs engine bay is less congested, with most of the ancillaries tucked out of sight from weekend tinkerers, whereas the GTSs more humble Commodore origins are evident by the more apparent wiring and plumbing, although of course the GTS is identified by the HSV logos on the grey engine covers. PERFORMANCE Its worth pausing to reflect a moment on powertoweight ratios, because both kilograms and kilowatts have a bearing on acceleration. So while the XJR is by far the most powerful, its also the heaviest car at 1875kg, so its weightpower ratio comes out at 8kWkg, slightly inferior to the much lighter GTSs 6kgkW. What surprised us was that the 5Series carries so much weight in 540i guise its a full 1710kg, giving it at 1kgkW, the highest weightpower ratio of the three. Its a similar case when comparing torque to mass the much lighter Commodore has only 4 kilograms for every Newtonmetre, whereas the Jaguar has 7kgNm and the 540i 3 kgNm. It made all the difference on the drag strip, for in terms of standing start acceleration the GTS had it all over the other two. This is an engine with tremendous reserves of bottom end torque, and it was able to launch the HSV car to a solid speed while the more highly strung BMW was struggling to overcome its weight disadvantage, while the Jaguar also seemed to operate better at higher speeds. Take a look at the figures the GTS comfortably beat the XJR to 100kmh, taking just 64 seconds, compared with the Jaguars Yet by the time theyve reached 150kmh and, incidentally, the end of our Calder Park test strip theres less than 3 seconds in it. Wed suspect that by the time 200kmh was reached the Jaguar would be ahead. The same goes for the 540i. The V8 feels somewhat peaky compared with the Holdens hairychested oomph, but thats countered somewhat by the BMW having five gear ratios to play with, keeping the engine onsong more of the time. Again, it cant match the HSVs sprinting ability, reaching 100kmh slightly quicker than the XJR in 54 seconds but the two europeans are almost lineball to the 400 metre mark and catching the Commodore. The 540is relative lack of lowdown torque gives it something of a Jekyll and Hyde personality use the heavily spring throttle pedal sparingly and at lower revs it seems almost sluggish. Sink the right pedal past its false stop and theres a mellow yodel from the engine and it winds up like a turbine, then accelerates like a slingshot.

Smith report airing could hamper probe By MARTIN SAXON POLICE investigations into possible criminal offences could be threatened by the release of a secret report detailing the private financial affairs of controversial Liberal MP Wayde Smith. Senior police and the Director of Public Prosecutions say that revealing the contents of the confidential document could seriously impair investigations and would also prejudice the hearing of any future charges. Police and the DPP have objected to the release of the report to the Sunday Times under the Freedom of Information Act. The DPP said disclosure of the document at this stage in the investigation was likely to seriously impair future investigation of possible offences which might have been committed. If charges do result, the publication dotted line is bound to have a prejudicial effect on any subsequent trial, it said. The report was prepared late last year for Premier Richard Court after questions about Mr Smiths personal finances and his business dealings with former Waneroo mayor Wayne Bradshaw. At the time, Mr Court refused to release the report, prepared by accountant Stephen Mann, but the Premier said that it disclosed no evidence of illegality or impropriety by Mr Smith. But in June, detectives seized the Mann report from the Ministry of Premier and Cabinet under a search warrant after earlier raiding Mr Smiths home and electoral office. Senior police now say the document is integral to ongoing investigations involving particularly sensitive issues. They have not elaborated on the nature of the investigation, but it is know that they have uncovered evidence that an alleged 50,000 councilrelated kickback to Dr Bradshaw was cashed through Mr Smiths personal bank account. The Sunday Times applied for FOI access to the Mann report last December, the day that the Premier gave Mr Smiths financial dealings a clean bill of health. In February, the Ministry of Premier and Cabinet said it was refusing to release the report and another related document, claiming they were exempt under various sections of the FOI Act. The claimed exemptions related to the deliberative processes of government, the disclosure of personal, business and commercial information and a possible breach of confidence. In March, the Sunday Times asked State Information Commissioner Bronwyn KeighleyGerardy to review the Ministrys refusal to release the document. The Commissioners review supposed to take 30 days under the FOI legislation dragged on for months and was complicated in June when police seized the Ministrys only copy of the Mann report. Six months after the review began, Ms KeighleyGerardy handed down her decision late on Friday. She has essentially rejected the Ministrys grounds for refusing to release the documents, but she considers the documents are now exempt because of the police investigation. I accept the advice provided to me by the Assistant Commissioner and the DPP about the status of the Mann report, she said in her decision. Taking into account that advice, and my own examination of its contents, I am satisfied that it is reasonable to expect that the disclosure of the report could reveal more than merely the fact that there was an investigation of some kind. Ms KeighleyGerardy, a former senior police officer, speculated about the effects of disclosure on the investigation. Several possibilities come to mind, she said. Disclosure may reveal for example the names of potential witnesses, sources of evidence, the nature of the investigation, the substance of the particular matters being investigated, the identity of possible offenders or other breaches of the law. She decided the Mann report and another document, still in the possession of the Ministry, were also exempt because their release could prejudice any future trials. Lodge fire sparks probe call By ANN TREWEEK ANOTHER fire this week in a rundown Subiaco boarding house with mentallyill residents has brought calls for a governmental inquiry. Claims of poor conditions at the Subiaco Lodge inspired Opposition health spokesman Dr Geoff Gallop to urge investigation and Subiaco Council is suggesting improvements and wants a meeting on the issue. This follows a fire on Monday night when a man was taken to hospital after setting his carpet alight and locking himself in his room. In July last year, two elderly men overcome by smoke were rescued from a fire causing 25,000 damage to one of the three Subiaco Lodge buildings. As a licensed boarding house, it is subject only to council regulations, not to State legislation on hostels for mentallyill people. The Coghlan Rd property advertises comfortable accommodation excellent home cooked meals. Dr Gallop wrote on Friday to the Health and Fair Trading Minister, Mr Foss, asking him to investigate if disadvantaged people not in a position to complain were being exploited. When the relevant authorities attended there was no fire extinguisher or hose, Dr Gallop said. He said problems with boarding houses were highlighted by the Burdekin report on the rights of mentally ill people, which urged stringent licensing and regulation by State governments. Dr Gallop said other concerns raised about the Subiaco Lodge were about the standard of food and facilities, and the supplying of medication by untrained people. Subiaco council chief executive officer Pat Walker made a brief inspection on Thursday afternoon after complaints. He said improvements were suggested and the council was interested in pursuing some other issues. Mr Walker said lodge areas he saw generally fulfilled minimum hygiene standards under regulations. It doesnt mean you and I and other members of the population would be happy there, he said. On Friday, lodge licensee John Nowicki and his wife installed two fire extinguishers in each building and smoke detectors in bedrooms. The lodge has 28 residents, including disabled people.Mrs Terera Nowicki said They have everything we can supply. The rate was 110 weekly for a single room and 100 for a shared room with all meals. Asked about the alleged smell in one house, she said Theyre not new houses. I go in every afternoon to clean them. But if someone piddled in the shower I cant spend 24 hours a day there. You cant stop them. Theyre not normal people. Insurers treat us like dirt, say victims By JIM POLLARD INSURANCE companies have been accused of emotionally raping injured workers through bulk referrals to controversial psychiatrists. The head of WAs Injured Persons group, Mrs Peggy Nilon, said she believed that hundreds of injured workers were being sent to psychiatrists for little reason other than undermining their compensation claims. People were being put through additional torment by being questioned about their sex life, past relationships, their childhood and personal habits which had nothing to do with a work injury, she said. Everyone goes on about victims of crime and while I sympathise with them, they at least are not shopped around among doctors and psychiatrists, Mrs Nilon said. What injured people are going through is absolutely appalling. They are treated like dirt, as though all of them are frauds. Insurance industry spokesman Tony Carter said if people believed that psychiatrists or medical practitioners were behaving improperly they should report them to the appropriate authority the WA Medical Board. If they are having those problems they should report it to the insurance company he said. And they could express their concerns through any service provider to WorkCover WA. Labor Relations Minister Graham Kierath said recently that WAs new workers compensation system had ended the controversial practice of doctorshopping when injured people were sent to numerous doctors or psychiatrists until one questioned a persons injury or capacity to work. But Mrs Nilon said the practice was still widespread, only now, insurers were referring people to specialists and psychiatrists far earlier than previously. The sort of psychiatrists theyre using are, quite honestly, dangerous and I dont use that term loosely, she said. Theyre dangerous people whether they are aware or not of the emotional damage that they do to injured workers. And I would hate to think they are not aware of the damage they are doing. People have committed suicide after seeing some of them here in WA. That means they are responsible for these peoples deaths, as are the insurance companies. They start off sending injured people to medical specialists whose objectivity we question. Then they end up sent to these psychiatrists and thats often the straw that breaks the camels back. Reports from one psychiatrist in the northern suburbs contained inaccuracies and dubious conclusions, she claimed. Theyre digging into peoples past traumas whether they were abused as a child, whether their parents were separated, whether they are bisexual. But whats that got to do with a persons injury Its like mentally or emotionally raping all these people. Mrs Nilon claimed it was a tactic, in the insurance companies eyes, to undermine a persons case. Mrs Nilon expressed frustration that there was public outrage over victims of crime, yet injured people were still being treated like dirt. PRISON PROBE INTO CONNELL By JANET WAINWRIGHT JUSTICE Ministry chief David Grant has ordered an immediate report into how Laurie Connell was given preferential treatment in Casuarina Prison Mr Grant learnt this week that Connell had been allowed selfcare in Casuarina just three months after he was jailed. Longterm prisoners in top security normally are considered for selfcare after six months. This lets them to do their own cooking from food supplied weekly by the prison and to do their own laundry. It gives prisoners more freedom to move around and have their meals when they wish. Selfcare is considered a perk, earned after being in a cell with meals supplied from a central kitchen at set times for the early part of their sentence. The inquiry into special treatment for the jails most publicised prisoner is the latest in a list of inquiries launched by Mr Grant. He is working closely with Director of Public Prosecutions John McKechnie QC and Police Commissioner Bob Falconer. Mr Grant vowed yesterday to stamp out any intimidation within the prison service. I will not tolerate any officers being intimidated because they are putting in place government policy, he said. There are a small number of officers who lost their access to apparently endless overtime under the previous government, and I will not stand by and watch others being threatened if that is what is happening. There are those who will see all this activity as a sign of chaos, but it is absolutely the opposite. It is the product of relentless determination to find any kind of inefficiency, illegality, maladministration or malpractice. I will make no comment on predecessors but I will not let anything lie, he said, indicating that a 1992 inquiry into millions of wasted dollars in the prisons building services division was not yet over. The inquiry was tabled in Parliament at the end of 1992 and a subsequent report upheld the contention that millions had been wasted. The problems go back 20 years and I inherited a WA Inc in miniature, Mr Grant said. bulletContinued Page 2 Connell jail perk probe Previously with the NSW Prisons Department, he was appointed to head the Department of Corrections in 1992 by former attorneygeneral Joe Berinson. He replaced longterm head Ian Hill, who now heads WAs Training Department. Soon after his appointment, Mr Grant commissioned the report into the departments building services division. Part of that inquiry has been with the Fraud Squad for 18 months but this week police handed their findings to the Director of Public Prosecutions. Senior Crown Prosecutor Gerard Overman is now considering whether any action should be taken. Mr Grants workload was increased when he was given the job of heading the new super Justice Ministry by AttorneyGeneral Cheryl Edwardes. He was given information in May alleging drug running in the jails and this was passed to the police. In July, Mr Grant was given a report of an interview with jailed Wanneroo councillor David King, which was passed to the DPP. The most recent report was from prison superintendent Peter Moore, who said there were allegations of standover tactics by prison officers opposed to the industrial reforms introduced on July 1 and narrowly agreed to in a secret ballot by the Prison Officers Union.

The first chairman of the CSIRO, Sir George Julius, was renowned for something much dearer to Australian hearts than scientific research. Julius was a young engineer in Western Australia when a somewhat dodgy state election prompted him to invent a foolproof voting machine. It worked well enough but the politicians rejected his idea. The government changed the voting system anyway, so Julius decided to adapt his invention to become an automatic totalisator at the races. Although he had no particular interest in horses, Julius felt that he might be able to create a machine to replace the small army of clerks needed for the PariMutuel betting system, invented in France in the 1860s. This system was popular in Australia where it was known as the tote. There were already tote machines but they were far from automatic. As the ticketsellers took bets they called them aloud to a man at a board behind them. On this board was a series of numbers, each with a lever beside it. The man pulled an appropriate lever as the ticketseller called each bet. Julius wanted to make a fully automatic machine that would record the bets and calculate the dividends as well. In 1907, he moved to Sydney to establish his own business as a consulting engineer but he continued to work on his somewhat bizarre machine a maze of wheels, cogs, piano wires and lead weights. A proud possession of Sydneys splendid Powerhouse Museum is one of the inventors scale working models of an automatic tote with an electrically powered working mechanism, mainly of brass housed in a seethrough redwood and glass case. It has four betting windows with a brass keyboard to record bets of twenty shillings, ten shillings and five pounds. The six counters indicate various investment totals, surmounted by a further counter which gives a grand total of bet investments in half sovereigns. Julius first automatic totalisator machine was installed in 1913 at the Ellerslie track in New Zealand where his father had become an archbishop it caused some comment about the familys ability to work in harmony with both God and Mammon. Back in Sydney, Julius formed Automatic Totalisators Ltd and put his tote on the market. Gloucester Park racecourse in Perth installed the first tote in Australia in 1916 and the main Sydney courses installed them in 1917Melbourne held out until Julius improved and developed the totalisator but he had many other scientific and engineering interests. When the BrucePage Government established the CSIRO in 1926 it made Julius the first Chairman, a position he held until his death in First Portable Iron Lung In the 1930s, Mr Ted Both was known as Australias Edison. Among the many devices he gave this country were the first encephalograph, a humidicrib, equipment for testing heart beats of babies before birth, a totalisator odds indicator and Australias first electric tennis scoreboard made for the Davis Cup in Adelaide it had 10,000 light globes. It was also used at the Melbourne Olympics in But his greatest contribution, for which he was awarded the OBE, was the development of the portable iron lung. When the 19378 polio epidemic was raging the South Australian Health Department asked Ted and his brother Don, to develop a simpler less expensive version of the artificial respirator known as the iron lung. Ted Both made a more portable model from laminated wood at one twentieth the cost of the imported American model. During that frightening summer such was the demand that within an hour of each one being completed it was being used by a patient. In 1938, Both began making his respirators in London, which was also experiencing a polio epidemic, and Lord Nuffield ordered 5,000 units, to be donated to hospitals throughout the British Empire. In 1939, the Jamestown Hospital Board in South Australia made an application and received the one opposite. It was the 911th built. Ted Both no doubt inherited his determination and practical ingenuity from his Prussian forebears. Johann Heinrich Both, with his wife Joachime and family from Altona, SchleswigHolstein, arrived in South Australia in 1838 and ten years later took up land at Lyndoch. In 1853 he diverted a tributary of the Para River to drive water to power a flour mill he had built. This was the colonys first mill powered from a wheel of iron. Ted Both, one of Heinrich and Joachimes many descendants, was born at Caltowie, and educated at Caltowie Primary School and the Jamestown High School where he won the Burridge Medal in He went on to the School of Mines then joined the Adelaide University Physics Department as a workshop assistant. There he was under the direction of the illustrious Professor Kerr Grant who later financed Boths pioneering work with electronic medical apparatus. Ted Both lived and worked from Sydney but all the apparatus was made in the Adelaide factory of Both Equipment Ltd, managed by Don Both. In 1963 the complete organisation was sold to Drug Houses Australia. The Edison of Australia died at Mt Beauty, Victoria, in 1987 at the age of seventynine. Eureka Flag Most Australians have read about it, seen pictures of it, heard songs about it but few have actually seen it. Its in a corner of a museum in Ballarat and, when you do see it, its surprisingly large dotted line the flag that flew at Eureka, the most famous fifteen minutes in our history. In 1854 the miners at the Ballarat goldfields chafed under the harsh control of the troopers, and at the oppressive regime of Governor Hotham. Every digger had to pay thirty shillings a month, and this was more than most of them could earn in that time. The miners grew to hate the traps soldiers and police who collected the licence fees, often at the point of a bayonet. Resentment festered for months, and, after an incident at a hotel the diggers held a protest meeting at Bakery Hill, above the town of Ballarat. Under the flag opposite, which they had designed and made themselves, they burned their licences. Peter Lalor, a British engineer, and, interestingly, a moderate, was nevertheless elected leader and Raffaelo Carboni, an Italian who preached revolution, his deputy. With violence imminent the men decided to make a stand at a place called Eureka Lead. It was there they built their crude stockade and ran up their new Southern Cross. There is no flag in Europe, or in the civilised world, half so beautiful, one said. But, when the dreaded troopers finally attacked, the battle was swift and brutal. Twentytwo diggers and six soldiers died. Millions of words have been written about Eureka but perhaps the most apt come from the American writer Mark Twain It was a revolution small in size, but great politically it was a strike for liberty, a struggle for principle, a stand against injustice and oppression. A new regime was installed just months later. Soon the licence fee was abolished. In future, miners would pay just one pound a year for a miners right dotted line the right to dig for gold and the right to vote. After their historic few days together at Eureka, Lalor and Carboni went in widely different ways. Acquitted on a charge of high treason, Carboni returned to Italy, where he joined the Garibaldi nationalists and ended up making a name for himself as, of all things, a playwright. Lalor, whod lost an arm in the Eureka battle, remained a political moderate, and went on to become Speaker of the Victorian Upper House in the famous Diggers parliament. He retired, distinguished and conservative, on a pension of 4,000 pounds in come in spinner Twoup has been played just beyond the grasp of the long arm of the law since the First Fleet arrived in The game itself is derived from the convict pastime of pitch and toss its other name, the swy, is a corruption of the German zwei meaning two and it has resulted in a few more convictions since then. Thommos school in Sydney, founded by J. Thomas in the early 1900s, was regularly raided and the one day the game has been respectable outside of Kalgoorlie, that is has been Anzac Day when police traditionally turn a blind eye. At Gallipoli, its said the Turks refrained from shelling a big twoup school because they thought all those heads going up and down must be some sort of religious ceremony. Theres no doubt that the supreme venue for twoup in Australia is the school at Kalgoorlie a remarkable corrugated iron colosseum which is an Australian icon in itself. The Kalgoorlie school has been in use for decades but became officially legal only in The roof of the rude amphitheatre is open so that the traditional toss of up to ten metres can be observed come rain or shine the former being a fairly rare event in the Kalgoorlie desert. The galvo casino closes only for religious holidays Christmas Day, Good Friday and on every second Friday which is the miners hallowed pay day. The school has been run by the same family for many years. For a game based on two pennies chucked into the air theres a complicated set of rules and rituals. A professional game is controlled by the boxer. He gives a small flat piece of stick called the kip to the spinner. On it he places two pennies with the heads polished to help with identification and when all bets are adjusted he calls come in spinner, who throws the coins into the air. If the pennies show one head and one tail it is a no throw and the spinner repeats his toss until he gets a uniform result which determines all bets. The spinner can keep tossing while he shows heads. He must spin heads three times before he can take any winnings from the centre he is then at liberty to bet as he wishes or retire, whereupon the kip passes clockwise to the next person. The boxer takes a set percentage 10 to 20 per cent every time the spinner has dooked them or done a dook which means he has tossed three straight heads. After that the boxer collects his percentage on each separate spin. Its not a game of skill although folklore in Kalgoorlie has it that you should watch a certain taxi driver for great spinning and the old Chinaman for constant winning. Federation Pen With one stroke of this fragile but mighty pen Australia became a nation on the first day of the twentieth century 1 January Before a crowd of 60,000 Australias first Governor General, Lord Hopetoun, signed the Act by Order of Queen Victoria creating the Commonwealth of Australia, and supposedly ending our colonial status. Not many nations get the chance to celebrate their own birthday and we did it in style. It rained on the last night of the nineteenth century in Sydney, but the new day dawned bright and clear and full of promise. The biggest crowds in Sydneys history turned out to watch a procession of dignitaries, floats and armed forces that stretched for miles. It was the culmination of a tense time. The whole notion of Federation had caused bickering for more than a decade and, indeed, Hopetoun had stunned everyone on the eve of nationhood by attempting to install the wrong man as first Prime Minister Sir William Lyne, who had been an opponent of Federation. However, he couldnt form a government and the role went as it should have to Edmund Barton. The cartoonist Hop pictures Barton here as a rather frumpy mother with her newborn. Barton, a Member of the Legislative Assembly and a Liberal Protectionist, had been a long time advocate of Federation. A great patriot and judge, he was a muchloved but somewhat indolent man. He resigned in 1903 and was succeeded by Alfred Deakin. For most Australians Federation meant that at last we were being fair dinkum about becoming a nation.

You dead, Newman. We kill you Cabramatta MP John Newman was attacking his electorates high crime rate until an assassins bullet ended his battle last week box by Larry Writer When, in April 1993, the then NSW Police Minister Terry Griffiths bolstered crimebeleaguered Cabramattas police contingent by eight officers, he did not waste the opportunity to blast local Labor MP John Newman. The outspoken politician had long railed against what he said were rampant killings, bashings, drug abuse, extortion and breakins in the ethnically diverse southwestern suburb of Sydney. But to Newmans claim that crime had grown to a level where shopkeepers were considering arming themselves with guns, the minister had scolded, The member for Cabramatta seems to want to recreate the kind of violent military society which so many of his constituents have fleddotted lineThis is scaremongering at it worst. But when Newman was shot dead in his driveway last week, Griffiths words proved mistaken. On the evening of Mon., Sept. 5, Newman, 47, addressed an alp branch meeting at the CabraVale ExActive Servicemens Club. He was in typical combat mode, again warning of the need to fight crime in Cabramatta, where substantially more than half the population were born overseas, almost a quarter of them in Vietnam. As he often did on such occasions, Newman claimed that crime was rife in the area and although it ran against what police maintain about the local crime rate cited statistics to back him up. Newman said that the incidence of murder, vehicle theft photo caption and drug dealing in his electorate was higher than the NSW average and that the rate of robbery, assault, sexual assault and breaking and entering was also higher than the rest of the state. But he left the meeting, say those who were there, in good spirits. Newman arrived at his home in Woods Avenue, Cabramatta, about The house is fortresslike, with an alarm system, window bars, movementactivated floodlights and a thick, high brick wall. He parked his white Ford Fairlane in the driveway and went inside. About 35, clad in pyjamas, he reemerged with fianceacutee Xiao Jing Lucy Wang, 28, to draw a tarpaulin over his car to protect it photo caption from enemies who had paintbombed it three times. He had more than the paintbomb attacks to worry about Newman had received three death threats in the past nine months. He took the threats seriously but a friend said he always scoffed that whenever a dog barks it never bites. So it was that ,silently, an assassin stepped from the shadows, aimed a .32 calibre pistol through the iron grille of Newmans 2mhigh security gate and fired four shots. Two hit Newman in the chest the second severed his aorta. He staggered and collapsed at his fianceacutees feet. Police say the assassin sped off in a green Ford XD Falcon as Wang screamed Hes been shot, hes been shot In the next tumultuous minutes police and paramedics converged on the scene, but John Newman was dead. The bastards are still out to get me, Newman had told old friend Ted Grace just four days before he died. Since 1986, when he won the seat of Cabramatta, the abrasive, singleminded loner had waged a hardline anticrime crusade that demanded more police, the formation of a special gangcontrol intelligence squad and harsh sentences and deportation caption photo for convicted Asian urban terrorists. And he knew danger came with the territory. In June 1991, a bullet slammed through the front window of his Canley Heights electoral office and, in November 93 and January and March 94, paint was splashed over his car. A threat was left on his office answering machine You dead, Newman. We kill you. But the threats merely spurred the MP to greater efforts to rid Cabramatta of crime. Said Grace last week I remember saying, For Christs sake, back off, John. But he wouldnt. He was like a tiger he just wouldnt let go. Newmans steely tenacity had been tempered by tragedy. Born in Austria to a Yugoslav father whom he never really knew and an Austrian mother, Helene, Newmans given name was Naumenko. The family were refugees who fled Austria following World War II and moved to Australia when John and his brother Peter were children. Newmans father later returned to Slovania, where he died several years ago. The boys attended Cabramatta Primary and Liverpool High and at 16 John anglicised his surname to Newman. He was fed up with being called a wog and a reffo, so he changed his name to sound like an Australian, says family friend Nick Gotovac, Newman studied industrial law at the University of Sydney and on graduation became a clerk. In 1969, he became an organiser with the Federated Clerks Union fcu, a position he held for 17 years. In 1961, he started delivering pamphlets for local members and former Wran Government minister Eric Bedford. That was his introduction to state politics. Another vital introduction came when he met his wifetobe Mary. They wed in 1973 and, says Gotovac. Mary stayed at home making sure things ran smoothly photo caption while John worked at the fcu. They were very much in love. The ebullient young man went on to be elected to Fairfield City Council in Two years later his world fell apart when Mary, 26, and son David, 4, were killed in a car accident. Mary and David were driving along Prairie Vale Road at Bankstown in a Mini Minor that John had bought, recalls Gotovac. They crashed with a white utility. It really tore John apart. They were booked on a trip to Disneyland that Christmas and were going to leave in a few weeks. He couldnt stop blaming himself for buying that little car. He said it didnt offer them enough protection in the crash and they could have survived in a bigger car. When I got home that night, John was at our house and he was crying. He said, Nick, Mary is gone Shes been killed. Hed just been to the morgue to identify them. Then Newman learned Mary was pregnant with their second child when she died. Mary hadnt told him she was pregnant again. She was waiting till they got to Disneyland, says Gotovac. It was going to be a surprise. He was sick with grief when he found out about it. At the funeral, says friend Roy Medich, apparently he tried to jump on the coffin when the two were laid to rest. When a tragedy like that hits you, you tend to work your heart out to forget, Newman later said. He devoted himself to politics and karate. Smithfield rsl Youth Club karate manager George Wilson says Newman threw himself into karate after the deaths because there was noone to go home to, so he became a workaholic virtually caption photo in everything he did. He became deputy mayor of Fairfield in 1985 and in 1986 entered state politics on the platform of a better lifestyle for the districts youth. After Marys death, he joined the Staysafe Committee and fought for the rights of bereaved families of road victims. But he really earned his public reputation as an implacable and fearless critic of Asian criminals. Work became his life, says Gotovac. He became a crusader for Australian law and order and Australian democracy. In between, Newman was becoming a fine exponent of karate. At his death he was ranked 5th dan, halfway up the scale, in the traditional Japanese karate Gujo Kai Seishikan, and between 1978 and 1993, as president of the Australian Karate Federation, he represented Australia as coach, referee and team manager. He also instructed a generation of children in karate and weightlifting at the Smithfield rsl Youth Centre, for which he refused payment. But while he kept up appearances, friends say Newman changed after Mary and David died. He didnt laugh, says Gotovac. He didnt want to discuss family life with anyone. Newmans friend and fellow alp member Sandra Nori, close to tears, says, John was very selfcontained he didnt socialise a great deal. It became clear to me that he had built up an emotional wall to protect himself. Indeed, his sharp tongue was notorious. Another colleague remembers him barking at a receptionist at Fairfield Council Put me through to someone with intelligence But his bluster was an act to conceal his pain, says mate and state Labor colleague Paul Gibson. After he lost his family, Johnny carried a lot of sadness around with him dotted line He was a loner and a tough guy and he didnt want anyone to know that he was suffering and ripping his guts out internally. It might be said that John didnt have a lot of tact, but he made up for it with sheer honesty and guts. And he was a lusty headkicker in the House. When then National Party leader Wal Murray called Newman stupid in a debate, Newman challenged him to repeat his remarks in the street. He constantly struck at the LiberalNational government by lambasting the police in his photo electorate as incapable of dealing with local crime. If I was ever at risk again, I very much doubt that I would call Cabramatta Police I would handle the matter myself or call some other station, he said in parliament in February. Later in the year, he alleged the response he received from police had been a little lousy. Newman saved his best blows for home invaders, hoodlums who burst into houses to bash and rob the occupants. A number of particularly violent attacks made headlines last year. This is a mode of crime unique to Asian people, he thundered in January. It happens in Thailand, Vietnam, Cambodia and now in the United States and Australia. I call it systematic urban terrorism. It is caption photo caption Asian people attacking Asian families in their homes and literally terrorising them. They have no respect for our lawsdotted line They think they can virtually get away with it and, in a way, they can because the penalties are so low and they know they wont get deported. Police dont agree with Newmans oneeyed view, even now. Theyre horrific crimes, theyre terrifying crimes and, in a way, what happened to John Newman was a home invasion, says Cabramatta Patrol Commander Alan Leek. But theyre not native to Cabramatta and theyre not recent events either theyve happened since white settlement in this country. Still, karate administrator Allan Todd respected Newmans hardhitting style He said what he thought, he had no fear. And many found him intimidating. He did things his own way and had an aura about him that was, I suppose, for some people, eerie, recalls Mark Latham, Federal Member for Werriwa in Sydneys west. He didnt try to network and build alliances but operated in his own right. Noone had a longlasting political relationship with John. It was on and off, on and off. Newmans nickname was Fists of Fury because of his karate prowess. You didnt argue with him because a black belt is not someone to argue the toss with, says Latham. There was a lot to like about Johndotted linein the sweep of politics there are so many bland types who never make an impact. But for a minority he was too upfront. If he had a beef with you, hed go at you, in a verbal way, but if you were on good terms hed be very obliging. Everyone knew where they stood. And Newman had no qualms about koing peoples feelings. He was a worker rather than a talker, says John Halpin, national president of the Karate Federation. He wanted things to get done and got a bit frustrated when they didnt. He just kept pushing until they got done and consequently some people found him very abrasive. He upset a few along the way. But he also would come back and say, Im sorry if I was a bit strong there but Im just trying to get a job done. He and Newman lunched in Melbournes Victoria Markets the day before he died and Halpin recalls he was very happy and relaxed and talking about his plans for the future how he was going to marry Lucy, how much he thought of her.

Knickers what about my free nights out By Richard Macey Mrs Sue McDonald could hardly believe her luck last November when she spotted a promotion for underwear at Grace Bros Burwood store. If she bought three pairs of Sloggi panties, a product of the manufacturer Triumph International, and posted off the docket and tags before December 31, she would get two nights free accommodation for two people at a Best Western hotel. Thinking that two nights away from home would make a wonderful anniversary present for her husband, David, the 20yearold mother from Concord bought the underwear, paying nearly When Triumph International approached Best Western last year with the promotion plan, everyone involved apparently thought it was a good idea. At least 60,000 pairs of knickers later, the Best Western chain formerly Homestead is now not so sure. The problem is that Mrs McDonald was not the only person to take up the offer. Best Western confirmed yesterday that at least 20,000 others had bought the underwear and applied for the deal. Even if the hotel chains, which has 12,000 rooms across Australia, used the entire pool of special purpose rooms to clear the backlog it would still take 2 12 years for all the Sloggi buyers to get their night away from home. We had only planned to give 300 to 400 roomnights away, Mrs Annie CliftonSteele, assistant to the chief executive of Best Western, told the Herald. We were getting 400 applications a day, she said, adding that her company had unsuccessfully tried to end the promotion at the end of October. She said the rooms had a face value of 40 to 100plus a night. However, Mrs CliftonSteele agreed that the promotional material put out in the stores had not said that the offer was strictly limited. She said Best Western intended to meet its commitments to all 20,000 applicants. At least 400 couples would be accommodated as originally prepared. The others would be asked to either postpone their hotel stay or accept another offer which she declined to reveal. Mr Ross Derrington, the executive director of Triumph International Australia, said yesterday Continued Page 9 he had been surprised that the hotel chain had allocated so few rooms for the promotion. Asked if he considered the success of the promotion to be largely a problem for Best Western he replied As I see it, yes. It was a very successful promotion as far as we were concerned. They Best Western were very enthusiasticdotted linenobody twisted their arms to be in it. In a written statement yesterday Triumph International denied that it or a Sydney advertising agency contracted to organise the promotion had imposed or had agreed to impose any limit on the accommodation. The company said 3,700 applications had been received in the first three weeks and 25,200 had applied by the time the promotion ended. The statement said Bests Western had instituted proceedings for damages against Triumph in the nsw Supreme Court to cover the cost of accommodation. It said Triumph would defend these proceedings and counterclaim for damage to its reputation and goodwill. A disappointed Mrs McDonald said yesterday that she wasnt concerned about how the mixup happened. She just wanted her two nights accommodation at the hotel of her choice The Alpine at Katoomba. Sydneys shame our street kids Aid for homeless left untapped By Catharine Lumby While the accommodation crisis for Sydneys homeless children deepens, the State Government still cannot find the 728,000 needed to unlock 4 million of Federal funds to help solve the problem. The funds are part of a 100 million emergency package announced by the Federal Government last August in response to the Burdekin Report on youth homelessness. nsw is the only State Government which has failed to respond. A spokesperson for the Minister of Housing and Aged Care, Mr Staples, said the minister wrote to the nsw Minister for Family and Community Services, Mrs Chadwick, on January 25 to express his concern but had not yet received a reply. The spokesperson said Were very concerned but still hopeful that nsw will take up the offer. It would be a real tragedy for nsw and its homeless kids if they dont manage to find the funds in time. The director of programs at the Department of Family and Community Services, Ms Margaret Bail, said the department was trying hard to match the funds but that it was very difficult to find the money. Welfare workers said lack of longterm housing options for homeless children had caused a bottleneck in shortterm crisis accommodation services. The policy and administration officer for the Youth Accommodation Service, Ms Lila Kirilic, criticised the State Government for ignoring the Burdekin Report. The Burdekin Report identified the need for more longterm housing for these kids last year, she said yesterday. Instead, the nsw Minister is proposing to set up more crisis and assessment centres. Whats the point of assessing the needs of these children if at the end of the day youve got nowhere to send them Ms Kirilic expressed concern about the Department of Housings failure to address the problem. Its practically impossible to get public housing these days let alone if youre under 18, she said. We deal with pregnant girls of 15 every day who have nowhere safe to go for longer than three months. At the moment, she said, most homeless children had to move to a different refuge every three months. Ms Bail defended the Governments strategy, saying the problem was not as simple as a shortage of beds. Experience shows us that the provision of longterm housing isnt enough, she said. Were planning a review in conjunction with the Department of Housing and we want to look at the way mediumterm and longterm housing services are delivered. Another raid and another apology from police By Deborah Cornwall and Richard Macey Sydney police have launched an investigation into yet another bungled police raid after two Sydney businessmen were hauled out of a campervan at gunpoint yesterday in a lunchtime police ambush at Surry Hills. The two men, who had met only just before the raid to discuss the sale of the Toyota van, said three armed Crime Squad detectives had come out of nowhere, pistols waving. The bungled raid, the second by Sydney police in two days, happened only hours before the Police Department issued a public apology to the Charalambous family, whose Mascot home was invaded by armed officers at 5 am Thursday. Still in shock last night, John Rahll, a 43yearold campervan hire operator from West Pymble, said the Surry Hills raid at the corner of Denham and Campbell streets had been like something out of a Bgrade police drama. Wed just set out to do a test drive dotted lineand suddenly in the windscreen there were two fellows in shorts and Tshirts with guns aimed at my head and Svens head, Mr Rahll recalled. They were yelling dont move, stop, put your hands on top of the van. I thought they might have been a hit squad dotted linethey were really hyped up, and I was worried it would get out of hand. Mr Rahll said the other businessman, 45yearold Sven Neilson, had attempted to drive off in the van because he thought he was about to be shot by street thugs. After police grappled with Mr Neilson, also a campervan operator, both men were handcuffed and forced to lie face down on the pavement. I still didnt know who they were dotted line I was waiting for a bullet in the head, Mr Rahll said. Sven and I had just met each other, and I thought it was a gangland slaying. DetectiveSergeant John Davidson, who lead the raid, defended the attack on the two men yesterday on the grounds that the van, a hire vehicle, was under surveillance for a major heroin operation. Asked why he had used ambush tactics, DetectiveSergeant Davidson said There are a lot of cops with bullets in them. DetectiveSergeant Davidson said once he had established the two businessmen were not involved, he had offered to take them to police internal affairs if they wanted to lay a complaint. Both Mr Rahll and Mr Neilson had declined the offer and accepted his apology. Mr Rahll said that while he would not be taking any legal action against the police, he was concerned there had been too many incidents recently where police had drawn guns first and asked questions later. I just think there have been one too many Gundytype killings dotted line and its not on, Mr Rahll said. David Gundy, an Aborigine, was accidentally shot in his bed during a police raid in Marrickville last year. I have got nothing against the police, but if I had been some poor old guy with a weak heart Id be on the slab by now. Regional Commander, South, Assistant Commissioner Bruce Gibson, called yesterday for a full investigation into the Surry Hills ambush only three hours after a 30 pm press conference at which he apologised for the distress the abortive Mascot raid had caused to the Charalambous family. Stavros Charalambous, a 25yearold Greek migrant, claims he was repeatedly kicked in the back by the police before they admitted they had the wrong man. Some mlcs to get golden handshake By Luis M. Garcia The Premier has agreed to pay a golden handshake to members of the nsw Upper House whose seats are abolished under a proposal to cut the number of politicians in State Parliament by Mr Greiner confirmed yesterday that those mlcs who were financially disadvantaged by the proposed reduction in numbers would be properly compensated. He said the amount of money to be paid out to each of the five mlcs likely to be affected would be decided by the State Parliamentary Remuneration Tribunal, which determines the salaries and allowances of all nsw politicians. It is understood that in some cases, departing mlcs could receive up to 100,000 each on top of their normal superannuation and pension entitlements. Under Mr Greiners proposal, unveiled on Thursday, the number of mps in the Lower House would be cut from 109 to 99, while the number of mlcs in the Upper House would go down from 45 to The terms of office of mlcs would also be reduced, from the equivalent of three terms of the Lower House or twelve years, to the equivalent of two terms of the Lower House or eight years. Mr Greiner believes some photo caption mlcs should be compensated financially because when they were elected they expected to serve their full term of up to 12 years. The proposal to reduce the overall number of politicians in Parliament has been opposed by the nsw Labor Party, the Australian Democrats and by most of the Independent mps. The Independents are worries that the redistribution involved would bring about the abolition of seats held by Independents like Ms Robyn Read North Shore, Ms Clover Moore Bligh, Ms Dawn Fraser Balmain and Mr John Hatton South Coast. But this has been strongly denied by Mr Greiner. He said the reduction in numbers, certain to be put to voters at a referendum this year, was in line with a commitment he made before the March 1988 election. The Opposition Leader, Mr Carr, said yesterday the referendum would cost nsw taxpayers as much as 25 million, including the cost of advertising and the printing, distribution and counting of an estimated 8 million ballot papers. Mr Carr questioned claims by the Premier that the reduction in politicians would save taxpayers 4 million a year. On the most generous analysis, the annual savings of reducing the Parliament by 15 members would be no more than 2 million a year, he said. Thus the overall result of Mr Greiners proposal would mean a 17 million over a fouryear parliamentary term. Mr Carr said the Premier should propose his plans and hold the referendum at the same time as the next State election, due in mid

GETTING AND SPENDING SIR ROBERT MENZIES remained in office for sixteen years, finishing in January 1966 as the only Australian prime minister since the First World War to retire at a time of his own choosing. This is a mark both of his political skill and the disarray of his Labor opponents, but more than either it reflects the economic buoyancy of the 1950s and the 1960s when political change came seldom. Apart form Western Australia no state government lost office between 1947 and 1965 except as a sequel to a split in the ranks of the ruling party. In political and economic terms Australia was a model of stability in a fastchanging world. To the extent that the Menzies government presented a reassuring image of resolute anticommunism and fidelity to great and powerful allies it could claim credit for creating an attractive environment for largescale investors of overseas capital. But it must be noted that Australias progress was matched by most advanced capitalist nations. Some did better. Nevertheless the Menzies era enjoyed in retrospect a nostalgic reputation for prosperity with only a few to cry it down as a time of limited personal affluence and public squalor.1 The fact is that when Menzies retired in 1966 most Australians, recently migrant or otherwise, seem to have thought themselves better off than they were fifteen years ago, and by most measures of material progress they were right. During each year of Menziess prime ministership the average weekly earnings of the Australian worker increased by about 4 per cent in real terms. This represented roughly five times the annual average rate of advance in living standards between 1901 and 2 Critics have argued that the increased ownership of consumer durables and housing was at the expense of increased leisure and was achieved by substantial increased in indebtedness,3 and indisputably too many Australians, not all of them Aborigines, missed out on the good things of life. When Ronald Henderson discovered in 1966 that at least 4 per cent of Melbourne families lived below the poverty line he was describing nothing new.4 But the comparable figure for the United Kingdom was 14 per cent and for the United States nearly 20 per cent, and unemployment was lower than at any period in Australian history, standing at 2 per cent in 1950 and at precisely the same figure in August In the years between, the figure climbed no higher than 2 per cent in late 1961 and early That was the only moment to shake the stability of the Menzies regime. It was understandable that in 1964, when Donald Horne published The Lucky Country,5 many readers took the name at face value and failed to notice the sardonic implication that Menziess economic success was the result of good fortune rather than good management. Australias good fortune during the 1950s and the 1960s was founded on a continually expanding world trade and a stable international monetary system, both largely the result of measures initiated by the United States to safeguard western capitalism. Between 1952 and 1965 Australian gross domestic product rose annually at a little less than 5 per cent, a rate somewhat greater than that of the United States or Britain, but barely half the performance of Japan or the German Federal Republic both recovering from wartime loss with American aid. Britain remained Australias major trading partner and largest source of investment, providing more than half the overseas capital for Australian enterprises until 1960During the next five years the United States drew level, each country then providing over 40 per cent. Coincidentally with Menziess retirement British investment slumped to 3 per cent in 196667, reflecting a sterling crisis in which Harold Wilsons government restricted capital exports from the City of London, giving preference to Third World nations in need of development. Even this was not much of a turning point. Britain was to bounce back as Australias major supplier of investment capital in the late 1960s and again in the late 1970s. The ties between Australia and Britain depended on much more than Menziess sentimentality about the royal family. Export growth was fostered by a vigorous demand for Australias traditional rural products they generated more than threequarters of Australias export income until 195657, and over twothirds until 1965Metals and minerals accounted for no more than 10 per cent of exports, rising to 8 per cent in 196566 with the departure of the first shipments of iron ore and opencut coal. Britains share of Australias exports reached a postwar peak of 4l.3 per cent in 195253 but then fell steadily. The shape of the future was sketched in 196162 when Britain sought unsuccessfully to enter the European Economic Community EEC, for although few foresaw how far European farm subsidies would eventually oust Australia from traditional markets it must have been evident that Britain would increasingly look for trading partners among its near neighbours. The quest for new export markets dominated Australian trade policy during the 1950s and 1960s when John McEwen as minister was backed by two very able public servants, Sir John Crawford and Sir Alan Westerman. Australian exports to the United States remained constant at between 8 and 10 per cent, leaving an unfavourable balance of trade which was rectified by probing new markets in South and East Asia. Even China, officially scorned as a pariah that might at any moment plunge the region into a major war, was trusted as a buyer of Australian wheat who could be granted easy terms. Japan, having embarked upon the Pacific war in 1941 partly to force open new markets and sources of raw material denied by the United States and Britain, now found itself welcomed as a customer. Trade with Australia resumed in 1949, and in 1957 the two countries signed a formal agreement under which Japan promised to admit Australian wool and cotton at favourable rates and Australia agreed to impose no discriminatory tariffs against Japanese goods without prior consultation. By 196566 Japan was taking 17 per cent of exports and would shortly overtake Britain as Australias best customer.6 Wool, more than any other single industry throughout the 1950s and 1960s, was the great mainstay of Australias export trade. Pastoralists and graziers benefited enormously from successful experiments in 1950 by CSIRO scientists in introducing myxomatosis, a lethal infection which wiped out a large proportion of Australias rabbit population. Spared this competition for good grazing, sheep numbers grew unprecedentedly. Between 1950 and 1965 they rose from 113 to 171 million, and wool production from 518 000 to 819 000 tonnes. Yet behind this expansion a nagging doubt lurked. The needs of wartime had accelerated the production of artificial fibres such as rayon and nylon which competed with wool on world markets. Drought, industrial disputes a long shearers strike in Queensland in 1956, and the uncertainties of the auction market could all have unpredictable effects on the price and quality of the wool clip, whereas the synthetics could be costed and quantified more reliably. Thoughtful authorities in the wool industry began to seek a more orderly system of marketing. In 1953 the federal government set up the Australian Wool Bureau to promote wool sales at home and overseas. Inveterate individualists, Australias woolgrowers were unwilling to cooperate further in marketing their product and, in 1965, despite the earnest advocacy of the industrys most prominent leader, Sir William Gunn, rejected a scheme for imposing a minimum price on wool sold at auction. Thus a major Australian export remained perilously dependent on the health of overseas markets.7 The profitability of wool nevertheless encouraged many wheat farmers to convert arable land into pasture. Of more than 5 million hectares under wheat during the late 1940s more than a quarter was put to other uses during the 1950s. The governments of South and Western Australia reacted by opening up light lands in marginal rainfall areas to attract new settlers. By the end of the decade wheat was recovering favour because of international price agreements. In 1960 China was opened as a market which by 196263 was taking half of Australias exports. Production leaped, reaching a maximum of 307 million bushels in 1962But the old dream of a smallfarming yeomanry was dead. The new breed of wheatgrowers were agrarian capitalists working large acreages and investing heavily in laboursaving machinery. Their clearing was done by bulldozers and hiball units, and their crops cultivated by large disc ploughs and harrows. The sugar industry of Queensland and northern New South Wales produced its own yeomanry because producers were restricted to quotas which kept farms small. Mechanization at first took the form of bulk handling for sugar, introduced at five major ports between 1957 and It was only in the 1970s that caneharvesting machinery was designed cheaply enough to do away with the traditional gangs of itinerant canecutters. Meanwhile, protected by a British Commonwealth sugar agreement lasting from 1953 to 1971, the Queensland growers enjoyed a minor boom when the United States boycotted Castros Cuba in But the longterm prospects for the industry were limited. British readiness to end postwar food shortages by longterm agreements also benefited Australias meat producers. Between 1952 and 1967 Australian beef and mutton found a guaranteed minimum price in the United Kingdom. From 1959 the United States surpassed the United Kingdom as an importer of Australian beef, and this market was secured by an agreement in The strongest demand was for hamburger beef as the openrange conditions of northern Australias cattle stations did not produce beasts of gourmet quality. Despite some American investment and the acclimatization of Brahmancross cattle, the 1950s and 1960s saw little improvement. Dairy cattle, on the other hand, improved steadily in quality and yield, but Australias butter and milk exports were vulnerable to overseas competition, and numbers stabilized in 1957 at around 5 million while farmers awaited Britains negotiations with the EEC. Smaller rural industries forestry, fruitgrowing, cotton showed no great potential for export growth, and some products such as flax and tobacco were in trouble despite substantial government aid. Other expedients would have to be sought if Australias export trade was to diversify. Many looked to mining as Australias economic saviour. Admittedly the traditional leader, gold, was going through a period of decline, but the ten years after the end of the war saw a boom in demand for base metals and strategic materials, private enterprise following the exploratory work of the Bureau of Mineral Resources. Foremost among the exploring companies was the Zinc Corporation later Comalco, whose director of exploration, Maurice Mawby, promoted investigations into oil, silverlead, pyrites, phosphate, scheelite and bauxite, as well as the companys established concerns with lead and zinc.8 No mineral in the early 1950s seemed to hold out so much promise as uranium, and no shadow of doubt clouded the quest for it. Radiation was little feared at a time when compulsory Xrays were standard practice and Australias major allies were building nuclear power plants. Labor politicians hailed nuclear energy as a clean source of technology which might eliminate the need for underground coalminers the veteran radical Leslie Haylen hoped that uranium would make Australia prosperous enough to support a population of 50 million and had to be reminded that Australia could not afford her own reactor for ten years.9 The Bureau of Mineral Resources actively promoted uranium exploration. Geigercounters ticked across northern and central Australia, and between 1949 and 1954 finds were announced at Radium Creek South Australia, Rum Jungle Northern Territory and Mary Kathleen Queensland. The federal government entrusted development to major mining firms and arranged for uranium sales to the AngloAmerican Central Development Agency. Meanwhile Britain, anxious to keep step as a great power, wanted to develop its own atomic weapons. Since the British Isles are too crowded for convenient testing Australian space was requested. The Australian government took advice from a recently arrived Englishman, Professor Ernest Titterton, who had made his reputation as a physicist serving the AngloAmerican atomic tests and brooked no doubt about the safety and value of nuclear energy.

4th. Oct. Dear Jean, Today is the 37th anni. of dear Adelaide Roses demise, yesterday Ron Ws 66th, echoes of words, of wisdom, yesterday is a many spledoured thing but well gone. history, Hegal said, What history experience teach us is this that people and Governments have never learnt anything from history, or acted on princ2 lettersiples deduced from it. How are you are you Simon the likeable, the prodigal was here and danced, but in spite of looking pretty good to our plebian optics did not advance to finals in the advanced sector, his partner a beginner, Monica thought that the reason, in any case a rushed lesson behind the stage 1 letter curtains for us no avail, we excused the night he got back here 3 AM to leave 1030 AM amid the confusion about the floods necessitating a trip back again around the coast. Theres much water around, today again drippy. Also wettish over in Sydney ramparts isnt it Slightly recovered from last weeks exhausting couple of days where I couldve been excused for thinking time was up, Ill not be involved that way again Things around here pretty mundane, day follows day next SatySaty Saturday venue athsaths ahtletics begins for the summer season, Simon back for a talk to potential walkers for the Sunday, Im vaguely uneasy that the insularity of his contactscontinually shrouded from the real world at the A I SA I S Australian Institute of Sport and also he travels so much, there has been several interactions between us that makes me wonder if athsaths athletics KenjaKenja Ken Ja from Ken Janice who founded this selfimprovement organisation are his world. Im sure he Alison will need to know a few things about adjustments of married life, indeed as we all did, tho our approach had more realism attached to it. So be. Guiltily, slightly startled as well, I read an article on Clint Eastwood last week, 63, he is and ran alongside a car to play the part of a president protector, himself he did it, 63, and then th3 lettersere were names rattled off, Bogart Taylor, Cooper, Gable, Ladd, and a few more all dead under 63, and heres sister Jean her cheery phone call saying, I never expected to send you a card at1 letter 70 , and Bep FlopFlop Florence over 80 Irene, is it to do with Shannon genes, or genetic combinations, but so what. I suppose its better to live till you die rather than die while your alive, or is it, it really doent matter. do you think its a matter of conjecture, you are not saying much, in any case I hope I dont get A.D when Im you said to be careful of it, Ill start and panic when the turn of the century comes to pass. Irene rang Sunday she is back to Dunbogan, and may stay there I think as she sounded as though she was getting support, medical support there, I suppose she would feel better to be at home if her requirements were attended to adequatly, she sounded strong of voice as usual, a little tired, but what can one do The sun is out, just a spasm, but by this arvo it will probably be slightly warmer. I hope you are able to travel down for the 17th.. in the meantime keep warm. Love Monica Francis Thurs. 14th. After phone call, unsettling because temporarily I was in a venomous mood about the criticisym of you must remember this , but my irish hot blooded english cold blooded system soon level1 lettered out as I thought of the lack of comprehension of Les Ron the woman what wrote the letter to Helen, and at least the two boys were dear friends of Arch and need to have kindly explanations of their lack of understanding know him mainly Arch in their minds eye as was, and no real understanding of the indignity of the bloody disease, and its difficult not to think of the woman in the same way, obviously did not get the education of the stages of the disease could not envisage the empathy of the film makers. The thing is you and Helen know what has been what is, those who do not understand should have special invitations to support group meetings or to meetings which would let them into the secrets of travelling with everyone, carers patients, it would test educate them, even Derriere Hinch should be asked, Id dearly love to have him, wherever he is, put in some night work. In this one has to learn not to Judge not to Justify, you cannot judge people you need not justify yourself, keep thinking ahead use your experience to help, which you are doing be satisfied with what you do accomplish you will be a genius like your secondhand halfcousin Id like you to know it hasnt been a crash hot week for me, most times Im dying, the nights are dying nights, the morning I try to interfere with Monica she says this is too unprofessional as she is treating me as a medical patient she is the medicator, and she may be debarred, I mention the therapeutic effects of relaxtion she says have some cornflakes rolled oats Tasmanian honey some cod liver oil, Ive yet to find out statistically,the benefits, because I have a lot of cornflakes one can only give these things a try. As I mentioned, I have about 4 more or even 5 cut slicings to go, and Im beginning to think this cosmetic surgeon, tho she is good is making a good thin1 letterg of it, no expense to me, and one is deadened to it all, but its to go thru it all the time, Im not too bearable with it. I alpapologise, see how hard it is for not having sent the clippings will try to remember to do it this time, stop pestering Of course it would be too much for Bep Stan to get up to Maitland now, it makes one melancholy to think about it, I dare say if they were Margarets parents it would be different, I get the idea that Ron is too much in1 lettervolved in wo1 letterrk, and to see the scheme of it all his perspective too narrow, I mean the significance of it all to Bep Stan, they could be relayed to yourplace for an overnight stay to be relayed for a quick visit next day back to WGongWGong Wollongong, It would mean driving 200 miles from Maitland to WGongWGong Wollongong back, think about it as I hope to be up within a month and Ill do it if you like to put us all up etc, I think its about 100122 miles to Maitland, to go up and back in 1 day is too much, it seems as tho there is little hope of Ron Margaret getting there Of course they are too old now, Jesus everyone is too old. it all sounds to me as tho they want 1 last look at their kin. If it meant a two day go they would be quickly back to their safety patterns. think about it any thought. Your loving canine friend gazes wistfully through the window into Monicas eyes for his piece of rabbit, with a backdrop of pouring rain, everythink is green, it is cold, Im a bit of a zombie today, did you realize that Im nearly 60 bloody Those who count at the factory think I look marvellous. are they any good. Love from here. P.S. If we prevail with the idea of relocation for BS to the extent of valuation etc the idea of medical care being more available. I suppose you know that me being left handed leaves me susceptible to early death,schizophenia, multiple illnesses homo sexuality suicide, in that order, and thats only part of the problem.I only read about it last night, and consider that with all the other interruptuses I must be living on borrowed time tomorrow the ear slices grafters go to work. its only wednesday, and of course your latest medical report suggests that its going to be difficult for you to reach 69 and of course the stress of your kids waiting for their inheritance will hasten things anyway Ive had the wog you were talking about I think it was short circuited by me taking anti biotics for mey arm. So much for you trying to solicit some sympathy for being off colour. Ive just walked the dog, tears streaming continually from the eyes because the wind was icy its snowing in ballarat the cold will freeze the icijcles off a brass statue, the fire has to be kept going otherwise I cant circulate, the sun is also shining, unbeleiveable The dog knows things are bad, and will continue expects us to be on the dole soon because he keeps burying the food. It was most interesting to read your letter to the Professor, as it was to read his answer, yours full of intelligent observation over a protraction of time his short clinically academic not neccessarily recognizing you may have even open his brain to something that may not have occurred to his expertise, not to judge, but for you not a chasm but steadily climbing a mountain, you put the letter to him in such a clear manner and a reading most people would have understood. you will be heard of from in time to come I think, lets hope you are able to go on with it. About migraine, until mumsmums death I had one a week and none since, but the relief the day after was tremendous, used to look into space wonder why one felt so good after it, you may have something about the bodys resources still acting putting one on a high, they are bastards of things so hope they dont prevail. did you have premonitions of a sieeizure during the time, or have they gone completely. Im being distracted by these continual skin cuttings, and wonder what they will be cutting next, they are at least irritating, with the undertones of maybe they will get more serious as they did with Ch1 letterarlie, and tomorrows go is to give a young surgeon practice, I think that they do this often at Repat, but its supervised by the cosmetic surgeon, so here will be under her eagle eye, I can hope its the last for a while. After this is over and cleared Ill be over there for a visit so lets know if you are going to die or not, and if Bep and Stan have mentioned anything about tenambit Tenambit name of a town, not to force anything, I wont accept excuses about Ron Margaret and Im not passing any judgement, they do things their way. Florence rang on Sunday I mentioned to her had they come down to see Bep Stan she was full of excuses for them. Also if you dont want to trip up there well just forget it if there are any other problems let me know, it would be that being the multi media consultant you are becoming, one will have to make appointments eventually. Hope you are taking your cod liver oil vitamin tablets and coming around a bit. I did not ring Nikki as Ive recovered from her visit theyd have objected at me reversing the charges. I cant afford the cost. Love to youse From us. Cards from Anne, havent written because dont know what address. People are dying like autumn leaves and becoming memories, compost in the footsteps and we all get a share, rich poor humble and arrogant vain and conservative I could go on writing like this forever but Fred Astaire said Im bound to improve, and thanks for your quick reply address, Ill write to Anne but not for the reason I was going to, as Simon will flit thru England get the book, he drove down Saturday had some dinner, procratinated with time until I was in my usual franctic stayte then lift for Canberra by bus, he is in Darwin for some weeks, Im not like other people, but how hard it is to get the ones who know one to get to know themselves, I finish up going into a stupor of reflection, I dont balance up the best, but by hell neither do they, but Im buggered if Im going to finish with making continual excuses for my outlook

19 Browning Rd. Turramurra Nth. 17th April, 1992 HERBERT HUPDATE NO.10 Dear All, I have been inspired by Stephens newspaper style layout to try using columns myself. The advantage is that I will be able to see the whole paragraph at once when it is formatted, instead of having it go off the screen. You may think that I put the address and heading in this column to save space, but it is because it will take me too long to work out how not to have it in this column Time continues to charge on, as is its wont. We have just returned from a 10 day trip to Adelaide, which is not as exotic as Stephens wonderful jaunts, but you will get a blowbyblow description all the samedotted line all in good time though, I have to go back a bit. We celebrated Janes birthday with lunch here on 29th March. Robert, Lisa, Daniel, James and Ellenora came, and all went very well, except that Daniel did not sleep at all and did not seem to enjoy himself. It was lovely to have a phone call from Michael, and unfortunate that I am no good with phone calls. At least Jane talked to him and brought us up to date. Simon was not there as he did not return from Canberra until the Tuesday. On 3rd of April, we went to see Robert get his Masters degree at Sydney University. It is a Master of Applied Science Exercise and Sport Sciences. We were lucky that he was the second to go up, so we could vegetate afterwards. Daniel behaved extremely well, until the occasional address when he started to say he was a bit peckish Lisa said she poked him, so they went off for a change and a feed. The speaker was the president of the Medical Record Association of Australia, so I dont think one could even have expected it to be very scintillating. I was tremendously impressed with the Acting ViceChancellor, Professor S E Dorsch, who managed to smile and look pleasant while presenting vast numbers of degrees and diplomas. At least she didnt have to raise her cap to each one like the Chancellor of Charles Sturt University. What was more there were three ceremonies on the one day. I wonder if anyone has ever conducted a study into levels of family abuse by Chancellors and Vice Chancellors of Universities, associated with Graduation Ceremonies. They certainly should not be expected to smile for at least a week after. We had tea and very nasty sandwiches on the lawn afterwards and Robert carried Daniel who was much admired. The following Tuesday, I packed before leaving for school, Jim picked me up at 3 pm and we drove on to Goulburn. The motel I had booked had very steep stairs to the rooms, so he rejected that on sight and we went to a very cheap and very noisy Budget motel on the hill up to the Big Merino. To top it off we were too tired to go looking for a meal, so we ate a very nasty Budget meal The roast of the day which had curling up edges and mushy vedgies. However it was exciting to be on the loose, and we slept quite well in spite of the noise. On Wednesday morning we left early for Canberra and went to the National Film and Sound Archives to pick up a piece of equipment that Simon had left behind. We were able to see the work he had done, building a lot of studios with a total area of a small house. It looked very nice. We then went to the National Gallery to see the Reubens and the Renaissance Exhibition. It was magnificent, and we were glad that we had taken an audio guide, which involved Jim wearing a cassette player, and each of us having an earpiece. The commentary told us where to go and what to look for in each picture. It also told us when and where to have a cup of coffee in the middle, which was much appreciated. After this we met Helene at the entrance and had lunch together in the Cafeteria. It was lovely to see her and to find that things are going well there. Jess seems to be happy at school and Standish is working very hard. He goes to extra art classes on Saturdays and on Wednesday evenings which give him great pleasure. After lunch we travelled on to Wagga where we went to the motel James had booked us into a month earlier. Just as well Wagga was packed for 3 days of Graduation Ceremonies, 2 a day there wasnt a spare room anywhere. James and Ellenora came after work, so didnt arrive until 15 pm. It is a long drive to do under those circumstances. On the Thursday morning after breakfast we all went out to the University and waited while James picked up his academic gown and cap mortar board. As he was only allowed two tickets I thought I would be in the overflow hall watching the ceremony on video, but a woman sat down, by herself, next to Ellenora and Ellenora asked her if she had a spare ticket and she had, so I was able to get in, to my very great delight. There were even more graduands than there had been at Sydney, but once again it was all fairly efficient, though with a slightly bucolic flavour. Some of the new Bachelors of Applied Science Agriculture looked as if they had never worn a tie before, but it was very pleasant. James received his Bachelor of Applied Science Computing with distinction which was very exciting. He had certainly worked for it. Afterwards we went to a lunch in the students dining room. James had a friend whose parents were also there, and we all socialised happily. James and Ellenora were supposed to be going to a Dinner and Ball in the evening, but suddenly decided against it, so we all had an excellent meal together in the Motel. On Friday morning I collected my photographs which I had left to be developed, and then James and Ellenora set off for a weekend on the coast, and we set off for Mildura. Not, of course, before Jim had done his usual check of tyres, oil and water. It is a very long way to Mildura, but very easy driving and we averaged 96100 kilometres in every hour. The land after Hay was desperately bare and dry and I spent a lot of time mentally writing poetry and wishing I knew something about forms of poetry and what sort of shape I should put it in. Mildura is an extraordinary neat and civilised oasis of green in the midst of barren country. Very busy and citified. The motel had no dining room, but it did have a kitchenette so we picked up takeaway food and ate there. When we were packing in the morning, a helpful neighbour from the next unit pointed out that we had a flat back tyre, and when Jim did his routine checks he found that we not only had almost no engine oil, we also had almost no hydraulic fluid. I called the Victorian version of the N.R.M.A. who changed the wheel, which is something Jim now finds difficult and topped up the oil and hydraulics and seemed to think that all would be well. We took the tyre to be repaired and left Mildura at 12 md arriving at Tanunda in the Barossa Valley, when it was nearly dark, and feeling very weary. As Jim directed me into the car park in the motel he noticed that we now had a flat front tyre This time we changed it between us and I spent a lot more time on the phone, but no one wanted to repair it at that hour on a Saturday night. Eventually the S.A. version of the N.R.M.A. agreed to come and take it away and repair it, which he did and then we set off disconsolately to look for dinner. We found a delightful restaurant in another motel in Nuriootpa, about 7 km away which we booked into for the following night. Having 5 tyres we were then able to do the 70 km trip into Adelaide to go to church in Holy Trinity which I had attended for the year I lived in Adelaide. We saw some old friends, looked at the Queen Elizabeth Hospital and at Brown Hill where we had first been alone together, and then came back to Nuriootpa. In the morning there was a large pool of hydraulic fluid under the car, and none in the chambers where it should have been The service station across the road said they would get the part, but it wouldnt come until 4 pm and it would take an hour to put in, so we booked in for another night in Nuriootpa and had a very peaceful day, doing the washing, playing Scrabble in the sun and reading. When the part came, it was the wrong one, but the mechanic improvised and we set off again on Tuesday morning with an extra load in the shape of a dozen bottles of Saltrams Cabernet Sauvignon and 3 bottles of Bethany white port, which we had managed to pick up on the Sunday afternoon. Jim, being by now more than a little paranoid about the Volvo had decided that we would return the quickest way possible, so it was back to Mildura, where we had only a minor scare due to the fact that hydraulic fluid in S.A. is clear not tinted as in N.S.W. and so it was easy to think it wasnt there. We were able to have a trip on a paddle steamer down the Murray, passing through a lock, and having a most interesting commentary. Wednesday morning we were off again, this time heading for West Wyalong, which meant about 250 km of empty road after Hay. It was less dry than the earlier part, and I was delighted to see an emu running beside the road. I had never seen one in the wild before. The trip was accomplished quite uneventfully and we pulled into a motel at 50 pm. This time Jims discovery was oil all over the right front wheel. Once more to the phone, and the N.R.M.A. garage which was about to close said we could bring it in. They said that it was engine oil not hydraulic fluid which Jim had first assumed, and told us to bring it back at 9 am. We now feared we would spend Easter in West Wyalong, but they found a leaking oil seal, repaired it and we were on our way at 1050 on Thursday morning and arrived in North Turramurra at 6 pm. I dont think I will get Jim out in the Volvo again, but I found it a very interesting trip, and I saw parts of Australia that I hadnt seen before, and got a better idea of what drought means. Today is Good Friday, and we went to church. Last Good Friday, was the only one that I can remember that I hadnt been. We had lunch with the Leasks and ended up spending all afternoon there. Jane rang and said that Aunty Struan is in Hospital and very ill. It seems impossible because she has always seemed the most indestructible person I know. I am not going to post this until I get prints of my photos to send you all, so I will update you about her then. We also had a phone call from Jims cousin Meriel who is on her way back from Brisbane. She has not been able to contact the people with whom she was staying so she is coming here. I am kicking myself because I did not tell her to leave the bus at Hornsby, but I cant do anything about it now.

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE CEREBRAL PALSY Cerebral palsy is the result of a lesion or maldevelopment of the brain, nonprogressive in character and existing from earliest childhood. The motor deficit finds expression in abnormal patterns of posture and movement, in association with an abnormal postural tone tight muscular spasms or constant muscle tension. The lesion which is present in the brain when it is still immature interferes with the normal motor development of the child.1 Cerebral palsy is classified according to the nature and distribution of neuromuscular relating to nerves and muscles signs. There are five basic classifications according to type according to number of limbs involved according to time of onset according to degree of involvement and according to the extent and nature of the damage Stephen, 1958. There are three main types of cerebral palsy spastic, athetoid and ataxic. Spasticity is the most commonly encountered abnormality. The normal balance between the antagonistic muscles and the suppressors in the brain is absent2 causing a display of claspknife hypertonus a state of abnormally high muscle contracture, hyperflexia the tendency of muscles to flex beyond their normal limits and a tendency to contractures Cothers and Paine 1959. Diskinetic cerebral palsy includes a number of movement disorders, the commonest being athetosis athetoid, featuring slow writhing movements and fluctuations from hypertonus to total lack of muscle tone muscle tension. Dystonic disorders usually show distorting tone changes, often involving trunk and limbs. Ataxic cerebral palsy is a rarer case showing poor coordination, head tibulation and intention tremor, suggesting cerebral involvement, and usually includes lack of balance. Dyspraxia is a similar disorder resulting in poor coordination, especially handeye coordination and speech defects through bad tongue control.3 In addition to these three distinct types of cerebral palsy, many cases are mixed with a combination of two or more types. The mixed types are due to damage in more than one area of the brain. The number of limbs involved is the second way of classifying cerebral palsy. There are seven groupings Monoplegia, involving one limb Hemiplegia, involving the arm and leg of the same side of the body Triplegia, involvement of three limbs Paraplegia, involving both legs Quadriplegia, involving all four limbs Diplegia, meaning the lower extremes are more affected than the upper ones Double Hemiphlegia, the same as quadriplegia with more involvement on one side of the body.4 The third way of classification is according to the time of onset. Cerebral palsy may occur during the prenatal before birth, perinatal immediately before, during and after the birth or postnatal after the birth periods, although it is difficult to separate prenatal and perinatal factors. The degree of involvement, the fourth classification, may be seen on a continuum from mild to moderate to severe, as well as in relation to the associated disabilities of speech, hearing, vision, mental ability and learning. The extent and nature of brain damage is difficult to determine except as the damage is manifested in motor and sensory impairments. The extent and nature of the lesion causing brain damage is the fifth form of classification. The following conditions may cause cerebral palsy in the prenatal period blood incompatibility maternal infection such as measles and toxemia anoxia lack or absences of oxygen resulting from such conditions as anemia and shock maternal metabolic disturbances maternal exposure to radiation and premature birth.5 During the perinatal period cerebral palsy may result from anoxia, often due to twisted umbilical chord stressful birth, including prolonged labour, or difficult birth such as breech birth brain hemorrhage and brain injury, including injury caused by obstetrical procedures, like forceps delivery.6 Cerebral palsy may also be caused by conditions that occur during postnatal development childhood diseases and infections like encephalitis, meningitis, and influenza head injuries toxic conditions like carbon monoxide and lead poisoning anoxia resulting from strangulation and suffocation and neurological disorders.7 and8 For an understanding of the nature of the motor disability of a child with brain damage it is important to understand normal motor development in terms of the evolution of the automatic postural reactions which underlie a childs overt functional activities. These reactions form the background of posture and movement which the child adapts as he or she learns learns to perform any skilled activity, like sitting up and remaining sitting, rolling over, standing up and walking. For this reason such reactions have been called, by Schaltenbrand 1927, Principal Motility.9 Essentially, normal motor development is characterised by two sets of processes which are closely interwoven and dependent upon each other. They are The development of the normal postural reflex mechanism which is not present at birth and which in time will become highly complex and varied. Righting, equilibrium and other adaptive and protective reactions fall into this group. The development of these reactions is closely associated with a normal postural tone which allows for the maintenance of positions against gravity and the performance of normal movements. The inhibition of some of the responses of the neonate, a process which may be associated with the maturation of the brain. Examples of this inhibition are primary standing and walking, the startled reaction, and the tonic finger flexion response. It shows itself also in a change in the early total response, such as the total withdrawal response involving all the segments of a limb, also a change which involves inhibition. This process, sometimes referred to as breaking up of the early total responses, makes possible a resynthesis of parts of the total patterns in many and varied ways and, in association with the development of a normal postural reflex mechanism referred to in 1, allows for the performance of selective movements such as walking and especially for the perfection of manipulative skills.10 An important feature of normal motor development is the freeing of the arms and hands from their early role of supporting posture and balance. In time this function is delegated to the trunk and legs. MOTOR DEVELOPMENT IN CEREBRAL PALSY In cerebral palsy, as stressed before, the lesion interferes with orderly development. Symptoms of motor retardation are followed, sooner or later, by the appearance of abnormal patterns of posture and movement, in association with abnormal posture tone the normal tension of a muscle at rest11. With the gradual appearance of tonic reflex activity muscular spasms during involuntary response such as coughing or withdrawing of the hand from a hot surface, extensor stretching of the muscle activity become stronger while in the supine position lying on ones back, while flexor contracting of the muscle activity become stronger while in the prone position lying on ones front. The cerebral palsied child, therefore, does not develop postural tone against gravity as does the normal child, but develops abnormal postural reflex activity which will, in fact, cause his or her body to conform to the pull of gravity. If he or she is a quadriplegic child and the whole body is involved, he or she may, in time, develop a posture of total extension in supine lying and total flexion in prone lying.12 The rate and extent to which this posture develops depends on the type and severity of the case and on how much of the body is involved. Initially, unless the case is a severe one, extensor and flexor hypertonus will show themselves only when the child is handled. For instance, when the child is pulled up to sitting from the supine lying, the head may lag far behind, neck and shoulders may retract, the hips may resist flexion, and the legs may extend, adduct draw or pull inwards and sometimes even cross. The turning of the head to one side may not be followed by the rotation of the trunk neck righting reaction, as this is prevented by the retraction of the shoulders.13 These may be signs of a tendency towards excessive extensor activity in the supine position, probably the result of the influence of the tonic labyrithine reflex a complex series of muscle extension and flexions. In the prone position, on the other hand, flexor hyperactivity may show itself in the childs inability to raise its head, in resistance to passive raising of head and shoulders, and its inability to extend its arms for support when lifted up by its shoulders, since the propping reaction is prevented by flexor hyperactivity of the arms.14 Even in the case of fully established quadriplegia the clear posture of total extension in supine and of flexion in prone is not always the rule. A few of these children, usually the most severe cases, may show in the supine position strong extensor hypertonus with opisthotonus receding muscle tension and still show fairly severe extensor hypertonus when lying prone, though less than when lying supine. The head may still be retracted in the prone position as long as the childs trunk and legs are stiffly extended. There may then be resistance to passive flexion of the head However, if one flexes the childs thighs at the hips, or legs at the knees, or abducts pull outwards the thighs, the head will suddenly flex, and the child will be unable to raise it.15 If abnormal postural reflex activity is strong at an early age, or if, as usually happens, it increases during the first years, the child will not acquire many of the abilities of normal children. Hypertonus will develop either in the form of spasticity or rigidity spastic or plastic hypertonus, or as intermittent increases of postural tone in response to stimulation, so characteristic of the athetoid group of cerebral palsy featuring slow writhing movements.16 ASSESSING CEREBRAL PALSY Three factors at least, should be considered in every case of cerebral palsy. Together they will determine the individual picture. The type of strength of the abnormal muscle tone The type of disturbance of reciprocal innovation The distribution of the condition and the prevailing patterns of posture and movement.17 ABNORMAL MUSCLE TONE All cases of cerebral palsy have in common an abnormal muscle tone. This is classically examined by passively moving the segments of a limb and testing the resistance which the muscles offer to passive stretch. It is unfortunate that modern neurophysiology has not been able to explain the different types of abnormality of muscle tone seen in different types of cerebral palsy. Abnormal muscle tone is considered to be the result of the release of the gammasystem, or more rarely the alphasystem, from higher inhibitory control Rushworth, 1960. Presumably the release of a facilitatory mechanism within the brain stem enhances the sensitivity or bias of the gammasystem Magoun and Rhines, 1946.18 This becomes hyperexcitable and reacts to an adequate stretching or contracting of muscles in an abnormal maximum manner resulting in the total flexing of the associated muscles in either extension or flexion. These observations may be the explanation of the clinically observed phenomena of spastic muscle, ie. the exaggerated stretch reflex, the claspknife phenomenon and the lengthening and shortening reactions. Rigidity is difficult to explain and is very different from the rigidity of Parkinsons disease. This type of hypertonus is actually a severe degree of spasticity. Rigidity in cerebral palsy is better called plastic hypertonus,19 characterised by the unchanging resistance a muscle offers to passive stretch throughout its whole range in the direction of either flexion or extension. It is yet impossible to explain the the nature of the fluctuating type of muscle tone found in the athetoid group of cerebral palsy. The amplitude of fluctuation may vary widely in the individual case, either on the basis of general hypertonic condition or of a fairly normal postural tone. Hypertonia, flaccidity of muscle tone, is usually a transient phenomenon in cerebral palsy, occurring in the earliest babyhood, and followed sooner or later by spastic or plastic types of hypertonus or by the fluctuating tone of the athetoid group. These sufferers may show considerable increments of muscle tone under sufficiently strong, longlasting or repetitive stimulation.

Too soon too late reading Claire Johnston, 197081 Meaghan Morris This is part of an essay about some fictions of historical time which have mattered to feminist criticism, especially feminist film criticism, when thinking about what action might mean for feminist work in the arts. It could also be about activism and professionalism, utopia and pragmatism, commitment and career paths, the shifts and the tensions between them as values for middleclass feminism. But those are very large terms while my framework may be a broad one, my aim is really quite narrow. I want to discuss the concept of activism in a few texts by Claire Johnston 194087, one of the earliest and most visionary of British feminist theorists working with film in the 1970s here, I only have space to make a framework for my discussion. I am doing this partly to understand why I find it hard now to read Johnstons essays, but mainly because I think her work in its very difficulty for me in, as she might have said, this specific conjuncture illuminates my present as a feminist critic. That is to say, I no longer have a retrospective relationship to Claire Johnstons work. I think I did when she died. By 1987, a sense of sharp distinction between the 1970s and the 1980s had been widely expressed for years in many areas of our cultural and political life. In the media, enormous debates about the future of Australia could be packaged as Hawke versus Whitlam. In the arts, this often took the form of an opposition of styles it was not uncommon for speakers at public forums to introduce themselves polemically as an eighties person, as though whole paradigms would neatly follow suit like credit cards hanging from a wallet. But beyond these testimonials to the enduring power of classical vanguard narrative, an experience of what Laura Mulvey in her essay on closure and the 1980s calls Changes was also real, intense, and necessary then for feminism as a movement.3 Claire Johnston committed suicide. She was not an eighties person. So in 1987, it was hard not to question her texts as though to find out what had gone wrong. Such reading told me nothing it was too soon for other questions, too late for an answer to matter. However, I kept on reading. As time passed, a more complex, less mythical sense of how texts work in history, over time her critical sense, in fact, began to reassert itself. Johnstons writing always historical, nervous of myth became more a part of my present than it ever had been of my past. It began to be important, not something to disavow, that I was actually reading many of her texts for the first time in my life. For I came late to Claire Johnstons work. In the 1970s, I learned very little from British feminist film theory I was not interested in psychoanalysis, and so my own work looked instead to Gilles Deleuze and Michel Foucault. Today for no apparent good reason, given the wider world in which feminism and the arts in Australia must now justify its concerns, the apocalyptic retrospectiveness of the late 1980s seems remote and stifling to me. I am not really interested, either, in reviewing early feminism too late for reminiscences, too soon for sober history4, and, impatient to get on with other things, I meant quietly to ignore the 197090 part of the Dissonance proposition. But language does have its imperatives it is amazing, as Deleuze and Guattari point out, how thoroughly politics works language from within 5 fleeing those dates I found myself wondering because of them why I could write about Johnstons work, at last, in These are very personal remarks, but they help me to clarify an issue about feminism and historical time that I want to explore. Whatever their differences, most feminisms have been marked at least in their creative political phase by an experimental approach to the present, a desire to shape the future, and an enterprising attitude to representing the past. In other words, feminism is skeptical but constructive. If this made feminism untimely for historyisdead and Shakespearesaidit versions of art postmodernism, it still sounds safe enough as a practical orientation although, I shall argue, it isnt. But at the same time, feminism is not easily adapted to heroic progress narratives. If most of the dreams of historicism from bloody revolution to millenarian community have been taken up at one time or another by some form of feminism, that basic skepticism about history has also made feminism at once resilient in surviving its failed experiments, and resistant to modes of argument that base their claims on necessity. This connection between a constructive social philosophy and a skeptical theory of history is ungrammatical not only for melancholic aesthetics, but for many of the leftwing political traditions with which feminism has been associated. It also makes feminism difficult to situate for most contemporary polemics about modernity, postmodernism, and standards in cultural life. Feminist discourse often stammers when it comes to validating action with a logic of events it is not that logic is renounced, or history deemed chaotic, but that there is a struggle to name a different temporality not the sort of revolution which is an event that takes two or three days ... that might make a feminist concept of eventfulness historically intelligible.6 More exactly, feminism makes political discourse stammer. To act as I believe feminism does to bring about concrete social changes while at the same time contesting the very bases of modern thinking about what constitutes change is to induce intense strain, almost a kind of overload, in historical articulation and sometimes, in feminists lives. For there is no easy split between a practical everyday feminism, and the relentless but specialised struggles of feminist theory. They can be separated, of course, but I doubt that the useful distinction now is between activists on the one hand and academics on the other, or even between the political and the cultural.7 Professionalism, for example, has come to bear quite as intensely on community and campaign groups as on the artists who sometimes work with them. Nor does professionalism map neatly on to matters of class and race it is not in itself a white middleclass feminist problem, although ease of access to it may be a white middleclass privilege. Under professionalism, something like a general specialisation of activities takes place it is no longer obvious that the difference between a politics and a job is one of scale, or quality of commitment, or even relevance to a community. Claire Johnston was a cultural activist in the 1970s sense.8 She worked collectively the London Womens Film Group, the editorial board of Screen. She organised the first womens film festival at Edinburgh in 1972 with Lynda Myles, Special Events at the Edinburgh Film Festival during the 1970s, a Feminist Film Festival in She wrote some twenty essays, several of them foundational for feminist work in cinema, none of them produced with a curriculum vitae in mind. She edited Notes on womens cinema 1973, Frank Tashlin and Jacques Tourneur 1973 and 1975, both with Paul Willemen, Dorothy Arzner Towards a feminist cinema 1975, and she coedited the legendary Edinburgh 76 Magazine PsychoanalysisCinemaAvantGarde featuring Rosalind Coward, Christian Metz, Geoffrey NowellSmith, Stephen Heath, Kari Hanet, Julia Kristeva and Peter Wollen. Her last published essay, Maeve, came out in She fought with the phantoms of psychosis, Thatcherism and solitude , as well as with money and housing nightmares.9 She wrote manuscripts, and destroyed them. She taught for ten years without tenure, and never published a book of her own. To read Johnston now is to confront an aspect of feminist history and feminist time that Lesley Stern, in her beautiful essay on Remembering Claire Johnston, calls simply, survival.10 Johnston often defined her work in intensely localised terms, as though she wanted to restrict its life she was intervening at a particular historical moment to have effects in specific situations , not creating a body of knowledge that would endure as feminist theory. There are problems and paradoxes in this fiction, but in its hyperpolitical restlessness her thought was profoundly undogmatic. It has a cantankerous energy it survives. She did not always sound undogmatic there is so much Latin in that British film theory prose, a mythic Latin saying I am an instance of rigorous scientificity as Lesley Stern says, the effect can be sombre, not to say tyrannical. But there is a fink streak in Johnston she had a way of using that Latin to make it sound like a fart in church. Dogma in the arts today is rarely sombre in presentation rabid, yes in the mainstream media, or cool, chic, smarmy in Sterns terms, hebephrenic .11 The dominant constraint on feminism now is not the sound of scientificity, but what an American critic has aptly called the look of corporate populism .12 In this context my problem is no longer, or not only, why Johnstons activism could not endure the 1980s, what went wrong. Now I also wonder how it survived the 1970s in other words, what went right. This means reading Johnston backwards in chronological terms instead of searching her early work for tragic premonitions, I have at last learned, from her skeptical history, to begin at the beginning. I want to study this remark of Johnstons by working through, digressively, a simple proposition. This is Deleuze and Guattaris claim in Kafka toward a minor literature that living and writing, art and life, are opposed only from the point of view of a major literature .13 This claim helps me to understand some aspects of Claire Johnstons life as a feminist critic, while Johnstons writing gives me a point of view on some aspects of the concept of the minor. In between, I can clarify the problems I have with both. Most debates about literary authorship have assumed the possibility of a lifeart opposition, whether affirming it, refuting it, or refining it authorsignature, biographytext, historyform. Even the poststructuralist critique of authorship was read against the grain, in American literary criticism, as a pretext for opposing art and life in the crudest form of this reading, if the real author didnt matter then biography, politics and history could be excluded from literary study. But in cinema studies where Foucaults What is an author, clearly asking how, not if, authors matter, was read a little more carefully, the advent of poststructuralism had , as Patrice Petro points out, the opposite effect on feminist criticism .14 It enabled feminists like Johnston to revise the auteur theory influential in the 1960s, to begin discussing the place of women directors in the Hollywood studio system, and to create that enormous field of research now called the female spectator .15 But as Petro says, Johnston was unusual in insisting that history, biography and textuality must always combine in such research. Now in Kafka 1975, Deleuze and Guattari were still attacking the psychological criticism that had infuriated Roland Barthes in The Death of the Author a tradition that saw art as a substitute for life, then analysed the author through the text. But their emphases were different from his. Where Barthes went on to theorise the work of the reader, Deleuze and Guattari studied the life of Kafkas writing Kafka is a biography of a particular mode of creation. It is also a manifesto for a literarypolitical avantgarde .16 The minor an idea taken from Kafkas notes on Yiddish literature in Warsaw and Prague Jewish writing in German is a constructive concept the books project is toward a minor literature . What is unusual about Kafka is that in place of an avantgarde negation of arts status in bourgeois society, Deleuze and Guattari offer an affirmative project based on a mass historical experience How many people today live in a language that is not their own 17

CHAPTER 3 Who should control schools Brian V. Hill Who should control schools The question does not merely pose a problem in management theory, amenable to quick solution by applying criteria of efficiency and economy. It obliges us to go to the heart of our social philosophy, because the school is a potent form of social intervention in the lives of human beings at a vulnerable stage of their development. In the words of respected internationalist Torsten Huacutesen, problems besetting the education system are in the last analysis social problems which cannot be solved simply by taking action only within the walls of the school.1 What is more, if we get the answers wrong, then the health of the whole body politic is at stake. When social change is running fast, the school is typically one of the first social institutions to be put under the microscope. But whereas in the past most schools catered only for the ruling classes, the last 200 years have witnessed the elevation of the school to prime importance in the education of all our young. This makes it all the more significant in social policy, and all the more vulnerable to public criticism. Most parents today see the school as the chief means for securing their childrens advancement in a knowledgebased society. All governments see it as a key player in the achievement of national goals.2 The expectations of the various interested parties do not necessarily coincide at all points. When discussion intensifies about the functions of schooling, as it periodically does, there is usually renewed questioning about who should control the schools. The issue of control is not a simple one, for control can be exercised by a variety of bodies, in ways which are sometimes obvious, but often disguised. One educational commentator, writing at the height of the debate in Britain about the criticisms publicised in the Black Papers, noted that If one wishes to raise standards or to shift the direction of the schools, it is necessary first to have control, or to exercise a powerful influence over such basics as the curriculum, discipline, the appointment of staff, the future of incompetent teachers and, of course, finance.3 At the present time in Australia, the question of who should control schools is highly contentious. Clearly, we have not yet got the answer right. An obvious indicator of difference of opinion is the fact that seventyfive percent of Australian schools are State owned, but the rest are relatively4 independent of such control. Most nonState schools are sponsored by the Catholic Church with Protestant secondary schools running a very distant second, but there are also some nonreligious foundations which, together with many alternative Christian schools under various kinds of local control, now account for over two percent of the national total. Finally, there are some parents, statistically insignificant but by no means invisible, who have felt sufficiently disenchanted with both State and nonState schools to take it upon themselves to school their children at home. Of those schools which are in the government sector, some still operate under fairly direct central control from their State departments of education, while others are adjusting to policies of decentralisation which put much more decisionmaking power in local hands than was the case a bare decade ago, except in the Australian Capital Territory, which has long operated a powersharing system involving local parents as well as staff. In Victoria, recent legislation has decreed that schoolcommunity councils be set up. Interestingly, some apprehensive teachers union strategists in that State are counselling their members to bid, in their capacity as parents, for places on the councils of the schools their children attend. Their intention, however, is not to promote community involvement but to minimise its effects on what they regard as their professional preserve. In short, answers in the Australian context to the question of control of schools are various and divergent, though debate on their respective efficacy has scarcely been joined. In the present analysis, I propose first to discuss the various constraints operating to complicate the question of control, and then to argue for a general policy which, I will claim, is the one most consistent with education in the kind of democratic and pluralistic society we are actually living in. Determinants of control of schools In broad historical perspective, there is considerable truth in the generalisation that two mainstreams of social theory have competed for supremacy in our understanding of who should control the education of the young. One American writer, James Skillen, describes this as a fundamental ideological conflict between the ClassicalRenaissanceEnlightenment assumption that the primary responsibility for educating citizens lies with the government, and the JudaicChristian affirmation that the primary responsibility and authority for educating children rests with parents.5 Translated into current Australian realities, these ideological legacies have become interlaced. Thus, a secular liberalism emphasising competitive individualism finds an ally in institutional Christianity, which sponsors traditional upper class schooling. By contrast, people of utilitarian and socialist mind find in the social conscience of many Christians, nonconformists in the main, a kindred resolve to press for equity through public provision.6 More recently, a third player has entered the game the trained professional. Decisions in the nineteenth century to make schooling universal and compulsory led to a voracious demand for teachers which could only be met by formalising what the community expected of teachers into schedules for mass teacher training. The thinking at the time was that this new force would rescue the poor from exploitative parents. From this pragmatic beginning a profession has evolved with a recognised body of expertise and a strong sense of occupational solidarity. Teachers, like workers in a number of other helping professions, have developed a masonry which cherishes its own professional secrets, tending to despise the lay person and be jealous of its jurisdiction over the client in this case, the pupil. These three parents, teachers, and governments via civil servants are the obvious players. Others also, however, have an impact on school practice. In particular, employers and institutions of higher education are highly visible players. Both have a major interest in the products of schooling, and both can be relied upon to criticise the product. The amount of direct access they have to educational decisionmaking varies from State to State, but since upon them depends the absorption of the school graduate into productive postschool activity, their power to influence policy is considerable. And then there are more shadowy influences, which, according to some theories, are more potent than the visible players, having macroeffects on both the school system and the players themselves. Marxiststyle analyses, for example, identify largescale class factors at work in society, leading to the domination of the body politic by a ruling elite which reinforces its values and wishes through such processes as economic management, the ownership of property and other assets, and the manipulation of conditions affecting the workforce, the health services, and schools.7 Traditional church schools, according to this kind of analysis, are to be seen less as the agents of religious ideology than as the reinforcers of social privilege, while State schools, and the whole paraphernalia of graded assessment, combine to provide industry with the submissive labour force it needs and to promote a consumer mentality which will keep the economy turning over.8 Such analyses are often circular, in that they provide a form of discourse which can absorb all objections by turning them into rationalisations which make the objection fit the model. That the mode of discourse renders the theory unfalsifiable, however, does not absolve us from taking seriously the intuition that broader social patterns and ideologies do affect the operation of schools, and some generalisations typical of this approach can be confirmed by empirical evidence. Social forces do, at least to some extent, mould and constrain us. In this connection, however, David Wardle advanced the thesis some years ago that though public schooling in the last two hundred years has been strongly motivated by social engineering objectives, it has nevertheless outflanked its designers by creating a more critical and informed populace than existed before. Wardle, while recognising the plausibility of criticisms advanced by writers such as Ivan Illich, and while acknowledging the potential of schools to oppress the disadvantaged and reinforce class distinctions, argues that, even so, schooling has had an inescapably liberalising effect on society as a whole. Granted, he says, that school authorities in nineteenth century England often perceived their role to be that of defenders of the status quo, one of the main results of their efforts was to raise their pupils levels of aspiration, while they conspicuously failed to prevent them from questioning the social and political establishment.9 Something similar can be said of those products of religious schooling a not inconsiderable number who have turned away from the faith which nurtured them. This last point is a belated reminder that there is yet another player in the educational policy game, often overlooked though clearly visible the pupil. Human learners are not totally bounded by the rules their elders make for them. They possess the potential to be selfdetermining, even if the conditions for the exercise of this capacity are so unfavourable that the only way they can do so is by resisting, either passively or subversively, the process to which they are being subjected.10 Conversely, much research suggests that teaching is more likely to be successful where the learner has had a meaningful say in the determination of the things to be learnt and the methods to be used.11 And thirdly, merely as human beings, children have rights that are easily overlooked. There are several other agents also who may be perceived to have, or want, some say in the operation of schools. The main players may be represented as lying somewhere between the three vertices of Figure The structural pull The figure suggests that answers to the question of control are constrained by three general factors the Personal, the Ideational, and the Structural. In these terms, we can interpret Skillen as saying that the pull to the Personal is particularly indebted to the Judaic and Christian influences in our Western heritage. It might then seem plausible, perhaps, to attribute to Hellenistic influence the pull towards the Ideational, and to Latin i.e. Roman influence the pull towards the Structural. This would, however, be overly simplistic, even as a historical deduction. In addition, it must also be weighed against a new phenomenon the mass industrial society, networked into a global economy. This applies its own additional pull towards Structural priorities and solutions. When issues of school control are discussed at this level, the usual tendency is to concentrate on secondary education, since it interfaces with both employment and further education. But it is almost more interesting at the present time to see what is happening to the primary school. The education of the child begins in the intensely personal setting of the home and, increasingly, the child care centre. Primary schooling brings the outside world into the childs life, but in a gradual way which fulfils the expectation that the primary school will act to some extent in loco parentis. In many countries, primary schools have had great freedom in recent times to adjust their expectations to the needs of the actual children who come to them, refracted through the professional judgment of their teachers. Typically, therefore, primary schools have until recently been strongly oriented to individual development. Thus the Plowden Report in England, with its recommendations for greater freedom in learning, was not so much a new proposal for English primary schools as a validation of what the best of them were already doing. Significantly, that same report is now under heavy criticism as the Thatcher Governments policies begin to bite.12 In particular, the 1988 Education Reform Act has decreed that there will be a national curriculum in the core areas and national testing at ages 7 and 13 This swing towards greater strucutural uniformity even between primary schools has been justified as giving English children more equal access to education and better portability of studies between schools, but it also reflects a marketdriven ideology of achievement in the national interest, leading to plans to make schooling fit better into economic strucures.

Privatisation refers to the unclear transfer of production or unclear assets from the public sector to the private sector. This may be achieved via asset sales or the contracting out of publicly financed goods services to the private sector. Over the last few decades there has been an increasing trend towards prov privatisation. unclear This is because a there has been low economic growth in most oecd countries, with large budget deficits. Running a budget deficit is no longer viewed so positively as stimulatory to macroeconomic policy. As a result, many oecd governments have ha sold public assets to give a try reduce their budget deficits b Government intervention is now being viewed as less necessary not as efficient as private production c there has been a return to classical thinking with its approach to freer markets with less government intervention. The arguments against privatisation are as follows 1 It is believed privatisation would lead to increased costs prices. This is due to the fact that public production is not required to include a profit margin in the final price. However, private production does require that the final price is made up of the costs of production plus a profit margin eg diagram As a result of the transfer of production to the private sector, costs should increase due to the inclusion of the profit margin required. In practice this may not always occur as efficiencies may make the cost of production cheaper before the profit margin is included. 2 Unemployment may result from privatisation. Production processes may be rationalised become more efficient or capital intensive resulting in a loss of employment. 3 Privatisation may also result in an increase in private monopolies with larger firms creating barriers to entry for new firms restricting trade. The arguments for privatisation are 1 there is increased efficiency competition created. It is argued that public sector employees are subject to rigid labour practices, have limited management autonomy revenue raising ability. as the option of issuing shares to raise funds is not available. Private production theoretically leads to more efficient production processes 2 Privatisation also means that there is less government intervention in the markets. Less regulation freer marketsmore responsive to innovations competition would result. 3 There would be an increase in share ownership from privatisation. The sale of an asset through a share issue often raises means that the employees own part of the company. This can give them a vested interest in the performance of the company provide incentives for further efficiencies. 4 Finally, privatisation can help reduce budget deficits. This is only a short term solution but the funds from a sale of a publicly owned asset can be directed towards reducing the deficit. The issue of privatisation is very relevant to Australia today Certain arguments for privatisation apply to Australia but needs to be implemented in a timely coordinated matter rather than as an ad hoc firesale. The issue of increased efficiency is important because Australia has had several large companies privatised over the last few years, eg the Commonwealth Bank cba Government Insurance Office gio. Such asset sales mean that these enterprises are subject to more accountability scrutiny. Both are listed on the stock exchange are thus required by the Aus As Australian Securities Commission to provide detailed accounts in their company reports. They are also under further scrutiny are required to achieve a predetermined return on equity unclear. They have a greater responsibility unclear to their shareholders now tenet to maintain their market share value. As such there is a large strong push towards further efficiencies increasing production techniques market share, especially in the cba. These companies asset stock exchange listings has also facilitated staff share schemes. Staff unclear now unclear have incentives to see the companies perform well as they are their own funds are invested in them. Finally The funds raised from these sales have certainly been a fiscal bonus to the Federal Government which has been able to use the funds to relieve the pressure on the budget deficit finance other objectives. However as in the case with the cba, privatisation may lead to a reassessment of the objectives direction consequently a rationalisation particularly of staff. Therefore, the issue of privatisation is very applicable to Australia as it can increase our economys efficiency, the motivation of our workers relieve pressure on the budget deficit were running. However, the time for these asset sales tendering out of contracts must be carefully chosen. In the current situation of such high unemployment, privatisation may well be discouraged temporarily if unclear job losses may result. unclear In summary, each privatisation issue needs to be looked at in isolation its costs benefits weighed up. It may bring many benefits to the economy if it is done in a timely, organised manner not as an an ad hoc reaction to public pressure or overseas trends. Qu 4 The American economist Laffer theorised that increases in marginal Tax Rates mtrs reduce peoples incentives to work. He believed that tax unclear killed taxation. diagram According to Laffer w tax revenue increased with the tax rate at a decreasing rate. Revenue reached an optimum maximum level at the point C which related to an optimal level of taxation Past the point C, the same tax revenue could be achieved with a lower taxation rate, for example BD. He believed that in 1978 the United States was in the position x, past C. As a result he argued marginal tax rates should in fact be reduced in order to increase tax revenue. In theory, this relationship is very plausible, however 1 in practice it is very difficult to determine where a country is on the Laffer curve 2 empirical results havent supported the theory. Therefore In summary, Laffer would have believed that increased mtrs reduced work incentives resulting in decreased revenue raised. As stated, this has not been proved empirically so it seems that there are some offsetting occurrences Modern economy theory states that increases in mtrs will have both disincentives to work as well as incentives. Firstly Disincentives It is believed that increases in mtrs will result in disincentives to work due to the following a the substitution effect This relates the to the theory that workers will examine the extra pay they receive for working longer hours. If they decide that it isnt worth it value their leisure time more, there is a disincentive to work. ie increases to mtrs, create a workleisure tradeoff. This really only applies to people who can adjust their work hours, such as the selfemployed or people with second jobs. b unemployment benefits may be attractive enough for people not to work anymore. If the tax rates go up, people may leave the workforce live on unemployment benefits increase their leisure hours. This is a rational decision. c It is believed that in people with an inelastic labour supply curve, such as women, will be greatly affected by changes in the tax rates withdraw from the labour force. This is not supported empirically. The countervailing arguments say that the tax increases will not affect work incentives for the following reasons a people work for nonpecuniary reasons such as power, job satisfaction etc. Their decision to work is n not greatly dependent on their wage therefore their tax rates. b increased taxes may increase the cost of living for families. In a twoperson family with only one working, the other may be forced into the labour market to gain further income so maintain the families standard of living c The income effect may also mean increases in tax rates force people to work more. This is based on the idea that people need to achieve a set after tax income in order to meet financial commitments. If the tax rate rises, the people have to work more to reach this required after tax income. All of the previous points outline the effects of an increase in marginal tax rates. It appears that the income effect offsets the substitution effect but whether overall an increase in marginal tax rates increases the incentive to work is not known. However, empirical us studies have found 1 that the primary earner is affected this includes breadwinners singles in full time employment who have no choice but to work more to supportfa However, this is dissipated by the fact that 2 Secondary workers, such as wives, not working or on a parttime basis, arent affected. Therefore, Taxation revenue shouldnt increase as a result of increased mtrs. Increased avoidance evasion would be created occur in an attempted to reduce tax liabilities the basis of Laffers theory The income effect offsets the substitution effect as previously stated so any further revenue gained from the workers under the income effect would be offset by the workers who substitute unclear leisure fro for work withdraw from the labour force. Overall, there shouldnt be any substantial effect either way. Qu 7 Currently, Australia has many different types of outlay taxes. These include retail sales taxes, wholesale sales taxes excise duties. All have severe problems as they are distortionary inefficient. Sales taxes have many exemptions, wholesale sales taxes have various rates a narrow base while excise duties are focussed on several goods such as alcohol cigarettes. unclear Due to having a number of taxes with various bases assessment procedures, the revenue raising unclear from outlay taxes is a complex procedure. The introduction of a broadbased consumption tax would replace all the others with the one comprehensive tax. An example of a broad based consumption tax is a valueadded tax or goods services tax. At lea each stage of production, the producer would invoice the person he sells the good to with the rate amount applicable to the value he added at his stage of production. Hed then receive a credit for the valueadded tax paid on the input. As such, each stage of production wouldnt end up paying any tax until the final consumer arrow who cant pass the tax on to anyone. Having briefly described what Ideally, there would be no exemptions to the tax there would be just the one rate applied. In practice, both these conditions may not occur. Having briefly described what a broadbased consumption tax is, I will now examine its benefits Firstly, as already indicated it is a much more efficient form of taxation. This is the only irrefutable argument in favour of a broad based consumption tax bbct. It replaces many more specific type taxes with one overall tax. It is also nondistortionary unclear the mix of taxes result in effects on work practices production process whereas the one rate overall wouldnt affect economic decision making so much. Secondly, it has simplicity aspects. Once introduced, ideally with a single rate no exceptions, the compliance costs are low. Initially, there may be some administrative costs with new accounting procedures required however, this sould only be at the onset. After this, compliance should be easy relatively cost free. Even if the single rate no exceptions wasnt achieved, the simp gains from the simplicity would still exist, though to a lesser extent. Thirdly, avoidance evasion would be reduced. Currently, wholesales sales taxes creates a great deal of avoidance evasion as the tax is levied on turnover at 3 rates levels. As such it requires that records are maintained accurately sales arent understated. A bbct would reduce the ability to evade or avoid tax due to the recording procedures. The steps in the production processes are known if valueadded isnt included, no credit for the taxed on the inputs is gained. Thus, due to the increased standard of recordkeeping incentive to declare production in order to claim credits, avoidance evasion would be reduced.

Chapter TwentyOne NATURE HAD DEALT Lilian a nasty blow in making her a female, but I was not going to be cheated of her. She was a chip off the old block in every respect but one, and I was going to make sure that one flaw did not spoil the rest of her. The first rule that I had made, which had caused Norah to sulk over her embroidery for days on end, was that Lilian was to have no dolls until she could read Mackies Primer, and the rule had paid off she had been a precociously early reader. I kept a close eye on the books that came into the house for her. She had to be allowed to open and look at the ones given on her birthdays by Kristabel and Mother, but I made sure that accidents happened to happen to all those winsome little pink and white books why should my daughters mind be wilted with pap So they were accidentally left out in the rain, or taken on picnics and accidentally left behind, or accidentally fell down behind the chesterfield. In their place I supplied the things that were worthy of her mind, the same things that had equipped my own the sum of mans knowledge lay at her fingertips on the shelves of her room. There was the Encyclopedia, there was the Dictionary, there was even the Bible, for although I discouraged God, I felt that an educated person should know who Noah was. There were Great Men of History, Man the Masterpiece, Men of Science there were the books on birds, insects, mammals, steam engines, levers, the circulation of the blood, the countries of the world, their principal exports, their mean annual rainfall and, of course, the matched sets of classics Milton, Dickens, and Byron. The Byron had been a cause of open conflict between Norah and myself. Norah knew a few lines from Byron, had charmed me, in fact, by quoting somebody or others declaration of love, from some poem or other, when we were courting, that day in the Gardens. It was only long after we were married that I had discovered that those few pretty lines were not a small sample of Norahs literary accomplishment, but the entire stock. Some nicely illustrated childrens book, perhaps, Albion, she had urged. Surely she is a little young for Byron. I had looked at her fidgeting with her embroidery, unable to tell me what she really thought not simply that Byron was full of long words, but other objections she knew I would have no patience with. Byron is rude, she was probably thinking. Byron is full of things that are not a bit nice. There was a particular thing she did with her nose when she thought unpleasantness might be arising, and she did this thing with her nose now. When I was a girl I had a lovely leatherbound Gems from the Poets, Albion. Just highlights, you know, much more suitable for her age. I gave her a look which caused her to shrivel somewhat. Yes, Norah, I said, with an exaggerated show of patience. I am sure it was just the ticket for you. But no daughter of mine is going to be offered mere emasculated fragments. Norah did not answer this, but went on sipping her tea and smoothing the fine hairs on her forearm. She was not good at much, but she had entirely mastered the art of sulking. diamonds It was a great satisfaction to watch my daughters mind develop along the correct lines. Like her father, she came to love a list. Rivers of Australia, Clockwise, she would announce, strike a pose, and launch herself. Oceans of the World. Parts of the Body in Alphabetical Order. Her father always applauded heartily, the more so for knowing that Norah did not care to hear about intestines over dinner. Like her father, she relished the lovely definiteness of numbers. Lilian, I would say, a human body, if baked until all moisture is evaporated, is reduced in weight as 1 to 10 a body that weighs 100 pounds living, will weigh how much when dry Her eyes would brighten with the chance to impress me, and she would stare at the wall above my head she had never been allowed to count on her fingers until, usually with an unfortunate blurt of overeager spittle, she came up with the answer. She had quickly grown out of her first little table and chair, and for her ninth birthday I bought her a proper desk and chair for her room, plus a desklamp the twin of my own. As I sat in my own study, with my silver lady beaming her light down on my page, it gave me great pleasure to know that, in her room, Lilian was sitting at her own desk with just the same glow on her page. She had the best pen that Singer Enterprises could supply Miss Cunningham had been quite flustered, blushing all over her pretty little neck, going through the nibs with Mr Singers daughter, as she had gone through them the week before in the stockroom with Mr Singer, and had had a little discussion with him later on but she had made sure that Lilian came away with the very best. In the drawers of her desk lay reams of best bond and bottles of best India, rubberbands, paperclips, manila folders nothing would come between my daughter and the cultivation of her mind. I did not permit flimflam of a purely decorative nature, so on her dressingtable were none of the frilly little things that adorned her mothers there were no china ballerinas here, or blownglass pussycats, or lace trimmed pincushions embroidered with pansies. Instead there was her plaster model of the brain, her bottled taipan, and her collection of lead soldiers. I had come up against certain ingrained difficulties on the subject of the soldiers. Her set was the one I had had as a boy, supplemented by new Boer War issue, and it was a beauty. However, it had taken me quite a time to teach Lilian how to play with it properly. At first she had been inclined to treat the soldiers rather as if they were dolls I would come in and find them leaning up together to drink tea out of a thimble, or on their backs under a handkerchief being put to bed. Teaching her was not easy, but I persisted. I supplied her with new forts and model landscapes but it was when I found some corpses and puddles of brightred blood that I got her interested. Finally she got the hang of it, and she even learned to do a rather snorty version of my own cannonnoise. diamonds Over the years I had got into the habit of coming up to her room after dinner to check on how she was getting along. On a particular night soon after her tenth birthday, I came in as usual, but instead of turning to me with a glad smile, and some amazing fact about aardvarks, she jumped when I came in behind her. Oh Father she gasped. I did not hear you come in, and was it my imagination, or was there reproach in her voice, as if she thought I should have knocked at the door Her fluster made me suspicious, but the things on her desk spoke only of innocent intellectual endeavour. Her geometry set was spread out, although I saw with disapproval that she was not trying out problems from the Euclid I had got her, but using the compasses to draw symmetrical flowers and colouring them in with her mapping inks. She made a move as if to cover her work with her arm, as well she might, wasting her time on mere decoration, but I jerked her arm away, off the desk. Something flew out from under the silly flower, and fell on the floor a book that sprawled facedown, buckling like a thing in pain. Even as I bent to pick it up, I could tell from her stiffness that it was something forbidden. Strictly speaking, it was not something forbidden. Norahs romances were so entirely vapid, so utterly silly, so completely lacking in merit, that it had never occurred to me to forbid them to Lilian. Yet here it was Lo, the Dawn is Breaking, open at chapter twentyseven How Strong Were His Arms. Lilian, how dare you read this tripe I demanded. I thought I had taught you to know better. And sneakily How dare you I suspended the flaccid little book by thumb and forefinger and stared down at her face, turned up to mine in the lamplight. She should have hung her head, should have been ashamed, should have mumbled something apologetically, regretfully, remorsefully. Instead she answered back very pertly, But why not, Father Mother said it would be all right. Ah, it was that woman behind it, undermining me at every turn Ignorant, illogical, bigoted and credulous, with a brain which had made sheer stupidity into an artform But ah, she was cunning, too, in a low animal way cunning enough to know how to seduce Lilian away from me, and to make her as silly and sentimental as herself. How dare you answer me back like that I exclaimed God Almighty, how quickly the rot had set in but she stared very saucily and said, I am not answering back, Father, just answering your question, and for an instant on her fat red face I saw the same smug expression I saw on Norahs when she thought she had floored me. It had always sickened me to punish Lilian, because I knew it was her triumph, not mine I could spank till my arm ached, starve her till she was as pale as paper, confiscate her best books I could do all this, yet I was impotent in the face of her impenetrable female will. She had long known the power of silence, and had many times endured being sent to bed at three in the afternoon through some enraging refusal to confess, or explain, or simply speak when spoken to. Where had such strength come from It was true that I myself was a man of iron will. But as a child, I had been fearful of punishment, and sly in devising ways to avoid it a small chronic fear like an ache had hung over my childhood. I had taught myself strength as another man might have taught himself ballroomdancing, had learned strength as a way of dealing with my weakness. But Lilian seemed to have been born with unbreakable will it was not something she needed to learn. How had such a fearless spark of a child sprung from between the glass of water of her mother and the hollow drum of her father Lilian, I roared, and heard my voice around the room. Lilian, how dare you In theory I did not believe it necessary to strike women, but I struck Lilian now. In a passion of outrage I slapped her so hard that she fell off her chair, knocking her plaster model of the human brain down with her to the floor. The plaster broke, but not my fat daughter, who lay under me, breathing loudly as I freed layer after layer the pinafore, the skirt, the white bloomers, and there at last was her dimpled white buttockflesh, quivering under my hands. There There There There I could not prevent myself braying with each sound of my flesh against hers, and when at last I stopped, the room continued to pulse with the echo of my cries. What indignation and pain she feigned then She roared and shrieked, wailed and wept and provoked me into slapping her more. On the cool whiteness of my daughters buttocks, the marks of my hand were as pink as a peach. When I stopped, she fell silent and stared at me from under her untidy hair with a pout that seemed to invite more of the same.

Productivity of Cattle under Coconuts H. M. Shelton Abstract In contrast to many other plantation crops, permanent integration of cattle under coconuts is feasible because of the open canopy characteristics of coconuts. Factors such as soil type, fertilizer strategy and stocking rate affect animal productivity, and liveweight gains are reduced in plantations with low light transmission. Liveweight gains are enhanced by the planting of improved forages, particularly legumes. Longterm gains are enhanced by the planting of improved forages, particularly legumes. Longterm sustainability of improved pastures under coconuts will depend on the use of grasses, which will not only persist under low light and regular grazing but will keep pastures relatively free from the ingress of weeds. A unique quality of coconuts, compared to most other plantation crops, is that they can be intercropped on a semipermanent basis. Unlike rubber and oil palm, the light environment under coconuts is relatively constant and bright over the life of the crop which can be as long as 60 80 years. It is therefore possible to establish a permanent pasture and animal husbandry infrastructure and to develop a stable beef production enterprise with a consistent output of animal product. Only during the very early life of new coconut plantations less than5 years will grazing cattle damage the young palms Reynolds 1988. In order to successfully develop a coconutbeef enterprise, a knowledge of the costs of inputs and value of returns is required so that detailed planning can be undertaken, especially if outside finance is required. While development costs of pastures under coconuts are likely to be similar to that for pastures planted in full sunlight, the levels of beef production obtained under coconuts may be somewhat less as the productivity and persistence of pastures will be modified by a reduced light environment. The objective of this paper is therefore to review the data available on levels of beef production under coconuts and to estimate the influence of the reduced light environment on productivty and sustainability. Productivity Levels A summary of liveweight gain data obtained under coconuts is given in Table Animal productivity varied from a low of 44kgha Manidool 1983 to a high of 505 kgha Rika et al. 1981 this variation was associated with a number of Management and environmental differences across the locations although the relative influence of these is difficult to assess. There was variation in light transmission, pasture species planted, soil type, fertilizer strategy, and stocking rate employed. These are now discussed. Plantation palm density, and therefore light transmission, was clearly an important factor as liveweight gains were highest in the more open plantations where forages received the highest percentage of ambient radiation Table 1. A comparison of the productivity of shaded and fullsun pastures is possible in Solomon Islands where grazing trials were conducted concurrently in the two light environments on similarly fertile soils although at different locations. The mean optimum stocking rates and maximum liveweight gain per ha over three years and for several pasture types were 0 cattleha and 467 kgha for fullsun pastures Watson and Whiteman 1981a, and 7 cattleha and 352 kgha for pastures under coconuts Watson and Whiteman 1981b. The species present in understorey forages was also important. Both Reynolds 1981 and Manidool 1983 demonstrated substantial improvement in liveweight gain from improved over natural forages indicating the desirability of replacing natural with improved forages for maximum animal production. Although this conclusion was apparently not supported by the results of some other studies Robinson 1981 Watson and Whiteman 1981b Smith and Whiteman 1985, in all these cases there was a substantial proportion of naturalised legume in the pasture which clearly improved its quality for grazing animals. The importance of legumes to pasture quality under coconuts was demonstrated in Vanuatu where low liveweight gains were reported for animals grazing pure Stenotaphrum secundatum buffalo grass pastures Macfarlane and Shelton 1986. Subsequent measurements of liveweight gains of smallholder cattle grazing buffalo grass containing the naturalised legumes Desmodium canum and Vigna hosei showed average gains of 7 kgheadday over a 100day measurement period B. Mullen, pers. comm. 1990. Stocking rate was also an important variable in animal production although only four of the experiments reported comparative liveweight gain data obtained at different stocking rates. These were analysed using the stocking rate model of Jones and Sandland 1974, as follows liveweight gainhead abx, and liveweight gainha axbx2, where x stocking rate a yaxis intercept b slope and a2b the optimum stocking rate. In interpreting these models, it is emphasised that the optimum stocking rates calculated are simply the points at which liveweight gain per ha is maximised over the period of the experiment, and do not necessarily represent the optimum stocking rate where pasture persistence andor economic returns are maximised. Extrapolation and interpretation of results much beyond the measured points should be done with caution. Figures 1 4 demonstrate the importance of stocking rate effects on liveweight gain per ha and per head. Highest liveweight gains per ha were obtained in Bali at an optimum stocking rate of 7 cattleha in an open stand of coconuts Fig. 1, Table 2. Intermediate levels were measured in Solomon Islands Fig. 2 and 3, Table 2, whilst productivity was lowest in the experiment reported from Thailand Fig. 4, Table 1. Some care is needed when interpreting the data from Bali as calculated optimums were outside the actual stocking rates employed Rika et al. 1981. As previously mentioned, productivity was clearly associated with light transmission which was highest in the Bali experiment and lowest in the Thailand experiment. Other aspects of the productivity relationships were less clearcut. The intercept values a, which indicate the liveweight gains of cattle at very low stocking rates and therefore reflect the quality of pastures, were highest in Solomon Islands experiments Table 2. This may have been due to the higher legume contents of these pastures in Solomon Islands compared to the Bali and Thailand trials. On the other hand, the slope b of the regression line, which reflects the ability of pastures to maintain liveweight gain as stocking rate increases, was similar for the Solomon Islands and Thailand experiments range of 6 to 2 but much lower in the Bali experiment. This latter result may have been due the replacement of the sown grasses by more grazingtolerant grasses which were able to maintain animal productivity even at high stocking rates Table 2 Rika et al. 1981. Sustainability of Production The potential for sustainable animal production was given as one of the advantages of integration of cattle under coconuts compared with other plantation crops. However, in three of the four longterm studies quoted, the original sown grasses either did not persist or were greatly reduced as a component of the pastures Table 2. Sown grasses tended to be replaced by more grazingtolerant grass species such as Cynodon dactylon in Bali Rika et al. 1981 and Axonopus compressusSome of the sown legumes were initially more persistent than the grasses e.g. Centrosema pubescens but declined with time with a concomitant increase in naturalised legumes such as Mimosa pudica Watson and Whiteman 1981b. These studies demonstrate that persistent grasses are required to ensure that forage systems are sustainable. The control of unpalatable weed infestation in pastures under coconuts is another key aspect of sustainability of production Steel, 1977, and can be related to both level of management and vigour of pastures. Good management may involve not only correct choice of pasture species to plant, but also judicious weeding of intractable weed species, fertilizer application to forages on poorer soils, and control of stocking rates to maintain vigorous pastures. A survey of 610yearold Batiki pastures Ischaemum aristatum on Malaita Island in Solomon Islands showed an average weed content of 50 and a range up to 70 depending on the adequacy of weed management and light transmission Litscher and Whiteman 1982. Weed infestations were higher under lower light conditions, indicating the need for vigorous and persistent species tolerant of lower light levels. It is clear that nonvigorous grasses such as para grass Brachiaria mutica were associated with high weed content Reynolds 1980, while vigorous stoloniferous species such as buffalo grass showed low weed contents and therefore greater sustainability Macfarlane and Shelton 1986. Conclusions It can be seen that animal production varies among plantations with liveweight gains influenced by a number of factors, particularly incident light levels. Productivity is highest in open plantations where light transmission is highest. Animal performance is enhanced by the planting of improved forages and particularly by the presence of legumes in the pasture. However, longterm sustainability of production will depend on the use of species which will not only persist under grazing but maintain sufficient vigour to keep pastures relatively free of weeds. In the past, studies have shown that grass species have been less persistent than legumes. The reasons for this are not well understood. New species are required which are adapted to the lower light regime of coconut plantations and are able to persist under regular defoliation. Compatible legumes will be a prerequisite if high liveweight gains are to be achieved. Review of Forage Resources in Plantation Crops of Southeast Asia and the Pacific W.W.Stuulautr and H.M.Shelton Abstract Vast tracts of land in plantations in Southeast Asia and the Pacific sustain the growth of naturally occurring forages. The productivity of these forages under grazing is generally low, but most are persistent and well adapted to the local environmental and management conditions. No species is productive at light levels of less than 30 because of the limited production potential at lowlight environments. In plantations with light transmissions of 3050, species such as Axonopus compressus, Stenotaphrum secundatum, Ischaemum aristatum and Desmodium heterophyllum are successful. At light levels higher than 50,the more productive introduced species warrant consideration. A greater range of species is required which will persist and suppress weeds at moderate light intensities and low management levels. A brief description of the principal species currently used for forage supply in plantation crops is given. PLANTATION tree crops do not intercept all incoming light and consequently there is scope for the growth of natural vegetation or the cultivation of other useful introduced species. From an animal production point of view, understorey natural vegetation can be divided into species which are eaten by ruminants and those which are unpalatable. In this context, the latter will be referred to as weeds while the eaten species will be called forages. Undoubtedly, many plantation managers would use a different definition of the term weed. The vast majority of available land in coconut, rubber and oil palm plantations is occupied by naturally occurring species. However, there are considerable areas of planted cover crops and very limited areas of planted forages. This article describes the environment in which the three major plantation types coconut, rubber and oil palm occur, discusses the adaption and value of the most frequently encountered naturally occurring and sown forage species, and reviews the potential for making best use of existing forage resources in plantation crops. Distribution and Habitat of Plantation Crops The climatic and edaphic requirements of rubber and oil palm Purseglove 1968, 1972 are somewhat similar, while coconut has different requirements Table 1. Rubber and oil palm are grown mainly in the lowlands of the humid tropics, with high rainfall and no or only short dry seasons. While these crops can be grown on a wide range of soils they are usually found on acidic soils of low fertility. Coconut, on the other hand, is grown chiefly along coastal belts in areas with an annual rainfall of 13002600 mm. Long dry periods are detrimental but can be tolerated where there is a good ground water supply. Long sunshine hours are required for high productivity. Coconut is grown on less acidic soils than rubber and oil palm, and is often found on alkaline and saline soils. The fertility of coconut soils varies from fertile volcanic soils to infertile coralline sands. The latter soils may be deficient in potassium Macfarlane and Shelton 1986 and iron Gutteridge 1978. The root distribution of coconut and oil palm is similar with the majority of roots being concentrated within 23m of the trunk Purseglove 1972 Kushwah et al. 1973 Steel and Humphreys 1974, although some laterals occur.

The Lizard of OZ The frillnecked lizard is one of the great symbols of Australia, along with the kangaroo and the koala. But until now little has been known about the lifestyle of this most distinctive animal. TEXT BY RICK SHINE bullet PHOTOGRAPHY BY DAVID CURL SQUINTING in the suns glare, I strained to focus on the small, slender gum tree by the roadside. For the third time Billy Moore pointed at the tiny sapling 10 metres away, and again he spoke Blanket lizard. His patient tone suggested he wasnt in the least surprised to discover I was effectively bushblind, like most nonAboriginal people of his acquaintance. I was discovering how a spectacularly distinctive reptile, measuring almost a metre from nose to tip of tail, can be so beautifully camouflaged as to be almost invisible to the untrained eye. Billy had spotted the blanket lizard, better known to most Australians as the frillnecked lizard, as our fourwheeldrive vehicle lurched along a dusty track about 20 kilometres from the town of Jabiru in Kakadu National Park. Frillnecked lizards frillies for short are predominantly treedwellers and extremely shy. To hide when clinging to a tree trunk, they sidle around it so that only the tips of their slender long toes are visible to a keeneyed observer. In theory, therefore, the easiest way to find a frilly is to look for these toes poking around the tree trunk. In practice its not so easy, especially when bouncing along a bumpy road at 30 kmh. But to the Gagudju people, the bemmung an Aboriginal reference to the folds of skin around its neck is a particularly soughtafter traditional food. Trackers like Billy are extremely adept at toespotting from a distance. The frillnecked lizard, with its huge Elizabethan ruff of loose erectile skin behind its head, is one of the most distinctive animals in the world. It must surely qualify as one of the great symbols of Australia, along with the kangaroo and the koala. For many years it was portrayed on our nowdefunct 2c coin, and toyshops are full of plastic models that have become popular tourist souvenirs, yet until recently noone had researched anything about the ecology and behaviour of this celebrated species. When I began my investigations in 1985, I discovered there was not a single scientific paper on the frillnecks biology. This lack of research is surprising, because frillnecks are common, often abundant, in the tropical savannah and woodlands of northern Australia. They were even found in the suburbs of Brisbane before urban development destroyed their habitat. So why havent they been studied Mostly, it seems, because reptiles in general have attracted far less scientific interest than our warm and cuddly mammals. This is a real pity, because Australias reptiles are every bit as unique and distinctive as our betterknown marsupials. What would we want to know about frillnecks Well, the obvious first question is Why do they have such enormous frills Display structures in the neck region, like skin folds and beards, are widespread among lizards, but no other species has anything even approaching the size of this magnificent ornament. Indeed, the frill must be one of the largest display structures, relative to body size, in any animal species. The frillys threat display is truly impressive. The lizard stands on its hind legs, gapes widely to reveal some very impressive teeth, and erects its large frill by means of Ushaped bones in the throat region. This complex combination of bone and cartilage works rather like the spokes of an umbrella. The frill itself can extend to be larger than a dinner plate, covering a diameter more than four times the width of the lizards body. The combined effect of this display is enough to startle any observer. While theres no doubt that the frill is used as a threat display to deter attacks, can this be its only function Its been suggested that it works as a parachute, allowing the lizard to glide from trees, or that it channels sound into the creatures ears, improving its hearing. Others speculate that the frills folds are used to store food, or to aid body temperature control, acting either as a parasol, a solar panel or a heatdissipating structure, like an elephants ears. Even without their frills these lizards are interesting, and there are other questions to ask about their natural history, the answers to which may, in the long run, prove vital in planning conservation policies for this remarkable species. I hope frillneck numbers remain high, but their disappearance from southern Queensland over the past 30 years suggests that we need to keep a close eye on their wellbeing. Should we ever need to plan frillneck reserves, well need to know what habitats they use, what they eat, when they reproduce, how many eggs they produce, how far they roam, and why they apparently disappear during the dry season, reappearing only at the onset of the wetseason monsoons. My involvement with frillnecks began in a roundabout way. I had researched the ecology of southern Australian reptiles especially snakes for many years, but my first visit to the Northern Territory was in 1982, when a government environmental agency, the Office of the Supervising Scientist OSS, offered me a research consultancy to study file snakes and goannas in Kakadu National Park. Kakadu is a very exciting place for any herpetologist, and it was all I could do to concentrate my efforts on the few species that were the subject of the consultancy. I promised myself I would return for a closer look at some of the other remarkable reptiles that inhabit the Top End. The frillnecked lizard was top of my list. These magnificent creatures would regularly hurtle across the bush tracks in front of our vehicles, scurrying on their hind legs to the safety of the nearest tree. There, however, they could be lassoed with the aid of a cord attached to a 6 m fibreglasspole and gently brought to the ground. After Billy Moores instruction course, I also became quite competent at spotting frillies clinging to small trees. Research assistant Rob Lambeck and I captured about 40 frillnecks during the two years of my consultancy. We weighed and measured them and flushed their stomachs with water to examine their diet, which consisted mainly of caterpillars, ants, termites, beetles and other insects. One stomach contained an estimated 1250 flying ants Incredibly, all the lizards we caught were adult males not a single female or juvenile was seen. Its not unusual to get highly skewed sex ratios when collecting reptile, especially during the mating season, but this seemed extreme. We spent many hours speculating on where all the females might be. Clearly, I would have to try to solve such puzzles. With grants from the Australian Geographic Society and the University of Sydney, and support from the OSS and Pancontinental Mining Ltd, we returned to Kakadu on three occasions in 1985, 1986 and Rob and I prepared for our field work by examining all of the preserved specimens of frillnecks in the research collections of the Northern Territory Museum and the Australian Museum. We got permission to disect them so we could examine their stomach contents and reproductive organs. We studied almost 200 specimens, and a few general points began to emerge. Frillies are highly seasonal breeders, the males testes enlarging late in the Dry and females probably laying two or possibly three clutches of eggs, one late in the Dry NovemberDecember and any further clutches during the Wet FebruaryMarch. The clutches consist of 415 eggs, with the larger clutches being produced by the larger females. Male frillnecks grow much bigger averaging over 250mm from snout to vent than the females, which average around 200mm. Our plan for that first field season was simple. We would observe the animals during their mating season, at the very end of the dry season, in November and December. Knowing the lizards would be shy and wary, we decided to implant miniature radio transmitters in three of them, each transmitter about the size of the cap on a ball point pen and weighing 15 grams, which is 26 per cent of the frillnecks body weight. This would enable us to monitor their movements and the manner in which they used various habitat. We could then watch their activity from a distance so they wouldnt be disturbed. Unfortunately, three things went wrong on that first trip. First, we still couldnt find any female frillies. Second, the weather was against us without regular rain, the frillies stopped most of their activity and third, observing them in the field was more difficult than wed expected. Instead of us watching them, they watched us Even if we moved so far away that they were difficult to observe through binoculars, any unwary move by us brought an immediate reaction from the lizards. Their eyesight must be phenomenal, and clearly we werent witnessing natural behaviour. The lizards stayed high in their trees, only descending to change trees after we had left. We never saw any of our three monitored lizards erect their frills for any reason. The solution was obvious we needed to use hides so the lizards couldnt see us. When Rob and I returned to Kakadu in 1986, we had an extra helper zoologist Tony Pople plus three folding stools and three small portable hessian hides, each just large enough to conceal one of us sitting inside, peering through small slits. This time everything worked perfectly. Light rain every day or two kept the lizards active, and we eventually caught more than Best of all, eight were females We implanted transmitters in six males and five females and began to observe them in earnest. It was soon obvious that wed planned it right and arrived in the middle of the mating season. On the first day of observation Tony located one of the wired males lying beside another male, as if they had fallen together from a tree. He watched them engage in a vigorous battle, displaying their frills at each other before charging with mouths agape to wrestle with interlocked jaws. From the outset of my work with frillnecks Id noticed that many males had badly damaged jaws. Sometimes the lower jawbone was snapped cleanly in half. Jawwrestling was the only likely reason for such terrible injuries. Recent studies on fossil water dragons from Riversleigh in northwestern Queensland had revealed one beautifully preserved lower jawbone with a healed fracture. My guess is that the fracture was due to jawwrestling, which means Australian male dragon lizards, the family group to which the frillneck belongs, must have been fighting like this for 15 million years The hides worked perfectly, with the lizards ignoring us as long as we remained quiet. Rob saw a male erect his frill several time, apparently in some kind of territorial display. After the weeks of frustration the previous year, it seemed we might finally be able to solve some of the mysteries that had intrigued us for so long. At first light the next morning, we were spread out in the woodland, crouched inside our hides as usual, eagerly waiting for the lizards to begin their morning activities. I had chosen to watch an unmonitored male we had found, but not disturbed, the day before. It wasnt long before the first rays of sunshine brought him down from the canopy to bask on the trunk of a small tree. Suddenly, he began lashing his powerful tail against the trunk, making a sound that could be heard for at least 20m. Then he pushed his body away from the trunk with stiff front legs and began bobbing. With each bob, he partly opened his mouth and began displaying his frill in a most impressive way. This frillwaving reminded me of soldiers waving a flag at the enemy. Clearly, territorial display was one function of the frill. The more I thought about it, the more it made sense. The frill is waved to let other males know that a particular area has been claimed.

LETTERHEAD 3RD SEPTEMBER, 1990 BRANCH CIRCULAR 9014 Dear Secretary, WOULD YOU PLEASE READ OUT AT YOUR NEXT MEETING Please note that the Closing Date for Nominations for Director and Notices of Motion is 00 pm 24th September, There are four places to be filled on the Board this year. Those Directors who are retiring, but who may nominate again if they wish are Mr W.Watt Mr S.Spiby Mr C.Farrugia As well there is the vacancy caused by the resignation of Mr. J. Loveless. I would urge members to give consideration to nominating as a Director. This is a very important period for the Association and Justices of the Peace as a whole. Please give it some thought. INCOME TAX We have received a further assessment from the Taxation Department for Notional Tax for the Years 1989This is for 3,00 due for payment on 30th July, 1990, but deferred until 17th December, 1990, when it will have to be paid in full. Thnk goodness that with the purchase of our own Administration Centre we will eventually see the end of the Income Tax Assessments. The total Income Tax that the Association will have paid out by the end of 1990 will be in the vicinity of 33,000 NO NEED TO READ OUT AT MEETING FOR SECRETARIES AND TREASURERS ONLY The Board of Directors has asked me to notify you that Phone calls on behalf of the Association are to be reimbursed at the rate of 22c as this is the current rate charged by Telecom. Regards, Bev McAppion State Registrar LETTERHEAD BRANCH CIRCULAR 9013 25th September, 1990 Dear Secretary, WOULD YOU PLEASE READ OUT AT YOUR NEXT MEETING ANNUAL MEETING Just a reminder that the Annual Meeting will be held on 24th November, 1990 at 00pm note new time at Woodstock, Church St, Burwood. I hope to see many of you at this Meeting. 1991 FEES The Board of Directors has asked me to advise you that the 1991 Fees are as follows Ordinary Membership 00 Branch 00 HO 00 Retired Membership 00 Branch 00 HO 00 The HusbandWife Membership has been reintroduced for those who agree to receive one Journal in February, May and August. They will have to receive two Journals in November as this one contains the Ballot Paper. The rates are Ordinary Membership HusbandWife 00 Branch 00 HO 00 Retired Membership HusbandWife 00 Branch 00 HO 00 The Board has asked me to point out that the increase in fees is in no way due to the purchase of the Administration Centre as this has been funded from Association Investments plus the loan from Westpac. Our repayments to Westpac are less than the rent would be at the Burwood Office. The increase in fees is due to the normal increase in running expenses. RENEWAL NOTICE IN JOURNAL The November Journal is now being printed and this will contain a Renewal Notice as a loose leaf inset. This means that Branches will no longer have to send out Renewal Notices and that every financial member will receive a Renewal Notice with the Journal. This should mean a saving in postage for Branches. Secretaries will still have to follow up overdue fees. There is a section for Husband and wives to agree to receive only one Journal except for November. Secretaries must pass this information on to me so the computer can be programmed. If permission is not given, or not forwarded to me two Journals will continue to be sent out. A Change of Address section is also included. I hope this new procedure will result in cost savings and increased efficiency. Thats all for now, Regards, LETTERHEAD 25TH MAY, 1992 BRANCH CIRCULAR 929 Dear Secretary Treasurer, BRANCH AUDITED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS I am enclosing the forms that you will need to complete your Audited Financial Statements. Here a few points to help you. Books of Branch close 30th June, Books to be at your auditor by 21st July, 1992 Audited Financial Returns to be with Registrar by 31st August, 1992 Please note that a.Every section must be filled in. b.Nothing should be crossed out use spare lines instead this is because of the way the computer looks at the form c.Both the Treasurer and the Auditor must sign the Cover Form I would suggest that you contact your auditor now and make your arrangements so that the Audited Financial Return will be in Head Office by the required date, namely 3lst August, Also make arrangements with your Bank to receive a Statement as at 30th June, This is very IMPORTANT. If your books are ready before 1st July, you do not have to wait the three weeks before you take them to the Auditor. If you have already had June Meeting, Secretaries MUST contact their Treasurers and forward these forms and instructions to enable Treasurers to complete their work before 30th June. An extra copy of this Circular is enclosed for Treasurers. When Audited Statements have been received from your Auditor please send the original and one copy to Head Office ONLY and keep one copy for your records. Do not send it to the Association Auditor. I will do that. It is most important that the above dates are strictly adhered to. Last year some returns were not in by the due date and this can incur extra costs, as well as precious time being wasted in chasing up these returns. I would also request that all Blue Receipts up to 30th June, 1991 are forwarded to me as soon as possible after 30th June as I have to do a Print out for the Auditor of all members paid by that date. IMPORTANT TREASURERS PLEASE NOTE. The Auditor has requested that any cheques made out to the Administration Centre before the end of the Financial Year are here in time for us to BANK by the 30th June. Therefore, it would be better if no cheques were written out after 22nd June. Keep any money received after that date until 1st July to receipt and bank. NB. Under INCOME Joining Fee this should be No No of new members 00 No of new members by 2 Regards, c.c.Treasurer Secretary please forward LETTERHEAD BRANCH CIRCULAR 942 21st February, 1994 COPY TO TREASURER Secretary please forward Dear Secretary, WOULD YOU PLEASE READ OUT AT THE NEXT MEETING Advisory Committee Meeting The first Advisory Committee Meeting for the year will be held on Saturday 26th March at 00 pm at the Uniting Church Hall, Carrington Ave, Strathfield. All members are invited to attend, but only three from each Branch may vote President, Secretary and Treasurer or their alternatives. Please ensure your Branch is represented. We invite your ideas. Help Needed for Journal The Editorial Panel needs assistance in putting the Journal onto Disc. If any member is willing to help, please ring the Administration Centre on 736 2255 00 am to 00pm. The ability to use a Word Processor is essential. Appointment of Director The Board has appointed Mrs Elaine Collis Ryde City Branch to fill the casual vacancy on the Board under Clause 58 of the Articles of Association. This appointment is until the Annual Meeting in Change to Procedures Manual Merit Award Attached is a change to the procedure for the granting of the Merit Award. It is simply a change in the date for the notification of nominations. Please replace this page in your Procedures Manual. Area Directors for 1994 Listed below are the Branches and Area Directors for Directors are not expected to be present at every Branch Meeting, but must attend at least two Meetings a year of each Branch in his area. It would be a good idea for Branches to send a copy of any Newsletters or Minutes etc sent out to members to the Area Director. I am enclosing the relevant addresses with this Branch Circular. Alan Lawford Canterbury City, Nepean, ParramattaBlacktown, Sydney Ron McGeoch Campbelltown, Shellharbour, Wollongong Frank Sciberras Bankstown, St George John Spiby AshfieldBurwood, Eastern Suburbs, Ryde City George Wares Central Coast, Hornsby, ManlyWarringah, North Sydney, Tuggerah Lakes Branch Name Changes City of Wagga Wagga Branch has changed its name to Wagga Wagga Branch. Canterbury and Districts Branch has changed its name to Canterbury City Branch. FOR SECRETARIES AND TREASURERS ONLY NO NEED TO READ OUT I am repeating a list of what should be sent monthly to the Administration Centre. Most Branches follow this practice, but a few do not. It is so much easier to keep the computer up to date if all the information received by Branches is forwarded to me regularly. This is very important for the mailing list as most members belong to the Association just to receive the Journal. a.Blue Receipts and Administration Centre portion of subs Capitation Fees b.Stock Orders on Stock and Membership Form c.Payment of Stock Orders d.Changes of address andor name e.Resignation of member f.Death of member g.Transfer of member h.Subs for any member who does not belong to your Branch i.Branch Minutes after adoption j.Change of Venue or Meeting night. BRANCH LIFE MEMBERS Please note that Capitation Fees for Branch Life Members not Life Members have to be paid by the Branch. Could you please send these in, if you have not already done so. HONORARY MEMBERS According to the Branch Constitution, Honorary Membership is for a period of one year only. If your Branch has an Honorary Member and the members wish to continue this for a further year, please advise me. Regards, Bev McAppion State Registrar LETTERHEAD BRANCH CIRCULAR 943 21ST MARCH, 1994 Dear Secretary, WOULD YOU PLEASE READ OUT AT YOUR NEXT MEETING IMPORTANT DATES FOR 1994 Advisory Committee Meeting Saturday 24th September at 00 pm Uniting Church Hall, Carrington Ave, Strathfield Annual Meeting Saturday 26th November at 00 pm Uniting Church Hall, Carrington Ave, Strathfield Books of Branch Close 30th June, 1994 Financial Returns to Branch Auditor 21st July, 1994 Nominations for Director to Registrar 00 pm 26th September, 1994 Notices of Motion to Registrar 00 pm 26th September, 1994 Ballot for Director Closes 00 pm 12th November, 1994 Financial Roll of Members closes 4th November, 1994 TWENTY YEAR CERTIFICATES As most of you are aware, there is a gap in the Associations records of the late 1960s and early 1970s. It is therefore impossible to ascertain when a member is due for the Twenty Year Certificate. I would be extremely grateful if you could let me know if any of your members are eligible for the Certificate this year. Could you also supply the Date of Acceptance by the Board and the date of Appointment if you have these, so I can update the Computer. A form is attached for you to fill in. DEATH OF Norman Hughes Ii is with regret I have to advise the death of Norman Hughes, a long time member of the Association. Norman was a Life Member and former Director, and served more than one term on the Board, the last finishing in November, He was an active member of the Association from the time he joined in 1955 and, until last year when his health was deteriorating, he always held a position on Committees. He had been President of ParramattaBlacktown and the Inaugural President of RydeEastwood. Our sympathies go to Joyce and her family. CLOSURE OF HORNSBY BRANCH I am sorry to advise that the Hornsby Branch of the Association ceased operation on 14th March. FOR BRANCH SECRETARIES ONLY NO NEED TO READ OUT ANNUAL MEETING MINUTES There are two errors in the Minutes of the Annual Meeting. Could you please alter your copy as follows Addition Page 1 Please add under ATTENDANCE ORANGE Mr D.Brooks, Mr D.Hunt Alterations Page 2 Please alter APOLOGIES RYDE CITY Mr J.Hughes should read Mrs J.Hughes Paragraph Line 2 Delete seconded by Mr E.Pound Thats all for now, Regards, Bev McAppion State Registrar LETTERHEAD BRANCH CIRCULAR 947 25TH JULY, 1994

DOROTHY HEWETT THE TOUCHER C H A P T E R N I N E THEY SAT AT A TABLE FOR two beside the picture windows eating oysters and drinking Veuve Cliquot. Under the lights along Marine Parade, the sunburnt holidaymakers strolled in bikinis and swimsuits, cars pulled in and out of the parking lot, childrens voices echoed back from the dark edge of the sea where the surf broke in a long glassy roll. The bay was fringed with great crags and scrubby headland, black against the night sky. The lighthouse on Breaksea flicked on and off, making a path across the ocean. Its a heavenly place, Esther, Ern said, and it seems to agree with you. Ive never seen you looking so well. I came all this way to comfort a widow and what do I find His voice sounded almost resentful. What did you expect to find she mocked him. Grief, bitterness, I dont know, but youve always been unpredictable. Why did you really come To take you back with me. Really Yes, until you get on your feet again. Merle and I discussed it, we want you to stay with us. And then Whatever you like. Find a place, perhaps, on the peninsula. You always loved it there. And settle down amongst all those millionaires, she said drily. Christ, Ern, the sale of my house wouldnt even buy a hut on the peninsula. You could find something small. Anyway, that was the plan, and instead dotted line Instead, she said, you find me here at the end of the world, looking content. Not exactly content, more like overexcited. Whats exciting you, Esther Is it the new novel Perhaps. Writers are so selfsufficient, he grumbled, I can never make them out. She laughed. I thought you spent your life doing just that. Oh yes, I try, but I never really understand them. I just publish them. And God knows how long that will last. Esther looked up, startled. What do you mean Ive been taken over. For a moment she wondered whether this was some kind of diabolic possession. Taken over she reiterated. The multinationals have got me, love. But why she said, already knowing the answer. Going broke, cant keep my head above water, getting too long in the tooth for it, all the wheeling and dealing. I just wanted to publish good books. She thought of the prodigious, restless energy of this large fat man and mourned for its passing. Will it change things she asked him. Theyve promised I can keep my own show going under their umbrella. Ive got a good list and they know it and my writers trust me. Dont they She nodded and put her hand over his pudgy fist. Weve built up mutual relationships but when dollars rule the roost, trust goes out the window. He hit the table, making the glasses dance. I valued my independence, Esther. Dont we all. Oh well, cant be helped. Everything changes. Remember He grinned at her and gulped his drink down. Weve all got to survive, except for poor bloody old Matt. How long is it now since hedotted line went Seven months. Time flies, he said, does it for you I meant to come long ago. He placed his big hand over hers. Forgive me, but Im glad youre still looking so lovely. Oh Ern, she said lightly, Im old and Im overweight and youre the only man on earth who still makes me feel beautiful. Thats because Im old and overweight and I love you, he said simply. I always have, but I worry about you because youre too far away. Whats this new novel like A mess. You always say that. Well, its at the messy stage when nothing comes quite right. Title Love Letters to a Friend. Good. Are they really letters Sort of letters, musings, reminiscences. Whats the plot Its postmodern it hasnt got one. It wont sell. Its a love story with a sad ending. But shes reconciled. Thatll sell. He raised his glass. Well, heres to it. No good asking when you expect to finish She raised her eyebrows at him. Okay, he grumbled, but dont shillyshally too long. Its been three years since that childrens book and how long since your last novel There was that collection of short stories but no novel since The Fatal River, thats too long, Esther. He wheeled her down the road towards the beach, past the sign that warned fishermen about the king waves rolling in from nowhere to sweep them off the rocks into the sea. The crowds had thinned out, only a few children from the caravan park played on the promontories of seaweed thrusting out into the surf. A lone swimmer struck out for the little jetty, where the fishermen were unpacking their tackle. She sat in the half darkness, her white hair and silky dress phosphorescent in the light off the waves. Are you really lonely, Esther he asked her. Yes, but usually Ive got Clarrie with me. Your housekeeper Weve known each other off and on forever. We even went to primary school together, but shes away just now looking after her daughters children. So how do you manage Oh, people come in. Ive got somebody now, a temporary, but shes back with her family over Christmas. What about your secretary Hes quite competent. So youre all organised. He paused. But what about real people, people to relate to Theyre all real, Ern, she said gently. I know I sound like an awful snob, but you know what I mean. Intellectuals I dont know any of them any more. And dont miss them Of course, she said drily, but youd be surprised what you can find hidden away in a little town like this. A lover She grinned up at him. How did you know Its written all over you. She grimaced. As obvious as all that To me, yes. I hope he treats you well. So do I, she said, suddenly serious, and shivered. As the hire car sped up Ocean Beach Drive, she looked up automatically towards the mountain slope, checking on Bens windows, but everything was still dark. My eldest child lives up there, she said. Hes fortyfive years old and I cant believe it. How have I managed to survive for so long How have any of us he said. Do you see much of him No, but at least I know hes there. Do you ever see Stephen now No, I dont even know if hes still alive. I bet he is, Ern said. Stephen was tough. Dont you remember all those cases he won against impossible odds, when we were all communists together Stephen was never a communist, Esther said, he was too smart for that. He was always the fellow traveller hanging round the fringes. Whereas you and I and Matt were in it once, boots and all, Ern said. Do you know what annoys me most about my years in the party now That for so long we were apparently content to take the word of men who were our intellectual inferiors. Why did we do it, Esther Because we wanted to change the world, she said. Because we wanted to believe. Matt had been expelled from the communist party for criticising the leadership. Esther, Ern and Merle had left after the Hungarian uprising, although Esther had been under a political cloud since shed disappeared into Europe with Paul and hadnt come back to Australia for seven years. A responsible cadre didnt throw the party over for sex and travel. And now, Ern said, therere no communists left and were both members of the largest political party on earth, the excommunists. Matt said they were doing it all over again and theyd get it right next time. Ern grunted. Matt was a political optimist. They followed the turnoff to the point, past the golf links, the lake and the bird sanctuary. Youre hiding something, Esther, he said. Dont be ridiculous, what have I got to hide I dont know, but I intend to find out. A promise or a threat she said. As they drove into the garden, they could hear the phone ringing through the empty house. Do you want me to answer that Ern asked her, and, at her nod, went lumbering across the lawn with surprising agility for such a heavy man. He came back to the car looking puzzled. Its some girl, she wouldnt give me her name. Sounded a bit hysterical, I couldnt really make head or tail of it. I think I know who it is. Want me to head her off No, Id better talk to her. Better face the bloody music, whatever it is, she thought, but when she picked up the phone, her hand was shaking. Listen, bitch, hissed the thin, hoarse voice, y better get round ere quick an bail out y precious boyfriend. I beg your pardon Esther said. Beg y pardon, mocked the voice. Dont give me none a that posh shit an dont hang up on me neither. Either y come for im now or the coppers will, so take y pick. I dont know your address. Last house above the harbour under the mountain, y cant miss it. It looks like shit The phone clicked off in her ear. Whats the matter Ern said, his hand on her shoulder. Would you mind. she said, it seems as if I have to go on a rescue mission. Even with the map, it took them a while to find the place, a dark deadend tucked away amongst the scrub under a granite outcrop, a lockedup silent street except for one shabby little fibro set off by itself in an overgrown garden. The front door was wide open, blazing with nightlight and noise. A police car was parked out front. Stop here, Ern, Esther told him, and turn out your lights. Struggling between the meaty hands of two local police, Billy erupted onto the front porch, both arms bandaged and twisted up behind him, while Iris stood screaming abuse in the doorway. Whatve I done Billy wailed. Wherere y takin me Down to the station, Billy, well sort it all out down there. Billy sat down in the middle of the concrete path, his head buried in his knees. Better cool it, mate, the first policeman said. Billy raised his arms in a melodramatic gesture, the blood seeping beneath the bandages. Look what y done now. He turned his pitiful face towards Iris. I try t die for y an y put me inter the coppers. Iris tore down the path and threw her arms around Billys neck. Dont touch im she screamed, aiming a knee at the sergeants groin. Listen, missus, you watch out or Ill put you on a charge, he said angrily. It was you rung us up, remember. It was you charged im with assault in the first place. Let im go, Iris sobbed, I didnt mean none of it. Do y withdraw the charge then, madam Yairs, Iris wailed, I want im back. Okay, its your funeral. But dont go wastin our time again bringin us out ere on a wild goose chase or youll find yself in serious trouble. Grumbling, they climbed into the police car. The driver put his head out the window. If I was you, Billy, he said sardonically, Id get them wrists seen to in casualty. They might turn septic. They drove away down the dark street as all the curtains twitched back into place. I cant handle it, Iris, Billy sobbed, I just cant handle it any more. Cmon, Iris crooned, cmon now, love. She lifted him up and lugged him back along the path into the house. Lets go home, Ern, said Ether. Afterwards they sat out on the front verandah, smoking cigarillos, and sipping whisky and ice, listening in the stillness to the occasional plop and splash of bird or fish on the surface of the river.

TOXOPLASMOSIS by Kathy Jacobs, Ringwood, Vic. IN GR 103 I discussed responsible cat ownership this time I will give you some information about toxoplasmosis and how to manage it. It is meant as a guide only and not the beall and endall. If you are at all concerned andor want further information, consult your vet or GP. WHAT IS TOXOPLASMOSIS Toxoplasmosis Toxoplasmosis gondii is an obligate able to survive only in a particular environment, intracellular protozoan single celled organism, in this case parasitic also. It exists in three forms. Three Forms Tachyzoites, which are oval, about three by seven millimetres in size, and invade virtually all mammalian cells. Cysts, which form within hosts cells and may contain thousands of organisms. Cysts can be from 10100 millimetres in size. They are found throughout the body but mainly in skeletal and heart muscles and the central nervous system. Cysts are the major method of transmission as they may be in animals pork, beef, lamb, goat, and then ingested. Oocysts are ten to twelve millimetres in size and formed only in the mucosal and intestinal cells of members of the cat family. It is the only animal which allows the organism to have a complete sexual cycle. Found in about one percent of cats, with a greater incidence in kittens. Different Types of Toxoplasmosis There is congenital toxoplasmosis when a baby is infected in utero and acquired toxoplasmosis which has two forms. By far the most common is lymphadenopathic, which tends to closely resemble glandular fever. There is also the disseminated type which can be very severe and affect all major organs. Symptoms in Humans The lymphadenopathic toxoplasmosis may be asymptomatic have no noticeable symptoms or have symptoms similar to glandular fever tiredness, headache, neck stiffening, swollen glands, nausea, fever, muscle pain and rash. The disseminated form can manifest by the above symptoms and pneumonia, inflammation of the coverings of the heart and brain, enlargement of the liver and spleen, brain abscesses, confusion, photophobia abnormal sensitivity of the eyes to light. It is extremely rare in healthy people. The congenital form is usually marked by lesions of the central nervous system, which can lead to blindness and mental retardation. The symptoms in humans are similar to those experienced in cats. How Toxoplasmosis is Caught Humans and cats catch toxoplasmosis through ingestion of raw or incompletely cooked meat which contains cysts. IT is believed that 10 percent of lamb and 25 percent of pork contains cysts. Cysts have also been found in beef and goat meat but statistics are not available. Toxoplasmosis may also be caught from the ingestions of oocysts from cat faeces, although these do not become infective for between 24 hours and seven days. Oocysts may also survive in the soil, under favourable conditions, for up to one year. Prevalence It is estimated that in Australia about 4050 percent of the poplation has been infected. Very few people are aware that they have had the disease. Who is Particularly at Risk People who are immuno suppressed, such as those receiving chemotherapy, or with diseases relating to suppressed immune systems. These may develop disseminated toxoplasmosis. Pregnant women It is estimated that if a pregnant woman catches toxoplasmosis while pregnant there is a 3040 percent chance that her baby will be affected. Of these babies about 15 percent will be seriously affected. However, effect is generally dependant on the stage of pregnancy. For example, the earlier in the pregnancy the less likely that the disease will cross the placenta 15 percent in the first trimester, however the effects are more severe than if caught later in pregnancy when the incidence is closer to 65 percent, but the disease is generally asymptomatic. Diagnosis and Vaccination Diagnosis is by a simple blood test, or more frequently two, to avoid the chance of false positive or negative. There is no vaccine available, but infection confers immunity in both humans and cats. Once you have had it, you are immune. Preventative Measures bullet Be very careful handling raw meat. Wear gloves or wash your hands well afterwards. bullet Cook meat well. bulletAvoid acquiring a new cat, especially a kitten, while pregnant. bullet Clean cat litter trays daily so oocysts do not have a chance to become infectious. A flush and good scrub with water is generally enough, but ammonia, bleach nonchloride or hydrogen peroxide can also be used. If possible, someone other than the pregnant woman should do this. bullet Wear gloves when gardening and wash hands afterwards this applies if cats have, or have had in the past year, access to your garden. bullet Wash all homegrown vegies. Heat of 60degreeC or boiling water destroys oocysts. bulletIf your cat hasnt had toxoplasmosis you can have it blood tested too or you dont know its status, you can take measures to prevent infection. bullet Feed it tinned or dry food or raw meat that has been frozen to at least 20degreeC for several days domestic freezers may not reach or maintain this temperature. bullet If meat has not been frozen it should be cooked. bullet Cats that do not scavenge or hunt are also less likely to catch toxoplasmosis as rats and mice are a source of infection. Treatment Lymphodenopathic toxoplasmosis, if symptomatic, is usually treated with a one or two month course of trimethoprim, pyrimethomine andor sulfadiazine. In more severe cases duration of treatment is generally longer and dosages are higher. Infected newborn are also treated and there is generally some improvement. I am not aware of any homoeopathic treatments, consult a qualified practitioner if you are interested. Toxoplasmosis is a fairly common infection, with about half the population of Australia having been infected. However, it is believed that less than seven percent of healthy infected people will exhibit any symptoms and these are generally very mild, such as tiredness and swollen glands which last a few days until immunity develops. As I stated at the beginning of this article this is not the beall and endall of toxoplasmosis, nor is it meant to be frightening. If you want more information, consult a qualified practitioner. Fairfield Hospital Vic should also be able to answer queries. References Saunders Encyclopedia and Dictionary of Medicus, Nursing and Allied Health, Miller and Kane, Nursing Review, Immunologic section, Springhouse Corporation, Paediatric Nursing, Duncombe and Weller, A Nursing Guide to Drugs, Harvard, Harrisons Principles of Internal Medicine 7, 11th edition. Everycat, Browning, Herb for Arthritis Relief By Russ Maslen, Mullumbimby, NSW I was weeding the plant out from around a tree in Brunswick Valley Heritage Park in Mullumbimby in 1989 when an unknown chap mentioned to me that if one chewed and swallowed two leaves a day for three months that arthritis would be cured or alleviated. I was not particularly interested but mentioned it to my wife who had problems with her hands her knuckles and wrist were swollen, fingers locking and painful and she decided to try the plant. By November of 1989 she put on her wedding ring again and now does not have any sign of previous symptoms. In March of 1990 I finally went to my doctor because of troubles with my neck and arm. After wearing a neck brace, Xrays, CAT scan, neurophysiologist and nerve conduction tests it was recommended that I have an operation on vertebrae in my neck because of sensory radiculopathy. I did not like that idea very much and started eating my leaves. I now have no trouble in the above and am able to look up or over my shoulder and have not had the operation. Numerous other people have used the plant since then and have had obvious, visible relief and in some cases have Xrays and so on of their previous condition which they state no longer exists. My wife and I have been using the plant for over three years and have not noticed any side effects, in fact it has been beneficial in a number of other ways. Most people to date have taken two leaves daily but as a result of additional information which I now have, my wife and I have commenced taking three leaves, about the size of a 20 cent coin, a day. We have used this amount for about six months. Since the active constituents are a percentage of the weight of the leaf take correspondingly more to make up the same weight if the leaves are smaller. Say, four or five of 10 cent size. Do not take more than this until further tests have been done. It does not appear to matter when leaves are taken, we have ours when we think of it. When the plant is found in the wild make sure to dig up the parsnip root as well as the fine roots along the runners and dont break off the runners. Plant the lot. Since three leaves a day is equivalent to 90 a month put the plants into a large container or into the garden bed. Watch out for snails they love it. A lot of plants are needed in order to keep up with demand. It prefers a sheltered situation out of direct sun but not too wet. Water the same as any other pot plant. GENERAL INFORMATION Two species of centella also known as pennywort and gotu kola exist in Australia Centella asiatica also occurs in Africa, Madagscar, India and the Pacific islands, and Centella cordifolia which from the very recent redescription of the genus occurs in the southern states of Australia. Originally one species was thought to be in Australia with an early name of Hydrocotyle asiatica. This was changed to Centella asiatica. The genus was then divided into two species with C.cordifolia being considered widespread. The very recent description shows C.asiatica as occurring in all states and C.cordifolia localised in southern areas only and uncommon. Based on the previous descriptions I had considered the plant which we have been using to be C.cordifolia. This is now incorrect as per the new description published at the end of It now appears that under the new botanical description it is Centella asiatica and occurs in all states, with Centella cordifolia being poorly known. Samples received from all over the country are virtually identical to the plant shown in the illustration. DESCRIPTION OF PLANT Both species are a creeping herb and like damper places but often grow in open locations including garden beds and lawns. It is also quite often found along fences, under trees or shrubs and along the edge of paths and garden beds. It does not like sandy soils close to the beach. Centella asiatica has a more or less circular leaf which is toothed around the edge, particularly near the slot in the leaf. It is quite often flecked with white blotches and may have reddish dots in the leaf. The leaf has a Vshaped slot with straight edges leading to the stem. These features are shown in the diagram. Leaf size varies from little fingernail size up to seven centimetres in more shelter. Plants in open locations are quite bitter to taste whereas ones in more shelter are almost tasteless but with a herby flavour. Centella cordifolia is described as having leaves longer than broad but otherwise very similar. A 10 centimetre long parsnip root occurs under the central part of the plant. Both plants root at the nodes, that is, where the leaves grow from the creeping stem. The flowers and fruits seeds form on a very short stalk about one centimetre long and are not usually seen unless you part the leaves and look closely. The flowers are minute and can only be seen with a magnifying glass. They have pink to red petals, but with the naked eye this appears as a pinkish tinge only. The fruits are a flattened disc about three millimetres across and are usually in a group of three. They sit up like toast in a rack. SIMILAR PLANTS There are a number of similar plants such as kidney weed, but if a leaf is placed flat beside the diagram and the shape is checked differences will be seen. A further check of the fruits and a check of the root for the 10 centimetre long on mature plants parsnip should result in no confusion.

Jean Palmer, 83 Carlton Parade, Punchbowl. NSW. Australia. Saturday, 13 June Dear Myrtle, Its only 45 a.m. on a cold, dark winter morning and I cant sleep, so why not get out of bed and send off a few words to you something I have been meaning to do for several weeks now. How are you Ive thought of you a lot since my return, and Ive wondered how your health has been. You seemed so optimistic about yourself when we spoke on the phone, and that is always a big plus where health is concerned. Since my return I have been busy, but I have found it hard to settle to the responsibilities. Some months ago I was saying to people who asked I think Ive gone through this long grieving period of ten years and now Im coming out the other side Famous last words. However, Ive been in the depths before and Ive struggled to the top, and Ill do it again. Every time Arch shows a further deterioration it affects me like this, then I grow accustomed to the deterioration and we go on. The last few days I have been spending many hours with Arch he has the flu, and is very uncomfortable, struggling with very nasty congestion on the chest and a fever. My sleep is fitful because Ive asked them to ring me if he shows any sign of distress. My head tells me that his quality of life is so poor that it would be a good thing if he died, but my heart says I dont want that. Its a time of mixed emotions. Now that I have told you the sad part, Ill look for some positive things. Our family and their kids lead very busy lives, but they are always there if I need them. Lynne and Nikki from Tasmania are due in Sydney early in July, and then I go to Melbourne and Tasmania for about two weeks in mid August provided Arch is O.K. of course. Some friends Jim and Betty are due to stay here for a few days next week Jim was Archs workmate they retired to a beachside area on the south coast of NSW, a three hour drive from here. Bettys health has improved since living there, and they are coming to Sydney especially to see Arch. Jim and Arch were very good mates. Then at the end of September we are expecting Archs cousin, Sheila and her friend from England. It is cold this morning, about 43 degrees at 5 am, and the sky is overcast, there is snow on the mountains, and everywhere you go people are complaining about the cold days we are having. Theyre not really cold days in your terms it just means that people are having to put on coats, and start the heaters going in the late afternoon. Les and Muriel Morgan are in regular contact with me, usually by phone at the weekend. Melbourne is 500 miles from here so we dont see a lot of each other every six months or so I go south via Melbourne to Tasmania to a part of our family down there. Les and Muriel keep fairly active. I wrote to Ruth Moore yesterday. Thats about the third letter since Ive returned, and Ive heard nothing from her. But Im hoping that all means that she is busy. She seems to keep fit most times. Well, Myrtle, thats all for now. Please put a few lines on paper when you get the time and let me know how you are faring. It was wonderful to talk to you by phone on both occasions when I was visiting your country not as good as meeting with you personally, of course, but it was second best. I dont know whether Ill get your way again, but I hope so, and then well meet up. Take care love from Jean. 83 Carlton Parade, Punchbowl. NSW. Australia. November 10, 1993 Dear Cousin Sheila, Hows my lovely English rose Its a while since Ive written, and thank you for your recent letter. I was interested in all the news. About 10 days ago I returned from a week in Melbourne staying with Francis and Monica a visit I specifically planned to be present at Les Morgans surprise 80th birday party and then 10 days in Tassie with Lynne, Tich, Nikki and friends all very enjoyable. It takes a while to settle back into routine when youve been away doesnt it I know I get a lot more letters than the average person and the letters take ages to reply to or do whatever the business letters are suggesting that I do. I spent a week in Brisbane some weeks ago, staying at a hotel for a few days it was wonderful it gave me an opportunity to look around at some of the history of the city, and then I stayed with an old workmate for a few days I hadnt seen her for 18 years. News is much the same. Arch still continues on, a little more deteriorated, but still able to walk so I bring him home four afternoons per week. All the kids are busy but very supportive. We have a new addition to the family. Arch and I are grandparents again. Rosie gave birth to a 10 lb. baby girl, Caesarean, on 4th November the 84th wedding anniversary of Tom and Margaret Robertson my parents. 2 names deleted dont have a good relationship unfortunately, but he is as supportive as he can be in such circumstances. The baby will be Miranda, and her second name MAY BE Margaret after Margaret Robertson. The last paragraph will be news to you, as it is to so many other people with the exception of some Sydney folk. At the time I was told about the pregnancy eight months ago name deleted was so distressed that my first priority was to try and support his emotional state, the second priority was to sustain my own equilibrium. We have a serial killer of backpackers in the state as you will probably know. The news has claimed headlines overseas I understand. The way such a killers brain works totally confuses me Im afraid. As I reread your letter I wondered how Rene is now. Is she still taking driving lessons And is Les going to have another operation Also your friend Ron what an experience for him to have. I find it hard to understand how June can look after three grandchildren with her disability your letter before last. I have major concern about Wollongong. The folks are not well. Stan battling on under great strain. Isnt it a fact that the older we get the more our cares and thoughts and conversation is centred on sickness and those loved ones around us who die A fact of life. So youre still getting up at 4 a.m. for coffee and toast As I read that I wished that we lived closer so that we could share some of that time. But actually my sleep has been more settled. Just one night recently when I was up from 2 a.m. to 5 a.m. thinking about a possible battle with the nursing home but it didnt eventuate. To ease the tension of death and dying, two bits of trivia for you which Kay and I discussed today Patrick aged 9 was given his first wrist watch for his birthday. Children many years ago learnt to read watches by about 6 years of age. It surprised me that Patrick bright boy was learning to read the time on his new watch, until I realised that kids these days read mostly digital clocks and watches like 15 written in such figures, and are unaccustomed to reading by the clock hands As Kay and I were talking in this back computer room she said theres the postman , and then remarked that in years gone by people would react Pavlov to the sound of the postmans whistle, now they react to the sound of his motorbike. So dotted line Id like to say that I am heading again to the U.K. soon, Id love to get back there for a short time short only because of Arch, BUT it will be some more months. After Christmas all the family are meeting with Lynne, Tich and Nikki in Hobart for a week. Ill probably return to the north of Tassie with the Ferenczs for a few extra days. Then in February THERE IS TALK from Bill Owen Los Angeles, and widower of Martha, who was widow of an old American Air Force mate of Archs and Les are you following me because Im going to ask questions at the end of this paragraph, that he wants to come to Australia again to travel on the Indian Pacific railway from Sydney to Perth and bring with him Marthas daughter, Debbie. How much time that will involve for me will only be determined when Bill concludes his plans. Now without referring to the last paragraph, how many days will we be spending in Hobart On the other hand have you and June given any more consideration to another trip to Australia Why dont you bring Ron with youYoull forgive me for neglecting my writing now that I have typed two pages to you, wont you I look forward to hearing from you again. My love to your little friend. Keep well, dear Sheila. Love from Jean. Jean Palmer, 83 Carlton Parade, Punchbowl. NSW. January 19, 1994 Hello Dear Francis, I am always pleased to be writing interstate on a Wednesday because it only takes two days to get there. I was glad to get a letter from you in this mornings post. However, I am unsettled about the envelope. Instead of doing crossword puzzles this evening, I want you to sit down and write out 100 times The Palmers post code is 2196 and send it to me. 100 times. Im answering the letter quickly because it is something that I can do without feeling bored. This morning has been a continuous ordeal of trying to take some action and get motivated. Theres plenty to do but nothing to inspire me. Im always tired in this humidity. Rowie said he is never coming back to Sydney in the summer time. It surprised me to learn that Chris and Jet will be away until 21st. I dont know why I expected them back sooner. Thank you Ron Neeson for your interest in my welfare. The anguish of the bush fires has been all pervading papers, radio, TV, people in the street, on the phone. Sheila rang from U.K. Gertrude Slany of Tibor and Gertie fame rang from Perth. I took eight calls from relatives and friends who couldnt get onto Joan and Gil, because their phone lines were out, so that they could get some news as Como was constantly mentioned. Joan and Gil were evacuated from their home but the fires didnt touch their street, although it was in the street running parallel to them. Glynn Bowen Thomas and his friend live at Bilpin Blue Mountains and they were alerted about evacuating. I havent been in touch with them since last week end. A long newsy letter from Bill Owen yesterday written before the earthquake. Ill try and get on to him sometime today. Yes, of course, it will be a delight to have you come and share my tomato soup and pasta. If it suits you to make it further into February would be better, as this morning I had someone on the phone to me trying to get an agreeable date for a number of us to meet, and the end of January seems to be the most acceptable for them. Also Kay and Patrick want me to fly to Canberra with them for a couple of days the last week end of January.

State softens crime laws By JOHN McGLUE and MALCOLM QUEKETT THE State Government has been forced to make more concessions on its controversial juvenile crime legislation including moves to appease critics among MPs. The move is also a fresh bid to avoid breaches of United Nations guidelines on human rights. When the juvenile crime legislation was introduced in the Legislative Assembly late yesterday afternoon it contained significant alterations from the draft Bills released last week by Premier Carmen Lawrence. The concessions represent the second wave of backdowns by the Government on its juvenile crime laws, initially announced with considerable fanfare by Deputy Premier Ian Taylor. Last week, the Government was forced to remove clauses relating to the detention of serious repeat juvenile offenders at the Governors pleasure which, in turn, removed the potential for executive intervention in reviews of sentences. Yesterdays key changes are BulletInclusion of a sunset clause under which the new laws will lapse in two years. BulletEstablishment of a group chaired by senior Minister Ernie Bridge to review the legislation over the next two years. BulletExtension of the repeat offender classification, and the penalties which go with it, to cover adults as well as juveniles at whom the legislation was originally aimed. BulletA reduction in the maximum penalty for causing grievous bodily harm in the course of stealing a car from 20 years to 14 years. Several Labor MPs, including Mr Bridge, Jackie Watkins, John Halden, Julian Grill and Judy Edwards, have been concerned about the impact of the new legislation since it was announced by Mr Taylor last month. However, Dr Lawrence denied last night that she had softened the legislation or that the changes were due topressure from within the Labor Party. She said the sunset clause had originally been included in the draft legislation but then taken out. It was reasonable for Parliament to review the legislation after two years and the decision to extend the repeat offender classification to adults strengthened the legislation. Dr Lawrence said the reduction in the maximum penalty for causing grievous bodily harm while stealing a car had been suggested by Chief Justice David Malcolm to maintain relativities in sentencing. In her secondreading speeches on the two juvenile crime Bills in the Assembly yesterday, Dr Lawrence said the Government had yet to be convinced of claims that the legislation breached UN conventions. I should say, however, that the claims made by the Human Rights Commissioner that the UN conventions provide balanced protection of victim and potential victims of crime are frankly unconvincing, she said. In the light of the deficiency in the UN guidelines, the Government has had to apply its own judgment to balancing the protection of the public against the wellbeing of these most serious and dangerous offenders. Opposition Leader Barry MacKinnon told the Assembly the Opposition would support the legislation but questioned the Governments broader approach to juvenile crime. He said the questions included where would young offenders be held, what programs would be set up to deal with them and what was being done to tackle amphetamine use Explosion threat as big fuel tank roofs cave in By LIZ TICKNER and LEEROY BETTI BP refinery staff at Kwinana last night were working to drain eight tanks of crude oil and petrol after their floating roofs collapsed during record rains at the weekend, releasing highly flammable hydrocarbon vapour. Environmental Protection Authority spokesman John Ottaway said it would be another 18 hours before the place would be safe. It was a very tense situation. Until the tanks have been drained into sealed containers its literally a very volatile situation, Dr Ottaway said. Apart from the release of vapour into the atmosphere, one spark could result in the whole lot going up. Although it was dangerous, everything appeared to be well under control. BP health, safety and environment manager John Yates said the floating roofs collapsed into one crude oil tank and seven petrol tanks each with a capacity of about 4000 tonnes on Saturday night. There was no risk to the public. In the 24 hours to 9am yesterday, 215mm of rain was dumped on Kwinana. Perth had its wettest day since records began in 1876 with 6mm. The previous record was 99mm on June 10, The previous record for the month was 1 mm on February 17, Perths average February rainfall is a mere 12 mm. Jandakot received 173mm, Rottnest 141 mm and Perth airport 132mm. Medina received a massive 230 mm. Weather Bureau spokesman Chris Blackford said the freak deluge was the result of a very deep low which developed just off the coast overnight on Friday and early Saturday. Residents of some of Perths northwestern suburbs were woken to the eerie roar of an approaching hail storm about 30 am on Saturday. Hail the size of big tom bolwer marbles hit the northwestern suburbs, the worst affected area being around Glendalough, where windows were broken, cars damaged and trees uprooted. The Hills suburb of Roleystone was also hit hard. Some residents of the Amaroo Retirement Village in Gosnells had to be evacuated and were still in temporary accommodation last night. Banks of ponds at a wool scouring plant at Jandakot broke, spilling waste water on to nearby Yangebup Road and into backup ponds. The solid rain made driving conditions hazardous. A section of Brookton Highway was washed out after nearby dams overflowed and it is believed about eight vehicles were washed into fastflowing streams. On Saturday night, stalled cars, traffic lights out of action and flooded roads proved a nightmare for police. But despite a spate of accidents no one was seriously injured. The Fire Brigade said it was called out 49 times, mostly for false alarms. The SES received 350 emergency calls and the Department of Marine and Harbours also was kept busy emptying flooded boats. Saturday nights greyhound races at Cannington were abandoned when the lure mechanism became submerged. Other sporting events also were disrupted. Vandals ensured that the WA Symphony Orchestra was a victim of the weather twice. At the Quarry Amphitheatre, rain and hail on Saturday morning ruined amplification equipment worth 30,000 because vandals who took two extension cords worth 30 on Friday night did not replace covers. Then, Saturday nights concert was postponed because of the relentless rain. It will be held tonight and tickets are transferable. Houghton winemaker Paul Lapsley said the hail missed the Swan Valley vineyards but the grapes were very expanded and more rain would split them. Vegetable grower Laurie Sumich said market gardens could be damaged and the onion harvest would be delayed about a week. BulletIn NSW, 100 soldiers were flown to the flood weary central western town of Nyngan yesterday amid fears that the Bogan River would break its banks. An SES spokesman said the river was expected to peak at 5 metres early today. The 1990 floods, which forced a mass evacuation, peaked at 2m. Sydney and its suburbs were battered yesterday as torrential rain and wind closed roads, cut power, uprooted trees, ripped roofs off homes and caused a spate of minor road accidents. Most suburbs recorded more than 150mm of rain during the weekend, with Sydneys central business district topping the charts with 287mm. The Sydney Harbour tunnel was flooded with 500,000 litres and emergency workers stood chestdeep in water as they used pumps to clear the tunnel, which is still under construction. PhotoCaption Howe beaten on Medicare charge by PETER REES and DEANIE CARBON CANBERRA Federal Cabinet will dump the controversial Medicare copayment today in what will be a humiliating defeat for Health Minister Brian Howe. Mr Howe, the Deputy Prime Minister, yesterday conceded he did not have the numbers in Cabinet to keep the 50 charge which last year caused bitter divisions in the Government. Mr Howe said Prime Minster Paul Keatings wish to scrap the copayment was well known. I think the Prime Minister obviously has got a very clear view about that and his view will be very influential within Cabinet, he said. Government sources confirmed Mr Howes fears that the 50 copayment and the 50 Medicare rebate cut on scheduled fees, introduced on December 1, would be abolished after only two months. Mr Howe will offer Cabinet six options ranging from abolishing the Medicare changes to partial retention and full retention. But Government sources said these options would not be considered fully and, instead, Cabinet would confine itself to the decision to scrap the copayment. Mr Howe has fought hard to retain the charge despite strong opposition from caucus and community groups. The rebate cut and other changes to Medicare were originally expected to save 9 million in 199192 but this was reduced to about 90 million after Cabinet was forced to modify the copayment to head off a caucus revolt. The copayment became an issue in the Governments leadership turmoil last October when Mr Keating made it clear he was opposed to it. He later told Government MPs he would scrap it if he took over the Labor leadership from Bob Hawke. But Howe continued the fight after Mr Keating became leader on December 19 and persuaded him to take the matter to Cabinet for review. Yesterday, SA ALP Senator Rosemary Crowley called on Cabinet to scrap the copayment and restore the simple Medicare rules in force early last year. Its very bad policy and it has to be removed, she said. Senator Crowley, a member of last years ALP caucus working party on Medicare, said there should be no distinciton between patients depending on whether they were served by bulk billing doctors or between pensioners and nonpensioners. In a stronglyworded letter to Mr Keating yesterday, the Australian Medical Association advised him not to scrap the copayment. AMA secretarygeneral Allan Passmore said the AMA was annoyed that it had not been consulted about the possible changes. The AMA believes nonpensioners who are bulkbilled should make 50 contributions to their bills. Mr Passmore said it was unreasonable for these patients to get free treatment. This removes any incentive for either the patient or the doctor to show any restraint in the requesting of the provision of medical services, he said. Patients who were not bulkbilled should be entitled to a Medicare rebate of 85 per cent of the scheduled fee and should not make a copayment, he said. The AMA said that in August 1990, Mr Keating as treasurer supported a patient fee for pharmaceuticals and argued that a free system encouraged overuse by patients and doctors. Lawyer bowls at hit em for six law Criminal lawyer Richard Utting has a cautionary tale for the lock em up brigade who want repeat juvenile offenders jailed for a mandatory 18 months for serious crimes after six court appearances and convictions for lesser offences such as burglary and car theft. As State Parliament sits in special session today to debate tough new laws to combat juvenile crime, Mr Utting tells the hypothetical story of Janet who lived at home with her single mum, quit school at 15 and joined WAs 30 per cent of youngsters out of work. Her mother formed a relationship with a man and invited him to live in the family home but Janet did not get on with her new de facto father and resented his efforts to discipline her. Janet left home at 16 to live with her 18yearold unemployed boyfriend in a house he shared with other teenagers. The young couple started taking drugs and the boyfriend decided to break into houses to get money for their habit while Janet kept watch. They were caught and fined but repeated the offences. Eventually the boyfriend was sent to prison. By then Janet had appeared six times in the Childrens Court and pleaded guilty each time. She returned home to live with her mother when the boyfriend went to jail, quit drugs and formed a good relationship with her de facto father. She found work as an apprentice hairdresser, got her drivers licence and bought a little car.

One tall pOppy BY MIA FREEDMAN The first thing you notice about Poppy King is her lips. Full, pouty and with a perfect cupids bow, theyre the kind of lips that look best bright red. And they usually are. The second thing you notice, or rather sense, is Poppys incredible energy and passion for her work. Simply asking her how it all began unleashes a flood of enthusiasm. I was just so sick of having to reapply my lipstick five or six times a day. Every lipstick I wore smudged, faded, bled onto my teeth or vanished altogether. When a friend gave me a matt lipstick from overseas, I knew immediately that this was what I had been looking for. But looking for a replacement uncovered a huge gap in the market matt lipsticks just werent available. So began Poppys twoyear trek from counter to counter with every query met with what would become an ironic response Sorry, we dont make a matt lipstick but if I had a dollar for every time a customer asked for one, Id be rich. The gap was so obvious, I thought I must be crazy. How could huge cosmetics houses overlook something that, to me seemed perfectly clear Women want matt lipsticks. Its that simple. The transformation from frustrated consumer to budding entrepreneur happened like so many things in Poppys life suddenly and by chance. I was reading Cleo and noticed an ad for The Nescafe Big Break Awards, offering six people under the age of 2l a 20,000 grant to pursue their area of interest. I immediately changed my attitude from why doesnt some company do this to Im going to do it myself. She was 17 years old, living at home and had just completed the first year of an arts degree. Up till then I didnt have a clue as to what I wanted to do with my life. After intense research for her submission, missing out on the award was a disappointment but not a great setback. A chance conversation at a party two months later was the break Poppy needed. I was chatting to a friend about matt lipsticks and how I wanted to produce them. She loved the idea and mentioned it to a friend of hers who was looking to invest in a business venture. A fortnight later, the friend called Poppy. They met, and in the space of a few hours Poppy had convinced him to back her ideas financially. Maybe I was ignorant or naive or overconfident or all of those things, but I just couldnt imagine it not being a success. After deferring university, Poppy threw herself into building a business from scratch. Everyone warned me that a recession was the worst possible time to start something, but in my case the opposite was true. When times are tough, manufacturers are forced to become more competitive and that made it easier for me to get a good deal. And Poppys research also showed her that a recession meant a boom in the sale of small luxury items. Women still want to treat themselves occasionally, they just have to do it on a smaller scale. A new dress or pair of shoes is too expensive, so they buy a magazine or a lipstick instead. The recession was an advantage for me in every way. After finding a lipstick manufacturer who was open to her ideas, Poppy began months of painstaking trialanderror in the lab. Creating the texture was the first and most important step I said to my manufacturer, Whatever amount of pigment youre used to putting in lipsticks, double it. No one had done that before. The result was a totally matt texture, designed to withstand endless cups of coffee and hours of social kissing. The second part of Poppys lipstick vision concerned colour and she managed to produce shades unlike any others on the market. The first seven were colours Id always looked for but could never find. If I saw someone wearing a colour I liked even if they were just walking down the street Id ask them what it was. Every time, theyd say they had to blend to get the shade they wanted. For me, that was further proof of a demand for lipstick colours that didnt yet exist. She began to collect petals, pieces of material, coloured paper, anything that matched the colours she wanted to recreate. I spent many afternoons mixing colours with my manufacturer, running back and forth to the mirror and applying different lipsticks while they were still warm. In January 1992, Poppy was finally happy with her seven colours. The next step was to name them. I didnt want to give them boring names like Poppy No.3 or whimsical, wimpy names like Tangerine Dream. I wanted to give them strong names that would show how far women have come and what we stand for in the 90s Ambition, Courage, Integrity, Virtue, Inspiration, Liberty, Unity. March saw the first production batch ready for collection and, as Poppy loaded 7,000 lipsticks into her car, she was thinking, Oh well, even if its a total failure, at least Ill have enough lipsticks to last the rest of my life. Soon after, Poppy convinced two of Melbournes leading fashion boutiques to stock her range and made a wishlist of 25 other stores she wanted to approach. But nothing could have prepared her for the flood of calls she received after a small magazine article on Poppy lipsticks appeared later that month. I was fielding around 300 inquiries a day from people across Australia. Thats when I realised my market was much broader that Id originally thought. From teenage country girls to 65yearold grandmothers, it seemed that all kinds of women wanted a lipstick that would last. Within three weeks, Poppys first production run was sold out and 90 per cent of the stores on her wishlist had contacted her. But all this was overshadowed by a call from the head buyer at MyerGrace Bros, who wanted to meet her as soon as possible. I went into that meeting as an ambitious 19yearold with a few thousand lipsticks and came out a nationwide operation. So staggering was Poppys success, that by June she was able to buy out her financial backer and appoint her older brother as codirector. Poppy spent the remainder of 1992 packing boxes, taking orders, meeting accountants, making instore appearances and developing her second range, The Seven Deadly Sins. Any spare time was devoted to renovating her huge studio apartment in central Melbourne, catching up with friends over a quick coffee or riding her bike. I let my gym membership lapse long ago so my bike is both relaxation and exercise. Not surprisingly, by Christmas Poppy was exhausted and decided to treat herself to a weeks break in New York after visiting a cosmetics trade fair in Paris. But her passion for business took hold, and she hadnt been in New York more than a few days when she began ringing department stores to gauge interest in her lipsticks. The brushoffs came one after another until she spoke to the head buyer at Barneys one of New Yorks most prestigious department stores, who agreed to meet her. Undeterred by the fact she had left all her promotional material in Australia, Poppy arrived at Barneys the following morning with nothing but her own halfused lipsticks. What followed was remarkable. This woman was blownaway. She adored the concept, loved the lipsticks and cancelled all her morning appointments so we could talk business. I was so overwhelmed I hailed a taxi and burst into tears. But Poppy Kings appetite for success is far from satisfied. Shes currently promoting her Seven Deadly Sins range and finalising the colours for Innocence, a range that will feature paler colours. Plans for an eye range Vision are well under way, with foundations, powders and a Poppy fragrance in the pipeline. Because of their thickness, heat resistance and rich colours, Poppy lipsticks are ideal for dark skin and hot climates. A Sri Lankan firm has already expressed interest, and expansion into the huge cosmetics markets of Sri Lanka and Pakistan seems just a matter of time. Meanwhile, in preparation for Barneys August launch, Poppy is flying to New York for a twoweek publicity blitz and Barneys is sending her lipsticks to some of the most famous lips in America, including those of Julia Roberts, Linda Evangelista, Naomi Campbell and Madonna. And instead of letting herself get swept away in this whirlwind of success, Poppy is proving she has a business instinct as acute as the Material Girl herself. Im giving myself one more year to stand up and be the front person for Poppy Industries. For longterm profitability, its vital that I step back and let the product speak for itself. Besides, theres only so long I can maintain goodwill in this country before people decide Im doing too well and its time to cut me down. But jealousy and bitterness aside, right now, at the age of 20, everythings coming up roses for Poppy King. NATALIES STORY Within a fortnight of receiving the letter, we had Natalie on a plane to Sydney. Given the precarious nature of Natalies condition, the letter had said, you understand we have to act quickly. Wearing a black hat and a white ruffled blouse, she strode into the airport lounge. We had expected an invalid. What we got was someone brave, intelligent and funny. The flight from Melbourne to Sydney had been draining, the black hat covered a head bald from chemotherapy and the ruffled blouse hid a body thin from fighting illness. Yet she was exuberant. I cant believe Im actually doing this. For years Ive looked at the models and celebrities in Cleo, but I never thought Id be one of them, said Natalie, high on the excitement of being our star for a day. And a star is exactly what she was. More adept at dealing with reactions to her illness than we were, she put us all at ease. Will she be OK about being photographed bald asked the photographer. Perhaps wed better lead up to things gently until we know how she feels. As soon as we were in the studio, Natalie solved the problem. You wont be needing this in the way. Sinead OConnor, eat your heart out, she said, whipping off her hat. I used to be the kind of girl who was in the hairdresser once a month, always interested in the latest style. Nowdotted linewell, it doesnt help to be too sensitive. Its usually other people who feel more embarrassed than I do. Some stare, even call out things. Ive learnt to ignore them. Other peoples reaction to her illness had been an education all round. When it first happened, I received loads of cards and letters, but then everyone but my closest friends got on with their lives again. They started to forget. It was like time was moving on for them and just standing still for me, she said. Some friends just couldnt cope at all. One friends boyfriend couldnt even bear to come and see me because the thought that I might die was just too much for him. At 20, you dont think about death. Death is something that happens to other people, when they are old, years from now. When leukaemia struck Natalie, it came like a bolt from the blue. Her life was on a roll. Always keen on fashion, shed taken a twoyearfashiondesign and business course. Then, after a holiday job at Sportsgirl, she impressed the fashion chain so much that she was taken on permanently as a window dresser. It was job she adored. I just couldnt be at work long enough. Within three years, shed been promoted and transferred to a highprofile store in WA. My life had never been better. I had my new job, was sharing a house on the beach with two friends I loved, the future looked great, and then suddenlydotted line pow.

A different shade of Done All his lucrative career, while the public have loved him, Ken Done has suffered at the hands of critics who dismiss him as a commercial artist. All his life he has wanted to be taken as a painter respected on walls as well as Tshirts.Now, at last, it seems it could happen. By AnnMaree Moodie Ken Done lightly tosses the selfportrait onto the floorboards of his waterfront studio where it settles amid a pile of unmistakably Done canvases. There, the paintings sombre colours stand out even more strikingly against the blues, yellows and reds of the familiar flower pictures and one of his favourite scenes the beach. If it were not for his trademark moustache, it would be difficult to recognise the selfportrait as Done. There is no boyish grin on this contorted face, no vibrant colours by which the artist has made his name. Shades of charcoal, brown and grey dominate, and Done describes it as a portrait of a face of a person who at that point in time was frustrated, unhappy, angry. The incident which created the black mood behind the painting is so private he will not even tell his wife of 27 years, Judy, who is also his business partner. But its not as dark as you imagine, he says. Its dark to you because you are so used to seeing brighter things from me. The selfportrait is one of a series Done has produced since he began showing his work in the early eighties. There is a file of them stored at his business headquarters in Sydneys innercity Redfern, and his most recent one has halfadozen faces on it because I am halfadozen peopledotted linethe private face, the sad face, the angry face, the media photo face, the unsure face, the confident face. These paintings havent often been seen in Australia because they dont fit the image of his multimilliondollar company. That selfportrait is a painting for an audience of one me. They are not the kind of things you would see on a calendar or a datebook. But one allows me to do the other dotted line To understand how beautiful things are, sometimes you need to understand how sad things are. He stresses that the selfportraiture doesnt signal any sudden change of direction. Its all part of what he has been doing all along chasing a childhood dream to be a painter. He just happened to be distracted along the way by his talent as a commercial artist and marketing man. The Japanese,with whom Done has had a love affair since his first visit to Japan in the sixties, admire him as both designer and artist. Now, he says, as part of his progression as an artist, he wants Australians to realise that his talents extend far beyond the simple linear drawings of Sydneys Harbour Bridge and Opera House which have made him world famous. He wants us to accept that its not a dilemma to be successful as both a commercial and pure artist. An exhibition of Dones work has been touring nsw regional galleries. From March 11 to May 21, his Redfern gallery will show the exhibition Paintings from The Cabin which, according to his assistant curator, Kirstie Davidson, intermingles earlier paintings and later more expressive and abstract works including seascapes, selfportraits and images of the interior and surrounding garden of The Cabin, Dones Sydney Harbourside property. And early next year, the Powerhouse Museum in Sydney will present a comprehensive, multimedia exhibition of Dones work, including the car he was asked to paint as part of bmws car art collection which put him in the company of bmws painted by Andy Warhol, Roy Lichtenstein and Alexander Calder. Dones interpretations of a glass fishsculpture, a Japanese beer can and an Arnotts biscuit tin are already on display in the Powerhouses permanent exhibition. All these exhibitions will include paintings immediately recognised as Done big, bold, bright canvases of flowers, beaches, tropical fish. But as well, they will reveal something of the other side of Done, a surprise, perhaps, for those who grumble that what he does could be done by a preschooler. Im doing many more complex things than you think, but I havent shown work here in Australia for quite a while I was always painting all kinds of pictures. Its just that the first pictures that people saw in the early eighties were very simple. I always accepted that in Australia it would be a long time before people understood there was more to it. But I knew that there was more to it. The time is approaching when Done, photo one of the countrys bestknown exports, may find a place in Australias established galleries as an artist a breakthrough for him and them. Some would argue that he deserves the break. Whatever else you might say, theres no denying hes worked hard enough. Done left school at 14 to become an artist. He studied design at the East Sydney Technical College but failed to graduate because, for his final assessment, he submitted graphics for the opening titles of the Bandstand television show instead of a book cover for The Picture of Dorian Gray Bandstand struck him as a more appealing project. His subsequent work as a commercial artist led to a successful career as a creative director for advertising agencies in Sydney and London. At 40, he left advertising to renew his ambition to paint. He drew some appealingly simple sketches of koalas and other classic Australian icons and had them printed on Tshirts. The freshness of his designs caught on. He set up a company to do his own printing and suddenly his creations were everywhere on bathers, sarongs, mugs, socks, bags, scarves, linen goods. Many of them were bought by tourists who believed they epitomised the essence of Australia. Done quickly became a celebrity, his goods spawned a chain of shops and he featured regularly in advertisements and the media. The man who wanted to be a painter found himself a businessman. Two years ago, when he turned 50, he decided to have another go at being what he really wanted to be. The business was encroaching on the time he wanted to spend painting. The company, employing 150 people and turning over more than 50 million in Australia annually, was contracted and renamed Done Art and Design. The 13 Australian shops, two galleries in Sydney Redfern and The Rocks and one in Surfers Paradise remained companyowned, but the overseas shops were licensed. The wholesale division was closed and licences were awarded to Oroton to make accessories and the Ink Group to make cards and calendars. Ideally, the new division of work means that Done now spends more time painting while Judy, 49, steers the company and does the fashion design. Nevertheless, Done, though without a formal title, is still effectively company chairman and appears to hold tightly to the reins. Because of his success, Done became a tall poppy. Over the years, his name has lent itself to a variety of denigrations of his work. His critics, especially those in art circles, have delighted in chanting OverDone, Done to Death, Been there, Done that. In 1987, there was Brett Whiteleys unforgettable response to his work Id rather take methadone than Ken Done. Dones paintings were not exhibited in any major gallery in Sydney or Melbourne and no art critic reviewed his work because it was widely regarded as too commercial and not pure. Times change. A decade on, the level of Done criticism has abated. He is studied in school as a contemporary artist and he lectures at galleries. His paintings have been bought by the Australian Embassy in Tokyo and showbiz collectors like Michael Caine, Reg Livermore and Jeffery Archer. He has had 44 solo exhibitions here and overseas, the last toured Japan to an audience of 200,His work fetches tens of thousands of dollars a recent painting sold photo for 30,And last year he was awarded the Order of Australia for his services to art, design and tourism. Done attributes his gradual acceptance to the current age, quality and experience of journalists whom he says have helped equalise the tall poppy syndrome. But can he yet call himself a painter in the eyes of the cognoscente While he has gained respect for cleverly exploiting his commercial art, he is yet to receive accolades for his paintings. The director of the Art Gallery of nsw, Edmund Capon, says the reason Dones more familiar work has not been exhibited by a major gallery in Australia is because he is perceived in the art establishment as being commercially oriented rather than a pure artist. The gallery has hung Done work only temporarily, in competitions such as the Archibald work Capon describes as a slightly more serious form of his more commercial expression. Still, Capon does indicate that if Dones work was to break the mould of its commercial reputation, he may be exhibited by leading galleries. He has a thorough and established reputation as an artist who has managed to marry art, design and commercial product. He is a master of two essential ingredients of art graphic facility and colour and he has a fundamental understanding of art such as graphic quality and the relationship and emotional qualities of colour. I would be the last person to say he did not have the facilities to metamorphose into a pure artist. So theres hope for Ken the painter yet. The director of the Powerhouse Museum, Terence Measham, says Done, whom he regards as a friend, is an Australian model of success for young people. The thing about Ken Done is that his mind teems with visual images. The paintings celebrate the Australian experience, lifestyle and expression through the colours and through the iconography, and he assimilates, in an intellectual way, the motifs and pictorial ideas of other artists, such as Monet and Gauguin. But art critic Elwyn Lynn thinks that although Done has developed as an artist since his work was first shown, hes still incipient and ubiquitous. I think Ken Done is a serious artist at times, but he is yet to be proven, says Lynn, who has only seen Dones art reproduced in magazines photo caption and competitions. I think he is becoming more expressive in his feelings for different subjects than those which are depicted on his shirts and elsewhere. But he is one of the few artists who are concerned with the hedonistic life. I think people have to realise that you can be utterly relaxed in your style and still be an artist. The Cabin, where Done produces most of his work, is a twostorey building at the edge of Chinamans Beach, a peaceful inlet tucked away on Sydneys north shore. It lies at the bottom of Judys welltended garden which is planted in blocks of colour and is a source of unending inspiration to her husband. Done first saw The Cabin when he was 14, began renting it in the early eighties, but was unable to buy it until His earliest paintings were born in a nowdemolished caption fishermans shack on the same beach which he rented from the elderly owner. I used to sit at the other end of Chinamans Beach, looking at this building, and willing the people who were renting it before out of it, he says. They were nice enough people, but they didnt love it. He knows Chinamans Beach intimately and has names for the rocks which protect its shores Point Rock, Turtle Rock, Bird Rock. Some of the names developed when his children were young and the family would explore the beach together. Other rocks have been named for their characteristics the Japanese Tree Rock is a rock upon which crouches a gnarled old tree and that reminds Done of a Japanese landscape. Is it monotonous painting the same view repeatedly Done leafs through a bundle of canvases to explain his answer. Its never the same.

RESOURCES Bass gas tax bombshell By STEPHEN MAYNE THREE former Supreme Court judges dropped a bombshell yesterday when they handed down an interim finding which suggests Victorian taxpayers will be asked to foot a 1 billionplus Federal tax liability on Bass Strait gas. The threemember panel on the commercial arbitration ruled that BHP and Esso can pass on the cost of the Federal Governments controversial Resource Rent Tax RRT to Victorian taxpayers. RRT on Bass Strait gas was introduced in 1990 and is levied at 40 per cent of profit on offshore gas production. Treasurer Alan Stockdale last month said the present value of the liability created by the RRT on Victorian Bass Strait gas was more than 1 billion. EssoBHP has already paid about 300 million to the Federal Government since the tax was retrospectively applied to longterm fixedprice gas contracts EssoBHP has with the Gas and Fuel Corp and the former SECV. Generation Victoria, the new power station arm of the old SECV, buys gas from EssoBHP to run its Newport and Jeeralang gasfired power stations. Yesterdays interim finding related to the 15year contract between EssoBHP and Generation Victoria which expires in The bulk of the 1 billionplus liability relates to longterm contracts between EssoBHP and the Gas and Fuel Corp, but yesterdays interim finding for the smaller of the two commercial arbitrations is regarded as a pointer to the bigger one. Mr Stockdale last night said the decision would delay national gas reform and that the Government still believed the tax should be paid by the producers EssoBHP. RRT was intended to be a tax on the profit made by producers and we remain of the view that it should not be passed on, he said. The Federal Government is believed to support this view and could yet intervene. BHP Petroleum spokesman Bernie Delaney said the parties would need to examine the reasons for the finding which will be released later this month. It would appear that our contractual rights are being respected, he said. The decision will inevitably get wrapped up in negotiations between EssoBHP and the Government over the future ownership of Newport and Jeeralang and the renegotiation of a series of gas contracts which begin expiring in BHP chief executive John Prescott is aiming to negotiate new gas contracts at up to 10 times the present prices. While EssoBHP has been paying the 80 million annual tax to the Federal Government, Generation Victoria has been writing off its 1015 million liability each year. However, Gas and Fuel has only been noting it in the accounts as a contingent liability so it may be forced to make a 200 millionplus write down. MARKETS Share slide continues By Nachum Kaplan INTEREST rate concerns and large falls on overseas markets hammered Australian stocks yesterday with the market falling sharply for the second consecutive day. More than 6 billion has been wiped off the markets value over the past two days as the All Ordinaries index tumbled another 3 points to 8 yesterday. Austock senior analysts John Roysmith said It was pretty weak, the market had expectations of a rate rise which didnt come through and it was weak after a big fall on Wall Street. The Dow Jones industrial average tumbled 67 points to 13 after the release of figures which showed strong earnings by the nations leading manufacturers. This sparked fears the US economy was growing quickly enough to create strong inflation which may need to be quelled with higher interest rates. Fears about rising interest rates, locally and in the US, caused the Australian December share price index futures which reflect market expectations to plummet 36 points to 1960, almost a 20 point discount to the physical market. Despite the markets weakness brokers said it was now reaching levels where it should enjoy reasonable support. The sharemarket is in a negative mood at the moment, but it shouldnt go much lower before hitting a plateau, said one broker. The gold index was hit hard and lost a hefty 3 points to 8 as many gold stocks felt the wrath of the bearish market. Delta Gold fell 11c to 67, Newcrest Mining was 14c weaker at 88 while Samantha Gold lost 23c to Many stocks were punished by the weaker market and BHP tumbled 32c to 06 just weeks after hitting a record high of Retail giant Coles Myer stumbled again and it lost 9c to 94 while flu company Biota Ltd plunged 45c to 20 as the market stripped the drug company of the impressive 80c gain it made on Monday. One standout performer in yesterdays market was Pacific BBA which powered ahead 27c to News Corporation regained some lost ground after Tuesdays stumble and gained 2c to Despite the drama on the equities market the credit market firmed slightly as yields on yardstick Commonwealth long bonds fell five basis points to 25 per cent. The Australian dollar regained some lost ground after Tuesdays fall and closed local trade 15 points higher at US BRANDS Holeproof looks for brief affair with younger men By Jane Schulze BELLS, the traditional Melbourne underwear and sock brand, has been relaunched by the Holeproof company to try and attract younger customers while retaining its position in the over 50s market. Holeproofs group general manager David Stevenson said new underwear styles and sock patterns would be introduced to make the brand more contemporary, but would not alienate their traditional older market. While brands such as Calvin Klein have dramatically expanded the younger underwear market, Mr Stevenson said Bells wanted to move into the 30s plus market from its traditional base of consumers aged over We are targeting the 30yearolds that are comfortable with a knitted brief as opposed to boxer shorts, the men 40plus aspiring to be 30 again and the 50yearolds who have known the brand for 20 years and want to make sure they are not totally alienated, he said. The high profile end of the market does not fit with the brands steeped in 80 years of heritage you cannot be all things to all people. Mr Stevenson said increased fabric choices and improved technology meant it was now easier to create more interesting sock patterns and underwear styles. Included in the new range are three new sock patterns, bicycle trunk style underwear and a full brief in different fabric combinations. The traditional athletic style underwear has also been retained but slightly modernised using ribbed and interlocked cotton. We have been developing the underwear side of Bells as it was languishing a bit in that its sales rested on one or two styles only, he said. Its definitely not aimed at the teenage market, but thats not to say there would not be appeal in the sock area and with some of our mens briefs. Packaging has also been updated from the burgundy colour to heritage green and for the first time similar labels appear on both underwear and socks. However the traditional three soldierlike hotel porters remain on the packaging. Mr Stevenson said the fact that Bells was only available through department stores and specialist retailers was an advantage as it meant marketing was able to be clearly focussed by those retailers. We wouldnt say its an aggressive marketing campaign, but we have aimed to keep the product in its defined position in the market place, he said. He said Holeproof brands, including Underdaks, Alfreds and Computer Socks, held about one third of the 160 million mens sock market and about 40 per cent of the 250 million retail underwear market. ECONOMY Survey finds firms very busy By Simon Pristel AUSTRALIAN companies are run off their feet with increased business, according to a survey released yesterday. And companies expect to boost sales, profits, jobs and investment before Christmas. The Metal Trades Industry Association survey of 290 companies found 60 per cent of them experienced busy or very busy production activity last month, the best result for five years. And activity is set to accelerate in the next three months, with three quarters of companies anticipating busy or very busy conditions. The survey also found THIRTYNINE per cent of companies boosted staff numbers in the past three months, but the pace of employment growth is expected to be slow in the next three months.MORE than 55 per cent of companies reported increases in sales and orders in the past three months and more growth is expected.ALMOST 30 per cent of companies boosted their export sales, while 9 per cent saw exports fall back. ABOUT 70 per cent of companies expect to increase their investment spending in the next 12 months, while 10 per cent expect to cut spending. SEVENTYTWO per cent of companies expect profits to grow over the next 12 months. The survey is further evidence that the economic recovery is entrenched and likely to grow strongly. But there are increasing fears among economists that the economy could be growly too strongly. This could cause inflation to rise, putting the recovery at risk. Economists believe these fears could prompt the Reserve Bank to soon possibly at its Board meeting today lift official interest rates to slow down the economy. Treasurer Ralph Willis yesterday said the Federal Government was committed to keeping inflation low by adopting a firm stance on monetary policy interest rates. Speaking at the interim committee meeting of the International Monetary Fund in Spain, Mr Willis said strong growth in East Asian economies, which was expected to continue, had boosted economic growth in Australia. But Opposition Treasury spokesman Peter Costello said Mr Willis was ignoring advice from the Treasury to rein in the budget deficit. Mr Costello yesterday said Mr Willis had privately told people he wanted to cut the budget deficit faster than planned, but that Prime Minister Paul Keating was preventing him from doing so. Mr Costello said unless Mr Willis cut the deficit faster than planned interest rates would soar and put the recovery at risk. SUNDAY TRADING Retailers work out deal By JANE SCHULZE Victorias major retail groups have hammered out a compromise deal on Sunday trading and will now lobby the State Government to increase the number of trading Sundays from 10 to Under the deal, all metropolitan stores would open the first Sunday of each month and the three before Christmas The five asociations, representing businesses of all sizes, put the plan to the State Government following continued confusion with the present rules. The Combined Retailers Association of Victoria, the Retail Traders Association of Victoria, the Victorian Employers Chamber of Commerce and Industry VECCI, the Australian Council of Shopping Centres and the Building Owners and Managers Association BOMA worked out the deal six weeks ago. The groups then requested a meeting with Small Business Minister Vin Heffernan. But the ministers spokesman said Mr Heffernan told them the government did not intend changing its Sunday trading policy in this term of government. Under the 1991 Shop Trading Further Amendment Act, 10 Sundays are allowed for trading, six of which are determined by the Government and four by the Shop Review Trading Panel. VECCI chief executive officer David Edwards said the groups would maintain their united front in lobbying the Government for a change. The proposal has the agreement of all the industry groups but in the past there have been different views dotted line this is a compromise position that everyone in the industry supports,he said. Retail Traders Association executive director Ron Thomlinson said he was not surprised the groups wrre able to find a united position. Irrespective of their diversity no one is terribly happy with the 10 Sunday rule, he said. Combined Retail Traders executive officer Tony Christakakis admitted the deal would disadvantage some of their members but would boost the overall retail sector. BOMAs executive director Brian Welch said the confusion surrounding Sunday trading made it difficult to market. Opening on the first Sunday of each month would benefit both large and small retailers as it would become an accepted thing just like Sunday shopping in the CBD, he said.

1 Black movement, white stubbornness During the official bicentennial celebration in January 1988, a survey found that most Australians believed that Aborigines were better off than they were before white settlement began. Confidence in the benefits of white civilisation was strongest in those areas most closely identified with harsh treatment of Aborigines.1 The facts suggest that white complacency is inappropriate. In Australia today, an Aborigine is much more likely than a white person to be sick, undernourished, unemployed, uneducated, poor, badly housed, imprisoned or dead in traditional society, Aborigines ate better than the vast majority of Europeans in 1788, and normally had only to work three or four hours each day to maintain this standard.2 It is not just that the intrusion of whites upon the continent has been at the expense of the Aborigines land and livelihood, but the advantages of white society, such as they are, have not been distributed so that blacks benefit. Stark contrasts are everywhere. For example, in 1979 in the Kimberley area of Western Australia, the Aboriginal people employed at Gordon Downs, a pastoral station owned by Vesteys, lived in a few caravans and tin humpies, and the only water supply for the camp came from a single, intermittently working tap 100 yards away, which had caused the death of three children from gastroenteritis. At the same time, the managers lawn at Gordon Downs was being constantly watered by eight sprinklers.3 Ten years later, in 1989, the Wamba Wamba people on the VictorianNSW border live in a cluster of squalid and makeshift huts on the banks of the Murray, directly opposite a forty million dollar luxury country club estate.4 White society and the black movement A process of racialisation in white Australian society over the past two centuries has resulted in the continual oppression of Aborigines and a reluctance on the part of white Australians to acknowledge that oppression. Poor relations Jan Pettman argues that throughout postsettlement history, Australia has been characterised as white, Englishspeaking and male, as it is white, Englishspeaking males who have dominated the establishment and development of our modern nationstate. Aborigines were constructed as the Other in ideologies of race and nation and as part of the process of developing policy for their management. Aboriginal people were denied agency, for they were not seen as purposive or creative actors in their own right they were not considered a distinct part of the Australian nation.5 This process of assertive white selfdefinition and the associated repression of the Aboriginal component of Australianness was apparent in white Australian societys determination to commemorate the bicentenary of the white conquest of black Australia. For Land Rights News the celebrations presented the obscene spectacle of the brutality and arrogance of British colonialism.6 The black movement instead celebrated 1987 as the bicentenary of its last year of freedom and registered their anger the following year. On 26 January 1988 about 50 000 protesting Aborigines from all over the country nearly a fifth of their population descended on Sydney in freedom buses and by other means. Les Collins, coordinator of the Cairns Aboriginal Health Service, explained the black perspective by pointing out that Australians would be horrified if Germany decided to commemorate its crime against the Jews, yet Aboriginal people were witnessing the celebration with fireworks and fanfares, of the taking of their traditional lands.7 Whites at play are good targets for black protest. Much can be made of the contrast between black deprivation on the one hand and the amount of money poured into white festivities centred on profit or pleasure. Yet many whites react angrily to black refusals to respect the icons of white society. The Bicentennial Authority objected to the Aboriginal slogan, Bugger the Bicentenary, alleging it constituted a breach of copyright.8 And newspaper reportage of black protests against the bicentenary tended to present them as disruptive.9 The influence of the media on attitudes to blacks is considerable. Aboriginal people feel that the media incites racial hatred by constantly telling all the bad things and promoting negative images of Aborigines, encouraging stereotypes of Aborigines as criminals, drunks and always unemployed.10 The Aboriginal Advancement League newspaper, Koorier 3, admits some improvement in recent years, but Newspapers generally report biased sensational negative, inaccurate stories about Koori people.11 Throughout white Australian history, newspapers have reassured the interlopers of their rights to Aboriginal land now, in subtle ways, the media convinces whites that Aborigines have no right to ask for portions of it back. White commentators often denigrate the black movement by suggesting it is not representative or that sections of it lack authenticity. Frequently, when Aborigines stand up for their rights, we hear suggestions that the trouble is caused by a handful of agitators stirring up discontent amongst an otherwise happy people. Often, also, whites impugn the integrity of black leaders by questioning their racial redentials. In these instances we see a case of how racism upholds stereotypes by shifting the criteria of Aboriginality to create categories of convenience for the dominant race, to deny Aboriginal identity to educated, urban or nontraditional people when this can be used to ignore their political claims.12 Likewise, the resentment articulated by whites against those who receive benefits earmarked for blacks who are not, in the opinion of those objecting, really black,13 is a racialised thought process and accordingly illogical if the beneficiaries in question are not really black then animosity should surely be directed against whites for posing as blacks. Either the beneficiaries are genuine and black or they are white and fraudulent. They cannot be both black and fraudulent, yet this is the inference regularly drawn in white responses to blacks and the black movement. It is the police who most obviously express Australian race relations in practice, who form the front row for enforcing the prejudices of white Australians. Tiga Bayles, chairman of the New South Wales Aboriginal Land Council, complained to the Human Rights Commission inquiry into racist violence My people constantly suffer racist abuse, and there is a perceived lack of interest from the police. In fact, some of the violence is perpetrated by the police themselves.14 On 27 April 1989 an Aboriginal man, Mr David Gundy, was killed during a police raid on his home. The police were looking for another man who was not at Mr Gundys house, wanted for allegedly shooting at police officers, one of whom had subsequently died. The state made no apology to the Gundy family for the shooting of an unarmed, innocent man in front of his nineyearold son, yet five state police forces sent senior officers to attend the policemans funeral. On 16 August 1989 the New South Wales coroner ruled that police should not face criminal charges over the incident.15 Black feeling that white police officers can maltreat Aborigines with impunity has clearly expressed itself during the hearings of the Royal Commission into Aboriginal Deaths in Custody in the late 1980s and early 1990s. The families concerned have been distressed by the Commissions reluctance to blame white police officers. One family described the findings thus Its just a whitewash, the same as the coroners verdict. We knew it was going to be like this.16 The Aborigines white problem Over two centuries, white Australians found various ways of dealing with what they defined as the Aboriginal problem the killing method of the days of pastoral expansion segregation on reserves from late last century until the 1940s assimilation from the 1940s to the late 1960s, fading into integration in the early 1970s and now selfdetermination or selfmanagement. At every stage, white people made the decisions that affect the lives of Aboriginal people. Even the bestintentioned plans of whites presumed to determine the fate of Aborigines. In February 1973 the Whitlam Labor government created the National Aboriginal Consultative Committee. In December 1973 over 28000 Aboriginal voters elected fortyone Aborigines to this Committee and most Aborigines saw it as a representative body invested with power to participate in decisions on all Aboriginal matters.17 But it was merely an advisory body, with no power within the white bureaucracy, a fact which the black activists involved found extremely frustrating. Christine Jennett comments In Australia under Labor it was never really envisaged that Aborigines would have the power to make decisions, but rather that they were to advise the government on the decisions which it would continue to make.18 The Fraser government that followed was easily able to draw the few remaining, decaying teeth of this body and it ceased to function within a few years. In 1979 the Aboriginal Treaty Committee argued that Aborigines and Islanders remain disadvantaged. They listed the following reasons their affairs are controlled by whiteimposed structures and laws their requests for real selfdetermination are not being heard their lives are complicated by different and often conflicting policies at state and federal levels their wellbeing is dependent on the good will of the government of the day and their interests do not always prosper under government programmes because a significant proportion of funding is used to maintain the bureaucracy and inappropriate projects are often introduced without consultation with the people concerned.19 About threequarters of the federal government money allocated to Aboriginal Affairs goes into the pockets of bureaucrats.20 These people, not Aborigines, are the intelligent parasites of Australian history.21 Colin Tatz argues that the way money is spent on Aboriginal Affairs is symptomatic of the major problem in Australian race relations White society unilaterally defines the problems, prescribes the policy dicta, enacts the laws, creates the administrative machinery and determines the nature, content, personnel and flavour of remedial programs dotted line Aboriginal Affairs have always been, and still remain, a white activity. This tradition has become a deeply ingrained cultural norm. 22 The whole setup is based on the racist assumption that whites know best. The solutions favoured are typically welfare oriented, which, Pettman argues, tend simultaneously to increase Aboriginal dependence and white control.23 As Robbie Thorpe has put it from the black side How can we talk about selfdetermination when we are caught up in welfare dottedline While the government spends money on welfare for our people, and sets up its governing bodies, it is dictating the terms of our existence.24 Gary Foley argues that many white Australians find it very difficult to accept that Aboriginal people are capable of controlling their own affairs and doing it better than the white experts. This is why Aboriginal initiatives are so often perceived as threats by the bureaucrats.25 It is difficult for many whites, conditioned to think in racist ways and used to being in control, to accept the black movement as the legitimate expression of Aborigines desire to rid themselves of their very serious white problem. The particular problem of the black movement The black movement is the most particular of any of the new social movements in this study its support base is extremely limited. White Australians have themselves guaranteed this numerical isolation of black Australians. The main causes of the drastic decline of the 1787 Aboriginal population of possibly two million were smallpox and venereal diseases introduced by whites the economic and social effects of land loss which led to poverty and despair and direct killings by whites.26 The 1986 Census counted only 227 644 Aborigines and Torres Strait Islanders. Blacks constitute, therefore, about 421 per cent of the population. In other words, they are electorally negligible, a lobby group not worth wooing, except insofar as they can mobilise broader support. Political parties can afford to ignore black voters, and in the main they do the circumstances of black Australians did not rate as an issue in the 1990 federal election. Living on the fringe of white consciousness, at election times they are usually forgotten. There has also been a long history of official political marginalisation of the few black Australians remaining, resented and opposed by Aboriginal political organisations. It was not until 1949 that some Aborigines were given the right to enrol and vote in federal elections, providing they were entitled to enrol for state poll some were, some were not or had been in the defence forces. In 1962 Aborigines in Queensland, Western Australia and the Northern Territory became entitled to enrol and vote in federal elections. Until 1967, black Australians were formally excluded from Australian citizenship and were not counted in the Census. In the Northern Territory it was 1978 before the provision for voluntary electoral enrolment for Aborigines was abolished, thus placing Aboriginal voters on an equal footing with white voters. In 1983, the Commonwealth Electoral Act was amended to make electoral enrolment and voting compulsory for Aborigines.

9th July 1991 Glasgow PART ONE Hello everyone, Well, we are safely back from our Turkish sojourndotted line mind you that is no mean feat. We had a terrific holiday, Turkey was quite an experience. David and Elaine had arranged a package holiday to Bodrum, which is a seaside resort on the Aegean, midway down the Turkish coast. We agreed to go along with them for my first experience of a British package holiday. Here are my impressions The british have a different attitude to holidaysdotted line I can kind of see whydotted line they like to go away for a week or two, turn lobster red in the sun, experience a SMALL amount of foreign culture, mix with a lot of other brits and go home with a suntan. Throughout this they are molly coddled by their tour rep ie. picked up at the airport and herded off to the resort in a bus, taken on turkish nights and so on. 60 of the population is white, everywhere they go people speak English, give you chips with your Turkish meal, and invite you into tourist traps. Bodrum and many places like it around the Med is a very pretty place, but there is very little real Turkish culturedotted line almost everything is set up for the tourists, which in my opinion is rather saddotted line but the Brits on wur holiday lap it up. Fortunately Aileen agrees that thats not what travelling is about, and so she was as happy as me when we got somewhere and tourists were 1 of the population, they spoke little English and she is tut tuted for wearing a skirt above the knee Anyway, thats PART TWO. So, we arrived in Bodrum, tired after our overnight flight and bus trip and spent the next four days being lazy and avoiding the tour rep. The beach was crowded with alternately white, pink, red and brown bodies, mostly lying on wooden sunbenches, provided by their hotel except for the Turks who for some mysterious reason prefer to lie in the dirty brown pebbles We actually spent most middays in the shade by the hotel pool as a way of preserving our skins. I played lots of backgammon with David, it is the Turkish national game, they play it at a blinding speed. We took a boat trip one day, which was very pleasant indeed. Bodrum itself is very pretty, but the surrounding islands sparkle in the Aegean Sea and are quite a spectacle. We went out on a cruising Turkish yacht and spent a lovely day, admiring the islands, enjoying the sun and swimming in the deep blue sea. We also spent a morning looking around the 14th Century Crusader castle, which was fascinating. It is the dominant feature of Bodrum see Pete and Shauns postcard. Its very large and well built used to keep out the infidel many moons ago I dont know that the Crusaders would be very happy that the infidel are now running it... and is now used as a museum. Everything in Turkey is very cheap which reminds me Cath, I shall send you some Turkish money. Although as one TAKSI driver told us, Bodrum cheap for English visitor. Bodrum dear for Turkish. We had some good nights out, Turkish food is great varied and spicy despite the chips. The service is very good, they normally take you to the kitchen to show you the choice of meals, but there is one thing you would hate Dad, cats run loose everywhere and are accepted and fed in mostly outdoor restaurants. So you sit eating your meal, with about four cats prowling around your table, staring at you, meowing, in one case, pawing Aileens leg, and in another, jumping onto the table There is a large bazaar there which was interesting lots of local wares for sale mixed in with the touristy souveneirs. However you must run the vanguard of Turks extoling the virtues of their various establishments and trying to tempt you inside Excuse me sir , Hello, yes please and May I ask you just one question must be ignored every few steps or dealt with if you are unfortunate enough to make eye contact They never address the women, only the men. Turkey is a muslim country and women are one class below camels. I got a reputation for being impolitedotted line God knows why. Its actually very sad in parts, there are very few beggars but so many people on the street trying to eek out a living, from the flashy ones trying to get you into their nightclubs to the 5 year old kids with bathroom scales wanting to tell you your weight. There are also lots of shoe shine boys, one was very funny, he asked me shoeshine and when I said no thanks, he said look at your shoes, they are filthy only 1000 about 30 cents. So I laughed and said OK, he did a very good job and I have him The country gives the impression of being very poor, lots of manual labour, very poor housing and services. However having said that Aileen commented that it was not half as poor as Morocco or Kenya so I guess theyre not to badly off. The language is interesting, we tried to learn a few words, Merhaba hello and Tesekkurleh thanks but the pronunciation eg.Tehshehkehler isnt easy. Its a very phonetic language, TAKSI, POLIS and FERIBOT are all pretty obvious, that makes it a little easier. Well, I am running out of room. We sat and watched the sunset in an ancient Greek ampitheatre over a bottle of red wine that seated 5000 in its day and has a beautiful outlook over Bodrum and the surrounding islands. After which I went to the stage and recited The Man from Ironbark to A,D,E, a Turkish goatherd and his 30 goats. He he, Ive just read what I wrote some bottle of wine We saw some belly dancing and that about it in Bodrum. We arranged for a hire car, which we picked up bound for the Dardanelles and Gallipoli, 600 kms of right hand side of the road driving away But that was to be the least of the difficulties For more, Peter and Shaunaugh have PART TWO. Hope youre all well, 9th July 1991 Glasgow PART TWO Dear Peter, Shaunaugh wee bubs, Part Two you say Part One is with Mum Dad Ive told them all about Bodrum this letter is all about our trip to Gallipoli. We left Bodrum, aware that we may have difficulties with driving 600 km on the right hand side, but unaware that we would share the road with maniacs at every turn it wasnt so bad on the straight stretches, you could see them coming . The Turks are a very amiable bunch, but put them in a car and they obviously put their lives in the hands of Allah. The best way to describe them is that they drive like western teenagers, fast, rude, with no patience and no road sense. They overtake on crests, around bends, through towns and over bridges. They are mad, and it was with relief that we got to our first stop at Ephesus. Ephesus today is the ruins of a once great city. If you know the bible, the Ephesians were lucky enough to get Pauls letters. It was conquered by the Persians, the Greeks, the Romans and Alexander perhaps thats why they turned to Paul for help and is therefore quite a sight today, with buildings that reflect each of those cultures some buildings have been reconstructed mostly from the original materials and are very impressive indeed. There is an ENORMOUS ampitheatre there, still standing, built into the side of a hill. It held 40,000 people They hold rock concerts there now, and Jethro Tull are playing in a few weeks. Ephesus was well worth the visit. With hearts in mouths and foot hovering over the brake pedal, we made our way to Canakkale Chanackalee which is a port on the Dardanelles, across from the Gallipoli Peninsula. We went to the plushest hotel only 30 a night, which gave us a wonderful view across the Dardanelles and was 5 minutes walk from the ferry and the bazaar. Here there were no tourists, little English was spoken and we were finally starting to experience the real Turkey. We had a very amusing walk down the promenade theredotted line everyone seems to go to the water front to walk and talk, there are lots of market stalls, and the mountains of the peninsula across the water, all make a very pretty sight. Turkey is a Muslim country and many women were dressed traditionally. So when Aileen hit the waterfront, with a skirt 2 inches above her knee, the Turkswere a little taken aback. In Bodrum theyre used to bikinis, but in Canakkale there are few tourists, and the eyes of every man and nearly every person went from Aileens legs, up to her face and then back to her legs. I somehow got the impression they didnt approve The next morning we took the car on the feribot and made a short trip across the Dardanelles to the town of Eceabat. From there it was a short drive over to the seaward side and down to Anzac Cove. It is all very unspoiled, theres a small museum nearby and that is about it. It was very quiet, we virtually had the area to ourselves. There are cemeteries dotted all over the area I think the most moving was the one at Anzac Cove Ari Burnu. Perhaps because it was the first we saw. Perhaps because it is now set in such a pretty spot, wildflowers and green grass, hills behind, the graves facing the sparkling blue sea. It was very moving, and very saddening. So many young Australians, and all for nothing. There is an impressive monument down near the beach raised by the Turks with the words of Ataturk upon it. Ataturk led the Turks that held the ANZACS on the first morning and emerged as the most outstanding leader of the campaign he later created the Turkish Republic national hero.. The speech is in a very generous spirit see Mum and Dads postcard and is also very moving. Over the next five hours we made our way around the area where the ANZACS fought, stopping at each of the cemeteries, which are very well looked after, and are very peaceful, each with a monument, and a plaque describing the events that took place in the area. The cemetery at Lone Pine is hard to describe. To say moving is repetitive, to say beautiful is hardly appropriatedotted line perhaps to say that I have tears in my eyes as I think about it and write this is sufficient. Anywaydotted line we made our way around the battlefields, went looking for trenches in certain places and it was fascinating to find them half filled now of course and follow them. All the same it was hard to imagine it all happening. Hard to imagine hundreds of men rising out of trenches, running across no mans land and being cut down by machine guns at The Nek, over 300 Light Horsemen fell in the space of a tennis court. Now the area is a peaceful cemetery, surrounded by trees and with a beautiful view of the sea far below. Later we went down to Cape Helles and by chance bought a cold drink from an old Turk called Mutlu, who took us into his personal Gallipoli museum. He had some fascinating relics, and others he had donated to the official museum at Kabatebe but his museum was as good, if not better. He was a warm old man and it was a nice experience. Everywhere we went the Turks smiled when I said I was Australian or when they saw my hat they seemed to have a healthy respect for Australians, as I do for them other than their drivers.

PERTH INSTITUTE OF CONTEMPORARY ARTS Donaldson Warns redevelopment of a historic building for PICA, reviewed by Simon Anderson of the University of Western Australia. THE OLD BOYS SCHOOL WITHIN THE PERTH Cultural Centre was offered by the state government to the Perth Institute of Contemporary Arts PICA in 1988, together with an initial capital works allocation for redeveloping the public areas and services to suit the fundamental artistic tenets of the PICA charter movement, sound, language and vision. The principal spaces needed to be flexible and responsive to unconventional use. The brief called for exhibition spaces capable of responding to a radical range of activities, and performance space that can be redefined by the addition or subtraction of lighting grid, acoustic panels and seating units. Accommodation for PICA Press, artists studios, sound studios, libraryresource centre, coffeeshopbar, bookshop, administration and storage made up the minor spaces in the brief. PICA had its origins as an institution in the Perth experimental art group Praxis. That the architectural experiment is not highly visible in PICA needs explanation, and ultimately appreciation. The idea that architecture is one of the fine arts is not a widely held belief. Architecture is thought to be just the container in which art is displayed. But one cannot blame the architects, since they made architecture highly visible in their first scheme and in their comments since.1 Indeed, the coolness of the built project is largely the outcome of the client groups beliefs, the politics of the conservation movement and budgetary restraint. The first scheme boldly opened up the interior by removing the interior walls forming the twostorey central hall, and supporting the remaining structure with a steel truss from which amenities and services for the visual and performing arts could be suspended. A bridge that linked the building directly to the adjacent CBD was also proposed in the first scheme. Indeed, the model made of the first scheme, showing much of the south facade removed to allow easy viewing of the interior, consciously hinted at an even greater exposure for contemporary art in the city. In the executed project, suffering from an emaciated budget due to government restraint, the bridge was lost, the truss became a frame on the balustrade, and removed walls remained, but with larger openings. In addition, the bookshop and cafe were not fitted out. The balance between the historic nature of the building and the aims of contemporary art was critical to the project. Conservation bodies such as the National Trust thought that the first scheme would destroy the architectural integrity of the original building by replacing loadbearing walls with a dominant and alien steel structure. Conservative critics suggested that the aims and objectives of a contemporary art space do not sit comfortably with this heritage building.2 Both groups have static views of history that heritage buildings are old and should be preserved, and contemporary art needs a contemporary setting. In the PICA project, the architects demonstrate that neither belief is necessarily true. The architects have shown more sensitivity to the original school than previous tenants. For, just as the proposed bridge was suspended just short of the original fabric so as not to disturb the exterior, so various traces of the original have been left to allow for future reconstruction. In the first floor gallery, for instance, smooth plasterboard walls are set off the pilasters to create appropriate wall surfaces for contemporary art while preserving the original walls. The various added elements like the cast iron trusses in the performance space used to support the gallery above after the removal of load bearing walls, the new stair, the steel frame to the balustrade in the central space were all designed in small pieces and inserted into the space for site assembly. There is no effort to conceal the additions. They are placed within and apart from the existing. They are positioned offaxis. They are finished differently. They show their newness, thereby allowing for their later modification, or even removal. The lack of a suitable loading dock is an irony that the conservationists must bear since it was brought about by their insistence that the exterior should not be touched. The buildings origin as a school, with classrooms around a central hall, seems not unsympathetic to contemporary arts. The craftsmanship in the cast iron trusses in the performance space is refreshing here as it would be elsewhere. Artists are using the spaces and the possibilities provided by the inserted elements. Future plans for the current temporary galleries on the first floor call for artistinresidence accommodation, sound studio and installation spaces. Hopefully the bridge will also be built at some stage. Interestingly, the first exhibition at PICA was a retrospective of WA sculpture, featuring many artists who have regularly exhibited at the neighbouring Art Gallery of Western Australia AGWA. This brought the relationship of PICA to AGWA into immediate focus. Clearly, performance will define this relationship for PICA, although for the visual arts PICA and AGWA were already alternatives. One must suspect that the alternative alternative art space is now forming somewhere in Perth, presumably away from the centralising3 pull of the Perth Cultural Centre. Notes Geoff Warn. Constructing a Place for Architecture in ARM AprilMay p. Andra Kins. A Glance at PICA in Art Monthly November p.The logic of centralising art institutions in the Perth Cultural Centre has been regularly questioned on the assumption that the centre is culturally dead. See, for example, Duncan Richards. Dead Centre in Fremantle Arts Review March 1989, pp. 3 Emerging architects Enriching the culture In Western Australia, flexibility means survival for young architects and the reward is a richer architectural culture, according to Simon Anderson SINCE ARCHITECTURE AUSTRALIA LAST looked at the work of emerging architects, in May 1990, the economic recession has made it almost impossible for younger architects to develop viable practices or indeed to build within established practices. In the last two years, architects have found it difficult to even find work in architectural practices. This presents an ideal opportunity to focus on young architects varied and generally nonbuilding activities, in part precipitated by recession and certainly magnified by it. If unable to enter the profession in the traditional way, young practitioners must turn to other activities. They can teach, they can take the opportunity to study in Australia or overseas, they can travel, they can turn to allied activities like project management, planning, urban design, landscape architecture, curatorial work or public art commissions. Architectural competitions can provide stimulation as can shortterm contracts with established architects. All of these activities have proliferated in Perth over the last two years, adding a new dimension to the architectural culture of the state which has always valued building over ideas and drawings about architecture. Surprisingly, in this recession there has been no movement to control numbers of architectural graduates. The emerging Western Australian architects featured in Architecture Australia in May 1990 are all still active in Perth. Robert Moore has joined the practice of R.J.Ferguson and Associates and is learning the art of working for the large educational institutions that support that particular practice. Donaldson Warn have completed significant residential Chauvel House, institutional PICA refurbishment and commercial buildings ANZ Bank West Perth, as well as continuing to enter competitions, recently winning two South Perth Library and Claremont Fire Station refurbishment. The practice continues to contribute to the teaching programme at Curtin University. Paul Jones of Philip Cox, Etherington, Coulter Jones has gone on to design major projects here and overseas. The State governments architectural office, the Building Management Authority BMA, has traditionally trained young architects who choose to work there because of the public nature of the projects offered. In an economic recession, only the very best are employed and many projects are not built, like the Albany Agricultural Offices and Bureauwest published in The Architect in Spring 1990. In this recession, the BMA is almost the only local practice offering attractive work to young architects. The bureaucratic nature of a large government architects office is still apparent, yet the BMA has been very supportive of its young architects, accepting that their engagement might be temporary or even broken by extended overseas travel. Jandakot Primary School, designed by Dave Gulland and Steve Parkin of the BMA, is a new nineclassroom school on an undeveloped site with allowance for eight classrooms to be added later. Colour and texture are used to code the activities of the various parts of the school, while a more urban approach to planning than is customary in schools is adopted. Sculptural elements are added for climbing on, sitting on, letting light in and encouraging breezes. In its legible yet playful design, the school suggests that the rational and the wilful can happily coexist in even the most institutional environment. Another young designer at the BMA, Mark Krynski, has designed new engineering workshops at a Metropolitan College of TAFE, and alterations and additions to North Mandurah Primary School. Krynski teaches at both schools of architecture in Perth a situation which was rare until recently and reflects the increasing importance of design education within the schools. The BMA wisely supports its staff in their teaching interests, as it is clearly a major beneficiary of quality design education. The lack of work in the established offices has seen the emergence of various graduate design cooperatives which have been assisted in professional, liability and registration matters by practicing architects through the RAIAs WA Chapter and the Architects Board of WA. For without that first job it is impossible to even leave Perth. The most active cooperative has been InHaus, founded by six UWA graduates at the end of The group has been involved in small commissions, competitions, mounting exhibitions of architecture and art within their own office, and curating exhibitions of collaborative work between architects and artists. Group members additionally undertake contract work for other architects, teach at the schools of architecture, and even produce radio programmes on the visual arts and architecture. Activities like these suggest that architects need to be flexible if they want to remain gainfully employed. Yet architecture is still the central concern. Sarah Cope of InHaus has designed a small house at York which has all the simplicity of a youthful designers work, and a restrained economy which is lacking in many houses by architects. Flexibility also characterises the practice of Richard Black. Black is currently teaching fulltime at Curtin University. Since graduating in 1988, he has worked with both Donaldson Warn and the BMA, as well as undertaking postgraduate studies as a guest student with Peter Cook at the Stadelschule Hochschule Fur Bildende Kunste in Frankfurt. Blacks practice is currently based in Perth, and his studies in Germany bring to Australia the issues of complex urban centres. At the same time, his projects have a clarity of vision that surely must interest Europeans. His work has been exhibited overseas in the UK, Europe and Japan, and locally in January 1990 at the Perth Institute of Contemporary Arts reviewed by Duncan Richards in The Architect Autumn 1990. The PICA exhibition featured successful international and national architectural competition projects by a group of recent Curtin University graduates, including Parkin and Krynski. Blacks City SpaceCity Room creates a sequence of elliptical external rooms within the Baroque city grid of Berlin, distorting traditional streets and site boundaries. The strong form of the ellipses corresponds to the grand city grid, yet local forces of viewing angles and light are absorbed. The outer ring of each ellipse is office space bounding an inner ring of, respectively, sports hall, hotel and living accommodation. A fourth scooped and ascending space connects the elevated activities to the street and the subway. K. R. Popper, in an essay titled Towards a Rational Theory of Tradition in his Conjectures and Refutations, mentions the difficulty of establishing a research tradition in a small and young university. In a similar sense, there are difficulties in establishing a rich architectural culture in a small and young state. This recession seems to have helped in founding activities that might establish such a tradition. Young architects are no longer fleeing overseas. They are receiving the support of the schools, the government architects office, the RAIA, the registration board. The state is probably architecturally richer for the recession definitely not financially, but certainly intellectually. Simon Anderson is Dean of the Faculty of Architecture at the University of Western Australia.

LOOKING AT apples A GRAND PARADE OF THAT MOST TEMPTING FRUIT OUR OLD FAVOURITES, NATURALLY, AND SOME OF THE NEWER VARIETIES APPLES ARE THE LATEST INHABITANTS of the greengrocers shelves to begin appearing in interesting new varieties. Around now, you may see, alongside old friends such as Jonathans, the showy red Royal Gala and red and yellow Jonagold, as well as striped and russeted Coxs Orange Pippins the last not a new apple, but a famous old English variety that is more widely available than heretofore. Coming along any minute, in company with familiar Granny Smiths and red and golden Delicious, there will be Mutsu and Fuji. Later, as well as the now wellestablished Bonza which was itself big news some halfdozen years ago when it was launched on the market, there will be Sundowner and the big success among the new varieties, Pink Lady. These new names belong to those few that have made the grade out of innumerable possibilities. Since apples do not grow true from seed, new varieties appear constantly. The vast majority will remain nameless and forgotten, but once in a great while either an accidental seedling that appears in an orchard, or one of the thousands raised in breeding programs every year, will be chosen as a champion. Identical descendants can then be bred from this tree by vegetative propagation. Australia had many more apple varieties until half a century or so ago than we have now. Then the dreaded process began by which growers concentrate more and more on efficiency of operation than on giving the customer the best possible range. It was simpler for both grower and retailer to stick to just a few kinds of apple, and the choice at the greengrocer shrank to little more than the big three, Granny Smith, Jonathan and Delicious. In addition, as with much other fresh produce, those varieties that did survive were bred toward characteristics that suited the grower disease resistance, heavy cropping, standing up well to lengthy storage and transportation often at the cost of fine flavour and texture. Apples joined the list of fruits and vegetables that had lost much of their remembered charm. The turnaround began after Australian growers lost the UK market when that country joined the European Economic Community. Around the same time, on our own fruit and vegetable scene, the trend was beginning that was to become an explosion, introducing us to scores of new kinds, new colours, new shapes, new sizes of everything from lettuce to leeks, potatoes to pears, berries to beetroot. A good greengrocer now carries some 85 items on his shelves, compared to 45 a decade ago. Customers are inquiring and interested, and expect plenty to choose from. To capture its share of this interest, the apple industry needed to offer more variety and more of the characteristics that consumers, as opposed to growers, care about. It wouldnt work, the experts felt, simply to bring back the old varieties. Those apples might have tasted terrific, but they didnt on the whole have the perfect, uniform good looks that todays consumer has come to expect. They didnt stand up to lengthy storage as well as modern varieties do, either. Apples were more seasonal then, whereas today we demand good fresh apples all year round, and the industry meets this demand by keeping much of the crop in Controlled Atmosphere storage a precisely controlled condition that puts the fruit to sleep, so that, theoretically, it emerges as fresh as it went in. The ability to store well is an allimportant characteristic for a modern apple variety, although its obvious to any consumer that some still dont perform as well as they might. What the old apple varieties did have were flavour and marked individual characteristics, so that one would buy one kind of apple for making a good, tart jelly, another kind for roasting, making zesty applesauce or cooking in a pie, and another for eating, with plenty of choice according to whether one preferred a dense or juicy texture and a spicy, honeyed, aromatic or sharp flavour. The new varieties are undoubtedly handsome and industry spokesmen say that they combine the best of new and old characteristics, although there still doesnt seem to be a new one with the tang of a fresh Jonathon. Its fashionable to complain about what they have done to fresh produce, but the ultimate power lies with the consumer according to how discriminating we are when we go to the greengrocer, we get what we deserve. If we buy mediocre apples, we are encouraging the industry to keep growing them. If we want apples all year round, it is unreasonable to decry lengthy storage and remember that apples have always been stored in cellars to last through the winter, long before newfangled science took a hand some kinds, indeed, are too sharp to be palatable when picked and need some storage time to mellow. The apple industry is listening again its up to us to decide which varieties, new or old, deserve our support. STORING APPLES Dont keep apples in the fruit bowl they will remain in much better condition if kept in the refrigerator, in the crisper or a perforated plastic bag. Dont wash them until you are ready to use them. Bonza A Jonathan sport a sudden, spontaneous deviation from an established type found at Batlow, NSW, about 25 years ago. Hailed by the industry as the successor to the Jonathan since Bonza remains juicier and crisper after lengthy storage. A midtolateseason apple with firm flesh and good flavour, although it does not have quite the piquant tang of its parent. Braeburn A new midtolateseason variety with cream flesh, sweet and with a touch of sharpness. Coxs Orange Pippin An old English earlyseason variety with dense, sweetsharp flesh, good for both eating and cooking, although apple fanciers say that some of the character has been bred out of it in recent years. Fuji A major new Japanese variety that has become popular internationally, this lateseason apple is available from April to September. Texture is extremely dense, so it bruises easily. This juicy apple with a distinctive flavour also cooks well. Golden Delicious Originating in a chance seedling found in West Virginia, USA, around the turn of the century, this is a midseason to late apple with creamywhite flesh and a flavour that has the typical aromatic quality of the Delicious family, but is insipid to many tastes. It performs well in cooking, its slices holding their shape well for decorative tarts. Granny Smith An old variety originating from a chance seedling at Ryde, NSW, and now popular worldwide. A late apple, appearing in the shops in April. An excellent cooking apple whose flesh falls to a pureacutee. Good eating, with tart, crisp flesh, when eaten fresh, but often disappointing as an eating apple out of season. Jonagold A new variety descended from Jonathan and Golden Delicious, this early apple was preferred, in a recent test, by the consumers who sit on the CSIROs sensory evaluation panel, to all other early varieties, including Jonathon. Jonathan An old variety originating in the USA in the early 19th century. It is an earlyseason apple with crisp, juicy flesh and, when eaten fresh, an outstanding sweet and tangy flavour. Although a popular apple, Jonathan does not come through lengthy storage well, so is in danger of being phased out of production. Not recommended for cooking. Lady Williams An old variety, the result of a chance cross between Rokewood and Granny Smith in Western Australia. A very late apple, appearing in the shops in July. Very firm flesh, extremely tart in flavour when picked but developing a distinctive sweet flavour and generally improving with storage. Pink Lady A new Australianbred variety descended from Lady Williams and Golden Delicious, it has had great success both here and overseas. A late apple, harvested in May, with dense, firm, fine flesh and flavour somewhat reminiscent of Golden Delicious but with more character. Sundowner Another descendant of Lady Williams and Golden Delicious, but with more Lady Williams characteristics than Pink Lady. A late apple which, like Lady Williams, is very tart when picked but whose sugar level improves with storage to make it sweet and flavoursome. Fairly firm but easily bruised. Red Delicious A midtolateseason American variety which began to be grown in Australia in the 70s. Although it dates from last last century, it has been considerably modified in more recent times to develop more colour, better storage qualities and a more distinctive, elongated shape. Its flesh is firm, creamyyellow and juicy, flavour is sweet and aromatic but a little flat. Nevertheless, it is Americas most popular eating apple. Not recommended for cooking. Royal Gala This new variety, developed in New Zealand, is the brightest of the Gala strains, which run from pale yellow with a blush through to this crimson beauty. An early apple, harvested in February. Densetextured, juicy and sweet. Makes good baked or poached apple, but not good for good apple puree. Tassie Snow An old variety from Tasmanias Huon Valley, this is a midtolateseason apple with cream flesh and sweet, subtle flavour. treadinggingerly USED IN COOKING, SWEET AND SAVOURY, SINCE ANCIENT TIMES, GINGER IS SYNONYMOUS WITH STRENGTH AND VITALITY IN MY UNCOUTH YOUTH I CONSIDERED GINGER a robust and rather crude flavouring. I heaped large quantities of old fibrous ginger root into deranged stirfries, and marvelled at the pungency. For morning tea at work we were given a biscuit so oversaturated with vulgar industrial ginger powder that it could not be mellowed even by dipping in stewed coffee. I decided ginger sweets were off my menu when sold a rancid dish of preserved ginger topped with artificial cream by a restaurant that had no shame. I was so misled by these experiences that when I did encounter a sublime dish with exceptionally clean spiciness, I failed to recognise that ginger was the star flavouring. The dish that changed my view was a simple, perfect fishfry. And it was cooked by a Malay significant because Malays have had more experience at cooking ginger than perhaps anyone else on earth, centuries of it. Ginger is the undersoil stem of a plant native to tropical Asia and thought to be first cultivated in Malaya. Malays consider ginger essential when cooking fish, because it subdues strong fishy odours. An aroma of sweet clean heat hovered over the wok. My fish tasted distinctive and pure. Of course it is all a matter of balance, and good quality ginger. Australia and New Zealand ginger is usually sold more mature than the prized young ginger sold in Southeast Asia, which means that it is not as sweet and subtle, but it is mild compared to that grown in West Africa, yet stronger than that grown in the Caribbean. If you are using an American cookbook, the ginger referred to is probably Caribbean. In an English cookbook, it is probably West African. You will have to make adjustments to these recipes. The best ginger races from the Portuguese word raices, or roots are hard, with taut almost translucent skin it does not need peeling. Good luck, because ginger that good is hard to find. Try the Asian markets, or pick over the ginger at your greengrocer looking for the best of the batch. Reject roots with heavily wrinkled skin and paunchy flesh its useless. You may not be able to avoid ginger with a few wrinkles, but make sure its firm. Slightly less than perfect ginger will yield good results but you will need to use a little more to obtain a good depth of flavour and you will certainly need to peel it. A salad of young, fresh ginger and tomatoes is used in parts of India like a sorbet to clean the palate. Ginger icecream is popular in some parts of the USA warm flavour within the icy confection is surprisingly pleasant. In China, I have been served a dish of cat and ginger that Im sure was perfectly flavoured, although I have to confess I only pretended to eat it.

C.N.Denton 3 Chelmsford Ave CROYDON, 2132 93 Photo Savers PL Attention Tony Khourey Re Damaged Fujichrome film Dear Sir, During late November I purchased two rolls of prepaid Fujichrome slide film for a job related to my work. I used both these films during an inspection of a construction site on which I am working. The films were used consecutively in the same camera and within an hour of each other The camera was an SLR type, owned and used for several years by myself. Both films were exposed under similar conditions and identical camera settings. After each film was exposed it was wound back fully into its canister. Both films were sent away for processing within a day or so. They were received in your laboratory on the This was subsequently verified by the Operator on your 008 807162 number. I received one set of slides after a week or so. They were in good condition and correctly exposed. The slides were from the second role of film I exposed. Nearly three weeks after I received the first set of slides I called up the 008 807162 number and inquired about the outstanding roll of film. I was told the role had been received and the operator would try to locate it. She took my phone number and said she would call back. This was towards the end of the week a Thursday or Friday. I heard no more from the Operator. On Monday the next week, I received a role of exposed film that was completely clear. There was a note on the paper packing stating FILM RECD DAMAGED. I examined the film and it was slightly damaged where the feed sprockets initially engage the film and there were some staple marks from where the film was attached to the spool in the canister and another set at the beginning of the film that I presume resulted from your in laboratory procedures. While the damage may indicate the film was not wound on properly this was not the case. While I have been known to mess up films I believe I learn by my mistakes and take particular attention to load films carefully and ensure they are wound on correctly and fully wound off. I handle the film with care and do not force any of the mechanisms. I believe the film was not physically damaged either in the camera or up until the time it entered the post. I feel it was unlikely to have suffered damage in the post consistent with the physical damage to the film nor its exposure. I have had years of experience with print film and I have used a variety of cameras. I am not so acquainted with slide film. I referred the matter to an acquaintance of mine who is a lecturer in photography at Sydney Tech. His opinion is that the film has been fully exposed outside the camera. Evidence exists that the exposure occurred with the film completely removed from the canister. I called the 008 807162 number again and asked to be connected to your Customer Service Manager or equivalent position. The Operator said she was the contact person. Accordingly I identified the problem. She said there was nothing she could or would do and I should write a letter. I then called Hanimex as they were nominated as the company who would do the processing by Fuji. They were more sympathetic to my position but thought the responsibility lay with your company. I agreed, but I reminded the person that Hanimex was the processor nominated by Fuji and so any poor service would reflect on Hanimex. She then offered to pursue the matter further and presumably gave my name to you. You subsequently called me. I suggested to you that as the film is fully exposed including that portion that would have been in the canister whatever happened almost certainly occurred in your laboratory. I can only feel that there has been a concerted effort to mislead me on what happened to the film. While I can accept that people make mistakes and processes fail from time to time I cannot accept being deliberately deceived. There seems to be some indication that this has happened. My suspicions have been raised due the inordinate time delay in getting the film back. If the film was received damaged why was it held at the laboratory for such a long time Surely there was nothing to be gained in retaining it There was a benefit in ignoring the matter. Is it entirely coincidental that the film appeared such a short time after I made an inquiry Why did the operator not call back I cannot even feel confident that the film returned to me is the one I sent in. I note the order number on the packaging carries a different number than on the film. You suggested the film and packaging are not matched using these numbers but rather other identifiers. This may be the case but could I suggest that the identifiers on the film and package be checked to see if they were used on or about the date of processing. You may also like to comment on the fact that the identifying tag is not securely attached to the film and it is damaged in a way consistent with being relocated While the material on the film was not indispensable, I now have a gap in the photographic record I was keeping of progress on the project. One slide may have been used in a case against one of the project parties for nonconformance to the specification. I may not be able to gain this evidence again. The loss of the film is of lesser importance than the contempt for customers that events to date seem to support. I consider this a very important issue. I doubt that I will ever use your services again but realistically that is not likely to cause you too much concern. However, unless the matter is resolved in a reasonable time, I am prepared to formally make my experiences available to both Hanimex and Fuji for their information and action. The ACA is also appreciative of background information on the performance of suppliers. Hoping to hear from you in the near future, Yours faithfully, As requested, the film and packaging is enclosed at my cost. This is done on the condition that it will be returned to me when you have finished with it. C.N.Denton 3 Chelmsford Ave. CROYDON 2132 94 AUSTRALIAN CONSUMERS ASSOCIATION 57 Carrington St MARRICKVILLE 2204 Attention Consumer Advice Officer if that is a valid title Ref 1 My letter dated 93 2 Fujichrome Processing Laboratory Photo Savers letter dated 94 3 My letter dated 94 Dear SirMadam, I have experienced some difficulty lately with the nominated processor for prepaid Fuji slide film i.e. Photo Savers trading under Fujichrome Processing Laboratory. Attached are copies of 1 my letter detailing the matter, 2 Photo Savers reply and 3 my subsequent reply. I hope these letters are self explanatory. My intention in sending these letters to you is to make you aware of a problem I have experienced with the service supplier Photo Savers. Should it be an isolated case then I assume nothing more will come of it. Should it be symptomatic of a larger problem my experiences may be of use. Forwarded for your information. Could I also raise another matter that you may find relevant. Unfortunately it is somewhat dated now but a principle that I consider important is raised and you may chose to give it some consideration. It concerns the actions of RENTOKIL Environmental Services. For some considerable time the people who owned the premises before us contracted Rentokil to carry out a service on an annual basis. This was continued given that there had been a ongoing problem with birds and rodents in the roof. On the last occasion, in late 1992, Rentokil said their service was due and I made arrangements to stay home to let them in the house. On all other occasions my wife had stayed home. Unfortunately I was called in to work on short notice so made arrangements for the key to be left next door. The service man came, completed his service and left a report. I was horrified to note that he had sprayed the premises with unidentified substances without any approval as required by their own form. I wrote to the firm to register my concern copy of letter dated .92 attached. Unfortunately I have misplaced the reply but it said, in essence, the chemicals were harmless and the firm had been doing it for thirteen years so what was the problem. This only prompted my concerns further. While Dursban PC is a dangerous chemical, what was used thirteen years ago may well have been even worse. Accordingly I took a soil sample to standard methods from my small garden plot where I grow vegetables with the children and sent it away for analysis. The analysis was not very encouraging. There was evidence of OrganoChlorines, DDT and various other toxic chemicals. According to the Dutch standards the levels were at the threshold where more testing is justified to verify the initial results. Given that my sampling methods did not concentrate at the soil near the fence and the deep cultivation of the ground the results could be expected to err on the low side. Further testing was too costly so I did not pursue this course. Unfortunately I have misplaced the laboratory results also. As I became involved in other matters including a large work load I neglected to follow the matter up with Rentokil. In reality I cannot positively say that Rentokil is totally responsible for the questionable condition of my soil as I do not know what the previous owners may have applied. From my knowledge of them I doubt they were responsible. However on the balance of probability it is likely they contaminated the soil. My problem is that Rentokil had applied chemicals to the property for a very long period without any regard for the buildup of chemicals, without permission on the last occasion and on previous occasions obtained a signature after the chemicals had been applied, provided no information re precautions that needed to be taken after the chemical had been applied, gave highly incorrect information, gave false information and did not seem to be concerned about what had occurred. I find this totally unacceptable. I have no particular vendetta against Rentokil as I assume their actions may well by typical of the industry as an aside the other day I noticed a vehicle from another pest control company in green livery and friendly environmental messages written over it carrying a large tank permanently affixed to it clearly marked Heptachlor . I would not like to guess how many people there are having dangerous chemicals routinely applied to their property without their full knowledge and without any or accurate advice on proper precautions. Again I do not suppose that this letter will lead to direct action but it may serve the purpose of raising an issue that I feel strongly about. P.S. I was a long term subscriber to Choice but with the change in direction taken by the magazine a number of years ago it gradually became less significant to me, and I did not renew the subscription. However I still support the intent of your organisation and the work you do in raising issues on behalf of consumers. Regards, A.N. Denton and B.J. McCann 3 Chelmsford Ave. CROYDON 2132 92 RENTOKIL Environmental Services RE InspectionTreatment Report No. 465863 The State Manager, Dear SirMadam, Recently I was contacted by one of your Branches presumably ICSAlexandria reminding me that it was time for our annual service on the above mentioned property. As we have had a continuing problem with vermin and birds at the premises I accepted the offer and arranged for the service to occur on the

LIVE FUEL WATER CONTENT Brian Tunstall1 Abstract Factors affecting live fuel water content are discussed with a view to its prediction with an accuracy adequate for fire hazard modelling. Live fuel water content varies with plant organ, phenology and environmental conditions both within and between species. When expressed as a ratio to dry weight, it is affected equally by changes in water and dry matter. Being affected by a multitude of factors, it has only been documented where strongly seasonal climates produce regular patterns. The challenge in Australia is to predict changes in live fuel water content where climatic variability has as much influence as seasonality. Of the plant organs, leaves show the greatest changes in water content. Within species, water contents depend on leaf and plant histories as well as current environmental conditions. Water contents can readily be measured but results obtained may be unique to the particular circumstances and hence be difficult to predict. It is suggested that live fuel water content would be better predicted through modelling soil water balance than by relating it to an evaporation index derived from ambient temperature. In principle, this requires the estimation of small changes in tissue water content against a background of large transpirational flows. In practice, this can be circumvented by scaling the results within predefined limits established through analysing longterm climatic records. In the future, surface temperatures derived from thermal imagery may be used to upgrade water use predictions or provide moisture indices. More remotely, surface moisture may be measured using satellitemounted radar. Introduction Live fuel may act either as sink or a source of heat during fires it has the potential both to slow a fire and to increase the rate of combustion. The transition from sink to source depends on water content while the magnitude of the effects depends on the amount, size and distribution of the fuel elements. While the combustion of dead fuel is affected by the same factors, the fuels differ in response to the environment, particularly with respect to water content. The objective of this paper is to provide information which will assist in the formulation of a simple means of predicting live fuel water content with an accuracy adequate for fire hazard modelling. Live fuel water content varies with plant organ, phenology and environmental conditions within and between species and, when expressed as a ratio of dry weight, is affected equally by changes in water and dry matter. Being affected by a multitude of factors, it has been documented only where strong seasonal climates produce regular patterns. The challenge in Australia is the prediction of changes where climatic variability has as much influence as seasonality. Between Species Variation Plants are normally grouped according to physical characteristics when modelling fuel because definition of the characteristics of all species is impractical. The broadest groupings are herbs, grass, shrubs and trees with additional categories such as mallee being recognised where required. However, there are large temporal variations in plant water relations related to phenology rather than structure grasses and herbs may be winter or summer growing, annual or perennial. Moreover, apparently similar plants may vary greatly in water relations and response to fire. The general principle in forming such groups is to ensure variation within groups is less than between groups. The complexity in species composition is usually avoided by basing groups on abundance, neglecting rare or uncommon life forms. This limits application of such models to similar systems, a largely unavoidable constraint because of the wide spectrum of vegetation and environments to be encompassed. Within Species Variation The tissues of most higher plants exhibit an increase in dry weight with age associated with the lignification and suberization of tissue. Gravimetric water content, as a ratio of dry weight, therefore decreases with age. This pattern of change is shown by organs having a finite number of cells, such as leaves, but it varies with species. Specific leaf weight dry weight per unit area of oak remains relatively constant following an initial increase but with pears there is a continuous increase until approaching senescence Ackley 1954. However, for cotton, the age of the plant is a much greater determinant of leaf water content than is leaf age Weatherly 1950. The main changes in dry weights of mature leaves arise through changes in the levels of carbohydrates. Generally, the balance between photosynthesis and translocation is such that carbohydrates accumulate in leaves during the day and become depleted during the night but this pattern can vary depending on plant phenology. Much of the seasonal change in water contents of mature gymnosperm leaves has been attributed to patterns of carbohydrate accumulation Kozlowski Clausen 1965 Pharis 1967 Gary 1971 Chrosciewicz 1986. Stems of herbs show similar patterns to leaves but woody stems continue to expand through the production of new cells. The old cells become lignified and die and the water content is then lower than in developing tissue. Stem water contents are usually characterised in relation to stem diameter to accommodate the change in the ratio of live to dead wood associated with stem growth. Age effects for stems are accounted for in the diameter classes but age effects in leaves are usually neglected for all except deciduous and annual plants. Water contents are usually determined for representative samples and this involves the assumptions that the samples are either homogenous or representative of the leaf populations. The former assumption is valid with oak leaves throughout most of their lives and the latter is valid with many mature coniferous trees. The applicability of these assumptions to Australian woody vegetation is unknown. Most Australian evergreen species drop leaves after, rather than before, the development of new leaves and leaf populations also vary through drought and predation. As it is probably not feasible to stratify the foliage of Australian evergreen species according to age, fluctuations will be unaccounted for and will remain a source of variance in measurements of leaf water content. Typical values of water content for mesophytic plants, on a dry weight basis, are leaves 4OO, roots 800, stems of annuals 4OO and trunks 100 Barrs 1968 but typical values are of little use because of the large variations associated with species and weather. Typical values for leaves of eucalypts are 150 range 100400 when wet and 60 range 5080 when droughted but alive. Water contents of leaves of eucalypt seedlings tend to be double those of adults. Stem water contents of eucalypts range from 40 to 90 with most of the variation apparently being related to species rather than environmental conditions. Environmental Conditions Water loss from both live and deal fuels depends on the vapour concentration difference between the surface and the atmosphere and the resistance to flow. This similarity occurs because of the common sink, energy source and transport processes but dissimilarities exist because of differences in the water sources. Water lost from dead fuel comes largely from within whereas water lost from live fuel comes largely from the soil. Prediction of live fuel water content from environmental conditions therefore involves the estimation of small changes in leaf water content against a background of a large flow of water through the leaves. Water flow from soil through plants is along water potential gradients developed through evaporation of water from leaves. The magnitude of this gradient is largely controlled by the resistance of leaves to the transfer of water vapour Cowan 1972. Herbaceous plants and many grasses cannot completely prevent water loss but the resistance of sclerophyllous leaves can be sufficiently high so as to effectively stop transpiration. This control of leaf water content through stomatal closure appears to be organised so as to optimise the CO2 gain in relation to water loss under the prevailing conditions Cowan 1982. It is therefore a function of, inter alia, temperature, irradiance and water supply. The result is diurnal and seasonal changes in leaf water content related to temperature, evaporative demand and water availability but modified by irradiance and plant development. Leaf water content is most closely related to soil water availability at dawn or following a period when evaporative demand greatly exceeds the availability of water, i.e. at zero transpiration. The extant soil factors that determine water availability to plants are soil water content and the relationship between this and both soil water potential and hydraulic conductivity. These relationships vary within and between soil profiles. Their definition requires considerable effort and is seldom attempted, particularly because use of the information requires a detailed knowledge of plant root distribution as it affects water uptake. Fig. 1 illustrates some of these aspects. Compared with trees, dawn water potentials of shrubs were higher when conditions were wet but lower when conditions were dry but there are large differences between shrub species plants modify their environment. The seasonal range of dawn water potentials was from around 1 to 6 MPa zero water potential is rarely measured. Dawn water potentials of droughted Eucalypts and brigalow Acacia harpophylla are around 7 and 8 MPa respectively. The magnitude of the diurnal change in plant water potential and its dependence on plant water status is given in Fig.2 for brigalow. Initially, the diurnal change increases with decrease in water availability reflecting the increase in resistance to flow of water in a drying soil. With further drying, the pattern reverses with the plant controlling the degree of desiccation. The maximum diurnal change of 5 MPa is appreciable when compared with the seasonal change 5 MPa. Relationships between leaf water content and leaf water potential are usually given with water content being expressed as a ratio of the saturated water content this reduces the variance associated with differences in leaf specific dry weight. Such relationships are summarised in Table 1 for Australian woody species where the published data allowed the calculation of absolute water contents. For simplicity, linear relationships have been assumed but this is a poor approximation for some species. However, there are many other sources of error, the most notable of which is the estimate of saturated water content. The relationships may not relate well to field measurement Fig. 3. The vapour equilibration technique appears to overestimate water content. The pressure extraction technique provides more realistic estimates, albeit a little low. The relationships in Table 1 are therefore largely unique as they vary with the measurement technique and the ecotype, stage of development and drought history of the species. Moreover, estimates of water content derived in this manner do not include variations due to changes in specific leaf weight. However, the higher the saturated water content of the tissue the greater the absolute and relative loss of water with decrease in water potential there is a convergence of leaf water contents with drying. Changes in water potential affect stem water contents much less than leaves. Eucalypt stems with the low water content of 43 showed less than 1 change in water content for 1 MPa change in water potential Myers et al. 1987. Prediction of Live Fuel Water Content From the above it is apparent that the measurement of live fuel water content is much simpler than its derivation from related variables. This is of little comfort however, where the information is to be used in simulation. In practice, the complexities are avoided to varying degrees by deriving empirical relationships between live fuel content and indices derived from environmental variables. The simplest approach is to regard live fuel a lagged dead fuel Burgan 1979 leaves were classified as 10 000 hr dry fuel and water content varied over specified ranges in relation to rainfall and an evaporation index. The next level of complexity is to predict soil water content and establish empirical relationships between leaf and soil water content. Soil water content can be calculated using a mass balance equation such as Sc Sa P I S D Ea where Sc and Sa are the current and antecedent soil water contents, P the precipitation, I the interception of water by vegetation, S the surface runoff, D the drainage or deep percolation and Ea the actual evapotranspiration.

A NEW JAPAN Thats the only certainty IT is high irony that what seems to have saved the corruption soiled Liberal Democratic Party from outright defeat in Sundays Japanese general election is the collapse of the socialist vote. While in these postCold War times the drain of support from the Left is understandable, and perhaps inevitable, it is a fact that had the socialist vote held, the antiLDP coalition would have won. Prime Minister Kiichi Miyazawa said at his postelection news conference yesterday The LDP has won as the leading No. 1 party, so it has the duty to continue the nations government. Mr Miyazawa is unlikely to survive as Prime Minister beyond the holding of a special parliamentary session to be called within a month. What his country undoubtedly faces is a period of some uncertainty at least so far as formal government is concerned and most likely rampant and unseemly horsetrading for power. Sundays result is not the worst that might have occurred. But it goes close to it. Japan is likely to have even after next months parliamentary meeting its weakest government in decades. Any new leader, LDP or otherwise, will have to battle the powerful bureaucratic structure to implement new policies. The people voted for change or, at least, a majority of the 67 percent who turned out did Japan like most democracies does not have compulsory voting. It is now up to the political process and the politicians to ensure that they get it. The old corruption must go. What will take its place is the most puzzling question. None of the parties many of them new that contested the election spelled out firm or even particularly formed policies on anything much at all. In that environment, on the policy front at least, more of the same seems the most likely outcome, however prettily that same is dressed in new clothes. The Japanese business community welcomes the result. The chairman of the powerful Federation of Economic Organisations, Mr Gaisha Hiraiwa, says he expects the LDP and other conservative parties will swiftly strive for stabilisation of the administration. There are substantial problems to be faced the final outcome of the Uruguay Round of trade talks, the building economic confrontation between the United States and Japan, the thorny question of stabilising the stock market and the yen. The election was, rightly, viewed as a major turning point for Japan and its democracy. The LDP had held power unencumbered by coalition since It presided over the great swelling of Japanese industrial and commercial might. That it did so is to its credit. That it became in the process enmeshed in institutionalised corruption and money politics is regrettable, worthy of punishment, but also, sadly, probably inevitable. Parliamentary democracy is served best by a system in which there are electable rivals a lesson not lost on Australians at this time so that within reasonable timescales there is a turnover of power. Something of that sort happened in Japan on Sunday. But the shape of the eventual coalition, and the strength of the new commitment to electoral, political and economic reform, are as yet a long way from being clear. What emerges, and how it emerges, will be of crucial interest to Australia, the region and the world. PLAIN LOCO A plan that doesnt add up WHY the railways should consider that, in the interests of downsizing, Queensland taxpayers should meet the cost of continuing to employ people for whom there is no work is an interesting and expensive question. Why the Government, in the person of Transport Minister David Hamill, should insist on the scheme is even more interesting. Why either is prepared to acquiesce in the face of political and union pressure to look after people is the most interesting question of all. According to confidential documents, Queensland Railways have been advised to sweeten redundancy deals or come up with more creative packages so that those selected for the tap on the shoulder will go quietly. The objective, it seems, is to provide a profitable bottom line for a corporatised railway system. There are two separate issues at stake here. One is efficiency, represented by a leaner staff list and much higher productivity. The other is the Governments plan to shut down socalled uneconomic lines. On both fronts, the people the ultimate owners of the railways and payers of any sweetheart redundancy deals are being sold pups. Private enterprise could not operate on the basis the railways apparently plan to proceed. The shareholders would revolt and the directors would be sacked. In the long run, unions do their members a disservice if they succeed in winning arrangements that are plainly economic nonsense. They save jobs now at the expense of effectiveness and longterm viability. If the railways and the Government are determined to shut down large sections of the network and slash employment, they should have the courage to do so on the most economic basis feasible, and be upfront about it. Few people would doubt that the railways could be made vastly more efficient. It is inevitable that technological change will reduce formerly high levels of employment. It is not inevitable that it should result in shutting down all but the coal lines and the coastal trunk routes. The Government, on the question of line closures, seems to be proceeding on a basis that shows it to be the victim of its own propaganda. Figures purporting to show the viability of certain sections of line relate to freight and passengers delivered to destinations hence the rationalisation, for example, of closing down Quilpie. They do not take account of outward movements that gets credited to the destination, too so that livestock from Quilpie say or apples and stone fruit from Stanthorpe, heavy users of the railways, are simply ignored in the calculations. This is madness and it is time the Government was told so loudly, clearly, unequivocally. The people of Queensland should not accept at face value the unsubstantiated claims of any side in this dispute. The railways have their own objective, corporatised profitability the unions have theirs, another version of that tried and failed Australian public service standard of jobs for life and the Government has either embraced political cupidity or social stupidity. On neither choice do its actions give Queenslanders much cause for confidence. None of the participants in this sorry pantomime emerge at this stage covered with glory what seems to be attaching itself to their persons is much less pleasant. SHAMBOLISM We must all act on jobless ONE million unemployed is a symbolic figure. It is, as well, shambolic it symbolises the shambles that this aspect of public policy has collapsed into under the weight of the recession we had to have. It is very much a political issue in the sense that politics necessarily governs how we live as a nation but much less a partisan question than some would have us believe. The bottom line is not who caused it and anyway, the people will have their say on that on March 13. It is how we can get out of it as quickly and effectively as possible. In their comments yesterday, a range of political leaders got it right, or at any rate partly so. Treasurer John Dawkins, on the hustings in Brisbane, said there was a ray of hope. The trend has stabilised and we are hopeful it will head in the right direction, he said. His view unsurprisingly was echoed by Prime Minister Keating. Opposition Leader John Hewson said of explanations that the January figures were raw data awaiting statistical attention You cant seasonally adjust people. Premier Wayne Goss was sourly most sensible This country has got many years of hard work, years of blood, sweat and tears, in front of it, irrespective of who wins the federal election. In Queensland, job growth is keeping roughly in step with population growth. It is doing very little to cut back on the pool of longterm unemployed most new jobs went to the new jobseekers and it is profoundly unclear and the State Government would like it to remain so what proportion of new jobs are productive, longterm employment prospects. There is only one way out of this dreadful maze. Granted to take up Mr Goss point that real economic growth will have to wait for a revival of the global economy, governments everywhere must finally grasp the fact that real productive employment exists in and is created in the private sector. Until official policy at every level of government recognises that fact and implements changes to promote private enterprise, no solution will be found. The fact is, unemployment at the level Australia has been experiencing is simply unacceptable. Worse, it is dangerous. A whole generation of young people is coming on to the job market with bleak prospects indeed of finding productive, careerpath employment. A swathe of middleaged Australians, still in their prime, are being thrown on the scrapheap. Governments answer is to provide training packages. Training for what It should be no ones proud boast that we have the worlds most retrained dole lines. Or else they create jobs by spending public money money we do not have on bringing forward projects that provide temporary jobs or makeandmend schemes. As we note above, Mr Goss is right. It will take a long time and a lot of hard work to rebuild a productive employmentgrowth economy. He also understands that job growth is statebased. Why then does his Government fail to act energetically to promote productive projects greenfield as well as in the resource sector that will lead to real economic growth Queensland is leading Australia at present. But it wont for long if the toohard baskets remain overloaded and the razor gangs ARE unable to see the downstream benefits of spending money on productive projects. JURY FEARS Free speech is the question THE jury system is perhaps the finest benefit of English law. It exists in Australia and other places as a result of British settlement. It should not be regarded as so frail that it might be placed at risk by the screening of a television program. That it is, by the Criminal Law Association and the president of the Queensland Bar Association is, to say the least, a somewhat disturbing curiosity. Mr Michael Quinn of the Criminal Law Association says the ABC docudrama Johs Jury is the first step towards the destruction of the jury system. Mr Bob Douglas QC of the Bar Association says it should not be screened. Not to be outdone or to be seen merely wringing its hands the State Government has threatened legal action if the program interferes with the administration of justice. It is hard to see how it could, though. The program concerns the trial of Sir Joh BjelkePetersen for perjury. That trial is long over. It ended in a hung jury and a subsequent decision by law officers not to continue action. After the trial, it was revealed that the jury foreman had a connection with the National Party. It was alleged by jurors who chose to speak out after the trial that some of the jury room proceedings were disquieting. It also sparked a Criminal Justice Commission inquiry into the jury selection process, still under way. The position of the Criminal Law Association and the Bar Association appears to be that jurors should forever forgo their right to free speech on matters they have heard. While a trial is in progress, of course jurors should be left free of impediment inside or outside the jury room and the media in general, and The CourierMail in particular, have absolutely no problem with that. A juror, however, is a juror only while empanelled. Particularly in circumstances where some doubts exist in their minds as to the conduct of a case they have heard, they should speak out. This is a free country. It is supposedly a place where free speech is an absolute right. There is no place in a democratic society for inclub decisionmaking or cosy arrangements made behind closed doors.

Introduction The aim of the recruitment process is to obtain, by competitive selection, the best person for every position that we seek to fill. The Departments recruitment and selection procedures observe the principles of Equal Employment Opportunity EEO, which means that the major consideration is merit. All applicants with the necessary experience and qualifications should be given equal opportunity to be considered on the basis of merit that is, their capacity to meet the essential and desirable criteria for the position. The contact officer It is important that you provide quality information and assistance to prospective applicants. Your help will boost their perception of the Department as a potential employer. You should help callers assess the responsibilities and duties of the position, and offer any other relevant information. Once the position has been advertised, you must be available to accept enquiries. These may come from all sections of the community be receptive to those enquiries, so that corporate aims and objectives are conveyed in a fair and equitable way. The following information should be made available to each applicant see your Administrative Officer for copies bullet Handbook for job applicants bullet Structure NSW Agriculture flow chart bullet position description statement bullet Application for Employment form, for applicants who are not with the NSW Public Service bullet Details of functions, responsibilities and goals of the DivisionBranchRegion Remember You may be a callers first point of contact with this Department. Make a positive contribution to our image by being helpful and efficient when handling any enquiries. The Selection Committee A Selection Committee is a means of selecting an applicant for a vacant position. The Committee has the task of recommending the most efficient applicant to the Department Head. Selection is a serious responsibility, which affects the efficiency of the Department and the careers of individuals. So it is important that each Committee member understands the procedures and techniques involved in selection, and knows how these relate to the principles of equal opportunity in employment. See your Administrative Officer for details of courses available, etc. The Committee members The Selection Committee must comprise at least three members bullet a Convenor This person chairs the Committee. The Convenor must be from the Department, and must have completed Selection Techniques training bullet an Independent Impartial selection is enhanced by the inclusion of an independent Committee member a person from another government department State, Federal or local, or from private industry for some specialist positions. The independent should not have been an officer of this Department within the last 6 months. Generally, independent members who are not employed by a government department are not paid for their service on the Committee bullet a Departmental representative. Remember Your Committee must include bullet at least one male and one female bullet a person of relevant background, where applicable for example, ethnic background, disability etc. Eligibility Generally, Selection Committee members are at a grading or salary above that of the vacant position. This particularly applies to the Convenor and the Departmental representative. The convenor The role of the convenor is to direct the conduct and activities of the Selection Committee so it may find the most efficient applicant for the vacant position. Choosing the other members The convenor is generally responsible for choosing the other Committee members. The convenor should pick members who are experienced in a similar area as the advertised position, so they can readily recognise the necessary skills in the applicants. Preparation for interviews The convenor should bullet ensure that no member of the Committee has a close personal relationship with an applicant, as this relationship might influence that member during Committee deliberations bullet ensure that applications are correctly culled, in the manner prescribed in this booklet bullet check all printedwritten evidence of qualifications and experience bullet ensure that applicants have completed the correct application form and, in particular, ensure that applicants from outside the NSW Public Service have provided date of birth, place of birth, full name and any former names. Conduct of interviews The convenor should bullet be welcoming and encouraging to all interviewees bullet ensure that the interviews are conducted in such a way that Committee questions and comments do not suggest favour or discrimination. Types of discrimination include race, marital status, sex, age or physical impairment bullet ensure that questioning or assessment of applicants is fair. Do not ask an applicant about his or her marital status, spouse, spouses employment or salary, childrenother dependants, child care arrangements, credit status, age, home ownership, sexuality, racialethnic origins, religious beliefs or political affiliations unless any of these are expressly relevant to the job. The report The convenor should bullet complete all the clerical work associated with the Selection Committees report. This includes the provision of supporting details if a higher commencing salary is recommended bullet obtain referee reports verbal or written if the recommended applicant is from outside the NSW Public Service. Applicants from within the NSW Public Service are subject to a conduct and service report, to be undertaken by the relevant Administrative Officer. bullet ensure that any dissenting members complete and submit their reports. The Committee members All panel members should make a roughly equal contribution during the interview. All members must know how interview panels are conducted, and they must be familiar with the details of each interviewees application form. If a Committee member has a close relationship with a candidate, that member must tell the convenor. The convenor may then ask that member to withdraw from the Committee. Any member who believes the Committee is guilty of malpractice at any stage in its deliberations, may seek to have the Committee suspended. Another option is to submit a dissenting report to the person who is to approve the appointment. Malpractice may include prejudice or unfair questioning at interviews. Independent members must ensure that their views are solely based on the evidence presented by applicants. Independents must not be unfairly influenced by the opinions of the other Committee members. The cull The culling of applicants is only to be conducted by the Selection Committee. All members of the Selection Committee should participate in all stages of the selection. The members must ensure that bullet no candidate is unfairly excluded from the opportunity for an interview members must be thorough in assessing applications, never offhand. For example, they should not dismiss academic qualifications gained overseas, or communityvoluntary work that appears irrelevant to the advertised position bullet all Committee recommendations are based on the relative merits of applicants in the context of the jobs requirements that is, the essential and desirable requirements as expressed in the advertisement and the position description statement. Criteria of cull The purpose of the cull is to exclude those applicants who, on the basis of their application bullet do not satisfy the essential criteria of the advertisement bullet are ineligible for appointment for example, outside applicants for a job available only to those in the NSW Public Service, or applicants who are ineligible for permanent residency. If a further cull is needed, make a total comparative assessment of the eligible applications, based on the following criteria bullet those who do not meet the desirable criteria andor bullet those who show evidence that their qualificationsskills and experience do not compete with those of other applicants Late applications If it is decided to accept any late applications, these have equal status to all other applications. But applications received after the cull must not be considered. Caution needed Do not exclude bullet applicants with overseas qualifications, before the qualifications have been checked for local accreditation. If necessary, contact the Ethnic Affairs Commission, Overseas Qualifications Unit, telephone 02716 2222 bullet applicants whose job experience may be unusual but nevertheless relevant to the requirements of the advertised position. An example could be communityvoluntary work bullet applicants on the basis of assumptions about the physical attributes required for the job where applicants include a photo or details of their physical build. Remember Do not approach the cull as an exercise in achieving a set number of people to be interviewed. Reasons in writing The reasons for culling are to be noted on the Cull criteria evaluation form. The reasons must relate to the essential and desirable requirements of the advertised job. Putting the reasons in writing demonstrates that all applications were thoroughly considered and ensures that any enquiries from unsuccessful applicants can be answered. A bare statement such as failed to meet essential requirements is not acceptable. Selection criteria, questions and assessment The Committee must be guided by the advertisement and position description statement to determine the criteria for selecting the best applicant. The Committee should also decide on the interview questions and the specific responses sought. This includes any written test required. Remember Only the members of the Selection Committee are permitted to cull applications.Under no circumstances may anyone else take part in the cull. Preparation for the interviews Notification to interviewees The applicants selected for interview must be advised of the names and designations of panel members. The location of the interviews should be readily accessible to any applicant with a disability. Remember Applicants must be given a minimum of three days notice to attend an interview. Planning the questions Every interviewee must be told the same information about the job and asked the same questions. Devise questions that draw out relevant information about the candidates capacity to do the job. The questions should focus on the job criteria and any special requirements of the position. For example Do you foresee any difficulties in meeting job requirements such as bullet country travel bullet working overtime for stated periods bullet limits to when leave can be taken The Committee must not devise questions that are irrelevant to the job. In framing its questions, the Committee must not be influenced by assumptions or hearsay about family ties, study plans, physical endurance, etc. Conducting the interviews It is customary for the convenor to welcome each applicant at the beginning of the interview and introduce himselfherself. Other Committee members are then introduced. Begin the interviews on a subject familiar to the applicants, such as their current work responsibilities. Check that application forms are up to date regarding address, current position and salary. The convenor should cover the selection criteria in a preestablished order of importance. Each area should be thoroughly probed before moving to the next. Clarify a question or line of thought if it appears to be unclear to the applicant. If an applicant gives an obviously wrong answer, the panel might mention the correct one, especially if further questioning is intended on the topic. Do not embarrass an applicant by implying that the answer given is wrong or that the correct answer was obvious. Closing the interview When closing the interview, the convenor must give the applicant an opportunity to ask questions, or to add any relevant comments or facts that were not aired during the interview. The convenor should also tell the applicant when shehe will be told the panels decision. Also, applicants outside the NSW Public Service should be asked to provide the names and telephone numbers of two people who are familiar with the applicants skills and abilities. These referees may be contacted later. Applicants from within the NSW Public Service are subject to a conduct and service report, to be undertaken by the relevant Administrative Officer. Effective communication and notetaking An effective interview is dependent on a good understanding between an applicant and the Selection Committee. Applicants respond best to a receptive Committee and, in turn, the Committee members gain a more accurate understanding of the applicant. Interviewers should be aware how nonverbal communication can affect an interview. Eye contact, facial expressions, posture, gestures and voice level are important. The head nod, preferably while looking at the applicant, is a useful interviewing gesture which indicates interest and understanding. A system of notetaking during interviews is important, but dont be distracted by it the aim is to keep adequate notes wile maintaining effective communication with the applicant. So, confine the notetaking to memory triggers. For a better interview The convenor is responsible for bullet greeting the applicant bullet introducing the applicant to the panel bullet relaxing the applicant with a brief preambleconfirming the position the applicant is being interviewed for, and asking some familiar questions eg, correct contact address, recent work experience

Susan Geason AN OLD HUSBANDS TALE FOURTH GRANDDAD SLAIN the headline screamed up at Virgo Lonergan from the morning newspaper. The granddad murders had been all over the front pages for months, dominated the evening news and had the police dumbfounded. The police followed promising leads, rounded up the usual losers, doorknocked, and had even imported an American FBI psychologist to prepare a profile of the serial killer. POLICE BAFFLED thought Virgo. It was obvious they didnt have a clue who was killing off wellheeled, wellrespected retirees in Sydneys exclusive North Shore suburbs. Virgo, who was following the case avidly, had been fascinated with serial killers since shed done a diploma in criminology after her law degree at Sydney University. She could almost recite the names of Ted Bundys victims by heart, and was well versed in other famous serial murders, from John Wayne Gacey to John Wilder. Drinking the first cafe latte of the day, she skimmed the potted history of the crimes. Four senior citizens Norman Baines, sixtyeight, Roger Harris, seventytwo, Arthur Prentice, seventy, and Donald MacPherson, seventyfour had been hit from behind with a heavy object and killed in broad daylight between their homes and nearby shopping centres. Arthur Prentices dog, Ruff, had also been dispatched to the afterlife. Virgo conjured up a vision of the two pottering around heaven, with Ruff scattering angels like frightened seagulls. Another victim, Victor Herbert, seventyone, had survived the bashing, but was still in hospital, weak and confused. The police were pretending hed cough up valuable clues when he came around, but reading between the lines where all the best stories lay Virgo got the impression the doctors didnt expect him to regain his wits. The murders were all carried out on Mondays or Tuesdays, which probably meant the killer was a shift worker of some sort. The police hinted heavily that they were keeping back valuable clues, but Virgo doubted it. This looked like the most difficult sort of crime to solve it was random, the victims didnt know each other, and there were no witnesses. Unless hes caught in the act, the only way theyll catch this one is if he boasts to someone or kills himself and leaves a confession note, Virgo mused. In the famous fit of remorse. But she wasnt being paid to ponder juicy murders, so she spilled her intray on to the desk and sat looking at it without enthusiasm. Virgo Lonergan had started life as Virginia. After seventeen years of being asked if Santa Claus existed, and five of smutty puns, she decided she might as well go the whole hog. Anyway, her birth date was on the LeoVirgo cusp, so it seemed appropriate. Two years with a city law firm had immunised her against naked ambition and a stint at Legal Aid had dimmed the stars in her eyes. When she realised shed heard every recidivists hard luck story three times, she decided to leave the criminal classes to the tender mercies of all the other middle class dogooders. After some R R in the Maldives, shed returned to Sydney, acquired a private investigators licence and put up her shingle. Now she spent her working hours in a tiny, minimally furnished office at Crows Nest, on Sydneys lower North Shore. So far she was surviving on a mixture of legal work for old clients and friends, insurance surveillance work, and the odd character check for companies. Very occasionally someone walked in off the street and asked her to spy on an errant spouse. This was dull and demeaning, but no worse than real estate conveyancing, she rationalised. Today was dedicated to paper work her Leo badly wanted to throw the intray out the window, but her Virgo worked its way doggedly through the bumf. The accounts were instantly forgotten when that endangered species, a live customer, rang the doorbell. The client turned out to be a typical North Shore matron about forty, wellgroomed and dressed in an expensive duncoloured skirt, blouse and blazer the kind of woman who mistook dullness for good taste. And who thought sex was something you did in bed on Friday nights for the first three years of your marriage, thought Virgo, uncharitably. The womans eyes popped slightly at the sight of Virgo. One hundred and seventyeight centimetres and slim, Virgo had blueblack hair sweeping back dramatically from a widows peak, navy blue eyes and skin the colour of skim milk. Today she was wearing a yellow linen miniskirt and jacket with a black bustier and black shoes which put her over one hundred and eighty centimetres. It was like a chance meeting of a sparrow and a cockatoo. Nyree MacPhersons immediate impulse was to bolt, but shed been taught at school to be polite and to finish what she started. Virgos schooling had taught her to suss out the openings, grab the ball and run. This she did here was a client, a warm body. It might even be interesting. She slipped between the hesitant woman and the door faster than an Argentinian goalie, ushered her into a seat and offered a cup of coffee from a pot that perked all day. Her escape route cut off, and needing something to do with her hands, the woman accepted the coffee. Virgo chatted amiably, dropping enough social and cultural references to put Nyree MacPherson at ease. When a relaxation in her victims shoulders signalled defeat, she began to question her gently. It seemed Nyree MacPhersons father was one of the murdered granddads, and she felt the police were not doing enough to find the killer. Enthralled as she was by the prospect of poking around in a mass murder, Virgo had to be honest Mrs MacPherson, the police have been all over this case like hives. If they cant get a handle on it, I dont see how I could. Theres no way I could get access to the evidence, for a start. The woman paused, hesitating on the brink of a disclosure she might live to regret Im not absolutely certain he was killed by any mass murderer, Miss Lonergan. She could be right, of course, thought Virgo. Copycat crimes were common in cases like this someone seizing the chance to off gramps and blame it on the ghoul. What makes you think that, Mrs MacPherson The woman became so distressed Virgo thought she might faint. Dying of curiosity, she murmured Everything you say within these walls is absolutely confidential. Finally the woman pulled herself together and blurted it out I have reason to believe my stepmother might have had a hand in his death. Appalled by the enormity of the charge, she lapsed into a handkerchiefshredding silence. What makes you think that probed Virgo They were married after my mother died about ten years ago. Phyllis married him for his money, Im certain of it. I didnt like her from the start, but dad seemed happy. Until he retired, at least. Then she was always complaining about him being around the house. I mean, where did she expect him to go The womans voice had risen, angry all over again at the injustice I dont think poor old dad realised what a harridan hed married until it was too late. They did nothing but squabble in the last two years. Virgo was disappointed just the ugly stepmother syndrome. Mrs MacPherson, lots of married couples go through a shakedown when the husband retires, but it doesnt usually result in murder. The woman sighed I knew you wouldnt believe me. The police acted as if I were just some menopausal housewife with too much time on my hands. Im sorry I bothered you. She began to rise. Wait a minute, said Virgo, galvanised by the threat of losing a client. Im not saying I wont take the case, but youve got to be prepared for the likelihood that I wont come up with anything. I mean, you obviously dont like your stepmother dotted line Shes a brittle, conniving, golddigging dotted line bitch said the woman and stopped, aghast at her lapse of taste. Virgo, who hadnt relished working for such a cold fish, warmed to her client a little. Let me look into the details of the murders first, then Ill get back to you and well talk more about your fathers case. Is that OK Nyree MacPherson smiled for the first time, and nodded. Virgo drew up a contract, the client signed and wrote a cheque for a retainer, and the women parted. Time to activate the networks, thought Virgo, dialling Kyrie Kateriniss number. All hell had broken loose in the Katerinis household when daughter Kyrie had announced she didnt want to be a doctor like her parents and her brother. When shed obtained a cadetship on a newspaper after her BA, her father had suffered a mild heart attack, and when shed taken up crime as a specialty, hed disowned her. Virgo and Kyrie shared an upbringing on the northern beaches, a high school education at North Sydney Girls High, and a fascination with human nature, particularly of the deviant variety. Kyrie was middle height, with dark yellow, very curly hair which she wore short, topaz eyes and a strong Greek nose. She wasnt interested in clothes, and almost always wore vampires wedding black and Doc Martens. Virgo had given up nagging her about her appearance long ago. If you were in Greece, youd bloody well refuse to wear black, woman, shed said once, but Kyrie had her own agenda. It had more to do with winning journalism awards than hearts. Kyrie was happy to share her material on the granddad killer with Virgo, but warned her against getting her hopes up. If you ask me, hes got clean away, she said from behind her desk in the Broadway newspaper office. Im a bit disappointed, actually. I was hoping hed move to Newport and get dad off my back. Virgo laughed, then got down to business Is it definitely a he The police arent even sure about that. The victims were old, and they were jumped from behind and brained with a pipe or something like that, so it could have been a woman. Do you really think it was random Virgo asked. Are you sure theres no connection between the victims Kyrie showed Virgo a chart shed make As you can see, theyre private school educated Knox, Scots, Shore, another Knox, and the old boy who survived went to school across the bridge at Grammar. Schools were very important on the North Shore. Virgo and Kyrie had attended the sort of selective public school favoured by the ambitious working class and leftleaning parents who wanted the best but were ideologically opposed to private education. Where do you suppose Ruff went to school asked Virgo. Oh, probably the North Shore Canine Academy. Anything else connecting the old boys quizzed Virgo. They all had plenty of money all were retired all married all living in the MosmanCremorne area. I checked and found out two of them used the same dentist and another two had the same doctor. No two of them belonged to the same club. They all had children and grandchildren. In a word, zilch. What about Donald MacPherson Was there anything different about his death Not that I can see. Why does his daughter think the wife did it Says shes a golddigger. Kyrie snorted Thats hardly a motive, otherwise wed have to build a new womens prison in Sydney. Look, K, Im going to need to talk to Nyree MacPherson, and maybe some of the other victims wives, do you mind dotted line Kyrie threw up her hands Hey I dont care what you do, mate. Just dont tell me about it, OK Next day, posing as Kyrie Katerinis, Virgo set out on her first assignment, an interview with Phyllis MacPherson. Shed dressed down slightly and wore flat heels, remembering the horrified look Nyree MacPherson had given her yellow ensemble.

Fifteen Thick blackness blanketed them, closing them in. There was a seconds absolute silence, then an eruption of sound from the sitting room a confused babbling and wailing, and a couple of ominous thuds. Birdie instinctively stretched out her arms and stepped forward, her fingers tangling in the heavy folds of the curtains, her elbow bumping something solid that grunted and swore. Take it easy Edwinas voice was gruff but gloriously familiar in the enveloping dark. Sorry. What the hells dotted line Id say the powerlines have come down. A falling tree, probably. Not surprising in this weather. Birdie heard a rustling sound as Edwina calmly felt her way to the window seat and sat down. She was a cool customer. The door across the hall clicked open. Edwina Verity Alistairs voice echoed across the vast space. Are you OK Yes they chorused plaintively in unison, and laughed. Stay there, he called unnecessarily. Ill go out and start the generator. Wont be long. Hold on, Betty Hinders reedy voice carried as well as Alistairs shout. Im coming with you. There was a scrape and a bump. Betty, stay where you are Dont be more of a fool than you can help You cant go wandering around out there in the pitch black by yourself. What if you fall over and break a leg What if the ting doesnt start Then were all in a fine mess. Ill go out and get William, then. Alistair was weakening. Birdie grinned to herself in the darkness. Bettys snort was eloquent. By now shed obviously reached him. Hed be as much use as a pocket in a singlet. Here, hold on to me. I can find my way round this place blindfolded. And as for generators dotted line well, since Georgd rather sit in the dark twiddling his thumbs any day than get his feet wet, I can handle them too. Now, lets go. Alistair gave in. All right, now, everyone just sit tight. Itll be ten minutes or so. No Another voice rose through the blackness, high and whimpering.I cant stay here Ive got to get out Stop it Let me dotted line There was a scuffling sound, and a clatter as something hit the floor. The voice squeaked in panic. Belinda thundered Alistair. Sit down Have another biscuit Josie the candles on the sideboard OK Go on, Alistair. Well be right called Josie. She sounded quite cheerful. Famous last words, grunted Birdie. She felt cautiously around, located the window seat somewhere down near her knees, and lowered herself gingerly onto it, beside Edwina who hastily moved along to accommodate her. They perched together uncomfortably for a moment. The darkness was complete, in the room and outside the window. The valley walls rose up, enclosing them. No light, not the faintest glow in the sky, relieved the blackness. Birdie hadnt been aware of the hum of the airconditioning, but now that it had died its absence created an eerie sense of absolute stillness in the house. Outside, the rushing water of the swollen creek, the splashing of the rain on the rippling ground, were the only sounds. She held her hand in front of her face and squinted, trying to make out its shape. But the darkness was total. It was like being blind. With a shock, she remembered Dan Toby. He hadnt called. Why not And now he couldnt call. The internal phones needed electricity to work. Involuntarily she caught her breath. Theres nothing to worry about, said Edwina beside her. Birdie shook her head, realised her companion couldnt see her, and spoke aloud. Its not the dark. Its Toby and Milson. I think I should go up there. Try to take them a light. The proper lightsll be back on in ten minutes, said Edwina reasonably. Theyre big boys, arent they They can look after themselves. Of course. Why then did Birdie feel this sense of foreboding The picture of Toby, waving so cockily at her from the head of the stairs kept coming into her mind. And it was dark, so dark that she could see nothing else. She pushed herself to her feet and felt for the desk. Maybe dotted line What are you doing Edwinas voice was amused. If there are cigarettes, said Birdie, there might be a lighter. If there are cigarettes, Edwina replied, please give me one and pray theres a lighter. Birdie felt around the polished surface, trying to remember what had been on it when shed been in the room last. Her fingers brushed paper the timetable and a small pile of cardboard the guests files nearly upset a vase of flowers dotted line yes, thered been an ashtray and an enamelled box near the vase. Her hand brushed a corner. That was it She grasped at the box and opened the lid. Cigarettes dotted line and tucked into one corner, a small, slim lighter. She flicked it, and the tiny flame appeared, bright in the darkness. Edwina exclaimed and stumbled over to join her. They both lit cigarettes. Ive given up, Edwina remarked seriously, after a moment. She exhaled a plume of smoke, and watched it dissolve into the darkness with satisfaction. So have I, said Birdie. She took one last, long drag, sighed, and stubbed the cigarette out. Poison, she said. Edwina murmured muffled agreement. Birdie flicked the lighter again, and dimly the rooms shapes appeared. The doorway was directly in front of her. Im going upstairs, she announced. I think theres something wrong. Youre crazy. With that pathetic little light youll break your neck. Im going. You stay where you are. Not bloody likely. Edwina leaned over, felt for the ashtray and crushed her cigarette into it. If you go, I go. Im not sitting here twiddling my thumbs in the dark. There are limits. They edged cautiously towards the doorway and out into the hall. Flickering light from the sitting room cast a dull glow on the marble tiles. More than enough to see by, now that their eyes had adjusted to the dark. But the stairway rose in front of them, disappearing into pitch black about halfway up. They moved silently, by unspoken agreement. Neither wanted Josie and Belindas company. They reached the stairs and began to climb, one behind the other. Soon they were in darkness. They moved stair by stair, feeling their way, holding tightly to the banister, as if to a lifeline. The silence and the dark were think around them This is madness, whispered Edwina. She was so close that Birdie could feel her breath on the back of her neck. Birdie flicked the lighter and held its tiny flame out in front of her till it got too hot to hold, straining her eyes to see. Were nearly there, she said. Four or five more steps. Her heart was beating hard, somewhere up near the top of her chest. It was as if she could feel it in the base of her throat. She felt like choking. Something was wrong, she could feel it. The blackness at the top of the stairs was infinitely menacing. But she dragged her feet on over the thick carpet, grateful for the sound and warmth of Edwina behind her. She almost stumbled when she reached the top, though shed been waiting for the moment when her raised foot met empty air. She heard Edwinas exclamation as she faltered. Its all right. Were at the top, she murmured, edging around the balustrade to give her companion room. They looked down at the vestibule below. From here they could see the faint glow from the sitting room. Well edge around the gallery, facing this way, whispered Birdie. So well be able to see the light from Josies candles. The thought cheered her. Oh Edwina grabbed her arm. Ive just remembered. I think theres a candle on a table just here. You know, by the couch A candle in a silver candlestick. I saw it yesterday. Yes Birdie flicked the lighter and they edged away from the safety of the balustrade, holding onto each other, free hands outstretched, bodies tensed against unexpected bumps. Birdie found the side chair and sank into it while Edwina stood clutching the arm. She reached across to the corner table. Here shed found the pink envelope, the anonymous letter. It seemed weeks ago. The lighter cast a tiny pool of light on the polished wood, and at the back of the table a silver candlestick gleamed. Birdie grabbed it with a hiss of satisfaction. It was heavy. She pulled it towards her and lit the candle. The wick caught, and a big, yellow flame rose up, pushing away the darkness, lighting up the little sitting area, the stainedglass window in shades of grey, the door to the staff stairway. Ah Thats better Edwina gave a long sigh. Birdie looked up at her and grinned. Lucky you remembered it, she said. Lets go. They walked slowly along the gallery, towards Eve. No need now to feel their way, or turn to the secondhand light from the vestibule for reassurance. With the candlelight, Birdies panic had eased. Now she wondered what Toby would say when he saw her with Edwina in tow, too. Ten to one shed just get to him and the lights would go on. Damn She should have waited, like Edwina said. But she knew she couldnt have waited. It was very quiet, except for the rain pattering on the roof above them. They reached the corner of the gallery. Helens door was ahead. Birdies arm was aching with the weight of the candlestick. She lowered it slightly as they reached the door marked Eve. There was no sound from inside. She glanced at Edwina, standing tall by her shoulder, lifted her free hand, and knocked. The door swing open under her hand. Inside it was black as pitch, and in the blackness, someone was breathing. Dan Birdie thrust the candlestick high in the air before her. The flame blew back, faltered, recovered and flared up once more. Edwina gripped her arm. Dan Are you in there Nothing. Just breathing, hoarse and deep, in the dark. Birdie pushed the door wide and stepped forward. No, Verity Edwina was trying to hold her back, but Birdie pulled away, holding up the light. Toby lay sprawled on the couch like a bulky bundle of old clothes. His arm was thrown over his face, as if to protect it. Birdie crept towards him. The candlelight threw shadows around the room, picked out something white lying on the floor beside the desk. Milsons shirt. Milson, lying crumpled, long legs sticking out under the desk chair. Verity Edwinas voice penetrated the paralysed silence of her mind. Edwinas urgent hand plucked at her sleeve. She made herself turn around. Helen was sitting on the side of the bed. Very upright, very still, her hands in her lap. As they looked, she turned her head. Her eyes gleamed. Theyre asleep, she said softly. Just asleep. Birdies scalp prickled. She backed away till she reached the couch. She held the candlestick high, like a weapon. She felt for Toby with her left hand. He was warm. Breathing. Breathing heavily. It was Tobys breathing she had heard from the door. She pushed at him, shook him, but he wouldnt wake. Wouldnt stir. Hes been drugged, she said. Her voice sounded loud in her own head. Birdie saw the tray on the low table by the couch, its silver coffeepot winking in the candlelight. She saw one cup still on the tray, unused, one still a quarter full on the table where Toby had put it down. Where was the other Of course. On the desk, where Milson had been taking notes. She could see it now. She skirted the coffee table and sidled over to the desk, without taking her eyes off Helen. Crouching down, she touched Milsons cheek, felt for the pulse of his neck. She could hear him breathing too, now.

Overview of Hydrologic and Water Quality Modelling I.D.Moore and J.C.Gallant Centre for Resource and Environmental Studies, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT This paper describes hydrological and water quality models, why they are needed and the different ways of classifying them. The concepts of model calibration, validation and verification are discussed and the likely predictive accuracy of water quality models is outlined. In general, water quality models have relatively poor predictive accuracy in an absolute sense, but perform quite well in a relative sense. The historical development of scientific hydrology and water quality modelling is presented. In the future, there will be an increasing linkage of remote sensing and geographic information systems with water quality models. This will rely heavily on sophisticated computer graphics and other technologies to display and interpret model results and outputs. A major need is the development of stochastic or combined stochasticdeterministic water quality models to deal more readily with spatially variable input parameters and provide results in terms of probabilities. INTRODUCTION Hydrology is part art and part science. The art is in being able to make the appropriate simplifying assumptions to allow physics principles the science to be applied to the solution of complex processes. The real world is simplified in all hydrologic and water quality models and so it is important that potential users are aware of these simplifications and approximations and that the right model is used in the right way. In a discussion of research directions in hydrology, Burges 1986 quoted Artemus Ward as saying that it aint so much the things we dont know that gets us in trouble. Its the things we know that aint so. For example, some hydrologic models assume that Hortonian overland flow, where rainfall excess is generated by a soils limiting infiltration capacity, is the dominant runoff generating mechanism. Others assume that the saturation overland flow mechanism, produced when rising water tables intersect the soil surface, dominates. The former mechanism is common in agricultural and semiarid regions, while the latter is common in forested catchments. There are many instances where the wrong runoff production mechanism has been applied, even though we can now mathematically describe both mechanisms quite well. Applying the wrong runoff producing mechanism may still allow the total catchment runoff to be predicted quite well, but it is probable that spatially distributed runoff rates and amounts and water quality processes will be predicted quite poorly. This highlights a dilemma in hydrology. There is a perception that the predictive performances of hydrologic models have not substantially improved in the last twenty years, even though there have been major advances in the understanding of hydrologic processes in that time. Most assessments of hydrologic model performance are based on comparisons of observed and predicted runoff at the catchment outlet. Even a simple blackbox or inputoutput model may perform quite well in such circumstances. Distributed measurements of runoff, flow depth and flow velocities are needed to validate the new generation of hydrologic and water quality models. These types of data are not commonly available, and are very costly to obtain. This paper has two main objectives 1 to describe the various classes of models that have been applied to hydrologic and water quality prediction and the advantages, limitations and problems with each approach and 2 to provide an historical context for discussing hydrologic and water quality modelling and the state of the art of chemical fate modelling at this workshop. CHARACTERISTICS OF HYDROLOGIC AND WATER QUALITY MODELS What is a Mathematical Model The American Society for Testing and Materials 1984 defined a mathematical model as an assembly of concepts in the form of a mathematical equation that portrays understanding of a natural phenomena. The following are alternative definitions of mathematical models that can be found in the hydrology literature. A simplified construction of the real world that seeks to explain and predict events Pierce, 1961. The symbolic form in which a physical principle is expressed, an equation or formula, built by consideration of the pertinent physical principles, operated on by logic, and modified by experimental judgement and plain intuition not simply chosen Snyder and Stall, 1965. A simplified representation of a complex system in which the behaviour of the system is represented by a set of equations, perhaps together with logical statements, expressing relations between variables and parameters Clarke, 1973. A symbolic representation of an idealised situation that has the important physical properties of the real system Woolhiser and Brakensiek, 1982. All these definitions encompass the idea that a mathematical model integrates existing knowledge into a logical framework of rules and relationships. Hence, it is simply one method of formalising knowledge about how a system behaves. Mathematical models range from simple empirical relationships such as linear regression equations to sets of complex partial differential equations derived from fundamental physics. The factors that are included in an equation and the relationships between them involve simplifying assumptions concerning the relevant physical processes. Because hydrologic systems and water chemistry are so complete, it is impossible to represent most of them exactly using the exact laws of physics. It is important to know what simplifying assumptions are appropriate, and therefore, what methods of analysis or models are appropriate for the problem at hand. Furthermore, for a good mathematical model it is not enough to work well. It must work well for the right reasons. It must reflect, even if only in a simplified form, the essential features of the physical prototype Klemes, 1986. Why Develop Mathematical Models In addition to the reasons for developing hydrologic and water quality models identified above, models can assist in identifying critical gaps in fundamental knowledge and in planning experimental programs. Field water quality monitoring programs and their associated laboratory analyses are extremely expensive. For example, the cost of a comprehensive chemical analysis of one water sample can exceed Hence water quality models can maximise the effectiveness of experimental programs and ensure that the right kinds of data are collected. Models can also help set priorities, giving broader and longer term perspectives, and are important tools for developing and evaluating economically viable ways of minimising surface and ground water pollution. Water quality models are being commonly used to assist in providing advice on conservation practices, land treatment and farming practices, including chemical management Meyer, 1990. Land systems have highly diverse climate, topography, soil and crops and are subject to many different management systems. A wide range of chemicals have potential use in these production systems. It is not feasible economically for agencies responsible for approving and registering the use of these chemicals to run field trials of each chemical under all possible conditions. Water quality models provide a powerful tool for evaluating the likely behaviour and fate of chemicals in these differing environments on the basis of chemical characteristics such as solubilities, degradation rates, etc. supplied by manufacturers and known or typical climate, topography, soil, crop and management. Hence models can provide a costeffective extrapolation function. Meyer 1990 believes that the ultimate utility of a model is determined by its ability to conform to known or accepted scientific facts, its flexibility to accommodate new data and knowledge, and the fact that solutions identified by the model must be confirmed by experiment. From his background in an application oriented agency, Meyer stressed that models should never become an end in themselves. Model Classification There are four principal ways of classifying hydrologic and water quality models 1 deterministic or stochastic 2 mechanistic or functional 3 lumped or distributed and 4 research or management Woolhiser and Brakensiek, 1982 Donigian and Rao, 1986 Vachaud et al., 1990. With a deterministic model a given input condition or event will produce a unique outcome, whereas with a stochastic model the outcome will have a random component. Most chemical fate models are deterministic Donigian and Rao, 1968. In recent years there have been attempts to combine the two approaches to better reflect the uncertainty associated with estimating model parameters and the high degree of spatial variability that occurs in many hydrologic and water quality processes that can not be adequately captured by a completely deterministic model. Stochastic models that present model predictions in a probabilistic form may be particularly attractive for use by regulatory agencies. Deterministic models are often used in water resource assessment to provide quantitative information on the magnitude, quality, distribution and timing of available water and extend this knowledge by using the model to predict water effects, both direct and indirect, of mans influence on this existing water resource. Generally, deterministic models are used in two ways 1 assessment of the existing state of the water resource for the prevailing hydrological response of the catchment, based on historical meteorological and hydrological records and 2 prediction of future conditions or behaviour in response to such influences as urbanisation, intensification in agriculture and forestry land use, climate change, or any physical alteration of the land surface due to natural or man induced causes. Mechanistic models attempt to account for most fundamental mechanisms of the hydrologic and chemical processes involved. Many of the mechanistic models being discussed at this workshop can be classed as linkedprocess models that consist of a series of mechanistic process descriptions that are linked sequentially or in parallel to describe the behaviour of the total system. Beven 1989 discusses the strengths and limitation of these models in considerable detail. It is not possible to include within a single model descriptions of all possible processes that might occur because of the complexity of the natural system, computational constraints, and incomplete knowledge of many processes. Therefore, it is not possible to develop a truly general mechanistic model that is applicable in all environments. It is because of this that much confusion has arisen in the use of mechanistic models. Potential users of such models must be aware of the limitations and the constraints under which particular mechanistic models can and should be used. Functional models incorporate simplified treatments of an individual process or groups of processes using some form of transfer function and make no attempt to physically describe the individual processes. The well know unit hydrograph method is an example of a transfer function approach for predicting catchment runoff directly from rainfall. Many chemical processes, and particularly pesticide transformation processes, are simulated using this functional approach. Rigorous descriptions of many physiochemical pesticide processes are not possible and success in simulating pesticide runoff is affected by the ability to cope with the diverse chemistry of pesticides Leavesley et al., 1990. Distributed models attempt to represent the spatial variability of hydrologic and water quality characteristics and processes across a catchment, whereas lumped models spatially aggregate these processes. The main concern in using lumped models is that it is probably not possible to obtain a single value of a spatially variable parameter that allows a model to predict the mean response of the modelled area. Addiscott and Wagenet 1985 warn that, when applying leaching models without accounting for parameter variations in the horizontal plane, gross overor underestimates of solute and water movement may result from ignoring these variations, and observe that dotted line although the mechanistic numerical models have a solid theoretical base and have been the most widely used of all soilwatersolute models, their predictions can be misleading unless their inputs are well characterised in terms of variability. It is not yet established that they give more reliable or more accurate simulations of water and solute movement than the simpler, lessmechanistic functional models dotted line The traditional method of handling spatial variability in water quality models is to divide a catchment into subcatchments, each of which is treated as being internally uniform. This simply reduces the scale at which lumping occurs. In recent years models such as AGNPS Young et al., 1989, SHE Abbott et al., 1986 and ANSWERS Beasley and Huggins, 1982 have been developed based on a cellular structure in an attempt to represent smaller scale variations in catchment characteristics. As the scale at which catchment subdivision is carried out decreases, the data needs of the models increase. Recent advances in remote sensing, digital terrain analysis and geographic information systems have great potential for overcoming the data acquisition problems associated with the use of fine resolution distributed models. However, much work remains to fully integrate these technologies into distributed hydrologic and water quality models. These types of models still have fundamental problems related to the lack of a theory of subgrid scale integration, practical constraints on solution methodologies, and problems of dimensionality in parameter calibration Beven, 1989. Many hydrologic and water quality models should only be classified as research models because they have never been fully developed orsimplified so that they can be used as management tools by action agencies, extension personnel or individual farmers. Research models are developed to better understand the physical processes and how they interact, test hypotheses as to how systems work, or for determining appropriate simplifying assumptions as a first step towards development of management models. A large amoun of effort is required to transromrm a research model into a userfriendly model that can be effectively used by action agencies.

Content to be covered in Earth Charter not in order of importance. dash Governments must share with NGOs such as Greenpeace the role of Environmental Watchdog rather than economy watchdog Must promote environmentally sustainable practices, putting funds into improving public transport, walking bicycle tracks rather than new roads freeways. They must provide tax incentives for environmentally friendly practices, no tax deductions for use of carpetrol etc. dash Governments must allocate large funds for research into alternative technology then find ways to make it viable less tax on solar powered cars etc.. Abolish war on drugs allow hemp to be used as source of paper, fibre, fuel medicine. dash Alternative technology must be freely exchanged between nations, particularly to poorer, developing countries. dash Role of NGOs must be greater acknowledged, they must have more influence in parliament the passing of lelgislations. dash Economists environmentalists must work together rather than against each other to find solutions to env. economical problems. dash Wisdom of indigenous people must be given legal standing respect in parliament. Youth 10 women 50 indigenous groups must be represented in much larger proportions in government advisory bodies given equal say. dash Government must encourage more community involvement in environmental issues, helping to promote clean up days, water saving, vegetarianism, and providing greater avenues for community discussion on problems and solutions. dash World Bank International monetary fund must be abolished new funding bodies must replace them that either offer interest free loans or administer gifts of money that must never be repaid. GATT must be altered so that nations are free to boycott any country that does not adhere to environmental guidelines. dash Global commons must be respected protected. dash 2 of GNP of wealthy nations must be put into environment fund. Head of states, NGO representatives must meet for a mini earth summit every 3 years to revise environmental situation, discuss what steps they have taken appear before an env. judging panel to assess their improvements. All must state what steps they are talking for env. quality. dash Healthy nations multinational corporations must discontinue exporting problems such as waste disposal, deforestation to poorer nations, must also discontinue having profit from sales of arms to poorer nations at war. People in poorer nations must be paid similar wages to counterparts in richer countries by MNC. dash Heads of State of all countries must unite together to protect our earth for now for future generations, promoting changes in lifestyle focussing on non material measures of quality of life, reducing pollution both locally globally. Must cooperate with sharing technology wealth with less advantaged nations but must respect cultures of less developed nations. Nations must abolish weapons view planet as one world, not 160 different worlds that must work together in peace to create a planet that can sustain us all. dash Countries, their governments their people must give unclear importance to protecting natural environment than improving economy. All nations must adhere to this earth charter. The content of the Earth Charter should build an Agenda 21, the major document produced at the 1992 Earth Summit, as well as the original Earth Charter drafted by nongovernment organisations rejected in the preliminary stages of the Earth Summit. More importantly, it should contain strategies which address the shortcomings of previous documents, including the development of specific and quantitative timetables for unreadable the implementation of recommendations and the development of an internationally coordinated mechanism for ensuring that the statement of the Earth Charter are adhered to by all nations. The New Charter should retain the categories addressed by the Rio Declaration the issues discussed under sections on the role of major groups, means of implementing environmental programs, the economic and social dimensions of environmental protection and development, and the conservation management of resources for development. In addition, the new Earth Charter should be broadened to include questioning current models of development for which the previous Earth Summit advocated managing resources to sustain. A range of alternative models should be presented for discussion, including alternative technologies. The current barriers to environmental protection should be clearly outlined. This should include clear statements on the environmental impact of current world politics and economics. How these systems affect all nations and people should be documented e.g. the effect of trade, unreadable and access to resources on the environmental activities of third world countries. It should be made clear which nations and people control financial resources and international economies and how this control affects the environmental directions adopted by other less powerful countries. The Rio Declaration dealt with sustainable development in terms of developing nations but ignored the absence of sustainable development in developed countries. It is important that developed countries be seen as part of the problem on a greater scale due to their greater resources than countries with less resources. For any suggestions to lead to implementation, the new Charter needs to discuss systems for a more equitable distribution of wealth between and within nations, and less private control of resources which can be used to preserve the global future. It should adopt a unreadableplan for global sustainable development unreadable and discuss the need for its implementation regardless of its impact of on trade and profits factor which could be minimised if the program was globally implemented. Sustainable development should include an integration of economic and environmental needs but not in terms of the environment being managed to serve economic needs recognition that environmental assets need to be given a true value in terms of their contribution to the biosphere, not to economics acknowledge that environmental resources do not exist for the use of one generation and only those groups with the ability to utilize them, but should unreadable be preserved for intrinsic reasons recognize recognition that current knowledge of the environment is limited and that we are not capable of accurately assessing the risk human activities place on the environment proof of this risk should not be needed before preventative actions are taken and finally that all environmental programs must be implemented globally and the facilities distributed by all nations accordingly so that this can be achieved. The new charter should unreadable not only advocate the need for unreadable international financial cooperation for environmental goals and the exploration and implementation of more sustainable modes of development, but should address the urgent need for an internationally powerful regulatory body which could work towards ensuring all countries move towards better environmental practices and adhere to Earth Charter guidelines. This body should have the ability to regulate not only environment behaviour, but also the supply and distribution of funds to allow countries to meet goals set. While none of these suggestions will produce results immediately, the first step to any solution is defining the problem and having this definition accepted and understood by all parties. As the original Earth Summit showed, the groundwork for further progress may be all that can be achieved in the immediate future, but without this being defined, no further progress will be made. The first item which I would like to raise in this PREPCOM is to address the nature of the Charter itself, before its unreadable contents are discussed. One of UNCEDs most visible shortcomings was its failure to agree on any legally binding conventions. If this Earth Charter is to be an advance on the Rio Declaration, we must first take steps to ensure that nations are more than merely morally bound to it. We must also address in this Charter the complex forces that have created the crises we face as well as working towards their improvement. I am sure that all other representatives here are aware of the need to reduce our reliance upon fossil fuels and to lessen the rate of global deforestation which are in part responsible for the environmental problems we face. However, we are slower to accept the reasons why these destructive forces have been created. These forces are a response to a global economic system that condemns humanity to seek survival and success through exploitation of our materials. An inequality exists between states in terms of trade that forces poorer nations to follow an environmentally damaging course if they are to survive. Poorer nations are hampered by a large foreign debt that they are obliged to repay and the only means they have to repay this debt is to exploit their natural resources. For the environmental damage this entails to stop, the debt crisis that afflicts the Third World must be addressed. Within states too, a cycle of poverty creates environmental problems. The link between population growth and environmental destruction is well understood but how can we reasonably expect poor people to reduce the size of their family when it is the labour a large family provides that maintains their survival The Rio Declaration was correctly criticised for being nothing more than a general statement of principles. If we are to avoid the same criticism from future generations for failing to act, we must make this proposed Earth Charter a toothed tiger. Its principles must be legally binding and we must debate possible ways of enforcing them. We must also address the larger issues responsible for our environmental crises, not just the crises themselves. By acknowledging the economic roots to these crises and finding ways to address them, we will be better placed to confront these crises. These crises will affect both rich and poor nations, so all must combine to accept appropriate responsibility and address the causes, not just the problems. Below is an outline of the content that I would like to see in the Earth Charter to be debated at the 50th Anniversary session of the United Nations in asterisk That the commission on sustainable development CSD should play a greater role in establishing broad guidelines for sustainable development in individual countries work in cooperation with the Global Monetary Fund unreadable and government to help ensure that sustainable development is achieved. asterisk unreadable Nations acknowledging that there is a clear link between population numbers and environmental degradation. And that those extremely populous countries would take steps to educate their people on family planning the availability of contraceptives and the consequences of continued high population growth. Wealthier nations could assist in this education process by donating aids of contraceptives, and the like. asterisk In provisions regarding pollution, deforestation and the like, clear timetables statistical commitments would be required by all signatories. asterisk A clear cost of implementing each provision would be made, for which the wealthier signatures of which would be required to pay for, once committing themselves being legally and morally bound to meet their commitments. asterisk Greater recognition of the indebted problems of third world debt, world trading patterns and financing enviromentall initiatives. For example ensuring that aid packages by wealthier nations are not just loans or other means of exploiting less developed countries further. The GMF could be responsible for ensuring that such deals are reduced. asterisk Greater committment of technology transfer by wealthier nations multinational companies whilst a body an existing U.N. body should be used to monitor ensure that such technology is going to be of benefit to the recipient country, considering their culture climate etc. asterisk Commitment to ensure that cultures of individual countries are to be maintained, if they are not in direct conflict with the environment. asterisk Greater input for NGOs, the representation of major Multinational Companies that have vested interests in many 3rd World countries a greater committment by them to assist in all aid packages, technology transfers etc. asterisk Aim to ensure that capacity building takes place in all provisions. asterisk Earth Charter should also be specific in its principles and aims. asterisk Greater committment from nations for management of resources, that have important world resources eg BrazilAmazon, wealthier countries to give aid etc. for lost income. asterisk Government to subsidise companies to find develop more environmentally friendly products. Regardless of the hesitation of nations and economies to impliment any changes to their activities, particullarly less profitmotived changes I would like to see an Earth Charter, to which all nations are legally and morally bound, set up something as follows It must recognise humanity as part of, not above the environment, with all of its, cultural, political, ecconomic and religeous factors taken into account, somehow consolidating the worlds peoples and cultures and dertermining rights for all people, regardless of nationality or religeon, or race.

51 Rickard Rd Warrimoo NSW 2774 Australian Consumers Association 57 Carrington Rd Marrickville NSW 2204 13th June 1994 To whom it may concern, I am writing to you to let you know of a problem I am having in resolving a fault with my 1992 Mitsubishi Magna. I purchased the car second hand from Penrith Mitsubishis Kingswood branch in January this year for 26,000, but noticed hesitation and misfire problems. I advised Penrith Mitsubishi who said it would be rectified under warranty. The accompanying documentation details the ongoing problems I am having in getting satisfactory action to resolve the complaint. Basically Penrith Mitsubishi have stated that there is a known fault with both the TP and TR models, and that they can do no more for me. They say it is a problem which Mitsubishi Australia will have to fix, if and when they can find a solution. I have been given a litany of excuses for the inaction by the area manager to contact Penrith Mitsubishi, and when I advised Penrith Mitsubishi of my decision to escalate the problem by writing to NRMA, ACA and Mitsubishi head office once again, I was told that was probably the best thing I could do. I have not spelled out the complete story in this letter to you, as the accompanying documents do that. If you could find the time to read through this and advise me what action is possible I would be most appreciative. I will send a copy of this letter to the Department of Consumer Affairs also, as I do not know what courses of action are available for me to follow. Thank you for any help you might be able to give. Yours faithfully Terry Wahlen 51 Rickard Rd Warrimoo 2774 Ph 047536190 Steve Miller Penrith Mitsubishi Great Western Highway Kingswood 2747 28th February, 1994 Steve, Thank you for your recent letter asking about the car. It is comforting to note that you and Penrith Mitsubishi regard aftersales support to be a high priority in the purchase of a car. As I discussed with you when I came in to get the petrol cap release fixed, there are a couple of things which need attention. These are The radio antenna has been bent and restraightened and is therefore loose The air vent control does not move to its full extent, thereby limiting the amount of external air that can enter the car The chip on the windscreen was, I thought, to be looked at before I picked the car up. The chip is still there, and I would like it repaired if its not too late There is some hesitation when slowly accelerating through 90100kph along the freeway and I have felt it at other speeds too. One other thing, the car has a parcel shelf mounted stop light. The bulb was blown when I purchased the car, but I only discovered it on the evening I bought the car when a work colleague pointed it out in the car park here at work. I bought a new bulb the next day from Penrith Mitsubishi spares, at a cost of I understand this is a warrantable item and would appreciate it if you could arrange reimbursement I still have the receipt. The car will be due for its 50,000km service soon, so I would like to arrange for the abovementioned items to be fixed under warranty when I drop it in to Penrith Mitsubishi. Could we arrange that the service section is made aware that some warranty items will need fixing obviously Ill need to let them know when Ill be getting the service done. Please dont feel I am complaining in any way about the car, it really is a pleasure to drive, and a step up in the luxury department. I am very happy with it to date. Id just like you to be aware that there a couple of things that will need attention. Please feel free to contact me if I can expand on any of the points raised in this fax. Once again, thanks for your assistance. Oh, you forgot to include the business cards with your letter. Ill be happy to distribute them if you send me some. Best Regards Terry Wahlen 51 Rickard Rd Warrimoo 2774 NSW Customer Relations Manager Mitsubishi Motors Australia Ltd 4 Cavill Avenue Ashfield 2131 NSW To Whom It May Concern, I am writing to notify you of a fault condition that exists in my 1992 Magna SE Sedan. I purchased the car second hand from Penrith Mitsubishi at Kingswood in January this year with 46,220 km on the odometer. Shortly after taking delivery I became aware of a problem with acceleration when driving along the motorway. It appeared that the car was reluctant to accelerate from around 8090kph when the accelerator was depressed smoothly, the car hesitating before and then during the period of acceleration. I have also had similar problems when driving uphill at 60kph. The effect is similar to a misfiring engine. I notified the salesman, Mr Steve Miller, that I would wait until the car had 50,000km on the clock before taking the car for its service, and then have the problem rectified, as I considered it may be due to dirty injectors or filters. There were also a couple of other minor problems which I would get fixed at the same time under warranty. On March 29 I took the car down to Penrith Mitsubishi for its 50,000km service and advised Mr Richard Davidson of the acceleration problem. The car was serviced document number MICS30070 and the air filter was changed in an attempt to fix the problem. It didnt. I made arrangements to have the car looked at again and took it to Penrith Mitsubishi again on the 11th April. The document number was MICS This time the mechanic changed both fuel filters and checked the injectors for cleanliness. After road testing they agreed the fault still persisted. The mechanic had a second opinion from another mechanic who, I was told, described it as behaving like a dog. When I arrived to pick up the car Richard advised me that they had been unable to fix the fault. He then told me that there have been a number of cases where due to some engine design manufacturing defect or computer design fault, certain cars have exhibited this same problem. One story he recounted was where a car had needed the cylinder head replacing before the fault was cured. Another involved the replacement of the computer with a newer version. He described an apparent problem in the location of the knock sensor which confuses the onboard computer under periods of acceleration. The computer is fooled into thinking that there is a knock in the engine, it then retards the timing accordingly. When the throttle position sensor relays the fact that the car is under acceleration the computer then decides it will allow power to the engine. Richard also mentioned flame front problems on some cars. I do not know whether the problems Richard described are related to those Im having, but I do know that I have traded in a good 1988 Magna for one which is performing poorly. I would not have faith in the car reliably getting me out of certain situations where quick power is required, and consider it as potentially unsafe given the wrong set of circumstances. I would appreciate your help in having the problems rectified quickly, as I would not like a protracted situation. I was advised by Richard that the fault would indeed be fixed somehow, him not knowing the latest with Mitsubishi Motors rectification of existing faults, and that I would not have to pay for any rectification costs. He told me Mitsubishi Australia and Penrith Mitsubishi value customer relations and pride themselves with providing good service. I have no doubt this is the case. Could you please advise me what steps you can take to provide an early resolution to this most frustrating problem. Yours faithfully Terry Wahlen 51 Rickard Rd Warrimoo NSW 2774 NRMA Technical Department 151 Clarence St Sydney 2000 15th April 1994 Attn Mr Bob Hudson Dear Mr Hudson, I am writing to you with a sinking feeling in the pit of my stomach. You see, I have just spent 26,000 on a 1992 Mitsubishi Magna SE sedan, and have been having a problem which I notice you refer to in the last issue of The Open road. I am having engine hesitation and misfiring under acceleration and load. You mention these points as things to watch out for when purchasing the TR Magna. Had I known there were faults of this nature with this particular car then I probably would have opted for a different car altogether. I called the NRMA technical section prior to purchasing the car with a view to getting advice on the purchase price given the level of optioning that was on the car. At no time did the person I talked to mention a problem with this model that perhaps I should look out for. Given that I could be in line for protracted negotiations with Mitsubishi over the rectification of the fault, could you please advise me of any information NRMA or you might have about the fault condition, and what steps have been taken by Mitsubishi to rectify the fault. I have had discussions with Penrith Mitsubishi about the car, and have been advised by them to write to Mitsubishi Motors to get the rectification process under way. The service department advisor, Mr Richard Davidson of Penrith Mitsubishi, told me Mitsubishi have replaced cylinder heads and computers on some cars to fix the fault, but he was unsure of the latest methods for fault fixing, a situation I find amazing. I have included a copy of the letter I sent to both Mitsubishi Motors Australia and Penrith Mitsubishi for your perusal, as it describes the fault in more detail. Also, I would be very interested in your opinions of modern car manufacturing, when a model can be released with such a known fault existing. You say in your article that most bugs were ironed out before 1990, but I find it ridiculous that I have spent 26,000 and bought a car with another known problem. I am awaiting an answer to my letter to Mitsubishi, but thought I may as well gather as much information as possible in order to arm myself for any possible negotiations with Mitsubishi. I would appreciate any assistance you may be able to give. Yours faithfully Terry Wahlen Member Number 2583202 51 Rickard Rd Warrimoo 2774 NSW NRMA Limited 151 Clarence St Sydney 2000 NSW 7th June, 1994 Attention Mr Peter Bylsma cc Mr Bob Hudson Dear Mr Bylsma I am writing to you at the request of Mr Bob Hudson after I described to him a fault with my 1992 Mitsubishi Magna TR sedan. I have enclosed copies of the correspondence involved with this problem for your perusal. The car has constant hesitation and misfire under acceleration or load which makes it very annoying to drive, and, I feel, potentially dangerous given the wrong set of circumstances. Basically Penrith Mitsubishi have told me that yes, there is an acknowledged fault in my model of Magna, but that they cannot fix the problem themselves. It requires their Head Office to come up with the necessary fix, which has previously involved anything from computer replacement to cylinder head replacement. I have had the car in three times for diagnosis and repair, but have been given only one excuse after another for the lack of satisfactory rectification. Mr Richard Davidson of Penrith Mitsubishi service department has told me they have checked the fuel injectors, filters and pump and have changed the air cleaner, at cost to me, and that it now awaits Mitsubishi to come up with an overall fix for the problems, rather than try a problem by problem approach.

The Creative Camera Creative camera work starts from behind the camera, not in front of it. By John Clutterbuck. Being creative with a camera does not necessarily mean rushing out and buying a truck load of filters, matte boxes or trick lens attachments. To take full advantage of the creative potential offered by the camera and the photographic process it is important first to understand the process of taking a conventional photograph. That means being able to focus properly, set the correct exposure information and, when these elements are right, to release the shutter button at the right moment. Conventional results contain maximum information and detail about the scene or subject and show elements in the picture in good relation to each other. Conventional or standard photographs make no pretence to being creative or clever. The technique of making a standard photograph is fine for the majority of picture taking situations, but there are times when we want to produce something more than just a static record of a scene or subject. Some pictures demand our attention because there is something different about them. This difference could be for any number of reasons more often than not it is because the photographer has created a visual impact by altering or departing from one or more parts of the conventional photographic process. By taking the humble snapshot into another plane, removing it from the confines of merely recording into an area of visual statement with its own grammar and conventions the final image becomes a story with feeling, understanding, humour, design and interpretation. The key to creative camera work is in being able to see the subject and to translate it into an interesting picture. However, pictures that are all technique and lack an interesting image are usually very dull and ineffective. The essence of good, creative camera work is blending both the technical with the interesting. The most boring, commonplace items or scenes can take on a totally new appearance simply by being viewed in a different way. The interpretation placed on a subject will dictate the final results. Time And Motion The controls on a camera are there to consistently produce correct exposures and well defined images. You can also choose to alter these settings to obtain images that are a little different, more interesting and interpretative of your view of the world. Every photograph involves a time factor time for the light passing through the lens and aperture to expose the film correctly. This light can be seen as arriving in two ways. Firstly it can arrive over a short period of time, ensuring that the components of the image are recorded sharply and are welldefined. Or the light can arrive over a long period of time, causing any objects that move during the exposure to blur, while any static objects remain sharp. Most modern camera systems offer a choice in controlling the time it takes to make an exposure, either through fast shutter speeds and large aperture settings, or slow shutter speeds and small aperture settings. One method of working with these techniques is to divide the different shutter speeds into two categories those that can be handheld usually any speed above 160 second and those that require support or a tripod usually anything below 160 second. In still photographs motion is recorded as a continuous blur. Depending on the shutter speed used this can range from a slight blur to a sharply frozen image. If the desired effect is to freeze the subject in motion during a point of action, then the fastest possible shutter speed should be chosen. If the subject is moving parallel to the camera this movement should be followed by panning the camera until it reaches its peak or its slowest point before making the exposure. With any moving subject there is usually a point at which it can be photographed with greater clarity, even when slow shutter speeds are used. As mentioned before, it is possible to combine electronic flash with slow shutter speeds to stop action. The key to stopping motion when working with slow shutter speeds is to anticipate the transition point. There is a point with a jumping subject when for a fraction of a second, there is no movement either up or down because it becomes trapped between its own upward motion and the force of gravity. This applies with most moving subjects. Full extension or contraction of arms or legs are the peak times of the transition stage. A galloping horse can be recorded more sharply at the transition point when all four legs are either on the ground or off the ground, rather than somewhere in between. This transition point can be found in most action situations. Even the most modest camera can capture and record moments of movement and action that cannot usually be seen with the naked eye. A slow shutter speed combined with panning will blur a fixed background while the moving subject will remain sharply defined as long as the speed of the subject and the panning speed of the camera are equal. The blurring of the background adds a feeling of motion and speed. The technique with panning is to use a tripod by slackening off the panning lock and following the subject in the viewfinder, making sure that the camera continues to keep panning during the moment of exposure otherwise you defeat the purpose of the exercise. If handholding the camera, stand with your feet slightly apart and follow the movement of the subject by swinging your body from the hips. With this technique, shutter speeds of between 115 and 130 second usually provide good results. These speeds provide enough time for the panning action to blur the background while maintaining subject sharpness with perhaps only a trace of blur. The speed of the subject is important. For most sporting events such as running, jumping and swimming, shutter speeds of between 115 and 130 second give good results. For other activities like cycle racing, skateboard riding, surfing, horse riding and car racing, shutter speeds of between 130 and 160 second provide sufficient blurring of the background. This technique does not work well with subjects that are moving either away from or towards the camera position. Handling Focus Along with shutter speeds, you also have control over the aperture. The size of the aperture controls the amount of sharpness that extends before and beyond the actual point of focus. The degree of sharpness increases as the size of the aperture is decreased. With an aperture setting of f2 the plane of sharpness will be rather shallow, in some cases only a matter of a few centimetres. With a smaller aperture setting larger aperture number of say f16, the area of sharpness will be much greater. With a standard 50mm lens, depthoffield can extend from one metre to infinity. The further the subject is from the camera position the greater the depthoffield becomes. By using depthoffield, it is possible to lead the eye to a specific point in the picture, effectively throwing anything not required out of focus. This produces pictures where the object of your interest becomes the dominant point being the only point of focus, thus forcing the viewer to see what you want him to see. The rest of the picture becomes just so much blurred tone and colour. Shallow depthoffield and selective focus can be critical factors when creating pictures with feeling and mood, producing images that leave something to the viewers imagination. At the other end of the scale it is possible to create pictures with enormous depthoffield, with everything in the picture sharply focused. One point to remember is that depthoffield is not distributed evenly either side of the point of focus. Depthoffield is greater behind the point of focus than in front. As a rule of thumb, you can approximate the actual difference as onethird in front and twothirds behind. Playing with Exposure Photography gives you the freedom to choose, to alter and to interpret a scene from the way it appears in reality to the way you would like to see it in the final picture. One method of altering reality is with deliberate under or overexposure. The majority of photographs are faithful reproductions of the original scene and unless the original scene is very dramatic or moody, photographs taken faithfully tend to be a little dull. Deliberate underexposure can give a picture an edge. Colours become more saturated, shadow details become less distinct and the tonal range is compressed. Pictures produced with this technique carry a sense of drama. With deliberate overexposure, the final image has a romantic light quality as colours are slightly washed out, becoming soft pastels and delicate tones. The methods used to achieve these results are very simple. One is to take a normal average meter reading of the scene and simply increase or decrease either the aperture setting or the shutter speed by one position. Another method is to alter the film speed indicator plus or minus one stop, thus fooling the meter. A change of one stop will not necessarily produce major changes in the final picture. You might need to use one and one half to two stops to produce more noticeable effects. Filters and Effects One truth holds good for all filters and optical devices they cant create what is not already there. All manner of optical devices fall under the general heading of filters. Basically filters remove things. It doesnt matter what sort of filter youre talking about water filters, air filters, petrol filters, or for that matter photographic filters. Most photographic filters allow certain wavelengths of light to pass and remove others that are not wanted. Other filters will add stars, coloured halos, mixup or multiply the image, make it soft, give it a hard edge, split it in half and so on. Filters let you select those parts of the light you want. You can therefore make better pictures by selecting the best elements of the scene and choosing a filter to emphasise or balance these. Corrective use of filters allows the elimination of degrees of colour, sharpness or unwanted detail which threaten to spoil or detract from the final image. On the other hand, filters can be used creatively to add colour or effects, but it is important to remember filters dont actually add they subtract quite the opposite. The use of filters with colour film is somewhat limited, more so than with black and white film, as colour film reproduces colour literally. Any coloured filter that is introduced will affect the whole image and produce an overall cast on the film. Daylight colour film is designed to reproduce accurate colour and optimum results at a colour temperature of 5000 degrees Kelvin based on the colour temperature of noon sunlight. However few colour films are manufactured to precise tolerances and they can, in any case, change colour with age or through poor storage conditions. These changes in colour temperature can be seen on the film as a shift either towards the blue or red end of the spectrum. Shifts in colour temperature can be corrected through the introduction of colour correction filters CC filters. These filters alter the actual colour of a picture by very subtle degrees and correct deficiencies in either the film emulsion or the quality of the light source. When correcting a colour cast, use a filter of the opposite or complementary colour. The blue cast resulting from an overcast sky, for example, can be corrected by introducing a light magenta or a yellow filter. On the other hand, a blue filter can be used to correct the yellowish cast of sunset or sunrise. Colour film is extremely sensitive and therefore colour correction filters are made in increments of 5 of a factor. A filter factor of two is equal to a one stop decrease in exposure, therefore a filter factor of 5 has little effect on the exposure.

MASONRY CRACKING 1 Introduction Masonry cracking is relatively common in domestic construction. It is difficult to generalise on the significance of cracking, as provided the cracking is not structurally significant, the assessment of the aesthetic impact of a crack is subjective and influenced by many factors. For example, a 1 mm crack in a rendered and painted wall will be much more obvious than a crack of similar size in the joints of a face brickwork wall. Some guidance to the significance of crack size is given in the Residential Slabs and Footings Code 3. These guidelines are summarised in Table 1 and at least form the basis for some objective assessment of damage. An extensive study on cracking in brick and block masonry was published by Sorensen and Tasker in 197510. Cracking types were identified as vertical extending through perpends and masonry units horizontal along a bed joint stepped through bed and perpend joints or cogged following bed and perpend joints in a vertical direction or combined any combination of these. These cracks are shown diagrammatically in Figure The cracking pattern is influenced by many factors including the relative strength of the joints and the masonry units, the presence of openings or other points of weakness, the degree of wall restraint, and the cause of the cracking itself. A more detailed description of the causes and effects is given in the following Sections. 2 Cracking Due to External Effects Cracking in this category is caused by excessive movement of foundations resulting from external ground movements. These mechanisms are shown in Figure If the extent of these ground movements can be predicted, the footing can be made stiff enough to accommodate the expected movements and thus avoid subjecting the masonry to excessive deformations this is the philosophy adopted in the Residential Slabs and Footings Code 3, 4. In a similar manner, the Concrete Structures Code 24 limits the deflection of beams and slabs supporting masonry walls to span500 where provision is made to minimise the effects of movement, or otherwise spanAlternatively, the masonry itself can be designed to act as a deep beam and span across the displaced area. The danger in this latter approach is that if the masonry does crack, the size of the crack is likely to be excessive. If the masonry walls are articulated and thus able to tolerate some foundation movement, the stiffness of the footings can be reduced. The main causes of ground movements are categorised in Sections 1 to 1 Moisture Movement in Reactive Soils Reactive or plastic soils are clays and very fine silts that shrink and swell as their moisture content decreases or increases. These movements can be quite large. Sorensen et al., 10 indicate that movements of 50 mm are not uncommon, and in extreme cases, movements as high as 100 mm have been recorded. The soil moisture content near the surface is influenced by seasonal changes in rainfall, watering of gardens, leakage from water pipes, the presence of trees and shrubs, and solar radiation. The moisture content of the soil beneath a building will not be uniform. In particular the moisture content around the edges of a building will vary considerably with time due to the affects described above. If the soil is reactive, large relative movement could be expected in the soil producing either a dishing or doming of the soil profile under the building See Figure 3. Doming will occur when the soil around the outside of the building shrinks on loss of moisture. Dishing will occur when the soil around the edges expands with moisture. If the footing is too flexible, distress would be expected in the masonry. Cracking related to this distress can be vertical or stepped depending on the wall geometry and the presence of openings. Because the segments of masonry between cracks will rotate as rigid elements with the footing, the varying width of the crack should be consistent with this rotation that is larger at the top or bottom depending whether dishing or doming has occurred. Typical cracking patterns are shown in Figure The presence of a horizontal dampproof course near the base of the wall has an important influence on the above mechanism, as it acts as a plane of weakness. Recent tests at the University of Newcastle 2 on typical domestic masonry walling systems have shown that with increasing beam curvature the masonry cracks and separates along the plane of the dampproof course, with the courses below this joint deflecting with the foundation beam. If the masonry is capable of spanning across the void created by the beam deflections, no further distress occurs. Otherwise the wall will crack and follow the curvature of the beam in the manner shown in Figure To eliminate the effects of soil reactivity, either the levels of moisture variation must be stabilised, or the foundations be supported by some form of underpinning or both. Variations in moisture content can be reduced by the removal of offending trees, suitable drainage, and the placement of an impermeable ground moisture barrier around the building. If desired, a vertical barrier can also be installed to a depth at which the soil moisture content is constant. 2 Differential Settlement of Foundations Differential settlement of foundations can result from a variety of causes including nonuniform consolidation, the construction of the building on variable ground conditions, andor local shear failure of part of the foundation. Cracks resulting from uneven settlement could be of several forms, usually a combination of stepped and vertical, and similar in many respects to the mechanisms described in Section 1 although the extent of the distress will depend upon the location and nature of the differential settlement. 3 Mine Subsidence There are several significant areas of Australia where coal mining has occurred, or will occur, under residential areas. The traditional method of coal removal has been by the bord and pillar system, where initially only 3040 of coal is mined with substantial pillars of coal left to support the strata above. These pillars may then be removed later as part of the secondary extraction process. Subsidence of the surface will occur shortly after this secondary extraction is complete. A more recently developed alternative process is retreat longwall mining in which the complete coal seam is removed progressively with the strata above the removed section of the seam being temporarily supported by a moveable propping system. This temporary propping system advances with the longwall, with surface subsidence occurring progressively 11. Mine subsidence can subject houses and their footing systems to severe movements. The ground movements include lateral strains, settlement, curvature and tilt. A typical sequence of events as a house is undermined by the longwall process is shown in Figure It can be seen that the ground strains and curvatures change as the subsidence wave progresses under and beyond the dwelling. Cracking in masonry walls resulting from mine subsidence will often have a form similar to that resulting from soil shrinkswell, as upward and downward foundation curvatures are involved. In this case the influence of tensile ground strains can also be significant, particularly if the footing system is not isolated from the effects of these strains the effects of ground strains can be minimised by keeping the footings as shallow as possible to avoid keying into the ground, and incorporating slip layers to isolate the footing from the ground movements 12, 13. In order to reduce the effects of curvature, the same philosophy of footing design should be adopted as used for footings subjected to soil shrinkswell. That is, the stiffness and strength of the footing is designed to accommodate the expected curvatures so that distress to masonry walls above the footing system is kept within acceptable limits4. 4 Extreme Loading An additional potential source of cracking in masonry housing is from severe loads from an unusual event such as a severe storm or an earthquake. Although the likelihood of these events in the life of the structure may be small, the consequences can be expensive. For example, the total cost of damage from the recent Newcastle earthquake is now well in excess of 1 billion dollars, with the bulk of this damage being to masonry 14, 15. Although it may not be economical to design domestic structures to emerge unscathed from this level of loading, the extent of damage can be minimised by good design, detailing and construction practices. This was illustrated by the Newcastle experience, where a significant proportion of the damage to masonry in housing was the result of lack of tying of walls, bad workmanship, poor detailing and general building deterioration 16. 3 Cracking from Dimensional Changes in Masonry Masonry will undergo changes in dimensions due to variations in temperature, cycles of wetting and drying, and long term dimensional changes associated with moisture. If the wall detailing is such that these dimensional changes are restrained, then cracking can result. The main sources of movement are briefly described below. Further details are given in Reference 9. 1 Thermal Change The thermal expansion of masonry units varies with the material, the method of manufacture and the colour. The value of thermal expansion is likely to be in the range of 008 to 01 mmmoC. Cracking from thermal effects can result from the differential thermal movements from temperature fluctuations between the external and internal components of the building. Temperature gradients through the wall thickness may also produce flexural cracking. 2 Wetting and Drying Change All masonry units expand on wetting and contact on drying, clay less so than concrete or calcium silicate products. This is a reversible process which normally does not require consideration in practical masonry. 3 Long Term Permanent Expansion in Clay Products Brick Growth All clay products undergo a permanent long term expansion which for practical purposes is irreversible, and is the result of chemical reactions between water and certain minerals in the clay. This moisture expansion, or growth, occurs at a high rate initially and gradually diminishes, with approximately 50 of the 5 year growth occurring in the first 6 months. The bulk of the growth will have occurred after a period of 510 years. Cracking patterns from brick growth are usually quite distinctive and reflect the mechanism of differential movement between walls, the restraining effects of surrounding elements, and relative movements between sections of the same wall. Expansion occurs both horizontally and vertically, so that restraint in the vertical direction can also be critical. The rate of growth in restrained walls is also less than in unrestrained walls such as parapets. Cracking patterns characteristic of brick growth include vertical cracks or distress close to corners of long walls, oversailing of upper portions of walls over lower parts, bowing and arching of parapets or walls where expansion is restrained, and distortion of window and door frames and diagonal cracking adjacent to openings due to differential movements within different sections of the one wall. In recent years, a more complete understanding of the mechanism of brick growth has been obtained. A 4 hour accelerated test can be performed to predict the 5 year characteristic unrestrained expansion value for brick units em. This value can range from less than 6 mmm for a low expansion unit, up to 8 mmm in some extreme cases. Once this unrestrained value is known, the spacing, size and location of suitable control joints can be determined to ensure that the expansion of the brickwork can occur without distress. These procedures are well documented in the literature 9,17,18 and described later in this report in Section 4 Long Term Permanent Change in Concrete and Calcium Silicate Products Drying Shrinkage All concrete and calcium silicate products including AAC will undergo a long term, irreversible drying shrinkage created be the chemical reaction involved in the curing process. Much of the total shrinkage will occur in the factory during precarbonation, autoclaving or steam curing. However, the total shrinkage will be affected by the rate of drying and additional moisture that may be acquired during transportation and site storage, deliberate wetting of the units before laying, and rain on unprotected walls immediately after laying.

Wed 17 Feb London Dear Fam, Well just a quick note to let you know I made it to London. All is going well at this stage. Singapore was Okay, you can take it or leave it. More time would have perhaps allowed me to chase up the Military History side of things. London is cold 46degree overnight with colder forecast and possible snow on the way. I am off to Camberley this afternoon to stay with friends. I shall try to see more of London this week. Probably go to Bath next week. I called Pippa Burton and will try to catch up with her on the weekend. Mum as I mentioned on the phone can you see if you can change my Telecard to Unrestricted ie International calls allowed please. Speak to you soon Lots of love Your Son brother John Puckapunyal 31 July 1994 Dear Dad, This letter is just to let you know that I love you. I love all of our family but sometimes it is hard to say or show it. I also know that both of us have a problem communicating our thoughtsfeelings to each other. Hence this letter. I really do appreciate both yours Mums concern for me. This has not been a particularly easy transition for me back to Australia. I had so much looked forward to coming home only to find things do not often go according to plan. That is my lot, and in a large part, of my making. I accept this, albeit begrudgingly. So whilst I may not be as buoyant on the phone, please be sure that I am well on the way to overcoming this hurdle. Thankyou both for your thoughts and more importantly your love throughout my years. I take great comfort in knowing that it will continue no matter what circumstance we find ourselves in. I can only hope that I will be able to provide the support, as selflessly as you both have done, to you, should you ever require it. Well that is really all I wanted to say. It is much easy to say it in writing where no offence to our machoistic manners can be caused I look forward to seeing you all for the weekend in Bowral. I remain, as always, your loving also nonsmoking son John Brussells 10 March 93 Dear Mum Dad, It was good to talk to you yesterday on the phone. Suffice to say I am missing you all and Australia. I do hope your recovery will be a speedy one. Holland was good. Danielle Marcel really looked after me and made me feel very welcome. I visited Arneham and the Airborne Museum which was very interesting. I also took the opportunity to visit Connie Bens Slaphoes or temporary home. I left them a letter which in short stated my disbelief that they were not in Holland to meet their godson. No doubt they will read it in May when they get there. At the moment I am waiting in Brussells for some bank papers to arrive from London. As I mentioned on the phone there appears to have been some stuff up with the New York Bank formerly Barclays and my cheque books were not sent to the MacLeans place in Camberley as instructed. I faxed New York just before I left for Europe. New York then sent to the MacLeans what would appear new application forms. Lynn Maclean is sending these to me in Brussells. My great concern is that this is the account that the Aust Govt was to deposit approx US12,000 for my allowances for M.E for 4 months. Via the embassy I have faxed Central Finance Office a letter not to deposit the money until I can confirm the account details. Needless to say without this money I will be in dire straits in the Middle East. There may be something you could do to chase it up from your end. The original account was arranged by a Miss Kerrie Crossan Snr Investment Officer Private Banking Barclays Bank Aust Pty Ltd Tel 07 232 888 FAX 07 221 9955 PO Box 5778, Central Plaza, BRISBANE QLD 4001 She was the one who informed me that my account number was 6300498653 with the BANK OF NEW YORK previously Barclays 300 Park Ave NEW YORK, 10022, USA. PH USA 212 418 4600 FAX USA 212 758 She also instructed New York to forward my cheque book to the MacLeans in Camberley you have their address. You could probably call her to find out what the hell is going on. I mean I sent all the paperwork to her including a cheque for AUD100 to cover her admin fees and a bank cheque from Westpac, in my favour, of US100 to open the account The more people I have chasing this up from 3 continents the better Maybe a threat of the Australian Banking Ombudsman might have the desired effect. You can stress to Miss Crossan the importance of this account and the need to expedite account finalisation. Stress to her that the monies that will be transitting through the account are in fact Australian Government funds and if any of it goes missing then there will certainly be some investigations Ill leave the Australian negotiations with you. I have also worked out a rough plan for the remainder of Europe, pending my departure from Belgium BrussellsMunich 2 nights, MunichKitzbuhel 24 nights pending skiing and Margie Slattery, KitzbuhelVenice 2 nights VeniceFlorence 2 nights, MonarcoLivigno near Tirano Italy for 23 nights maybe for skiing, TiranoGeneva 1 night, GenevaVerdun 23 nights battle field tours of the region, VerdunParis for maybe 3 nights, ParisLetterveCork Ireland 34 days then Ireland back to UK Camberley approx. 74 But I stress that this is a very rough guide I shall let you know, if possible, of any other major deviations. Well that is about it for the travel plans. It was a real spinout seeing Peter on the flying doctors in Holland, so I guess you can say that he is world famous, and all this time he has been understating his notoriety I hope all goes well with his court casedotted line I know the feeling. Mum Dad look at your two younger sons eh both bloody felons eh Well give my love to one and all. I miss you all more than you imagine. I hope this letter finds you well, or recovering, and that dad you havent worn out the jogging tramp yet Love your son John xx P.S. I will write to someone in the clan soon Cheers J.H. 10 May 93 EL MELIZE AIRFIELD Observation Post Sierra Mike Dear Mum, Dad Family, Well I am currently on my second last day on OP SM which is located in the central Sinai near Bir Gathata. My OP buddies are two Americans, Jim a US Marine Major and Tony a US Army Major. We have been out here for six days and are due for relief tomorrow dotted line all things being equal Our deployment to the OP was by Air, which after refuelling, breakdowns and the like took 3 hours, had it been by road it would have taken only 1 12 hours. However the UN insists on doing Air Reliefs to maintain our air entry routes into the Sinai dotted line all very political As by now you are aware I am working for OGE Observer Group Egypt which has it headquarters based at Ismailia about 100 kms NW of Cairo. There are 3 OPs in the Sinai, this one, and one at El Arish on the Meditterean coast near GAZA, and St Catherine in south Sinai. My next OP is at Seerra Alpha El Arish in 7 days time. Out on OP we do mainly vehicle patrols through the Sinai. Some of the driving is very interesting to say the least, dunes, wadis etc. Also of interest is all the battlefield junk to be found, old tanks, artillery pieces and even minefields. This whole region has been fought over that often its not funny. Driving through it one wonders what they were fighting over as it is an absolute wasteland and frankly they can have it. However, the people are interesting. Driving through some of villages you would be amazed at the squalor that most people live in. On the lowest end of the scale you have the Bedouins who live in tin and sandbag shacks and try to eek out a meagre living herding goats and farming. Despite their obvious hardships all the people in general are surprisingly happy friendly. To give you some idea of the standard of living dotted line An Egyptian Army Major earns about 400 Egyptian Pounds a month roughly Aust 200 and that is considered a good wage So if you want too you can live extremely well for not much at all. However if you want any western goods the more western, the higher the price it will cost you fairly dearly. Also shopping in an Egyptian souk or the equivalent to Paddys Market, is a culture shock. Cheap sure, but I was almost dry retching during my first visit. Its not a task I look forward to Australian Health Inspectors would have a field day. Personal hygiene is something that is obviously not on the Egyptian school syllabus However I am still alive and have not, touch wood, had any illness of any kind since leaving Australia almost 3 months ago Only another 12 months to go eh I have managed to find an apartment in Ismailia. From my window you can see ships cruising down the Suez Canal. I am due to move in when I get back from this OP. It is three bedroom, fairly new, air conditioned with dishwasher and washing machine so I am not doing too badly. Eventually I should have a phone on and Ill give you a number. I am not sure whether Ill be able to call you from home as international lines take forever to be put on, but you should be able to call me, Lucky eh However I am able to make calls from the headquarters which I get billed for so you will here from me eventually. All my gear has arrived from Australia, Im yet to unpack the main shipment but I think it has travelled well. I also have received your letters and bday card. Mail will probably take about 1421 days to reach me and vice versa, however I still think that this system is more reliable than Egyptian Post Hopefully Shona visited you when she was up in Sydney in early May, and she might have told you about my experiences in Jerusalem so I wont bother writing it. If not let me know and Ill tell you a story or two I was dissappointed to hear that Aust Customs are going to charge her 100 to release her jacket. What that means is that any presents in future Ill hold on to and bring them home with me in my main removal. How was your holiday And unreadablehow is everyone back at home. I will eventually get around to this writing habit a bit better. But I am starved for news at home and am especially keen to find out what everyone is up to no matter how inconsequential it may seem to you. Mum I was going to call you for mothers day but found out from Shona that you were away so dotted line happy belated Mothers Day I found out from a Aust. newspaper that Norths are doing well. Last info I had was that at Round 5 Norths had drawn 1 and won the last four and were at 3 on the ladder. Any further updates Please feel free to tape any Rugby International or state games, any league state games and Norths games that you can and send them over.

Australia Dismantling the Walls of Fortress Queensland Satirists run short or work as Wayne Goss brings the Sunshine State back into the nation By Matthew Ricketson Brisbane It was all the fault of the jealous southern media. Queensland had been criticized unfairly but had weathered the petty blows and gone on to win anyway. Im surprised you can look me in the face, Wayne Bennett, coach of the Brisbane Broncos rugby league team, told Sydney journalists after his teams semifinal trouncing of Manly. It was stirring stuff vintage Joh BjelkePetersenspeak, even though Bennett later described it to Brisbane reporters as his Churchill speech. The Broncos were eliminated in the next round, and Bennetts antisouthern outburst remains remarkable only for its dated rarity in Queensland in 1990, only ten months after the end of 32 years of National Party rule. There has been a sea change in Queensland Labor Premier Wayne Goss has quietly dismantled the us and them fortress mentality that BjelkePetersen built over many years, which made antiQueensland ogres of a series of Prime Ministers Whitlam, Fraser, Hawke and scorned dissenters within the fortress as unQueensland. No more. Dissenting views are encouraged. Recently, officers of the postFitzgerald watchdog body, the Electoral and Administrative Review Commission, eagerly handed out leaflets for an allday seminar on The Role of Peaceful Protest in the Democratic Process. Goss has abolished Queenslands imperial honors system, making it the last state to break with this colonial tradition, and his administration is taking a lead in the push for such goals as uniform defamation laws. Queensland, in fact, has joined the rest of Australia. Its politicians no longer keep comedians in work. Says humorist John Clarke The kindest thing a satirist can say about somebody is nothing. And Goss has given cartoonists scant ammunition to do more. The media has been similarly affected. Gone is the steady diet if itcouldonlyhappeninQueensland stories and the stream of corruption allegations that led to Tony Fitzgeralds landmark inquiry and the epilogue of the BjelkePetersen years. Goss is still enjoying honeymoon popularity. Opinion polls show his approval rating at 73 compared with 14 for Nationals leader Russell Cooper. Goss is no populist. Rather, he is still enjoying the sun let in by the collapse of the Nationals fortress. Says historian and author Ross Fitzgerald Its a tremendous relief not to be separated from the rest of the Western world except South Africa, because for years and years we lived in a state of siege here. Nowhere is this relief more evident than in Brisbane and southeast Queensland, Labors new heartland since the December 1989 election. The outrage or testy defensiveness that dominated conversation among ordinary people about endemic corruption has dissipated as the Fitzgeraldinspired bodies the Criminal Justice Commission and the Office of the Special Prosecutor have set about their tasks. As the tension eases, corruption has even become funny. Tony Bellino, brother of Gerry Bellino, committed for trial following the Fitzgerald inquiry on six charges of official corruption, has just released a record album cheekily called Shame and Scandal in the Family and is flogging it in garish television ads. Brisbanites are free again to enjoy the balmy weather and the annual Warana arts festival, where the outspoken antiJoh poet Bruce Dawe has just appeared for the first time in several years. The economic endoftheworldisnigh gloom pervading much of Australia, especially Melbourne, is absent in Brisbane as people stroll through Queen Street mall photo caption at the end of the working day. Gold Coastbound bus drivers cheerfully agree to drop passengers wherever they like along the route. Says one southern visitor I reckon if you asked them to get out ahead of you and put on the kettle for a cup of tea, theyd agree. This is not to say that Queenslanders have been radicalized. A shopkeeper in the small Gold Coast town of Tugun is angry about the introduction of a needleexchange program to combat the AIDS threat. She says many addicts are able to get new needles without handing in used ones. Rural Queenslanders, traditionally the driving force behind the states economy and stout supporters of the National Party, are upset by Gosss decision to introduce daylight saving and at the prospect of higher rail freight charges. But their worries about Labor are overshadowed by the rising fuel prices, to as high as 9 cents a litre in some places, because of the Persian Gulf crisis. Says Peter McDonald, a stock agent with Primac Association Ltd I dont think they Labor are as bad as people thought they would be. But, to tell you the truth, we are not as much worried about them at the moment as we are about the new road freight charges that will follow the Commonwealth Governments hiking of truck registration fees. That will kill us. In less than a year, Goss has won his political spurs. Sitting in his large, handsome office, the walls of which are adorned with Donald Friend and John Passmore art, he is impressively in command and, unlike most of his alp colleagues interstate, he brims with enthusiasm. His attitude appears to be that any issue can be resolved by implementing the right policy. But this is oversimplifying the man because Goss already has shown a pragmatic streak. Everything he does is aimed at a long term of office. He seems to relish the dawntomidnight working days and speaks of carving out one day a weekend to spend with his wife Roisin and their children. Loss of family time is the downside of the job that and missing half the Broncos games this season. On a wallunit shelf sits a Broncoscolor rugby league ball. Personally autographed No, says Goss, the signatures are printed by a computer, and, showing the wry humor familiar to his staffers, he adds I wouldnt want to be seen to be using the influence of this office for personal gain. Gosss record to date is sound. He moved swiftly to continue implementing Fitzgeralds blueprint for expunging the states notorious electoral gerrymander and cleaning up corruption. To have done otherwise would have been electorally suicidal. He has fed the chooks the media but he has been careful not to repeat BjelkePetersens open contempt for them. He has introduced reforms without beating his breast. And, most notably, ha has abolished the feared police special branch, reduced 27 government departments to 17, and overhauled the tertiary education entrance requirements. Despite being the newest state premier, Goss has clearly signaled his distaste for the annual Premiers Conference at which Federal Government financial offers are pushed under the premiers hotelroom doors at 6 a.m. More important than any personal offence, Goss believes duplication of federal and state services drains the economy, and says he will be strongly arguing this point at the conference on federalstate relations at the end of the month. He has put troublesome issues out to pasture via a swath of inquiries. Hard to keep track of but estimated to number between 70 and 90, they are on issues ranging from logging on Fraser Island to education and homosexual law reform. Two forces are at work here. Opponents argue it is a deliberate strategy to defuse political minefields and gain time for Gosss political credibility to cement. There is truth in this. Gosss first edict on election night last December was for his zealous colleagues to take a cold shower. Earlier this year, ministers were advised to avoid controversial publicity at all costs. But he was simply being shrewd, given the wellremembered misadventures of the Whitlam Government and, more particularly, the deeply conservative nature of the Queensland electorate. Voters expelled the shattered Nationals last December rather than elected Goss, and he knows he has only one chance to convince them that the dreaded socialists of Labor can succeed in Queensland. The other force is democratic. It is easy for Australians in other states to forget the oppressiveness of life under the Hillbilly Dictator, as BjelkePetersen was described by awardwinning journalist Evan Whitton, who was recently appointed a reader to Queensland Universitys journalism school. Life in the political wilderness endured by the Queensland Labor Party was qualitatively different from Whitlams, and it is clear Goss and his colleagues still keenly feel earlier injustices. Matt Foley, a former social worker and now Labor chairman of the parliamentary committee overseeing electoral system reform, told parliament earlier this year that a bill to restore lost superannuation benefits to workers in the bitter, mid80s dispute at the South East Queensland Electricity Board was not only a significant humanitarian reform it was part of an important healing process for the body politic in Queensland. Labors chance to do this is dogged by a sense of political insecurity. Even now, says Foley, we wake up in the morning sometimes and say, Yes, we are still the government. In order to keep that dark period behind us, it is necessary to be very disciplined. The numerous inquiries also flow from lawyer Gosss insistence on due process, not favoritism. Nowhere is this more obvious than in his terse treatment of environmentalists, who had campaigned for the alp in the election and expected to exercise influence. High on their agenda was the cessation of logging on Fraser Island. Goss neatly sidestepped this political running sore by announcing an inquiry and appointing as commissioner the man whose public standing in Australia is higher than almost anyones Fitzgerald, qc. Says Australian Conservation Foundation executive director Phillip Toyne The greens have very high expectations of the Goss government and are becoming increasingly frustrated by the protracted inquiry into Fraser Island while logging is continuing. People are wondering whether the greener regime that they expected will eventuate. Gosss adherence to due process occasionally has been brought unstuck by pragmatism, most notably over reform of abortion laws an alp imperative, particularly among the six female Labor M.P.s. Goss has said, categorically, that the issue is off the agenda. Pressed, he says Queensland women already have access to reputable abortion clinics. The need to reform the law is outweighed by the nowin prospect of sanctioning parliamentary and community debate on the issue. Former Liberal leader Terry White believes the alp will be in power for at lest two terms. The first Goss budget was not bad for Labor and the National Party, still shellshocked by its crushing defeat last December, has yet to adjust to being in opposition. The chairman of a 20million chain of pharmacies, White says Goss has been generally well received by a business community that was tired of contending with National Party cronyism. White and Professor Ken Wiltshire, a Queensland University political scientist, are critical of Gosss shakeout of the public service. Many senior public servants were sent to Stalag 17, a dilapidated building on the fringe of the city, and left to rot while a series of Laborsympathetic appointments were made to head the bureaucracy. It is true that the old public service was heavily politicalized, but, says Wiltshire, its been a pretty shabby exercise. Perhaps the heaviest cloud on the horizon for Goss is the gathering perception that, according to the cyclical theory of politics, Labors wheel is turning and Goss may be rolled out in late 1992, just after Joan Kirner in Victoria and before Carmen Lawrence in Western Australia, Michael Field and the greens in Tasmania and John Bannon in South Australia. The last three face elections in Lawrence is battling to overcome the stench of WA Inc., Bannon holds power by the narrowest of margins, the Laborgreen accord has soured in Tasmania and Kirner is seen as virtually dead in the water. Add to this an increasingly beleaguered Labor Government facing a poll in early 1993 and it is understandable that several Queensland Labor backbenchers are privately worried the contamination will spread. On this question Goss is tense beneath his casual air, saying it is easy to be wise about the mistakes of other Labor governments.

MPs force inquiry in ICAC head crisis By CINDY SCIBERRAS A PARLIAMENTARY committee will investigate whether Justice Barry OKeefe is fit to head the ICAC after it was alleged yesterday that he campaigned for the Government in the Parramatta byelection. Labor MPs and the nonaligned Independents combined in Parliament yesterday to use their numbers to force the Government to reconsider Justice OKeefes posting. The parliamentary ICAC committee will now take the unprecedented step of investigating whether Mr OKeefe is fit under the terms of the ICAC Act to be the States leading corruption fighter. The move came after Opposition Leader Bob Carr produced a copy of a letter Justice OKeefe wrote to National Trust members on August 19 praising the Government for a 675,000 grant to revamp Old Government House in Parramatta. He alleged that the letter, signed by Justice OKeefe as National Trust president, went exclusively to members living in Parramatta a week before the byelection. Mr Carr said it raised serious doubts about the independence of the office of the ICAC commissioner. The byelection was won by ALP candidate Gabrielle Harrison by 6 per cent of the vote from Liberal hopeful and Parramatta councillor Wendy Jones. Ms Harrison stood after her husband and sitting member for Parramatta Andrew Ziolkowski died of cancer earlier this year.Ms Harrison was sworn into State Parliament this week. Last night, Justice OKeefe refused to comment. Key independent MP and ICAC committee member John Hatton labelled the incident as a crisis of the ICAC.I cannot see how this appointment can survive under the circumstances that we saw in the Parliament today, he said. In Parliament, Mr Carr claimed that the letter was sent at the Governments request while Mr OKeefe was negotiating the terms of his appointment. Premier John Fahey vehemently denied this charge but Mr Carr said heritage matters had been regarded as vital issues in the marginal electorate. Whether at the bidding of the Government or not, he displayed total lack of judgment, or strong partisanship, Mr Carr said. If the ICAC is to work and do its job, it must be above party politics, there must be agreement that the head of the body is out of the political arena. Why not just say Vote Liberal and be done with it Justice OKeefes letter referred to an August 16 visit to Old Government House by Planning Minister Robert Webster. The National Trust is very grateful to the State Government for its generous grant, the letter reads. It also refers to it being great news for Parramatta. Justice OKeefes appointment hit another snag last night when the Opposition said it would not support Government plans to guarantee in legislation that he can return to the Supreme Court bench after his term as ICAC head finishes. The Government has agreed to allow Justice OKeefe to return to the bench as a condition of his accepting the job. Such a move allows him to collect a Supreme Court judges pension later. Mr Fahey hit back at the Opposition yesterday, accusing it of trying to destroy Justice OKeefes character. He said the letter was unsolicited and it was done by a man who gives voluntarily to many organisations and serves the National trust well as its president. After the Opposition raised the issue yesterday, Cabinet Office directorgeneral Roger Wilkins contacted Justice OKeefe. The judge replied in writing yesterday afternoon to Mr Wilkins, confirming he wrote the letter on August Justice OKeefe said the letter was discussed at a meeting of the Trust finance committee on the previous day and its contents also formed part of a report to the board on August The letter accords with the practice which I have adopted in relation to events which touch upon a particular branch or geographic areas in which the Trust operates, he said. He said that he also wrote to members in the marginal Blue Mountains electorate when funds were announced for the Trust property Everglades at Leura. State resists Budget spending spree FAHEYS POLL GAMBLE By State Political Reporter MICHAEL CAMERON THE Fahey Government has gambled its reelection hopes on a popular yet fiscallyresponsible Budget delivered yesterday. With six months to go until the March poll, Treasurer Peter Collins promised 1 billion in spending in the voterfriendly areas such as health, education and community services. At the same time he has locked a Coalition Government into tax relief and a strict timetable of debt reduction. There also was a commitment to dramatically increase public housing particularly pensioner units, more police and teachers, new schools, better TAFE colleges, improved roads and greater drought relief. The Treasurer promised 2 million in tax cuts including the abolition of licensing fees for lowstrength alcohol, cuts to payroll tax and land tax concessions for low cost rental accommodation. I think there is a lot in this for the average voters there are better hospitals, better schools, better roads, he said. This is a Budget of common sense, sensitive to the problems of ordinary people and families. The State Government benefited from an unexpected 559 million revenue windfall last financial year as a result of the improving economy. Buoyant property and sharemarkets produced 315 million more than expected in stamp duties and share transfer fees while club punters provided a 38 million surprise in poker machine tax. The bonus revenue helped the Government to ply 556 million more in capital works projects and 378 million in new services. The Budget was also aided by 155 million in special payments from Prospect Electricity, the Maritime Services Board, the Land Titles Office and the Treasury Corp. They also reaped 940 million from Government Trading Enterprises but the Treasurer said this would be reduced in future years owing to plans to expose State monopolies to competition. Mr Collins said the Government was within striking distance of balancing the annual budget. The improved economy had seen its original 890 million deficit estimate slashed to 430 million for 1993 This is estimated to come in at 353 million this financial year with a zero deficit result to be achieved within four years. Learning from its unsuccessful porkbarrelling in last months Parramatta poll, the Budget contains a number of longterm initiatives, including 150 million to reduce the States superannuation liability in 20 years. Over the last six years the Coalition Government has worked hard to remove NSWs finances from the critical list and nurse them back to health, Mr Collins told Parliament, delivering his second Budget as Treasurer. This Budget delivers the benefits of that reform it delivers on debt reduction, it promotes further sustained economic development. Mr Collins appeared to water down the Governments promise, made on Tuesday, to bring in legislation to force future treasurers to balance the Budget. He said a referendum question based on the legislation to be put to voters next March would be couched in careful terms, allowing deficit budgets where there were unforseen circumstances. These included major cyclical changes in the economy. Under his proposed law change, governments would be able to go into the red for a set period but must eventually return the budget to balance. Opposition finance spokesman Michael Egan described the Budget as containing unbelieveable bribes that would not wash with the electorate. It is really an attempt by John Fahey to buy your vote with your money, Mr Egan said. The people of NSW, like the people of Parramatta, wont buy it. Business cautiously welcomed the Budget. A spokesman for the Chamber of Manufactures said the private sector welcomed the corporatisation of the Water Board and hoped for further reductions in payroll tax. In a lavish Budget Day production, Mr Collins said the Government had systematically rebuilt the NSW hospital system. More than 2 billion will be spent on health this year, an increase of 6 per cent in real terms, the Treasurer said. More than 960 million will be spent in greater western Sydney and 388 million on the central and north coasts. This years health budget will include a record capital program of 460 million, an increase of more than 18 per cent on 1993 Another big winner is the Premiers Department, which will see its funding increase by 82 per cent in the year. This is, in part, due to the 20 million needed to establish the Police royal commission. At the same time the cashstrapped Ombudsmans office will receive no increase a reflection of the ongoing resentment towards David Landa. As expected, the seventh Coalition Government Budget provided many minor funding promises aimed at pleasing the broadest range of voters. These included the abolition of the 7 per cent liquor licensing fee now levied on the wholesale price of lowalcohol beer. If retailers pass on the savings to their customers, beer drinkers could enjoy a 1 to 50 reduction in the price of the average carton of beer. This will apply to beers with an alcohol content of less than 5 per cent such as Tooheys Blue and Carlton Light. The Government will build 3105 new units of public housing this financial year. Government officials say the 310 million spent on housing this year will be targeted to allow more suitable housing for single occupants. Drought may bump food costs up 25pc By CHRISTINE SPITERI THE cost of some food items could increase as much as 25 per cent by the end of the year if the drought devastating NSW continues, experts predicted today. National Farmers Federation executive director Rick Farley said meat was subject to the most volatile price changes but eggs, bread, chicken, flour and some fruit and vegetables may also be affected. He said food price increases were more likely if the drought widened to States which were currently unaffected. Mr Farley said many droughtaffected farmers had already sold off nonessential stock. Initially that leads to a surge of product on the market and in those circumstances prices for the consumer fall, he said. But as farmers reduce their stock to breeding herds only, the supply drops off and naturally that can lead to an increase in prices. The fact that Victoria, Western Australia and South Australia are okay tends to offset that but if the drought widens, we could see prices go up. He said forecasts of a 2025 per cent increase in the cost of some food items if the drought continued were fair. The Australian Consumers Association has warned customers to shop around to ensure they are not paying too much for food. ACA spokesperson Gail Kennedy said comparing prices allowed consumers to identify unscrupulous retailers who might use the drought to raise prices unjustifiably. We certainly dont want to see consumers being ripped off by retailers who are using the drought as an excuse to increase prices, she said. But if supplies drop off, obviously the market determines the prices. Shopping around is the way to go to ensure you get the quality you want at the right price. Ms Kennedy said consumers should consider frozen and canned fruit and vegetables if prices became unaffordable. Prices Surveillance Authority chairman Dr David Cousins said it was impossible to anticipate a rise in food prices because of the many variables linked to the drought and supply. He said the 1982 drought did not result in the sharp rises in food costs initially forecast, although prices did surpass CPI increases. I think it is very dangerous to be speculating about rises in the price of food brought on by the drought, he said. There are so many variables depending on different products, different areas that any forecasts are very uncertain. Dr Cousins said the flowon time for price increases, if any, would be the next three to four months. Consumers could expect some prices to fall, like meat as farmers sell off their stock, but these prices might later rise. The PSA will monitor the shift in food prices. Bail on sex charges A CLUB doorman charged with kidnapping and raping two women after enticing them into a Kings Cross strip club has been released on bail on condition he does not approach his alleged victims.

RACISM Racism is a major cause of war and social violence. The belief, often based on religious or allegedly scientific grounds, that ones own group of people is innately superior to all others, leads to intolerance, justifies aggression and makes a virtue of misunderstanding, even despising others. The United Nations has declared it morally repugnant and unacceptable, pointing out that such feelings of innate superiority have no justifiable basis. To say the least, racists make bad citizens at both the national and the international level since citizenship is based om mutual respect and a community of value. It is deeply troubling to realise not only that Australia is a racist society, based on the systematic oppression of its Aboriginal inhabitants, but also that internationally it is increasingly seen in these terms. We may have forgotten the White Australia Policy but many of our Asian and African neighbours have not, and the Blainey debate several years ago, with its scapegoating of Asian migrants by rightwing and neofascist groups, was given extensive coverage especially in Asia. It is true, of course, that most Australians are probably tolerant, easygoing and friendly, and the fact that over a million migrants have come to Australia since World War II and have become part of our society with the minimum of racial violence witnesses to this. It could also be argued that tensions between the AngloCeltic majority and people from other cultures are by and large the result of socioeconomic factors jealousy of the newcomers success, for instance, or suspicion of their closeknit communities, rather than of the ideology of race. All that may be so. But there remains the problem, or rather the offence, of our treatment of Aboriginal Australians, possibly the most imprisoned people on earth and certainly the most systematically deprived and oppressed group in Australian society. Once again, it is true that most Australians are largely unaware of the grim history of contact between the two cultures and that others are able to explain away this history and the oppression which continues by stereotyping Aboriginals as lazy, ignorant, lawless and hopelessly addicted to alcohol. Comforting as they may be to some, however, these stereotypes, like the powerlessness and poverty of Aboriginal people, confirm the view that, at least as far as Aboriginal Australians are concerned, Australia is a racist society, one in which a group of people are permanently discriminated against on account of their colour, culture and ethnic origin and their basic human rights impaired for that reason, all this legitimated by an induced and subtle value acceptance of the idea of their inferiority interwoven, over time, into the nations sociocultural fabric.1 Morally, this is troubling. But there may also be political and economic consequences for us, a small, predominantly Western, society in SouthEast Asia. Indeed it is possible that with the breakdown of apartheid in South Africa, Australia may replace that country as the archetype of the racist state. There has already been some criticism in international forums of Australias delay in giving full ratification to the International Convention for the Elimination of Racial Discrimination which we signed in The Australian government still has reservations about Article 4a of the convention which states that the dissemination of ideas based on racial superiority, hatred or incitement to racial hatred, as well as acts of racial violence or incitement to racial hatred, are unlawful. The governments grounds for this reservation are the challenge this article poses to freedom of speech. But it has drawn unfavourable comment internationally, especially in view of the apparent reluctance of the states to introduce legislation making racial violence and incitement to racial hatred an offence. To date, South Australia, New South Wales and Western Australia have passed such legislation. But its implementation has been less than enthusiastic.2 This international impression of Australia is not insignificant, of course, in a world in which the hegemony of the West is increasingly being questioned and white people are becoming a diminishing minority. It becomes even more troubling in the light of the connection between Australian nationalism, the sense that we are somehow preeminent in the region because we are Western, and the ideology of imperialism which assumes the right of white people to rule the world and sets white over against black as superior to inferior, civilised to savage and sometimes even good to evil.3 If in the long run racism not only has to do with power but is a form of power,4 then that power today is increasingly under challenge by those who were formerly its victims. For all of these reasons, the publication of the report of the Royal Commission into Aboriginal Deaths in Custody is an important event, providing as it does an opportunity to take stock of the situation. The task of the commission was to investigate Aboriginal deaths which occurred in custody. But these deaths, disproportionate to those of nonAborigines which occurred in prison, are, it appears, symptoms of a wider problem the fact that by reasons of their culture and history Aboriginal Australians are systematically disadvantaged and discriminated against so that, in effect, they are victims of racism at the structural and cultural, not merely the individual level. Because the problem is so general, it seems better to specify and in the first instance to concentrate on factual issues. For these reasons and because the Indian Ocean Centre for Peace Studies is located in Western Australia, we shall concentrate on the Royal Commissions Regional Report for Western Australia. Before doing so, however, the reception of the Royal Commissions report is worth comment. Only briefly, selectively and sometimes sensationally and misleadingly reported in this country the West Australians headlines, for instance, alleged, inaccurately, that the police had been cleared in the John Pat case it was nevertheless widely reported and discussed internationally. Whether or not this indicates indifference or embarrassment on the part of the Australian media, it is another example of the gap between our perception of ourselves and of the significance of our relations with Aboriginal Australians and international perceptions of the same matters. To come to the report itself, the overall impression is that this state is, in effect, one large prison. Aboriginal people are grossly overrepresented in custody.5 Thus an Aboriginal person in Western Australia is 43 times more likely to find himherself in police custody than a nonAboriginal person and at least 26 times more likely to find himherself in prison p.2. Onethird of the total Aboriginal deaths in prison occurred in this state and the ages ranged between 20 years to 55 years, the median age being 12 p. 6. Yet the Royal Commission found, the offences for which Aboriginal people were arrested and punished were generally minor offences. In 1988, for example, 48 per cent of Aboriginal people in detention were there for drunkenness the figure for nonAboriginal people was 7 per cent. A further 22 per cent of Aborigines were in custody for good order offences, many of them alcoholrelated streetdrinking, for instance, fighting, abusing police, or resisting arrest p. 187. It is perhaps significant, however, that Aboriginal people were underrepresented in proportion to the rest of the community in the category of more serious offences of homicide, sexual offences, robbery, fraud, drug offences, justice procedures and other offences against property p. 157. Despite the impression given by media stories about car thefts by young Aboriginals and subsequent high speed car chases, the fact is that they were underrepresented in this area in comparison with nonAboriginals p. 157. It is difficult to avoid the impression, therefore, that it is the fact that they are Aboriginals which propels many Aboriginal people into a life of conflict with the law. Certainly, this seems to have been the case with many of those whose deaths in custody were investigated by the Royal Commission. Many of them first found themselves in prison in their teens, sometimes for ridiculously small matters stealing two blocks of chocolate, for instance p. 55, or, aged 10, for breaking into a school to steal coloured pencils p. 68. Another had appeared in the childrens court on eight occasions and been imprisoned five times by the age of 16, all for trivial offences p. 55. Another young woman had 30 convictions recorded against her between 1976 and the time of her death in prison in 1982, mostly for petty offences and motor vehicle offences, usually committed under the influence of alcohol p. 57. Several of these were wellread and intelligent people and one of them, Robert Walker, who died in Fremantle Prison in a struggle with prison officers, had published a book of poems. Nearly all, however, had a history of dislocation, of being taken away from their families and placed in institutions. As far as detention was concerned, the commissions report noted a general lack of care of Aboriginal prisoners p. 8. According to a police aide, for instance, Wed just pop into the lockup, count heads and keep going p. 514. This indifference to Aboriginal prisoners in general and to the state of their physical and mental health in particular the report finds alarming. The police, the commissioner notes, did not seem to understand that someone who is drunk is also ill p. 129 and that hisher condition may become worse when locked up p. 130. Arresting alcoholics and placing them in a police lockup, as one of the witnesses, a professor of psychiatry declared, is to concentrate a suicidevulnerable population in custody p. 129. Several of the deaths, it is implied, might not have occurred if officers had been in any way vigilant. One prisoner, a young woman, was agitated, aggressive and complaining when taken into custody, yet she was put in a cell by herself where she later committed suicide. She was 21, and had been arrested for unpaid fines p. 48. Indifference to or ignorance of prison regulations was widespread amongst police and there appeared to be little awareness of the obligation on the part of police and prison officers to care for those in their custody. Partly, the report suggests that this was due to lack of proper training and lack of interest in Aboriginal culture. But there is also a suggestion that the importance of this training was not understood at the highest levels. In 1976, for example, 7 hours out of 13 weeks of training of police recruits were given to the study of Aboriginal culture. By 1990, however, this had been reduced to 2 hours and 40 minutes, though training had been extended to 22 weeks p. 557. Even more troubling, in 1989 the Institute of Applied Aboriginal Studies at what was then the West Australian College of Advanced Education at Mount Lawley withdrew its staff from participation in this training in protest against the short time given to it and on account of the quality of the course offered, but also because of racist behaviour directed against the Aboriginal lecturers p. 560. As the report sums up, Most police officers, like other government officials, had little or no understanding of Aboriginal history, culture, society or life stylep. 555. Attitudes were and still are ethnocentric and there was little if any attempt to work with the Aboriginal Community p.555. At best, concerns were pragmatic, intent upon the matters in hand, the preservation of law and order within the community. Even in training, the police, it was found Were not really interested in Aboriginal history and would rather get rid of units like prehistory. Their main focus was on wanting to know how to handle the person in the street p.561. At worst, the relationship seemed to be conditioned by history, to be that of the conquerors to the conquered and to give rise, therefore, to preconceived ideas about Aboriginal people which saw police setting out to prove they were boss p. 555. Not surprisingly, these bad attitudes the commission found resulted in prejudiced and discriminatory treatment p. 555. It is perhaps a further indication of such attitudes and of the often unconscious assumptions of superiority on which they are based that on the whole police believed that, despite problems, relations between them and Aboriginal people were relatively good.

Charges dropped against third war crimes accused By BINA BROWN and ROHAN SULLIVAN THE prosecution of alleged war criminals in Australia collapsed yesterday after the Department of Public Prosecutions withdrew charges against the third and final accused, Mr Heinrich Wagner. The decision effectively ends a fouryear pursuit of World War II European war criminals thought to be living in Australia which has cost an estimated 30 million and failed to generate a conviction. The DPP made its decision on Wednesday after hearing evidence in the South Australia Supreme Court that Mr Wagner, 69, suffered a heart attack last month and a trial might kill him. Mr Wagner pleaded not guilty to being knowingly involved in the deaths of 104 Jewish adults and 19 children with Jewish fathers during Germanys World War II occupation of the Ukraine. He had been due to stand trial in the new year, following extended legal argument. A spokesman for the federal DPP said the charges against Wagner were among the last laid by the Special Investigations Unit of the Australian Federal Police. The unit investigated more than 800 possible war crimes cases between 1987 and 1992 but referred only four cases to the DPP. Charges were laid against only three men, all Ukrainian immigrants living in Adelaide, and the fourth case was abandoned when the unit was disbanded in September The DPP spokesman said yesterday further legal proceedings under Australian War Crimes legislation, which targets crimes committed in Europe between 1939 and 1945, were not expected. We are not aware of any more cases, the spokesman said. The first man charged, Mr Ivan Tymofeyevich Polyukhovich, 76, was acquitted by a Supreme Court jury in May while charges against pensioner Mr Mikolay Berezowsky, 79, were dismissed by a committal magistrate in July. Defence lawyer for the three men, Mr Michael David QC, said yesterday after listening to the evidence for 2 12 years none of these people should have been convicted. Mr David rejected claims Mr Wagner was let off on a technicality and declined to comment on whether the cost of the trials could have been better spent elsewhere. It would be unfair of the public to say Wagner got off on a technicality. he said. The fact was he just couldnt go to trial dotted line it was just objective evidence that he couldnt go to trial. Our client Mr Wagner had a heart attack two or three weeks ago. We called medical evidence in court, we wrote to the DPP and he ultimately, having seen the medical evidence, said the trial shouldnt go on and entered what is called a nolle proseque withdrawal of charges. Mr David said Mr Wagner, who was not available for comment, was very relieved at the decision. Estimated costs to taxpayers for the three cases, not including all the Wagner trial costs, have been put at about 30 million. There is a lot of public opinion about whether they should have gone on or not or whether the money could have been better spent elsewhere. All I can say is they were three very hardfought, difficult cases dotted line and they were very difficult to defend, as well as prosecute, I should imagine, Mr David said. The Jewish community in Australia accepted the DPPs decision not to proceed with the Wagner trial yesterday and defended the 30 million cost of war crimes investigations as the necessary price of justice. The president of the executive Council of Australian Jewry, Mr Isi Leibler, said last night due legal process hadbeen served. I am satisfied that, 50 years after the event, Australia has behaved as well as any country could have been expected to behave, the tragedy being that this the trials should have happened 40 to 50 years ago, when both witnesses and evidence were present in a form that they are not today, Mr Leibler said. He said criminal justice was costeffective in very few cases. Justice doesnt have a price and one doesnt evaluate justice at any other levels, why the question is being asked in this particular situation is beyond me, Mr Leibler said. Dawkins Resigns Treasurer puts his family first BY DENNIS SHANAHAN FEDERAL Cabinet will be reshuffled after Christmas, probably in the new year, after the snap decision by the Treasurer, Mr Dawkins, to retire a move that will change the face of the Keating Government and unleash internal rivalries. The main contenders for treasurer include the experienced Minister for finance, Mr Willis, the Minister for Education and Employment, Mr Beazley, and the longterm Keating loyalist and rightwing Minister for industrial Relations, Mr Brereton. But the Prime Minister, Mr Keating, may be tempted to elevate one of his younger ministers. Mr Dawkins announced his desire to retire for personal reasons to Parliament late yesterday shortly after informing the Prime Minister, Mr Keating, and leaving some of his Cabinet colleagues unaware of his intentions. After 20 years in public life I think Ive given all I can give and I think I now look forward to other pursuits, which I am sure will be equally enjoyable. Mr Dawkins told Parliament in the presence of his wife, Maggie. Mr Dawkins said he would always look back with pride on his service as a minister in the greatest government I believe Australia has ever had . I take this step without any of the rancour, without any of the bitterness, without any of the disappointment that I have seen written on the faces of those who have stepped back from executive office, he said. Later, Mr Dawkins appeared at a formal press conference carrying his recently born baby, Alice, and in the company of Mrs Dawkins. He said the difficulties of mixing a family life with his job had been crucial to his decision. Not everybody understands what its like to conduct a sensible family life when you travel 3000 miles 4800km from Western Australia to work each week, he said. Asked what she thought of the decision, Mrs Dawkins said I think its wonderful. Mr Dawkins will remain as a caretaker treasurer until Mr Keating reshuffles the cabinet and appoints a successor. The Prime Minister will consider the options for, and the extent and timing of a Cabinet reshuffle during the Christmas break. Last night Mr Keating said he congratulated Mr Dawkins for a courageous personal decision to relinquish the post of treasurer. I am, of course, saddened at the departure from Cabinet of a friend and a colleague of such distinction, passion and ability, he said. When news spread to the financial markets of Mr Dawkinss decision, the dollar dipped in a kneejerk reaction almost US 5c, with a local closing price of US 40c, compared with a London opening price of US 90c, before it edged back. Government and financial sources said last night Mr Willis was the best qualified of the most likely contenders but that his previous brief tenure as treasurer and a hesitancy as a minister could count against him. Mr Breretons close personal links with Mr Keating and his recent appointment to the Expenditure Review Committee had boosted his chances. But his inexperience counted against him. There was some reluctance within the Right faction to Mr Breretons appointment, although the right would want to reclaim the treasury portfolio. Some labor MPs said last night Mr Beazley could serve as a middle candidate despite his relative lack of financial experience. There have been rumours in Canberra and Perth for months that Mr Dawkins was considering resignation. Mr Dawkins publicly raised the prospect of resignation in September, although after this incident the rumours were strongly denied. At a press conference in September Mr Dawkins appeared tired and declared that he had to admit that whenever it becomes necessary for me to leave Fremantle, get on a plane and come to Canberra, the prospect of political retirement does well in my mind. Mr Dawkins told the press conference he had finally decided to resign on Thursday night and had informed Mr Keating soon after 5 pm. Asked if he had consulted colleagues about the decision, he said it had been intensely personal. In a long speech to a crowded Parliament, Mr Dawkins said he was pleased to have been part of a great government, the government of Bob Hawke as well as the Government of Paul Keating. One couldnt have wanted to have two such important and helpful and indeed inspirational leaders to serve as a Cabinet minister as I have, different though they are, Mr Dawkins told Parliament. I want to say particularly to my friend the Prime Minister what a fantastic inspiration he has been to me during the course of the last 11 years dotted line This is the time entirely of my own choosing, its a time which I think in the natural course of events is the right time for me, at the age of 46, an opportunity to pursue other interests, he said. Although he said he departed without rancour or bitterness and was gratified that the Labor Party had given him, as somebody from a wealthy background,the chance to participate, he referred to his critics in the party in Perth who had not agreed with him. Crowds converge to welcome new year By MARTIN THOMAS and staff reporters HUNDREDS of thousands of people streamed into the nations cities last night to usher in the new year. In Sydney, greatly buoyed by its Olympic triumph, police said a record crowd of 350,000plus packed around the shores of the harbour to witness a milliondollar fireworks show in one of the most highly spirited celebrations in years. A police spokesman reported four arrests before midnight, three for offensive behaviour and one for assualt. But, given its size, the crowd had been remarkably well behaved. One man was retrieved from the harbour at the Quay by water police on a balmy, still, smokefilled night. In stark contrast rain threatened to dampen an already hollow celebration in Hobart. In the wake of one of the roughest SydneytoHobart Yacht races in some 40 years, just 14 boats were at Constitution Dock with their relieved crews ready to partake of the New Years Eve hospitality of the Apple Isle. Almost that many crews were spending their final moments of the year at sea and many more than that celebrating on the wrong side of Bass Strait at Eden, where they were still licking their wounds. Thousands of Melburnians converged on the City Square to welcome in the new year with a rock concert minus alcohol. The city precinct was declared alcoholfree zone for the night by authorities. Other revellers travelled to Lorne, on the southwest coast, for another rock concert where alcohol consumption was also limited. Many more travelled east to Phillip Island. The Victoria Police blitz on traffic, Project 100, was in its final stage with thousands of police on the States roads testing motorists for drink driving. In Brisbane a crowd of up to 80,000 descended on the citys South Bank to see a huge fireworks display. Police rostered extra patrols on the Gold Coast where crowds of up to 20,000 massed. Two hundred police, including mounted police, were on duty on the Gold Coast between Coolangatta and Surfers Paradise. Neither Queensland nor NSW police expected too much trouble, despite the anticipated 10,000 crowd which would throng to the border twin cities of CoolangattaTweed Heads for a double celebration courtesy of daylight saving. Last year 85 people were arrested for drunkenness and a further 75 were charged with a variety of street offences including obscene language and minor assaults. In Adelaide thousands of revellers were massing in King William Street for the traditional Lord Mayors Street Party. In Perth New Years Eve revellers packed the streets and nightclubs of Fremantle and Northbridge and filled the citys restaurants. With no fireworks to blast 1994 in, many were expected to attend concerts including the Hoodoo Gurus, Hunters and Collectors, Died Pretty and the Divinyls. In the wake of wild Christmas Eve celebrations when a crowd of up to 300 youths ran riot in suburban streets, smashing property and pelting police with bricks, police issued partygoers with stern warnings.

Professional ballet companies rise and fall A Cavalcade of Empire Pageant at the Princess Theatre in Melbourne in October 1940 included an Australian bushfire ballet which symbolically portrayed the burning of the bush and the regeneration of its plants and animals. The ballet was choreographed by the Czech dancer Edouard Borovansky to music by his compatriot Oskar Nedbal, a pupil of Dvorak. Borovansky had settled in Melbourne and opened a ballet school after touring with the Covent Garden Russian Ballet in 1938 Appreciation aroused by the bushfire ballet soon led to the formation of the Borovansky Australian Ballet Company, which performed four ballets in the Comedy Theatre in December One of them was Autumn Leaves, with Edna Busse and Rachel Cameron alternating as the Chrysanthemum, one of Pavlovas roles. The other ballets were original classical variations entitled Pas classique, a Spanish story ballet LAmour ridicule, and Vltava. Danced to Smetanas tone poem describing the great Czech river, Vltava was Borovanskys first major work for his company and probably his most enduringly popular ballet. Laurel Martyn, a former soloist of the Sadlers Wells Ballet in London who had returned to Melbourne to teach in 1939, danced in Vltava. She became the first ballerina of the company, which for several years concentrated on performances financed by the Melbourne Ballet Club. In Borovanskys studio at Roma House the club built a small stage which was the setting for adventurous choreographic experiments by Borovansky and some of the dancers. Topical depiction of war The Union Theatre at Melbourne University was the venue for the premiere in June 1941 of En Saga, a oneact ballet to music of Sibelius by Laurel Martyn. She had staged a version of En Saga in a ballet gala at the Cambridge Theatre in London in 1936 but that was only a sketch for the choreographic masterpiece now revealed. It was a moving and topical depiction of women left at home during war and of mentally and physically scarred soldiers returning and gradually adjusting to peacetime life. Adjustment has scarcely begun when the drums of war beat again. The men must answer the call to arms and their women are powerless to prevent them. The principal dancers in the premiere were Dorothy Stevenson and Jonet Wilkie. Decor and costumes were by William Constable, in his first ballet commission. He had established his reputation with designs for the Marie Ney dramatic company in 1940 and he was beginning 14 years as resident designer for the Borovansky Ballet. In Sydney, the Danish dancer Helene Kirsova, who came to Australia as prima ballerina of de Basils Ballet Russe de Monte Carlo in 193637, opened a School of Russian Ballet in Sydney Next year she founded the first professional ballet company in Australia, the Kirsova Ballet. It made its debut in July 1941 at the New South Wales Conservatorium of Music in Sydney in two ballets by Kirsova, A Dream and a Fairy Tale to music by Chopin and VieuxParis to music by Offenbach and Johann Strauss II, and her restaging of Leacuteonide Massines Les Matelots. The initial company of 16 dancers was headed by Raissa Kousnetzova, Valery Shaievsky, Edouard Sobishevsky and Tamara Tchinarova, all from the Covent Garden Russian Ballet of 193839, and it included the Australians Strelsa Heckelman and Henry Legerton. By the close of 1941, the companys artists had doubled in number. They included Serge Bousloff from the Covent Garden company, and Peggy Sager, who came from New Zealand to study with Kirsova and soon became an important member of the company. A ballet record in Melbourne Les Sylphides and Kirsovas threeact Faust were added to the repertoire during Like A Dream and a Fairy Tale and VieuxParis, Faust was designed by Loudon Sainthill, who as a virtually selftaught 19yearold had been adopted by the Covent Garden Russian Ballet company and taken to London in 1939 as resident artist and portraitist. Henry Krips, the companys musical director, wrote the score of Faust. He was a Viennese musician brother of the conductor Josef Krips who had conducted at Innsbruck and Salzburg before he emigrated to Australia in Another former de Basil dancer, Valentin Zeglovsky joined the Kirsova company during its first Melbourne season, which began at His Majestys Theatre in January Faust was so popular that it ran for 25 consecutive performances, an Australian ballet record. In Melbourne in July 1942 the Borovansky Ballet gave a fivenight season at the Princess Theatre. The repertoire included En Saga and another ballet by Laurel Martyn, Sigrid, which she had created for a competition in London in Since its first Australian performance, at Toowoomba, Qld, in April 1940, with Martyn and Dorothy Stevenson heading the cast, Sigrid has been performed nearly 700 times. It is the oldest extant ballet by an Australian choreographer. It is based on an old Nordic legend and the music is Edward Griegs Lyric Suite, op. Music by Grieg was also heard in the 1942 season in Borovanskys Fantasy on a Grieg Concerto, a work for a large company in the style of Leacuteonide Massines symphonic ballets. Other works in the season were Les Sylphides and a selection of Russian dances. House full signs were up at every performance, and J.C. Williamsons took note of the enthusiastic audiences and the polished presentation. Kirsovas next creation was Revolution of the Umbrellas, a threeact ballet based on a book by Kjeld Abell, a Danish writer and illustrator, which had its premiere in Sydney at the Conservatorium in February Henry Krips wrote the music and Rachel Cameron, Peggy Sager and Valentin Zeglovsky danced the leading roles. Next month, Kirsovas Hansel and Gretel, described as a choreographic transcription of Humperdincks opera, had its premiere in Sydney, with Edouard Sobishevsky as Hansel, Strelsa Heckelman as Gretel and Sager as the Dawn Fairy. Further additions to the repertoire in 1943 were the first production by an Australian company of Swan Lake Act II, with Sager as Odette, and two new Kirsova works Jeunesse to music of Poulenc and Capriccio to RimskyKorsakovs Capriccio Espagnol. The latter ballet brought Kirsova back to the stage as a dancer, in a stately dance inspired by Velasquezs portrait of the Infanta Margarita of Spain. The first entirely Australian ballet, Sea Legend, was presented by the Borovansky Ballet at the Comedy Theatre in Melbourne in November The scenario and choreography were by Dorothy Stevenson, who also danced the leading female role with Martin Rubinstein as her partner. The decor was by Allan McCulloch, the costumes were by Jean Oberhansli and the music was by Esther Rofe, arranger in the ColgatePalmolive Radio Unit in Sydney. She had written the score of Sea Legend in London in Rofe, who contributed a number of significant scores to the ballet repertoire, was a precocious musician who began composing at the age of seven. She joined the Melbourne Symphony Orchestra at 14 and she had several works performed in Melbourne before she went to the Royal College of Music in London when she was Her fellowstudents there included the Australian composers Miriam Hyde and Peggy GlanvilleHicks. Sea Legend became a popular item in the Borovansky repertoire and in London in 1948 it became the first ballet created by an Australian in Australia to be taken into the repertoire of an overseas company the International Ballet. Williamsons offer support Kirsova is said to have been offered financial backing by J.C.Williamsons, but she rejected it. She had remained independent as director and choreographer since she formed her company and she was not prepared to become just a salaried producer, director and creator of ballets. Williamsons turned to Borovansky, who had sown the seeds for the formation of a permanent company, and he accepted their backing. Borovansky offered fulltime employment and Kirsova, unable to match the challenge, lost many of her best dancers. After seasons in Melbourne and Adelaide, the Kirsova Ballet gave its last professional performance in Brisbane in May When the end came Kirsova was rehearsing four new works for a Sydney season. One of them was an Australiana ballet, Waltzing Matilda, with music commissioned from the young principal oboist of the Sydney Symphony Orchestra, Charles Mackerras. In the month when the end came for the Kirsova Ballet a Borovansky company of 40 went to Adelaide, with contracts for 13 weeks, plus options. A triumphant season opened with Frederick Ashtons Faccedillaade, the Grieg Fantasy, Sigrid and Les Sylphides. The company eventually toured Australia from Perth to Sydney and Hobart to Brisbane, and then New Zealand. In Melbourne in 1944 Laurel Martyn became the first Australian to dance titlerole in Giselle. In 1947 Kirsova left Australia to live in Paris with her second husband, an official of UNESCO, and Australia lost an important link with the Ballets Russes and the great days of the Imperial Russian Ballet, with whose stars she had trained. Old musical shows keep the theatres open Running theatres was particularly difficult in Australia during the Second World War because the principal sources of shows and artists were far across dangerous seas in the USA and London. J.C.Williamsons, however, had a Gilbert and Sullivan company with firstrate stars in the country, and it had storehouses full of material from its past musical successes. It revived them with wellloved artists and new theatregoers received an education in the hit shows of the 1920s and 1930s. Marie Bremner was again the bewitched captive of the Red Shadow in The Desert Song. Strella Wilson once again played the hostess of the White Horse Inn. Gladys Moncrieff, at last recovered from the injuries she suffered in a car accident in 1938, returned to the stage in October 1942 in The Maid of the Mountains. She was left with a limp but it was not noticeable on the stage, and her personality, style and voice was still enchanting, according to the tenor Max Oldaker. Williamsons took Oldaker out of the Gilbert and Sullivan company to be Moncrieffs costar in The Maid of the Mountains and her next revival, The Merry Widow, in January Moncrieff also sang in Katinka, Rio Rita and Viktoria and Her Hussar before the war ended. Like many entertainers, she also sang for Australian forces at home and in New Guinea. In Sydney, where there was a shortage of theatres, J.C.Williamsons experimented at the Theatre Royal in 1944 by presenting plays at 30 p.m. and musicals at 8 p.m. In May 1944 members of Actors Equity went on strike against nonunion labour in the firms productions. The contracted principals kept shows going without a chorus or smallpart players. Gladys Moncrieff, a nonunionist and a nonstriker, was strongly criticised. The federal Minister for Labour and Social Services, E.J. Holloway, was accepted as arbitrator of the dispute. He gave the strikers what they wanted, and the principle of a closed shop was established in the theatre and accepted even by the Tait brothers. Moncrieff was taken onto Equitys federal council and she remained a member of the union even in retirement. Amateur theatre keeps the flag of drama flying At the beginning of the Second World War the New Theatre League in Sydney maintained its pacifist stance, following the Moscow line which condemned the war as phoney. In 1940 the leagues production of Rupert Lockwoods No Conscription involved it in a censorship case with the federal government. Federal and state police later confiscated the leagues files and a number of scripts. The Communist Party was banned in mid1940 under wartime emergency powers and New Theatre closed in Adelaide, Brisbane and Perth. The Sydney and Melbourne groups survived underground until the German invasion of the Soviet Union in June 1941 changed public opinion and New Theatres attitude to the war. The ban on the Communist Party was lifted to late 1941 and its membership swelled and the New Theatre flourished. The New Theatre League in Sydney staged a popular political revue, Id Rather be Left, in 1941, and it presented programs of sketches and songs in military camps and hospitals around Sydney.

ECHIDNAS IN THE HIGH COUNTRY BY GORDON GRIGG, LYN BEARD MIKE AUGEE DEPARTMENT OF ZOOLOGY UNIVERSITY OF QUEENSLAND SCHOOL OF BIOLOGICAL SCIENCE UNIVERSITY OF NEW SOUTH WALES OF ALL AUSTRALIAS 150 OR SO native mammals, only the Shortbeaked Echidnas Tachyglossus aculeatus have a distribution that can be said to be Australiawide. They are found in deserts, wet and dry sclerophyll forests, rainforests and heathlands. They are even seen in the high country of the Australian Alps. This remarkable range of habitats does not fit well with the usual stereotype of Echidnas as primitive, egglaying holdovers from the earliest days of mammalian evolution. One would expect a living fossil to survive only in an isolated habitat to which it was specifically adapted. To be widespread and even common in such a diversity of habitats must require a great range of physiological and behavioural skills. We wondered if their secret was advanced adaptation or primitive plasticity. In the traditional manner of comparative zoologists, we decided to approach a general question by looking at an extreme. The Australian Alps, above the snowline, provide an extreme habitat, and we knew that Echidnas could be found there. Crosscountry ski enthusiasts told us of seeing Echidnas out and about in the middle of winter, poking about in the snow, and there was even a reliable report of one within a few metres of the summit of Mt Kosciusko. Such observations might be considered a bit unusual for a fox or a possum, but they begged further investigation for an animal often accused of primitive thermoregulation, heterothermy and incomplete homeothermy. Of course one explanation for such sightings could be that the individual Echidnas were outside their normal winter range, perhaps stranded at higher altitudes to which they had wandered during the warmer months. Alternatively Echidnas might live there year round, spending the winter under the snow and emerging from time to time, a pattern reminiscent of mammalian hibernators. But they couldnt do that One of us M.Augee had frequently stated that Echidnas are not hibernators. It was there in blackandwhite, in scientific journals. That conclusion had been reached because captive Echidnas would only enter torpor reluctantly. In early studies carried out at Sydney University by H. Wardlaw in 1915, most Echidnas that did enter torpor died. Besides, the mating season is usually stated to be in JulyAugust mid winter, a most inconvenient time to be in hibernation There were a few anecdotal reports of Echidnas found in a lethargic state in the wild during winter one reported to have been dug out by earthmoving equipment, but no field data where actual body temperatures had been measured. We felt that the only convincing data would be that collected in the field and the only way to collect such data would be by radiotracking see box. So we applied to the Australian Research Council for funds to solve the puzzle. In preparing this application we found very little in the literature about the biology of Echidnas in the field. The lack of field studies is probably related to the difficulty of relocating Echidnas and the impossibility of trapping them. The obvious technique to use was telemetry, employing modern, implantable, longlived, temperaturesensitive transmitters that are small enough to be easily tolerated by an animal the size of an Echidna. But first to find some Echidnas in the alpine habitat. We put out the word amongst the staff of Kosciusko National Park KNP that we particularly wanted animals from the highestridges, as well as a control group lower down in the WastePoint or Jindabyne area below the snowline. Meanwhile the grant had been obtained and laboratory work began at SydneyUniversity, with Grigg and Beard perfecting the techniques of implanting transmitters within the peritoneal body cavity.Whenever possible we went to KNP in the hope of finding Echidnas ourselves. As luck would have it, the very first animal that turned up in KNP was in a perfect spot for the study. Early in 1987John Whittaker, while delivering skitrail poles to Prussian Plain at 1,720 metres elevation on the crest of Ramshead Range southwest of Perisher, captured a tancoloured female weighing about three kilograms. We implanted a transmitter and released her at the exact site of capture. The weather was warm as she crawled out of the opened sack and took a couple of hesitant steps onto the snowgrass. After sniffing the air she hastily burrowed into the soft earth. Although designated E10 Echidna number ten, this was the first animal released in the Kosciusko study area. Over the next few weeks we plotted the position andmonitored the body temperature of E10 as she moved aboutPrussian Plain. We were pleased that she remained there and did not head down into one of the valleys. By now we also had two other Echidnas with transmitters E11 and E13 at Waste Point on the shore of Lake Jindabyne altitude 1,000 metres and another E15 at Rennix Gap 1,580 metres. We also came by a female E12 from Dead Horse Gap, another highaltitude location, and released her onto Prussian Plain after implanting a transmitter. Now we had three animals above and two below the normal snowline, and were ready to establish the summer patterns of behaviour and body temperature before the weather turned cold. IT WAS ALREADY KNOWN FROM STUDIES OF Echidnas in captivity that body temperatures vary on a daily basis, and we soon found this to be true in our summer field study. Most mammals have a small daily variation of a degree or so, being warmer when active and cooler when at rest. We found the Echidnas in KNP to vary daily by 68degreeC. The pattern set by E10 on Prussian Plain in those early weeks turned out to be typical. She was active all day, foraging for small black ants by digging along the edge of fallen timber and under slumps of snowgrass, with a body temperature of 3234degreeCregardless of the weather. Soon after daylight had faded she would hole up for the night in a suitable retreat a hollow log, under a rock, in a disused burrow or, as we observed several times, under a convenient clump of snowgrass. Shortly thereafter, as the lengthening times between pulses from the radio transmitter deep within her showed, body temperature began to fall, quite slowly, as she rested for the night. In these latitudes Echidnas tend to be late risers, avoiding the chill of early morning, so the minimal body temperatures at this time of year were measured between 9 and 10 am and were typically 2527degreeC. When E10 emerged and became active again, body temperature rose rapidly sometimes associated with basking in the sun but more certainly associated with heat produced from muscular activity. Sometimes, when Prussian Plain was swept with wind and rain, she would stay in her retreat and cool further for a day or two before reemerging to forage and warm up, body temperature always returning to 3234degreeC. This was typical pattern during the summer months for all our animals at KNP, and the field data agreed pretty much with conclusions from captive animals, going back to the pioneering work of Prof. C.J. Martin in Melbourne in 1902, that body temperature in Echidnas is highly variable for mammals. To us, following the animals about in their natural habitat, it looked to be a very sensible, energysaving pattern, rather than one suggestive of poor thermoregulatory abilities associated with a primitive animal. We quickly realised how much more data we could obtain and how much extra sleep we might get if we had an automatic sampling system that could gather data overnight. So we invented and deployed a couple of weatherproof systems to record body and ambient temperatures at preset times during the night onto cassette tape see box. It was not until the first apparent disaster in the study that the full potential of these boxes the system was enclosed in a large polypropylene box was realised. At Easter we returned, expecting to turn on the receiver in the vicinity of the last position of an animal and to hear the usual beepdotted linebeepdotted linebeep on the appropriate frequency and at the usual rate. Echidnas seemed to have wellestablished home ranges and were always in the same general area. But when we got together at lunch time Mike Augee, who had gone up to Prussian Plain to locate E10, was pessimistic. He had picked up the signal as expected but it was coming in slowly, with a full 5 seconds between beats. That equated to 3degreeC, which was close to ambient temperature, and Mikes gloomy conclusion was that the animal was dead. However, he had not been able to locate the carcass as the long interval between signals made it hard to get a fix. It did seem to be off Prussian Plain, amongst dense snow gum saplings on the steep southern escarpment overlooking the Bullocks Flat skitube terminal far below. We discussed the possibilities, including predation a fox perhaps and death from exposure. The first snow had not yet fallen but it had been very cold in the mountains. Maybe the Echidnas in the high country really were only strays, at the edge of survival, and this one had just not made the grade. With still a few hours left until nightfall, Grigg set off to Prussian Plain to find EIt was a quick trip over now familiar terrain to a rock cairn at the southern edge of the plain, overlooking the Thredbo River. After a patient search and a lot of scrambling through thick undergrowth on the precipitous slope, the source of the signal was located under a rock at the base of a large sunbleached stump. It was typical for an Echidna retreat and there seemed to be every likelihood that E10 had entered there of her own free will. But was she still alive Telemetry pulses still suggested nearambient temperature. Perhaps the animal was alive and in torpor Here was an exciting problem, but we were committed toleave for Sydney the next day. We needed some way to keep track of the animals body temperature until we could return. The solution was obvious set up a box to take readings not hourly or halfhourly, as we had been doing to make overnight records, but every eight hours to spin out the cassette tape for a couple of weeks until our return. So we climbed again to Prussian Plain early the following morning carrying all the necessary equipment. The sky was blue but it had been damp and cold overnight. On reaching the crest we hurriedly checked the signal. It was more rapid. The animal was now warm It took only 1 seconds for 10 beats, compared to the 45 seconds the previous afternoon. Far from being dead, she had now warmed up. The Echidna story was also hotting up Periodic and rapid warmups from torporare characteristic of hibernating mammals. Were Echidnashibernators too While it was not a sure bet, the odds were changing. We needed more data. We set up the box to record the body temperature every eight hours for the next 15 days and secured the lid down with a large rock gales are the norm on the Ramshead Range at this time of year. Fifteen days later in early May we returned and went straight to Prussian Plain. Yes, she was torpid again, and she had moved. But she had moved to the northern side of the ridge out of range of the carefully placed recording box Murphys Law applies especially to field studies. Our two other highcountry Echidnas, E12 and E15, were also torpid and so was one of the Echidnas in the control group well below the snowline beside Lake Jindabyne. Torpor was beginning to look like a normal event for Echidnas. Only E13 wa still active. The four torpid Echidnas stayed put, with low body temperatures, for the four days of this field trip. We had only two recording boxes, so we left one at the new location of E10 and left the second to record data from another torpid animal.

Wouldnt you know this old girl said aloud in the heat of the midday mall. Wouldnt you just know Daisy could have been sitting there, for all she knew. Kathleen kept noddling through those last days before Ronald died, the horrible secret of his illness huddled within, unable to turn to the children, lost between voyages in her own port. She drank the last of her coffee angrily, oneswig Kath, and shook her head to free it from all that unhappy stuff. There was a busker under the shopfront just nearby, strumming guitar and singing mournfully about the inland. Cant sing like my boy, she thought. Not a patch on him. Just briefly she wondered what Brain would think if he knew shed come back. But she didnt want him to know, didnt want to push herself in where she wasnt wanted. Anyway, she couldnt find him even if. He was somewhere around, up in the hills. The busker was packing up his guitar and moving off now. She felt sorry for him. No talent, she muttered to herself, poor kid. He was moving across to the people at the next table, his cap held ready, hoping for a handout. Got to give the poor coot something, she told Daisy, fumbling in her handbag for loose change. Daisy, you should have heard Brain in his palmy days. She blinked and Daisy vanished. But she went on, talking to air. There was no doubt Brians voice was better than his fathers. As the kids grew beyond the stage of scowling shame while father insisted on running through his repertoire of ballads, Kathleen was delighted when occasionally the boy joined them at the piano and sent rich true notes soaring about the living room. He was playing the lead in a school production of The Gondoliers and needed the practice. Although he was only fourteen his voice had changed without noticeable cracking and had the mature tenor assurance of a man. The year before she had sat with Ronald at a school concert watching their son as he sang a bracket of Irish songs for Saint Patricks day. Up there on stage, spotlighted, with his still unfuzzed face, he looked younger than he was, but when his voice, ripe and full and strong, lofted Macushla and Mother Machree to the soaring roof of the hired theatre, that stunning opposition of school shirt and matinee idol voice had the crowd cheering and pulping their palms. God has been good to him, the Brothers said in the foyer at interval. He has a great gift. You heard what Brother said, Kathleen repeated many times later, absorbed in savouring the words. A great gift. Your father and I are very proud. Ive made the second fifteen, Brian said. He could think of nothing else. Nothing else, she had complained to Daisy. The one thing he could do really well and never worked at. Oh it was a pleasant enough dotted line hobby, I suppose. But he sang to please himself. Thats what its for, Mum, he used to say. Theres more to life than that. She could hear him now, taking a pair of sparkling eyes to the delight of parents driven down the old Sandgate Road for school play night, encored to a reprise, sotto voce, and feel still the tears of pride that made her look away and squeeze Ronalds fevered hand. Had she but world enough and time, she reflected in the peopled barrenness of the mall, she would invent the ultimate preservative for those makeshift, rough and ready, shortlived moments. Instinctively she put her hand to her face, touching the remnants of what time had left her. She was falling apart. Cutting loose. Doing the unexpected. Kathleen craved some moment of consequence in what had become a treadmill existence as she steered her children through adolescence. I dont count, she had written to Daisy still sweating it out in Charco, those childhood traumas of measles, mumps and chickenpox. Or the mindless foodhunt, the cooking, eating and expelling the stuff just so the whole damn cycle can start again. Hey, thats a laugh, isnt is I dont place much stress on rows at the office, promotion, retirement. Wheres the buzz She had made room for one of those moments the year after Ronald died, tugged by sentiment, perhaps, or simply the need to flee the mundane while her children were safe in boarding school. Amazing herself, she took a weeks leave and went back to the town of the east wind, flying in where once, eleven years before, she had arrived by interisland trader. When the plane came down over Guadalcanal, the jungled heights of the island, fold upon fold of uncontrolled vegetable growth, seized and choked her mind. She saw Ronald, or imagined she could see him, clambering, hacking, crawling through implacable forest to sate an obsession. His thin white figure in starched drill and toupee, all the tropic duds, kept vanishing and reappearing, heading ever towards what she guessed to be the summit of Mount Makarakombou. Nothing had changed. A lot had changed. In the still familiar bar of the hotel on Mendana Avenue the past swept in. She had told no one she was going, not even the children, and now layer upon layer of time peeled her naked. In the harbour, in the islands, in the Spanish seas, Ronalds voice sang in the highest reaches of her skull as she walked during each of the next few days past Government House and the Secretariat to the Guadalcanal Club, where she rediscovered the junior administrative officer, redder, stouter, and now an assistant secretary. There was not a kiss in sight. Have I changed that much She resented the bleating sound as she jogged his memory. Married man these days, he countered, selfprotectively. Three beaut kids. Youll meet the wife later on. Shes dropping by for a drink. God, Kathleen, what a turn up, eh Why didnt you let anyone know you were coming We could have turned it on for you. He was convivial with a gin sling. Not many of the old team left, Im one of the few who stayed on. You knew about Ronald, I suppose. Yes. Sorry, Kath. Always liked the old boy. Do you know dotted line just a few days before you left, after the store was sold, he told me what happened that time he went missing. Kathleen found herself staring into her glass, afraid to urge. Yes, the assistant secretary said, he reached the top all right. And he managed to cut his name and the date on a boulder up there. Its true. Went up to see it for myself a year later. It was on the way back he got bushed. Bad show, really. All of it. Crazily she believed then that it was Ronald she had seen from the spyhole of the descending plane, living and reliving his moment of glory in that steaming wilderness of tree and vine. Nostalgia made her want to weep again, even after a year, especially after a year, grabbed by the stupidity of his pluckiness, whose driving folly she had never understood. She finished her drink, leaving the assistant secretary sitting there, and walked up the hill to the house on the ridge. The temptation to knock, to court invitation, jabbed as she surveyed the familiar lines of veranda, the garden denser but much the same, brilliant with scarlet blossom on the poinciana trees. She turned and looked across to Savo Island, unchanged in unchanging waters, her back exposed now to the pointed words that still flew about those rooms. She winced under ghost barbs. If she could, she would have redrawn the maps of those lost times, overcome by sadness and its high dingo howl across emptied, flattened desertscapes. She thought of her children and their kid faces became mnemonics for domestic detail she now dug up, gently sifting earth and sand, to lay each moment out as if it were a bowl, vase, tile, of simple but searing beauty. History was more nostalgia than facet. Correction, than fact an aggregation of personal moments with their sickening lurches of love and hate. As she sat alone that night in the dining room of the Hotel Mendana, the black waiter asked curiously and, she imagined, reprovingly, Where is your husband She looked up and smiled and took her time responding. Where is your wife Giggling, he backed away, all stumbling feet and flaphands, from this cheeky waite. She went on picking at her omelette, wondering if, for Ronalds sake, she should have mentioned he had left his mark on the summit of one of their highest peaks. Where, after all, was her husband The best thing, she supposed, about that week was knowing no one knew where she was. The boundary lines of protocol were still drawn on the island, though by shakier hands, and the supper party the assistant secretary organised for her at his home was a terrible mix of stiff and hearty, through all of which the secretarys wife regarded her with sharp and curious eyes nourished by the gossip that still, after all this time, gave transfusions of energy. Nothing, should she explain loudly over the canapeacutes, beyond sweat and arms and unwanted kisses in the sticky afternoons of those three lost weeks The temptation to say loudly, clearly, There was no puspus, my dear, shocking with the unacceptable pidgin obscenity, almost overcame her. A nauseous wave swept her up and out to the bathroom where she was noisily sick for quite some time. Ive cut and run, she wrote on a card for Daisy. The card showed native huts and women in brightly coloured Mother Hubbards. Wasnt going to tell a soul but Ive decided cutting and running is what its all about. I think the kids have inherited that gene from me Got your card, Daisy remembered when they next met years later. You old devil, you. Daisy was without envy, never said half your luck or wish Id been there, never stained the moment. Im lucky, she always said. Youre lucky. Watched any telly lately If you have youll know youre lucky. Daisy put her right, letting her see the brevity of the program, the limited number of items, the transience of applause. Heres to you, Daise Cheers Lets go back a little, she said to Daisy, mumbling away to herself in the mall. I want to tell you about them, about the kids. Your turn next week. That Brain she said. That Shamrock Now yearning for the confidences, the shared comfort of age, she would write Daisy long letters full of plaint. Goodbye. Goodbye to those years in which she huddled in the same house, always the same, while son and daughter flapdoodled their way through Mickey Mouse humanities courses on straight Cs. Herself unsurprised, still on the secretarial game but translated, now she also had put a course or two behind her, into something a little more meaningful as a parliamentary worker, learning to keep her too ready lips closed, ploughing ahead to retirement down the track with only the occasional flirtation in sight. Dollops of carelessly dropped, scented dross, she told herself and also another elderly prospective escort who promptly, promptly dotted line and, my God, there was a further not so fragrant deposit littering the fence marge. So who cares cared She had the kids, no longer kids, to worry about in the bleak evenings, wondering how straight Cs and humanities establish themselves and their holders in the expanding early sixties except in protest flings with mounted police or in batonbeaten greenie marches. There had been narrow squeaks with alternative communes seductively beckoning. Shamrock had taken a year off to find herself. Where will you look, dear Kathleen had asked mildly. Oh Jesus, you do crap me off I lived through that, Kathleen admitted, through all that sulky acrimony, that impudent flouncing, until Shamrock hitched her way to a commune outside Mackay, an outwardly decorously run family group that, according to a chastened and returned daughter, was organised to punishment point by a failed law student with stunning connections in the state judiciary.

OVERVIEW OF EVENTS After seeing the advertisements for The Dawson Chair and Smokys interviews on TV, I made further enquiries and subsequently spent 3,349 of my life savings to purchase the chair because I was in a great deal of pain at the time and Smoky spoke of the benefits both he and his wife Dot had received from the chair. Smokys enthusiasm influenced me to make that decision to buy my chair. Initially, the chair functioned very well from the date of delivery, 81192 25893, and from then on my problems began. Because I have been a buyer of electrical goods for Myer Northland 197279, I have had experience dealing with manufacturers on behalf of Myer and also with customers, their repairs, and complaints. So when my chair developed problems, to give the Dawson Chair Company the opportunity to rectify my complaints, which at that stage was Footrest Massager, 25893, not working and heater pad overheating, unusual loud vibration noise in frame, and a loose wire that Graham wanted to repair but I would not allow him to do that because he has no qualifications to do so. Graham Guthred then took the chair from my home, 8993, and returned it 161093, a total of 5 weeks and 4 days plus the 2 weeks that I could not have the use of the foot heater and massager. It was winter months at that time and that is my main reason for choosing to have heaters and massagers in 3 areas, foot, mid back and upper back, because that is my needs because my back is icy cold at times and warmth helps. asteriskOn 13th September, 1993, I rang Craig to make sure Graham had reported to him my complaints and suggested that a person about my weight, 15 12 stone, check the frame for vibration. I have asked three times for details of what was done to the chair because now I have the same problems and more. Over the summer months I noticed that the heaters were very hot but attributed that to the high 30 degree summer temperatures. Because my spine can be really cold on a hot summers day, I still needed to use the heaters, so to be able to bear them I put a brocade bedspread on the chair so as not to get burnt, as there is every possibility that could happen after 3 to 5 minutes with the footrest on and only slightly longer in the upper back where the padding is flattened. Also I cannot sit on the chair now for 2 reasonsThe upper back massager hurts that area and that is an area I paid an extra 500 in my effort to get relief which I did for a while when the padding was thicker. The control for the area has an intermittent fault of going to 34 of an hour. It should be approximately 20 minutes. Reported that to Graham 1511 Your use and care manual makes a point about thickness of the luxurious cushioning at point I now observe that the vinyl on the main seat part is saggy possibly due to the seating material flattening. LiftRecline Mechanism completely ceased to function when I was on it on 28th April, I was in the recline position at the time and wanted to come up to the lift position, however, there was a loud clunking noise and the control completely stopped. I have now discovered the reason why, and that is the WELDING that should hold the chair to the frame has completely broken away and two holes remain where it has been. I have not sat on the chair since and will not be able to do so again. I have written two letters to Cynthia to pass on to the relevant persons. One was dated 16th April and 30th April. Since writing them I have also discovered that where my head rests the vinyl has gone hard. In other places it has gone greygreen or pink. Is the vinyl used suitable to be used on this medical chair or is it only suitable for lounge suites. Because of the serious nature of my complaints and the chair not performing up to their claims I have undergone a great deal of stress wondering what to do about my problem as to having invested 3,00 and having these problems is not the way I want to go because each time it leaves my home it has the potential for more damage. The length of time away. The uncertainty of what might go wrong next and if I have to pay for freight which is expensive as I only receive a Disability Support Pension. I also live alone and to pack the chair into the box would be very difficult for me so to help me understand what options I have I rang up a Legal Advice Service. My supporters feel that the Investigators may be able to help me with my complaint with my Smoky Dawson Chair are as follows Staff member at the Office of Mrs. Jan Wade, AttorneyGenerals Dept. Victoria because there maybe other people who have similar disabilities and have purchased this chair. I first contacted Mr. Ian Pugh at the Federal Bureau of Consumer Affairs, Product Safety 03 242 Ian only becomes involved if there is a recall of products, however, he put me in contact with the Product Safety Officer for Victoria, Davis Moss at the Office of Fair Trading Melbourne 03 602 He suggested media coverage and gave his reasons why he thought was an option open to me. Ian Pugh also put me in touch with the Approval Investigation Engineer at the Office of the Chief Electric Inspector 03 691 4470, Facsimile 03 691 4455 as my concern was the electrical safety of the chair as I could not find any reference to the Australian Standards. David came to my home on Monday 6th June 94 and spent 40 minutes here looking at the chair and taking photographs of parts of interest to his area of expertise. Before he came he rang his counterpart in N.S.W. to ask if they knew of any problems with this chair, and the answer was, Yes. The comment was poor design, engineering, workmanship were the main comments. It must have been very important for him to come after Ian Pugh and David Moss have spoken with him as normally he does not come to persons such as myself. Pat Kenna pronounced Kennar Technical Sales Manager for C.I.G. 03 287 8209, Facsimile 03 287 8476, Mobile 018 550 I rang C.I.G. as that was the only place I could think to ask about welding. Pat came 2 hours after my call and his comments were poor design, engineering, workmanship. I asked Pat about his position and he said, he is the sort of person that the Dawson Chair Company need to consult. Pat can write a report if required but is limited because he has done this as a service to me and the community. It was not part of his role for C.I.G. Jeff Geddings, Barrister Solicitor, West Heidelberg Community Legal Service Inc. When I took my draft letter to him from which he edited to send a letter of my request for a refund of 3,349, I mentioned to him my concerns about the Smoky Dawson Chair and said I felt like alerting the investigators, and he said why dont you. My appointment with him was 10th May, At that time I felt that I should give the Dawson Chair Company time to respond to that Legal letter, but they have chosen not to do so, instead I received a letter from them dated 26th May 94 offering only to service the chair. 12 Manton St Heidelberg. 3084 03 4597761 15th November 1992 Dear Craig, Graham Guthred has delivered my chair and I am very pleased that I ordered the three heaters and massagers as well as having the chair on casters. Since I ordered and received my chair Community Services Victoria have sent me information that I could be eligible for sales tax exemption so after I contacted the sales tax office I contacted Graham and he said, The the chair was already sales tax exempt but at what rate he didnt say, So what I need to know is at what rate of sales tax is the exemption and what would have been the full invoice price before the exemption My Invoice Nos are 10180 09813 My order was Square Medium Lift Chair l699 Three heaters 250 each 750 Three massagers 250 each 750 Castors 40 Delivery 100 . 3339 Could you please send me your guaranteewarranty and any other instructions that I may need as I dont have those details at the moment. I am using my chair six times a day for treatments as well as a normal lounge chair. I would appreciate an early reply to this letter. Thanking you Yours sincerely Sybil J. Smith 20th January 1993 Dear Graham, I have now had my chair three months and I thought that you would be interested to know that I am finding relief from the constant pain that I was in. I use it constantly and you might say I live on it. With the problems I have I am very pleased that I decided to have the heaters and massagers installed where I did so my intuitive feelings were right for me. Because I have no help to move the chair I am pleased that I thought to have the chair put on castors and that makes it easy to move. And finally I often drop off to sleep and I find that very healing and refreshing also. I dont expect miracles from having the chair but any improvement in my health is a bonus point. Till we meet again Sybil Heidelberg 3084 03 457 7120 16th April 94 Dear Cynthia, I am writing this letter to let your company know that Graham Guthred called at my home on the 11th April and it was decided not to send my footrest part of the chair back to Sydney at this stage because since I reported 1st April the fault with the massager and heater the massager had started to work again, however, the heater is excessive in heat. Graham left at 4 pm but at 6 pm when I wanted to use the chair the massager would not work and hasnt since. Would you please send direct to me details of the work that was carried out on my chair when you had it at the factory approx. 13th September to 11th October I am very distressed with the problems. I am having with my chair as I have invested my savings in it and I have been very grateful with the results I have got from it to date. I do need all the help I can have from the Dawson Chair Company and Im sure I am just unlucky that my chair has problems. I also showed Graham that the Vinyl has colour changes and he made note of that. At the present moment my thoughts are that it should be returned to Sydney however I need it more than ever right at this moment as I am under a great amount of stress and find it difficult to cope with life. Yours sincerely Ms Sybil J. Smith 12 Manton St Heidelberg 3084 03 457 7120 30th April 94 Dear Cynthia, Further to my letter that I wrote to you dated 16th April 94 advising you the problems I was having with my Dawson Chair since the 1st April. I now need to inform the Company that the liftingreclining mechanism ceased to function on Thursday 28th April just to add further to my problems with the chair. Question What is the maximum weight of a person that the lifting mechanism is designed to lift

PROSPECTS FOR MODIFYING THE BIOSYNTHESIS OF STARCH IN GRAINS Les Copeland Department of Agricultural Chemistry The University of Sydney NSW 2006 Summary This paper presents an enzymologists view of the prospects of using recombinant DNA technology to modify the yield and quality of starch in cereal grains. The biosynthesis of starch is discussed briefly in several stages the supply of substrates, the synthesis of the glucosyl donor ADPglucose and polymerization reactions, including the formation of branches. Aspects of starch biosynthesis in cereals that may be targeted for modification are considered. It is concluded that much still has to be learnt of the basic biochemistry of starch formation in plants, especially regulation of the metabolic processes concerned, before recombinant DNA technology may be applied to modify the yield and quality of starch in a planned way. Key words ADPglucose pyrophosphorylase, enzymes, mutants, starch biosynthesis, starch branching enzyme, starch synthase, transformation. The development of technology for manipulating genetic material outside of an organism and for carrying out genetic recombination in a directed way has, without doubt, been among the most significant recent advances in biological sciences. Using this technology, foreign DNA may be used to transform i.e. genetically engineer plant cells so that the introduced DNA integrates stabily with the genome of the host cell and is replicated and passed on to progeny cells. Transformation of maize has recently been reported using the Agrobacterium system Gould et al. 1991 and also particle gun techniques GordonKamm et al. 1990 and it is reasonable to anticipate similar achievements with other cereals in the foreseeable future. Thus, it is timely to consider how recombinant DNA technology could be applied to benefit the production of cereal crops and cereal products. In this paper, I present an enzymologists views of the prospects for modifying the biosynthesis of starch in cereal grains. Pathway of starch biosynthesis It is pertinent to discuss briefly the pathway leading to the formation of starch before considering possibilities for modifications. For a more detailed description of the process, the reader is referred to review articles by Preiss 1982, 1988. Several aspects of starch biosynthesis need to be considered the location of the pathway in plant cells, the supply of substrates, the synthesis of the glucosyl donor ADPglucose, polymerization reactions, including the formation of branches, and regulation of the various steps. Plant cells have a high degree of structural organization in that they have a number of clearly defined subcellular compartments which are associated with specific metabolic functions. Compartmentation of enzymes and metabolites is important in metabolic regulation, especially in plant cells. The controlled transport of metabolites across membrane barriers can regulate the availability of substrates, and hence the activity of enzymes. In leaves, starch is a major product of photosynthesis and is enclosed in the chloroplasts. Leaf starch is a transient storage reserve of photosynthetically reduced carbon, but in many plant species it also acts as a longer term reserve which is mobilized during grain filling. In nonphotosynthetic tissues, starch is deposited inside amyloplasts, which are organelles closely related to chloroplasts. The source of substrates for starch synthesis is sucrose, which is the main form in which carbon is translocated in the phloem from the leaves to nonphotosynthetic tissues. Sucrose is taken up by nonphotosynthetic cells and converted in the cytoplasmic compartment to an intermediate which is transported into the amyloplasts Figure 1. The nature of this intermediate, that is whether it is a hexoseor triosephosphate, has not been clearly established. Triose phosphates, but not hexose phosphates, are transported readily across the chloroplast membrane, whereas amyloplasts from pea roots are able to translocate hexosephosphates as well triosephosphates Heldt et al. 1991. There is also some indirect evidence which suggests that hexosephosphates may be taken up by amyloplasts in the endosperm of wheat and maize Keeling et al. 1988, Tyson and apRees 1988. Clarification of this aspect of starch biosynthesis is needed to provide a better understanding of how carbon is partitioned between starch and other metabolic processes. As indicated in the scheme in Figure 1, the metabolite taken up by the amyloplasts is converted to glucose1phosphate and, in turn, to ADPglucose, which is now generally regarded to be the donor of the glucosyl units incorporated into a14 glucan links of starch. Branch points are introduced by the formation of a16 links in a separate reaction. Identifying the reactions in the biosynthetic pathway is only the first step to understanding how starch is formed. The enzymes concerned need to be characterized with regard to their physicochemical and kinetic properties and genetics. The formation of ADPglucose from glucose1phosphate is catalyzed by the enzyme ADPglucose pyrophosphorylase, which has been studied extensively from photosynthetic and nonphotosynthetic tissues. These studies have indicated that ADPglucose pyrophosphorylase is likely to have an important role in the fine control of how much starch is synthesized. Activity of the enzyme can increase or decrease in response to changes in the concentration of certain metabolites, which act as signals that reflect the metabolic status of the tissue. In plant tissues, 3phosphoglycerate is the most effective activator and phosphate the main inhibitor of ADPglucose pyrophosphorylase. cDNA clones of ADPglucose pyrophosphorylase from rice endosperm and spinach leaf has been prepared, which should facilitate genetic studies of this enzyme. However, the finding that ADPglucose pyrophosphorylase from various plant tissues, including maize endosperm, is made up of two dissimilar subunits, which appear to be the products of separate genes, may complicate such studies. Starch synthase catalyzes the incorporation of glucose units from ADPglucose into a14 glucan links of amylose and amylopectin. Multiple forms of the enzyme have been shown to occur in plant tissues. For example, maize endosperm contains two soluble and two granulebound forms of starch synthase. The soluble starch synthases differ in their activities towards amylopectin and may be the products of different genes. The relationship between the granulebound and soluble starch synthases is not clear, although it is likely that at least some of the bound activity is due to entrapment of the soluble enzyme. The nature of the product formed may be influenced by the relative proportions of the different starch synthases and by the amount of bound and soluble activity. Granulebound starch synthase has been suggested to be important in the synthesis of amylose, which is the less soluble component of starch. As grains mature, more of the starch synthase activity becomes bound and this is coincident with increased synthesis of the amylose. Moreover, the endosperm of the waxy maize mutant, which contains no amylose, has greatly reduced activity of granule bound starch synthase. Starch branching enzymes introduce a16 links into the glucan which lead to the formation of branches in the structure. Although the mode of action of starch branching enzyme is not well understood, it is thought unlikely that amylopectin is formed by the addition of branches to a completed amylose molecule. Rather, the synthesis of amylopectin may involve the concerted action of starch synthase and starch branching enzyme, with the branching action taking place after the addition of several glucosyl units by starch synthase. The activity of starch branching enzyme is likely to influence the rate of starch synthase the increased number of nonreducing ends made available by branching in effect increases the concentration of the substrate for starch synthase. Multiple forms of branching enzymes occur in plant cells. At least some of these forms may be distinct proteins, and hence the products of different genes, but this needs further clarification. Mature round pea seeds contain two branching enzymes, one which increases in activity during the early stages of seed development and the other appearing only after the midpoint of development. These two enzymes have been suggested to have different roles in the formation of starch granules. Information on the properties and mode of action of the starch synthases and branching enzymes is still very limited. These enzymes are not easy to study there are difficulties in obtaining preparations free of other interfering enzymes and the assay methods for measuring activity are rather unsophisticated. In particular, much more work needs to be done to clarify the relationship between the multiple forms of the starch synthases and starch branching enzymes, and to determine whether the different forms of the enzymes are involved in the synthesis of different parts of the amylopectin molecule. This should shed light on how the degree of branching of amylopectin and the ratio of amylose to amylopectin are controlled. More knowledge is required of events that take place in the late stages of seed development, when the endosperm cells lose water and become packed with starch. The activities of the biosynthetic enzymes are likely to change markedly under these conditions and this could also have major effects on the nature of the product formed. Genetic modification that could increase yield or alter the quality of the product The following purely speculative remarks suggest aspects of starch biosynthesis in cereals that may prove to be useful targets for modification. Increased yield could be achieved by altering the partitioning of carbon in the plant so that more is directed towards the formation of grain rather than to vegetative growth and increasing biomass. Strategies for increasing the size of the sink for reserves could include increasing the number of seeds established before filling commences, for example by increasing the proportion of partly developed florets present at pollination that eventually produce seeds. In wheat, only 3040 of florets set grain Simmonds 1989. The reasons for this are not understood but the availability of sucrose appears to be only one factor. Evolutionary increases in the grain weight of wheat have been due mainly to increases in the number of cells in the endosperm and the number of plastids per cell, which have resulted in a greater capacity to accumulate starch Gifford et al. 1984. Although the capacity to accumulate starch is determined genetically, the actual amount of starch synthesized will be influenced by environmental factors that can affect steps in the biosynthetic pathway. Thus, reducing the sensitivity of starch biosynthesis to adverse environmental conditions, such as drought, heat stress, availability of nutrients, etc., may provide another strategy for increasing yield. Modifications to the amounts of the starch biosynthetic enzymes expressed, or to their properties, could bring about changes in the quantity of product as well as its qualities. ADPglucose pyrophosphorylase catalyzes the first unique step in the biosynthetic pathway and changes to the properties of this strategically placed enzyme could provide a way to direct more carbon into starch. Modifying the activities of the starch synthases and branching enzymes could change the molecular size, degree of branching and shape of the components, and hence the solubility of the starch and the form of the granules. However, there are also likely to be effects on the amount of starch accumulated. Before we can follow any of these strategies, we need to know more about starch biosynthesis and its relationship to plant growth and development. A number of naturally occurring mutants with altered patterns of starch accumulation in storage tissues have been characterized in various plant species. Analysis of the genetic changes and their consequent biochemical effects in these mutants will provide a valuable guide to using transformation to make planned modifications to the plant. The effect of changes to the amount of enzymes of starch biosynthesis may be seen by comparing mature seeds of normal maize with those of waxy wx, amylose extender ae and dull du mutants Preiss 1988. The endosperm of normal maize contains approximately 70 of its dry weight as starch, of which 2530 is amylose. In comparison, waxy maize contains no amylose, due to reduced activity of granulebound starch synthase, whereas high amyloseamylopectin ratios occur in amylose extender and dull mutants due to reduced starch synthase IIb ae and starch synthase II and starch branching ezyme IIa du. The endosperm of another mutant, sugary maize su, has much less starch than normal maize but contains more sucrose and approximately 25 of its dry weight as the highly branched phytoglycogen.

ROAD TEST Japanese executives Bob Hudson compares the new Nissan Maxima with Toyotas Cressida. BUYERS of midsize sixcylinder luxury sedans have a new name to add to their shopping lists. The car is the Maxima and it comes to Australia as a fullyassembled import from Nissan Motor Company Japan. In this report, weve lined the Maxima up against Toyotas classleading Cressida to see just how much of a challenge this newcomer is likely to be. As well as competing directly with the Cressida and also Mazdas 929 V6i, the Maxima could possibly draw some sales away from the lowerpriced Europeans such as fourcylinder BMWs, Citroens, Peugeots, Saabs and Volvos. The Maxima differs from the Cressida and the 929V6i in that instead of an inline six driving the rear wheels, its powered by an eastwest mounted V6 engine that drives the front wheels. Like Cressida and V6i, the Maxima comes only with automatic transmission. Two Maxima models are available, the M and the TI. Mechanical specifications are basically the same on both models, except that the TIs fourwheel disc brakes are equipped with an abs antilocking system. Other features exclusive to the TI include electricallyadjustable front seats, automatic climate control air conditioning the M has Manual air, fourspoke leather steering wheel, bootlid spoiler and keyless touchpad door locks. The two test cars were the Maxima M and the topspec Cressida glx, hence the considerable price difference in the specification table. The Cressida gl carries a suggested retail price of 34,000 but this doesnt include air conditioning, which in manual form would add around 1800, taking the price of the gl to just over the Maxima M, which costs 35,The Maxima ti costs 39,950 add automatic climate control air to the equivalent 37,500 Cressida glx and you end up with a price of 39,For the extra three hundredodd dollars, the Maxima ti includes antilock braking, electric front seats, the door touchpad system and a rear spoiler, so I guess you would have to say it comes out ahead of the Cressida on valueformoney. Styling and features There are no real styling surprises or innovations in either car. Both have gone for a relatively restrained look and both appear to have borrowed from smaller models in the range, presumably to promote a family image. This is particularly evident in the Cressida, which looks like an enlarged Camry with its very smooth and rounded appearance. The Maxima has more of a European particularly the Saab 900 look about its rear end but succumbed to the family look around the front, which isnt all that different to a Pintara. Of the two, I lean towards the Maxima as looking a little more upmarket and individual, but then its largely a matter of personal taste. Whether you choose to buy a Maxima or a Cressida, there should be no disappointments with the standard of finish. Both test cars displayed high quality paint work and excellent fit of panels, trim and interior and exterior fittings. If anything, the Maxima feels to have the tighter body, its an impression thats enhanced by the solid photo way its onepiece doors close, the complete absence of door frame flexing over uneven surfaces or wind noise past the weatherseals. The Mazda 929 sedans doors also have onepiece outer shells and extend into the roof sides. But though the Cressida doesnt have the same smooth, flush look along the sides, or doors that shut as solidly, its still a very wellbuilt car that fits comfortably into the image expected of a luxury car. I mentioned earlier the features which Maxima M buyers miss out on compared to the ti model, nevertheless the Ms equipment list is still a long one. Major items include power steering, electricallyoperated windows and exterior mirrors, central locking, cruise control, high quality fourspeaker stereo system with power aerial, alloy road wheels and heightadjustable front seat belts. The Cressida gl matches the M on all these features except cruise control. One minor, but annoying omission from both Maxima models is the nonfitment of mudflaps dirt splashes up along the vehicle sides on wet or unsealed surfaces. comfort and space Though both cars have similar overall interior dimensions, differences in seating design and the way the space is divided up alters their suitability in coping with various accommodation requirements. Nissan has restricted front seat travel to offer less front leg room and give more space to those in the back. The Maxima is also better suited to carrying three occupants across the back seat, not because its wider but because the cushion is flatter and the transmission tunnel is smaller than in the Cressida. The Cressida will suit longlegged drivers a little better that the Maxima. Despite the heightadjustable seat and steering wheel, I couldnt get me knee under the Maximas steering wheel to press directly on the brake pedal. This necessity to operate the brake with your foot at an angle can be very tiring during long spells at the wheel. Apart from these restrictions, overall seat comfort rates as very good in both cars. On ride comfort, the Cressida is a clear winner over the Maxima. The Maxima doesnt do anything nasty like bottoming out on large bumps, but it doesnt cope with minor irregularities as well as the Cressida, with more harshness and tyre thumping evident. When it comes to loading the family luggage for a holiday or any reasonably heavy items for that matter Maxima owners will have an easier job as the boot lid extends almost down to bumper level. Cressida owners have to lift items over a fairly high loading lip as theres no cutout panel. Neither car offers the facility of a folding rear seat and neither boot compartment is particularly deep. The Maximas boot scores a little better on overall capacity its wider and deeper than the Cressidas, but not quite as long. behind the wheel As mentioned earlier, the Cressida offers a more comfortable driving position for longlegged drivers. However, people of more modest proportions should be able to find a perfectly suitable driving position in either car. Both provide height adjustment for the drivers seat, affording drivers a good view of the road ahead. Neither car has a steeply sloping bonnet which means the front corners are caption visible from the drivers seat, thus making it easier to judge the front extremities when parking or manoeuvring in confined places. Judging the rear extremities isnt so easy as you cant see the boot lid corners in either car. The Maxima tis boot lid spoiler would be a help in this regard. With one or two minor criticisms, both cars have a good control layout and their instrument panels are clear and legible. In the Maxima its a bit of a stretch for drivers to reach the sound system and ventilation controls and though its power window buttons are where they should be on the drivers door arm rest, some of the buttons are hard to reach because the door pull handle obstructs them. Minor criticism of the Cressida layout includes the turn signal and cruise control levers being confusingly close together glx model, the large transmission tunnel that prevents ideal placement of the left foot rest and the two separate switch panels for the sound system, divided by the ventilation controls. Power steering makes both of these table photo cars easy to park as far as steering effort is concerned, but the Maximas front wheel drive layout results in a larger turning circle, which can sometimes make the difference between turning around in one go or having to make a threepoint turn. on the road Though both engines are virtually the same cubic capacity, the Cressidas double overhead camshaft, four valvesper cylinder inline six puts out considerably more power both quoted engine output and measured power at the driving wheels than the Maximas single camshaft per bank, two valvesper cylinder V6 engine. photo The Maxima would be left behind on performance if it wasnt for its lighter overall mass and the fact that its engine produces maximum torque at much lower engine speeds than the Cressida. As it turned out, the two cars posted similar standing start performance times but the Cressida was noticeably more responsive in its midrange acceleration. The Cressida engine is also a little smoother and quieter than the somewhat raspiersounding V6 in the Maxima. Overall, the Maximas performance rates as strong and satisfying, but the Cressida goes as well or better, with seemingly less effort. The Cressidas performance characteristics can be a definite asset when competing in the luxury class, as buyers of this type of car usually expect maximum smoothness and quietness. There wasnt a great difference in overall fuel consumption between the two cars the heavier Cressida used a bit more fuel around the city and suburbs but proved more economical out on the highway. Both recorded lower overall consumption than you could expect from a current automatic photo Holden or Falcon. Neither of these cars is about to challenge the Europeans on their handling finesse, but at the same time both are generally quite adequate for everyday use, albeit with different characteristics because one is front wheel drive and other rear wheel drive. Not unexpectedly, the front drive Maxima displays considerably more understeer than the Cressida when pushed hard, though its generally well behaved and stable over all types of road surfaces. But the Maximas steering isnt as sharp as it could be, with little feel about what the front wheels are doing and a vagueness in the straight ahead position. The Cressidas steering could also do with less power assistance for a more positive feel out on the open road but didnt have the vagueness of the Maximas steering. The Cressida leans a little more into corners than the Maxima but handles more neutrally and offers a good compromise, considering its more compliant ride. Though the test results show a bit over a cars length difference in stopping distances from 80 kmh, both cars have powerful braking systems with fourwheel discs providing fadefree operation. The Maximas brakes proved effective in quickly reducing speeds for cornering, but the car locked its front wheels too readily under emergency braking tests, preventing any shorter stopping distances. In a rear wheel drive car, with its better mass distribution fronttorear, more braking bias can be directed to the back wheels thus inhibiting front wheel lockup. This was certainly the case in the Cressida jumping on the brakes hard from 80 kmh resulted in all straight line stops with virtually no wheel locking. Both cars have similar automatic transmissions electronically controlled fourspeed units with overdrive, lockup torque converter and power and economy modes. Both operate smoothly, with ratios well matched to the engine performance. The overdrive onoff button is handy when travelling in hilly country or when overtaking to hold the transmission in third gear, but I could survive without the power and economy buttons. While they alter the shift pattern slightly, it makes little difference to overall performance. The Maximas switch actually has three positions Power, Auto and Comfort and I suspect the majority of owners will just leave it in the auto position. servicing Despite having its transmission in the engine bay as well its mounted off the end of the eastwest positioned engine, overall ease of access rates a little better in the Maxima due to the compactness of the V6 engine compared with the Cressidas twincam inline six. Both cars provide satisfactory access for routine checks of fluid levels. The Maximas oil filter is more readily accessible than the Cressidas which is under the exhaust manifold but replacement of the spark plugs on the V6 engine would require a special tool as they sit in deep recesses. Servicing intervals are the same for both cars after the first at 1000 km, maintenance is due at 10,000 km or six monthly intervals with more frequent lubrication services specified for vehicles operating under severe conditions.

WHEN THE MICE FAILED TO ARRIVE One afternoon in one of the years when I used to stay at home to mind my son and my daughter and to do the housework while my wife was away at her job, my son was caught in a thunderstorm. The storm broke over my suburb at halfpast three, which is the time when schools are dismissed. I had been alone in the house since halfpast eight that morning, when my children had left for school. All afternoon I had watched from my windows while the clouds gathered. I had thought of the storms that broke every few days in summer over the city where I had lived from my fifth year to my tenth year. That city was a hundred miles inland from the suburb of Melbourne where I lived with my wife and my two children. In the thirtythree years since I had left the inland city, whenever I had seen the sky darkening by day I had remembered the storms that gathered outside my schoolroom window in the 1940s. The storms of those years had always arrived at midafternoon. When a storm was overhead the teacher would have to switch on the lights in the darkened schoolroom. Before the first lightning flashed, I moved as far away as I could move from the schoolroom windows. At home I used to hide from lightning by lying on the floor under my bed. At school I could only press my face against the desktop and ask God not to let the lightning strike me through the windows. I never thought of lightning as striking a group of children. I saw in my mind the zigzag of gold stabbing down from the black clouds and piercing the heart or the brain of the one child who had been marked out for dying on that afternoon. When I thought of myself being killed by lightning, I dreaded the confusion this would cause. After I had failed to arrive home at the usual time, my father would search for me along the streets that I had promised I would follow every afternoon. Before my first day at school I had promised I would never turn aside from McCrae Street, Baxter Street, and McIvor Road. On the very few afternoons when I left those streets and walked for a little way along the creek, I supposed as I walked that my father was hurrying along McIvor Road while I was down among the bulrushes. My father had set out from home to meet me, I supposed. He had come to tell me that our house had been burned down or that my mother had been killed, but we had passed one another without knowing. On those afternoons I had almost turned back from the creek to make sure that my father was not somewhere behind me and walking away from me. And even while I wondered whether I ought to turn back, I thought of my fathers arriving at the school and then turning back towards home but this time leaving the streets and walking along the creek for a little way because he thought I might have been loitering there whereas I was just then going back towards the school by way of the streets and passing my father again unseen. When my father could not find me in my usual streets, he would think at first that I had turned aside to watch the water in the creek flowing swiftly after the storm. He would go down to the bank of the creek, and while he was looking for me among the bulrushes a priest from the presbytery next to my school would ride his bicycle along McCrae Street and Baxter Street and McIvor Road on his way to my fathers house to tell my father, who was not at home, that his only son had been killed by lightning. I prayed that I would not be killed by the storm and that my father would not be lost and confused during the hour when the clouds had passed suddenly away to the east, and when the twilight that had seemed about to turn into darkness had turned instead into a bright afternoon with wet leaves flashing in the sun and steam rising from roofs. I prayed, and I was always spared, and I walked home while the gutters were flowing and the last of the black clouds were rumbling above the eastern horizon. While the gutters flowed and the wet leaves flashed and the steam rose from iron roofs, I understood that I had been spared, but perhaps only for two or three days. The lightning that could have killed me was stabbing at the darkgreen treetops far away past Axedale and Heathcote. By midnight the gold zigzags would be shooting harmlessly into the Pacific Ocean. Days or even weeks later the clouds would settle quietly among the mountains of New Zealand or of South America. But somewhere behind me while I walked eastwards towards my home, another storm would soon arise. I thought of each storm in summer as beginning far away to the east, in some bare paddock in the district around St Arnaud, where I had never been. When I looked just now at a map of the state of Victoria, I saw that I have avoided all my life the countryside east of Bendigo. I was able just now to trace with my finger, beginning at Bendigo and moving northwest to Swan Hill then southwest to Horsham then roughly east to Castlemaine and then north to Bendigo, a quadrilateral enclosing more than five thousand square miles that I have never set foot in. Near enough to the centre of this quadrilateral lies the city of St Arnaud, whose name, whenever I heard it as a child, sounded like a preliminary snarl of thunder. When I thought of the beginnings of a storm, I saw a dark cloud risng from the earth in the way that the evil genie rose from the jar where he had been imprisoned for hundreds of years, in one of the illustrations that I often stared at in the pages of The Arabian Nights Entertainment. In all his life my father never bought a book for himself or as a present for another person. But a few books came into his possession from time to time. One of these was the book we called the Arabian Nights. Until I was thirteen years old, that book was the largest and the oldest book I had looked into. As a child I stared at the illustrations plump, squat men with beards and turbans giant negroes with curved swords donkeys cruelly burdened. I understood that the young women in the illustrations were meant to seem beautiful, but I was repelled by them. They had the huge dark eyes of Jersey cows, and their noses seemed to grow straight down from their foreheads. In the cities where all these people lived, the street and lanes were narrow and gloomy away from the cities the countryside was rocky and desolate the sky, whether clouded or unclouded, was always grey. I suppose the illustrations in the Arabian Nights were printed from some sort of engravings on stone or metal. But I know no more today about the carving of pictures out of metal or wood or stone than I knew when I sat in front of my fathers book and thought of the Arabians, as I called them, as living all their lives threatened by storms. Today, if I happen to see in a book one of the sort of illustration that I call, rightly or wrongly, engravings, I remember myself having felt sorry sometimes for the whole of a nation called Arabia because its women were unattractive and its weather seemed always stormy afternoon. Or I remember myself having rested my eyes sometimes from focusing on donkeys or genies, and having tried instead to discover the cause of the greyness overhanging everything Arabian, at which times I began to see hundreds of fine lines forming an impenetrable mesh between me on the one side and on the other side the turbaned Arabians and their cowfaced young women. From the time when I first learned to read printed words, I wanted to read the whole of the Arabian Nights. I wanted to see far into the strangeness and the greyness of Arabia. One afternoon in a year when I could still read no more than scattered words and phrases, my father came up behind me and warned me that I would learn nothing of benefit from the Arabians. He warned me that the Arabians did without shame what he and I and the people of our inland city avoided as the worst of sins. One day in my tenth year I read for the first time the whole of a story from my fathers Arabian Nights. At that time of my life I read books only in order to look for details that I could include in my dreams of myself living as a grown man in a mansion with a lightning conductor on every chimney behind a high fence of strong and interlocked wire in the bushland between Bendigo and Heathcote. One room of my mansion was going to be fitted out as a private cinema. On many a hot afternoon when the people of the districts surrounding my mansion were looking up into the glaring sky for the clouds that would be the first signs of a storm, I would be in my private cinema. The blinds on the windows of the cinema would be sealed against the light from outside. Modern electric fans would whirr in slowly swivelling cages. At rest in my cool twilight, I would watch what I called true films showing men and women doing without shame in far countries what the people in the districts around my mansion avoided as the worst of sins. Of the story that I read in my tenth year I have forgotten every detail except one. I have not forgotten that a woman in the story, wanting to punish a certain man, ordered her slaves to strip the man and to flog him with the pizzle of a bull. For long after I had first read that detail, I tried to believe that the stories of the Arabian Nights were not wholly fanciful. I tried to believe that somewhere in some country on the far side of the grey crosshatching in books, a woman might once have looked at and named without shyness or shame the naked pink object that I pretended not to notice if it protruded from beneath the bull that moaned and shoved against the tall fence around the yard where my fathers brother milked his Jersey cows while my father and I watched during our summer holidays. And after I had enjoyed the delicious shock of supposing that a woman might once have done those things, I dared to ask myself whether a woman in some story I had still not read might have put a delicate finger to the object while it rested in the hands of one of her slaves, or might even have curled all of her fingers around the object and lifted it away from the slave and then and here I winced or hugged myself or gasped stepped daintily towards the man who had been cowering naked all this time with his back to the woman and with his hands in front of his privates, and brought the long and quivering object down on his white buttocks. If, on the far side of the grey world of illustrations in books, such things as these had been enacted even once, I thought, then I myself might one day watch such things being enacted not merely in my mind while I read some antique book but on the screen of my private cinema, in my mansion protected by tall wire fences.

Question 1 part 1 a Constraints on the Scientific Paradigm Yes indeed Freud was constrained by the interlectual tradition of his time that of the scientific paradigm which emanated through the British empiricists Locke,unclear etal following Descartes unclear objectsubject dichotomy. This paradigm pushed Freud in the direction of bulletwanting to be scientific bulletto discover objective truth bulletto look for causes to explain bulletwhy things happen bulletto measure observe. Freuds training in medicine neurology reinforced this Freud certainly wanted his theory to be credible acceptable, which was another constraint on his theorizing therapy. b. Breaking with the Paradigm Yet Freud also broke away from the scientificempiricist traditions by bullet introducing concepts which were clearly not measurable observable or subject to experimentation such as the unconscious, psychic energy repression bullet Overtly claiming that science was not all important to advancing knowledge. Freud was rather indifferent to whether his theories or concepts could be verified. He was convinced within himself of their validity usefulness. bullet Giving emphasis to what was going on inside the person within the context of that persons field of reference to how people might overcome psychological difficulties. This brings us to the matter of how Freud handled the big issues of phenomenology agency within his theoretical framework c. Accommodating Phenomenology Agency. One of Freuds great contributions to development of psychology was his emphasis on the consequences. Complexity power of intrapsychic phenomena. In this he was taking the study of human beings into the area of phenomenology the inner subjective experience of the individual as a legitamite focus of scientific enquiry study. Freud built up much of his early theorising from case histories of his hysteria other patients. In this ideographic context he was of course greatly influenced by the importance of the patients own thoughts, feelings, actions experiences. This Freud thought was crucial to understanding the cause of neuroses etc. So Freud clearly valued inner subjective experience as real essential as a focus of study Freud also valued the person as a person rather than as an object of scientific study This reflected his interest in phenomenology. In this he took the case of unclear patients to a new level of humanity where patients were treated as people Freuds therapeutic work clearly also demonstrated his key emphasis on inner subjective experience The techniques of carth catharsis, free association, dream analysis were all means of the patient being helped to get in touch with aspects of the personality that were repressed, and which could in due course be brought to awareness and integrated into the personality for the wellbeing of the patient Because F emphasized the inner subjective experience of the person he also gave some credence to that persons capacity to create their experiences to change their lives. His therapy was, implicitly at least, based on a belief that the person was capable of living a healthier more fulfilling life could exercise some control over that life. Therapeutic interventions designed to lift repression, gain insight to change behaviour became key elements of Freuds therapeutic package that to my mind suggest some modest allowance for human agency in his model of the person. But I would not overstate this. Human agency is not a strong point of Freud d. Limits on Freuds Theory Ultimately, the scientific paradigm Freuds conception of intrapsychic dynamics severely limited his capacity to allow for human agency. While a persons inner subjective experience was crucial the person had little awareness, let alone choice control over the workings of the mind and consequently of their behaviour. The main constraints in this regard on Freud came from his ader adherence to ipsychic determinism. Freud believed that every psychological event unclear outcome had a specific cause. And it was the task of a good theory to identify these causes. Thus the emphasis is to explain, rather than understand. ii Reductionism Freud tended to reduce the whole personality to drives or instincts located out of awareness in the unconscious. The id becomes the engine of the personality Psychopathology was explained largely in terms of repressed conflicts deep within the person outside conscious understanding control iii an emphasis on early childhood experiences. Development of the personality was largely achieved, for better or worse, once the early psychosexual stages were complete. Thus Freuds abitily to account for human agency is reduced by his failure to countenance human development as an ongoing process over the life span. dConclusion So Freud was both influenced by the scientific paradigm of his time also a major challenge to it. He challenged it by giving emphasis to inner subjective experience or phenomenology in deriving his theory of the psyche its dynamics. But he was constrained heavily by his determinism, reductionism seeking after explanations. In the event, however, Freuds work inspired many new ideas, concepts theories that look psychology even further beyond the scientific mechanical model to giveunclear more weight to phenomenology human agency. Part 1 Question 3 Freud has offered much to the development of contemporary psychoanalysis and other therapies. From his work has sprung much creative thinking and therapy. As Nina Colthart acknowledges there are two important assumptions acknowledged today in diverse therapies which have there roots in Freudian assumptions. They are that the unconscious exists and that human behaviour has meaning which can be psychologically understandstood and which is therapeutic. Yet much of Freudian theory has been repudiated and challenged. It seems that Freud in conceptualising the unconscious nature of and determination of much behaviour was creating both a gift and a burden to the study of personality. Freud came to the study of human behaviour in the prime of empirical science. That which was observable, measurable, refutable constituted what was to be knowledge truth. Yet in seeking answers for the behaviours of his clients, or patients, Freud postulated the functioning of irrational, unconscious forces, as causation for the apparently inexplicable behaviours. Such forces he argued were present because they explained the outcomes he was observing. Freud adopted the constraints of his time to develop a causative model of human behaviour. Influenced also by scientific agenda of Darwinism and his own background in neurology, Freud developed the concept of irrational impulses and drives where forces energy were unconsciously experienced, and linked to the biological survival of the individual. Thus the aim of Freudian psychoanalysis became to bring out from the unconscious, material which was repressed, displaced and distorted, so that it could be made conscious and more adequately appropriately dealt with. Freud assumed that it was the instinctual drives, expressed as love and aggression, which gave purpose to all human behaviour. Furthermore Freud observed that the human species went through stages of development, for which he proposed corresponding psychosexual development. The instinct of life love, was dominated by the psychosexual unclear energy of libido. How did this operate in the human psyche. In keeping with the constraints of a scientific enquiry Freud proposed a structure of personality within which the energies instinctual drives operated. Thus Freud was able to propose causative sequences of behaviour, which became for his later critics, overly determined and pessimistic. The structure of personality was for Freud the basis on which he was able to construe the sequence of behaviours in a logical framework. The id was the source of libido energy, it was the has inhabitant of the unconscious and it gave impetus to instinctual motives. These emerged to confront the ego, the conscious and unconscious part of personality which manoeuvres the psychic energy to comply with more realistic outcomes. As the psyche developed further the superego emerged representing the morality of the individual, the constraints of society. The ego was there to balance the demands of our irrational id with those of the rational superego. Furthermore one had to postulate the emergence of such a structure of personality in person. For Freud his work with hysterics led him to propose that sexual energy was the central orchestrater of the development. To account for their incredible unclear revelation of sexual trauma incest, Freud deduced that such sexual energy was active in childhood. unclear of rape, were construed as fantasy and fantasy was the outcome of impulses to be sexual with ones chief love unclear is for the boy with his mother for the girl with her father. Such inappropriate desires had to be resolved and integrated into the personality. Freud postulated from such assumptions then the oedipus electra complexes. Such proposals denied the knowledge Freud himself had of rape incest. He could not unclear in his society that such evils were so predominant in so many lives. Thus the infantile childhood theories of sexuality and report of sexual drives gained a status they may never have deserved. Freud continued to develop his theory, explaining behaviour in terms of repressed impulses, consuming sexual drives, displaced aggression and defence mechanisms. As his criticques often observed the leap from the observed behaviour to the explanation was often too great to accommodate. Could little Hans phobia of horses really be attributed to displaced aggression towards his father followeding and an unresolved Oedipal Complex There was little to unclear Freuds analysis unclear unclear alternative explanations which Freud could unclear. The explanation had derived from his theory his theory behavioural extremes validated this explanation. The scientific method demanded explanation. Part II Question 5 Jung developed an integrated model of the psyche incorporating both conscious and unconscious dimensions. Unique to his model was the integration he sought of transpersonal aspects of the person, synthesised from generations of humanity, evolving through the unique development of human brain. The conscious ego was active but not as dominating as the unconscious in Jungs structure of the psyche. The latter comprised two interrelated unconscious processes. The fir one was the personal unconscious, comprising all material from experience not in consciousness, including ones repressed emotions experiences. It also held seeds of future aspirations goals. However there was organisation within even the personal unconscious. It held ones set of complexes, ideas thoughts linked to a common theme or construct. Thus Jung proposed all our ideas, hopes, internalisations about something eg mother, father, formed a complex relating to that concept. Complexes could also contain repressed experience and would cause disruption and disorganisation when they became split off from other parts of the psyche and sought to dominate the whole, conscious ego personal unconscious. More central to the model of the unconscious were the archetypes of the collective unconscious. Herein Jung sought to give a place to the transpersonal, the spiritual, the soul of humankind. He believed that humanity held in common certain beliefs, themes and expectations which were expressed in the archetypes of the collective unconscious. These were unified collections of thought depicting themes of humanity. Central to all archetypes was that of the idealised self, the ideal man. The self archetype helped to integrate the collective consciousness and through connections with complexes of personal unconscious the ego was connected to this central self. The complexes also had connections with archetypes enabling integration of a human being with hisher past the repeating themes of humanity, represented by archetypes. Thus from the personal unconscious one could experience connections with the archetypes of collective unconscious. The energy of Jungs model was derived from the tension between the opposing poles of the psyche. Thus the archetypes were depicted as containing oppositions. The Self had opposing aspects, the known public persona and the hidden, less liked, disowned shadow. unclear complexes of male female were archetypal opposites of anima animus the expression of female within the male, male within female The integration of these opposites within the conscious ego was the goal of our existence. II Existensial and transpersonal views of human psyche both accept the concept of the egoic self and the existential existence of that self in hisher world.

The Social Sciences, the Humanities and Science and Technology in Economic Development THE PLACE OF PSYCHOLOGY The following material was a submission made on behalf of the Society to the Australian Science and Technology Council, which is investigating the role of the social sciences and the humanities in the contribution of science and technology to economic development. The submission was based in part on comment and suggestions by Stephen Bochner, Nigel Bond, Jacquelyn Cranney, Ross Day, Graeme Halford, Beryl Hesketh, Ian Johnston, Jim Kehoe, Gitte Lindgaard, Robert McBride, Peter Sheehan, and David Siddle. Also, it was based in part on views expressed by participants in Psychology for the Clever Country A Forum for Psychological Science. Members are invited to send comments on this material to Kevin M. McConkey, School of Psychology, University of New South Wales, PO Box 1, Kensington NSW Psychology discovers, describes and explains human experience and behaviour through the logic and method of science. Psychological research and application is based in a logical, empirical, and analytical approach, and that approach is brought to bear on an exceptionally wide range of issues. In the diversity of its investigation and impact, psychology contributes both directly and indirectly to economic development. Some of these matters were canvassed in a previous submission to ASTEC entitled The role of psychology in research directions for Australias future. This diversity, and the consequent contributions, of psychology is constrained at times by categorisation problems. Although the Australian Bureau of Statistics and the Australian Research Council list psychology as a Social Science, the Australian Academy of Science has a National Committee for Psychology psychologists are Fellows of the Academy of the Social Sciences in Australia and the Australian Academy of Science and, internationally, psychology is represented on the International Social Science Union and the International Council of Scientific Unions. If the diversity of psychology, and its benefits, is not recognised by ASTEC, then the value of this disciplines contributions to economic development could be lost. Just as other major industrialised countries recognise the wideranging benefits of psychology see Gerstein et al., 1988 National Behavioral Science Research Agenda Committee 1992 Rosenzweig, 1992 Simon, 1980 Smelser Gerstein, 1986, the current study by the SSHSTED Working Party of ASTEC provides a key opportunity not only to highlight the place of psychology as a field of science, but also to highlight the way in which psychology can and should contribute to socioeconomic objectives. As the Minister for Science and Technology, Mr. Free, indicated at Psychology for the Clever Country A Forum for Psychological Science on 23 April 1992, psychology is concerned with a huge spectrum of problems and virtually all those problems relate to the wellbeing of this country in one way or another. Recognising that the core of ASTECs interest in the current study is the role of the social sciences and the humanities in the contribution of science and technology to economic development, this submission turns now to consider outputs and inputs as defined in the SSHSTED Discussion Paper. In doing so, this submission emphasises that the translation of advances in science and technology into economic development involves, at base, human behaviour. Put simply, economic development occurs because the technology is available and because humans engage in appropriate behaviour. OUTPUTS The outputs of psychology are vast, but those outputs are neither understood nor capitalised upon broadly enough in this country. The following examples may help ASTECs understanding of the range of outputs. Training. Training the workforce to use technological advances has not taken advantage of psychological knowledge. In fact, inappropriate notions of training limit the relevance of science and technology to economic development. From the perspective of psychological research, some major aspects of current approaches to training need to be reconsidered. First, in current approaches there is little acknowledgment of individual differences in the ability to acquire skills in the workplace. From a psychological perspective, it is necessary to target training more carefully, and to design training that is more appropriate to the ability levels of individuals. In this way the training dollar is spent more effectively. Such an approach requires psychological expertise in assessment and measurement. However, such expertise is not being used in most of the services that are currently delivering training. Second, developments in cognitive psychology have advanced our understanding of issues such as the nature of expertise, the changes in cognitive structures that follow knowledge acquisition, the skill acquisition process, and how these interact with general ability, motivational, and attitudinal factors. Again, these developments are essentially ignored in current approaches to training. Put simply, there is a great deal of psychological knowledge and expertise that will help people in the workforce to more effectively use technology. Unfortunately, the translation of research findings into practical strategies has not occurred in this country. The psychological knowledge and expertise is there, the interest of government and industry is apparently not. Industrial relations. The adaptation of the workforce to changes that are driven by advances in science and technology is often a core concern in industrial relations. The introduction of new technologies usually requires change in the workplace overall and in the people who operate the technology it also sometimes involves a change in the thinking of management. All this change requires effective communication and effective skillacquisition. The government has attempted to handle issues of reskilling and multiskilling through the development of competency standards for the workforce. This approach, however, has both advantages and disadvantages, and psychological research underscores the relevance of these advantages and disadvantages to economic development involving technological change in particular. The advantages include the provision of a structure with clear goals for training, and the increased portability of skills at the trades and technical level. The major disadvantage, however, lies in the danger of a use by date on the competencies that are specified. Specific workrelated competencies relevant to the needs of today will date quickly with technological advances, thus leaving Australia in much the same position as before, with a workforce that possesses skills that are no longer required. From the perspective of psychology, if science and technology are going to be translated into economic development via the workplace, the competency standards movement must focus on a the development of generic or core competencies, b the training of transferable skills, and c the development of learning skills that will make future learning and adaptation to technological change easy. The issues, which require psychological expertise, do not appear to be given a high priority in the discussion of competency standards and industrial relations. In the rush to become apparently clever today, this country may be at risk of forgetting to become wise tomorrow. Systems design. The design of systems throws into bold relief the various ways in which people interact with technology, and technology interacts with people. Examples here could range from the design of office equipment to the design of control and monitoring systems in automated manufacturing, and the relevance of psychological research to system design can be seen in areas including manufacturing, transport, health, education and, communications. To illustrate the place of psychology in system design, this submission will make specific comment on the development and use of interactive computer systems. Economic development can occur either by enabling an increase in revenue generation or by bringing about savings on current expenditure. The potential for psychology to contribute in both these ways is real, but effectively untapped, in the development of interactive computer systems. Considering all aspects of current computer systems, clearly design, development, packaging, and presentation are not well coordinated. From what we know about human behaviour, there are obvious mismatches between technical and user documentation, help systems and tutorial packages, and the functions provided and the actual uses of computer systems. This is because the technologydriven approach to systems design does not consider issues such as the understanding of users, users tasks, cognitive capabilities, and organisational needs and culture. These issues are in the domain of psychology. In terms of systems design then, the very issues that will make the difference between systems and good systems lie within the domain of human behaviour. The production of excellent systems will, of course, depend on multidisciplinary teamwork, but the time has come for a move beyond technological wizardry to effectiveuse technology basic and applied research in psychology is what will allow that move to occur. Some of the major economic potential for interaction between the social sciences and science and technology can be seen in communications and interactive technology. For instance, multimedia is a fashionable buzzword that means little more than the use of audio, video, still images, text, graphics, and all that moves, in integrated computer systems. However, even with all the technology underlying it, we have little understanding of how, where, when, for whom, in what situations, or why multimedia is of benefit. We really do not know the answers to these and many other questions, and the answers will not emerge from a technologydriven approach to communications and systems development. Yet, the success, or even public acceptance, of such systems depends upon an understanding of what fits and what works from the pointofview of the user. The answers to these questions must come from the social sciences working with science and technology. It is the case that economic development is determined by issues that cross the boundaries between disciplines, rather than be delineated by them, and psychology plays a key role in this regard through its links with a variety of other disciplines. Food technology. The way in which psychology provides the essential link between technology and people can be seen in a variety of other industries, such as the food industry. Psychophysics, which is the area of psychology that links the perceptualpsychological world with the physical world it represents, has enormous potential on the industrial scene. Taking the food industry as a model, there is often a major gulf between the Technical RD department and the Marketing department. People in Technical RD focus on the physical aspects of products people in marketing focus on the psychological world of the consumer. Yet the aim of both these departments is to build better products, satisfy the consumer, and create wealth. There are substantial data that show how the application of psychophysics can facilitate the link between Technical RD and Marketing, and contribute to economic development. The value of this approach can be seen in activities within the CSIRO, as well as activities in the private sector. There is strong demand for this role of psychology, and the demand was outlined at Psychology for the Clever Country. Transport. The effective design and use of transport systems are dependent not only on advances in technology but also on our understanding of human behaviour. The systematic study of roaduser behaviour has facilitated road and vehicle design, improved our management of traffic movement, reduced the rate of death and injury from transportrelated accidents, and is contributing to decisionmaking in the reduction of the environmental impacts and in land use and transport planning for the future. The contributions of psychology towards better road transport again demonstrates how much economic development involves, at base, human behaviour. Again, there is strong demand for this role of psychology, and this demand was highlighted at Psychology for the Clever Country. INPUTS Education of psychologists. Basic education in psychology typically occurs via an undergraduate major with an honours year in psychology that is characterised by its research emphasis. This basic education is in a healthy state in Australia Australian ViceChancellors Committee, 1992. Almost all universities have departments of psychology, and most of these departments offer fouryear programs of academic study in the discipline. That fouryear program equips graduates with the knowledge base that allows them to obtain specific professional training either supervised experience in the workplace, postgraduate education through masters degrees in areas such as clinical and applied psychology or, through doctoral degrees across the broad spectrum of psychological science and application. Largely because of employment opportunities, postgraduate education and training of psychologists have channelled the majority of psychologists towards areas of health and welfare.

THE TURN TO ETHICS IN THE 1990s DAVID PARKER This issue of The Critical Review starts from the perception that in advanced literary circles for most of the 1970s and 1980s, few topics could have been more uninteresting, more deacutepasseacute, less likely to attract budding young theorists, than the topic Ethics and Literature. For most of that period, explicit ethical criticism , to borrow Wayne Booths phrase, had fallen on hard times The Company We Keep An Ethics of Fiction, Berkeley, 1988, chapter 2. I will say nothing about what Booth might have regarded as the good times for ethical criticism, the 1950s and 1960s, that period when straw dinosaurs walked the earth we are perhaps still too close to those times to say anything useful about them. On the other hand, there is reason think that, at the more humble level of undergraduate pedagogy at least, ethical criticism has continued on among us alive and well. Frederick Jameson, one of the most vehement critics of ethical interests in literature, said a dozen years ago that when most teachers or students of literature ask of a novel or a poem, What does it mean, the predominant code in terms of which an answer is expected is the ethical. What does Lord Jim mean, for example, is a coded demand that we talk about the moral conflicts of the hero. Jamesons point is that literature, even the latest novel, always comes to us through what he calls sedimented reading habits and categories developed by dotted line inherited interpretive traditions The Political Unconscious narrative as a Socially Symbolic Act, Ithaca, 1981, p. 9. Put simply, when our critical traditions are formed by the likes of Aristotle, Pope, Dr Johnson, Matthew Arnold, Henry James, F.R. Leavis and Lionel Trilling, it is small wonder that we highly educated Western readers may share a prejudice in Gadamers sense in favour of both ethical interpretation and literature that offers moral insight. Indeed, what we think important enough to call literature in the first place will be partly constituted by the demand that works offer such insight. If this is circular, it is less a vicious circle than an hermeneutical one, and something about which we can be reasonably relaxed. Despite these traditional presumptions about literature and the ethical, or perhaps because of them, most avantgarde AngloAmerican literary theory in recent years has been either more or less silent about ethics or deeply suspicious of it. The oddness of this state of affairs is registered well by the classicist and moral philosopher Martha Nussbaum, who, in her recent book, Loves Knowledge Essays on Philosophy and Literature New York, 1990, talks of the strange absence of the ethical in literary theory. Nussbaum notes that amidst literary theorys deep interests in such areas of philosophy as epistemology, semantics and ontology, and despite its multitudinous references to figures such as Nietzsche and Heidegger, the work of leading contemporary moral philosophers such as John Rawls, Bernard Williams and Thomas Nagel is hardly noticed at all. This is especially hard to understand, she says, as it is a time of great ferment in moral philosophy One cannot find for generations since the time of John Stuart Mill, if not earlier an era in which there has been so much excellent, adventurous, and varied work on the central ethical and political questions of human life. Nussbaum goes on to suggest that in view of the importance of this work, literary theorys apparent uninterest in it is itself significant dotted line it signals a further striking absence the absence, from literary theory, of the organising questions of moral philosophy, and of moral philosophys sense of urgency about these questions. The sense that we are social beings puzzling out, in times of great moral difficulty, what might be, for us, the best way to live this sense of practical importance, which animates contemporary ethical theory and has always animated much of great literature, is absent from the writings of many of our leading literary theorists. pp. 16970 The urgency of Nussbaums own tone shouldnt lead us to overlook the fact that there has been engaged, urgent, practiceoriented literary theory in the past twenty years. Most of it has been political, concerned with issues of race, gender, class and sexuality. But what Nussabum calls the organising questions of moral philosophy , and specifically the question of how we should live, are rarely if ever explicitly addressed. But then does this lack of explicitness necessarily mean there has been an absence of the ethical , or at least a significant turn away from it, in AngloAmerican literary theory and criticism in the 70s and 80s One answer is surely not the period has been dominated by forms of political and poststructuralist criticism that are at very least implicitly ethical. According to this view, ethical criticism has remained the predominant mode of criticism in this period. This is Wayne Booths argument in The Company We Keep. What he calls the new overtly ethical and political feminist, neoMarxist and antiracist movements, as well as the earlier structuralist and deconstructive formalism , both have an ethical program in mind p.5. To this extent, I would agree with Booth. These days, even the most linguisticallyfocused recovery of the marginalised Other of a logocentric philosophical or literary text at least implicitly links itself with the defence of those who have been Other to Western imperialism, to patriarchy or to bourgeois interests. As Seyla Benhabib puts it, one of the defining perceptions of this period is that the logic of binary oppositions is also a logic of subordination and domination Situating the Self Gender, Community and Postmodernism in Contemporary Ethics, Cambridge, 1992, p.15. Its hard to see how a concern with such evils as subordination and domination isnt at least implicitly oriented towards a conception of a good life centering around goods such as freedom, selfexpression and selfrealisation. And in practice, some forms of feminism especially have explicitly developed a picture of human flourishing not simply in terms of thin concepts such as social justice and equality but also drawing on thicker conceptions of human character which tend to revalue such goods as connectedness, emotional responsiveness and care as alternatives to an allegedly masculinist concern with moral autonomy, rationality and obligation. Of all the various forms of the politics of difference that have emerged strongly in the past twenty years, feminism has perhaps gone further than the others in recognising the need for explicit debate over such central questions in moral philosophy as the role of traditions, essences and universals. Peta Bowdens essay in this issue, Theoretical Care Feminism, Theory and Ethics, is an example of this new feminist work. At the same time, some forms of feminism and much neoMarxist criticism and literary theory have been at very least ambivalent towards the whole sphere of the ethical. For example, Terry Eagletons influential book, Literary Theory An Introduction, veers between a somewhat reductive view of ethics and a fuller and more adequate one. On the one hand, the moral is restricted to a meiopic concern with immediate interpersonal relations , as opposed to the political, which can put such relations into the broader view of our whole material conditions of existence . The assumption is that to see things politically, from a neoMarxist perspective, is to see them as they are, in their full implications p. 208. In their essay Seumas Miller and Tony Coady Literature, Power and the Recovery of Philosophical Ethics talk in detail about this sort of view, which boils down to the idea that the ethical is ideological, or a form of false consciousness, the true alternative to which is political consciousness. But Eagleton doesnt quite go that far here and argues that political argument is what he calls genuine moral argument , which implicitly concedes that moral thought might extend well beyond the sphere of immediate interpersonal relations . Here Eagleton goes some way towards a more adequate conception of the ethical, one which recognises that ultimately there is no excluding the question How should a human being live from political reflection, any more than we can permanently exclude the political from reflection on interpersonal relations. Richard Bernstein, in his recent book on the ethicalpolitical horizons of postmodernity , is surely right when he says that although we can distinguish ethics and politics, they are inseparable. For we cannot understand ethics without thinking through our political commitments and responsibilities. And there is no understanding of politics that does not bring us back to ethics The New Constellation The EthicalPolitical Horizons of ModernityPostmodernity, Cambridge, 1991, p.9. To underline this inseparability, Bernstein uses the phrase ethicalpolitical , which is an attractive solution in some ways, and one which reminds us why Booth was right in calling all the political movements that have dominated literary discourse in recent years forms of ethical criticism. But the reason why we cant simply talk of the ethicalpolitical at this stage, and the main reason why Booths argument is inadequate, is that one dominant vein of political criticism in recent years has been hostile to ethics and has either ignored it or disavowed any connection with it. This is the vein represented in its least compromising form by Frederic Jameson. In his work, Marxism becomes a masternarrative in terms of which ethics must be constantly deconstructed. The essential thrust of Jamesons case against ethics is that it legitimates by universalising into a system of binary moral oppositions the characteristics of one group or class versus another, so that evil inevitably denotes imagined characteristics of those who are Other to the hegemonic group. Thus ethics is an ideological mask of the willtopower of the dominant class, or, as others would put it, race or gender. It is reasonable to concede that ethics can be ideological in this way. Ethics can be unconsciously masculinist or bourgeois, unwittingly privileging a certain sort of genderbiased conception of autonomous rationality or certain classbiased conceptions of social order. Indeed I would want to suggest that one of the permanently valuable legacies of the political literary theory of the 70s and 80s has been precisely to keep reminding us of the historicallyand culturallycontingent basis of formations like ethics and the socalled literary canon, which therefore cannot be unproblematically conceived as timeless or universal. On the other hand, the characteristic weakness of such theory has been to suggest that that such formations are nothing but the masks of ideology. It is this nothing but which is the signal weakness of Jamesons enterprise, a weakness with significant ethical implications. One important element of Jamesons case is his claim that ethics is inevitably judgmental, following a simple binary pattern of me and my group good, the Other and her group evil. Once again, it is reasonable to concede that moral judgments can be like this and often are. Judgmentalism is a permanent possibility within ethics so long as my focus on the perceived difference between me and the Other is not qualified by a perception of commonality between us. Where Jamesons account is deficient, however, is in not recognising this perception of commonality as a possibility within ethics, a possibility which is after all central in the JudeoChristian tradition. The locus classicuss is the familiar gospel story of the woman taken in adultery the Pharisees are ready to stone her to death as they are bound by law to do, until they are prompted to look into their consciences and see that none of them is without sin either. That is, they are prompted to recognise an element of commonality with her, at which moment they transcend the selfother binarism of their judgmental attitude. My claim is that, partly constituted as we in Western societies are by the JudeoChristian tradition, among others, nonjudgmentalism is not merely an abstract possibility for us, but one which is part of our cultural milieu and identity. In fact the very term, nonjudgmental, surely owes its modern connotation to a tradition of spiritual and moral discrimination mediated to us, among other ways, by our literature by Measure for Measure, or novels such as Middlemarch or The Scarlet Letter, to take only the most explicit examples. Another claim I would make is that judgementalism, the powerful temptation in us to divide the world selfrighteously into simple binaries, is a possibility within any beliefsystem that is oriented towards some conception of the good, be it religious, ethical or political. Pharisaism is as much a temptation of Marxism or feminism as it is of any theological creed or moral commitment all can degenerate into dividing the world rigidly into sheep and goats.

CHAPTER 9 Going Organic DECIDING YOUR PERSONAL APPROACH TO GARDEN CHEMICALS Garden chemicals in Australia are in a mess. The chemicals are often quite dangerous yet the labels on the bottles are very confusing. Sales staff selling these chemicals are often untrained and thus they add to the danger in the use of these products. Don Burke spoke to the Federal Minister for Primary Industries, Simon Crean, who has agreed to a major review of these products, their labelling and the way they are sold. The Minister and the Labor Government are committed to a complete overhaul of the system and Don hopes that eventually most toxic garden chemicals will be dispensed by qualified staff from licensed premises. In the meantime, what is the safest approach to garden chemicals Do you avoid them all together, or use them as necessary Here are three suggested approaches to home chemical use. Each involves certain tradeoffs between the safety of the gardener, the wellbeing of the environment and the best control of pest or disease problems. Chemicals dont have to be an integral part of gardening, but to grow certain plants successfully you will need to use some sort of chemical to control pests or diseases. Among the plants that need chemical controls are roses, azaleas, tomatoes and certain fruit trees, particularly citrus. These same plants are the most popular in Australian gardens. Some of the pests for which there is little alternative to chemical control are bullet Fruit fly not a problem in South Australia, Tasmania or Victoria bullet Black spot on roses bullet Petal blight on azaleas bullet Mealy bug bullet Twospotted mite bullet Scales of all sorts and bullet Citrus leaf miner. Going Organic Other problem areas gardeners face every day and where chemicals offer a convenient method of control are weeds, and the common garden pests including snails, slugs and a myriad of caterpillars. But, no matter whether you intend to use chemicals or not, what would be termed clean cultural practices in your garden are going to reduce pest and disease problems. This means keeping the weeds at bay, picking off pests by hand or with a stick or even the vacuum cleaner and removing infected flowers, leaves or even the entire plant. Hand removal of diseased flowers is an important part of controlling petal blight on azaleas. As soon as you notice a flower looking a little wilted, pick it off and put it straight into a bag and into your garbage bin not the compost heap and dont throw it under the bush. It is important to keep on removing infected flowers even if you do spray with a fungicide. Rust on fuchsias, a disease that starts off as brown lumps under the leaves but spreads fast and can quickly cause your favourite fuchsia to drop its leaves, may be headed off by removing the infected leaves as soon as the rust is noticed. The drawback to this approach is that it can be very labour intensive and time consuming, but then so is spraying. And, before you spray, always look closely at the problem and ask yourself, Can I live with this, or is it going to do longterm damage to my plant You may discover that simply by tolerating a chewed hole you will be able to avoid the use of chemicals in your backyard. Three options Avoid them altogether in the backyard. This will reduce the number of plants that you can grow in your garden and the quality of your harvest. You will have to be prepared to accept that damage will occur and you will simply have to live with it. If you decide to take this approach, you can follow recommendations that are taken as a standard for organic growers. Organic growers restrict their chemical usage to a few selected chemicals, including the fungicide copper sulphate, and depend on the build up of natural predators, selection of diseaseresistant varieties and good cultural methods. Acceptable organic chemicals include Dipel or Bacillus thuringiensis derris dust which can kill fish, so keep it away from dams and fish ponds copper sulphate take care you are selecting copper sulphate, not copper oxychloride and glyphosate for example Roundup if necessary to control weeds. These products should be used in conjunction with mulching, compost and pelleted fowl manure such as Dynamic Lifter. Reducing chemical usage also allows natural predators, such as ladybird bugs, praying mantis and insecteating birds, to prosper in your garden and keep the pest numbers down naturally. Going Organic Use only chemicals that break down quickly.This approach will still reduce the number of plants you can grow and the quality of your harvest. You will also have to be prepared to spray more frequently to control pest problems. The ideal profile for a chemical that fits into this category would be one which has a low acute toxicity, and absence of longterm effects, a short persistence, and is resistant proof pests tend to develop resistance to various chemicals, particularly with continued use. Most of the commonly used pesticides that fit into this category are not very selective that is, they kill the good along with the bad. If this was your chosen approach to chemical usage in your backyard, some of the chemicals you would be able to use in addition to those mentioned in category one would include pyrethrin Maverick if Dipel is not effective dispersible sulphur copper oxychloride Kocide white oil Clensel and snail bait. These products would be used in conjunction with manual control picking off by hand and stomping, adjusting your tolerance levels to accept some damage, hosing away insects such as aphids, choosing appropriate plants and varieties, and promoting strong growth with the use of fertiliser, compost and mulch. Spot treat problems with a more persistent chemical.This approach will allow you to grow the problem plants such as tomatoes, roses, ctirus and azaleas. The chemicals in this category still have a low mammalian toxicity, but do require the wearing of protective clothing when mixing and spraying. Included in this last list are many of the mixed garden chemicals that are designed for specific garden plants such as roses, tomatoes and lawns. As well as the chemicals listed above in categories one and two, you could include in your garden shed Lanosan Tomato Spray carbaryl, dusting sulphur and copper oxychloride, an insecticidefungicide for control of just about every tomato problem known to man except fruit fly Lebaycid for fruit fly control carbaryl Garden Spray Insecticide Fungicide carbaryl with wettable sulphur and mancozeb Rose Gun Black Spot and Insect Killer triforine with pyrethrins and piperonyl butoxide Bayleton for the control of petal blight on azaleas OnceaYear Path Weeder DPA present as simazine and amitrole and BinDie a berbicide for control of bindii. Obviously, not every gardener would require every chemical on this list and some listed contain a mixture of chemicals. Depending on what plants you grow, this long list could be reduced to a handful of chemicals. For example, if you grow some vegies perhaps tomatoes, fruit trees, roses and annuals you may want to have on hand Lebaycid, Maverick, Garden Spray mancozeb and carbayrl, a snail bait and copper oxychloride or Kocide. Which of these three approaches to chemical usage you select should be a personal but considered decision. Make it in conjunction with others in your family, taking into account the way you use your backyard. Dons advice is that any woman of childbearing age should avoid spraying chemicals. He also believes that gardens where children play are not really the place for chemical use. Importantly, ask yourself if you have the right temperament for chemical use. If youre a near enough is good enough type, then you probably should avoid chemicals all together. Chemicals need to be used and mixed in a very methodical and careful way. Never do it in a hurry and always take care to follow the instructions on the label and wear long sleeves and pants, shoes and socks, a hat and gloves and in many caes a mask. Safe storagePlease take care with chemicals stored at home, no matter how safe they are supposed to be. Ideally, all chemicals should be stored out of reach of any children, preferably in a high locked cupboard. Keep chemicals away from food storage areas and never store leftover chemicals in unmarked containers or food containers such as soft drink bottles. Most chemicals have a shelf life of around two years. Dont hoard old chemicals. Instead, check with your water board or department of agriculture about the safe disposal of home garden chemicals in your region. Most states operate collection days on a regular basis. AMAZING FACT Leguminous plants are natural fertilisers, taking nitrogen from the air and introducing it into the soil. DONS ORGANIC ACTION LIST FOR EVERY BACKYARD If you want to start caring for the environment by going organic in your backyard, here is a short list of things you can do. FertilisersRev up the compost heap. Start feeding it with animal manure as well as vegie scraps and lawn clippings. As well, discover the benefits of a green manure crop. Use Dynamic Lifter, cow manure and Nitrosol. PesticidesReduce your use of pesticides for killing both insects and fungal diseases but dont throw them all out for information on safe disposal, contact your state water board office, which will tell you about collection days. Tolerate a small amount of damage before reaching for the spray can. Beyond this, rely on sulphur, lime sulphur, and copper sulphate for fungal disease problems. For insects use pyrethrums, white oil, soft soaps, derris dust and biological controls such as Dipel. And, for a good allround tonic, use seaweed extracts eg, Seasol. WeedsThere is nothing as good or organic as hand weeding, but the occasional use of Roundup or Zero is okay for large areas. Prevention is better than cure in every organic garden, so make good use of mulches and living ground covers, which reduce the opportunity for weed growth. CareLook at your plants frequently, keeping an eye out for any problem. Treat problems as soon as you see them, by hand if possible. Plants that repeatedly cause problems should be removed. Clean culture is the best way to beat both insect pests and diseases. This means removing dead leaves, dead plants, or even weeds around your living plants where any of these are harbouring nasties. Compost them and then return them to the soil later on. EnvironmentBy planting shelter and food plants and putting out water, encourage birds to your garden. They will help you to beat pests by recycling them in the most efficient and organic way known. Companion plantingExperiment with these ideas, but dont expect miracles. HOW DO YOU GO ORGANIC IN YOUR BACKYARD We all want to do the right thing be organic, save the world, live in a clean and healthy environment but its all so confusing where do we start Well, the best place is with the facts, but trying to find any facts about organic products and methods is hard. There is very little scientific research to support many of the claims that are made. It is shameful that so many claims are made about organic products and methods such as companion planting, even though there is almost nothing to support the claims. It is true that many organic products and methods do work, but there is little understanding about why and how. Even knowing what is organic and what isnt is confusing. In a strictly scientific sense of course, the world is either organic or inorganic. Organic is everything that is or was once living, including things derived from carbon, although any organism for example yourself contains inorganic materials such as salts. But in everyday language the word organic tends to suggest something that is pure, chemical free and basically good for you. So we buy organic fruit, organic vegetables really organically grown fruit and vegetables and organic products in the distinctly inorganic supermarket building.

iN.B. Postcode changed to OX106HQ Eveline 16th Aug. 90 My dear Pam, John, Fliss, Greg This seems an appropriate day to write to you while thinking of Evan on his proper birthday. Already 10 days have flown, the first 8 unbelievably warm dry, with a hose ban in force from Sat. However yesterday a few good downpours seem to have broken the drought more promised back to normal J J went off to Munich last Wed. John had 2 days work then a weekend for them away, from boys. As soon as theyd gone Rogers cough got worse so I had to drive the Golf to the doctor, two villages away. After a few trips Ive now conquered my fear of gears narrow roads but still dont fancy venturing too far afield. On Sunday took them to see Nuffield House, which was having an open day. Lord Lady M. lived there having built it in the 40s not a very good time for deeacutecor you should see the allgreen bathroom dotted lineIt was a bit too near in time to appreciate having it all set up as if they were still around dining table set for a banquet with very blue venetian wineglasses plates which would not improve ones appetite afternoon tea tray ready in the drawing room the only really elegant room all his court robes other uniforms standing about in a headless gathering. I heard a lady say in a worried tone They ought to be behind glass or theyll rot. I dont supose Lord M. would worry if they did For a billionaire it was an unpretentious house. He gave away 30,000,000 in his lifetime to charities. The most interesting things were 3 MorrisCowley cars in the driveway, all looking in mint condition, one of which is still driven every day. Apparently when a colour was being chosen for the new cars in the factory he said you can have any colour you like so long as its black. I remember in 1946 when I first came over here, being amazed to see so many black ones after our colours at home. Nothing much has changed in the village in 2 years except that the Honey Factory, Evelines only industry, has moved to a town the buildings are being demolished to make way for 17 apartments cottages. We hope they will be in keeping with the present mixture of old newer houses. The Honey Factory imports honey from all over the world bottles it including Oz Blue Gum. A pity it had to move. The big black horse in the field behind us has another foal exactly like the one when I was here last. Lovely to see them together from our upstairs windows. I go for my morning walks one day clockwise round the village next day anticlockwise, but sometimes venturing up another field path. Rabbits are back in force becoming a worry to the farmers I think. The sky is often crisscrossed with aircraft trails at that hour theres always something of interest. I even get a Good Morning from the any other early walker not many whereas later in the day the English are not friendly to strangers. On Tues. night we had our first quintet evening did the Schumann lots of noise fun. Good job the neighbours are well away across the garden. Next time it will be the Dvorak Quintet meanwhile Jenny I are enjoying playing together. Gill is going well they all had a great time in Corsica with suntans to show off, though they will no doubt fade from now on. On the day I left Friday 3rd you may remember we had very strong winds rain. A huge branch cracked off my big gum tree in the front garden hung there swinging. There was nothing I could do except leave it for Philip to cope with. Im glad I had the branches over the house lopped. Philip drove me in his de luxe office car to the airport where I was very disgruntled to find that all nonsmoking seats had been taken many prebooked which my travel agent should have told me to do. So I spent the entire trip to Frankfurt with a chainsmoker on one side across the aisle my neighbour on the other almost as bad. However I achieved my ambition to sit next to a German. He came from Bremen spoke no English we communicated well all the way, though I had to make him slow down. The plane was a new 747 with wings that looked normal level on the ground but lifted up at an angle in the air, with turnedover bits on the end like eagles wings. It was very comfortable except for not have enough nonsmoking places. As there were families with children in the same section it seems obvious they should do something about it. I must write tell them. Lovely being here with the family, who all send love to you all Lots from me too, Estelle iiTues. 16th Oct 90 My dear Pam, John, Fliss Greg Lovely to have your letter, Pam, written just a month ago. To answer your first question, we were on our way to London for the day as I read your letter in the car going to Reading train from there only 45 mins or so, we also drove up one night to a concert in the Wigmore Hall about 1 hour door to door. Contratulations Fliss on winning the Mitsui Scholarship Evan told me Angus too All in the family its very exciting for you. Pam you should be up to U by my reckoning I hope its on schedule. I wasted most of my time in England having a rather bad dose of bronchitis which led to a cracked rib from coughing honestly That took 6 weeks to completely heal, so in just the last week Ive been able to enjoy breathing deeply again. However it was better to have it happen in England I was feeling normal by the time I came over here on the 29th Sept. Then on the 4th I went by train to Ansbach, leaving Gill very well but very large and looking as though the baby wouldnt wait until I go back. They assured me they could manage anyway sent me off for my Italian holiday. I met friendly Germans on the train managed to communicate very well, if not in perfectly constructed sentences. On the 6th, Charlotte, Harold I went by train to Nuumlautrnberg where we joined the coach two coaches in fact 70 people, which was more than we liked but it wasnt too bad. At Munich a little old man got on had the seat next to mine. He turned out to be an exconsul general in the German diplomatic service, spoke perfect English was full of interesting information. What luck for me Hed been many years in Ankara but well before Philips time there. We had warm mostly sunny weather for the whole week in England also incredibly dry warm so could enjoy the sightseeing well most of it. Florence was rather a shock disappointment so much traffic noise people that the buildings one had dreamed about wanted to see for so long were nothing like their pictures in books. Well, I didnt expect A Room With a View but wasnt prepared for all the clutter. Never mind, Pisa made up for it with the marvellous Cathedral Square with the Baptistry, Cathedral of course the L.T. in sparkling white marble set off by brilliant green grass no cars. Lucca was interesting for tall houses narrow streets no traffic in the old part. Three Medici Villas were fascinating with murals in one of them amazingly fresh in their original state after nearly 4 centuries. Our Reiseleiter was a very erudite young man I wish could have understood all his talks, but caught enough to help appreciate it all. Verona was elegant Innsbruck provided a memorable goulash souup on our way back The drive in sunshine through the Eisack Etch Valleys in the Sudtyrol was one long calendar picture of Alps, forts castles on hills, green, green grass autumn colours in the trees. I could go on but cant wait any longer to tell you that we have a girl at last Charlotte after Oma of course pronounced the German way. She was born on the 8th which is Rolands birthday after trying all afternoon to ring him for that from Montecalim we knew something must be happening. Then at 9 pm he rang us at the hotel great rejoicing all round. Gill had an easy time came home next day They do it differently these days all much more comfortable than a week in hospital. Roland had the week off was marvellous. Sebastian was delighted is so gentle so sweet with his sister so far altogether everything goes well. Needless to say I was glad to come back on Monday night start my au pair job, they are glad to have me back. Charlotte is so cut with silky very dark hair all over her head. She weighed nearly 7lbs. but seems so tiny after one hasnt seen a new baby for so long. Shes feeding sleeping well looking a bit different each day its all very satisfactory A very good midwife has come each day to see that all is well is far better than a doctor. Well Ill have to stop this has been written in fits starts so excuse scribble please I just had to send you the NEWS much love from everyone from me always Estelle. I wrote to Greg the other day Gill worried she hadnt answered his letter never time but theyve asked him to come for Xmas. 12th Sept 92 Dear Pam John Time for a quick line before the days activity begins then its all go This is a lovely area for them to bring up the children in very little traffic on the road at the front the house set well down from it at the back side tall trees through the back gate a forest walk to kindergarten nur ein paar minuten or to the shops also to the Mischwald, a 3 or 4 sq k. forest the Stadtpark with lovely walks the Bille, a little river flowing through. Beech, birch, oak lots more Sebastian goes to kindergarten each day until 12 loves it. German is taking over from English, naturally, but Gill is determined to keep his English going. He tends to speak it with German constructions now vice versa sometimes Charlotte is a little person knows exactly what she wants her 3 chief loves are a cot cover, Made by my exneighbour, Softy Bear who was Gills but still looks like new a dummy. Theyre trying to get rid of the latter but its a bit of a joke now if it gives her some comfort, why not so long as its not in public. She trails around the house with her paraphenalia is putting words together very well so clearly. She divides syllables up carefully at the moment also likes things to be tidy I dont suppose this will last long. Gills quartet gave their concert as part of the Hamburg Festival on Thurs. The festival is really a lot of concerts over a month some in unusual venues. Theirs was in the Finance building in a small hall. Without audience the acoustics were so resonant I feared for them, but all these lovely people started rolling in from 30 onwards by 8 it was wellfilled.