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Wearys seniority in 1932 and 1933 did not release him from the pressure to achieve high marks in examinations and keep his place at or near the top of his year. When he was offered a place in the Australian Rugby Union team that was to tour South Africa in 1933, he refused as a scholarship boy he could not afford to take a year off and he referred to this as one of two hurtful decisions he had to make while at Ormond. The other was when he decided not to apply for a Rhodes Scholarship on the advice of Dr Picken, who thought it inadvisable for Weary to go back to junior status at Oxford. No one in Ormond was unaffected by the Depression, but scholarship holders, particularly, balanced on a knife edge of uncertainty. The high value attached to membership of the Ormond brotherhood was given an even keener edge by the realisation that times were hard, money short and scholarship places eagerly sought. Picken did not give too many a second chance if he believed that they did not perform to the required standard in examinations, and there were plenty of clever students waiting to take the place of someone found wanting. That summer, when examinations were over, Weary did not work for Garrick or McCall Say with Charles Hopkins, he caught the train to Queensland. From Brisbane, they trundled up to Townsville, dividing the best part of two days and nights between a poky carriage and their second class sleeper. The Hopkinss sprawling bungalow on The Strand was to be their base for the next six weeks. Charles took him up the coast to Cairns and then inland to stay on the Heale familys property on the Atherton Tablelands. Weary has never been able to resist a challenge, especially one involving extraordinary physical effort, and he accepted a bet that he couldnt swim across Lake Eacham and back, a distance which he calculated to be about a kilometre and a half. His ambition almost outstripped his capabilities. These lakes were popularly said to be bottomless, and although a metre or so down was icy, the hot sun had warmed the surface of the water until the temperature was almost unbearable. He only just managed to reach the shore on the return journey no one realised how nearly he had not made it until he doubled up, streaming perspiration and suffering from severe cramps and heatstroke. This was the third time he had come close to drowning once in the Sheepwash Creek, once in the river at Benalla during an underwater swimming competition when he became entangled in a fallen tree and now in Lake Eacham. A day or so later, after everyone dined unwisely on a boiled tongue which had gone off in the heat, Weary and Hazel Heale had to drive at speed to the local bush hospital and borrow a stomach pump, stopping frequently along the way as the effects of acute food poisoning brought on vomiting. Weary helped the local doctor pump out the stomachs at the homestead and then washed out his own. The effects did not disappear for two or three weeks. For months, he could summon up the sound and feel of the seawater slapping beneath him when he had to hang himself repeatedly over the stern to cope with persistent diarrhoea, as later they sailed steadily up to Dunk Island then zig zagged from island to island and out to the Reef back south to Townsville. It was the longest holiday he had ever had, a magic vacation tour on which Charles sailed us up the coast, handling the navigation and the kerosene marine engine with skill and experience and back again. Magnetic Island, Palm Island with its Aboriginal settlement where Weary was photographed with an old Aborigine nicknamed King Tiger, Hinchinbrook Island and on to the scented paradise of an almost uninhabited Dunk Island, owned by the Hopkins family, for Christmas he had never been to sea before, never seem anything to compare with it. Unforgettable, unforgotten, the unbelievable violet, cobalt, green and opalescent sea and the magic night phosphorescence of glowing silver as the dark water was stirred by the leap of gleaming kingfish, or dipped to bright flaming rings by the successive strokes of the oars in the dinghy.6 The memory was as vivid when he described it over half a century later as it was when they celebrated the bright new year of Wilson Hall overflowed with students that 7 April 1933 when Weary walked onto the platform to receive a Full Blue for Rugby. It was Commencement, and as President of the Club, his evenings were monopolised by initiation activities as a member of the Students Representative Council, he was involved in broader issues affecting the whole of the student body and as a Representative player for the Victorian Rugby Union, he had already begun training more intensively than any other year. Medicine, Surgery and Obstetrics and Gynaecology, the final year subjects, had to be fitted in as well. Wearys tendency to collect more than his fair share of injuries was well known to the sporting press, who mentioned it at intervals. His enthusiasm for boxing was waning. As a fifthyear medical student, he was now spending more time in the hospitals and was reluctant to injure his hands in any way that might jeopardise a career in surgery. Nevertheless, when the adrenalin was flowing during a match, at times he a showed reckless disregard for his own safety. The rugby season opened with a match at Middle Park in which Weary played for the Victorian Probables team against the Possibles, so that the selectors could decide the positions for the match against Australia in May. During that first term, he was completing the required spell of obstetrics at the Womens Hospital in Grattan Street, Carlton, and on the first Friday in May, Weary had his first delivery. It was twins. Such an euphoric occasion for both mother and doctor made him late for football practice. Borrowing Charles Hopkinss bicycle, he peddled furiously up Grattan Street, the late afternoon sun full in his face. Weary did not notice the car coming straight for him until it was too late. He applied the brakes. They failed. And he found himself flying over the car and landing face down in a rockery. Charless bicycle had been reduced to a heap of crumpled metal on impact and Weary, blood streaming down his face from a broken nose, was helped up by a very worried driver. Never willing to confess to feeling pain, Weary made light of the accident and he recalls saying, Oh, dont worry it was my own bloody fault This rash honesty was rewarded by the cars owner sending him the repair bill, which he had great difficulty in paying. He was diagnosed as having a compound fracture of the nose and concussion. Someone took care of the nose and lectured him on the foolishness of his ways. Weary did not listen he was due to play for Victoria against Australia in four days time. At the Motordrome the following Tuesday, when the Victorian Representative team ran onto the ground to do battle with the Wallabies, the crowd greeted his appearance with a rousing cheer. Victoria fielded its strongest team ever against the full might of the Wallabies to draw the match at 12all, tha Australian teams lastminute try saving them the ignominy of defeat. The 3000 spectators and the sports writers were in ecstasy. It looked as if the southerners might vanquish New South Wales, despite the absence of three Victorian Representative players in South Africa. That night, the Victorian Rugby Union exuberantly farewelled the Wallabies at a ball in Leonards Cafeacute in St Kilda. Weary then put in a full days work at the Childrens Hospital and left it to the diehards to wave to the Ulysses as it steamed down Port Phillip Bay at 4 pm on its outward journey to Cape Town. Charles had persuaded him to see the physician, Sidney Sewell, about his concussion, but apart from a lingering headache and throbbing pain in the centre of his face which he was determined to ignore it was work and play as usual. In their last match before leaving for New South Wales, Victoria played The Rest. Weary was breakaway and, with Phelan, was spectacular in the loose and lineoutsdotted line after the first ten minutes, Dunlop gave his best game to date. When the Victorian team drew out of Spencer Street Station that Thursday evening, bound for the first interstate game of the season, its reputation was already being discussed in the Sydney newspapers there is now a definite menace from the south to the dotted line supremacy of New South Wales. And on the billboards at Central Station next morning, the sporting headlines warned, Win not certain. Victoria Ready for Fray. On Saturday 3 June, the rugby faithful paid their one and sixpences to watch New South Wales play Victoria on the North Sydney oval. When the teams filed onto the field, there was a gasp from the crowd. The Victorian forwards might have formed an All Black pack, so big were they. Dunlop, Perrin, Land and Arnold are magnificent specimens dotted line New South Wales seemed flustered by the All Black tactics dotted line They had been training for seven weeks, even undertaking a special course of physical culture. Playing with the forwards was the New Zealander and former All Black hooker, Jessep, one of Wearys adversaries in the third Test the previous year. Throughout that 1933 season, commentators and sports writers repeatedly would liken the eight to an All Black pack. Jessep has done wonders with them. They are big and fast and can ruck like the devil. At 16 stone 6 pounds and 6 foot 2 inches, Tom Perrin as lockforward was the heaviest Weary, at 6 foot 4 inches and 14 stone 10 pounds was next. Weary and Perrin were both Internationals. With Dewar they formed a formidable front row. The forwards carried the game. Jessep had trained them well. It was a new era, said the Sunday Observer, the rise of Victoria to a power dotted line capable of football in a manner that would not disgrace the high traditions of the home State. The official program displayed photographs of Jessep, Dunlop, Perrin and Ward. They did not disappoint the crowd. The North Sydney Oval was covered with the same Bulli soil which had caused Weary such problems during the third Test. Ironhard, and with great cracks about an inch across, the Victorians attributed to it the large number of injuries they sustained that day. Scarcely a man did not limp off when the whistle blew. Perrin and Burke had sprained ankles Jessep an injured right thigh Wearys face was badly battered and two others were doubtful starters for Monday. Dr Ward, the teams manager, summoned two extra players from Melbourne. Bruce Judd Dinty to his mates was a great, tough Irishman, over 16 stone in weight, and the only forward in the New South Wales pack who performed well in the match. Weary and he were old rivals from interstate games and the third Test. Not long before the final bell, Weary had the ball and was breaking through when someone caught his foot in a tackle and Dinty jumped on the back of my shoulders and neck and skidded my face for about two yards along the compacted Bulli soil. I still remember Dinty Judd saying in slow measured tones, Well, Weary, youre down and youre down to stay. Streaming blood, the skin and flesh stripped from the bone and Bulli soil ground in its place, Wearys nose was a mess. He never had a sound skin on his nose again. Next day, the Rugby Union took them to Bulli for an outing. On Monday, at Manly Oval, the bandaged giantstrounced New South Wales 14 to Photographs of the match show Wearys face partly obscured by strapping which failed to protect him from further provocation by the opposing team, Ron Walden, also a forward and the New South Wales boxing champion, persisted in putting his hand out and rubbing Wearys nose whenever he was nearby. When Weary warned him off, he took no notice, so the next time the hand came out, Weary swung his arm up savagely.

Dispute turns ugly By ANDREW DARBY, Burnie, LEON GETTLER and KAREN MIDDLETON Police and picketers clashed violently outside the Associated Pulp and Paper Mills plant in Burnie late yesterday, as the dispute spread to the mainland with a planned national coalminers strike next week. Police, strengthened by reinforcements, heaved picketers to one side as they escorted about 20 workers through the lines of screaming strikers, who had locked arms. Two people went to hospital with injuries. The violence came after weeks of tension and bitterness over the threemonthold dispute, which yesterday resulted in about 300 of the companys 850strong workforce being sacked. Late last night, the number of picketers had swelled to about 400, as the 11 pm shift change went by without confrontation. A police spokesman said almost 1000 people police, spectators and the picketers were gathered outside the mill gate. The Prime Minister, Mr Keating, said the situation in Burnie had deteriorated into industrial mayhem. He said this would end only when the company comes to its senses. But the mill manager, Mr Ken Henderson, said that police had to prevail over what threatened to become the law of the jungle Mr Henderson said that workers who did not report for work yesterday, or did not formally declare that they had tried to report, no longer had a job. He expected to lose up to half the workforce. Yesterday morning, police were twice repelled by picketers. Then at the afternoon shift change, more than 80 police struggled for more than 10 minutes to take about 20 returning workers through the picketers. There were five arrests. Earlier in the day, 36 picketers were arrested when they refused to part ranks for returning workers on the morning shift and when they turned back a laden fuel tanker. After facing a total of 40 obstruction charges and one of assault, all those arrested were released last night. Tension was heightened on the picket lines by the presence of a squad of security guards, clad in black, whom the strikers dubbed the ninja turtles. They were alleged by picketers to have been involved in two assaults. The company defended its right to hire security guards. The ACTU president, Mr Martin Ferguson, said the security guards had been imported from interstate and included individuals who had previously been involved in violent clashes with strikers in other disputes. Police Inspector Roy Fox said at the millI see it remaining like this, with flashpoints all around the mill, until the dispute is solved by some other means. A union official on the picket line, Mr Mike Grey, said that yesterdays clash reflected the federal coalitions industrial policy. Theyve come out supporting APPM. Its going to be the same for every worker in Australia. Another organiser, Mr Shayne Murphy, saidWell sustain it the industrial action as long as the company can. The fact is, they dont have the numbers who they claim want to go to work. Theyre just trying to create a violent scene by the tactics they are using. Despite the events outside his mills gates, Mr Henderson said there was now no agreement to negotiate with unions. He said APPM had stuck by an order of the Industrial Relations Commission last Friday for a return to work, and it did not require any further negotiation. The Tasmanian Premier, Mr Ray Groom, described the events as a disgraceful way to conduct industrial relations. He hoped that a compulsory conference called by the Industrial Relations Commission in Melbourne today could act as a circuitbreaker for the dispute. Mr Ferguson welcomed the compulsory conference.Frankly I wouldnt want to hold my breath waiting for Mr Peter Wade the managing director of North Broken Hill Peko, the mills owners and his cohorts to face to up their responsibilities, he said. He also condemned APPMs sackings as unAustralian, and called on the community to support the workers. The coalminers stoppage, called by the 15,000strong United Mineworkers Federation for next week, is the first time the dispute has spread to other parts of Australia. It comes as the ACTU moved yesterday to seize the high moral ground and take to the public its fight North Broken Hill Peko. The federation is also calling on the Federal Government to enshrine a right to strike in legislation. In a surprise move, the Tasmanian Police Association has sent 10,000 to the fighting fund. The association is affiliated with the Tasmanian Trades and Labor Council and the ACTU. The associations secretary, Mr Keith Morrow, said the ACTU and Trades and Labor Council had been told that police facing picketers at Burnie would do their job, regardless of the donation. The Oppositions industrial relations spokesman, Mr Howard, yesterday accused Senator Cook of encouraging violence with his parliamentary warnings about bloodshed on the picket line. What I have criticised is the government taking sides and from the very beginning of this dispute, Peter Cook took the side of the unions, Mr Howard said on ABC radios PM program. Key ruling boosts blacks land claims by CAMERON FORBES, Canberra A full High Court judgment in a legal battle by the people of tiny Murray Island in the Torres Strait is being hailed as being of sweeping significance for Australias indigenous people and the death of the concept of terra nullius that Australia was no ones land when Europeans arrived. In a 61 majority decision on what has become known as the Mabo case, the full High Court found that Australian common law recognised a form of native title and declared that the Meriam people are entitled as against the whole world to possession, occupation, use and enjoyment of the lands of the Murray Islands. Lawyers involved in the Murray Island case say that the judgments as a whole have profound implications for present landrights legislation, the process of reconciliation with Aborigines and Torres Strait Islanders, land claims by traditional Aboriginal communities, and relations between Aborigines and miners. Two of the judges, in language they said might be thought unusually emotive for the court, described a process of dispossession, degradation and devastation of the Aboriginal people that left a national legacy of unutterable shame. Justice Mary Gaudron and Mr Justice Deane said The acts and events by which that dispossession in legal theory has carried into practical effect constitute the darkest aspect of the history of this nation. The nation as a whole must remain diminished unless and until there is an acknowledgement of, and retreat from, those injustices. The federal Minister for Aboriginal Affairs, Mr Tickner, said History was made in the High Court today. The highest court in the land has taken the position that terra nullius is to be rejected and relegated to the dustbin of history. Mr tickner was guarded about the consequences. A battery of lawyers was considering the judgment, he said, but in the short term he could dismiss as unfounded alarmist speculation about possible outcomes. The chairman of the Northern Land Council, Mr Galarrwuy Yunupingu, said the pathetic excuse of terra nullius is now dead and called on the Federal government to move quickly to negotiate a treaty and implement comprehensive land rights legislation or face a barrage of litigation. On Murray Island, Lillian Passi, the first to hear, cried Thank God, thank God. The islanders immediately started preparing a victory feast. And a Torres Strait leader, Mr George Mye, of neighboring Darnley Island, who is the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Commission representative for the region, said that all islanders would now move for recognition of their traditional ownership of their lands. Im overjoyed, Mr Mye said. We want to be part of Australia, but we want autonomy. The court pointed out that its formal order was cast in a form which will not give rise to any possible implication affecting status of land not considered in the case. It also declared that the Meriam peoples title could be extinlguished by Queensland by a valid exercise of power, provided that this was not inconsistent with the laws of the Commonwealth. However, lawyers for the Murray Islanders pointed out that in 1985 the Queensland government has passed legislation expressly extinguishing all native rights to the Torres Strait islands, retrospectively to This had been ruled invalid in a majority full High Court decision on the ground that it was inconsistent with federal racialdiscrimination legislation. And lawyers involved in Arboriginal landrights claims and other legal cases were clearly delighted with the reasoning of Mr Justice Brennan with which the Chief Justice, Mr Justice Mason, and Mr Justice McHugh said they agreed and that of Justice Gaudron and Mr Justice Deane. They said the judgments contained invaluable ammunition for future battles. On terra nullious, Mr Justice Brennan saidIf it were permissible in past centuries to keep the common law in step with international law, it is imperative in todays world that the common law neither be, nor be seen to be, frozen in an age of racial discrimination. The fiction by which the rights and interests of indigenous inhabitants in land were treated as non existent was justified by a policy which has no place in the contemporary common law of this country. Mr Justice Brennan also made important observations on how indigenous peoples links with the land should be viewed. Under the landmark Northern Territory landrights legislation, Aboriginal groups have to demonstrate continuing traditonal links with the land. Mr Justice Brennan said Of course, in time, the laws and customs of any people will change and the rights and interests of the members of the people among themselves will change, too. He said it was immaterial that the laws and customs had undergone some change since the Crown acquired sovereignty, provided the general connection between the indigenous people and the land remained. Mr Justice Brennan indicated a wider application of his rulings Nor can the circumstances which might be thought to differentiate the Murray Islands from other parts of Australia be invoked as an acceptable ground for distinguishing the entitlement of the Meriam people from the entitlement of other indigenous inhabitants to the use and enjoyment of their traditional lands. Government backs down on law for contractors by KAREN MIDDLETON and LEON GETTLER The Federal Government has backed down on parts of its contentious industrial relations legislation to appease employer groups and win crucial support from the Australian Democrats. The Minister for Industrial Relations, Senator Cook, said last night that Cabinet had approved an amended version of the bill aimed at tying independent contractors into the industrial system and stamping out sham contracts. The Government, under pressure from the Confederation of Australian Industry and other groups, will ask the High Court to clarify the powers of the Industrial Relations Commission. Senator Cook has also agreed to a Democrat demand to drop the requirement that contractors be members of a union before they can approach the Industrial Relations Commission for a contract review. This was also a sticking point among employer groups, which looked upon the clause as de facto compulsory unionism. Employers have welcomed the Governments decision. The chief executive of the confederation, Mr Ian Spicer, said last night that employers had called off plans to mount a costly advertising campaign against the legislation. I think the Government was influenced by our concern dotted line but I think they also saw there was a very widespread opposition to the bill from an enormous section of the community, Mr Spicer said. The Governments decision to support any future High Court case to test the commissions powers would effectively hold up the proposals until at least after the next election, as any test case could take up to 12 months. Mr Spicer said If the CAI participates in any High Court proceedings that take place, it will be to strongly oppose interpretations that would extend the reach of the present powers of the Industrial Relations Commission. He said the confederation still opposed other provisions in the amendments to the Industrial Relations Act, including measures that would give the commission the power to review unfair contracts.

New tests in mystery death case, Heather Kennedy FORENSIC scientists will conduct new tests in an attempt to find what killed Birgit Munro the second wife of South Melbourne Doctor Neil William Boyce to die in mysterious circumstances. But thorough testing by the Victorian Institute of Forensic Pathology will not be possible because both women were cremated within days of death. Acting state coroner Iain West is conducting an inquest on the death of Ms Munro, 36, and will deliver his findings tomorrow. On Friday, the Coroners Court was told the institute was continuing its investigations into Ms Munros death. Dr Boyces first wife, Josephine Boyce, 27, collapsed and died on December 28, 1982, after eating a chocolate and pear dessert prepared by her husband. Ms Munro, his de facto wife, collapsed and died on March 31, 1992, after taking two mouthfuls of peanut butter and toast prepared by Dr Boyce. Both women were apparently fit and healthy. Mrs Boyce was 14 weeks pregnant at the time of her death. A spokeswoman for the Victorian Institute of Forensic Pathology told the Sunday Herald Sun Tests are continuing on ante and postmortem specimens on Ms Munro but it was not possible to do tests on Mrs Boyce. We have done the general screen for 100 common substances and are now checking for specific substances. On the first day of the inquest, the court was told that numerous tests had been carried out on Ms Munros body to determine the cause of death. But consultant forensic pathologist Dr Richard Collins told the inquest that tests had not been done to detect thallium and ricin, two poisons used in documented homicides. Pathologist Dr David Ranson, who told the court he had not been able to ascertain the cause of death, agreed with the Munro familys counsel Andrew Kirkham, QC, that poisons ricin and thallium could produce some symptoms displayed by Ms Munro. On Thursday, Dr Boyce, 39, who attended the Coroners court with his third wife, Dr Jennifer Boyce nee Bartlett, refused to give evidence on the grounds that he could incriminate himself. In an interview with homicide squad detectives which was tendered to the court, Dr Boyce denied having done away with his wives, and said I find it the suggestion just so offensive. He said he had a enjoyed a close relationship with both women, whom he described as lovely ladies. The officer in charge of the homicide investigation, Det. Sgt. Denis Linehan, told the court on Friday there was no evidence to link Dr Boyce with Ms Munros death. In the interview, conducted in July last year, Dr Boyce told Det. Sgt Linehan and Det SenSgt Brendon Murphy that he met Mrs Boyce when they were at school. We met, subsequently became friends, and married in my fourth year of university studies. Jo was 15 when I first met her dotted line We were married when we were We were formally engaged for 18 months, he said. Dr Boyce said his first wife worked as a therapeutic radiographer at Peter MacCallum Clinic for nine years. He said she was a keen netball player. She kept fit by jogging three or 4km three times a week. Dr Boyce described Jo Boyce as an attractive, tall, darkhaired lady dotted line she described herself as big boned but she was not overweight. He said Mrs Boyce became pregnant on two occasions. The first time she lost the baby. Dr Boyce said his wife had experienced terrible morning sickness, although her obstetrician told the court she had not mentioned this to him. At the time of Mrs Boyces death, Dr Boyce was working 80 to 100 hours a week at Prince Henrys Hospital as renal registrar. Dr Boyce told police that the night before Mrs Boyce died, he and his wife had watched television. He had prepared the evening meal, including a pear and chocolate dessert. Dr Boyce said he got up at six the next morning and went to work. He said Mrs Boyce was too ill to go to work, and stayed home. She rang me at work while I was in the middle of a ward round and it would have been I think early afternoon dotted line she said, I feel dreadful, come home. dotted lineShe said Ive got a terrible headache and Im sick and theres something wrong. So I stopped the ward round and went home dotted line And she said Neil, theres something wrong cant remember anything, and Ive been ill all morning. Dr Boyce said he put his wife to bed. She asked for flat soda water and he went to the local milk bar to buy some. Lynne Polson, who told the court she was Birgit Munros best friend, gave evidence that Ms Munro had told her she had been having an affair at this time with Dr Boyce, and that she was distressed that he made a phone call to her while he was on this errand. When I came back she Mrs Boyce was still in bed, but there was vomit everywhere, Dr Boyce told the police. dotted lineShe didnt have a pulse and was blue. Dr Boyce attempted to resuscitate his wife but was unable to do so and called the ambulance, but Mrs Boyce was dead. Dr Boyce then formed an attachment with another woman but said that was brief. He said he had met Birgit Munro in 1980, but said he had not begun an affair with her until after his wife died. Dr Boyce told police that Ms Munro was a ridiculously healthy woman who played squash and tennis. She had gone to a German class on the Monday night. Our routine was after German we would always eat in front of the telly. That was our sloth night, he said. So Id set the table down in front of the telly and have the wine poured and the snack ready dotted line So we sat down and started to eat and after a minute, maybe two, she said, I feel really dreadful, and I looked at her and she was ashen. dotted line And she said, I think Im going to faint. She then lay on the floor and her eyes rolled back in her head. I couldnt feel a pulse. Dr Boyce called a friend and they took Ms Munro to the Mercy Hospital where she died the next day. The court was told Dr Boyce had sent 100 roses to another woman, Dr Jennifer Bartlett, three days after the death of Ms Munro. He subsequently married Dr Bartlett. In reply to claims by Dr Boyces counsel, Richard Stanley, QC, that Ms Munros family had mounted a vendetta against his client, the Munros barrister, Mr Kirkham, emphasised that the family had not initiated the investigation into the two deaths. Two pathologists could not determine the cause of Ms Munros death. Dr David Cade, who treated her at the Mercy Hospital, told the inquest he believed she died as a result of a severe infection acute toxic enterocolitis but neither he nor cardiologist Dr William Heath, who also saw Ms Munro in hospital, were prepared to sign a death certificate. Libs back Downer on sacking By PETER COSTER and FIA CUMMING SENIOR Liberals have backed the Opposition Leader, Alexander Downers, sacking of former leader John Hewson. The Liberal leadership group was consulted by Mr Downer before he decided to dump Dr Hewson for disloyalty, according to senior Liberals. Mr Downer received unanimous support. Senator Hill, the Opposition Leader in the Senate and a leading moderate, said yesterday Dr Hewson was not sacked for his views but the way he went about expressing them. He said Dr Hewson faxed everyone with a letter he wrote to Tasmanian Liberal Dr Chris Miles expressing his concern over opposition to the proposed overriding of the Tasmanian antigay laws. Senator Hill said the letters, outlining Dr Hewsons change in attitude were faxed to Liberals MPs late afternoon on Thursday coinciding with Mr Downer flying to Tasmania. Senator Hill said he believed Liberal moderates were sympathetic to Dr Hewson, but believed what he did was inappropriate. Dr Hewson did not speak to Mr Downer before faxing the offending letter. But despite support from the leadership of the party for Mr Downer, some backbenchers were yesterday prepared to air their concerns. Former Opposition AttorneyGeneral, Daryl Williams QC, criticised the move, saying the was disappointed, while Brisbane MP Alex Somlyay said it would hurt the Liberal Party. I have a great problem with it Dr Hewson is a tremendously talented man and we cant afford to lose that talent from the front bench, he said. SA Liberal Senator Baden Teague said Dr Hewsons loyalty was beyond question. I dont accept that Dr Hewsons clarification of his views on privacy laws is in any way a disloyal act. WA Liberal Eoin Cameron described the sacking as a terrible, terrible thing while Senator Sue Knowles, also of WA, said it was a mystery to her as there was no reason to demote Dr Hewson. Former Opposition minister David Jull said yesterday he was surprised by Mr Downers sacking of Dr Hewson, but the partys direction would be debated by the full party room. I dont think the Liberal Party is going to blow apart from this at all, Dr Jull said. Another leading moderate said yesterday You have to remember, the Liberal Party is a conservative party. The senior Liberal said moderates in the Liberal Party comprised only about a quarter of the party and that is not about to alter. He said while 95 per cent of Liberals felt Tasmanias antigay laws were inappropriate, 55 per cent would not vote to override State legislation. Other MPs pointed out it was Dr Hewson who, as Leader, had decided in April that the Opposition would oppose any federal move to overturn the Tasmanian law. Hewson did more than anyone in the history of the Liberal Party to narrow it and now he is the great apostle of broadening it, one MP said. Its just unbelievable. Liberal sources said Mr Downer would not use his sacking of Dr Hewson to reshuffle his front bench, which has only been in place for four months. State Law They said Mr Downer would promote one backbencher to fill the vacancy left by Dr Hewson, who had been the Oppositions industry spokesman. Ironically, Mr Downer was in Launceston yesterday, repeating his opposition to the State law which outlaws homosexual acts. Mr Downer told Tasmanian Liberals the law was an anachronism, but also said the Commonwealth had no right to override the wishes of the State. A relaxed Dr Hewson yesterday said he slept like a log despite the new round of leadership turmoil engulfing the Liberal Party. Colleagues, party members and the general public have inundated Dr Hewsons offices and staff with messages of support, urging him to stay in politics and not be silenced. I am definitely going to stay on in Parliament and fight for the principles and policies I believe in, but right now I am on my way to play a round of golf, Dr Hewson said. White to contest lower seat in poll By DAVID WILSON THE ALPs chief state political strategist, David White, will contest the Lower House seat of Tullamarine at the 1996 election. Tullamarine is the Liberals secondmost marginal seat and is held by Bernie Finn by about two per cent. Speculation has been rife within the ALP that Mr White, the Opposition spokesman for major projects, would remain in his safe Upper House seat of Doutta Galla. His move to contest Tullamarine completes an agreement made by Labors Left and Rightwing factions last July which allowed Mr White to contest a Lower House seat. Mr Whites formal decision to move to the Legislative Assembly sets the scene for one of the most bitter contests for a state seat. Private polling by the Liberal Party over the past three months has shown that Mr Finn has increased his majority by about 5 per cent since the 1992 election.

What the new Europe means to Australia The 1990s are shaping up as the decade of competition for capital. If Australia does not want to be left behind in the new moves engulfing the world, it will have to be sharp. Robert Gottliebsen outlines the possible moves For most of the past decade, change in Europe has been painfully slow. Now it is proceeding at a pace that can make carefully prepared longterm strategies immediately irrelevant. Each February, hundreds of key executives and government leaders from around the world go to Switzerland for the World Economics Forum in Davos to swap ideas and strategies for the years ahead. But this time, longterm planning became very difficult as the changes in Eastern Europe unfolded almost before the eyes of the forum participants. For the first time since the dramatic events in 1989, representatives of Eastern Europe were able to parade before those who control much of the worlds capital and skills, hoping to attract the support necessary to make a quick transition from the woes of communism to their vision of the riches of capitalism. It will be much harder than many of them imagine. Although Australia and New Zealand are side players in this game, during the next 18 months rapid changes in business patterns will have a profound effect on both countries. It became obvious in Davos that whereas the 1970s could be described as the decade of competition for resources and the 1980s as a competition for technology, the 1990s are shaping up as the decade of competition for capital. Japan and Germany will be wonderfully placed in this battle. As the sun sets on communism around the world, opportunities for capital investment are emerging. Because Australia is short of capital, it stands to suffer from this new development. We will need to be extremely precise about the projects we put to world players because they will have many investments to choose from. Since investors of capital will now have a much greater choice of projects and countries, Australian environmentalists and unions will carry much more responsibility for the fate of new projects than was the case in the past. Australians were present in great numbers in Davos but, not surprisingly, they found it hard to attract investment dollars. Nothing illustrates the rapid change better than the pressure being put on the European Community and its 1992 deregulation deadlines by the changes in Eastern Europe pressures that will reduce the scope for the EC to negotiate on matters such as agriculture and cars. Early in the forum, the vicepresident of the Commission of the EC, Frans Andriessen, explained that it was simply not possible for the EC to abandon its farm policies. Farming has become as much a symbol for many parts of Europe as IBM is for the US. Farming has a direct relationship to the German political power structure. Andriessen pointed out that Europe had stopped producing huge surpluses under subsidy, but wanted much more time to rationalise and would not agree to anything more than a commitment to introduce policies substantially reducing farm protection over the next five years. Even the fiveyear proposal would need to be part of an acceptable multilateral set of trade proposals that included reduced protection in the US and Japan. He also wanted time for Europes rationalised automobile industry to adjust before exposing it to world that is, Japanese competition. He would not be drawn on the time required. This is not a new stand by the EC, but it is becoming more resolute in face of the changes in Europe. At the same time, before 1992 a formidable list of negotiating points has to be sorted out in the internal affairs of Europe. This is being made more difficult by the breakdown in Europe. Andriessen, who comes from Holland, explained to brw that he wanted the existing EC of 12 countries consolidated before the countries of Eastern Europe were brought in, and especially before the two Germanys were united. However, while the Davos conference was in progress, Andriessen found this key pillar of his 1992 strategy was removed. As he was talking to brw, in another part of the Davos Congress House a large number of Germans and a small number of other Europeans had gathered to listen to the mayor of the East German city of Dresden. The Germans applauded when he said it was essential that the country be united within the year. Unless this happened, the migration of youth from East Germany would destroy both his city and the country as a whole. This tugged at the heartstrings of the Germans and set the tone for the following day, when Chancellor Helmut Kohl gave one of the most dramatic speeches ever heard in Davos. He emotionally photo welcomed the prospect of reunification and the prospect of Germany taking its place in the EC as one country. He expressed support for German minorities in other countries of Eastern Europe, even going as far as connecting Russian and German culture. Kohl offered abundant financial aid to the countries of Eastern Europe. He went out of his way to emphasise his friendship with the French President Francois Mitterrand, clearly making a dramatic bid to dominate the new Europe. The sight of the German race once again emerging as the dominant photo photo caption photo photo force in Europe horrified the British as they realised that their aspirations for the 1990s might now take second place to the new fatherland. I did not get the chance to discuss the Kohl speech with Frans Andriessen, but clearly he must go back to the drawing board if he is to prevent the spirit of 1992 from being engulfed by events that would follow reunification. In turn, that makes it hard to shift on matters such as agriculture and automobiles. Indeed, although there was no formal discussion on this subject at Davos, once some form of infrastructure can be established in Eastern Europe, great emphasis is likely to be placed on agricultural development and natural resources an obvious way to lift the income of the countries. If Australia wants to participate in the revolution, this is one area where they have skills. Indeed, our rural skills were publicly hailed early in the forum when the Hungarians held up as a model Australia and New Zealand efforts to improve agriculture in Hungary. When the party from Czechoslovakia indicated that its country needed help to improve its coal mines, the Meekatharra Minerals group, which has a joint operation with bhp in Ireland, was quick to establish its credentials. But the overall picture that unfolded suggested that Australians who do not know exactly what they are doing should probably not dabble in Europe instead they should take advantage of opportunities closer to home created by the changes in Europe. Meanwhile, although few have other solutions, there is a genuine concern that German reunification will add to tensions in Europe. If the EC is to survive the disruption in a recognisable form, the role of NATO and the US become crucial. So throughout his speech Kohl spoke in glowing terms about the US and his friend George Bush, and his desire for a continued US presence in Europe. With Russia no longer the likely enemy, the US is wanted as some form of policeman to ensure that Germany will photo caption stay committed not to separately rearm. At this stage, the Americans have not publicly adjusted to the possibility of entirely new roles for NATO and the Warsaw Pact and are still talking about arms cuts with their traditional foe, the Soviet Union. The Americans remain overwhelmingly concerned with domestic considerations. Americans at the conference, including people of the calibre of investment guru Henry Kaufman, ITT Corporations Rand Araskog and Jim Wolfensohn, were preoccupied with an internal battle over how serious the coming American corporate debt crisis would be. There is no doubt that overborrowing by US companies, coming at a time when Japan is universally recognised as having replaced the US as the worlds strongest economic power, has made many Americans bitter. Many Americans claimed that the Japanese won by not playing fair on investment and trade policy. Few recognised that equally the US passion for the quick buck led it to the shortterm planning including junk bonds that proved so disastrous to the longterm interests of US companies and the institutional shareholders that fostered the move. One of the most vocal critics was the president of the US economic strategy unit, Clyde Prestowitz, who pointed out that the US was plagued by declining educational standards, failure to invest longterm, a low savings rate, crumbling infrastructure and political paralysis as a result of the stalemate between the White House and the Congress. In contrast, Australianborn consultant Jim Wolfensohn believes that Prestowitz sells America short, although he recognises the problem of US corporate debt. The Europeans, for their part, are anxious that the US play a substantial role in their future, particularly in defence. This is not necessarily good news for Australia because in rural and natural resource areas Australia competes with the US. Indeed, the USs clout in trade with Asia is already well know to Australia. The US is by far the largest market for goods from the Asian market and so is given preference in many areas. At Davos, the Taiwanese related how they import highcost US beef to make beef noodles, thus limiting the intake of much lowercost Australian beef. They are looking at making the beef noodles in Australia, which would get around the pressure to buy from the US. The future of Australian commodity exports, whether rural or mining, will increasingly depend on securing markets for secondary processing by linking into plants in Australia or overseas. Australians moving into Europe must realise that they have no national clout and must recognise the potential of the US. Although the Japanese are now fully recognised as world leaders and the major supplier of capital, with that crown comes the tag of the ugly Japanese the title once accorded to Americans. Attacks on the Japanese by the US, Europe and, to a lesser extent, from Lee Kuan Yew of Singapore, were unprecedented in the history of Davos. The UnderSecretary of Commerce for US International Trade, Michael Farren, was greeted with loud applause when he pointed to the enormous difficulties US and EC companies were having in trying to invest in Japan. Although Japan was the secondlargest world economy, foreign companies were welcome only on certain terms, such as joint ventures. There had been no big takeovers of Japanese enterprises by overseas interests. The ECs Andriessen said that one of the main dangers to the world economic system was the lack of capital investment in Japan, given its role as a capital exporter. US trade representative Hills said that since Japan had become a major power it should no longer have so many restrictions on access to its markets. Japan was a bad model for other developing countries. The Japanese were stung by the nature of the comments and at one stage a visibly upset Deputy Minister for Foreign Affairs Koji Watanabe declared that there were now no impediments to investment in Japan and it was very welcome. He pointed out that it was foreign to Japanese culture to sell businesses. The Japanese are also concerned at the effect their tourismrelated residential property purchases are having on their image. Watanabe told me, for example, that he would welcome Australians and New Zealanders who wanted to set up tourist facilities in Japan. He felt that the avalanche of Japanese tourists and associated real estate buying in specific overseas areas was harming Japans standing and should be reduced. Those in Australia who depend on the Japanese tourist trade, or those in property in places such as the Gold Coast, where the Japanese are heavy investors, should watch the position very carefully. Clearly, however, in Europe the Japanese are not going to be deterred by unpopularity.

Qu 13 feminist gender historian. Around 1975 a number of new books were published in Australia by feminist authors concerned to with the neglect of women in previous historical works. Since that time there has been much discussion about the role of women in Australian history, and ways to approach the portrayal of this role. There has been some impact on mainstream history writing, but much of it continues to perpetuate older images of the Australian past. Other factors and trends have also affected the writing of Australian history and womens place in it. In 1975 Anne Summmers published Damned Whores and Gods Police around the same time as Kingstons My Wife, my Daughter and Poor Maryanne and unclear Wilsons Meal Matilda appeared. Summers in particular was concerned with the origins of Australian sexism she was studying cultural identity. This work fitted very much with the feminism of the mid70s for instance, her attempts to show women as a homogeneous group were part of the contemporary feminist charter. These works are now generally outofdate but criticism of them had the virtue of generating discussion about women in Australian history, and creating discussion about approaches. For instance, reaction against Summers ideas of homogeneity of women as a group led to prompted the suggestion that class and race were significant factors, and thus a more sophisticated fin form of analysis arose the emphasis in these works on women as victims led to another view of womens roles. Despite the many criticisms of these womens histories, they were a radical change from previous st versions of the Australian past. Russell Wards Australian Legend was first published in 1958 it explained the nature of the typical Australian by the absence of women from the Outback, thereby excluding them altogether. Hence the typical Australian was a practical man , and the cult of mateship was generated by an absence of female company. For Ward, the features which enacted the stereotypical Australian were all masculine they did not include the virtues of cwa ladies. This has been a persistent view, despite evidence to the contrary the work of Mary Durack, for instance, has shown that women were an integral part of Australian pastoral and frontier history evidence exists in numerous diaries and letters of women. A revised version of to The Australian Legend was published in 1977, but Ward remained unaffected by the new form of history Summers et al. had suggested was possible. Other historians did make some effort to draw upon the idea that women should be included in history but Cornell and Irvings Class Struggle in Australian History, published in 1980, showed how women largely remained peripheral. The history writing of P. Robinson has attempted to put women back into colonial history. She actively tried to deny the picture of the Summers damned whores and in doing so, pe exaggerated the virtuous qualities of her women still, an interest in womens history allowed her to show that women were active, and in positive ways, in the early colony. One contribution which has been made s by womens and feminist historians is debate over methodology. There is a tension between the idea of writing womens history, which is, in a sense, a separate discipline of history, or whether history should be written with women at its centre. The approach of feminist historians like Summers has a polemic political edge, seeking to understand why, for instance, social structures which oppress women exist the form of history which is certainly more common now in mainstream journals and historical works aims to include women into a full history. The benefits of the latter approach can be seen, for instance, in the work of Kay Marking who, in the early 1980s, investigated the role of cheap female labour in the process of accumulation of capital in the early Australian manufacturing industry. In this way women are portrayed as an integral part of society. The contribution which the use of gender history can make has made to this the writing of Australian history is shown by unclear s article on the Masculinist Context, published in Here she studies gender relations the the masculinist image popular at the time, in popular jo culture such as the Bulletin she shows how this affected mens behaviour and their attitudes to and treatment of women how women suffered as a result, when mens pay went on drink and smokes, and domestic violence was common and how womens reaction against this led th to their participation in the temperance movement. Lake has shown how a study of men can be useful to a study of women and aspects of womens history gender history, the socialization of male female and their interaction, has been shown to play a significant role in history. However, dep despite the clear benefit and contribution of feminist and gender historians, their approaches unclear and methodologies have to not had a major effect on much mainstream history. There has been some effect Lakes article on The Masculinist Context was published in the mainstream Historical Studies, as was discussion generated by it in that sense womens history, is with or topics concerning women, are now regarded as respectable. B. Kingstons Volume III of the Oxford History of Australia shows how women can be suc made a part of a mainstream, general history she shows them to have been an active and integral part of the society she discusses. They are simply there in the main text no question of history and womens history as separate compartments. McCalmans use of oral history in her Struggletown similarly shows that it is possible to write a history in which women play a central part. However, not all is rosy. Jill Matthews in 1988 1986 was able to complain about the far greater number of male contributions to the Australian bicentenary project than women, and also to state that, in these volumes, the role of women generally remained confined to childcare and food production, and providing an audience while men got on with whatever real business . Ken Inglis Australian Colonists has been republished this year, but Inglis felt no need to revise his work to include some women. His index contains one reference to women in public life this consists of one paragraph on women in a 35page chapter on Australian Heroes . Womens feminist and gender historians have made a major contribution to Australian history writing and methodology since 1975 however, the effect seems to have been limited. Where the new approaches have entered mainstream history they tend to have been written by women Kingston, Lake, Moe. Male historians, like Inglis and Ward, remain largely impervious, or even resistant defensive hence Chris McCorvilles reaction to Lakes masculinist discussion he effectively questions whether feminists are the appropriate people to write about male socialization. Qu 12 Oral History. The rise in awareness that traditional history has many gaps and gives only a limited understanding of society has led to the a rise in the use of alternat different methods of gathering of information. One of these is the use of oral history or oral tradition. One school of thought claims that this material represents a valid primary source for historical inquiry if used with care, like that is with reference used to the methods used in the interpretation of other historical sources however, this is to take a very narrow view of what history is and how it must be written it is to run the risk of denying to both individuals and some cultures the right to their own history. Part of the question depends on the definition of history which is accepted. That which seems to be in the minds of those historians who deny that oral sources are history in their own right is the nowtraditional unclear form. This depends upon facts which are objective, and found in sources such as newspapers and parliamentary records. The history created by this approach is the very maledominated history of significant events on a national scale, politics and wars and so on. Oral testimony does not fit this mould, and is thus subject to suspicion from believers in this tradition. However, much older history relied on oral testimony Thucydides, for instance, largely relied on eyewitness accounts, and he is now regarded as largely respectable many medieval historians, such as unclear of Malmesbury in the twelfth century, also relied on oral testimony. These are the sources upon which modern history is based. There is a change of emphasis growing in history, which places more importance on social history, and also the history of groups which are neglected by Rankean history women, the lower classes, nonliterate societies. To many of these groups, oral traditions generally referring to the traditions of a group or culture or reminiscences individual recollections are the only way to retrieve and record their historical experience. It is not a perfect form of collecting historical records. Oral traditions change constantly according to the needs of the society to which they belong, and thus raise the problems for historians looking for facts personal recollections are subject to a wide variety of influences, including poor memory, sentimental overtones, unclear the influence of external sources such as media report which may affect memories. There is also the role of the interviewer questions asked, attitudes or perceived attitudes of the interviewer and som so on, all play a role in the creation of the oral testimony. It is these factors that lead historians to assert that oral traditions and reminiscences are raw material of history, to be interpreted, checked with other sources and, by implication, formed into a type of history which meets a rigid definition of what constitutes history. So, when Loh and Lowenstein published their Immigrants which included a number of oral accounts of migrant experiences without commentary Patrick OFarrell from unsw was able to assert that such a work was not history, although he conceded it might represent some aspects of historical reality. Similarly Forb asserts that history is more than the sum of collective experiences to create historical reality the historian must look for deeper themes and processes which remain hidden to the protagonists. Thus the material gained from oral testimonies is but one source among many on the creation of history. His Oral History can be used as raw material le Roy Ladunes Montaillou is an outstanding example of how oral testimonies, in combination with other resources, can be used to create an anthropological study of a community. This Testimony can be used to confirm or deny what is known from wil other sources Boltons history of West. Aust. in the Depression found testimony from someone concerned to deny the common conception that British immigrants of this period were all slumdwellers. However, to claim that trad oral history in only a raw primary material denies the right of individuals to a history of their own. The To Loh and Lowensteins immigrants, their experience represented a historical reality for Fork to assert that, in effect, they were simply swept along with no idea of the processes at work is a very patronizing attitude. It is one J. McCalman specifically denies in her introduction to Struggletown there she points out that, with moderntechnology, it is impossible to remain unaware of the events of the outside world she aimed to look at the effect of the public world on personal life. This The attitude to oral history and tradition represented by unclear is especially threatening to cultures who do not share the western definition of history so especially nonliterate societies. The ultimate effect of unclear unclears attitude is to deny such people the right to create their own history. A traditional attitude to the use of oral tradition is seen in J Varsinas work in Africa he suggested wrote that collecting oral tradition was rather like gathering various corrupt versions of a text and then studying all of them to find the correct one. Thus, history is facts. unclear Spear, writing on African traditions, claimed that this was entirely the wrong approach that oral traditions represented secondary sources.

62 Weil Ave Croydon Park NSW 2133 Australia 19th December, 1994 Dear Lesley, It sounds as if you are kept very busy, what with Magnuss infected leg, all the childrens activities and all the animals aswell. As you are aware last JuneJuly we travelled to America for one month. We visited and stayed with family and friends and Kate absolutely loved every minute. Phil also had a wonderful holiday. Kate has just celebrated her 5th birthday. She has a Calamity Jane party which was a success. We even hired two ponies for the kids to ride. Naturally, the ponies were a great hit with the kids. They were very well behaved and enjoyed the carrots that the children fed them. I made this huge cake that I thought looked quite ridiculous, however it tasted good and the kids all thought it was a wonderful cake with plastic cowboys, Indians and tepees on it. She received lots of Power Ranger toys. She is crazy aboout them and wants to be Trini. In fact the Power Rangers are currently in Sydney filming their first movie, but unfortunately for Kate they have not made any public appearances. The day after Kates birthday her first tooth fell out. She was SO excited I was with her and she didnt know whether to laugh or cry. It was the most precious moment to see. The tooth has been carefully placed in a plastic bag so that Kate can display it to any interested or oven not interested person. Her second tooth fell out two weeks later. My lectures have finished for the year and I continue to work on my research and business. Last month I received a letter to tell me that I have been awarded a scholarship, the King Amy OMalley scholarship he was an American who came to Australia and founded our first national, or commonwealth, bank. This allows me to studyresearch full time next year as the award is worth 10,000, although I will still undertake a little lecturing as the students have insisted to the head of the school that I teach them. I cant believe that Spoofie is about to celebrate her 13th birthday. She is still so spritely, jumping fences and getting into a bit of mischief and looks so well. Mushka has even turned Luckily, all the animals are very well, although Mushka suffered two epeleptic fits this year. We have had our first couple of hot days for the Summer. Kate has recommenced swimming lesson and her grand achievement was that she floated on her back for ten seconds water restrictions are getting tougher due to the drought. How is Tasmania bearing when it comes to water I hope it is better than here. Goodbye for now. 62 Weil Ave Croydon Park. N.S.W.2133 6th January, 1992 Dear Ellen, I hope that you all had a very happy Christmas and are now enjoying a happy It is such a long time since I have written. 1991 was a busy year, to say the least. I continued to lecture parttime which I enjoy, even though it pays poorly and involves a heavy workload. The other major undertaking was that I commenced further studies, also parttime for a Masters of Education. I have wanted to start my Masters for a long time and so I did. The workload is difficult and especially tiring as I can only work once Kate has gone to sleep at night and dont have the luxury of a block of time to read or study. Nevertheless I have really enjoyed the courses that I undertook this year I did 4 courses I find it hard to belive that I am enjoying studying as I can very clearly remember that when I left Teachers College I swore I would escape and never return and found that I learnt a great deal and that was exciting. Anyhow, the studies are going well and I shall be continuing this year. With parttime work and studies it means that my parents babysit for three and a half days a week. Kate just loves her Baba Russian for grandmother and Jeda grandfather and understands Russian and also Polish and is learning to speak them. My mother always talks in Russian to her and now my mother has a Russian guest over from Germany so that she also speaks in Russian and i think that this is the language that she will pick up most quickly. Its so interesting to watch her development and how she can pronounce Russian words so well. Kate talks non stop. This age is just wonderful She is now normally very good and loves helping us around the house. She and Mushka are devoted to each other. In fact when we returned from our Surfers Paradise holiday Mushka and Kate both went berserk with excitement. Kate screamed and hugged Mushka, Mushka jumped on and nuzzled Kate and they both ended lying on the floor together with Kate still hugging Mushka and saying beautiful Mushie. We could not separate them for three hours Kate is the same with the cats and loves hugging them they tolerate it for a while before jumping away and also joins me each morning in saying good morning birds to our budgies and peachface parrot. She knows each cat by name and calls them for meals and checks that they are all there and eating. Once when one cat did not turn up for dinner she became quite upset and I had to calm her down. At Surfers Paradise not only did she go to the beach for the first time which she absolutely loved, but she also was able to hand feed lorikeets and pat kangaroos. This was heaven for her. In fact on each occasion she was photographed and videoed by the many Japanese tourists who were there Last week we had another surprise holiday. A friend rang up and asked if we could help her. She had not had the chance to go to her holiday house in a year and could we go and have a holiday there and check that the house was O.K. Naturally, as Phil had a few days holiday from work we said Yes The house is at Huskisson, on the south coast of New South Wales. It was two blocks from the beach and one block from a nature reserve. We stayed for four days. We visited an animal farm, where once again, Kate went berserk with delight. This time she got to see a Koala and was so pleased that she kissed it. She certainly loves animals. She was again able to feed animals, but she also hugged and even kissed one of them. Then she was treated to a pony ride, so it was a very exciting day for her and now Kate asks for more holidays please. My sister Helen is also devoted to Kate and visits often so she can play and walk with her. She also spoils her with gifts. I believe that Kate is a very lucky child to have so many people devoted to her and to have already experienced two exciting holidays. She is at an age where she can now understand so much and that is very interesting. She had a birthday party and was very excited about that. My parents bought her a swing and a slippery dip and for weeks after she would sit at the top of the slippery dip, before sliding down, singing Happy Birthday to Kate. She thought Christmas was magical and was fascinated by the tree and decorations. She helped me decorate it and we also put a Christmas wreath on the front door. She them disappeared and I found her staring at the wreath. When I asked her what she was doing she said beautiful with a sigh while still staring at the wreath. We took her to a local church up the road to join in the carols, but the only word that she recognised was Jesus we have a manger under our tree and she knows the characters, so that each time the crowd sang or said Jesus, Kate would yell out, at the top of her voice Jesus I thought it was quite funny. Obviously, she also enjoyed all the presents at Christmas, bothe receiving them and giving them. She only gave on the condition that she could also assist in unwrapping them. For Christmas Eve we went to my parents for a traditional Polish Dinner and on Christmas day we went to Phils sisters home for a traditional Australian Christmas lunch. As the weather is so hot more and more people are tending towards cold pork and ham, rather than the hot roast. We are currently renovating our laundry again. It is now seven years since we moved into the house and time to start repainting for the second time. So, we are starting with the laundry and will work up to bigger rooms. The garden is looking great with the roses in bloom and masses of marigolds crowding the front plots. It was fortunate that only two weeks ago we received some rain as we have been experiencing drought conditions this year and even with watering the grass was always dry. Did the water reach you Now things are looking green and lush. This greenhouse effect is certainly changing things. A taxi driver, while at Surfers Paradise, told us how in the past five years the weather has completely changed there as well, with very little rain now. Have a wonderful trip to Melbourne for the Phantom, Im sure that you will enjoy it. Keep well and happy, 62 Weil Ave. Croydon Park. N.S.W. 2133 27th January, 1993 Dear Ellen Thankyou for your card at Christmas. We had a wonderful Christmas and it made more fun because Kate was SO excited. I can imagine it was the same for James and Amanda. Kate met Santa several times and wasnt at all greedy when it came to asking her what she wanted for her present a box. We even bought presents for all our animals and wrapped them and put them under the tree. Kate snuck into the hallway and told Mushka about her surprise and then came giggling back to me and revealed that she had told Mushka about the secret gift. We then went to the greengrocer and bought a large bag of carrots to leave out for the reindeer. Kate was literally jumping up and down with excitement. At Christmas Eve we had a traditional meal at my parents house, Christmas day we went to Phils family. On Christmas morning Kate couldnt believe that her stocking had been filled She was so happy and thought that that was itdotted lineof course, there was more under the tree. She was in kids heavendotted linepresents, presents, and more presents, as well as food and fun Kates third birthday went well. We organised a party at the Plaster Pot. I bought a large gingerbread house for the party and all the kids eyes were wide with delight,especially when it came time to eat it In November Kate was a flowergirl at a friends daughters wedding. At the rehearsal she played up, running around the church, etc. Fortunately, on the day, she was wonderful. We were extremely proud, of course . She stood at the alter holding her heavy basket of flowers and would occassionally ask if it was over yet, when told it wasnt then continued to stand there quietly. Her walk up and down the aisle was also perfect and she looked cute dotted linewell, I think so,dotted lineIve enclosed a photo, so see for yourself The union won my case for some backpay at work as I wasnt being paid for my marking, examination setting, etc and that has been a nice little windfall, so,dotted line, Phil, Kate and myself are off to Singapore in early February.

Recent developments and performance of radar wind profilers and RASS Peter T. May Bureau of Meteorology Research Centre, Melbourne, Australia Manuscript received June 1991 revised August 1991 A review of recent progress in the development of wind profilers for both operational and research meteorology is presented. Wind profilers are having a significant impact and are coming into use in Australia. The development of a temperature sounding capability using the RASS radio acoustic sounding system technique will only enhance the impact. The review concludes with discussion of ongoing work in Australia. Introduction Wind profilers are now a key component in many research and operational programs. Their capability to measure wind profiles with very good time 20 minlh and height 150500m resolution throughout the troposphere and lower stratosphere is unparalleled. Developments are still taking place on a number of fronts. Analysis techniques to take advantage of the good time resolution in both singlesite analyses and networks for operational forecasting are being studied. There have also been technological advances such as the development of very portable boundarylayer profilers and temperature sounding with profiler resolution up to several kilometres using the RASS radio acoustic sounding system technique. The wind profiler is a reasonably mature technology for wind sounding, but important research is continuing on such topics as using the radars to measure dropsize distributions in precipitation Gossard 1988 and RASS May et al. 1990a. This review will cover the technique and recent advances, illustrated by some applications, and will conclude with a description of research being performed in Australia. Wind profilers are Doppler radars capable of detecting the backscatter from the fluctuations in the refractive index which is a function of temperature and humidity of the clear air through the troposphere see Balsley 1981 and Larsen and Rottger 1982 for reviews. Profilers are characterised by long dwell times of the order of minutes to obtain a velocity estimate and observing in three or five fixed beam directions, all close to the zenith within 15degree. This is in contrast to a weather radar which is continually scanning and uses dwell times of less than a second. The radial velocity of the scatterers along the radar beams is measured and the wind is estimated assuming that the wind field over the beam separation is uniform. While this can lead to errors under severe convective conditions, profilers have proved to be excellent observing platforms for the study of mesoscale systems such as fronts, jet streaks and short waves e.g. Shapiro et al. 1984. An example, using data from the Denver 915 MHz profiler, is shown in Fig. Note how the very thin region of directional shear associated with the front is resolved, although the region of large velocity shear is over a layer about one kilometre thick and two hours in duration. Another interesting feature is the quasiperiodic fluctuation period 2h in wind speed ahead of the front. These have a considerable amplitude gt5m s1 and the spatial scale corresponding to a twohour oscillation will not be spatially resolved by any foreseeable operational network. This kind of oscillation will severely contaminate the calculation of gradient quantities such as vorticity and divergence using any observing technique, although with the profiler time resolution there is at least some hope of identifying and possibly filtering such fluctuations. Some profilers, such as the Adelaide very high frequency VHF radar Vincent et al. 1987, use an alternative observing method known as the spaced antenna SA technique, but it has similar limitations to the technique described above May 1990. There have been numerous statistical comparisons between profiler and radiosonde wind estimates which have generally shown excellent agreement. The most comprehensive of these compared two years of data from a profiler and radiosondes launched from the Denver National Weather Services NWS site. This study showed root mean square differences of about 5m s1 Weber and Wuertz 1990 very good considering that the profiler gives a volume 150 m in height and time 15 min average above the radar, while the radiosonde is a slantwise point measurement. With the volume and time averaging inherent with the profiler, it can be argued that profiler wind estimates should be more representative of the mean wind than radiosonde estimates. Profilers operating in the tropical Pacific are providing data to both the National Meteorological Centre NMC and the European Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecasts ECMWF Gage et al. 1988. These data are increasing the skill of analyses in this datasparse region. Wind profiler types Profilers have been built at a number of frequencies Strauch et al. 1984. The radar equation for received backscattered power, Pr, can be written as equation where K is a constant, Pt is the transmitted power, A is the antenna area, Greek characteris the radar wavelength, Greek characteris the radar reflectivity, Greek characterr is the range resolution and r is the range. The radar reflectivity from precipitation is given by equation where C is a constant and Z is the reflectivity factor often expressed as dBZ 10 log10 Z. For clearair scatter from isotropic turbulence in the inertial subrange equation where Cn2 is the turbulence structure constant. Examples of low and high power profilers are shown in Table Note that the sensitivity of a profiler is proportional to the mean power multiplied by the antenna area. The strong wavelength depenence of means that the capabilities of different frequency profilers and the relative importance of clear air and precipitation scatter differ substantially. This also impacts on their applications. Therefore, we will now discuss separately profilers operating at differing frequency bands. 50 MHz profilers The capability of observing winds through the troposphere and lower stratosphere was first shown using highpower ionospheric radars operating near this frequency Woodman and Guillen 1973. These systems use large antennas, about 50100 m in diameter, and high power systems e.g. Fukao et al. 1985 can measure winds as high as 25 km routinely, while more modest systems generally see to about 15 km. Their main limitation, however, is that they have a minimum observing height of 12 km, which is not adequate for many meteorological applications. They have been supported by 915 MHz boundarylayer profilers, but the added complexity probably means they will not be deployed operationally. However, the 50 MHz profiler has significant research applications not feasible with profilers operating at 400 or 915 MHz. These radars can always see the backscatter from the clear air, unlike profilers at higher frequencies where the backscatter from precipitation may drown out the clearair scatter. Thus they are one of the very few observing systems capable of directly measuring the vertical component of the wind w under a wide variety of conditions. This has important implications. For example, they can measure the vertical motion field around frontal regions. The vertical circulation around fronts is crucial for understanding the dynamics of fronts and these systems provide excellent tests for models. An example from the third phase of the Australian Cold Fronts Program is shown in Fig. The horizontal winds above 2 km are measured by the Adelaide profiler, while the winds below 2 km and temperature observations are from sixhourly radiosondes. The temperature structure and the warm and cold conveyorbelt flows described in the conceptual model of Ryan and Wilson 1985 can be recognised with the aid of satellite observations May et al. 1990b. Of particular interest is the vertical component and the horizontal component normal to the front. A deep upward circulation driven by lowlevel convergence is seen around the time of the passage of the surface front. This deep circulation is responsible for the generation of the midtropospheric cold dome. The circulation is a feature noted in the numerical models of Reeder and Smith 1987, but the observations show a smaller horizontal scale and are more intense. This and other cases are discussed in more detail by May et al. 1990b. These radars have also been used for studying short timescale wind variability associated with internal gravity waves. A key finding is that although the energy density is concentrated towards low frequencies, it is the high frequency components that are responsible for the vertical flux of horizontal momentum and the momentum flux divergence, at least near mountainous terrain Fritts et al. 1990. The vertical flux of horizontal momentum associated with internal gravity waves has been parametrised in many large models to provide a drag on the mean flow, but this technique provides one of the few tests of these parametrisations in the real atmosphere. When there is heavy precipitation rainfall ratesgt10mmh, it has been observed that a second peak associated with hydrometeor scatter appears. Because we have independent measures of both the fall speed and vertical motion, as well as automatic correction for spectral broadening due to turbulence and beam width since these are the same for clear air and precipitation, these radars may be able to measure the dropsize distribution with great sensitivity and fewer assumptions than in previous radar studies Wakasugi et al. 1987 Gossard 1988. This kind of measurement should lead to improved estimates of rainfall from weather radar as well as better radiation transfer models for clouds, since dropsize distributions are major uncertainties in both areas. Clearly these radars will play a major role in research meteorology for some time. 400 and 915 MHz profilers Profilers operating at frequencies of 400 MHz and higher have somewhat different characteristics. They have more acceptable minimum observing heights, which may be as low as 200 m, and the prototype for the NOAA profiler network has routinely observed winds to greater than 15 km above ground. Even a very lowpower mobile 404 MHz profiler Moran et al. 1989 routinely sees above 6 km, which is adequate for many applications. Even quite powerful radars operating at around 915 MHz are limited to a maximum height of about 10 km Strauch et al. 1984. This is most likely because the inner scale of turbulence becomes less than half a radar wavelength at greater heights, so the fluctuations in radar refractive index are highly damped. A small inner scale is also presumably why 10 cm weather radars are mostly limited to the boundary layer for scatter from the clear air. A significant difference compared with 50 MHz profilers is that when there is precipitation, the shorter wavelength means that the precipitation echo is many orders of magnitude greater than the clear air. This means that they cannot always measure the vertical component of the wind instead they measure the fall speed of the precipitation. This does not, however, greatly affect the accuracy of the horizontal wind estimates Wuertz et al. 1988. In this sense they can be regarded as supplying similar data as a radiosonde, but with more representative estimates and much better time resolution. A number of very low power 915 MHz profilers, capable of measuring winds continuously up to about 23 km, have been built. These initially were designed to support 50 MHz profilers, but have been used in a number of experiments, for example in looking at flows in complex terrain. They are very useful for these and other experiments studying smallscale phenomena since the profilers are small and easily deployed. Networks There have been a number of studies devoted to developing singlestation diagnostics using profilerderived winds. For example Nieman and Shapiro 1989 used geostrophic methods to estimate temperature gradients and temperature advection from profiler data in regions where fronts had little curvature and were not evolving rapidly. Zamora et al. 1987 used line integral methods to obtain three station estimates of vorticity, divergence and deformation around fronts and jetstreaks. They were also able to diagnose the ageostrophic wind component in some cases. As noted earlier, profilers have been used to document fronts and jet streaks e.g. Rottger 1979 Shapiro et al. 1984, and operationally to look at developments between the synoptic observing times Beckman 1990. However, it is clear that many of the major benefits for operational and research meteorology will lie in the deployment of networks. NMC and ECMWF are assimilating data from the profiler network in the tropical Pacific area with a significant impact Gage et al. 1988.

Acrylic at Work SO YOU WANT TO PAINT ON COMMISSION Beware that exciting, careermaking commission can turn sour and ruin your reputation if a few essential steps are ignored. Brilliant acrylic artist Stephen Jesic gains lucrative commissions because he knows how to get it right In this spellbinding article he tells his strategy for painting complex commissions and compositions. byStephen A.Jesic I recently had a difficult commission to produce a painting that would be hung on a return wall of an open marble stairwell which was part of an indoor garden and a threestorey atrium. Are you confused It gets worse The place where the painting was to be hung had a lovely lamp in the middle of the wall. All the lamps in the atrium were all the same and the clients requested that it remain. I therefore had to design a matching set of paintings that were to be hung either side of the lamp. Due to the size of the atrium and the layout of the house the paintings on the stairwell would be seen from several rooms through a lush tropical indoor garden on the ground floor of the entrance hall and atrium. photo Here, step by step, is how I tackled the project. Initial feelings sizing the commission I measured the size of the wall and stairwell took note of any artwork, plants etc., around the surrounding area that would have an effect on the paintings to be done. I took note of the minimum size to the maximum size that would fit in this position, and I spent enough time at the house to absorb its atmosphere. Satisfy the client not just yourself Remember, when you are painting a commissioned work the client has to like it when it is finished At the initial client briefing I made a detailed list of all the objectives that had to be considered. I find it Continued on page 30 photo caption caption photo caption photo caption photo artistically satisfying to piece the whole puzzle together. When you are doing this use your own individual creative talents but leave experimental artistic whims and fantasies out of commissioned work Keep within the set boundaries of the commission. Initial pencil sketches Back in my studio, remembering all the objectives, I drew out a few thumbnail sketches. I thought at that stage that a rainforest scene with King Parrots in it would be appropriate as the paintings would act as an extension to the indoor tropical garden. Consider turning your painting into prints I considered my options and decided that by doing the painting as one panel, then cutting it in half I would gain three advantages a. One panel would be easier to work with. b. It gave myself and the clients the option of one painting or two if they changed their mind about the lamp on the stairwell. c. I could take up a print option this would enable me to photograph the major work as one piece. I would then have the option of putting the painting into print either as one image or as a diptych. i.e. the printer could use the 8 x 10 transparency as a single image or mask the transparency to give a matching pair of images. Final pencil sketch I had some reference photos on file from Lamington National Park. I settled on a combination of five images. A waterfall with rainforest, a large moss covered horizontal branch and three individual King Parrots. I realised that if the painting had to be cut, I would need a strong horizontal branch to create enough tension to span the gap between the two paintings. It would also look good as a single image. I completed a rough pencil sketch using the five photographs mentioned. caption photo caption photo caption photo photo caption photo caption photo caption Check the pencil sketch and concept with the client I submitted the sketch and concept to the clients. We remeasured the site. At this stage we all decided to think big and go for the maximum size possible with two paintings 800 mm wide x 1200 mm high including frames. I allowed 100 mm for the width of the frames therefore leaving actual painting size of two panels 600 mm wide x 1000 mm high. Keeping print options in mind, left me with a single panel 1200 mm wide x 1000 mm high which would be painted to completion, then photographed, then cut. Important tip to prospective clients Never let an artists imagination run wild The artist will always come up with the biggest and brightest idea. In this instance though, the clients were kind enough to let me indulge my fantasy Make sure that the commission fits where it is supposed to It sounds obvious, but many a commission fails at this point. If in doubt, make it smaller Small colour sketch The next step was to paint a 15 cm x 18 cm full colour sketch with acrylic gouache. Doing this sketch sorted out a lot of colour and tonal problems giving me a good reference to check on the site to make sure the final painting would stand out but would not overpower and clash with the palms etc., in the indoor garden atrium area. The sketch also gave the clients a detailed visual example of the finished painting, which in turn gave me a sound base for proceeding successfully to the larger work. I also had the option of framing the sketch and presenting it to the clients along with the finished larger work. This would be particularly beneficial if the larger work were to be cut in half. A sort of before and after look at things Check the clients colour response or preferences Another interesting point was raised at this time. One of the clients was colour blind should say, had colourdeficient vision. Approximately ten percent of all men but only 36 percent of all women have colour deficient vision. True colour blindness is extremely rare, involving less than 0025 percent of the population. A person with colour deficient vision may have very acute judgement in other colour areas. In my case, the client saw red as varying shades of brown instead of red, but blue, yellowgreen and especially yellow had very acute spectral response. This colour deficient vision came up when we were talking about career paths. The client started his professional career as an electrical engineer and while in the field on a large installation, mixed up some red and brown wires much to the dismay of an electrified electrician He thought at this time a career change would be a good healthy choice both for himself and his fellow work mates. He subsequently changed from electrical engineering to civil engineering. I subsequently made minor adjustments to the reds on the parrots in the sketch. I changed the base colour to orangered with lights extending to yellow and white. For darker reds, I used Napthol Crimson therefore keeping the colour on the blue side. This was successful, much to the delight of the client. This proves the value of a full colour sketch. Isnt it easier to work out any individual colour perceptions on a small scale rather than on a larger finished work How do you perceive colour Colour theory for artists is a controversial area. Many painters frequently confuse Colour Theory with the Theory of Colour Harmony. Colour theory being a scientific objective analysis with physical and optical phenomenon of colours as electromagnetic vibrations, i.e. colour physics. Theory of Colour Harmony is a subjective perception of colour and is individual to every human being, i.e. we all respond to colours differently and individually. My harmonious colour combinations may be totally different to yours. They may be cooler, warmer, intensely pure in chroma, more subtle in hue, lighter or darker etc. Professor Johannes Itten has extensive documentation gathered from his students demonstrating each students own private conception of subjective colour harmony. He was constantly astonished at the diversity and complexity of the students response to colour, revealing their character or mode of thought or feelings. They were sometimes guarded about showing their inner self. This reaffirms that if a client wants something special and cannot select something from your portfolio or choose a subject similar to something that you have previously done, then a full colour sketch is compulsory Starting the final painting At this stage I drew the painting out on a 1000 mm x 1200 mm x 5 mm piece of medium density fine line customwood that had been primed with five coats of gesso using a paint roller. I airbrushed my diluted gloss medium acrylic varnish over the pencil sketch to fix the drawing. I basically worked all over the painting establishing dark, light, cool, warm relationships keeping in mind the clients blue, yellowgreen and yellow optical response being careful not to overdo it The painting still had to look normal. But then, what is normal Red 800650 nanometers, Yellow 580550 nanometers, lets paint by numbers Oh, how boring Remember, colour is relative to the colour next to it. Your painting is the total sum of all the individual colour harmonies. Its all individual. Its all up to you Go for it Part 2 Painting the Poet Within byJenniMitchell In the early portraits in my Australian Poets Series I had difficulties balancing the poets self image, which is often different from their public image or persona. One of the important lessons I learned was to make it clear to the sitters that I needed to paint them honestly as I saw them. I learned this from an early portrait not in the Poets Series which was begun with the sitter wearing glasses and I felt I had achieved an excellent start. She was unhappy, her self image was not satisfied. I had painted her warts and all, and she asked me to paint her without her glasses, and a little more elegantly, in accordance with her self perception. This was an interesting request. It was not just a simple question of taking off the glasses as in real life. It meant major changes to the painting. I obliged in this case, but lost real momentum and enthusiasm for the painting. She was finally pleased with the portrait but I felt the portrait did not reveal her inner self. This is the difference between what I now believe to be a commissioned ego satisfying portrait and what I am trying to express the real person, glasses, and slightly untidy looks, the poet within Since that portrait I ask permission to have total freedom, or I would not be able to paint the portrait. The artist I most admire in Australia for portraiture is Albert Tucker. He did not try to paint pretty, beautiful portraits. He painted with colour, strength and bold strokes, often using photographs to prompt his work. I find it necessary to work from the live subject, and interact with the subject to inspire the development of the painting. A lot of portraits are painted to look like the person, and indeed are very good likenesses, but have no inner life, they are boring they are dead inside. If you want a lookalike portrait a good photograph, in my opinion, can achieve these ends more effectively. It has been argued that shape and tone are the only important aspects. My aim is to make the poet come alive and talk to the viewer. I leave some of the portraits as sketches, as it seems appropriate in some cases, however, other paintings are more finished. In my early days of portrait painting I was asked the question, How long will it take I naively suggested four sittings. At the end of the second sitting I felt I had done enough, in fact, the painting flowed so spontaneously that I only worked for about half an hour on the second sitting. I did not have enough confidence at that point to say that I felt the painting was finished.

Orchid Medicine Story and photos by Cheryll Williams Renowned for their remarkable variations in shape, colour and form orchids continue to intrigue photographers, botanists, florists and the general public, but rarely has anyone turned their attention to the less obvious attributes that they possess their medicinal qualities. photo caption The orchid family is the largest of the plant kingdom, with more than 30,000 species in over 750 genera. The wonderful Dracula species, the highly decorative Cattleya, Cymbidium, Paphiopedilum, Phalaenopsis or Vanda orchids are the most wellknown in the horticultural trade, and they provide an incredible collection for the eye to feast on. Cosmopolitan in character, orchids prefer the cooler tropics and occupy a wide habitat range which includes terrestrial land loving, saprophytic living on plant litter and epiphytic growing on another plant. Many rely closely on special insects for fertilisation as well as having symbiotic relationships with specific fungi which reflects in the ease or difficulty of their propagation. As a result many still cannot be cultivated and we need to learn more. The Royal Botanic Gardens at Kew london recently instituted the Sainsburys Orchid Project in continuing the work of conservation. Much pioneering work using fungi to promote orchid growth was done by Mark Clements in Australia who had success cultivating a rare donkey orchid Diuris fragrantissima. Undertaking further research at Kew another 20 species of orchid were matched with their fungal companions. The integral role of fungi in orchid growth has remained relatively unknown until recently and now has enormous implications for orchid cultivation and conservation. So specialised are numerous species that they can be found nowhere else but in the specific habitats where they have evolved and it is this endemic character of orchids which places them in a perilous position as their environments are being progressively destroyed. One humorous incident recounted in Tan Bark, the Newsletter of the Toowoomba Orchid Society, aptly illustrates this specificity of orchid species. New Zealand botanists had spent years searching for an orchid thought to be extinct when After four days of wallowing in a peat bog in search of the tiny native Corymbas carseii, the demoralised conservation department botanists paused for a lunchbreak and found they were sitting on it. This little orchid blooms for just two days each year. Saving species from extinction has now become an international objective for many governments and organisations, with the resultant list of most orchids in cites Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora in an attempt to limit exploitation of endangered species. Tapping orchid power It has been assumed by many that the only commercially useful orchid aside from horticultural varieties has been Vanilla. However the emphasis here is on commercial and if we look beyond this definition we find unique orchid uses emerging from farflung corners of the world. From the Amazon to the Orient, in Europe, the Middle East and Africa, orchids have served diverse purposes, some of which are completely unexpected, ranging from icecream in Turkey to the provision of hot tonic drinks on the streets of London. Orchid tubers primarily of the Orchis species have been used to prepare a drink called salep. Most of the tubers are starchfilled, which the herbalist Maude Grieve called Bassorin, describing it as having a sweetish taste with a faint somewhat unpleasant smell. She wrote that salep is very nutritive and demulcent, for which properties it has been used from time immemorial. It forms a diet of especial value to convalescents and children, being boiled with milk or water, flavoured and prepared in the same way as arrowroot. A decoction flavoured with sugar and spice, or wine, is an agreeable drink for invalids. Sassafras chips were sometimes added, or cloves, cinnamon and ginger. In Greece and Turkey salep sweetened with honey was an early morning pickmeup, and for centuries Turkey and Persia exported it for preparing nourishing drinks. Before the advent of coffee salep was sold at stalls on the streets of London, popular for those reputed tonic and soothing actions. The best English salep originated in Oxfordshire but demand was so great that tubers were imported from Asia minor, Germany and other European countries. Over 2,000 years ago salep was familiar to Dioscorides and the Arabian physicians, as well as later herbalists of the middle ages. Its medicinal use included prevention of rotting sores, mouth ulcers and inflammatory problems. From the Indian bazaars salep misri from a species of Eulophia was renowned for its excellent quality and, as a result, commanded high prices. Its tubers contain almost 50 per cent mucilage, some natural sugar, potassium and calcium. These were blanched in boiling water to remove the bitter taste, the skin removed and then sun dried after which they could be ground into a yellow powder for dispensing. saleps reputation was so well accepted as a tonic that it was even considered essential for long voyages and ships included it in their stores as an ounce, dissolved in two quarts of boiling water, being considered sufficient subsistence for each man per photo day, should provisions run short. The salep mucilage readily forms a jelly, used medicinally to ease gastrointestinal problems. Powdered salep mixed with boiling water was given to infants and invalids, particularly those suffering from recurrent diarrhoea or fevers. It even gained official acceptance in the German pharmacopoeia. Whats sex got to do with it It will come as a surprise to some to find out the origin of the name orchid. Dioscorides loosely applied the Greek word Orchis meaning testicle to what would later become known as the Orchid family, his choice of term inspired by the ovalshaped tubers of some European species, particularly those which came in pairs He described the swollen bulbous roots as having one which was full and solid, while the other was wrinkled and soft, mentioning the folk tale that men should eat the full one to beget sons and women the soft one to conceive daughters Local names often reflect this sexual connection i.e. Dog Stones, Goat Stones, Fox Stones etc. Therefore it was quite logical that beliefs relating to fertility evolved around these plants and all manner of rumours abounded. It was certainly a profitable idea for suppliers of the tuber to encourage. In the 17th Century the herbalist Gerard published a classification according to these stones and noted the flowers of some orchids had interesting natural associations, resembling butterlies, bees, wasps and flies. Goat stones gained their reputation from their stinking and loathesome smell, and the name Serapias Stones is particularly illuminating as sundry of them bring forth flowers resembling flies and such like fruitful and lascivious insects, as taking their name from Serapias, the god of the citizens of Alexandria in Egypt, who has a most famous temple at Canopus, where he was worshipped with all kinds of lascivious wantonnesse, songs and dances dotted line Sounds interesting. Obviously some quite remarkable and fanciful associations developed in orchid lore. The issue became even more confused when orchids used were known not only as promoters of sexual activity but were believed to be anaphrodisiac as well Witches, of course, used the tubers in their concoctions, the fresh tuber being given to promote true love, and the withered one to check wrong passions. Of course it is left to conjecture what wrong passions actually constituted However their virtues did not stop here and Culpepper tells us of other practical applications as in crushed and applied to the place they heal the Kings evil scrofula which was swelling of the lymphatic glands. The herbalist Gerard named one Orchis species Orchis maculata Female Satyrion, as orchids of his time were known as Satyrions. Legend reinforced the reputed sexual enhancing benefits of orchids recounting that they were the food of the satyrs, inciting them to carnal excesses. Mythology related that Orchis was the son of a satyr and a nymph, and was killed by the wineloving Bacchanalians for insulting their priestess. The devout prayers of his father were answered in a fashion when he was transformed into the flower that bears his name. Perhaps the most well known of all the orchids is the unusual climbing epiphyte, vanilla Vanilla planifolia with its lovely green flowers. When fertilised they produce the five to ten inch pods from whence vanilla comes. Over the ages their delicious scent has been used in the making of perfumes and, as long ago as the Aztec empire, was prized as a spice for chocolate drinks. The familiar fragrance from the chemical vanilline is only produced from fermented vanillapods, there is no aroma from the fresh pod. Vanilla has been widely utilised for its aromatic properties and also has a reputation medicinally as a stimulant, digestive aid and choleretic when prepared as a syrup or tincture. Vanilla was also rumoured to have magical benefits similar to other orchids and when used in love sachets was thought to incite lust or when placed in a bowl of sugar would impart loving vibrations. The sugar could then be used to sweeten love potions. caption Endangered species Another famous orchid remedy of the 19th Century unfortunately still used in some herbal preparations today is the striking Ladys Slipper Orchid Cypripedium pubescens known as Nerve Root or American Valerian. In the British Herbal Pharmacopoeia of 1983 its action is noted as being sedative, mild hypnotic, spasmolytic and thymoleptic indicated in treatment of insomnia, hysteria, emotional tension and general anxiety states. Once widely used it enjoyed a remarkable reputation, famous for being one of the most valuable of vegetable medicines. Its operation upon the system appears to be in harmony with the laws of animal life, giving tone to the nervous system and is, therefore, used in all cases of nervous irritability, hysterical affections, spasms, fits and all derangements of the functions of the brain such as madness, delerium etc. Its properties are sedative and antispasmodic. It has a pungent smell, somewhat nauseous. It contains extractive, gum, fecula and a small portion of essential oil. Its beneficial effects are produced by allaying pain, quieting the nerves and promoting sleep. It has good effects also in nervous headache, epilepsy, tremors, etc. Its use is preferable to Opium since it has no narcotic efects. The America Botanist, Goode, in The Family Flora, 1845 So great was its popularity, overcollection resulted in shortages of the wild plant and it is now endangered almost everywhere it grows so if any preparations have this herb in it, dont buy them. It was thought to have magical affiliations and was used in protective sachets to guard against all forms of evil intent including spells and the evil eye It was once official in the United States Pharmacopoeia usp and also found extensive use in treating the joint pains following scarlet fever. Tragically, in England its destruction was so extensive that now only two wild plants survive in a secret guarded reserve while researchers desperately try to save it from extinction. There are other striking species of Slipper Orchids, distinguished by their slippershaped lip and many are prized for their incredible variety of shape and size in the horticulture trade, for example Cypripedium formosanum and various Paphiopedilum species. We know even less about their medicinal potential. Orchids in Chinese medicine Chinese culture has long revered flowers in their art, poetry and literature. Indeed the orchid is the emblem for those of worthy character, particularly historical figures known for their virtue. Symbolising love, beauty and elegance it has a special place in Chinese beliefs representing trustworthy friendships photo caption photo caption as well as privacy. The Chinese word for orchid is lan, which generally refers to the prolific Cymbidium species. However, there are over 1,000 species of orchids native to China and various species have medicinal applications. Originally the word lan referred to aromatic plants believed to ward off evil spirits, and as Chinese orchids are renowned for their fragrance their eventual adoption of this word was a logical development from about the 13th Century onwards. Chinese treatment employs various orchid medicines, one of the most popular being Blettia striata called Bai Ji which is used as a haemostatic, to stop bleeding in the lung and stomach.

Chapter 3 Methodology The objective of this study is to quantify and to interpret the pattern of net migration flows throughout Australia both at the smallest geographic level and at the regional level. The focus of the study is nonmetropolitan Australia other studies recently commissioned by the Bureau of Immigration Research examine intraurban migration patterns within capital cities. Population Growth Ranking database Coopers Lybrand Consultants CLC is a firm of management consultants providing strategy advice mostly to privatesector clients. In response to perceived client demand CLC developed a simple but effective database to measure the level and direction of total population growth in Australia at the municipal level Population Growth Ranking in Australia. Many businesses and government departments which maintain national distribution networks are constantly seeking to manage these networks and to identify and to prioritise expansion opportunities and requirements. Businesses in the private sector using this information include representatives of the retail, oil, motor car and financial services industries. The report, Population Growth Ranking in Australia Coopers Lybrand 1991, provides these businesses with a reference tool in strategic locational decisionmaking. The PGR database comprises data extracted from the Estimated Resident Population series produced annually by the ABS. Data are published separately by each state and territory and are released at different times throughout the year. CLC brought together the data from these publications, including intercensal revisions of estimates and final estimates as opposed to preliminary estimates, and assembled a database of population levels for each of the 850 LGAs or SLAs in Australia. The population estimates apply to a specific point for each year 30 June and include the following years 1976,1981,1986,1987,1988,1989 and The current series of Estimated Resident Population prepared by the ABS was initiated in 1976 before this date the definitional basis of the estimate was different. Accordingly, it is only possible to assemble a time series for the data on a consistent basis of the definition of estimated resident population for the period since The PGR database comprises a total of 850 LGAsSLAs in Australia at 30 June In other words the whole of the Australian continent can be disaggregated into 850 subregions for which an annual estimate of the population is available. The total number of LGAsSLAs actually varies from year to year as new municipalities are created eg Roxby Downs, 1986 and as others are amalgamated with adjacent municipalities e.g. Koroit was amalgamated with the Shire of Warrnambool in 1985. In addition, the geographic boundaries of some LGAsSLAs are occasionally changed. This is an important issue and is the subject of a separate discussion in appendix Where a boundary change occurs, the ABS usually recalculates the estimated resident population back to the previous census. Such changes are not extensive of the 850 LGAsSLAs currently defined as comprising Australia, we have identified ninetyeight in which there has been some change to the geographic definition of the boundary. The precise timing and effect of each boundary change is noted by the ABS in each state and territory edition of the Estimated Resident Population. Of the ninetyeight LGAsSLAs recording a boundary change since 1976, and which involve a populated area, some are contained wholly within capital cities e.g. Broadmeadows and Essendon, 1979. Other changes are reciprocal the loss of population from one municipality often has the effect of increasing the population of another municipality by precisely the same amount. Where the ABS recalculation of population levels for municipalities only extends back to the census in 1986 or in 1981, an assessment has been made by CLC to extend the adjusted population figure back to previous census dates was firstly to derive the rate of population growth for the whole municipality on the old boundaries between census years, and then to apply that rate to the new adjusted estimate for either 1981 or 1986, working back to an appropriate estimate for the earlier census year either 1976 or 1981. A further complication to the establishment and maintenance of the PGR database is the occasional change in names of specific municipalities. All municipalities are described on the basis of their current names, even though the time series extends back to a period when the municipality may have been otherwise named e.g. Shire of Portland became the Shire of Heywood in 1988. The database so established contains the basis to the calculation of net population growth for each of the 850 LGAsSLAs for each of the reference periods from June The reference periods are 197681, 198186, 198687, 198788, l98889 and 1989 The PGR database is thus manipulated to identify those municipalities in Australia recording most absolute population growth and decline over a specific period. It is this information which is most effectively used by businesses in order to identify areas for possible network expansion and to prioritise expansion opportunities. Estimated net migration database The total level of population growth for each LGASLA in Australia has been further refined in this study by the extraction of the component of natural increase from net growth Net growth births deaths net migration where natural increase is the excess of births over deaths. The ABS maintains a database on the number of births and deaths in each LGASLA in Australia for the whole period since the Estimated Resident Population series has been released since before 1976. Births and deaths data are published by each state and territory office of the ABS. Some offices publish the data by municipality, others by statistical division. The problems of name and boundary changes of municipalities apply equally to the database on births and deaths and to that for the estimated resident population. CLC approached the Geostats Group in the Electronic Dissemination Division of the ABS to extract births and deaths data from the ABS central demographics database. The ABS encountered several difficulties in retrieving this information, namely bullet the geographic coding of municipalities and SLAs has changed three times since 1976, and so different retrieval codes were required to extract data for each municipality over the whole period bullet the data retrieval was only possible on a calendar year basis bullet births and deaths data tend to lag behind estimates of the population whereas estimated resident population data is available to June 1990, births and deaths data is only available to December The first of these difficulties simply extended the data assembly process. The second has necessitated some estimates of data splits between calendar and financial years in order to match up with the estimate of the population at the end of each financial year. In the consideration of estimated net migration flows for the whole of the period between 1976 and 1989, these estimates apply to bullet the proportion of births and deaths in the second half of 1976 from data provided for the whole of 1977 50 per cent bullet the proportion of births and deaths in the first half of 1989 from data provided for the whole of 1989 50 per cent. The same estimating procedure has been employed for reference years between 1976 and 1989 and which are 19761981, 198186, 198687, 198788 and 1988 In this study, the yearbyyear fluctuations of the total estimated net migration flow is provided as an indication of net migration movements which are often associated with specific events. The Geostats data retrieval by calendar year was necessary to avoid an additional, detailed step of adjustments of data within years. The ABS demographics database records births and deaths for a singularly defined geographic area any name or boundary change within a year requires a separately defined area to be entered. The Geostats retrieval by calendar year provides an actual andor estimated figure for births and deaths for a whole calendar year. If data were extracted from the demographics database, then the following adjustments would have been necessary adjustment to an annual figure for areas with a boundary or name change within a year adjustment of annual figures to ensure consistency between years. Completion of both of the above tasks would have required a significant increase in the volume of data adjustment, and is likely not to have yielded a significant improvement in the accuracy of the overall netmigration flows between June 1976 and June The adjustment of births and deaths data between years in which there was a boundary change was completed by applying the crude birthdeath rate per 1000 population for the whole municipality, and apportioning births and deaths to the component of the population either added or lost to the municipality. The result of this process is the establishment of several linked databases containing data for each of the 850 LGAsSLAs in Australia for all reference years between 1976 and These databases are shown in figure It is the final database 6 in figure 1 which has formed the basis of much of this report and which is reproduced in full in table A Geographic classification In addition to the actual estimates of net migration, the final database includes several bases for the geographic analysis of component data. These bases are as follows bullet LGASLA by current name as at 30 June 1990 bullet stateterritory bullet population region as defined by the ABS i.e. statistical divisions bullet DPIE region classification which defines rural, remote and metropolitan regions based on remoteness and categorises LGAsSLAs to one of the following bullet Metropolitan Capital city Nonmetropolitan bullet Nonmetropolitan Rural major rural centre or other rural area Remote major remote centre or other remote area. A detailed description of the classification system employed by the DPIE is provided in appendix Some municipalities actually straddle population regions or statistical divisions and DPIE regions. Based on 1986 Census data, these include the split parts of municipalities on the edges of Melbourne e.g. Cranbourne, Brisbane e.g. Albert and Hobart e.g. Kingborough. The DPIE classification used in this report uses boundaries applying to 1986 Census data. Since work on this report commenced, revisions to the classification have been made by DPIE in order to make the classification more useful for nationallevel analysis and to take account of various shortcomings evident in earlier drafts. The database thus assembled provides the RPPU with a truly unique analytical tool. For what we believe to be the first time in Australia, a national longterm assessment can be made of the scale and direction of net migration flows over the period between June 1976 and June 1989, which is some fifteen years before this report was written. Because of the RPPUs concerns for rural and remote Australia, the individual components of the database relating to capital cities have been collapsed into a single aggregate figure for each state and territory. These include the capital city statistical divisions as defined by the ABS. Some Other Metropolitan centres as defined by the DPIE do not match up precisely with the ABSdefined statistical districts which comprise our largest provincial cities. These differences need to be explained and are discussed as follows bullet The DPIE regional classification nominates the municipalities of Newcastle and Lake Macquarie as Other Metropolitan but excludes the municipalities of Port Stephens, Cessnock and Maitland which are defined by the ABS to be included with the Newcastle Statistical District. bullet Other Metropolitan areas which are also defined on a basis not consistent with the ABS definition of a statistical district include Geelong and Gold Coast. Wollongong is defined by both the ABS and the DPIE as an Other Metropolitan area comprising Wollongong, Kiama and Shellharbour. The geographic basis of the net migration and migration flow data is the Local Government Area or the Statistical Local Area. This is the smallest geographic unit for which ABS provides annual estimates of the population. Births and deaths are reported at the LGASLA level, as are a range of indicators used by the ABS to estimate the migration component of net population growth or decline i.e. building approvals are registered with the local councils. Interpretation of the net migration trends at the LGASLA level requires an understanding of how boundaries surround different population areas.

Introduction This handbook is for employers. It sets out to explain the apprenticeship system in NSW, answer the questions most frequently asked by employers and refer you, the employer, to people and work areas that can help you and your apprentices. The apprenticeship is the traditional training system by which people learn a trade or craft. Additionally, apprenticeships play an important role in improving the long term employment prospects for young people and consolidating the national skills base. The apprenticeship training system in NSW is regulated by the Industrial and Commercial Training Act 1989, which is administered by the NSW Department of Industrial Relations, Employment, Training and Further Education. As an employer of apprentices you will have dealings with the NSW Department of Industrial Relations, Employment, Training and Further Education DIRETFE. In particular, you will have contact with a Departmental Training Officer and the Vocational Training Registry. They provide the services of the former Apprenticeship Directorate. For more detailed information and guidance on specific problems and the supply of the various forms mentioned in this handbook, you should contact the Vocational Training Branch of the Department. For those employers who have not already made contact with a Training Officer in their area, addresses and telephone numbers are located in Attachment A. Checklist for Employers When your apprentice starts arrow1introduce him or her to everyone, especially immediate supervisors arrow1show her or him around the workplace, including toilets, lunch room, storerooms and lockers as relevant arrow1familiarise him or her with occupational health and safety requirements arrow1explain pay arrangements, issue and collect tax exemption form, explain absence and leave procedures, work hours, employee services and other conditions, advise of appropriate union arrow1clarify college offthejob training arrangements Within 14 days of employing your apprentice arrow1lodge the Application for Approval to EstablishAssign an Apprenticeship sample form in Attachment B with DIRETFEs Vocational Training Registry After the probationary period arrow1you and your apprentice sign the apprenticeship indenture if you have taken on an indentured apprentice and send it to the Vocational Training Registry sample indenture in Attachment C. One of the copies of the indenture is for you and one is for your apprentice. arrow1complete your CRAFT Apprentice Training Initiative form and send it to DEET. Note payment of CRAFT subsidies is dependent on your apprentice being registered with the Vocational Training Registry Every six months arrow1record your trainee apprentices progress on his or her progress card and return it to the Vocational Training Registry for notation sample card in Attachment D Regularly arrow1verify your apprentices college attendance by checking his or her offthejob Attendance Card A month from the end of the apprenticeship arrow1the Vocational Training Registry will send you a Notification of Completion form sample letter and form in Attachment E, which you should return to the Registry, together with a copy of your apprentices college certificate which he or she will give you and dotted line have you met your local Training Officer Questions Commonly Asked by Employers Where do I find an apprentice There are all the usual recruiting grounds like local papers, the employment sections of the bigger papers especially the Sydney Morning Heralds Saturday edition and the Telegraph Mirror and the CES. Dont forget school students who did work experience with your company and people who have already contacted you looking for apprenticeships. They have already demonstrated they are keen. Careers advisors at local schools also know of students interested in particular trades. Keep your options open. The right person for the job might not be the boy next door. Have you thought about hiring an older person A woman Or a person with a disability In addition to being highly motivated employees, people from disadvantaged groups may attract some additional Government subsidies. Disadvantaged groups may include persons with a physical or mental disability, Aboriginal persons or Torres Strait Islanders, persons from nonEnglish speaking culturesbackgrounds, longterm unemployed and sole supporting parents. How much will it cost me Apprentices receive wages according to what type of industry they are working in and how far they are through their apprenticeship. Wages and conditions are regulated by industrial awards. If you have any award enquiries, contact State Awards 02 266 0688 Federal Awards 02 286 0888 What paperwork do I have to fill out to get started The important one is the AD5 Application for Approval to EstablishAssign an Apprenticeship, which has to be completed within 14 days of hiring your apprentice See Section 2 All about Apprenticeships and Attachment B. The indenture is completed after the probationary period. See Section 2 All About Apprenticeships and Attachment C. CRAFT subsidy forms should also be filled out at this time. See Section 6 Financial Assistance. If you have hired a trainee apprentice, only possible in some trades the Vocational Training Registry will send you a progress card to complete and return. See Section 2 All about Apprenticeships and Attachment D. The Registry will send this card back to you every six months throughout the apprenticeship to verify your apprentices employment and satisfactory progress. How much money will I get from the Government Details of subsidies available from both the Commonwealth and NSW Governments can be found in Section 6 Financial Assistance. The majority of subsidies are available through the Commonwealth Governments CRAFT program. Your apprentice must be registered with DIRETFEs Vocational Training Registry before any payments under this program will be made to you. You should also check with your local Training Officer to find out about new or shortterm incentive schemes that may be offered from time to time. Is there any financial help for apprentices Details of assistance available from the Commonwealth and NSW Governments can be found in Section 6 Financial Assistance. These include the Vocational Training Assistance Scheme VTAS, which provides financial assistance towards accommodation and travel expenses for apprentices who need to travel more than 120 kilometres round trip to attend block or day release training courses. Do all employees under the age of 21 who do trade work have to be apprentices Yes, or they must have completed an apprenticeship. This applies even to employees who only spend a small percentage of their time doing trade work. If I take on someone who has already done part of an apprenticeship, do they have to start again If an apprentice is transferred or assigned from one employer to another, your apprentice will take up where she or he was up to with a previous employer, both on and off the job. Essentially it is a continuation of the same apprenticeship, with a new employer. There is no new probationary period. If you take on an outoftrade apprentice, whose indenture has been cancelled, a new probationary period will apply, followed by the shortened term necessary to complete the apprenticeship. A new AD5 form needs to be completed. See Section 2 All about Apprenticeships for further details. Do they have to go to tech, or can they work for me five days a week The offthejob part of an apprenticeship is just as important as the onthejob work. Generally, your apprentice will go to college one day each week, for 36 weeks, though some apprentices in country areas do offthejob training in blocks of between three days and three weeks. Outside college terms, apprentices work five days a week. Your apprentice is entitled to holidays and sick leave, like any other employee. See Section 5 Conditions of Employment. Can I sack them That might not be necessary If youve invested time, training and money in an employee it makes sense to try and keep them. If you and your apprentice are having problems that you cant resolve, contact your local training officer, in the first instance. Of course, sometimes it just doesnt work out. The procedure for terminating apprenticeships can be found in Section 2 All about Apprenticeships. What if I havent got enough work to keep my apprentice A group scheme could be the solution. Group training companies have been set up in some geographical areas and industries to assist small andor specialised employers. Again, in the first instance, talk to your local training officer. What things do I have to teach my apprentice This will vary, according to the trade. Onthejob training should take account of what your apprentice is learning at college. Remember, the aim of an apprenticeship is to produce a qualified tradesperson. As an employer you probably know what makes a good tradesperson. Australia is moving towards CompetencyBased Training CBT, which is all about reaching and demonstrating competence, rather than completing a fixed term of training. Industrys input in identifying skills and knowledge needed for the various trades and the standards required will be essential to CBTs development. See Section 9 CompetencyBased Training for more information. How do I know when theyve learnt what Ive taught them With a lot of skills youll see your apprentices progress as she or he works for you. With other skills you may need to arrange tests and talk to the people providing your apprentices offthejob training. CompetencyBased Training will make assessing your apprentices ability easier. SECTION 1 Obligations of Employers Apprentices Employers Under the Industrial and Commercial Training Act, 1989 you are required, within 14 days of employing an apprentice, to lodge an Application for Approval to EstablishAssign an Apprenticeship Form AD5 with The Vocational Training Registry, Department of Industrial Relations, Employment, Training Further Education, PO Box 848, DARLINGHURST NSW 2010 A sample of the form can be found in Attachment B. As an employer you are obliged to provide your apprentice with arrow1every opportunity to learn the skills of the trade arrow1time off, with pay, to attend college training arrow1a safe working environment and conditions which contribute to the learning of the trade arrow1a work environment free from sexual or any other form of harassment. Your local Training Officer can assist you in understanding and meeting your obligations. Any problems that arise may be referred to the Vocational Training Board. Apprentices Your apprentice is obliged to arrow1learn and work to attain the skills of the trade arrow1study the college course prescribed under the appropriate apprenticeship Vocational Training Order arrow1accept all instruction and training arrow1obey any lawful instruction given by you or your representatives. If your apprentice fails to meet these obligations you should, in the first instance, contact your local Training Officer for assistance. SECTION 2 All about Apprenticeships Definitions An apprenticeship is a job which usually combines college study with onthejob training, to learn a trade or craft. There are over 300 trades. A list of the most popular trades and those in which apprenticeships are currently available can be found in Attachment F. Qualified tradespeople generally begin by completing an apprenticeship. Currently most apprenticeships take four years to complete, although some trades take a shorter time. With the advent of CompetencyBased Training CBT all apprenticeships can be of a shorter duration. Indentured Apprenticeship Apprentices who are indentured sign an indenture which is a written contract of training between an employer and apprentice. In the contract you agree to teach your apprentice a particular trade and allow time off with pay to attend technical college classes as required under the relevant Vocational Training Order. In return, your apprentice agrees to become skilled in all aspects of the trade. Trainee Apprenticeship This type of apprenticeship is not available in all trades. It is similar to an indentured apprenticeship except that there is no written contract and the employment may be terminated by either party by giving the prescribed notice. Trainee apprentices get slightly higher wages to make up for this lack of security. There are no other differences between a trainee apprentice and an indentured apprentice. Both receive the same training, both on and off the job, and receive the same certificate on completion. If a trainee apprentice moves from one employer to another, the new employer is required to apply to the Vocational Training Registry to reestablish the apprenticeship on an AD5 application form within fourteen days of commencement with the new employer.

Death knell muffled THE results of Britains local council elections are at least fairly heartening for the Prime Minister, Mrs Thatcher. The elections were touted by the Labour Party as a de facto referendum on the recently introduced poll tax and opinion polls pointed to a supposedly instructive defeat for Mrs Thatchers Conservative Party. While Mrs Thatcher will be far from ecstatic over the results, they are better than the polls indicated. They should encourage her to maintain her stance of taking the hard decisions necessary to govern Britain. Last night, with results in from 160 of 201 local councils at stake in England, Wales and Scotland, the Conservatives had lost 268 seats and gained 71 while Labour had 340 gains and 39 losses. Opinion polls had pointed to the Conservatives losing to Labour up to 400 of the 1500 seats they were defending. In light of the violent antipoll tax riots that shattered central London only a month ago, the result must be seen as a victory for those in favour of reform of Britains council rating system if not necessarily the poll tax itself which sees local council rates levied on every adult living in a council area, rather than only on property owners. Councils in Britain control education, police, fire brigades, and lowincome housing, in addition to planning, roads and rubbish collection. Bigspending councils create heavy financial burdens for ratepayers. All residents ratepayers or not have had the right to vote in council elections. In some highspending areas nonratepayers, in the past, have elected councils that have imposed crippling rates on property owners. As some of these councils failed to curb their reckless spending with the advent of the poll tax, their residents generally poorer families are being levied a tax up to four times as high as that asked of richer residents of lowspending councils. Much attention during the campaign was focused on the socalled flagship Conservative councils, where a low poll tax had been imposed and a Labour victory would have been especially damaging to Mrs Thatchers standing. In these areas, however, the Conservatives appear with one exception in the Midlands city of Bradford to have held or increased their support. As might have been expected, the Conservatives did worst in those areas where few residents have ever paid council rates. The results suggest that radical Thatcherite policies still hold a potent attraction for British voters. The opinion polls that show Labour would win an absolute majority in Parliament should a general election be held now may not be an accurate reflection of voters intentions. Clearly, Mrs Thatcher is like Mark Twain reports of her political death are an exaggeration. Were the victims of our trueblue virtues PROFESSOR Heinz Arndt from the Australian National University makes a pertinent point when he looks beyond the graphs, charts and tables of the economist and nominates our culture as an obstacle to economic reform. The aim of restructuring is to make industry flexible, efficient and strong, so it can compete in difficult international markets. Yet the aim sits uneasily with our relaxed, and very pleasant, style of living and working. We are victims of our virtues. We are an easygoing nation with a long, happy tradition of social egalitarianism, of not taking ourselves, or anything else, too seriously. The vernacular which is so much a part of our consciousness Shell be right No worries betrays this aspect of our character. The institution of the smoko, the very notion of wanting everyone to have a fair go, the sacredness of the long weekend, our belief that a person really is entitled to the job she or he holds rather than to a job are all signs that ours is not a Prussian approach to life. We can look to history for the causes of this our convict beginnings in which work was a punishment and something to be avoided the strong Celtic strain in our make up the unaccustomed heat of our climate for early settlers here. Whatever the causes, however, there is no doubt that elements of our culture militate against sharp economic performance. The link between culture and economic performance is too little studied and understood. An understanding of Australian culture, of the depth of our attachment to many customs which economists would describe as restrictive work practices, is essential if we are to wrestle with funding longlasting solutions to our economic problems. The link has been recognised before. Not so long ago, a semiofficial advertising campaign told us that near enough was no longer good enough. But it requires something more than a marketing exercise to alter such deeply ingrained attitudes and, it is to be hoped, something less than a long and harsh recession. Yet it is essential we recognise that unless we choose to give up some treasured aspects of our workstyle we risk having the sacrifice imposed on us. If we do not pursue microeconomic reform we will lose much that we value in our culture. If we remain uncompetitive we risk gradual impoverishment. We risk then things more important than smokos and long weekends. High levels of home ownership, good quality health care and decent retirement incomes simply would be beyond our means. Moreover, the longstanding sense of social solidarity would suffer if we became substantially poorer. Nations which experience severe economic decline almost always become nastier, meaner societies. Yet there is no need to sacrifice everything which we find agreeable in the Australian character in the pursuit of economic efficiency. As Professor Arndt says, the easy, friendly nature of our lifestyle is very attractive. Certainly the tradition of social egalitarianism need not be inimical to the formation of a true meritocracy. Holding that all Australians are equally deserving of courtesy and social acceptance does not mean that they must all get the same rewards for differing effort and talent. Social egalitarianism can be the engine of an economic meritocracy, as historically was the case in the United States. Similarly, our sympathy for the underdog is a manifestation of instincts of compassion. All social systems need to be tempered by compassion. None the less, it is clear changes in the way we live and work, and ultimately in the way we think about the world, are necessary. To stay true blue we will need to become not only smarter, but much more hardworking, and some cherished customs will have to disappear. TV government by ideological heritage THE first commandment of communications policy is thou shalt not have foreign ownership. So the Federal Government is planning to limit further foreign ownership of television stations without feeling the need to explain the rationale for the move. The historical fact that opposition to foreign control is a venerable part of Labours ideological baggage is not, on its own, a sound basis for the formulation of public policy. When Cabinet considers the foreign ownership rules in the next few days, its first task is to ask itself why it is doing so. If it supports the plan by the Minister for Communications, Mr Beazley, to impose a foreign ownership limit of up to 30 per cent of the shareholding, its next task is to spell out its assumptions. There may be good reasons why foreign ownership should be limited to 20 or 30 percent of the shareholding. But no one in the Government has yet bothered to explain what they are. The debate on the level of foreign ownership of TV stations is based on the belief that it is bad for Australia. The clear, but unstated, suggestion is that foreign ownership would destroy our culture or give foreign owners unwelcome power over our lives. But is this the case There is evidence that Australians are watching TV less than they did in the past and that this turning off is at least in part a reflection of the quality of programming. The cosy assumption that our commercial TV is better than that overseas because we can choose from the best of Australian, American and British shows may not be correct. If our commercial television diet is to be dominated by variablequality sitcoms, overblown miniseries and mindless soaps, does it make any difference whether it is supplied by Australian or foreign owners What we see on commercial TV is determined by the popularity of various programs the great god ratings, the message of which is interpreted by professional programmers of whatever nationality they happen to be not the whim of any shareholder. This is more than ever the case now, as many commercial operators are struggling to meet the bills on their borrowings. The pressure to maximise advertising revenue by maximising ratings is intense. Foreign ownership would not make programming any worse, from this standpoint. It is at least conceivable that by easing financial pressures a little, foreign ownership could make the position marginally better. In any case, the owners are subject to close regulation and scrutiny. The Australian Broadcasting Tribunal has close to absolute power over commercial television. It decides who is a fit and proper person to hold a licence it has rules on the level of Australian content, what type of shows can be shown at what hours, and what sort of advertising can be broadcast. The commercial television owners apparently meek acceptance of Mr Beazleys proposals can be greeted with a grain of cynicism. While attention is focused on foreign ownership of broadcast TV, the Government comes under less pressure to introduce userpays cable television. TVs future may well be in that medium. The optic fibre cables now being laid through our big cities would allow the introduction of a dozen or more specialised channels showing everything from firstrun movies to 24hour news or sport. That would introduce true competition, with all its potential for improvements in program quality. This is not to say that there should be no debate on ownership levels. On the contrary TV plays an important part in most peoples lives, so the question of its control is an important public issue. But in the interests of debate, as opposed to the Government simply laying down the law, it is incumbent on Mr Beazley to go back to first principles and justify the controls. Hurting Gorbachev may help crush the system INABILITY to pay for Australian wool is the least of the Soviet Unions troubles. Its heartland is merely chronically disaffected its periphery is more or less in open rebellion. Its people are hungry, soldiers confused and workers on the verge of general strike. Its leaders are torn between an unpalatable dictatorial past and a scarcely conceivable democratic future. The Wests essential task is not to relieve the immediate misery of the Soviet people, still less to support the crumbling power base of President Gorbachev, but to ensure that communism never recovers. It is, after all, the legacy of communism that impoverishes ordinary Soviet citizens, threatens to crush Lithuanian freedom and imperils Mr Gorbachevs position. Yesterday, Mr Gorbachev appealed to the West not to make political capital out of his difficulties. In response, the United States President, Mr Bush, pointed out that Soviet procrastination on allowing the emigration of Soviet Jews and the selfdetermination of the Baltic Dtates hindered good relations. Still, he declared repeatedly, he did not want to exacerbate Mr Gorbachevs problems. To many in the West, Mr Gorbachev is the hero who made possible the end of the Cold War, the liberation of Eastern Europe and the advent of parliamentary democracy in the Soviet Union. To his own people, however, he has promised a sort of freedom but delivered economic anarchy. It is not surprising, therefore, that some Western leaders want to save Mr Gorbachev from the wrath of his own people so that he can continue to make the Soviet Union less threatening. But Mr Gorbachev did not spend 30 years climbing the party apparatus to preside over its dissolution not, at any event, when he first came to power. And if he now seems embarked on a stepbystep dismantling of the old system it is only because he has no choice.

MINISTERIAL REPORT The SydneyCanberra corridor is a 300 km long stretch of land which links Sydney and Canberra. The corridor forms the main transport, communication and service route between these two capital cities. The landuse consists mainly of agricultural and forested areas with towns and villages situated along transport routes. Natural attributes of the corridor include its scenic national parks and forests, productive farmlands, mines and quarries and several townships with heritage significance. Four key issues of major importance in the future development of the corridor are urban growth, water resources, air quality and transport. The corridor represents one of the two outlets northwest vs southwest for Sydneys urban sprawl as residential land within the Sydney basin approaches its capacity. Population growth in Sydney and policies towards urban consolidation will greatly affect the rate and spatial pattern of urban development in the corridor. Water resources represent perhaps the most limiting factor for corridor growth. Deteriorating water quality within the Warragamba catchment which supplies about 4 million people is of major concern. Declining air quality in Sydneys southwest also required careful consideration in policies towards urban growth patterns. Transport networks are likely to continue to be a major determinant of corridor development. The economic feasability and environmental impacts of the very fast train and tilt train proposals require further investigation. My recommendations for the corridor would be for consolidated urban settlements retained in rural settings, with growth being encouraged in the central and southern corridor. Higher density urban growth would facilitate a greater reliance on public transport. Upgrading of both rail and bus transport is essential to improve accessibility and to reduce the polluting effects of high motor vehicle use. Rapid growth at the northern end of the corridor needs to be discouraged at present to avoid exacerbation of the serious water and air pollution problems. Landuse planning, technology and conservation measures are essential to alleviate this environmental deterioration. Coordinated planning between the various levels of government and agencies involved is perhaps the most important factor in promoting environmentally sustainable use of the corridors resources. INTRODUCTION The four key issues which I regard as most important in relation to the SydneyCanberra corridor are urban growth, water resources, air quality and transport. These four issues were chosen as they all have major impacts on the social and economic circumstances as well as the environmental quality of life of residents both within the corridor and in the urban centres of Sydney and Canberra. The SydneyCanberra corridor is a zone of urbanisation stretching 300 km from Sydney, the N.S.W. capital in the northeast, to Canberra, the national capital in the southwest. It forms a transport, communications and services route between these two capitals. The population of the corridor is almost 4 million including the two capital cities. Within the corridor itself however, there is a low population density with a total population of about 200,Most of the corridor remains in nonurban landuse such as agriculture, forestry, mining, nature conservation and recreation Purdon 1993. The urban settlements are located mainly along the transport routes Map 1. The corridor contains many attractive features, such as historical buildings and villages, scenic national parks, state forests, nature reserves, wetlands and farms. The corridor is managed in a rather piecemeal fashion at present by local councils and the N.S.W., A.C.T. and Federal governments. URBAN GROWTH Urban expansion of Sydney is now limited mainly to the northwest and southwest, so the northern end of the corridor represents one possible route for new urban development. The growth of Canberra is similarly limited in the south and west, so that urban expansion here may also eventually be directed northwards into the corridor. Large scale urban development however may change the nature of the corridor from one of scenic rural towns to what could be seen as an extension of the urban sprawl. It is essential therefore that development of the corridor is planned to accommodate population growth while maintaining the rural atmosphere and minimising environmental impacts. Despite Sydneys declining growth rate, there is still likely to be a net increase in population of approximatesign40,000 people each year Dept. of Planning 1993a. Planning policies for future growth have emphasised the need for more central consolidation in Sydney, especially along existing public transport routes with reduced development on the urban fringe Ibid. However there is a limit Map 1 Key Location diagram Caption to the degree of consolidation physically possible, and population pressure from Sydney will probably be the most significant influence on the rate and pattern of urban settlement in the corridor. Other local factors such as land and house prices, employment opportunities, competing land uses, commuting distances from major centres, retirement facilities, lifestyle preferences, industrial and commercial enterprises and transport availability will also direct the pattern of urban growth. At present, the rate of growth within the corridor is highest at the northern and southern ends where commuting to Sydney and Canberra is viable Table 1. With the growth of Parramatta and Liverpool as commercial centres in Sydney, more jobs are closer to the residents of the corridor Purdon 1993 p.6. Wollondilly and Wingecarribee Shires accounted for almost half of the corridor population increase 19861991 Table 1. The high rate of growth in the Wollondilly Shire can be regarded as direct expansion of the Sydney fringe. The Shire has so far maintained its rural village atmosphere, although there is concern that it will be engulfed in the urban sprawl Lewis 1993. Growth within the Wingecarribee Shire has been due mainly to migration from Sydney, especially retirees and professional people. Local government in this shire is similarly reluctant to encourage rapid urban development which may destroy the rural atmosphere. The rural towns in the central and southern corridor have lower growth rates Dept. of Planning 1992a especially Goulburn where the population is decreasing, mainly due to decline in primary production. CanberraQueanbeyan has been a rapidly growing area and eventually land in New South Wales will be required to accommodate urban expansion from Canberra Tomlins 1993. Table 2 shows possible future urban trends for the various local government areas within the corridor. Current patterns of urban growth are likely to continue, at least in the near future Department of Planning, 1990a. Greatest expansion is expected in the Wollondilly Shire where land is still reasonably priced and within commuting distance from Sydney. Demand is also likely to continue for the relatively high priced land in the Wingecarribee Shire due to its scenic beauty and proximity to Sydney. Population projections for 1991 2016 by the Department of Planning 1990b suggest that growth rates in the other rural centres such as Yass, Goulburn and Gunning will continue to be low. This will depend, however, on the productivity of the rural sector, commercial and industrial Caption Table 1 Sources Key Caption Table 2 Source developments and any changes to the transport system. Queanbeyan, Yarrowlumla and Canberra itself are expected to continue growth at moderate rates Dept. of Planning 1990b. The most attractive and environmentally sustainable urban development pattern within the corridor in the future would perhaps be mediumhigh density expansion of existing urban settlements surrounded by rural or natural areas. The Australian residential ideal is the single dwelling on a large block of land, typical of urban fringe housing Maher 1993. More research and market appraisel is required in designing medium density dwellings attractive to large numbers of the population. For example, medium density clusters of 1030 dwellings such as villas or townhouses designed to allow both privacy and a community atmosphere. This would minimise resource use and costs, e.g. land, energy and water and reduce the sense of isolation felt by many homeowners in new urban areas. Compact, public transportoriented urban growth is essential in the northern corridor where rapid growth is already exacerbating environmental problems. The central and southern urban settlements such as Goulburn and Yass appear more receptive to urban development Glover 1993 Turner 1993. Growth in these towns offers many advantages compared to continued urban sprawl on the fringes of Sydney and Canberra. For example, residential, commercial and industrial land is ralatively cheap and improvement in transport services may reduce accessibility problems. However, there are limits to the capacity of these settlements to sustain urban growth, for example water supplies, infrastructure costs and employment opportunities. The government may eventually be pressured into releasing large areas of residential land close to Sydney at some time in the next 515 years. For example, a housing boom may occur following recovery from the present recession. The most economical option in this case would perhaps be the development of an area such as Macarthur South Map 2. This is the only area in the corridor where large scale urban development has been proposed projected ultimate population 250,000Water Board 1992. Whether technological advances could reduce environmental impacts to acceptable levels needs careful assessment. Development strategies for Macarthur South and the other areas proposed for new urban development Map 2 are currently being revised Dept. of Planning 1991 and 1992b. Map 2 Caption WATER RESOURCES Most of the SydneyCanberra corridor falls within the HawkesburyNepean Catchment Map 3. The Shoalhaven Catchment supplies the southeast section of the corridor, while Canberra, Queanbeyan and Yass are supplied by tributaries of the Murrumbidgee River. The HawkesburyNepean river system has a catchment area of 22,000 sq.km. and supplies 97 of Sydneys drinking water 75 billion litres per day Water Board 1993a. The catchment also provides water for agricultural, industrial and recreational use, and contains several sites for sand and gravel extraction. The population within the catchment area is about 500,000 but is expected to increase to approximatesign800,000 by the year 2000 Dept. of Planning 1989. The major concerns for both future water supply and water quality are in the northern corridor. This is due to the very large population 4 million dependent on the HawkesburyNepean system and the serious water pollution problems already emerging in the catchment. Water is also a limiting growth factor in the southern corridor. For example, Canberras water supply will be inadequate by 2001 if current trends continue, but the problems here are of a much smaller magnitude. Water Supply Sydney has the largest per capita water storage capacity of all the major cities in the world, and consumption is correspondingly high at approximatesign500 litres per day average Water Board Annual Report 199192. The main storage reservoir is Warragamba Dam capacity approximatesign2 M megalitres with additional storage in the Cordeaux, Cataract, Nepean, Avon and Wingecarribee Dams Map 3. There are no more water catchment areas outside national parks within easy reach of Sydney. If current usage rates and population growth rates continue, the water supply will be inadequate by about 2005 Water Board 1993b, Although the rate of population growth has slowed, an increase of about one million people is expected in the Sydney region in the next 1530 years Dept. of Planning 1993a. Reduced consumption and other water conservation measures will be required to maintain an adequate supply in the long term. The proposed Welcome Reef Dam on the Shoalhaven River is one option for supplying Sydneys water requirements in the future. The dam could also supply local communities in the Shoalhaven and possibly Canberra, Queanbeyan and Yass. The capacity of the dam would be 7 M megalitres. However, there are a number of disadvantages to the dams construction environmental impacts at the site and on the catchment system and the large capital cost involved Map 3 Caption 300 M. Water Board 1993c. No decision regarding Welcome Reef Dam will be made until 199798 during which time the Water Board will review water supply and environmental issues Ibid. Water Quality In recent years there has been increasing concern that the aquatic ecosystems and water quality within the HawkesburyNepean catchment have been deteriorating. Water quality in the reservoirs has been maintained in the past by excluding any type of human activity from a wide area around the catchments. However, growth of urban centres and agricultural activities in the Wollondilly and Wingecarribee shires has resulted in wastes and sewage being disposed of into the tributaries upstream of the dams. Major pollution problems are present downstream of the dams where large volumes of urban runoff and effluent from 23 sewerage treatment plants enter the river system Water Board 1992

Lethal cocktail of party and drugs By WAYNE MILLER and GLENN CONNLEY A WINTER afternoon, the start of the school holidays.Teenagers with two weeks to themselves look forward to starting the break with a Saturday night out. It probably was party time for thousands of young people across the state. But for one group, it was the road to disaster. THREE girls, barely into their teens, gathered to discuss a friends birthday party later in the evening. Another teenager, a boy on the verge of manhood, was out chatting with friends at neighborhood shops. Young couples attracted to more affordable housing in the rapidlygrowing city were preparing to put their babies and toddlers to bed. Others were watching the evening news, dominated by the new casino and a minor fire scare there. It was such an ordinary Saturday evening in Melton, the satellite city to Melbournes northwest that is home to 39,000 people. But a lifeordeath gamble was unfolding as 17yearold Nyjel Smith slipped back into his familys home and took the keys to his fathers car from their regular place in the kitchen. Police suspect Nyjel had taken his father Gregs car a number of times before, joyriding with friends through local streets. Meanwhile, with the school holidays approaching, Rebekah Peake, 14, Tracey Kelly, 13, and Sarah Bhushan, also 13, were preparing for a night out. First there was a policerun Blue Light disco which had been organised in Melton High Schools recreation hall. But it was a slumber party to celebrate the 14th birthday of a friend, Lee Hall, that the closelyknit teenage trio were most excited about. At 5pm Rebekahs best friend, Kristie Vernon, 14, met her at the home of Tracey Kelly, 13, after watching friends play netball at a nearby school. We went into the garage to talk about what we were going to do that night, listen to some music and have a bit of a laugh, Kristie said yesterday. Then Nyjel dropped around. He wasnt sure if hed go to the Blue Light. About 30 pm, Nyjel Smith left his Lavarack St home on foot. He told his family he was just going out, which police say was nothing out of the ordinary. He was the type of kid who had started to stay out all night and stretch his freedom, said Insp. Noel Ashby, of the accident investigation section. Nyjel walked to shops at the corner of Station Rd and the Western Highway to meet friends, arriving about 7 pm. Insp. Ashby says a convenience store there is a real hangout for the local kids, with up to 30 often sitting around outside. Kristie Vernon, Rebekah Peake, Tracey Kelly and Sarah Bhushan went to the Blue Light Disco, which began about 7 pm. About 8pm, police say, Nyjel went home, took his fathers car and drove to a convenience store where he met Tracey Kellys boyfriend Travis Wilson, also The two boys drove to Lerderderg Gorge, about 30 minutes away. Around the same time, Lee Halls birthday party began at her house in Bridgeford Cres. Lees mother Kristine picked the girls up from the disco at 15pm. Nyjel Smith and Travis Wilson turned up at the birthday party in the car, and offered to take the girls for a spin. Ms Hall was to say later she was unaware of any drugs or alcohol at the party, and that the first she knew of the teenagers venturing out was when police knocked on her door about 6 am on Sunday. I feel guilty because it happened at my house but dotted line there is only so long you can keep an eye on kids at a slumber party without running it for them, she said. Kristie, Sarah, Rebekah, Tracey, Nyjel and Travis piled into the Smith car to go down to High St and pick up something to eat, just after midnight. During their trip, Nyjel dropped in at the Mobil Service Station on High St and bought two tubes of gas lighter refill. Kristie said that for the next 40 minutes the five sat in the front room of Lees house, inhaling the lighter gas and drinking bourbon and Coke. It was mainly Nyjel doing the stuff lighter gas. We all had a bit of a try. We all had a bit of a drink, Kristie said. Just before 2 am Nyjel and Travis went for another spin, this time to Keilor. They werent away for long, said Kristie. Nyjel, Travis, Rebekah, Tracey and Sarah decided to go for another drive about 30am. Kristie was also going this time. I was almost in the car. I went to go with them but just jumped back out again. I didnt want to overload the car and I had a bad feeling about it, she said. I said to Bekky Ill see you soon, but I had a feeling I wouldnt. Kristie said Sarah Bhushan wasnt keen to go either, but was convinced by her older friends. In the seconds before they left, Kristie pleaded with Nyjel not to drive. She said she could see he had drunk too much bourbon. At 55am on Sunday, the car careered out of control on the Western Freeway, just east of Bacchus Marsh Rd, and slammed into a steel pylon supporting overhead signs. The car split in two, with its engine being thrown 45m further on. Nyjel Smith, Travey Kelly, Sarah Bhushan and Rebekah Peake were killed. Travis Wilson was catapulted out of the car, still strapped to his seat, and landed about 15m from the point of impact. He was flown to the Alfred Hospital for extensive surgery, where he was still in a critical but stable condition last night. Insp. Ashby said the driver had lost control and gone on to one side of the road, corrected or attempted to correct and just collided with the pylon in the process. At 45am, Kristie Vernon heard a knock on the door. She says she knew it was not her friends returning.She had heard the police helicopter while lying in her sleeping bag and felt sick in the stomach. I heard the police come. I heard them say accident and somebody said four were dead. I hoped it wasnt Bekky, but I knew it was. Asthma woman dies GRIEF IN BED CHASE By HELEN CARTER, medical reporter THE wife of a senior Australian sport official has died after a search of Melbourne hospitals for an intensive care bed. Mrs June Long was admitted to the Alfred Hospital at 7pm after an asthma attack, but died next morning. Her husband, former president of the Australian Cycling Council, Mr Bill Long, said that not even having top health insurance could ensure his wife, 70, had an intensive care bed. The situation needs to be really looked at by the Government, not fiddled about with, he said. If we can just save somebody else. It is much better to have too many beds than not enough. Mr Long contacted the Herald Sun after an exclusive report yesterday revealed a beds crisis at the Alfred. It said one patient waited 48 hours on a trolley before getting a bed.Surgery for some cancer and heart patients was also cancelled to free emergency beds. The State Government yesterday denied problems at the Alfred represented a crisis in the hospital system. But it was revealed that at least one other major public hospital, Monash Medical Centre in Clayton, had difficulties in emergency. Speaking last night after his wifes funeral, Mr Long said his wife had gone to the Alfred last Tuesday evening. He had left late at night, because he thought his wife was stable and would be transferred to a bed. Those staff were working themselves to death. They were pushing people around in beds trying to find a bed, he said. She was on a trolley and they were trying to find a bed. The ambulance crew were here as quick as a flash and Im not suggesting they or the staff at the Alfred were at fault because they worked hard. With the conditions they were working under, they ought to be given gold medals. Mr Long said that when he phoned on Wednesday staff told him his wife had had a bad night and that they were trying to find her an intensive care bed. Two hours later he was told his wife had died. The Alfreds director of medical services, Dr Peter Eisen, said Mrs Long was admitted at 7 pm. She was went into a ward at 1 am but her condition deteriorated. Dr Eisen said staff searched every intensive care ward in Melbourne but no bed was free. Eventually one was found but just before Mrs Long was transferred by ambulance she stopped breathing and could not be resuscitated. Dr Eisen could not say whether Mrs Long would have lived had an intensive care bed been available sooner. But it was fair to say her chances would have been better. He said it was indicative of the overall situation and pressure on beds. Dr Eisen said that on one night last week there were no spare intensive care beds, even in private hospitals. The Alfreds director of emergency services, Dr Linas Dziukas, said conditions in the emergency department were just not acceptable. He said the problem had been so bad recently that 40 patients were squashed into cubicles designed for Patients line the corridors on trolleys wherever we can find room, he said. The Acting Health Minister, Mr Rob Knowles, said the Alfred had coped well with a 30 per cent rise in emergency patients in May. Mr Knowles said all patients had been provided with the appropriate level of care. There may have been some temporary arrangements while a bed was found but in fact the hospital coped extraodinarily well, he said. The Opposition health spokesman, Mr John Thwaites, attacked the Governments casemix funding formula and health budget cuts. Mr Twaites said noninpatient services, including accident and emergency, had been cut by 7 per cent this year. A Government spokesman said upgrading the Alfreds emergency department was being considered. Poachers reap abalone fortune By MIKE EDMONDS HITECH criminals use fast boats, radio scanners and militarystyle night vision goggles to poach 150 million of abalone a year, the State Government says. The Natural Resources Minister, Mr Geoff Coleman, says as much abalone is poached as is legally caught. The shellfish is sold to unscrupulous restaurants and on the lucrative Asian market where it can fetch more than 100 a kilo, enforcement officers said. Mr Coleman, who will launch an antipoaching offensive tomorrow, said abalone was the states most profitable fishing industry. In Japan, a single meal of illegally imported Victorian abalone can cost up to A Authorities believe abalone meat is being smuggled out of Victoria through a substitution racket. Department of Conservation and Natural Resources officers have uncovered single shipments of up to 500 kg of illegal abalone. Last weekend an officer was assaulted and more than 200kg of meat seized in a raid on a home and garage which had been fitted out with freezers. Mr Coleman said some of the wellorganised poaching syndicates had set up canning facilities to process the abalone. Licenced abalone divers presently get about 38 a kilogram, but earlier this year the price was about In Asia, Australian abalone can fetch more than 100 a kilo. There are 78 divers in Victoria, and they are each allowed to take 20 tonnes of abalone each year. The divers each pay a 28,000 annual fee and the licences are transferable. A licence was recently sold for 9 million. We have issued licences to the level which we believe will allow the industry to sustain itself, Mr Coleman said. As a rule of thumb however, we believe there is just as much taken illegally as legally, and there are local processors and restaurateurs who are not picky about who they buy from.

TWENTYFOUR STORMS White came to think politics were in his blood because his grandfather Honest Frank had taken himself into the Parliament of New South Wales. But Frank was dead long before his grandson was born, and the boy was raised in a house where politics were hardly discussed. The Victor Whites were happy so long as Labor was out of power. Their friends were not politicians but representatives of the continuing interests of old money in Australia. Their son absorbed their loyalties. Though he wondered for a while if Europe might be better off for a Communist or Christian revolution after the war, and sided in Greece with Republican nationalists agains the royalists, he returned home as if none of this had any application in Australia. At each election he cast his vote for the conservative LiberalCountry Party coalition of Bob Menzies which had been in power since late l My political convictions do not burn, White admitted in his first decade home. He had little grasp of economics and the mechanics of political power bored him. He worried that politics were a threat to art, and maintained that those races like the Greeks who could not detach themselves from politics could not be artists. Art is art, and politics is politics I am afraid, he told Peggy Garland at the time of her enthusiasm for the new China of Mao Tsetung. I am trying to think who has brought them together convincingly, and I cannot I am sure Picassos Guernica will turn out to be the least satisfactory Picasso.1 White had opinions and expressed some of them in magisterial letters to the editor of the Sydney Morning Herald. He saw Russias hand behind most international crises he was elated by Israels triumphs over the Arabs he sided with the Greeks over Cyprus he condemned South Africa as a police state and he feared Australia becoming a colony of the United States.2 This suspicion of America was one of the few clear political convictions he absorbed from his parents and it turned out to be important. At Lulworth the decline of Britain was felt as a blow to the family of which they were part. America was certainly friendly, but this was the rise of another empire and another family to which rich Australia had little connection. The Whites and their friends voiced something of this anxiety in the amused distaste they had for American vulgarity, but Patrick could also remember his parents in the early l930s pressing on people copies of a tract called Honour or Dollars which argued the need for Britain to be forgiven the immense war debts it owed the United States. This was the Victor Whites only political enthusiasm and their son was impressed. Thirtyfive years later the transformation of this private conservative into a public radical began with his initially cautious and later vociferous disapproval of Americas role in Vietnam. Australia had begun sending troops to Saigon in 1962 and fed its war machine by conscripting a few thousand young men each year, drawing their birthdays out of a barrel in a lottery where the prize was two years in the army. Despite this, the war was a popular cause in Australia and a new conservative Prime Minister, Harold Holt, faced general elections in November 1966 confident of victory. His Labor opponent That imbecile White called him was a workingclass, antiCommunist Irishman with a voice like a cement mixer.3 Labor was divided about the war. White was unworried. A few weeks before the elction Geoffrey Dutton sent White a copy of the Vietnam Primer published by the radical American Ramparts magazine. He was sceptical before he began but convinced by what he read. The Primer told him a lot he did not know, especially about the origins of the war. The firsthand testimony of those who had fought in Vietnam struck him as sincere. In reply to Dutton he wrote, I dotted line see I have been wrong, chiefly through ignorance. I am writing to Ramparts for more copies. Nevertheless, a few days later White contributed his vote to Harold Holts handsome victory at the polls.4 Marshall Best tried to persuade White that the Ramparts crowd were irresponsible, men and women disgruntled because they have not quite made it with the Establishment. White was not impressed and when a bundle of copies of the Primer eventually arrived at Martin Road, he sent copies to friends, churchmen and to the Prime Minister. I have always voted Liberal, he told Holt, but cant go along with the warinVietnam policy, nor can I stomach the invasion of Australia by the United States, although I have nothing against Americans in their own milieu.5 Canberra took some trouble with its reply to Patrick White. Officers of the Prime Ministers Department and External Affairs worked on the draft. But when it came to be signed, Holt was away in the United States assuring President Lyndon Johnson that Australia would go All the way with LBJ in the war. Holts deputy, John Black Jack McEwen, pencilled on the draft I dont see any need to acknowledge the letter. Holt only signed and posted it on his return in June l6 Of course each side is right and each side is wrong and only God will decide, White remarked to Margery Williams. But I who am not God cant help feeling that the Americans are more immoral than the Communists for resurrecting fascism how could they help it theyre so Germanic to combat Communism. Democracy is everyday more firmly nailed in its coffin. Whites mind was finally made up when he read newspaper reports of Holts behaviour at a barbecue in California urging the Americans to keep bombing North Vietnam. It is all very gloomy. White wrote to Dutton. Not the least gloomy part is the impression that awful little Holt makes the minute he is let out of Australia. Hes definitely not for export. Never again shall I vote for him if hes foolish enough to expect us to.7 Holt drowned swimming in the Melbourne surf and his place was taken by John Gorton, a grapefruit farmer and former air ace who called fresh elections in the spring of lLabor was now led by a middleclass lawyer, Gough Whitlam, but White was unimpressed. Still, he felt he had no choice I shall have to vote for Whitlam whom I dont like much more than Gorton.8 Labor lost. Sometime soon after those elections White agreed to help the Committee in Defiance of the National Service Act. Already ll5 of the committees recruits had been convicted of breaching the Crimes Act by calling on young men not to register for conscription. White was to be the star of a new, distinguished cast of protesters whose call to disobedience would provoke the government into action. One can pay a fine, he told OHea. But I think that would be pointless help the cause not at all and from another point of view a term in jail might be quite a useful experience. She replied by return post urging him to think of his health.9 On the late afternoon of 9 December l969, fortyfour writers, actors, politicians and academics had gathered in Chifley Square. A dozen faint hearts failed to appear. This was the first sight the Australian public had had of White for seven or eight years. He signed three forms the statement of defiance, an expression of willingness to be prosecuted and an instruction to a firm of solicitors to enter a guilty plea. He was photographed and said a few words to reporters I am ready to go to jail because it is useless saying the same things over and over about a war I believe to be futile and immoral. Anyone who has been in a war, and who thinks, will know that it has been the most horrifying and wasteful period of thier lives.10 The campaign failed in its immediate aim the government remained resolutely inert no more fines were levied, those already fined were never jailed, and the courts were closed to the protesters but a point of political importance was established in Chifley Square. The governments incessant rhetoric of law and order was seen for what it was not an appeal to the evenhandedness of the law, but a euphemism for the machinery that sent young men to fight. Only those who refused to go into the army were now pursued, fined and imprisoned. For the size of its forces in Vietnam Australia was suffering high casualties four hundred men had been killed so far and another hundred were to die. The Eye of the Storm was working in Whites mind all this time. There was never a novel he knew so much about before he put it on paper. Even as Ruth lay in Rutland House six years before, he knew he would write about her death, attended by acolytes and besieged by heirs who wished this opulent convalescence would end, either with death or a bare room at the Blue Nuns. He saw that the core of the novel would be the struggle between himself and that almost senile woman of immense will. He might have called it Death and Corruption or perhaps Darker Purposes. The novel tends to stress the darker purposes in the lives of the main characters, one of whom is an actor who has failed as Lear, like most actors, and who returns to Australia with his sister to persuade their aged mother to die.11 He began to write on the Australia Day weekend at the end of January, to give myself a kind of excuse for not going to the Premiers party. This time no firstdraft attacks of asthma interrupted the flow, and the words poured out almost effortlessly for months. The cast began to grow Elizabeth Hunter dying in her great house on Centennial Park, her son Sir Basil the London actor, and daughter Dorothy de Lascabanes surviving the wreck of her marriage to Hubert de Lascabanes by clinging to a few jewels and a title. There were nurses and their lovers, the housekeeper and her crowded past, the lawyer and his family, the tenants past and present of the property Kudjeri. The number of characters was giving him trouble by June when he told Ronald Waters, While I am involved with one in particular, I have to leave the others for long stretches, then work myself back into the right frame of mind when I return to them. I imagine Esmeacute Berenger must have felt something the same when she played all the parts in Hamlet.12 Had White been able to act, he might not have written a word. He still dreamed of his Lear, his Hedda and the vaudeville routines he would perform if he had the knack. His imagination was essentially theatrical, and the best of Whites characters are not only astonishing inventions but great performances. At his desk he acted all the roles. When he spoke of the creative process, he used the language of the theatre. Characters wandered across the state of his imagination for years the spinster, the artist, the dame, the boy, the laundress but not until a couple of them came face to face and began to speak did a novel begin. They put on costume the air smelt of hot lights and greasepaint. There are moments when you have no control over it, it takes control of you. Ones characters are part of ones unconscious but they do take control and you havent much say in the matter.13 His writing life was dotted with complaints of his characters keeping him awake at night. When he could not stop their dialogues, it was time to put them down on paper. The performance continued until the last words were written, with White as cast, director and audience in this theatre of the mind. In Basil Hunter, White came close to laying bare his own creative machinery. Hunter is not stuffed with theories and taste but builds his roles from flashes of intuition.

12 Employer associations and industrial reactivity David Plowman Introduction There is a general consensus that employer associations are essentially reactive organisations. After reviewing the relevant literature touching upon this reactivity, this paper attempts to explain the reasons for such reactivity in the Australian context. It also seeks to suggest those situations which may induce a proactive approach on the part of employer associations. Industrial reactivity Employer associations are generally held to be reactive institutions. On first impression this view may appear to conflict with that developed in some of the literature and which posits that employer associations have been a major influence in determining the structure of collective bargaining for example, Flanders 1968, 1974 Fox 1967, 1975 Beaumont Gregory 1980 Ulman 1974 Clegg 1976, 1979 Donovan Commission 1967 Jackson 1977 Phelps Brown 1959 Adams 1981 Sisson 1986. The two views, however are not necessarily in conflict. Associations may be very active in developing a benign bargaining system, in neutralising the socialist objectives of unions, and in placing and maintaining parameters around that system. Within the confines of the system which has been developed, however, they may play a reactive role, leaving it to unions to initiate claims. Paradoxically, even when associations play a most active role in seeking to maintain, or to change in their favour, the existing bargaining structures or power relationships, they appear in a reactive light. For example, activities designed to maintain managerial prerogatives may be seen to be as reactive as the general lack of activity on, say, the wages front. Thus Shirom 1984, 299 has noted that employer associations tend to be reactive organisations, accommodating to the external changes confronting them they tend to be particularly reactive to the structure and distribution of political power in society. Reactive activity designed to maintain existing power relationships and bargaining structures is not essentially different from those activities which helped bring into existence those relationships and structures. Since the role of employer associations in determining bargaining structures in the Australian industrial relations system has been the topic of a separate paper Plowman 1988, activities on this front are briefly outlined in the next section of the paper. The major concern of this paper is to focus on employer association activity, or inactivity, within the established framework for determining employment conditions. It is necessary to define the way in which the terms reactive and proactive are used in this paper. By the first term is commonly meant activity in response to some stimulus for example, unions seek a wage increase, employers react by opposing such a wage increase. The term connotes not merely the fact that employer association activities may be responsive to external stimuli, but also that the response is passive and negatively defensive. Proactivity connotes three possible situations those in which employer associations take the initiative when confronted with external stimuli those in which they respond to union claims in a creative manner which enables them to wrest the initiative and those in which associations anticipate potential future contingencies and provide a mechanism for controlling the direction of change. Examples may help clarify the way in which the concept is used. An employer association approach at a National Wage Case of no way, no time, no how would be classified as reactive. It is not only responsive to union claims, but also negative and not constructive. A response, or an initiative, offering wage gains or other employment benefits in return for changed work practices or some other concession employers consider important, could be considered proactive. As evidenced below, the area of industrial democracy is one in which employers anticipated possible unionlegislative action and moved to provide terms of reference which suited their own ideology and needs a form of proactivity. The use of the terms in the above fashion does not mean that a consideration of employer associations as reactive institutions necessarily casts unions as proactive institutions. It is possible, indeed often probable, that both sets of institutions act in a reactive fashion. Thus both union activities designed to maintain real wages, and employer opposition to such activities, could be classified as reactive. Bargaining structures and bargaining processes The role of employer associations in determining bargaining structures may be examined under four headings their role in initiating or bringing into being bargaining relationships their role in shaping bargaining structures that is, in determining procedural rules their role in determining the level of bargaining enterprise, industry, nationwide and their role in limiting the range of issues the substantive rules over which bargaining may take place. Elsewhere it has been argued that dotted line the evidence suggests that Australian employer associations have had, at best, a negative influence upon bargaining structures dotted line They have influenced the nature and character of compulsory arbitration and arbitrationbargaining, not by setting out to shape these processes to their own ends, but rather by their reactive policy of legislation and litigation. The metamorphosis of compulsory arbitration into arbitrationbargaining has been, for the most part, the result of union initiatives and association reactivity. Plowman 1988 It has also been argued that the very existence of compulsory arbitration owes much to employer opposition and reactivity. In an environment in which Labor Parties had become a part of the legislative machinery, the refusal of employers to recognise the defeated unions, and their refusal to utilise voluntary arbitration machinery, drove parliaments to enforce union recognition and bargaining upon employers by way of compulsory arbitration. Thus, it is argued that the employers role in initiating bargaining structures in Australia has been minimal. It is contended that this generalisation is as true of manufacturing as of nonmanufacturing employers. Manufacturers initial support for New Protection gave way to opposition to arbitration once they discovered that protection could be obtained without any social welfare regime being attached to it. The High Court action which scuttled the New Protection legislation was undertaken on behalf of manufacturers. The evidence also suggests that on the second score, that of shaping bargaining structures, employer associations have played a minimal and largely negative role. At the federal level that negative role attempted to restrict as much as possible the scope of federal tribunal regulation Plowman Smith 1986. At the state level it was to restrict the powers of tribunal personnel and to seek the imposition of a legislative framework which, as far as was possible in the new regime of statutory unionism, replicated market forces Plowman 1988. It is argued that Labor governments were to the fore in shaping bargaining relationships and establishing new procedural rules in the preSecond World War period, and that the union movement and perhaps individual employers were to the fore in the postwar period. There is a body of literature see references in previous section which suggests that in other countries employer associations have been instrumental in determining the level of bargaining. In some countries Sweden being the most cited example associations have not only forced industrywide bargaining upon unions, but have also forced them to restructure craft unions into industry unions. In Australia, employers have not been successful in either forcing unions into an industry or an enterprise mould, nor in having the state impose singleunit bargaining. The evidence as to whether or not they ever tried to force occupationally based unions into either of these moulds is, at best, ambiguous.1 As in other areas of the bargaining relationship, Australian employers have, for the most part, reacted to their bargaining partners rather than attempted to modify them. This has resulted in a plethora of awards based on the occupations covered by competing unions. Some of these awards are federal, some state or regional, others enterprisebased. It is argued below that unions have had an overriding influence in determining the level of bargaining. Having been forced to accept unions and tribunal regulation, employers have been active, and successful, in ensuring that the arbitration machinery does replicate the classic bargaining compromise found in other countries union recognition in return for managements right to manage Sisson 1987, 1113. The evidence suggests that though associations appear to have been less concerned with, or able to influence, the structure and level of bargaining than their counterparts in other countries, they have been vitally concerned with restricting the scope of bargaining and preserving managerial prerogativesPlowman 1988. In summary, it is contended that contrary to Cleggs 1976 hypothesis and the European developments instanced by Adams 1981, Australian employer associations, having been forced to recognise unions, did not wrest the initiative and become the principal architects of bargaining structures. They have been responsive and reactive, rather than proactive, in shaping the bargaining structures within which employment conditions are determined. There is a high degree of unanimity within the industrial relations literature that, within established bargaining frameworks, employer associations are essentially reactive and adaptive institutions. The view of Armstrong are shared by other writers A commonly voiced but largely unheeded criticism of employers associations behaviour dotted line is that the bosses unions tend to react rather than act. By this is meant that an employers association waits to see what the unions will do. The association reacts when the unions have presented a wage claim. This lack of initiative by the employers associations may have the value of averting a sense of prior commitment which would prove embarrassing to some firms, but it also stultifies the shaping of bold imaginative policies on, for example, the establishment of a new wages structure for the industry, a framework productivity agreement, ambitious plans for a vastly improved disputes procedure and machinery for joint consultation. Armstrong 1984,65. Employer associations, in short, are not only a reaction to the emergence of unions and the employers need to come to some sort of accommodative arrangements with these organisations, but are essentially passive parties within the established framework of those accommodative arrangements. Clegg is one who places qualifications on such a view. He writes It is widely assumed, especially within employers associations themselves, that these associations were founded to protect their members from the growing power of the unions and because they could not get rid of unions, they were gradually forced to enter into dealing with them as a means of avoiding industrial conflict. The evidence would suggest, claims Clegg, that the hypothesis that employers associations developed as a reaction to the unions is partly, but only partly, correct. For one thing, dealing with labour problems is not the only motive for combination among employers. They also come together on commercial issues for example to fix prices and that cannot be excused as a response to trade union action Clegg 1979, 623. This line of argument is pursued by J.M. Farley, who, at the time of writing, was the Executive Director of the Printing and Allied Trades Employers Federation in New South Wales. Even those quite familiar with employer organisations, he writes, often harbour misconceptions about their nature which carries dotted line with it misleading implications that such organisations are negative and defensive in the very basis of their existence. He adds The misconception I have in mind is that employer organisations are purely reactionary bodies formed to counter the rising strength of unionism. Such belief is widespread yet has little basis in fact. Traders and manufacturers have been meeting together for purposes of their common good since time immemorable sic and the modern day associations in which they are now formed are the natural development of the guilds of former times. True, the growth of unionism has provided a spur to their growth and led many of them to emphasise industrial relations in their activities, but there is no more justification for saying that unionism gave birth to employer organisations than for arguing that cooperative action between the two developments has certainly taken place but the real truth of the matter is that both movements are part of the growing fabric of the industrial, economic, social and technological community in which we live. Farley 1967,12 Neither Clegg nor Farley would appear to have a strong basis for argument if one differentiates between employer associations and trade associations.2 Clegg appears to ackowledge this, but attempts to rescue the situation by pointing out that many employer associations also perform trade association functions. The dichotomy between the trade and industrial activities of employer organisations may provide a partial explanation for industrial reactivity the latter may be compensated by initiatives and activities on the trade front. However, Cleggs line of argument provides little explanation as to why some trade associations diversify into industrial relations and why, in certain industries, trade associations have chosen not to diversify and brought into being new organisations with a specifically industrial relations role. Nor does it explain why permanent, rather than evanescent, employer associations were formed. Thus, writing of employer associations in the British cotton industry, Turner notes It seems doubtful that the early employers combinations possessed sufficient cohesion to endure for long without the cementing pressure of union aggression. There is, in fact, much to suggest that conflicts of interests between different groups and firms prevented their associations attaining any stability Turner 1962, 371. Carpenters work on the rise of employer associations in New York City following the TaftHartley legislation is one of the few works which examines the responses of trade associations to changed bargaining relationships. Though some trade associations chose to take on employer association functions, there were many factors causing others to avoid doing so. His general findings are supportive of the reactive hypothesis Carpenter 1950, 2547 see also Shirom 1984, 301. In the Australian context employers have been seen as merely adopting a negative stance with respect to the demands of unions Dabscheck 1980, 216. Commenting on the findings of a major employer survey in Australia, I concluded that Few employer associations have clearly articulated industrial relations policies. Some associations claim to have no policies at all. In many others ad hoc policies are formulated to meet contingencies as they arise. Stability and harmounious relation and the maintaining of wage costs within economic capacity or productivity are the most frequently cited policies. Other policies include peace at all costs maintaining the status quo support for arbitration, indexation and moderate unions and good communications. For the most part industrial policies would appear to be defensive, reactive, poorly articulated and lacking in innovation. Explanations of association reactivity The reactive nature of employer associations is often taken as given, rather than as something which ought be explained. Two lines of explanation are posited in this paper that which sees employers able to compensate for union activities outside the formal industrial relations system, and that which identifies a number of features of the arbitration systems as predisposing associations to a reactive role.

section A Q3 Pinochets model of socioeconomic change was based on free market ideology, which resulted in greater concentration of wealth in the upper classes and a decrease in living standards for the majority. Combined with continued repression these factors led to an increase in social opposition groups activity during the 1980s culminating in the 1990 election. The Reagan administration who had initially supported Pinochets rule, supported the election on the basis of their perception of Pinochets loss of control over Chilean society. The military coup of 1973 overthrew, Allende who was concerned with social reform. The coup was supported and assisted by the United States usgovernment, who continued to support Pinochet. The coup was brutal and a high level of terror was used for both political and economic reasons. Allende had encouraged popular participation which the military regime wanted to destroy to achieve a disciplined and weak work force as a prerequisite for their economic development model. The military regimes principal advisors were civilians and from the right. The major influence over their educators came from us educated economists known as the Chicago Boys who espoused free markets policies. The economic progress of Chile during Pinochets rule can be broken up into three periods. The first period of 197375 consisted of implementing free market policies and overturning Allendes social reform policies. Wages were frozen, constraints on investment were removed to encourage an increase in foreign investment, price subsidies were removed, there was an increase in privatisation, tariffs on imports were removed, compensation was paid to us companies whose copper interests had been expropriated among other measures. This period did not result in economic growth but lead to a recession in 1975, with an increase in unemployment and decreased industrial production. This period was unsuccessful even with substantial us government and international agency aid of us6 billion, however copper prices were low and oil prices were high from the oil shocks which contributed to failure. The second period from mid1975 to early 1980 consisted of the same policy approach but implemented at a more rigorous pace or shock treatment. This approach also failed, primarily because of limited foreign investment, domestic elites purchasing luxury goods instead of productive capital and an increased dependence on cash crops for export at a time of global recession. Pinochet borrowed from private banks which sent Chiles foreign debt rising. Wealth became increasingly concentrated at the upper levels. The lower middle and middle classes were adversely affected by these policies, small businesses were going bankrupt. It was this middle class which had been instrumental in the success of the coup. From 1984 to 1990 there was six years of sustained positive growth of 56 per annum. This was primarily the result of an increase in copper prices, a decrease in oil prices and an increases in the export of cash crops. However, with this growth the main beneficiaries were domestic and foreign capital. Poverty increased and income distribution worsened so by 1988, the richest 20 of Chile received 60 share of the national income while the poorest 20 received 4. 50 of Chiles population was living below the poverty line. So with this increased concentration of wealth and increased poverty during the 1980s and continued military repression and brutality, popular discontent grew. Even though Pinochet had outlawed left wing political parties in the 1980 constitution they continued to exist, usually underground. The broadbased opposition sprung from a number of groups who opposed the regime. The trade unions were the strongest, leading a number of strikes during the 1980s. The political parties consisted of the socialist party comprising of a moderate group and a more militant group, the Communist Party who had become militant and the Christian Democrats who were moderate. There were also community organisations primarily in the urban areas assisting the poor and there was the Catholic Church who opposed human rights abuses by the regime. These groups became increasingly active and hostile against the regime. By 1986 the right and centre split with the left and approached the regime to negotiate a political settlement. This grouped formed the Democratic Alliance ad whose leader by 1987 was Alywin. The us supported a transition to civilian rule as they saw an increasing economic crisis and social unrest which Pinochet didnt seem to be able to control. They wanted a negotiated agreement that was managed so they could secure the dominant classes or a party they could influence in power, and marginalise the left. They managed to achieve this, Alywin was from the right of ad. Pinochet managed to consolidate his power further on top of the powers he had secured in the 1980 constition. By 1990 there was much continuity in civilian rule due to the dominant position Pinochet managed to maintain. Economic policies continued, the military retained a three seat majority in the senate enabling it to influence civilian government policy. The military still has significant influence over all spheres of Chiles society. section c Q1 The 1979 revolution in Nicaragua occurred after an 18 month civil war that had left the economy in tatters. The Sandanista government had to contend with a weak economy, a world recession which they were vulnerable to, based on their agricultural economy, and us hostility. The Sandanistas were concerned with reconstructing the economy which meant a focus on increasing productivity as well as redistribution. It managed to achieve substantial social reforms in the early 1980s, as well as providing substantial incentives to the capital class which they saw as vital to restoring the economy. They were constrained by having to divert scarce resources into defence to fight a contrawar funded by the us. The contra war affected all their efforts as it targeted the economy to destabilise the government. The contrawar contributed significantly to the Sandanistas electoral defeat in The Sandanista government were primarily concerned to revitalise an economy which had suffered massive physical infrastructure damage and economic decline during the civil war. Somozas looting before he left the country also left the Treasury bankrupt. Sandanistas implemented moderate policies, they mainly expropriated property that had belonged to Somoza and his family, they left foreign capital alone, They installed moderate economic ministers into their cabinet. All these measures served to allay us fears. Carters policy was flexible and he felt the us could affect Nicaraguan policy through aid which is what the Sandanistas desparately needed. However, us policy changed with Reagan appointment in 1981, who was concerned with the uss decline as a world power. Reagan cut off aid to Nicaragua, the us convinced the international banks not to lend, they imposed trade embargos and funded a covert war from Honduras against the Sandanistas. These policies were detrimental to the Sandinistas but diff didnt bite until the the mid 1980s. From 1981 to 84 the Sandanistas managed to achieve significant social reforms in education, health and employment. They implemented significant land reforms from 1981 which benefited the rural landless. From 1985 the economy declined because they had difficulty in getting new loans, domestic investors who the Sandanistas had provided incentives to to invest remained hostile, refusing to invest and initiating slowdowns in factories. us hostility took affect, the economic blockade and the contra war created a situation where schools and clinics which were destroyed by the contras were unable to be rebuilt. The popular base of support for the Sandanistas was beginning to get worn down by the continuing. A major part of the Sandanistas funding had to go into defence which meant it operated on a war budget of austerity which led to a decrease in living standards for much of the population. Supporters became dissatisfied with government subsidies to the capitalist class while they suffered hardships. They also felt that the hardship was not evenly distributed perceiving the political leaders to be in a better position. It seems though that the population was primarily war weary and they didnt believe the Sandanistas could resolve Nicaraguas conflict with the us. The Sandanistas thought that the invasion of Grenada may help their prospects for the 1990 election which resulted from a peace process initiated by the Central American governments. However, many saw that the us was prepared to use force to maintain its interests in the region. So the population saw us policy as a principal cause of their plight but they felt that us policy would not change if the Sandanistas remained in power. If the opposition won the election people believed us policy would change because the us supported the opposition coalition uno, led by Mrs Chommorro. The reagan administration fo provided us26 million to the Chommorro campaign. In the context of a depressed economy and us hostile policy which further targeted an already weak economy to undermine the Sandanistas, us policy had a significant effect on the outcome of the 1990 election managing to override and subvert the Sandanistas development approach. Sandanista supporters were sufficiently impoverished and desiring of peace by 1990 that they voted for uno as the means to change us policy which they saw as the cause of their problems. The Sandanistas had sought a moderate approach to keep the us on side but this was rejected by the us. section D Q2 The 1959 Cuban Revolution, overthrew the repressive and corrupt Batista regime. It inherited an economy which was sugar dependent and us dependent and a society that was polarised. It mon Castros government managed to achieve significant and rapid social reform in the context of a hostile us reaction, which had far reaching consequences, during the 1960s. It encountered some serious setbacks during this period. From 1959 to 1961 there was rapid transformation and growth based on underutilised land, capital and labour. The policy was one of extensive nationalisation and redistribution of wealth and power to the working class. The government waged an major offensive against foreign ownership which was mainly us. By the beginning of 1962 the government needed new capital for further growth. us policy sufficiently hindered this, they tried to block Cubas access to funds, and they imposed a trade embargo on Cubas sugar. In 196263 the Cubans decided to shift the economy from one based on agriculture to industry. They perceived Cubas dependence on sugar as unhealthy. This industrialisation attempt failed because they could not get machinery from the us which meant they had to turn to the Soviet Union. Soviet Union machinery was inferior, expensive to transport to Cuba and also involved time delays. Also, Cuba needed to import this machinery, needing capital to do so. Its primary source of capital was sugar exports which had declined because Castro had decreased sugar production earlier. From 1964 on, the Cubans reverted back to an agricultural based economy of sugar. They were able to convince the Cuban population to do this due to their earlier redistributive successes. Looking at Castros achievements can be divided into two levels. The socioeconomic level can be considered to have been very successful. By implementing wide ranging land reforms which included government investment in roads and machinery the government managed to curb rural to urban migration, creating a stable rural environment and a decline in city slums. The Castros governments education policy made education available to everyone and changed the curriculum to one more suitable to an agricultural based economy. In health general practitioners increased over specialists and there was a significant turn around in this area which had the profoundest urbanrural inequality. During the 1950s 90 of Cubas doctors resided in the capital Havana. The Castro government managed to transform the general urbanrural inequality that had existed in Cuba. 2nd level overall econ perf The problems involved in their development program during the 1960s were numerous. The government lacked skilled personnel as managers and industrialists. The disaffected middle class had abandoned Cuba, leaving a gap, Castro hoped they could fill by training a new generation, without losing popular support. In these early years key posts went to loyal revolutionaries who were not necessarily skilled.

THIRTYFOUR It was on. For real this time. The same arguments, over and over, day after day. It was long and vicious and exhausting. We drank heavily. We screamed at each other. We were two stray dogs, battling it out to the death over the bones of love. Cynthia was the aggressor. She fought it hard and fast and with increasing creativity and desperation. The drinking spurred her on. Between the cortisone and the alcohol, she was uncontrollable. She screamed, cried, attacked me with her fists, knives, scissors. She meant to keep me or finish me off for ever. My only goal was survival. I didnt ask her to leave. I didnt have the power or the will for it. Id made my one and only move. All I could do was ride the attack out and wait for her to tire. Vass looked at me strangely in the hallways. It was entertaining times for the old men. From time to time I took the car and fled for a few hours. I didnt know where to go. I didnt want to see Leo or Molly. Maree and Frank had their own difficulties. And Sophie was out of the question. I had only vague memories of what had happened at the party. It had the substance of a dream, a bad one. Where had all the hatred come from But at least I finally understood one part of the situation. And fucking had nothing to do with it. In the end I went and saw Rachel. She was good to me. I talked and she listened. You have to make Cynthia leave, she said. Make the break. Youre only making it worse for the both of you. It was sound advice. Useless advice. Rachel knew it. She had her own worries too. Shed started things up with a man and then hed shot through to Sydney. People were making a mess of things everywhere I looked. I went back to Cynthia. She was waiting. Where did you go I went and saw Rachel. Did you fuck her I dont want to fuck anyone. Im not going to let you do this, Gordon. You dont have the right. It was true, I didnt have the right. But this time I had the patience, and Cynthia was slowing down. Another week passed. We werent fucking, but we still slept side by side in the bed. There was nowhere else in the flat, only the couch, and it was too hard, too cold. It was worse for Cynthia. I had friends I could escape to, but there was no one for her. She called up some of her old people from Melbourne and Sydney, but they were a long way away. They couldnt understand. They didnt even know who I was. We went out drinking on Sunday afternoon with Frank. He was depressed. It was over between him and Maree. I suppose I should be happy, he said. I should feel like a butterfly thats just emerged from a fouryear cocoon. But I dont. I feel like a moth. I keep flying blindly into light bulbs. When the pub closed we caught a cab and had it drive by Franks place. He was staying at his parents house. It was his first night away from Maree. He got out. Cynthia looked at me. Im going with Frank, she said. Okay, I said. She got out. Frank looked at her. The cab took me away. I arrived back at the flat. I was alone. The house was quiet. I went to bed. Cynthia woke me up about midday. She was stroking my hair. Ive been watching you sleep, she said. Youre still beautiful when youre asleep. I can imagine that you still love me. I curled up around her hips. She was warm. Howd it go with Frank It was good. Do you feel any better A little. I feel sad. I think Ill always feel sad. We sat there. For the next three days it was good. The anger had run out. We were tired. It was over. And the love was still left there. Not enough, but some. Then a letter arrived for Cynthia. It was from the Tax Department. It was her refund. It was four or five months late. Four hundred dollars. I asked her, Whatll we do with it Cynthia looked at the cheque. She said, I guess Ill get a plane ticket. THIRTYFIVE Id won. THIRTYSIX Next day Cynthia rang around the airlines and booked herself on a standby ticket. It was due in two weeks. She was flying to Darwin. To her parents place Why not Sydney, I said, or Melbourne Its where all your friends are. I dont want friends. I just want somewhere where I havent got to worry about living, where someone will look after me. All I want is sleep. I dont want to work, I dont want to see anyone. Im tired, Gordon. I know. Im sorry. Its been terrible. Youre not sorry enough. Youll never be sorry enough. The two weeks went by. Cynthia quit work. She called her parents. She went through all her clothes, sorting out the warm stuff. She wouldnt need it in Darwin. Darwin was never cold. If I leave some of this stuff here, will you look after it Can you do that I said I could. What if I come back, Gordon I know you think its over, but its not over for me. I still love you. I said nothing. God, she said, whos going to look after you Whos going to pick your blackheads Youll get sick. Youll get ugly. She was crying. Her flight was on a Tuesday. On our last Saturday night together we went out to see some bands that were playing at Easts Leagues Club. Wed spent the day trying to track down some acid. We wanted a big finish. One last time. No one had any acid. Instead, we arrived at Easts early and concentrated on drinking. Drinking could be almost as good sometimes, if you did it right. The support band started up. Cynthia lost herself in the crowd. I wandered around and drank and occasionally ran into people I knew. Suddenly there was Darren. His face was red and sweating and smiling. Hey man, he said. Youre tripping. Yep dotted line Whered you get it Theres a guy here, selling. Is he still around I dont know. Look, Ive got one tab left. Ive already had four. Four I know. Im losing it. Ill sell you the last one. The thing is I need two. One for Cynthia. Ive only go the one. Just take it yourself. She wont even know. Shed know. I couldnt. Wow. Thats dedication. Its caution. She wouldnt do the same for you. Shed take it. Maybe. I cant, though. Well, Ill look around for the guy, okay If I see him Ill come get you. Okay. Thanks. Very much. He made off. Four tabs. He looked like he was about to die. I wandered on, found a table down near the back and sat on it, watching the crowd. Cynthia was in there somewhere, up the front. For a support, the band didnt seem too bad. Fifteen or twenty minutes later they were finished and Cynthia came back through the crowd. She saw me, came over. I just saw Darren up the front. she said. Yeah He offered me a tab. Twenty bucks. Whatd you say I said yes please. What else would I say But then he said no, he wouldnt give it to me. He said I should talk to you. I think he was just trying to prove a point. She looked at me. I didnt explain. Ten minutes later Darren showed up with the dealer. We bought our tabs and settled into the night. The acid was good, and so was the music. Loud and hard and purging. Cynthia disappeared up the front again for most of the night. I prowled around the back, getting off on the crowd, watching them sway. I could understand their movements, I could grasp the mass consciousness that drove them. But I wasnt part of it. I was elated and alone. I would always be alone. Then the band wrapped it up, the crowd screamed and the lights came on. Cynthia fought her way back. Her eyes were wild, she was wet with communal sweat. Whys it over she yelled at me. Why is it fucking over I am only one man, Cynthia, I said. I have no say in this. She was pure hatred. Get away from me And she was off again, darting across the floor. She was crazy. I went after her. We caught a bus home. There were no seats. Cynthia and I stood in the aisle and raved at each other. She was angry, I was angry, we werent even hearing each other. The acid was peaking. Looking out the window I couldnt see where we were. Cynthia screamed, This bus is taking us to HELL People looked at her. This bus is full of SHITHEADS People looked away. Cynthia was genuinely scared. Where are we, Gordon On our way home. Dont lose me, okay. I wont. You know what you are she said, profoundly. What You are a mild person. Is that good or bad Its nice. Youre nice. That is bad. No. She sounded weary. In the end, nice is all you want. We got off in the Valley and walked home along Brunswick Street. We stopped off in a bistro for coffee, then hamburgers and chips and coke. We hadnt eaten for what seemed a long time. Leo and Molly were waiting for us in the flat. They were drinking and smoking. Molly came up and looked in my eyes. You guys are tripping Yes, but its no good without alcohol. Fortunately we had plenty. Around five a.m. Leo and Molly got tired and set up a bed on the carpet. Cynthia and I went to our own bed. We werent tired, the acid probably wouldnt let us sleep for hours yet. We sat on the bed. Cynthia attached my zip and got my penis out. I was listening. Theyre fucking in there, I said Cynthia listened too. Are you two fucking in there she yelled. It sounds like youre fucking There was no answer. The noises stopped. We looked at my penis. Her hand was playing with it, it was growing. Itd been a good night. It was no time to bring it all up again. It wasnt worth the pain. And Cynthia would only be with me for three more nights dotted line Okay, I said, jump on. Lets do it. She started tugging off my jeans. We made it noisy. We threw everything into it. All the hatred and sorrow. All the violence we had left. And it was good. We knew what to do. We fell out of the bed, fucked on the floor, pumped and squeezed and pounded eachother, contorted, climbed back into bed, bit, strangled dotted line and in the end, I was on top. Her legs were up around my shoulders. I love you, Cynthia screamed, God I fucking love you. I came. I collapsed over her. I didnt say anything. I couldnt say anything. I bit into her neck. We held each other there. My prick shrunk away. Pulled out. I rolled off. Did you hear that Cynthia yelled, for Leo and Molly. Even the mild one can make more noise than you Keep it down, Cynthia. But she was laughing. The mild one, I called you the mild one, didnt I. Mild One, I think I love you. She kept on laughing. We both laughed. It was true. Leo cried out from the next room. Will you shut the fuck up. But we couldnt. Not yet. THIRTYSEVEN The next afternoon was bad. I woke up to asthma and vomiting.

PLANNING AHEAD PREPARATION AND PLANNINGIt sounds easy decide on a destination and just go. However, by being impulsive some of the enjoyment of a tour, as well as time to iron out any problems, will be missed were talking about the planning stage. For a long trek, planning will begin months before the trip itself maps and brochures will be spread out, destinations marked, lists made, full of possibilities. The shorter tours in this book, all based on capital cities, need less planning. However, the principles of fourwheel drive touring remain the same, and the first consideration is the condition of the road or track you want to use. Obviously there is no point planning a trip on a road under metres of snow or water or recently ravaged by bushfire. Even if your aim is to turn straight to the treks around Australia, you need to know that what you want to achieve is possible. Read the trip notes carefully. Estimate the journey, short or long, on a large map of Australia, or use our road maps. Taking into consideration the degree of difficulty and the distances to be travelled, estimate an average speed and check that each section of the trip is possible within a realistic time frame for you. Being pushed for time over distance could mean inappropriate speeding and possible trouble. Join your state motoring body and obtain relevant numbers for interstate affiliates in case of emergency breakdowns. Members have reciprocal rights with interstate organisations around Australia. Supplement our route directions by using the following contacts to obtain uptodate background information about the chosen trip and state tourist bureau, motoring organisation and fourwheel drive association are detailed. Bear in mind that there are regional tourist offices, as well as local, more specialised fourwheel drive clubs, so ask for the specific information you require when contacting central office. PERMITS AND REGULATIONSKeep in mind as you travel that even the most desolatelooking land is under someones care. This may mean that permits andor permissions need to be obtained before you can camp or fish. If you plan to stay in or travel through national or state park areas check our introductions to the trip notes as well as with the controlling body in question. General rules, regulations and restrictions apply within these parks covering fourwheel drive access, camping, water, wood collection, fires, pets, hunting and fishing. Equally, if you plan on trekking across designated Aboriginal Land you must obtain permission. In Queensland, notification of a route, time of travel and preferred campsite to the appropriate local Aboriginal council as you travel is all that is required but Aboriginal councils in other states issue a permit for a specific journey. It is best to telephone before taking to the road to find out exact requirements for these states. Permits can take up to 6 weeks to process, so preplanning here will prevent frustration or disappointment. The following list contains the addresses of the national parks controlling body in each state ask for specific regional information if you already know where you would like to go. Also listed are the contacts for Aboriginal Land permits where relevant. WHEN TO GOWeather conditions if making a short tour out of a capital city or the seasons if you are setting out on a longer trek are the next consideration. For example, Australias north should not be attempted in the wet season NovemberMay. Remember too that heavy rain will raise creek and stream levels and may render them impassable snow in highland areas makes roads and tracks unsuitable and very hot weather gives a good reason to bypass the deserts. You must take weather and seasons into account when planning. Local media provide precise forecasts, often up to 4 days in advance. However, you can phone recorded information services for weather checks outside your area. The weather on a trip of any length will help you decided what you must take. Cold weather requires more gear than warm weather, as bulky sleeping bags and extra clothing are needed. This must not mean that recovery gear is jettisoned. WHAT TO SEEThis is an absolutely personal piece of planning, to be linked with the where and when to go, as well as who is travelling with you. Set your trip limits not necessarily distance, but what the journey will entail in time and anticipated enjoyment to fit your available time and money there is no point in deciding its Melbourne to Cape York and back in three weeks. Another consideration is what you may find happening along your route. Depending upon your interests, your local contacts may give information about shows, events and competitions in your area of enjoyment. However, most towns and regions throughout Australia hold sporting competitions, regattas and rodeos, arts and craft and trade exhibitions, agricultural and flower shows, music festivals and such events annually. Details are available from tourism outlets in each state. Refer back to the beginning of this chapter and write to or telephone the tourist office of your destination state as well as check through the trip notes of the journey you plan on taking, to ask for advice to be forwarded about what there is to see on the way and nearby, both natural and manmade attractions. MAPS AND NAVIGATIONMaps and guides are an essential part of fourwheel drive touring. Pack them so that they are easily accessible during a driving day in a waterproof, preferably clear plastic cover, with pencil, notebook, ruler and possibly a pocket calculator. In the routes we refer to the road maps at the end of this book, and our simple sketch maps will get you to the start and end points of trips. However, you should supplement these with the suggested local guides and, most importantly, topographic maps. We have listed national parks office addresses they will help with specific maps and information for parks under their control. Tourism offices will usually post brochures and touring maps on request. Check that information is current the date it is printed and this applies to maps also. Dont discount general stores, newsagents and pubs as sources of uptodate information when you are travelling through an area. Fourwheel drive tracks are notoriously subject to change. Topographic maps, which show largely unchanging geographic features, are helpful navigation aids. We strongly recommend them for outback and remote areas the larger the scale the better. Australia is now covered by the Auslig 1250 000 and 1100 000 series, in printed maps and compilation sheets, and there is an excellent index sheet showing the areas covered by each map. State mapping authorities also publish maps on a larger scale which are useful for the shorter tours and will add to your fun by pointing up physical features. Australian Geographic magazine produces excellent maps available through retail outlets. For enquiries write to P.O. Box 321, Terry Hills, NSW Spend some time reading and interpreting the information on your maps before you venture into a remote area like the Simpson Desert, or even onto a winding forest track closer to home. Note both natural features, such as hills, mountains, rivers, forests, and also constructed landmarks such as roads, towns and railways crossings. Also, by understanding contours, which show the shape of the ground, you will be able to read your topographic maps and understand the immediate landscape much better. You should also be able to read grid references in case you need to let others know where you are. Topographic maps have directions for plotting a point on the margin. We strongly recommend you invest in an inexpensive guide like Gregorys Four Wheel Drive Handbook, for detailed instructions on map reading before setting out. If you have around 2000, you can purchase your own personal, handheld navigation tool to determine the latitude, longitude and altitude of wherever you are. It utilises the Global Positioning System, a 24satellite system encircling the earth. Signals from the four nearest satellites help to determine your position. The tiny instrument fits comfortably in the palm of a hand and it doesnt need fitting the antenna however should be mounted on the car roof. There is a 12volt power supply included, and there are now several brands available. Enquire at electrical retailers and communications specialists. A TRIAL RUNAlthough it is exciting to plan a wonderful trip, especially a longer trek, the journey will entail a complete lifestyle change. Lets face it, a fourwheel drive home for an extended time means compromise, so how much compromise How does it all fit together If you are not yet committed to a vehicle, consider renting a vehicle similar to that which you are considering buying. You will never be able to set it up, prepare it and be as certain of its maintenance as you would be with your own vehicle, but it is an ideal stepping stone into the experience of fourwheel driving and to understanding the needs of your travelling companions. A trial short tour for, say, a weekend before setting out on anything longer, is certain to sort out many queries, including whether you will be tenting the whole way, taking a trailercamper or even a fullsized caravan with you. See the section on towing for more discussion about these options. TRAVELLING WITH CHILDRENChildren, whether infants, toddlers or schoolage, need special consideration. If it is to be a long trek, schooling must be weighed up. For primary school children the first step is to talk to the childs teacher and principal, who may well advise that each child make a daily journal of the trip. Into a scrapbook will go weather reports, admission tickets, pressed flowers, photos, postcards or drawings plus a little description of the days events. Be careful not to edit, it needs to be the childs experiences. For older children, further discussion may be needed regarding correspondence schooling or taking along work. Most children are good travellers, and consider every trip an adventure. Remember that this will be a highlight of your childs life. They will be overexcited and, as the long car trips add up, could get bored. Again, planning will save the day by easing the strain on all. Before setting out make a list of dos and donts for the children and explain seriously why their cooperation is necessary. Make it quite clear that these are safety issues and you expect them to observe the rules at all times. Reinforce this message at the time of departure. Your list will be your own, but here are a few points to get the ball rolling. arrow Do not fight or yell loudly while the car is moving as it distracts the driver. This could cause a collision and bring the holiday to an abrupt end. arrow Do not play with door handles or locks. Set childproof locks on rear doors before departure. arrow Do not lean out of windows ever. Head, hands and arms are to be kept inside the car. arrow Do not unbuckle seat belts or restraints while the car is in motion. Although your main concern will be to keep the children happy during the car trip, it is also important to take along some games, such as Snakes and Ladders, Monopoly, Pictionary or Scrabble and a pack or two of cards, to keep everyone amused around the camp fire, in the tent or caravan. Older children may work on their diaries and younger ones will love a rubber ball and skipping rope to play outdoors without annoying everyone else in the campsite. PETSFourlegged friends need to be found a reliable, comfortable homeawayfromhome while you are travelling. That is, unless you are prepared to be turned away from a large percentage of caravan parks and national parks. Dogs and cats chase native birds and wildlife. Check with friends for good kennels and catteries and take time to visit the shortlist to check the facilities then book your pet in for the holiday of their life.

Video CASSETTE recorders table table We put the cheapies to the test and found they all performed well and one of the very cheapest is among the best. Video cassette recorders are fast becoming as ubiquitous as television sets. According to our market research, more than half of Australian households already own a VCR and use it for an average of six hours a week. The technology and design of VCRs are developing rapidly, which means the major brands update and supersede their models about once every 12 months. Whats on the market The market for VCRs is divided into three distinct segments. At the top of the range, priced 900 and up, are the fourhead longplay models with extra features such as hifi, with a true stereo tuner and digital effects. More basic fourhead models are in the middle of the range, available for around 800The advantage of a fourhead machine is that you can record twice as much material as on a twohead VCR, using the same amount of tape, but at the expense of picture quality. The 14 models we tested were all from the lower end of the market basic twohead models with remote control, priced less than 700 except the panasonic, which has three video heads the third head makes no difference to record and playback quality, only to the quality of effects such as still frame. All the brands with models in this market segment available at the time of testing were included. How we tested Each model was put through a range of technical and comparative tests, and assessed on its audio and video performance, radio frequency RF sensitivity, and how easy it is to use. To test the sound and picture quality, we compared material recorded on a highquality tape from an offair TV broadcast to the same material received directly through a TV set. All models performed adequately. The panasonic produced the best picture quality, but was only slightly ahead of the akai and sanyo units. All three gave a good copy of the original material with little noticeable noise or graininess. We also measured the minimum RF signal strength necessary at the aerial input to produce a good picture. This is an important factor if you live in a poor reception area where signal strength is generally low. All models produced acceptable results. The panasonic came out the worst, but this would only be a problem if you lived in an area with poor reception. To assess how easy each VCR was to use, we looked at the front panel controls, the remote control unit, some of the features and the instructions. Except for some minor problems, all models were relatively easy to use. The sanyos instruction booklet was a bit confusing in places, while the akai, panasonic and the sharp achieved the highest score in this area. The akai and the sharp offered the greatest range of features overall see Features table on page Apart from the panasonic, which had a particularly easy programming feature, all models were equally easy to program. As well as normal programming from the control panel or the remote, the panasonic uses a barcode scanner built into its remote control. It comes with a chart listing barcodes for start and stop times, TV channels, the days of the week, and month and year, allowing you to program this information without having to press a lot of buttons you simply run the scanner lightly over the right code. Some TV guides now list the barcodes photo caption table photo for some programs. We found programming from these guides to be not as easy as from the card supplied by panasonic. Also, if you use these guides, its possible that the little hole on the tip of the scanner will get clogged with newspaper particles, preventing the scanner from reading the information. This problem is easily fixed just clean out the hole with a little paintbrush. If the problem recurs, you are probably rubbing the scanner across the codes harder than you need to. Its not even necessary to touch the paper just flick the scanner over the code from left to right. New technology Of the 14 models we tested, none performed poorly and six are recommended. The other eight are rated acceptable. The basic differences between the recommended and the acceptable models is one of refinement. Those rated acceptable seem to be essentially the same as models that were on the market a few years ago, with only cosmetic differences such as a new chassis style or a differentlooking front panel. The models that are recommended, on the other hand, have been improved in terms of technology and design, and new or more advanced features have been incorporated. features If youre in the market for a video there are plenty of models that will give you good performance. So how do you choose between them Along with price, one way is on the basis of the features they offer. What features will actually be useful to you will depend on how you use the VCR. Some people do a lot of recording taping latenight movies to watch at a more civilised hour, or The Bill when the spouse insists on watching Murder, she wrote. If this sounds like you, good programming and indexing features will make your VCR easier to use. If you think youll be watching the films borrowed from the video shop these features will be less important than, say, auto tracking see below. Still vertical adjustment All the models we tested allow you to pause the tape and freeze the picture. Some also have a preset control that allows you to adjust the vertical shudder sometimes associated with video still frames. Usually it will only need to be set once, to adjust the compatibility of the VCR with your TV set. Still frame advance All models except the videopro allow you to advance the picture one frame at a time. This feature can also be used to eliminate the noise bars sometimes associated with video stills. Slow motion play Allows you to play back in slow motion. Of the models that have this feature, only the panasonic has variable speed the others are at a fixed speed. Auto tracking This feature automatically adjusts the tracking to the optimum level every time you play a video. This means aligning the recorded magnetic table information on the tape with the heads of the VCR, like fine tuning. Tracking is sometimes a problem when youre playing tapes not recorded on your own VCR. Without this feature you would adjust the track manually. Index search Some models have an indexing feature that places markers on the tape when you begin recording. This is a useful feature if you record several programs on the one tape. You can then quickly find the start of each program by using the index search to go directly to these markers. The models with this feature see Table 3 also have a feature called intro scan, which fastwinds to the first index mark and plays a few seconds of tape so you can see whats on it, then fastwinds to the next mark and repeats the process. It will do this for all the index marks on the tape till you find what youre looking for. Channel skip Channel skip lets you move directly between preset channel positions with the updown buttons, skipping over unused channel positions. This would be a useful feature if you didnt have a numeric keypad on your remote control for direct channel access. It should be useful even if you do, particularly if you do a lot of flipping between channels. Counter type All models have a counter that counts either elapsed time or an arbitrary unit tape length. Both types are easy to use, but a time counter could be more useful as it would show you how much time you have left on you tape when recording. Timer scan This feature works with elapsedtime counters and allows you to select a particular time on the counter and fastwind to it. Its another way of finding a particular section of tape quickly. Number of timer programs and advance program time All models can be preprogrammed to record at specific times, but differ in the number of events that can be programmed between four and eight and the length of time you can program in advance, which varies from 14 days to a year. Quick program This feature allows you to program the VCR to record something within the next 24 hours without having to enter all the usual program details day, month and so onyou just enter the time and channel. All the models we tested have this feature, but on some it is limited to stop time only. On these models you would have to start the recording manually and then use the quick program feature to enter the stop time useful, for example, if you wanted to go out or to bed before the program you were watching finished. Even more useful are the other models, where the quick program feature allows you to enter a start time within the next 24 hours and a program length. Remote control features The remote control with the most features is not necessarily the most useful one to you. Again, this will depend on how you use your VCR. The features included in the table are the ones we considered would be useful to most people. Direct channel access Most models have a numeric keypad on the remote, so you can access a channel by pushing the right numbered button. Without this feature you have to use the updown arrows to move between channels. Remote program Allows you to program the VCR on the remote control unit. All models with this feature have pushbutton programming, and the panasonic also has a barcode scanner see How we tested on page 50 for more details. LCD display Some models have a liquid crystal screen on the remote control unit which displays programming information. making it easier to enter and check the information youve programmed. Other features not included in Table 2 A great variety of features is available too great to fit in our table. The following are some additional features which might interest you. RF test signal The akai, panasonic, videopro and sharp models provide a radio frequency test signal, which is convenient when you first tune the TV set into the video channel. It allows you to tune without having to play back a prerecorded tape. Fast transport search All the models we tested allow you to fast forward and rewind while viewing the tape, to locate a particular scene or part of a program. Most models have one speed only, except the akai, necs and teacs, which provide variable speeds. Autoplay and autorewind All models automatically rewind the tape when it finishes playing. All but the toshibas, teacs and the videopro start playing automatically when you insert a tape with the record tab removed. Auto power on On older VCRs you had to switch from standby to power on before you used them. On all the models we tested this time, this happens automatically when you insert a tape. Child lock The akai and the sharp models have a feature that enables the control settings to be locked so they cant be changed accidentally. On the akai, the child lock only operates when the VCR is in play mode. Zero return On all models except the akai you can automatically rewind to the zero count position by using the zero return feature. This can be useful if you set the counter to zero at the start of a recording. Display features All models have a lit panel display, including a digital clock showing real time, channel number, tape count, programming information and transport status. On the two toshiba VCRs the transport status display was limited to play, record and pause.

35 Weeroona Ave Elanora 2101 94 The Chairman, Trade Practices Commission, 77 Castlereagh Street SYDNEY 2000 re NRMA advertising use of the words FREE SHARES Dear Sir, I note with satisfaction yesterdays report of your success in action against the NRMA for misleading advertising. However the outcome is probably too late for many members who would have already voted under the mistaken belief that a Yes vote was necessary to be eligible for shares if the proposal received majority support. There is another, more serious breach which is central to the whole issue the carrot dangled by NRMA Holdings to have their proposal passed. That is the false statement repeated again again in the prospectus advertising that the shares are free. The Concise Oxford Dictionary provides the definition of free copy attached. Reference No. 3 appears to be the appropriate one which gives what would be the understanding of the word in trade commerce in normal everyday usage is therefore relevant to the circumstances. Free is defined by the Concise Oxford as spontaneous,unforced, unearned, gratuitous, willing free gift the appropriate example is given as not in requital requite make return for give in return. Willing defined as not reluctant, cheerfully ready could not be regarded as relevant in this case may be discarded. We must look to page 12 of the Prospectus under legal steps to discover the true transaction for which members are asked to vote. It appears to be the only reference does not appear under the heading The Proposal where it aught to be. On page 12 it states that members other than NRMA Holdings agree to give up their membership of the Association NRMA Insurance on condition that FREE SHARES are offered by NRMA Holdings the underlining is mine A consideration C.Oxford in return for is thus required for the shares the use of the words free shares is erroneous should be replaced by words such as shares without further cost or conditions The further use of the word free as a prefix to the word shares wherever it appears in the prospectus advertising is therefore grossly misleading seems deliberately so. To give up their membership in return for shares is a very real cost endows the remaining shareholder, NRMA Holdings if an association can remain a legal entity with one member with all the vast wealth of the Association, comprising assets including substantial amounts of cash the business goodwill of the Association its subsidiaries. In the minds of members the cash is particularly real, being available to be returned to members without tax by way of lower fees premiums. Additional costs also involved would be money lost to the Government in taxes to which members were not previously subject, particularly capital gains tax on the sale of shares. This is perhaps a side issue so far as misleading advertising is concerned by still an important one. The prospectus has a duty to report highlight the situation as it exists not as it may wish it to be. Until guaranteed assurance is received from both Government the Senate that tax relief will be given, the highlighting of TAX A FAVOURABLE OUTCOME Prospectus page 13 again appears to constitute misleading advertising. Returning to the definition of free we must ask whether the issue of shares in NRMA Holdings to members of the Association is spontaneous, unforced, unearned or gratuitous. The answer to each is No Unless the members agree in a majority to surrender their membership consequently their association with all its wealth to NRMA Holdings no shares will be issued to them. The shares are therefore not free or freely issued but issued only in return for the fulfilment of a prearranged condition. The Prospectus is therefore false misleading as is the advertising, particularly when used out of context. I believe that the advertising should cease immediately that the Prospectus should be withdrawn as being an illegal document. Your urgent attention to this critical matter would be appreciated. Yours faithfully, Keith Groves E.K.GROVES Copy to Australian Securities Commission 35 Weeroona Ave Elanora 2101 94 The Chairman, Australian Securities Commission Level 18, 610 OConnell Street Sydney 2000 re NRMA Holdings Ltd Prospectus Dear SirMadam, I refer to my letter of The bias misrepresentation of the Prospectus is now being exacerbated by what is surely false advertising. The advertising, continually urging members to reply immediately before open debate opposition can emerge with a yes vote in return for free shares is making a mockery of the process of due consideration decision. We are being railroaded into acceptance. The shares in NRMA Holdings are of course not free. They will be only issued subject to the condition that the members will pay compensation by giving up the vast assets business goodwill of their association its subsidiaries. Fair advertising should prompt the members to consider the proposal options to have replies lodged by 12th October as shown for meeting all deadlines. However, I believe the situation has now developed too far to be corrected. Too many members have already been influenced by the misrepresentation bias many have already voted. I believe that there is now no alternative but to void the present process until the members are properly fully informed a new balanced Prospectus is prepared, presenting all the facts preferably with input from others with opposing views. Yours faithfully, Keith Groves E.K.GROVES Copy to Trade Practices Commission 35 Weeroona Ave ELANORA NSW 2101 15th September, 1994 The Chairman, Australian Securities Commission, Level 18 610 OConnell Street SYDNEY NSW 2000 re NRMA Holdings Ltd Prospectus Dear SirMadam, I have today received a copy of the NRMA Holdings Ltd Prospectus. Also received today is a leaflet issued by Save Our Motorists Organisation Group, Inc, copy attached. As a matter of urgency would you please reexamine the suitability of the Prospectus. It appears to be unsatisfactory in the following areas 1 Referring to the shares as free is grossly misleading. The members of the NRMA are presently the owners of their Association. This is reflected in the anticipated tax treatment of the cost base of each FREE SHARE prospectus page 87. The true situation is that the members of the NRMA are being asked to sell their wholly owned Association complete with assets to NRMA Holdings Ltd in exchange for cash or shares and this essential fact is not made clear by the Prospectus. 2 The treatment of other options Prospectus page 11 is glossed over. There is little substance in the statements made, no supporting information for conclusions reached and less than one page out of 100 devoted to this most important of all considerations in deciding whether to sell the Association. None of the very real dangers and disadvantages are addressed and by their omission the Prospectus is open to a charge of dishonesty and deception. 3 The reference to NRMA takeover Prospectus page 15 also seems to have a hidden and unexplained agenda. Why do the Articles of NRMA Holdings prohibit the owning of 5 or more of shares only up to 1st January, 2000 Why not indefinitely The reference appears designed to alleviate any fears of future takeover when in fact it should be disclosing the opposite possibility. Overall the Prospectus appears to be an attempt to tell only part of the truth and even then to mislead. In emphasizing the deception of free shares and not giving fair and proper treatment to the other options there appears to be an attempt to coerce the members into a rash decision to sell without disclosing the full truth. It is a shabby treatment of the members and your urgent and diligent action to review and rectify the matter would be appreciated together with an early reply. Yours faithfully, Keith Groves E.K. GROVES P.S. Also of concern is the future proposal Prospectus page 91 to give interest free loans to the staff of NRMA Holdings for the purchase of shares, the loans being repaid out of dividends. This represents a continuous share price support of approximately 46,000,000 and perhaps creating a continuous demand for shares. Copies to The Premier of NSW The Leader of the Opposition The Attorney General Media various 35 Weeroona Ave ELANORA 2101 Attn ACA The NRMA Takeover by NRMA Holdings Ltd A Thought for Future Generations Through the forsight of a band of motorists at the beginning of the age of motoring we have inherited a successful, wellfunded Association which operates for the common good of all motorists is open to anyone who wishes to pay the nominal fee join. Indeed, it takes a brave or foolish motorist not to be a member most are. A number of generations have been wellserved by the Association. But now the current Board of Directors proposes a coup in which this generation seizes the lot for ourselves We steal the family silver. Future generations of motorists will the have to pay a premium to us for their road service, insurance or other services provided by our company. If we chose we may sell our shares to the highest bidder whoever it may be We auction the family silver. The Board is asking us to take this selfish action, which is morally wrong more than sufficient reason for refusing their direction, even without the other sound commercial reasons. Would we allow our Councils to divyup our Botanic Gardens, our domain, our parks or our beaches in the same way The Association is not ours to confiscate dispose of as we please. It belongs to the past, present future generations of motorists. Keith Groves E.K.GROVES 35 Weeroona Ave ELANORA 2101 95 The Secretary, NRMA Limited Dear Ms Conway, Thank you for forwarding a copy of the Independent Experts Report on Proposed Demutualisation. I would have been happier if the terms of reference included a specific request to consider what changes could be made to the mutual organisation or its articles of association to overcome any perceived problems in its current or future operations. The report states that the NRMA Group is run as a business enterprise has been for many years. Management the board focus on profit as well as service. It is a very successful business enterprise. As such would it not be preferable to ask what adjustments, if any, need to be made to maintain the success, without slaying the goose. We would then be able to compare a best possible mutual not merely the status quo with an alternative corporate organisation. This shortcoming is further exacerbated when primary arguments for retaining a mutual are summarily dismissed as in the case of it has been announced that premium rebate arrangements will terminate whether or not NRMA Insurance is demutualised and Increases in membership subscriptions dotted line These increases are expected whether or not the NRMA Group is converted to a listed company. I realise that these matters are more fully discussed later in the Report but it is undesirable that conclusions could be influenced by such announcements further debate perhaps inhibited. In regard to the membership subscriptions, the statement that increases are required to return the Association to break even or modest profit page 5 contradicts the advice on the previous page that as expenses exceed the income this would create a net tax deduction for the NRMA Group ie as a corporation. Would there not also be a possibility that a modest profit from the road service monopoly in the hands of a corporation might change to a reasonable profit, or even an appropriate or realistic one There would be few members courageous enough to desert the road service would still serve as an introduction to insurance other services which could be expected to bear userpay fees. I believe that most members regard the NRMA as a conservative organisation looking to the long term interests of its members, both present future.

1 My name is Tristan Smith. I was born in Chemin Rouge in Efica which is to say as much to you, I bet, as if I declared I was from the moon. And yet if you are going to make much sense of me, you have to know a little of my country, a country so unimportant that you are already confusing the name with Ithaca or Africa, a name so unmemorable it could only have been born of a committee, although it remains, nonetheless, the home of nearly three million of the earths people, and they, like you, have no small opinion of themselves, have artists and poets who are pleased to criticize its shortcomings and celebrate its charms, who return home to the eighteen little islands between the tropic of Capricorn and the 30th parallel, convinced that their windswept coastline is the most beautiful on earth. Like 98 per cent of the planets population, we Eficans may be justly accused of being provincial, parochial, and these qualities are sometimes magnified by your habit of hearing Ithaca when we say Efica. If I say Voorstand to you, that is a different story entirely. You are a citizen of Voorstand. You hold the red passport with the phases of the moon embossed in gold. You stand with your hand over your heart when the Great Song is played, you daily watch new images of your armies in the vids and zines. How can I make you know what it is like to be from Efica abandoned, selfdoubting, yet so wilful that if you visit Chemin Rouge tomorrow morning we will tell you that the year is 426footnote marker and you must write your cheques accordingly. If you were my students I would direct you to read Efica from penal colony to welfare state,footnote marker The Caves of Democracy,footnote marker and Volume 3 of Wilburs The Dyers Cauldron.footnote marker But you are not my students and I have no choice but to juggle and tapdance before you, begging you please sit in your seats while I have you understand exactly why my heart is breaking. 2 My maman was one of you. She was born in Voorstand. She was able to trace her family back to the Settlers Free of the Great Song. Had things been different I might have been a Voorstander, like you, and then there would have been no trouble. But when my maman was eighteen she came to Chemin Rouge to be a model in a fashion advertisement. She became famous, within Efica, for her role in a local soap opera, and then she was notorious as a founder of the Feu Folletfootnote marker Collective, a small radical theatre group which was always in trouble with our local authorities for its opposition to the country of her birth. Let us say it straight Felicity Smith was very critical of her own people. It was because of this, she changed her name from Smutts to Smith she did not want to be a Voorstander. She was outraged at the way Voorstand manipulated our elections, meddled with our currency, threaded all that shining cable we never understood, miles of it, great loops of it, through the dry granite caves which honeycombed our southern provinces. She did not like the way your country used us. If this is offensive, I am sorry, but it was her belief. It was honestly held. Indeed, it was passionately held. She was not reasonable or balanced or fair. Yet for all the passion she expanded, for all the ceaseless paranoia, for all the very real Efican government agents who came snooping round the theatre, their electronic pencils dancing like fireflies in the dark, it is hard to see how the Feu Follet Collective was a threat to anyone it was a small, dirty, uncomfortable theatre at the back of that warren of bachelor flats, stables and dressage rings which had once housed the Ducrow Circus School.footnote marker My maman sometimes said that if it had not been for the spies, who after all paid full price for their tickets, they would have long ago gone out of business. That, of course, was a joke. The unfunny truth was that the Feu Follet would never have survived if it had not been for its circus matineacutees and Shakespeare productions, the latter chosen to coincide with the selection of that years highschool syllabuses. I was born in the Scottish Play, at the end of a full rehearsal. There was no great rush of fluids, but there was no mistaking what was happening when her waters broke and my maman quietly excused herself and walked out of the Feu Follet without telling anyone where she was going. When she came down the brick ramp in Gazette Street, things started happening faster than she had expected. Oxytocin entered her bloodstream like a tenton truck and all the pretty soft striped muscles of her womb turned hostile, contracting on me like they planned to crush my bones. I was caught in a rip. I was dumped. I was shoved into the birth canal, head first, my arm still pinned behind my back. My ear got folded like an envelope. My head was held so hard it felt, I swear it, like the end of life and not its glorious beginning. My maman had never had a child before. She did not understand the urgency. She walked straight past the line of empty red and silver cabs whose Sikh taximen, unaware of the emergency taking place underneath their noses, continued to talk to each other from behind their steering wheels, via the radio. As she crossed the Boulevard des Indiennes to the river she already felt distinctly uncomfortable, as if she were holding back a pumpkin, and yet she would not abandon her plan, i.e. to walk quietly, by herself, along the river to the Mater Hospital. She had long ago decided on this and she was a woman who always carried out her plans. It was a Sunday morning in January and the syrupy air smelled of dried fish, sulphur and diesel fuel. The year was 371 by our calendar. My maman was thirtytwo years old, tall, finely boned. No one watching her walk along the grey sandy path beside the river bed would have guessed at what her body was experiencing. She was an actress of the most physical type, and for the first half of her journey her walk was a triumph of will. She wore a long bright blue skirt, black tights. On her back she carried a black tote bag containing an extra shirt, another pair of tights, four pairs of pants, a pack of menstrual pads and a life of Stanislavsky she had always imagined she would read between contractions. This last thing the book is a good example of the sort of thing that irritated people, even members of her own company who loved her. They sensed in her this expectation of herself, that she could, for Christs sake, read Stanislavsky while she had a baby. She had a rude shock coming to her. They did not say that, hardly had the courage to think it in the quiet, secret part of their minds, but it was there, in their eyes, fighting with their sympathy. She had obsessed so long about this birth, not publicly, or noisily, but she had done the things that sometimes annoy the unpregnant eaten yeast and wheat germ, chanted in the mornings. No one from the Feu Follet saw her walk across the Boulevard des Indiennes. Had they done so, they might have been tempted to see it as evidence of her will, even her pride, her belief that she could walk while a lesser woman would be in an ambulance calling for the anaesthetic, but Felicity was someone who like to celebrate the milestones of her life birthdays particularly and she had imagined this moment, this walk beside the river, for too long to abandon it. My maman was a foreigner, but she loved Chemin Rouge with a passion barely imaginable to the native born. She believed it was this provincial city in this unimportant country that had saved her life, and if she had believed in God it was here she would have kneeled on the grey shellgrit path beside the river. If she had had parents it was here she would have brought them to show them what she had become. She had no God, no parents, but still she celebrated she brought me here instead. She had been a resident for fourteen years. She had been a citizen for ten. She had her own theatre company. She was going to give birth. It was so far from where she had been born. All these sights this ultramarine sky, these white knobbly river rocks, the sixfoottall feathered grasses which brushed her shoulders were unimaginable to anyone in the great foreign metropolis of Saarlim, and they were, for her, at once exotic but also as familiar as her own milky Hollandse Maagd skin. This small, slightly rancid port city was her home. And her feelings for the Eficans, those laconic, belligerent, selfdoubting inhabitants of the abandoned French and English colonies, descendants of convicts and dyers who, being conscripted by Louis Quatorze, were as good as convicts, grandchildren of displaced crofters and potatoblight Irish, were protective and critical, admiring and impatient. It was no small thing to her that I should be an Efican, and she betrayed her foreign birth in the way in which her ambitions for each of us, the country and the child, were not humble. Although the theatre was appreciated for its rough colloquial Shakespeare, she and the actors also devised a sort of agitprop, part circus, part soapbox, in which they attacked our countrys craven relationship with yours. There were people who valued the Shakespeare but found the agitprop unrewarding, and others who never set foot inside the Feu Follet who imagined the famous actormanager to be both strident and humourless. It was half true she was capable of being both of these things occasionally, but she was also a softly spoken woman with warm eyes. No son was ever so cherished by a mother as I was by her. The hospital where she had planned that I would be born was half a mile to the south of the theatre. It was built on the banks of the Nabangarifootnote marker river which, being wide and blue on the maps, was usually a disappointment to visitors, who were likely to find it empty, dry, full of blinding white round stones, with no sign of the waters whose crop gave the Central Business District of Chemin Rouge its controversial smell. When the famous river flowed into the port it raged not blue, but clayyellow, filled with grinding boulders and native pine logs which drifted out into the harbour where they floated just beneath the surface, earning themselves the name of widow makers with the pilots of the sea planes to Nez Noir. Every four or five years the Nabangari broke its banks and more than once filled the basement of the Mater Hospital, and then the front page of the Chemin Rouge Zine would carry a large photograph of a hospital administrator netting perch on the steps of the boiler room. Felicity had a striking face. She had long tousled copper hair, a straight nose, a fine English complexion, but as she came to the bend of the river where she should be able to see the hospital, her mouth tightened. What lay between her and the hospital was a Voorstand Sirkus in the process of construction, more different from our own indigenous circus than the different spelling might suggest.footnote marker The giant vid screen was already in place and highdefinition images of white women with shining thighs and pearlescent guitars had already established their flickering presence 640x200 pixels, beamed by satellite from Voorstand itself shining, brighter than daylight, through the immobile yellow leaves of the slender trees.

photo Penguins on parade Their numbers progressively depleted by human interference, penguins are thriving again at selected nest sites along the eastern Australian seaboard, aided and abetted by more positive human interference, writes Bob Beale. Sit for a while on any of the famous white sand beaches of Jervis Bay, about 200 km south of Sydney, and it soon becomes apparent why the clear waters and the pristine bushland of its shimmering southern side have just been declared Australias newest national park. Aside from the stunning coastal cliffs and the rich marine, animal and plant life, the areas birds alone make it a joy. The waters of the bay have food aplenty for predators able to get beneath the surface, and many birds have figured out ways of doing just that. Some patrol from the sky, suddenly folding back their wings and plummeting 10 metres or more in a brainjarring dive for small fish. Cormorants have opted for an even more artful approach they have adapted their bodies in ways that have sacrificed elegance in flight for more effective underwater swimming, enabling them to fly to their fishing grounds then pursue their prey in its element by propelling themselves with their powerful feet. Bellies full, theyll retire to some quiet perch to hang out their wings to dry in the sun. One of the bays birds, though, has renounced the power of flight altogether. The little, or fairy, penguin has forsaken the sky for the sea. Its body is so modified that its wings now serve as powerful flippers, its feathers as waterrepellent insulating material, its shape is streamlined like a submarine. An observer in the right place at the right time will have a ringside view of schools of small fish darting this way and that, or leaping in unison from the water, frantically trying to avoid the powerful beaks of these remarkable birds which appear to fly underwater. The penguins must swim to their fishing grounds, mainly within 15 to 20 km of the coast. But they are capable of covering some extraordinarily long distances, and individuals tagged at one colony have been found hundreds of kilometres away at another. One juvenile penguin tagged at Jervis Bay by Australian National Parks and Wildlife Service ANPWS researcher Martin Fortescue was found washed ashore at Tea Tree Crossing in South Australia, a record straightline distance of 1,012 km. Once it reaches its feeding site, the penguin is unmatched in its diving power Victorian researchers have recorded penguin dives of 60 metres to the very bottom of Bass Strait. That swimming ability enables them to feast on small surface schools of fish , such as pilchards, anchovies and garfish, and to dive deep after squid and krill. Their mysterious directionfinding ability enables them to return to their own tiny burrows on land. Bowen Island, which sits at the mouth of Jervis Bay, is rich in modern and ancient photo photo caption human history. But now its 51 hectares is a scene of a remarkable revival of the little penguin. In the mid 70s, only about 1,500 pairs bred on the island. Today, more than 5,000 pairs breed there. That population surge bucks a trend in which little penguin numbers overall are declining. Noone knows for sure why that photo caption is or, for that matter, how many little penguins there are in Australia. The best estimate is more that 100,000 and fewer than a million. As predators near the top of the food chain that spend most of their time in nearcoastal waters, penguins are obvious subjects for research into the effects of human activity on the sea, especially pollution. One of the seas smallest warmblooded animals, penguins daily confront water contaminated by sewage, plastics, photo excerpt pesticides, chemicals and silt. They must also compete with commercial fishermen and amateur anglers for food, and when they return to land to rest, nest and moult, they have to contend with human encroachment on their nesting sites and with predatory cats, dogs and foxes. The little penguins range in Australia coincides with the areas most heavily populated or accessible to people south along the coastline from the QueenslandNSW border to a point just south of Perth. Apart from New Zealand, it is not found anywhere else in the world. It does not venture south into the subAntartic or the Antartic, where vast colonies of other penguin species thrive. A sign of the little penguins resilience is that two small colonies hang on within cooee of Australias two biggest cities. The exact locations are closely guarded by those involved with their protection and care, but an apparently stable and healthy colony of about 600 penguins survives only kilometres from Sydney, and another smaller one can be found on Melbournes doorstep, at St Kilda. Says one researcher studying them, Theyre tough little buggers, and it takes a lot to damage them. They also know when and where to bite you and, believe me, it hurts. Ttheir recent success at Bowen Island owes much to a major, and costly, conservation effort to preserve and restore the habitat. A photograph of the area in 1956 shows it to be virtually denuded of trees, overrun by kikuyu grass and dotted with small holiday houses right in the middle of what today is prime penguinnesting habitat. The combined pressure of manmade structures, introduced weeds and bamboo, rabbits, pheasants and other wildlife had, by the late 1980s, left the future of the penguin colony in doubt. Martin Fortescue, who lived on the island for three years as rangerinresidence in the late 1980s, looks at the restoration with pride. During a tour of the island, he stops at a stand of vigorous young banksia trees. This was all bamboo here at one stage, he says sweeping his hand over the area in front of us. It was bloody murder digging it all out. I lost a lot of sweat on it. Weve replanted it with seedlings grown from that big old banksia over there. The old tree had somehow been spared fires and axes. Although the same species grows nearby on the mainland, seed from this particular tree had been collected for replanting to ensure that whatever genetic peculiarities it possessed were preserved. The seedlings were planted near the parent tree to simulate a roughly natural seeding pattern. The same process had been followed for other individual trees. And other native plants had sprung from the ground of their own accord since it was incorporated in the former Jervis Bay Nature Reserve. Dormant seeds sprouted, underground tubers sent up fresh shoots and, little by little, the islands natural balance was restored. Martin Fortescues painstaking research has shown that Bowen Island is now one of the best places a little penguin pair can choose to breed. The health of the island and the abundance of local food means that many penguins manage to raise two chicks at a time in their burrows, and to breed twice in a season. The very success of the colony, however, brings its own dangers. Tourism already attracts more than a million visitors a year to Jervis Bay and, increasingly, they want to visit Bowen to see the colony. Tourists, who require permission to visit Bowen, are also affecting water quality and fish stocks in the area, through amateur angling, increased demand for local seafood and, of course, more of the usual effects of sewage, silting, boating and so on. In turn, local conservationists feel protective towards the colony, having put in so much time, effort and expense to restore it. ANPWS officers in the area are among those concerned that even the modest tourist exploitation of the penguins so far may affect the colonys breeding success, or that the effects are too unpredictable to be able to sanction any expansion of tourism. These issues have yet to be resolved in an imminent management plan for the new park. Meanwhile, on Montague Island, 200 km south of Jervis Bay and home to another major little penguin colony, the photo excerpt NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service NPWS gave the go ahead last October for a lowkey tourism operation. Montague Island, famous for its centuryold lighthouse, is a massive granite outcrop about 5 km offshore from Narooma. It has at least 6,000 breeding pairs photo photo of penguins, as well as a major nesting site for a rare species of shearwater and a small resting site for male fur seals. It, too, has been ravaged by goats, rabbits and especially kikuyu grass released on to it in the past, so that it remains as treeless and degraded as Bowen Island was not so long ago. Only four trees grow there, and at least three are exotics planted by former lighthouse keepers. As well, the island sometimes finds itself in the path of ocean currents bringing sewage south from the NewcastleSydneyWollongong urban belt. Under contract to the NPWS, charter operators bring boatloads of about 40 people at a time to the island, allowing them to land and observe the penguins under existing dim lighting to which the birds have become accustomed. This provides a small but muchneeded income for the NPWSs southeastern region, which in addition to the management of the island itself has in the past few years acquired responsibility for conserving the historic buildings on the island. Nowhere are all the conflicting pulls and pushes on the little penguin better exemplified than at Australias most famous breeding colony, on Victorias Phillip Island. Tourism began there in the 1920s, with people visiting with blankets caption and lamps to watch the penguins come ashore. At the time, the colony was said to have numbered 70,000 breeding pairs, although that estimate is questioned today. Human pressure on the colony gradually became so severe especially when a bridge to the island allowed cars to cross that its future seemed in doubt until, in the early 1980s, the area was declared a nature reserve. Penguin numbers have plunged, to perhaps 10,000 pairs, and encroaching holiday houses, domestic pets, feral animals and tourism were taking a heavy toll on the colony. Under a radical program adopted by the Victorian Government, about half the 776 holiday houses in the immediate Summerland Peninsula area have been bought and demolished, cars which used to kill several hundred wandering penguins a year have been excluded, and the enormously popular tourism operation based on the penguins has been formalised and controlled. Today, an independent committee, reporting to the Government, oversees the management of the area. Anyone who doubts the touristpulling power of penguins needs only look at the staging of the islands Penguin Parade now Australias premier wildlife attraction. Some 500,000 people. many of them foreign tourists, visit Phillip Island each year, generating 44 million for the Victorian economy and providing 36 fulltime , 33 permanent parttime and 40 seasonal jobs. Up to 4,000 tourists at a time come to stand on elevated boardwalks at sunset, watching the carefully lit beach as penguins waddle out from the surf, up the sand, beneath the boardwalks and into their burrows. Its a bit like a zoo in reverse, says ranger Julie Thomas. The penguins are unimpeded in their progress and the people are locked in. The money the tourists spend helps to finance a habitat restoration program, a penguin hospital, a research team, a feral animal eradication program, a visitor centre and the maintenance of tourist facilities. This commercial bonanza helps explain why the Government won support for its tough and costly protection program. Moneystarved conservation agencies elsewhere enviously eye the Phillip Island operation and compare it with the handsoff approach being followed in places such as Bowen and Montague. Michael Cullen , professor of Zoology at Monash University, says that Phillip Islands commercial success would not be easy to repeat. The people who see the bonanza side of it dont see how slowly it was built up, he says. The site itself allows easy access and people management. One of the key problems in protecting the little penguin and promoting penguin tourism is the gross inadequacy of human knowledge about the animals.

Westpac board faces reality THE share market obviously approved of the decision by Sir Eric Neal and four other Westpac directors to resign. The banks shares rose on the news. Of course, the entire board must take responsibility for the banks most recent misfortunes. And the list of departing directors does not include the names of all those directors who were on the board before 1987 when most of the bad investment decisions were made. Indeed, of those who have resigned, only Sir Eric and Mr James Scully joined the board before But Sir Eric and his fellow directors have acknowledged the basic issue of the boards responsibility, and the bank has taken an important step towards winning back the confidence of both its shareholders and the wider sharemarket. Thats the point of it all. The share market certainly was not lusting for revenge it was looking for evidence that Westpac was on top of its problems. It was hardly reassured by the sight of an almost undisturbed Westpac board and management, or by the assurances by Sir Eric in January that the worst was over just four months before the huge provisions for bad and doubtful debts and the announcement of a 6 billion halfyear loss. The result is a distinct lack of confidence that, even now, the worst is over for Westpac and its shareholders, and a reluctance to subscribe to Westpacs rights issue. Westpac is heavily exposed to the deeply depressed commercial property market. If the bank suffers more heavy losses, it could be forced to seek more capital to satisfy the Reserve Banks prudential requirements. Why pay 3 for Westpac stock now if Westpac is likely to be back in the market with another, cheaper rights issue in another 12 months Of course, there were other reasons for the spectacular failure of the Westpac rights issue circumstances beyond the control of Westpac. But Westpac was accused of bungling the timing of the rights issue it took four months to complete which, it is claimed, was twice as long as necessary, so that it was overtaken by the general decline in share prices. In any event, the result was a record 883 million shortfall of the 2 billion rights issue and a spectacular vote of no confidence in Westpacs board and management. Last week, four of Westpacs 15 largest institutional shareholders were reported to have indicated their support for a spill of all the positions on the Westpac board. Sir Eric and his fellow directors had to act to recapture the initiative. The question now is whether the market will remain satisfied with the changes to Westpacs board and management. The market will assume that the changes in the board will be followed by further changes in Westpacs senior management. Many of the senior executives responsible for the banks mistakes are still in their jobs. Mr Frank Conroy, the recentlyappointed managing director, has restructured the banks management and tightened control of its activities. Undoubtedly, the share market will want to see further evidence of the strengthening of Westpac management in the months ahead. Few will derive any pleasure from yesterdays resignations. But the Westpac board has to be seen to take its share of the heavy responsibility for the past, disastrous errors of judgment. Only then would investors be confident that Westpac had both fully accounted for and learnt from those errors. Sir Eric and the four other directors had to go for Westpac to go forward. Vietnam Lest we forget TODAYS dedication of the Australian Vietnam Forces National Memorial in Canberra is not just another step in this countrys acceptance of Vietnam veterans. This is the point at which the Vietnam War as experienced by the Australian men and women who were sent there, and the Vietnam War as experienced by the rest of us, begin to merge into a common memory. How that memory takes shape will have a crucial impact on the lives of veterans and their families. It will help determine the public understanding, not only of what the Vietnam War was about, but of what war in general is about. And, over time, it will affect the meaning and the significance of important national symbols such as the Anzac legend and its central hero the Digger. The fact that 20 years separates the beginning of this process and the returning home of the last Australian troops from Vietnam suggests how difficult the merger is. No soldier returning from war can expect to be completely understood by those who stayed behind. But at least those who fought in World War II enjoyed the continued support of those back home, saw the overall war effort in much the same terms as those back home, and returned home to a welcome befitting victors. That helped the two experiences of the war to merge quickly and smoothly. Not so with Vietnam. Especially in the last few years of Australias involvement, public opinion was sharply divided over the wisdom and the morality of the war. Moreover, as support for the war effort turned to a sense of failure and even guilt, it was all too easy to project those feelings onto those who had to do the fighting. For many years after the war, the experiences of those who served in Vietnam and those who didnt grew more, not less, divergent. Many Vietnam veterans claimed that the nature of the war they fought left them with special needs that other returned servicemen may not have known. And at the same time, the publics perception of the Vietnam veteran was being influenced by exaggerated American stereotypes of the antisocial, angry and alienated personality who could not readjust to society. For both reasons, Australian veterans commonly felt a sense of embarrassment about admitting to their military service in Vietnam. There is still a good deal of pain and incomprehension stemming from Australias involvement in Vietnam. But the Australian Vietnam Forces National Memorial is proof that there is a degree of shared understanding as well. Importantly, this is not a memorial that glorifies the war effort. Indeed, noone who reflected on the memorial could disagree that war involves a tragic loss of life and that even when that loss is deemed the lesser of two evils, war remains mankinds supreme folly. But even such a folly allows for individual acts of courage, sacrifice and service. Whatever judgements we make about the nature of the conflict in Vietnam, or about Australias involvement in it, should not get tangled up in judgements about those who fought there. Australian men and women who were sent to Vietnam fulfilled their duty to their country and did so with valour. They deserve that recognition. If we honour those who served, suffered and died in Vietnam, we may be less likely to diminish the importance of their stories, rewrite the history of the war to suit latterday purposes, or forget what a painful time it was for all of us. Getting it wrong in East Timor THE newlyinstalled Governor of East Timor, Mr Abilio Soares, says he has a plan to end years of strife and bloodshed in the territory. He wants to set up a voluntary resettlement program to move families to sparsely populated parts of East Timor with rich farming potential. The idea is to develop East Timors agricultural sector and so generate work and raise living standards generally for East Timorese. Thats not all. Mr Abilio says the program to be administered with the help of the Indonesian Army will help teach East Timorese some muchneeded discipline. And together with a course on the virtues of integration in the schools, jobs and discipline will end opposition to Indonesian rule. That is precisely the peace plan that East Timor doesnt need. There is no doubt that a lack of work and economic opportunity in East Timor fuels resentment to Indonesian rule, especially among the urban underclass in the capital, Dili. But it is hardly the source of that resentment. East Timorese have never been given a say in whether or not they want to be part of Indonesia. Ignore that and youre never going to understand their feelings. Nor have the East Timorese been given any reason to believe that their distinct culture and traditions will survive integration. Instead, the Indonesian authorities have discouraged the use of the local Tetum language and of Portuguese, promoted Islam as an alternative to the local Catholic religion, and assisted Indonesian settlers to pour into the territory with little regard for its local inhabitants. Mr Abilios program promises more of the same. East Timorese have a strong attachment to their land even many converts to Catholicism retain some animist beliefs that place great store in natural objects and the physical surroundings. Anything that even looks like threatening their hereditary land claims will provoke further conflict. Moving people around inside East Timor and inviting in outsiders will also undermine traditional communities and breakdown village structures. As for the other ingredients of Mr Abilios peace formals a dose of discipline and a pinch of proIndonesian propaganda noone in their right mind would believe that they are going to help solve the problem. And thats the real rub in this whole proposal. No governor of East Timor is ever going to have too much room for independent action until a settlement acceptable to all sides in this dispute is firmly in place. But the local governor can act as a bridge for the Indonesian authorities and the East Timorese by helping to reduce misunderstandings between the two and perhaps even pushing a genuine settlement along. To do so, he must enjoy Jakartas confidence and the respect of the East Timorese. Mr Abilios predecessor, Mr Mario Carrascalao, was able to strike just such a balance. But on his onesided, proJakarta performance since taking office last month. Mr Abilio has little hope of doing the same. Mr Abilios plan has not yet been approved by Jakarta which is not to say that it didnt originate there and the Indonesian authorities would do well to leave it that way. The plan will only anger East Timorese by reminding them of how little control they have over their own lives and aggravate tensions in the territory. A wiser course would be to put the transmigration program to East Timor on hold, accelerate the quite useful development programs undertaken by Indonesia in the territory, and search for a form of authority that allows the East Timorese to have a stake in Indonesia without being impaled on it. A question of Question Time AN implied benefit from the televising of Question Time in the Federal Parliament was the likelihood that its quality would improve with the new public scrutiny. That likelihood has not unfortunately eventuated. In fact, as the personal animosity between the Prime Minister, Mr Paul Keating, and the Opposition Leader, Dr John Hewson, has intensified, Question Time has become the political equivalent of feeding time at the zoo, with the parliamentary animals ripping into each other as if they were chunks of raw meat. The Opposition, with Mr Jim Carlton filling in the details, has now promised to make substantial changes in the way the House of Representatives runs. These changes include Lower House committees to examine legislation in detail committees to monitor the performance of departments and reforms to Question Time. The first two changes should be easy to introduce. They have, also, a great deal of merit in that they will help swing the balance of power back a little to the legislature from the domination of the executive. Reforms to Question Time have merit, too, but it is a fanciful notion that these will come about by telling ministers not to adopt past behaviour. The problem with this approach is that the tendency towards confrontation by the Opposition, namecalling by MPs from both sides of the House of Representatives, and the tedious prepared answers from ministers designed to soak up the time available for questions, seems to be ingrained.

SOUTHERN CROSS UNIVERSITY ACT 1993 The Legislature of New South Wales enacts PART 1 PRELIMINARY Short title This Act may be cited as the Southern Cross University Act 1993. Commencement This Act commences on a day or days to be appointed by proclamation. Definitions 1 In this Act Council means the Council of the University University means the Southern Cross University established by this Act. 2 In this Act, a reference to a graduate of the University is a reference to a person who is the recipient of a degree or diploma, or of such other award or certificate as may be prescribed by the bylaws, conferred or awarded by or on behalf of a the University b any former institution that is currently a part of the University having become a part of the University or any predecessor of the University pursuant to the Higher Education Amalgamation Act 1989 or otherwise or c any predecessor of the University or of any institution referred to in paragraph b. 3 In this Act a a reference to a function includes a reference to a power, authority and duty and b a reference to the exercise of a function includes, where the function is a duty, a reference to the performance of the duty. PART 2 CONSTITUTION AND FUNCTIONS OF THE UNIVERSITY Establishment of University A University is established by this Act, consisting of a a Council b the professors and fulltime members of the academic staff of the University and such other members or classes of members of the staff of the University as the bylaws may prescribe and c the graduates and students of the University. Incorporation of University The University is a body corporate under the name of the Southern Cross University. Functions of University 1 The functions of the University within the limits of its resources include a the provision of educational facilities of university standard, having particular regard to the needs of the north coast region of the state b the preservation, extension and dissemination of knowledge through scholarship, research, creative works, consultancy and internal and external teaching and c the conferring of the degrees of Bachelor, Master and Doctor and the awarding of diplomas and other certificates and awards. 2 The University has such other functions as are conferred or imposed on it by or under this or any other Act.University to collaborate with University of New South Wales. University is to collaborate with University of New South Wales The University is to collaborate with the University of New South Wales in the development of the academic programs to be offered by the University, until the Minister otherwise directs. Facilities to be provided for students The University may, for the purpose of exercising its functions, provide such facilities for its students as it considers desirable. PART 3 THE COUNCIL, AUTHORITIES AND OFFICERS OF THE UNIVERSITY The Council 1 There is to be a Council of the University. 2 The Council is the governing authority of the University and has the functions conferred or imposed on it by or under this Act. Constitution of Council 1 The Council is to consist of a parliamentary members and b official members and c appointed members and d elected members. 2 The parliamentary members comprise a one Member of the Legislative Council elected by that Council i as soon as practicable after the commencement of this section and thereafter as soon as practicable after each periodic Council election within the meaning of section 3 of the Constitution Act 1902 or ii if there is a casual vacancy in the office of that member of the Council, as soon as practicable after that office becomes vacant and b one Member of the Legislative Assembly elected by that Assembly i as soon as practicable after the commencement of this section and thereafter as soon as practicable after each general election of Members of the Legislative Assembly or ii if there is a casual vacancy in the office of that member of the Council as soon as practicable after that office becomes vacant. 3 The official members comprise a the Chancellor if the Chancellor is not otherwise a member of the Council b the ViceChancellor and the person for the time being holding the office of i presiding member of the Academic Board if that person is not the ViceChancellor or ii deputy presiding member of the Academic Board if the presiding member is the ViceChancellor. 4 The appointed members comprise a 2 persons appointed by the Minister, being persons nominated by the Council of the University of New South Wales and b 6 persons appointed by the Minister with, as far as practicable, at least one person appointed from each of the following categories bullet persons experienced in the field of education or the arts bullet persons experienced in technology, industry, commerce or industrial relations bullet persons who are practising, or have practised, a profession bullet persons associated with the north coast region of the State. 5 The elected members comprise a 2 persons i who are members of the academic staff of the University and ii who have such qualifications as may be prescribed by the bylaws and iii who are elected by members of the academic staff of the university in the manner prescribed by the by laws and b one person i who is a member of the nonacademic staff of the University and ii who has such qualifications as may be prescribed by the bylaws and iii who is elected by members of the nonacademic staff of the University in the manner prescribed by the bylaws and c one person i who is a student of the University but who is not a member of the academic or nonacademic staff of the University and ii who has such qualifications as may be prescribed by the bylaws and iii who is elected by students of the University in the manner prescribed by the bylaws. 6 The Council may appoint any other person who is neither a student nor a member of staff of the University to be a member of the Council and the person, on being appointed, is to be taken to be an appointed member of the Council in addition to the members appointed under subsection4. 7 No more than one person may hold office at any one time as an appointed member under subsection 6. 8 Schedule 1 has effect in relation to the members and procedure of the Council. Chancellor 1 The Council is to elect a person whether or not a member of the Council to be the Chancellor of the University, and is to do so a at its first meeting or as soon as practicable thereafter and b whenever a vacancy in the office of Chancellor occurs. 2 The Chancellor, unless he or she sooner resigns as Chancellor, holds office for such period not exceeding 4 years, and on such conditions, as may be prescribed by the bylaws. 3 The Chancellor has the functions conferred or imposed on the Chancellor by or under this or any other Act. Deputy Chancellor 1 The Council is to elect one of its members to be the Deputy Chancellor of the University, and is to do so a at its first meeting or as soon as practicable thereafter and b whenever a vacancy in the office of Deputy Chancellor occurs. 2 The Deputy Chancellor, unless he or she sooner resigns as Deputy Chancellor or ceases to be a member of the Council, holds office for 2 years from the date of election and on such conditions as may be prescribed by the bylaws. 3 In the absence of the Chancellor, or during a vacancy in the office of Chancellor or during the inability of the Chancellor to act, the Deputy Chancellor has all the functions of the Chancellor. ViceChancellor 1 Whenever a vacancy occurs in the office of ViceChancellor, the Council is to appoint a person whether or not a member of the Council to be the ViceChancellor of the University. 2 The ViceChancellor hods office for such period, and on such conditions, as the Council determinies. 3 The ViceChancellor is the chief executive officer of the University and has the functions conferred or imposed on the ViceChancellor by or under this or any other Act. Visitor The Governor is the Visitor of the University with full authority and jurisdiction to exercise all functions pertaining to the office of Visitor. Academic Board 1 There is to be an Academic Board of the University, consisting of a the ViceChancellor and b such other persons as the Council may, in accordance with the bylaws, determine. 2 The constitution and functions of the Academic Board are to be as prescribed by the bylaws, subject to subsection 1. PART 4 FUNCTIONS OF THE COUNCIL Division 1 General Powers of Council 1 The Council a may provide such courses, and may confer such degrees and award such diplomas and other certificates, as it thinks fit b may appoint and terminate the appointment of academic and other staff of the University c has the control and management of the affairs and concerns of the University and is to act in all matters concerning the University in such manner as appears to it to be best calculated to promote the objects and interest of the University d may borrow money for the purpose of exercising any of its functions, for the renewal of loans or for the discharge or partial discharge of any indebtedness to the Treasurer or to any bank, within such limits, to such extent and on such conditions as to security or otherwise as the Governor, on the recommendation of the Treasurer, may approve e may invest any funds belonging to or vested in the University f may establish or participate in such trusts companies or other incorporated bodies as it considers appropriate to promote the objects and interests of the University g may engage in the commercial development of any discovery or invention, or of any intellectual property in which the University has a right or interest h may establish and maintain branches campuses and colleges of the University within the University and elsewhere i may make loans and grants to students and j may impose fees, charges and fines. 2 The powers of the Council under this section are to be exercised subject to the bylaws. 3 Schedule 2 has effect in relation to the investment of funds by the Council. Delegation by Council The Council may, in relation to any matter or class of matters, or in relation to any activity or function of the university, by resolution, delegate all or any of its functions except this power of delegation to any member or committee of the Council or to any authority or officer of the University or to any other person or body prescribed by the bylaws. Division 2 Property Powers of Council relating to property 1 The Council a may acquire by gift, bequest or devise any property for the purpose of this Act and may agree to carry out the conditions of any such gift, bequest or devise and b has the control and management of all property at any time vested in or acquired by the University and may, subject to this section, dispose of property in the name and on behalf of the University. 2 The Council must not, except with the approval of the Minister, alienate, mortgage, charge or demise any lands of the University. 3 Notwithstanding subsection 2, the Council may, without the approval of the Minister, lease any lands of the University if a the term of the lease does not exceed 21 years and b except where the lessee is a residential college affiliated with the University there is reserved for the whole of the term the highest rent that can reasonably be obtained. 4 In the case of a lease of any lands of the University, or any renewal of the lease, to a residential college affiliated with the University, the lease a is to be for a term not exceeding 99 years and b is to be at a nominal rent and c is to contain a condition that the lease is not to be assigned and such other conditions as the Council thinks fit.

RELICT SURFACESOIL FEATURES IN SEMIARID MULGA ACACIA ANEURA WOODLANDS J.C.Noble CSIRO Division of Wildlife and Ecology, National Rangelands Program, P.O. Box 84, Lyneham, A.C.T.,2602 Abstract The physical dimensions and locations of two forms of circular surfacesoil features, believed to be constructed by animals now locally extinct, are described for a 200 ha site and its environs in a semiarid mulga Acacia aneura woodland in northwestern New South Wales. The most common were 48 circular c. 10 m diameter features, some with welldefined central depressions carrying vigorous grass tussocks.Soil chemical analysis indicated the relatively high fertility of these central depressions. Surface pebbles were analysed for comparison with similar lithological data in the literature. The evidence suggests that the malleefowl Leipoa ocellata is the most likely agent responsible for building these features. While only four of the larger features c. 30 m diameter were located in the study site, they were particularly conspicuous on higher ridges in adjoining paddocks because of the abundance of highly reflective, calcrete fragments visible on the surface of subcircular mounds. It is postulated that they were constructed by the burrowing bettong Bettongia lesueur. Introduction One of the fundamental characteristics of Australian rangelands is the high degree of surfacesoil heterogeneity found in most communities Foran et al. 1990, Stafford Smith and Morton 1990. Patchiness can be recognised at several scales within a region, decreasing from catchment e.g. source and sink areas Pickup 1985, through land system e.g. dunefields and sandplains and land unit e.g. groves and intergroves, down to topographical changes at scales ranging from 1 to 10 m e.g. gilgais and soil hummocks Tongway et al. 1989. Much of the smallscale patchiness can be attributed directly to biologically mediated processes comprising past or present activities of either soilinhabiting or soilnesting animals such as termites Noble et al.1989. Whilst some of these animals may still be active, others may be locally extinct although the results of their past activities are clearly imprinted on the landscape. Such activity within the surface soil can have significant, and often longterm, ecological ramifications. The xylophagous termites Amitermes spp., for example, facilitate the decomposition of fallen timber in arid landscapes. Their activity contributes to the development of substantial soil hummocks around the fallen timber. These hummock islands are considerably more fertile than the surrounding soil Noble and Tongway 1988, Tongway et al. 1989, supporting productive herbage and diverse faunal communities. Accordingly, longterm productivity in most arid rangelands is dependent on management systems that recognise the importance of such patches by promoting the maintenance, and if necessary, the restoration of surface heterogeneity Tongway 1990. In 1987, a research site was established at Lake Mere Station, 35 km north of Louth, New South Wales 30degree16S, 144degree53E. Locations of the various sites and regions referred to throughout this paper are shown in Fig. The Lake Mere site, encompassing an area of 200 ha, was initially characterised through systematic observations of vegetation patterns, soil and surface hydrology Tongway and Ludwig 1990. A similar survey of the distributions of pavements formed by the harvester termite Drepanotermes perniger Froggatt and loghummock feeding sites was also undertaken Noble et al. 1989. Because there was minimal vegetative cover at the time through drought, other surface soil features were also conspicuous. Of particular interest were 48 circular features around 10 m in diameter characterised by a relatively high density of surface pebbles, particularly around the outer perimeter zone Fig. 2a. Some were distinguished by a clearly defined central depression 1520 cm deep with a surrounding annular mound. Others were nearly flat, presumably the result of erosion of older structures yet the higher density and circular disposition of the surface pebbles were still obvious Fig. 2b. Other quite distinctive features were also visible, even at some distance. These four, generally circular features were characterised by their wider diameter c 30 m and deeper excavation, usually to at least one metre Fig. 3a. Excavation had resulted in the extensive deposition of white rock fragments around the perimeter in a subcircular, or horseshoeshaped, mound. A subsurface calcified layer, 3050 cm thick, was usually exposed over a wide area in hard red massive red earth sites. This layer is subsequently referred to as calcrete, based on the original definition of the term by Lamplugh 1902 who used it to refer to places where dottedlinelimestonedebris enters largely into the composition of the superficial deposits, the sandandgravel beds are often cemented sporadically into hard masses by solution and redeposition of lime through the agency of infiltrating waters. The larger surfacesoil features were not as widespread in the study site, being commonly found on the highest points, usually stony ridges, of adjoining paddocks. Here, there was often at least one entrance below the calcrete being used by rabbits Oryctolagus cuniculus L. Fig. 3b. Similar relic features have also been observed in lighter textured soils of other land systems, although their surface morphology is generally more subdued, presumably through surface soil accumulation. The clear radial symmetry suggested biotic origins for both these features. This paper describes their general morphology, distribution and possible evolution. The soil characteristics of the smaller features are also discussed in relation to vegetation and landscape elements based on chemical analysis of soils and mechanical analysis of pebbles. Finally, these data are discussed in relation to animal species likely to be responsible for their construction. Methods A systematic survey of the smaller features was undertaken in October 1987 using transects established for earlier surveys Noble et al. 1989, Tongway and Ludwig 1990. The vegetation on the site is characterised by alternating mulga groves and intergroves with three vegetation types woolybutt Eragrostis eriopoda Benth. savanna on runoff slopes bandicoot grass Monachather paradoxa Steud savanna at the base of these slopes and mulga Acacia aneura F.Muell. ex Benth. woodland, either in groves or along extensive drainage lines. The groves have soils containing higher levels of organic carbon and exchangeable nutrients than soils in the intergroves Tongway and Ludwig 1990. Each of the smaller features was classified according to its surface morphology. The position of each was recorded by measuring distance coordinates to the nearest fences. Similar positions were also recorded whenever the larger features were encountered. The smaller features were classified as follows I dash welldefined annular ring of height gt15 cm with a distinct central depression II dash clear annular pattern of 1015 cm but still with a shallow central depression III dash eroded with surface stones more widely spread and a very shallow lt10cm central depression IV dash uniform circular lag material, only slightly elevated above the surrounding ground surface with no discernible depression. The mean diameter of all features located during the survey was recorded. Height profiles of two Class I features were surveyed by dumpy level to within plusminus1 cm in vertical height at 30 cm intervals along 14 m transects aligned through their centres to characterise the microtopography. Similar transects c. 30 m were also surveyed across two of the larger features. Duplicate soil samples were taken from four smaller features selected at random three Class III and one Class II. A trench 30 cm wide and 50 cm deep was excavated commencing in the centre of each and extending radially to a point approximately 1 m outside the perimeter. Samples were taken from trench walls at three depths 03, 15 and 30 cm and at three points along the transect centre, perimeter annulus and external zone. Residual detritus such as old wood or roots was also sought to determine whether trees may have been present in the past. Soil samples bulked duplicates were first airdried in a glasshouse before sieving 2 mm before analysing for available nitrogen Gianello and Bremner 1986 and organic carbon Colwell 1969. Duplicate samples 1 m2 quadrats of surface pebbles were taken at random from the perimeter annuli of three smaller features before subjecting them to mechanical analysis sieve size ranging from lt36 to gt5 mm. Surface pebbles were similarly sampled from the surrounding zone within a 10 m radius of each surface feature. The weights and volumes of a range of pebble sizes were also measured by balance and water displacement respectively for comparison with similar pebble data in the literature. Calcrete samples were also taken from several larger features for detailed geological examination, including xray diffraction analysis Azaroff 1968, in order to characterise their geochemistry. Results Fortyeight of the smaller features were found throughout the 100 ha site giving an overall density of 1 mound to 2 ha however, their distribution was far from uniform Fig. 4 with none being found in either the mulga groves or drainage lines. The most common was the Class IV type 56, whilst only 6 were Class I features Fig. 5a. One third of the smaller features studied had a diameter of 4 to 6 m while 27 fell within the 8 to 10 m diameter range Fig. 5b. The distinctive horizontal profile of Class I features is shown in Fig. The weights, volume displacements and specific gravities of a range of surface pebble sizes are shown in Table The size distributions of pebbles taken from the surface of smaller features, and adjacent control sites, were both highly skewed towards the finer fractions less than36 mm although the large pebble component gt2 mm in the control zones Table 2 contributed more than twice the proportion recorded for these features 6 and 3 respectively. Chemical analysis of soil samples taken along the radial transects revealed a significant gradient in surface 03 cm soil fertility, particularly soil nitrogen Fig. 7. Available nitrogen in the surface soil of the central depression was more than twice that recorded from 15 and 30 cm depths. Although surface soil nitrogen fell by nearly 70 outside this central zone, it was still substantially higher than the levels recorded in the subsoil. Similar, but less pronounced, trends were observed for soil organic carbon with the highest carbon content being recorded in the central surface soil. The horizontal profiles of the larger features differed considerably in their scale of construction when compared with the smaller features Fig. 8. The geology of the calcrete exposed in these features is based on combined sediments of bleached, highly weathered clay and silt stones cemented by calcium carbonate, probably of Cretaceous origin M. Goodman, pers. comm.. The pedogenetic carbonate in the calcrete is very common in arid areas of high evaporation and derives over time from atmospheric carbon dioxide while the calcium is of aeolian origin J. Chappell, pers. comm.. Xray diffraction analysis of a calcrete sample taken from a large surfacesoil feature on Glenora identified the calcareous induration to consist primarily of calcite with some quartz present J. Kamprad, pers. comm.. The blocks of finegrained material contained within the calcrete matrix were composed principally of quartz with traces of calcite, kaolinite and possibly montmorillonite mixed layer clays. Discussion Smaller features Several hypotheses can be advanced to explain the possible origin of these soil features. Circular rock weathering has been observed in certain situations D.J. Tongway, pers. comm. but there is no evidence that such abiotic factors were involved in the genesis of these features on the scale and pattern observed at Lake Mere. Shrinkswell forces have been mooted as maintaining stones at, or near, the surface of arid stony tableland soils by upward sorting, due to the presence of montmorillonite clays which expand on wetting and contract on drying Jessup 1960, Mabbutt 1979, Chartres 1982. However, the massive red earths at Lake Mere have a relatively low clay content Tongway and Ludwig 1990 and do not display typical gilgai microrelief. Construction by biotic agents on the other hand, is considered to be the most plausible explanation for these phenomena. Circular depressions have been known to occur following death of large trees but the lack of any tree residues, either surface or subterranean, negates this hypothesis. Similarly, there is no anthropological or historical evidence indicating either Aborigines or European miners were involved in their construction. Whilst radial symmetry is not exclusively biotic in origin, it is a fundamental charactersitic of many animal nests when viewed in plan. Such symmetry is clearly visible in the soil surface features described in this paper. The question then arises as to what animals, or groups of animals, might have been responsible for their construction

Construction Project A Multifunction Fluoro Light The title of this project doesnt do it justice. What do you call in three words a project that includes an efficient 12V inverter to operate a range of fluorescent tubes at full brilliance, an onboard regulator to charge the 12V battery from a solar cell, an ultrasonic movement detector and a FET power switch to flash an emergency light And theres lots moredotted line by PETER PHILLIPS This project comes from the design team at Oatley Electronics, and is aimed at those who want a versatile project at the best possible price. It started out as an allnew 12V fluorescent lamp inverter, which by itself will be popular with constructors. But, as regular readers know, fluorescent lamp inverters have been described before, so the team decided to extend things a bit. Well, more than just a bitdotted line The most important part of this project is the inverter itself, designed by Conrad Marder. Ideally, an inverter should have a high efficiency and be able to drive a range of tubes to full brilliance. This one has all this it has an efficiency better than 90 and can power fluorescent tubes ranging from 6W to 20W, to almost the same light output as if theyre operated from the mains. For instance, a 20W tube takes 4A at 12V 17W of input power, with a light output of around 16W, or about 80 of its normal rated output. Because the tube is operating at slightly less than its full rated output, the tube life is extended, and you wont really notice the difference in the light output. However, if you want more light output, simply change a resistor value. To give a range of options on how to turn the light on and off, the design team included a digital interface. This part of the circuit allows the light to be switched on by any device that delivers a pulse. Theres also a timer in the circuit that can be disabled wit a link, so a pulse input can turn on the light for three minutes or so. You can also add an LDR light dependent resistor, so the light is automatically disabled during daylight. There are two inputs one that accepts a positive pulse and the other a negative pulse. This way, you can operate the light from a PIR detector, a pushbutton, an infrared or RF remote control anything that gives either a positive or a negativegoing pulse. To make the project attractive to as many people as possible, the designers also included a regulator to allow the 12V battery to be charged from a solar panel. The regulator prevents the battery from overcharging, but is only for use with a solar panel. If you want to trickle charge the battery from the mains, you simply leave out the regulator section and add your own battery charger. All of the sections described so far are on the one PCB which by the way, is a professionally made, silkscreened board. However, because the cost of a PCB is not directly related to its size, Oatley Electronics decided to add two more sections. The first is an ultrasonic movement detector. This part was presented as a project in April 1990, page 80 and the circuit here is identical. However, the PCB section has been redesigned to suit the rest of the board. As an incentive, the basic kit for this project includes the ultrasonic transmitter and receiver, so if you have all the other bits, you get this section for free. This PCB section is electrically independent of the main PCB, so it can be either left attached or separated, as desired. You can use the detector to trigger the light, so if you need a light that comes on if someone enters a room, here it is. The ultrasonic detector section can be placed away from the light to suit, or left attached to give an integrated unit. The last part is a FET power switch with an onboard lowfrequency oscillator. This section can be used as an electronic onoff switch for a light, or to flash a light, such as a beacon or a warning light on a boat. Like the ultrasonic movement detector, the power switch section of the PCB is independent, and the parts for this section are not included in the basic kit. So, as you can see, this is a very versatile project. It caters for those who already have a stock of components, but who cant make their own boards, as well as for constructors who want to adapt the project to a special need. In short, its the ideal hobbyist project cheap and very versatile. The project will be sold as a kit, and for 39 you get everything shown in Fig.Add an extra 16, and you get all the extra components to complete the two extra PCBs. See the end of the article for further details. The inverter The circuit on the main PCB is shown in Fig.There are three sections to the circuit the inverter around Q3, the digital interface around IC1 and the solar regulator section around Q1. The inverter is basically a blocking oscillator. When Q2 is on, base current is supplied to Q3 via R14 R17 and the feedback winding of TThis turns Q3 on, and current starts to flow in the primary winding of TThe current will quickly increase, inducing a voltage in the feedback winding that makes Q3 turn on even harder. Eventually the current will reach its maximum value, causing the induced voltage in the feedback winding to fall. The reduced base voltage to Q3 will make Q3 start to turn off,reducing the current flowing in the transformer. The effect is cumulative or regenerative and Q3 is quickly turned off as the feedback voltage falls even further. The cycle then repeats. The waveforms for the inverter are shown in Fig.Notice that the transistor is on for about 25 of the whole cycle, and that the voltage across the tube is virtually zero until the transistor is on. In other words, energy is transferred to the tube while Q3 is on. The maximum voltage across the tube is around 60V for an 8W tube. The frequency of the oscillator is about 40kHz, mainly determined by the values of C6 and RAs the waveforms show, capacitor C6 is charged with a negative voltage when Q3 is switched off, and has to discharge before Q3 can switch on again. The values of R14 and R15 also affect the frequency, and more importantly, the collector current in QThese resistors therefore determine the amount of power transferred to the tube. The value of R15 is selected to suit the power rating of the tube and the recommended values for R15 for various tubes are shown in Table These values have been determined to give a power output of about 80 of the tubes rating. This gives the best operating life, and a power input to the inverter equal to the rated power of the tube. Increasing the value of R15 will reduce the light output and the current consumption. However, this also reduces the life of the tube, as the tube filaments wont heat because of the low value of tube current. Although the filaments are not heated directly as in some designs, they will heat if the tube current is sufficient. Digital interface The inverter is switched on and off by QIf you wanted nothing else but the inverter, Q2 could be removed and a switch connected in place of the emitter and collector terminals. Another way to directly switch the inverter on and off is to connect a switch in place of link Or, if link 3 is connected, the onoff switch could be in series with the 12V supply. The digital interface provides an even greater range of switching options. When the interface is being used, link 3 is deleted and link 2 is connected. There are three inputs to the circuit, although one of these is used as a connection for an LDR. The other two accept a pulse, perhaps from the ultrasonic movement detector or any similar device. As the circuit shows, a negative pulse is applied to R1 and a positive pulse to RIf R1 is momentarily connected to ground, the output of IC1a will switch to a high. This makes the output of IC1b switch low, which is passed to the input of IC1c via CIf link 2 is connected, the low at the output of IC1b will switch Q2 on, allowing the inverter to operate. The output of IC1c will now be high, which then holds the input of IC1b high, with its output low. The circuit is then held in this state regardless of the input condition to R However, the positive side of C3 is connected to the supply via RBecause its negative end is now connected to a low, C3 will charge towards 12V. When C3 has charged sufficiently, the input to IC1c will be a logic 1, causing its output to switch low. This makes the output of IC1b switch high, turning off the inverter and returning the timer to its stable state. The circuit around IC1b and IC1c is therefore a monostable, with a time delay determined by the values of C3 and RThe time delay is around three minutes which can be altered by changing the value of either C3 or RIf link 1 is connected, the delay is reduced to virtually zero, as R9 is then in parallel with RThis link is connected if you want to use the inputs to switch the light on and off without having a delay for the turnoff time. Applying a positive input to R3 has the same effect as a negative input to RThis pulse is applied directly via isolating diode D2 to IC1b as it is the right polarity to trigger the timer. If an LDR is connected as shown in the circuit diagram, both trigger inputs are disabled if the LDR resistance is low. This happens under normal daylight conditions, but in darkness, the LDR resistance will be over 1M ohm, allowing the circuit to respond to a pulse at either input. Incidentally, you can connect a pushbutton to either input. For example, connecting a pushbutton between the negative input at R1 to ground will give a negative input pulse when the button is pressed. Or the pushbutton could be connected between the positive pulse input at R3 and the 12V supply. Another method is to use a switch, connected as described for the pushbutton. In this case, IC1d takes over and holds the timer on. For example, if the input end of R1 is connected to ground, a logic 1 will be applied to the input of IC1d, giving a low at its output. This will forward bias D5 and pull the input of IC1c low, regardless of the state of CThe timer is then held permanently in this condition, with the output of IC1b low. Therefore, the inverter is switched on as long as the switch is closed. If link 1 is not connected, there will be the usual time delay when the switch is turned off. Connecting link 1 eliminates the delay. Solar regulator This section is a shunt regulator and connects across the battery. As already explained, the regulator is only for use with a solar panel. Without the regulator, its possible to overcharge a battery from a solar panel, as the output voltage of the panel will rise as the load current falls. The opencircuit voltage of a solar panel designed to charge a 12V battery can be over 20V, and the regulator simply bypasses the charge current when the voltage across it is higher than 14V or so. The circuit has two zener diodes, connected in series to give a total zener voltage of 1V

TEST REPORT COMPUTER PRINTERS Inkjet, thermal fusion or dot matrix We compare the technologies and 18 different printers. FOR THIS REPORT we tested inkjet, thermal fusion and 24pin dot matrix printers priced at less than This included generalpurpose desktop machines and some small, portable models for use with notebook computers. The range encompasses printers designed for people with quite different needs, so weve split our recommendations into groups, taking different user requirements into account see What to buy on page 30. Our overall score was based on print quality, speed, noise and the ease of using the front panel controls and instructions. It didnt take paper handling options and how easy they are to use into account, as this depends very much on the users particular needs. The table lists which options are available so you can rule out any printer which doesnt have those you need and the profiles include a brief description and assessment of the paper handling capabilities of each model. We also discuss the pros and cons of the different technologies, to help you decide which type would be best for you. COMPARING TECHNOLOGIES boxDot matrix An older technology, the impact dot matrix printer is probably still the most common type in general consumer use today. It works in a similar way to a typewriter, using a printhead which consists of very small pins or hammers and an inked ribbon. The impact of different configurations of pins hitting the ribbon transfers the ink onto the page behind, forming the shapes of the characters and images. Dot matrix machines are usually cheap to buy and run and, because they use impact, can print carbon copies and multiplepart forms. Theyre generally considered good workhorse printers and usually have versatile paper handling options. On the downside, theyre quite noisy and the quality of their print is not as high as you get from thermal fusion or inkjet machines. This is often particularly noticeable when printing graphics, where they cant produce an image with the same sharpness and detail as the other types. However, the print quality of all the 24pin dot matrix printers we tested is better than that of ninepin printers, and for many purposes is more than adequate, particularly for text. boxInkjet Marketed as either bubble inkjet or thermal inkjet, this type of technology uses cartridges consisting of a supply of ink and a printhead with tiny nozzles, or jets, arranged in it. Each jet has a small heating element embedded in it. When it heats up bubbles are formed in the ink and, as they expand, ink is forced through the jet onto the page as it passes over the printhead. Different arrangements of jets work together to form different characters and shapes. They are quieter than dot matrix printers, and produce much betterquality print. However, when you run out of ink you have to replace the whole cartridge and currently these are quite expensive. This makes inkjet more expensive to run than dotmatrix machines. Also, because theyre not impact printers you cant use them to print carbon copies or multipart forms. boxThermal fusion This type of printer is a fairly new entry on the consumer market. Like dot matrix printers, they use inked ribbons, but the ink is transferred to the page using heat rather than the impact of pins. An array of tiny heating elements on the printhead selectively melts portions of the ink compound, which stick to the page as the printhead passes over it, forming shapes and images. Like the inkjet, this form of printing produces highquality print and, as it doesnt use impact to transfer the ink to the page, is generally very quiet but cant print carbon copies. The technology it uses allows the printhead to be very small, so suitable for portable printers. At the moment it has two main drawbacks its slow printing speed and the price of the special ribbons it requires, but this price may change if these printers capture a larger market share. PAPER HANDLING FEATURES As well as their very different technologies, the printers we tested varied greatly in their paper handling capability. The features for feeding paper that are built into a printer depend on the use for which it was designed. The two types of paper these printers can handle are cut sheet andor continuous forms. Cut sheet refers to single sheets of paper, like those used for typing and photocopying. Some printers come with a cut sheet feeder, which holds a stock of sheets and feeds them into the printer one at a time as needed. On others, you can buy one as an optional extra. Without a cut sheet feeder, youd have to feed sheet paper into the printer a sheet at a time very tedious if you have to print long documents. Continuous forms are stacks of joined paper perforated at each page so sheets can be separated easily. Holes in tearoff sections on each side of the page fit over spikes on the wheels of a tractor mechanism on the printer as the wheels turn the paper is either pushed or pulled continuously through the printer. The advantages of push vs pull feeding are discussed on page A continuous forms tractor allows you to load a whole box of paper at once. This kind of paper is cheaper, so is good for anyone who prints out many drafts. With a tractor, you can also print labels and multipart forms. If youre short of desk space it may matter to you whether the paper loads from top or bottom, front or rear the printer profiles detail this. PITCH AND TYPEFACE SETTINGS Most printers have a selection of different typefaces the number available on each printer we tested is listed in the table. Each typeface can usually be printed in a wide range of sizes, known as pitches. The standard pitch is 10 characters per inch cpi, and most typefaces can be printed in a variety of sizes from 10 to 20 cpi and a variety of proportional sizes. We didnt rate the printers in our test on the range of typefaces and sizes available, as the value of these depends on the individual needs of the user. If you need a particular typeface on your printer, check with the dealer before you buy. Some printers allow you to buy extra typefaces in the form of cartridges, which you plug in. With many modern computer software programs for example Microsoft Windows the range of typefaces available depends on the software, rather than those supplied with the printer. You can increase the number of typefaces available by downloading them into the printers memory. This means the shape of the letters is controlled by software, and you can either buy a typeface software program offtheshelf, or design and program the shapes yourself. Again, if youre interested in these, check with the dealer before buying. Which type and model of printer is best depends on what you want to do with it. You need to work out which factors matter most to you do you want really good text print quality, a fast printer, or one that does greatquality graphics While the very small ones look appealing, they can be inconvenient to use so would be unsuitable for people who wanted to print large documents or lots of copies, for example. Weve worked out our recommendations for three different scenarios. If none of them matches your requirements you can use the information in the table to find the best printer for you. For people who are short of space, the dimensions of each printer are included in its profile. box If you want a highquality cut sheet printer to print letters on letterhead paper, reports or newsletters, where good presentation is important, for example you would probably want a printer with dashHigh print quality, particularly in text mode but reasonably good also for graphics. dashHighcapacity cut sheet feeder, preferably built in. Using these criteria, the following printers are recommended Brandmodel in rank order Price HEWLETT PACKARD DJ 500 550639 BROTHER HJ1001 565920 equal CANON BJ10ex 565850 OLIVETTI JP 150 595650 EPSON LQ100 399599 The HEWLETT PACKARD achieved the best overall score in our test, and comes with a cut sheet feeder. The CANON, BROTHER and OLIVETTI, all inkjet printers, have good print quality but you would need to purchase the optional cut sheet feeder to make printing larger print runs convenient otherwise the only option is feeding single sheets by hand The EPSON LQ100s print quality was not as good as the other four especially for graphics, but its the best of the dot matrix printers for text mode and comes with a builtin cut sheet feeder. Given its low running costs, it may be a good choice for some people with these needs. boxFor general home or small business use, most people would probably want a printer that dashHas versatile paper handling options tractor for continuous forms, and cut sheet feeder. dashIs reasonably fast, particularly in draft mode. dashIs cheap to run. On these criteria the following printers are recommended Brandmodel in rank order Price EPSON LQ570 595799 PANASONIC KXP2123 650699 equal STAR LC2420 495675 NEC P3200 683699 equal SEIKOSHA SL90 450535 PANASONIC KXP1123 380535 EPSON LQ100 399599 equal BROTHER M1324 450467 OSBORNE 1024 395495 This model has a builtin sheet feeder but no tractor feeder, which is available as an optional extra. All the other models have a builtin tractor feeder, with a cut sheet feeder as an optional extra. box If you need portability, and may need to use the printer when you dont have access to mains power, you would need a printer that dashCan run on battery power. dashIs small and lightweight. Based on these criteria the following are recommended Brandmodel in rank order Price BROTHER HJ1001 565920 equal CANON BJ10ex 565850 CITIZEN PN48 499595 While five of the printers tested could be batteryoperated and were reasonably portable, the CANON BJ10ex and the BROTHER HJ1001 which are technically identical machines were clearly the best of them. The CITIZEN is a lot smaller and lighter, but much slower over 1 12 minutes to print a page and the CANONs and BROTHERs running costs are lower. The SEIKOSHA LT20 and TANDY DMP310 are also able to be batteryoperated. They are virtually identical, with builtin cut sheet feeders, but are large and heavy compared with the other three. Their print quality is lower, and they are quite noisy when in use they also had the two lowest overall scores yet were similarly priced to the other three. On the other hand, the cut sheet feeder is only an optional extra with the CANON, BROTHER and CITIZEN. The SEIKOSHA LT20 was the only printer we tested that came with a rechargeable battery pack. You can buy one as an optional extra for the other three. THE RIGHT DRIVER SOFTWARE PACKAGES are generally linked to printers via a printer driver. This is a program which acts as interpreter, enabling computers to tell printers what to do. Many software producers put out a whole range of special drivers for particular printers, so check when youre buying a printer whether your software has the right driver. In some cases, a printer will be compatible with more than one driver, but will achieve the best results with the driver designed particularly for it. The two EPSON models we tested are an example of this. Both can be used with any EPSON driver, but also support a new control language called ESC PThis is an enhancement of the older driver used by EPSON printers and includes a different graphics mode, enables these printers to implement scalable fonts and has other additional features. We didnt test the EPSON models using the ESC P2 driver because, as its only recently been developed, its only available on the latest versions of popular software packages. However, it should be pointed out that if these two printers are used with ESC P2 some enhanced features become available and the quality of the print in graphics mode is claimed to be improved. PROFILES Models listed in the three What to buy lists are profiled here in overall rank order.

The ecological impact of Phytophthora cinnamomi in the Stirling Range National Park, Western Australia R.T. WILLS Department of Conservation and Land Management, Science and Information Division, WA Herbarium, PO Box 104, Como, WA 6152, Australia Abstract An assessment of the impact of the soilborne pathogenic fungus, Phytophthora cinnamomi Oomycetes, Peronosporales, on the plant communities of the Stirling Range National Park was carried out between December 1988 and April A total of 541 plant species were collected, with the Proteaceae and the Myrtaceae the two largest families in the study region. Of the 330 species assessed for susceptibility to P. cinnamomi, 118 36 were recorded as having at least some individuals in a population judged to have been killed by the fungus and 33 10 were highly sensitive to the pathogen more than 80 of plants in a population killed. Several families had large numbers of susceptible species, while others were apparently unaffected by the pathogen. Notably, 85 of proteaceous species assessed were rated as susceptible to P. cinnamomi. Proteaceous elements had a mean projective foliage cover of 40 in healthy plant communities, but had a mean cover of only 10 at sites that had a long history of infestation with the fungus. In contrast, some species with low levels of susceptibility to the pathogen, such as some monocotyledons, were found to be more abundant at oldinfested sites than at healthy sites. Growth form may also influence susceptibility, with herbaceous perennials, annuals and geophytes assessed in this survey apparently unaffected by the fungus whereas 48 of woody perennials surveyed were susceptible. Changes in the floristic structure of plant communities may influence the composition of associated animal communities. In particular, vertebrate flower visitors may be vulnerable since 59 of the species with vertebratepollinated flowers were found to be susceptible to the pathogen. This research highlights the serious ecological impact of P. cinnamomi on native plant communities and suggests that significant components of the flora and associated fauna of the southwest of Western Australia are endangered by this virulent pathogen. INTRODUCTION The degradation of plant communities by the soilborne pathogenic fungus, Phytophthora cinnamomi Rands Oomycetes, Peronosporales, is a serious problem in the southwest of Western Australia. Many plant species are susceptible to the pathogen, and important families include a large number of susceptible species. In 1980, P. cinnamomi had been isolated from 967 plant species worldwide, with nearly half of these records from Australia Zentmyer 1980. In Western Australia, most species known to be susceptible to this exotic invader are in the Proteaceae, Papilionaceae, Mimosaceae, and Epacridaceae Malajczuk Glenn 1981 Shearer Tippett 1989 Hill 1990. Monocotyledons have rarely been recorded as hosts Zentmyer 1980 and, except for a few highly susceptible species Podger 1972,Kennedy Weste 1986 Podger Brown 1989, have usually been regarded as resistant to the pathogen. However the fungus is exceedingly invasive and is capable of infecting many of the socalled resistant species so that even these species will act as hosts Cahill et al. 1989. For example, the primary symptom of infection formation of necrotic lesions in the root is frequently observed in monocotyledons, but rapid root regeneration, usually by lateral root growth behind the zone of infection, contributes to the survival of those species Phillips Weste 1984. Thus, in the case of P. cinnamomi, the term resistant has been applied to many species that, in the field, show no obvious secondary symptoms of the disease chlorosis, canopy dieback, andor death, but which may suffer a decrease in productivity Weste Marks 1987 Cahill et al. 1989. Only a few species have been found which can completely inhibit fungal growth from the point of inoculation Tippett et al. 1985, and only these can be regarded as truly resistant to the pathogen. As the fungus invades the conducting elements of the plant, killing the phloem and cambium, and causing the failure of root conductance Weste Marks 1987, species that are killed by the fungus die largely as a result of drought. Further information on the biology of P. cinnamomi can be found in three recently published reviews Weste Marks 1987 Dell Malajczuk 1989 Shearer Tippett 1989. In Western Australia, canopy dieback in jarrah Eucalyptus marginata caused by P. cinnamomi can result in loss of productivity and may lead to the death of extensive areas of jarrah Podger et al. 1965 Shearer Shea 1987. Thus, the pathogen is commonly named jarrah dieback, even though many species in the understorey may be killed several years before the first symptoms are apparent in individual jarrah trees. Investigations into the impact of the fungus have been conducted mainly in areas of State Forest and have only examined a few key species Malajczuk Glenn 1981 Shearer Hill 1989 Shearer Tippett 1989. Consequently, little is known of the susceptibility of many native plant species to infection by P. cinnamomi Shearer et al. 1988, particularly species of the kwongan communities of the Northern and Southern Sandplains. These regions have long been recognized for their floristic richness and high degree of endemism Hooker 1859 Diels 1906 Gardner 1944 Speck 1958 Hopper 1979. Much of the richness and endemism is centred on two nodes of diversity in the Mt LesueurEneabba region of the Northern Sandplain and the Stirling RangeFitzgerald River region in the Southern Sandplain George et al. 1979 Hopper 1979 Griffin et al. 1983, 1990 Hopkins et al. 1983 Lamont et al. 1984. The Stirling Range National Park, an area already severely infested, was selected for preliminary studies to assess the possible impacts of P. cinnamomi on the wider range of kwongan communities of the Southern Sandplain. Information on files of the now defunct National Parks Authority and the Forest Department, held by the Department of Conservation and Land Management at the Como State Operations Headquarters and the Manjimup Research Centre, Western Australia, record that P. cinnamomi was found throughout the Stirling Range by the 1970s. CSIRO researchers isolated P. cinnamomi from the Stirling Range National Park before May 1974 and noted that there were dottedlinefour large, distinct areas of dieback in the Park dottedlineand many smaller areas dottedline. Photographs of fire research plots at the eastern end of the Park taken in October 1973 show a floristic structure characteristic of the oldinfested plant communities observed in the present study see later. This would suggest that the pathogen had already infested these communities for many years. It seems probable that the construction of management tracks in the mid or late 1960s before the establishment of disease hygiene practices was a major cause of the widespread dispersal of the fungus. It is not possible to determine if the pathogen was introduced or already present at the time of road construction. The objectives of this research were to investigate the distribution and abundance of the flora of the Stirling Range National Park, assess the susceptibility of plant species to P. cinnamomi in a range of plant community types, and examine the ecological impact of the pathogen. METHODS Study area The Stirling Range is a high, rugged chain of mountains of metamorphosed sandstone and shale with a local relief of about 900 m. The tallest peak Bluff Knoll is 1096 m above sea level Muhling Brakel 1985. There is little soil development on the steep slopes, although pockets of shallow, acid peatysands are found Hopkins et al. 1983. Colluvium consisting of sand, silt and clay is found on the lower slopes and valleys with heavier sandy loams deposited in water courses in the deep valleys Muhling Brakel 1985. Laterites are also to be found, generally on the surrounding plains and pediments, the highly weathered soil profiles with massive and pisolitic laterite including both in situ and clastic types interbedded with sandstone Muhling Brakel 1985. The region encompassing the Stirling Range has a true Mediterranean climate sensu Aschmann 1973. It has an annual rainfall between 275 and 900 mm, with over 65 falling in six winter months wettest months MayOctober, and with one month having a mean temperature below 15degreeC MayOctober. The Stirling Range is on the boundary of three botanical districts Avon, Roe, and Eyre. Kwongan is the predominant type of vegetation, although woodland, open woodland and samphire and sedge communities are also important in the region Beard 1979. Presently, almost 1000 species of vascular plants have been recorded from the Stirling Range with about 60 endemic species Keighery 1985. Floristic data Collections of plant species were made between December 1988 and April 1989 at 56 sites, selected to represent all vegetation types of Beard 1979 and land surfaces Muhling Brakel 1985 throughout the Stirling Range. Collections were made in an area of about 50 x 50 m in both healthy and diseaseaffected plant communities. The primary native pollinator of all species was determined by opportunistic observation of pollinator visitations in the field and inference from floral morphology, and confirmed by information from the literature when available. Voucher specimens are held at the WA Herbarium, Department of Conservation and Land Management. Nomenclature follows that of Green 1985. It should be noted that, due to substantial falls of rain, some tracks remained muddy during the study and, to avoid the risk of spreading the fungus, were not surveyed. During the survey, seven peaks Bluff Knoll, Donnelly Peak, Moir Hill, Mt Hassell, Mt Trio, Toll Peak, Toolbrunup Peak were visited. The locations of sites with plants diagnosed as dying i.e. highly chlorotic or recently killed i.e. retaining chlorotic leaves by P. cinnamomi were mapped. Soil and root tissue samples were taken from plants at selected sites diagnosed as infested with the pathogen. Soil samples were baited with Eucalyptus sieberi cotyledons Marks Kassaby 1974 and roots were plated onto selective Tsao Guy 1977 halfstrength potatodextrose agar, incubated for 2 days at 24degreeC, and examined for the presence of P. cinnamomi. Additional observations of the distribution of the fungus as indicated by dead or dying plants were made during an aerial survey. Two observers were flown for 3 h at a height of 500 m in two circuits around the main body of the Stirling Range and within the body of the range following Stirling Range Drive west of Hostellers Hills. In this way, many of the foothills surrounding the peaks of the Stirling Range within the boundary of the National Park were surveyed by air. The approximate location of an area of plant deaths was estimated from geographic features and plotted on a 1100 000 scale topographic map of the Stirling Range National Park. Species susceptibility to P. cinnamomi The field susceptibility of plant species to P. cinnamomi was quantified by observation during the ground survey. Whenever deaths were observed, an estimate of the proportion of a population killed at a diseased site was recorded, and used to rate plant susceptibility to the fungus on a scale of 112 and divided into four categories of susceptibility field resistant no secondary symptoms chlorosis, canopy dieback, andor death apparent low susceptibility generally less than20 killed at any location, andor other secondary symptoms observed variable susceptibility 2080 killed varying with location and high susceptibility generally gt80 killed Table 1. The method applies the same number of categories as the rating system of McCredie et al. 1985 and parallels Podger and Brown 1989, but incorporates a rating of reliability of the evidence used in assessing species susceptibility. A good evidence rating for a species is based on several observations of the presenceabsence of secondary symptoms in plants at diseaseaffected sites. A limited evidence rating is based on only one observation of disease symptoms in plants at diseaseaffected sites in addition to that inferred an inferred evidence rating is an estimate of susceptibility based on consistent trends in susceptibility of other species from the same genera, or derived from the conspicuous absence of species in diseased areas when compared with nearby healthy plots. The lowest rating was assigned to plants known to be field resistant, and the highest rating to plants known to be most susceptible. Impact of P.cinnamomi on floristic structure Nineteen of the 56 sites examined in the ground survey were selected as representative of the range of plant communities and used to compare the floristic structure at i healthy sites ii newinfested sites those with dying and recently killed species but no old deaths present infestation probably in previous year and iii oldinfested sites located in areas known from records to have been infected sice the mid 1970s.

8th February, 1993 FILE NO PP1 Mr Mrs A E Palmer 83 Carlton Parade PUNCHBOWLNSW2196 Dear Jean, Attached please find our updated quarterly report on the investments you hold. As an additional service, I have included a summary of our views on the economic climate and key investment sectors. THE ECONOMY Australias economic fortunes over the next few months will depend largely on the outcomes of the economies of Europe, Japan and the US. Western Europe, led by Germany and Japan which comprise over 40 of the worlds economic activity are now into recessionary mode, while the US which makes up around 30 of world economic activity is showing a glimmer of recovery. Australias aspirations for quick economic growth are unlikely to be fulfilled unless stimulus is received from other countries that demand our products. In previous reports, I foreshadowed that a weak US recovery would be hard pressed to pull the world into rapid growth. This event is now unfolding. 1993 therefore looks to be a year where global economic activity may slow further in the first half and then start to recover in the second half when the US consumer demand starts to get stronger and provides a boost to the manufacturing and exporting industry of Europe and Japan. Global growth will then gather momentum and strengthen into On the Australian front, uncertainty over the timing and possible result of the election continues to sway investor sentiment. Activity remains muted while investors sit on the fence, and markets show wide fluctuations in value on small trading in the lead up to the election. An economic recovery in Australia against the global trend will result in higher imports as we demand more goods and services, but it will also mean lower exports and lower prices for our exports as world demand remains stifled. This will lead to a worsening of our balance of payments position and put pressure on the Australian dollar, which appears risky, even thought it has already weakened by around 10 last year against our major trading partners and could weaken over the short term. Over an 8 month to one year horizon however, commodity prices could start to increase and support our currency causing it to strengthen. While we are not exactly out of the woods yet, definite signals are coming through that the much awaited world economic recovery is likely to occur around late 1993 or early Share markets generally act in advance so while the next two to three months may provide mixed signals, we can expect the share market to begin strengthening from the late first quarter to the middle of 1993 in anticipation of better times ahead. Market timing is rarely successful, so assets should start to be placed now and positioned to capture rises in share markets and possibly in bond markets as well. Bonds will benefit because inflation will stay low and capital inflows may occur from overseas to capture gains from a strengthening Australian dollar. This could result in capital gains for bonds. INVESTMENT SECTORS Australian Shares Continued low inflation, significantly improved productivity and low interest rates are beginning to result in higher corporate profits and hence improve share prices. These trends are expected to continue as the recovery develops momentum. Stock selection is becoming increasingly important. With substantial provisioning for bad debts by major banks having been announced, a lot of the bad news is now out and prospects from here are better. However, confidence will remain unsettled until clear signals of global economic recovery are seen. Now seems a good time to invest in this sector as prices are fairly depressed, and fine tuning the timing of your entry into the market is fraught with risk. Australian Dollar After falling significantly in response to weaker commodity prices, rising foreign debt and a deteriorating trade balance, the Australian dollar appears to be stabilising. As the world economy recovers and demand for Australian commodities strengthens, the Australian dollar could strengthen particularly against European currencies. However on a fundamental basis, weakness against the US dollar is possible. INVESTMENT PRODUCT UPDATE Capital Stable Funds We continue to expect these to outperform capital guaranteed funds over the next two years by 23 each year. You may have noticed that small negative returns appear in these funds from time to time. This occurs when the different markets weaken sharply. While short term volatility may increase in the lead up to the Federal Election, these fluctuations should not overly concern you as Capital Stable funds are designed with the objective of providing stability and positive returns over periods of one year and beyond. Balanced and Growth Funds These funds have assets spread over the major asset sectors property, shares and fixed interest. As a result of their higher weighting in shares, we continue to expect that they will outperform other investment alternatives over the next 23 years at least. You should take a longer term view at least 5 years when investing in these funds. Property Trusts RetireInvest is constantly reviewing all Property Trusts, and currently recommends retention of these investments for the time being. Income distributions, on average have been attractive over the last 12 months. These may not be sustainable, although we believe they will still be better than cash investments. Growth Equities Mutual have again revalued the Collins Street Trust since your last review. The current downturn in the Melbourne office property market has led to a further decrease in the value of the Trusts property assets. Growth Equities believes that the value will be restored once the economy and the property market stabilises. Social Security Changes Affecting Pensioners A LARGE BLACK DOT Increase in Age Pension The age pension increased by 00 per fortnight for single pensioners, and 00 per fortnight for a married couple. This increase was effective from 28 January A LARGE BLACK DOT Fringe Benefits now available to all pensioners The special Income and Assets Test for fringe benefits for pensioners will be abolished from 1 April This means that from April, all pensioners will be eligible for Fringe Benefits, regardless of whether they receive a part, or full pension. Other Matters Over the last year or so, there have been many changes in the investment world as well as a multitude of changes to taxation and social security guidelines. I have enclosed a Review Information form which, when completed will allow us to update our records and enable us to prepare your portfolio reviews as well as possibly alerting us to any problems or opportunities that may be relevant to your situation. If you have any questions about this review, please contact my assistant Lyn who will be happy to help you. Please quote your file number which is located at the top of page 1 under the date. If she is unable to help she will let me know if you wish to alter your investment strategy or discuss any aspect further. Yours sincerely, Mike. MICHAEL MANT MANAGER Authorised Representative RETIREINVEST PTY LTD mmlf Disclaimer Whilst every effort has been made to ensure that the information contained in your report and this letter is correct, because of frequent changes in economic conditions, legislation, and your personal requirements, I caution you not to take any investment action without checking the proposed action with me. 14th May 1993 FILE NO PP1 Mr Mrs A E Palmer 83 Carlton Parade PUNCHBOWLNSW 2196 Dear Jean, Attached please find our updated quarterly report on the investments you hold. As an additional service, I have included a summary of our views on the economic climate and key investment sectors. THE ECONOMY The reelected Labor government is giving priority to attempts to kickstartkickstart the economy. A mildly expansionary 199394 Federal Budget is expected. To gain maximum impact from the expected spending initiatives of the Budget the government is considering bringing the Budget forward to the first half of the calendar year rather than the traditional August Budget. The governments emphasis on growth at all costs is being perceived as irresponsible and is unsettling financial markets particularly the bond and currency market. The government must formulate plans that will encourage local savings so that our dependence on foreign capital is reduced. Tough measures to contain government spending over the next 35 years are required for confidence in currency and bond markets to return. The benefits of low inflation which result in stable prices, a firm dollar and competitive industries can then flow into the marketplace. The March Balance of Payments figures came in at a disappointing 132 billion seasonally adjusted. Imports jumped up by 16 on a seasonally adjusted basis from last month, while exports declined and the trade balance went into a 709 million deficit from a 389 million surplus in the previous month. This is expected to rule out any interest rate cut in the near future. In reaction to the balance of payments figures, the Australian dollar fell to US World economic growth is expected to resume in a concerted manner from late 1993 or early This will support Australias economy and the profitability of our businesses. As sharemarkets generally act in advance we can expect further strengthening in the sharemarket during Overseas investors are now returning to the Australian sharemarket as some major US brokers are recommending the purchase of Australian shares in preference to shares in a number of other sharemarkets. INVESTMENT SECTORS Australian Shares Continued low inflation, significantly improved productivity and low interest rates are beginning to result in higher corporate profits and hence improved share prices. These trends are expected to continue as the recovery develops momentum. Stock selection is becoming increasingly important Tax initiatives by the government and increasing overseas support could result in a stronger sharemarket. Now seems a good time to invest in this sector for the long term as fine tuning the timing of your entry into the market is fraught with risk. Property With the economy forecast to grow by only a modest 5 per cent over 199293 and to pick up only gradually from there, there will not be sufficient growth in employment to reduce the excess supply of CBD office buildings for several years. Moreover, the latest valuations suggest that office buildings particularly in Sydney are continuing to decline in value. Specific sectors such as industrial property and regional shopping centres may benefit from any improvement in consumer and investor sentiment. Diversification and buying below replacement cost will be the key to successful investment in property in the 1990s. Australian Dollar After strengthening in the first quarter of 1993 the Australian dollar is again weakening due to concerns over the size of the budget deficit and Australias low rate of domestic savings. However, as the world economy recovers later in 199394 and demand for Australian commodities strengthens, the Australian dollar could strengthen particularly against European currencies. However on a fundamental basis, further weakness against the US dollar and Japanese Yen is possible. INVESTMENT PRODUCT UPDATE Property Trusts Growth Equities Mutual The Grosvenor Trust holds a 30 interest in the Grosvenor Place Building, George Street, Sydney and has been recently listed on the Stock Exchange. You should now hold units in a listed property trust and you have the option of selling your units on the share market, if you require liquidity. Please contact me before you sell. A unitholder meeting for both the Growth Equities Mutual 580 George Street Trust and Collins Street Trust held on 27 January 1993 approved numerous restructuring proposals. The 580 George Street Trust which comprises the Coopers and Lybrand Tower, 580 George Street, Sydney has been renamed the GEM Commercial Property Trust. This trust will be expanded by additional buildings being added to the trust and this larger trust will be listed on the Australian Stock Exchange. Your manager of the Collins Street Trust will redevelopredevelop and amalgamate the existing properties. Your trust will be structured into a suitable vehicle that can be listed on the Australian Stock Exchange. Listing is not expected to occur in the near future.

cover story The Underclass Australias social time bomb Australias spreading pool of poverty was not an issue in the election campaign, but its one of the first problems the new government must face. There are beggars in our city streets, and chronically deprived people in suburban and rural areas. Poverty and disadvantage are being passed to a new generation, creating a breed of outlaw children who reject all help. Lyndall Crisp details the issue no party has faceddotted line The Underclass is Australias permanent poor, but it is much more than that. Apart from the urban street kids who get publicity, the Underclass today is very different from 20 years ago. The numbers are certainly bigger but more importantly, our society safety net seems unable to protect the newest recruits the middleaged unemployed family man, single mothers and those isolated in the badlyserviced outer suburbs of modern sprawling cities. The Underclass includes the socially disadvantaged, from the Aboriginals and the handicapped to the abused, the homeless and the mentally disturbed who have been left adrift in the community by state governments concerned with saving money. They are the single mothers isolated in inaccessible, sterile public housing suburbs or high rise flats, and the migrants who cannot speak English or find a permanent job. Dislocated and lonely, many fail to call on established public support systems. They do not know the systems exist, or feel too intimidated or hostile to make the approach. At least the Department of Housing, recognising that the cost of a decent house is nothing compared with the cost of supporting a dysfunctional family for perhaps 30 or 40 years, is reversing a long tradition of building public housing ghettoes where such social problems propagate. But for many, the hardships they endure are passed from one generation to the next. It is not just a matter of being poor their values and behaviour can be askew. Alcoholism is not uncommon, health is neglected and truancy runs unchecked. Too often, the abused becomes the abuser, the dole cheque is familiar to both father and son, the single mother watches her single teenage daughter playing with her new baby. What is intriguing, and even more worrying, is the gradual emergence of a new substratum a breed of young people who expect society to provide them with the lifestyle of their choice without their giving anything back.They feel no obligation to work and thumb their noses at most traditional social structures they are a problem for society but not for themselves. These are the kids who are prepared to live on the street, to exist on petty crime, to sleep rough, sell their bodies, play with drugs. They reject any notion of accountability and embrace daytoday existence which often means premature death. Their numbers are less than has been suggested by some social commentators, but they are increasing, particularly in the Kings Cross area of Sydney. It seems only a matter of time before they emerge in other cities, as they have in Britain and the US. In the worst cases they resort to a type of crime now not uncommon a mutilation murder, for example, that is so horrific it defies the imagination. Youth counsellors working with street kids talk about them hurtling from day to day, kids who are totally feraldotted lineand, something scary happening out there. A number of these kids profess to be happy, they neither want our sympathy and help, nor do they hanker for a more stable, comfortable lifestyle. If it turns out this unique section of The Underclass is the natural progression, the end result, of the other, familiar stratas, then what is the answer With the chronic lack of affordable housing, fewer and fewer unskilled jobs, cuts in social welfare support systems and an everincreasing cost of living, the Federal and photo caption state governments seem to be encouraging membership of The Underclass rather than inhibiting it. Bob Hawke rang the warning bells as long ago as In his Boyer lecture, The Resolution of Conflict, he said There is an insidious tendency to identify the unemployed as the architects of their own misfortune to attribute to them some intrinsic inferiority either of character or intensity of purposedotted lineMore and more of our people, especially the young and underprivileged, will be increasingly susceptibledotted lineif we do not provide them with employment or security with a sense of fulfilment. If we do no do this we have no right to demand or expect their adherence to the values of a free society. The former president of the Australian Council of Social Services, Julian Disney, says the main differences between todays socalled Underclass and that of the 70s is the blowout in the number of sole parents and the number of unemployed heads of family. In the early 80s, the number of children dependent on unemployed parents increased by at least 50. A major factor in all this is drugs. The major blowout in crime was drugs and the major cause of drug use is unhappiness and dissatisfaction, and family breakdown. Were putting more pressure on the basic family unit than ever before in recorded history. We have totally unrealistic expectations of couples and couples are being left on their own without an extended family around them Its the single greatest cause in the breakdown of human relations and therefore people have no great incentive or enthusiasm. What weve got to do, over the next 10 years, is strengthen the family unit. Families where there are two incomes are now established. Weve got to move to what I call the threequarter income family, where one works full time, the other part time and then swap around so couples have more time for their kids and each other. Disney says yuppie twoincome families drive up housing prices which in turn increases the pressure on lowincome families. He thinks middle Australia has ridiculous expectations of life and unnecessary luxuries. It angers me greatly when I hear people complaining about the lowering of living standards. The test is not to study disposable income trends but sales of microwaves, VCRs and second car sales. Were an affluent country. Another problem, says Disney, is that Australia is one of the few developed countries with such an imbalance in population distribution. There should be a higher proportion of Australians living outside Sydney and Melbourne and we must develop more provincial towns, like Newcastle and Wollongong, if we want to keep generous home property areas, low density cities and housing prices down. Brian Howe, who has held the Social Security portfolio for six years, says he is resisting a sense of hopelessness. I dont see it like that. When you start writing off groups of people, thats a theory of poverty which is to do with culture. It suggests theres some culture which prevents people getting opportunities. Its not so much a culture as, for example, very bad housing policies where you put such people together. That does make it hopeless because its a multideficit situation where there are so many negatives that its very difficult to create positives. If we have ghettoes well create a sense of hopelessness. Many of Australias social problems, says Howe, are related to the extremely high levels of unemployment during the 80s and the fact that people outside the mainstream did not have access to jobs when they did become available. Part of the answer is to put together a package of services, such as better transport and childcare centres, so these people, especially sole parents, can get to jobs and training courses. Services should be relevant and situated where they are most needed they should get to people before their problems reach crisis stage. The Commonwealth could help people to know what is available, and educate them to use the facilities and that its normal to feel stressed living in the framework of a big city, says Howe. A lot of the publicity about poverty tends to be a bit romantic, people talk about it as if its exciting in some way. Whereas the problem of poverty is the grinding normality of being stuck out in these ordinary suburbs without the most basic facilities and without people being able to participate. Its not that theyre horrible, terrible places theyre normal, leafy streets in which everything looks hunky dory. But behind the curtains youve got a lot of tension and difficulties. Those street kids When it comes to the homeless and street kids some questionable statistics are bandied about. A popular figure in the media late last year for kids living on Sydneys Kings Cross streets where the greatest concentration has always been was 12, In February 1989, the Human Rights and Equal Opportunities Commissions inquiry into homeless children that is, children whose lifestyle includes insecurity and transiency of shelter said its independent consultant, Dr Rodney Fopp, found that at the very least there were, nationally, 8500 homeless 12to15 year olds and 3500 16 and 17yearolds, over any twelve month period. Given that, according to 1987 statistics, more than 9000 Australian households 26,790 people live in improvised dwellings and another 93,641 households almost 200,000 live in caravans and other temporary shelter, Fopp put the total number of homeless children, including children at risk of being homeless, at somewhere between 50,000 and 70,The Inquiry considered the estimates to be extremely conservative. Government welfare agency staff and community workers are puzzled by the numbers, much quoted by the media. They ask who is doing the head count How are they doing it Where are these hordes of kids hanging out Common sense alone would suggest that an area as small as Kings Cross could not support 12,000 freeranging children. Annie Crowe and Ian Hood, who have worked with kids in Kings Cross for more than 10 years, say the figure for the inner city area is closer to The number fluctuates because the kids move around and the plethora of religious, volunteer, council and government aid agencies it has become a growth industry since the spread of AIDS became a significant concern in 1985 are often counting the same heads. Its a wonder were not battering each other to death to get the last one, says Crowe. A youth worker tells of the time he approached a distressed teenage boy at Sydneys Central Railway Station late one evening. The boy said he had seen a television program about thousands of street kids and had come to town to join them. But after wandering around all day, he had not been able to find one. Much has been written about street kid. Their stories are often tragic and should never be demeaned, but many are wildly exaggerated for the benefit of the media. At the Cross, the kids even have a fee scale for interviews. Any TV crew looking for talent has to fight off the volunteers, each experienced in what constitutes a sensational grab and how to cough, wheeze, weep photo or sigh whatever is appropriate on cue. It is a joke among the youth workers. Last December, a minister of the Uniting Church, Bill Crews, wrote a letter to a prominent newspaper in which he said many of these kids are totally feral. They restlessly wander all night because they are afraid to sleep in the dark. Theyd rather travel to our refuge via the roofs and drains of Sydneydotted linethan use the front door. These kids are getting progressively more violent. The Bulletin asked to meet these feral kids but it was not to be. One meeting was arranged at a refuge, a derelict house between a vacant allotment and a car park, but no one showed. Crews later explained that, unfortunately, all the kids he had lined up had that very morning been nabbed by the police for armed robbery. On February 9 the same newspaper ran a big picture on its front page of a bunch of street kids sleeping under the Sydney Town Hall steps. The picture looked suspiciously posed, with one child grinning. The story failed to make mention that it was supplied by Crews and while supposed to illustrate the news that the numbers had swelled alarmingly since Christmas, was in fact taken last year. Be that as it may, the problem exists and cannot be swept under the carpet. What youth workers Crowe and Hood emphasise, and what is probably most frightening, is that while some of these kids have not had an even break since the day they were born, others come from average, middleclass families where there is no hint of violence or abuse.

Courage They spell it C.A.T.S Flag path plotted in field of desire By GLENN MCFARLANE GEELONG buried the fragile image when it shoved Carlton out of the premiership race with a 33point victory at Waverley yesterday. In one of the most courageous finals wins in memory, the Cats won after losing three stars before the start of yesterdays semifinal. Those who arrived at the ground early yesterday gave the Cats little chance of staying in the race for its first flag in 31 years. For it was early that the whispers were out OUT dotted line Brownlow Medal fancy Garry Hocking, captain Mark Bairstow and 1989 Brownlow Medallist Paul Couch. Into the team came veteran Tim Darcy, onegame rookie Aaron Lord and fringe player Sean Simpson. Geelong fans would have been excused for packing their bags and heading home before the first bounce. But most of them, and the rest of the 53,000 there hadnt reckoned on sheer mental and physical desire coupled with outstanding play. And all plotted by a match committee courageous enough not to risk injured players. The result was that the Cats surprised everyone and controlled the match all day. Victory and the possible return of the three stars next week lifted them into a preliminary final showdown against North Melbourne. For Carlton, it was the end of 1994 a shattering conclusion to a year that promised so much, but delivered even less than last year. Geelong showed desire, speed and spirit to outpoint Carlton. Its courage was everywhere, right down to two players on the interchange bench injured during the game. Strong contributors Peter Riccardi and Grant Tanner were forced to watch the emphatic last quarter from the sidelines. Tanner set the early initiative for Geelong with a blistering opening quarter in the middle. He took on and beat Adrian Gleeson, winning 11 possessions in the first quarter. Tanners influence was later dampened by Andrew McKay before he was injured in the third quarter. But the two men who stood defiant and dominant were John Barnes and Liam Pickering both rejects from other clubs. Ruckman Barnes played another slashing finals match to eclipse big man Justin Madden and rookie Matthew Allan. He beat allcomers in ruck duels and around the ground. Barnes, rated 10outof10 by Sunday Herald Sun expert Neil Roberts, was understandably exhausted on the final siren. Pickering was no less busy. Assigned the task of playing on one of the competitions best Greg Williams Pickering outpointed Williams in the first half to give Geelong a great start. Williams fought hard to get back in the match after halftime and after being reported for disputing an umpires decision just before halftime. But Pickering was not just content to keep an eye on Williams. He was so outstanding in overall matchplay that in the end his possession tally was only a few short of his decorated opponent. Gary Ablett, who captained his Cats yesterday, kicked six goals in another display worthy of high praise. His majors were crucial to Geelong, especially two late in the third quarter. As Carlton made a secondhalf charge at Geelong, Ablett stood firm with two strong marks in attack. His task was made easier by the absence of Steve Silvagni, who injured his ankle late in the first quarter and eventually came off early in the second. But Ablett had plenty of help in attack the everimproving David Mensch, Adrian Hickmott and last weeks hero, Bill Brownless. Brownless had good duels with Michael Sexton and Earl Spalding. The Blues had to rely on whatever they could get out of Williams to give them drive from the middle. Stephen Kernahan tried his hardest, but managed only a limited return. He almost got them back in the game before the Cats defence tightened again. Andrew McKay was important and probably Carltons best, along with the evertrying Matthew Hogg. Geelong took the match by the throat in the first quarter with a fourgoal blitz against the wind. Its 15point quartertime lead didnt look like diminishing early in the second. Aaron Lord gave Geelong speed and the forwards continued to get on top of the reputed rock steady Carlton defence. At halftime the margin was out to 28 points. Tanner was stretchered from the ground early in the third, forcing Geelongs first interchange move, while Carlton got the margin back to just 15 points midway through the quarter. But Geelong, through Ablett, burst the margin out to 26 at the last change. The Cats turned defensive in the last quarter, clinging desperately to the advantage, which they blew out to 33 points. It was fitting that Brownless held the ball as the siren rang. He was the man who kicked the winning goal after the siren last week against Footscray. Yesterday his kick went into the stands as he celebrated another important Geelong finals win. With the possibility of regaining the three missing players plus outstanding onballer Michael Mansfield next weekend, Geelong will go into the match against North Melbourne brimming with confidence that finally, it can break its long premiership drought. EAGLES SET PACE By MARK HARDING MICK Malthouse does not know if he will stay with West Coast beyond 1995 but with him or without him the Eagles seem set to power through the 90s with the brand of dour, tough, relentless football he has taught them. One of the features of the Eagles in their three Grand Final appearances has been the ability to keep the same group of inform players together 15 of the side that decimated Geelong yesterday took part in the 1992 flag victory. And if Malthouse has doubts about his own willingnes to continue beyond his current contract which expires at the end of next season, he has no such doubts about the ability of his men to keep going. Only fullback Michael Brennan, who has been there since the AFL created the monster Malcolm Blights words in 1987 and is the club games record holder, has expressed any doubts about continuing. And with just two 30yearolds Peter Wilson and David Hart in the side the bulk should be around for years to come. This was the Grand Final every Victorian at the MCG yesterday dreaded not so much the West Coast victory, because they left no doubt they were the worthiest of flag winners. More, it was the confirmation that Geelong had played its Grand Final before it even stepped on to the turf. Coach Malcolm Blight refused to admit that several of his stars, including Gary Ablett, went into the Grand Final well down on fitness. Instead he said the task of winning four finals was too tough. I think you always think that you can beat history, he said. But as he explained, no side had ever been able to do what was asked of the Cats and to ask it against such a professional side as the Eagles was almost ludicrous. For a while Geelong, which has been more responsible than any team for a superb finals series, kept rolling and fighting on the spirit that had taken them to two afterthesiren victories. After being jumped by the Eagles they fought back to grab a quarter time lead but from there, with Garry Hocking injured and the rest of the midfield down, they were outbussled, outtackled and outran. Malthouse tried hard to absolve himself of any responsibility for an awesome performance he praised his men for their thoroughness and dedication, sympathised with Blight and Geelong and avoided questions about his own emotions. When pressed he admitted fear of failure was still his driving force and said he was not worried by the image Victorians had of him as a dour, humorless man who did not enjoy his football. I will enjoy it with my family and friends, he said smiling. Continued Page 44 Eagles the benchmark FROM Page 43 I love watching the boys enjoy the spoils of their discipline and dedication, Malthouse said. I get a bigger kick out of the players celebrating I feel happy for them. Malthouse began his postmatch press conference by criticising pressmen who bagged him for cutting short last weeks conference to attend a basketball game. He explained his daughter was playing in her first basketball final nothing ever takes precedence over that, he said. Malthouse spoke of his family again when he said yesterdays win would not sway him in any decision he made about his future. After 1995 he will assess what is best for his family before deciding whether to come back to Victoria or seek another term with the Eagles. While nothing is permanent in footy, he could expect to have the job for as long as he wants it. The former Richmond defender has instilled an evenness and discipline in the Eagles that might not always make for attractive football, but is mighty effective on the scoreboard. Im not interested in goals for, it is goals against that worry me, he said revealing his philosophy. Ironically yesterdays tally went against the norm. The Eagles kicked 20 goals for only the second time this season and powered to their highest score for the season. In contrast Geelongs score was its lowest for the year. What tells you even more about the Eagles style of play is that they were able to kick such a massive score with their fullforward Peter Sumich badly beaten and their only other tall forward, Jason Ball, a spirited, but far from the most significant contributor. The Premiers goals came from swoopers Heady, Kemp, Wilson, Evans, Bond, Lewis and Waterman. When the Eagles won in 92, they were characterised as a group of anonymous runners every one knows who they are now, but they are still a side driven by team discipline rather than individual brilliance. Malthouse summed up the attitude when asked to pay a tribute to Norm Smith Medal winner Dean Kemp. I thought he played well, but I thought he had a lot of friends though, the coach said. Kemp indeed had friends everywhere. Probably only Michael Mansfield and Bill Brownless could claim individual victories for the Cats. The rest simply were outmuscled by a team Victorians will say had the premiership handed to them on a plate by the AFL. The reality, though, is that the best team of 1994 won the premiership. Their banner before the match declared Watch out were back. Theyll be back next year too. Rafter ready for Kiwi WIMBLEDON doubles champions Todd Woodbridge and Mark Woodforde yesterday gave Australia a 21 lead in the Davis Cup qualifying tie over New Zealand at King Edward Barracks. The world No. 2 team destroyed Kiwi parttimers Kelly Evernden and Brett Steven 63, 64, 61 in 81 scintillating minutes before a stunned capacity crowd. The victory put the tie in Australias favor and left new captain John Newcombe on the brink of his first tie success. I was confident before the match that Mark and Todd could do the job and they did, Newcombe said. They played exceptionally well, but the match was a little tighter than the score would suggest. Todd played as well as Ive ever seen him and Mark played pretty well too. The Australians, beaten in the US Open final two weeks ago and vanquished in their past two Davis Cup encounters, ruthlessly punished the Kiwis after a tense opening. Woodbridge, now unquestionably in the best form of his career, was the dominant player in a wonderful display of returning and volleying. The pair directed most of their attacks at semiactive Evernden, 33, and the plan paid immediate dividends for the first break of serve in the seventh game of the first set. At one stage, with Evernden desperately attempting to leave Cup competition on a winning note, the Australians won nine of 10 games. They just buried us, said plucky Evernden. They have such a variety of shots and tactics that its almost impossible to match them. I was hoping for better, obviously. But I cant change anything now nor would I want to. We were beaten by a far better team. Woodbridge and Woodforde endured a second set revival by the Kiwis before surging to victory. The pair saw a 51 lead dry up before Steven, unusually vulnerable on serve, again dropped his delivery against the fierce Australian returning in the 10th game.

A Change in the Lighting bulletVIII bullet Routine was a frail net stretched over emptiness, ensuring survival, if nothing more. Pam came in for coffee on Monday morning. Ella changed the day for Ninas lesson to Tuesday, to shorten the gap which stretched to Thursday evening, when David and Martha came to dinner, bringing fish and chips and cheerful conversation. On Sunday afternoons Max and Caroline came bringing Becky. Sophie seemed to bear her burden of hatred lightly, joking with David, playing with Becky, and spending Friday nights absorbed in working on the film script with Rob. After two meals from the Small Palace Garden, Ella began to make dinner for the filmmakers. She could tolerate fish and chips once a week, but would go no further along that path. Besides, cooking filled in time, of which there was an excess. She did not admit to herself how much she wanted Robs approval. The script had now left the spiderkeeping daughter for the mother, who was obsessed by an album full of photographs, images of a divinely happy past. Mother was manipulative, brooding over the album, involving the daughter in an illusion of lost happiness so leading to hatred and funnelwebs. The photographs came to life as she talked. This was called a voiceover. They were supposed to have all the gloss and the false authority of a soft drink commercial. Ella, who listened intently, measuring herself against the mother, looking for clues to her own failure, asked, How will the audience know it isnt true Ella, my love, you have reached the nub. I sometimes wish I was William and could just tell people what I want them to know. William doesnt find it so easy, objected Sophie. I suppose not. The other media always seem so much easier than ones own. Well, people get things on different levels. Im aiming at an audience which despises soft drink commercials, I suppose. So much detail, thought Ella, like working away at some enormous jigsaw, but Sophie remained enthralled. Ella listened for the next nasty revelation of Mothers character, the next evidence of her own innocence. Rob read dialogue onto tape Darling, here we are with Daddy on the beach at Ulladulla. What a lovely holiday that was. You wouldnt remember it, you were only three. You dropped the icecream, I remember, just after I took the photo. You started to cry, but Daddy took you back to the kiosk to buy another. Rob abandoned her plaintive dreamtone to ask, How fast does a threeyearold walk Ill time Becky. Shes three. Shell be here on Sunday. Can you get me a video I think so. Max wont mind. Hes crazy about photography. Great. Leave it this week, then. Ill bring a tape next week. She paused, embarrassed but amused, being after all sure of her welcome. That is, if youll put up with me next week again, Ella. Of course. Say from your garden gate to the next corner, then pick her up and mime getting the icecream. There wont be any miming about it, if I know Becky. One icecream, to incidental expenses. Note it down. Ill contribute the icecream, said Ella, feeling quite ridiculously proud of the contribution. Right. Thats it for tonight, then. Ill be off. Shes a bright spot, thought Ella, watching her depart. Im going to be really sorry when the script is finished. bulletIX bullet After their dinner of fish and chips on Thursday night, Martha and Sophie withdrew tactfully to the kitchen sink, leaving Ella alone with David, on the pretext of an extra cup of coffee, to give them the chance to talk privately. Ella hadnt as yet taken advantage of the privacy to talk about the subject in her mind, but since the bank account was sinking dangerously, she was forced to mention money. David. He came to attention. Mum He smiled at her. Come on, spit it out. It isnt easy, talking about money, but I have to. Its about Sophie. Shes been paying full board since he left. She insisted, its just a couple of fortnights, of course, and I accepted it, though I didnt want to. I didnt want to make a fuss, but I havent spent it, Ive gone on banking it for her. We did that for you and Caroline, remember, and gave it to you when you married. But its got to the point I cant really keep the house on what hes putting in the account unless I do use Sophies money and I dont think its right. I hate worrying you about this, but if hed offer maintenance for Sophie, it would show he cared about her. I dont want her to hate her father. It isnt right. Its terrible to hear the way she talks about him. She sounds bright enough. Sobered as he was, he smiled over Sophies brightness. That makes it worse, that she can hate him and not worry about it. It seems so hardhearted. But he isnt helping. Have you written to him about it Yes, but he answered that hed made allowance for that already. He doesnt understand how much it costs to keep a house. I suppose its expensive, living in a motel and eating in restaurants and thats all he has to spare, but even if he cut into capitaldotted linehe cant want her to despise him. Dad isnt living in a motel. He hasnt been since that first week. He moved in with her but of course that wouldnt do. It was just a bachelor pad. Now shes managed to sublet it and theyve moved into a bigger unit. I had dinner there last week. Alone. Martha isnt in to doordarkening yet. Were debating the issue. I think Martha has to support me. Why am I blathering on like this Shock. Shock. I never expected this of Dad. You knew know, do you She was terrified by her anger. It was like a tall, black wave rearing, threatening herdotted lineshe could lose her footing, drown in it, and she never knew where it might be waiting to rise. Well, Max is right, after all, David was saying. He keeps on about getting a solicitor. Theres a woman he knows whos good and isnt expensive. Mary Duckworth. What do you say, Mum Shall I make an appointment with her It would take some of the weight off you. Ill talk to Dad about Sophie, too. He must want to do the same for her as he did for us. He always cared for your welfare. He never grudged you anything you needed. That orthodoncy had cost hundreds of dollars. Youre a Trojan, Mum. You wouldnt say that if you could see into my mind. You wouldnt want to know me that disgusting face coming and going like an advertising sign and not even doing its job no discharge of rage any longer. If I found myself in the same room with that lying bastard Id take an axe to him. Credit where its due, she said briefly. Its Sophie Im worried about, not your father. Some women would be trying to turn Sophie against him. He added bitterly, This business of the money its not him, its her. Id swear to that. Shes got him hypnotised. Oh, Im never going to understand it. Remembering the tone of that ones communications, Ella doubted that he was under hypnosis, but if thinking so made it easier for David, he was welcome to the idea. I dont like asking you to do this. Who else Caroline, she thought. She would have expected Caroline to show responsibility, David to slide away with an amiable, apologetic grin. No doubt, Maxs relationship with that onedotted linebeing a colleague, made it difficult for Caroline, but she had never let personal considerations stand in the way of duty till now. And Max was clearly sympathetic to her cause. People were mysterious, even ones own children. bullet X bullet Pam knocked at the open door and walked into the kitchen, where Ella was carving fine slices from a piece of raw beef. She looked up astonished and said, Friday Its slow at the moment. Enids going to ring if she needs me. Time for coffee, then I could do with a break. Thanks. Pam sat in her accustomed chair at the kitchen table while Ella set down the knife and filled the kettle. I thought Id better warn you. The news is out. Official. Ursula Rodd was in last night looking for a semiformal for one of her charity dinners. Sometimes I wonder about charity. She asked after you and I thought it was timedotted linesix weeks, isnt it It must be. To Ellas changed expression she answered, Well, time flies, as they say. No, it doesnt. Times a great heavy wheel that doesnt move at all unless you turn it by hand, with effort. Her change of expression had been caused by a different, ugly thought. I told her thered been a marriage breakup. Oh, theyve separated, you know, I said, as if it was tired old news. I was crouching at the time, pinning up the hem of a midnightblue crepe. She said, sharply, mind you, I hope this doesnt mean shell be giving up her charity work, then on and on about the difficulty of finding reliable workers and the burden falling on the few. I was trying to play it down, but I neednt have bothered. I felt like sticking a pin into her fat ankle. Six weeks. Six weeks and a couple of days. That was right. Pam said angrily, Not a thought for your feelings. I dont want her to think about my feelings. Id rather she didnt know I had any. Anyone who went about for six weeks with a face a hideous face like a great pink and purple orchid with two bulging eyes blossoming and fading, blossoming and fading, like an advertising sign running in her head such a person was mad. Are you going to Do what Give up on the charity work I should have made a wax image. Then I could have thrown it away. Like giving a baby a dummy. Mum saying, when David was a baby, You cant throw a thumb away, you know. Its ladyofthemanor stuff, love, and youre not the lady of the manor any more. Ella set down a cup of coffee with unnecessary force, so that the liquid slopped into the saucer. Sorry. She set down an ashtray with controlled gentleness. Pam said, in a subdued tone, Youve never seen yourself as the lady of the manor. Not for a minute. Nobody could think it. You think too little of yourself, if anything. I only meant, you have yourself to think of now, cant go devoting yourself to noble causes. She couldnt tell Pam, to whom she could confide most things. You could say, I have a bit of a headache, but you couldnt say, I have a touch of madness. Perhaps there were other people walking about with madness in their heads, just as much alone with it as she was. She set down her coffee. Pam had lit a cigarette and was smoking in silence. She looked for refuge at the pile of sliced beef. Kids coming tonight Sophie and her boss. This is a regular thing now till they finish their film script. Im minding Becky this afternoon, so Im getting dinner ready early. Truly, said Pam, I meant no offence. It was Ursula Rodd put the words into my head. There I was crouching at her feet like a labouring peasant while she talked about the burden of noblesse oblige. You arent in the least like her. I never thought so for a minute. Ella was suddenly aware of Pams distress. Oh, thats all right. I was thinking about something else, sorry. Maybe youd better give up crouching. They both laughed, then Ella smiled at Pams cigarette. I used to go about emptying the ashtray and squirting airfreshener and opening windows after youd been here.

Daikyo stops 800m projects Overreaction, says Goss JAP FREEZE ON QUEENSLAND GIANT Japanese resort and development company Daikyo has halted all its new projects worth 800 million on the Gold Coast and Cairns. The company said the shock move was made because of uncertainty caused by a Trades Practices Commission inquiry into its Cairns hotel holdings. The stopwork decision involving thousands of jobs comes at a time when tourism in Queensland is experiencing a major downturn and the Cairns construction industry is on its knees. Daikyo chief executive, Sir Sydney Schubert, yesterday described the freeze as a considered move in a tricky economic climate. He strongly rejected a claim by the Premier, Mr Goss, that the company had overreacted. Mr Goss described the companys move as quite unnecessary. But Sir Sydney said Theres no use going ahead with a project until the condition is clarified. To carry on spending money on design fees and basic construction costs which might be wasted no company could afford that. Its not a petulant move to put on any pressure, its simply stating the actual position of our company. Its been well considered. Sir Sydney, speaking as he teed off at the Royal Queensland Golf Club, refused to say whether he though racist motives lay behind the TPC inquiry. He did not want to say anything that could inflame the situation, he said, but defended the freeze on new projects. In the private sector, when youre spending money which could be wasted, I dont think its an overreaction, he said. The bottom line is profit and with the present state of the tourism industry and hotels not exactly booming, you have to watch the bottom line. Daikyos shock announcement comes amid reports that another major Pacific rim trading company is set to pull out of Queensland and transfer operations to Hong Kong. There is also a question mark over 600 million worth of resort developments planned by Koshin Co for the Gold Coast after the company president was arrested in Japan for allegedly manipulating share prices. The projects Daikyo has halted include BulletA 400 million resort at Palm Cove, 26km north of Cairns, which was to have begun next week and would have employed 1800 people during construction BulletA Cairns city office tower BulletAnd the 300 million Gold Coast International Resort in the heart of Surfers Paradise. DAIKYO is by far the largest Japanese investor in Queensland and has concentrated on leisurebased investments and worldstandard golf courses. It already has a 1 billion stake in the Sunshine State, including the Brisbane Sheraton Hotel, Gold Coast International Hotel, Cairns Four Seasons, plus 50 percent of the Cairns Hilton and Cairns International, and 25 percent of Jupiters Casino and the Conrad International on the Gold Coast. Mr Goss said the Daikyo freeze was quite unnecessary and the TPC inquiry had nothing to do with the State Government. We didnt initiate it, we have got no control over it, he said. The Government had no problems with the Palm Cove project because it proposed to add something to north Queenslands tourist infrastructure, he said. However the Four Seasons deal, which the Government had opposed, would have increased Daikyos market share without adding any value to the State economy. I think that there is a clear distinction between Palm Cove and Four Seasons, Mr Goss said. Palm Cove is new, with Daikyo constructing new facilities and providing new employment, whereas Four Seasons was an existing operation. Mr Goss said he had not contacted Federal Treasurer Paul Keating about the Daikyo action but would be in touch with the Japanese company tomorrow to find out what their concerns are. A Daikyo corporate spokesman said the company was greatly concerned about the investment uncertainty caused by the TPC inquiry and the State Governments stand on foreign ownership. He said the freeze was a serious economic move a hard business decision. The freeze will stay until the situation is clearly sorted out once and for all. We will not launch into such a huge expenditure when there is a chance that the Trade Practices Commission inquiry could stop it proceeding. The commission is working in relatively uncharted waters. Previously it has looked at situations like BHP taking over a like company and dominating the market. But is it now going to look at a company like AMP perhaps, dominating suburban shopping centres Even the hotel industry itself hasnt sorted out what a twostar, threestar, or fivestar hotel in Australia is. And yet the TPC is examining Daikyos Cairns hotel holdings to see if it is in a dominant role. If the industry is uncertain what hotel star ratings represent, where does that leave the TPC The TPCs regional director, Mr Alan Ducret, said he believed a decision on the inquiry could be delivered in the next two weeks. The question of domination came up and it was up to us to look into it. If they have frozen work on their projects as a result, that would be quite a pity, he said. The Treasurer, Mr De Lacy, said the inquiry had been initiated by conlcerned businesses in Cairns. Gold Coast mayor, Ald Lex Bell, is concerned that the hold on Daikyos plans will leave another unsightly vacant bloc, in the heart of Surfers Paradise. The Gold Coast International Resort site is one of 42 undeveloped blocks concerning the council. We would not like to see another construction site remain empty. We have got quite enough that are empty now, Ald Bell said. The council has been pressing the Foreign Investment Review board to force overseas developers to build on land within the time frame set out in the regional purchase approval. The FIRB has relaxed time limits for development of Gold Coast sites owned by foreigners because of the economic downturn. On Friday, Gold Coast Council aldermen decided to put pressure on the Treasurer, Mr Keating, to use legislation to make developers begin their projects. Ald Bell said, it was sad to see buildings in the heart of Surfers Paradise pulled down and nothing put up in their place. We are writing to Mr Keating to say that the present situation is just not satisfactory, he said. We dont believe that the time development rules should be relaxed. It has got quite out of hand. Mr Keating should do something. It is not as though we want him to change the rules after the fact. We want the rules that are there enforced. He said Daikyo had helped the council. They are giving us some land from the site to enable us to widen the Gold Coast Highway. That has not been transferred yet so I hope this situation does not change that. GOSS TORPEDOED PREMIERS FRONT By political reporter TESS LIVINGSTONE THE Queensland Premier, Mr Goss, torpedoed a plan by all other premiers to confront Treasurer Keating with a give us a better deal or well all raise state taxes ultimatum. Parliament House sources in Canberra said the move was discussed in on Thursday night and Friday morning, with the South Australian Premier, Mr Bannon, playing a leading part. Even New South Wales Liberal Premier Mr Greiner was prepared to line up with his Labor counterparts with the threat of higher taxes and only Mr Goss, bound by an election promise of no new taxes, prevented a united front. Mr Goss was reluctant to discuss the planned ultimatum yesterday, but said with a grin Well, Queenslanders are always difficult. He also said Mr Keating was not the type of character to be moved by such a stance, especially given the fiscal restraint the Commonwealth had imposed on itself. Mr Goss returned to Queensland yesterday ready to take the pruning sheers to existing state programs in the leadup to his first Budget. Its tough on all the states and Queensland is looking at a 500 million shortfall over the next three years. Mr Goss said. He said he and the State Treasurer, Mr De Lacy, would put the options to Cabinet bluntly tomorrow the shortfall could be made up by imposing a fuel tax or financial institutions duty, or by cuts in existing government programs. Mr Goss said tax increases would be avoided, and high budget areas such as Primary Industries, Transport and Land Management had already been identified as areas where savings could be made in capital and recurrent spending. This could see cuts in the rail electrification program, mapping, surveying, land management and soil conservation and primary industries subsidies. The Premier said programs that had been operating for a number of years would be examined to see if they still deserved the priority they were being given. He said the Government was on target to honour its promise of a Seniors Card with concessions for Queenslanders over 70, but this could have to be trimmed. Mr Goss rejected claims by the Liberal Leader, Mr. Beanland, that Queenslands free hospital system was in jeopardy. He said Queensland had received a 4 percent increase in base hospital funding, compared with a national average of 3 percent. Mr Beanland said Mr Goss was planning to take the axe to primary producers. Mr Beanland said the reduction of farm truck registration concessions would cost primary producers more than 8 million. He said Mr Goss could talk tough about spending cuts but he had to find an extra 350 million to fund new expenditure. The Opposition Leader, Mr Cooper, said Queenslanders would have to ask themselves and the Government where is the money coming from every time a Minister announced a new initiative. Every dollar in spending that is announced and is not matched by a cut somewhere else will be carrying Queenslanders closer to increased taxes following the tough result at the premiers conference Mr Cooper said. It is one thing to achieve efficiencies and savings. It is another to decimate budgets in a bid to implement extra programs. What you can so easily end up with is programs that do not work because they are underfunded. Queenslanders may be much better off if there was simply a moratorium on new Government services and programs until the economy picks up. TAXI SEX CLUE IN MURDER RIDDLE By GUY KER THE sexual escapades of some Bundaberg taxi drivers could explain one of the most baffling murders ever committed in the State. Detectives investigating the unsolved slaying of cabbie Bryan Hodgkinson nearly three years ago now believe he may have been killed by a jealous husband possibly one of the citys leading citizens. Inquiries have so far failed to pinpoint a suspect, but details of the crime suggest an intriguing link to the pattern of nocturnal dalliance that has since come to light among taxi drivers plying their trade in the sugar city. A number of cabbies have confessed in recent interviews to conducting illicit affairs with customers, adding weight to the revenge theory given credence by the symbolism of the execution. Popular with colleagues and customers alike, 48yearold Mr Hodgkinson was found on September 10, 1987, stabbed and bludgeoned to death on a remote roadside about 25 km from town. A number of opportune places for murder along the highway had been overlooked in favour of the site chosen the entrance to a Uniting Church home for wayward boys. The suave, debonair cabbie had been frogmarched from his cab, hit about the head and then forced to walk a few metres further to the spot where he was finished off, his jugular vein severed by a 15cm blade. Placed neatly beside his outstretched right hand were his hankerchief, watch and false teeth. The murderer then drove the cab back to town, wiped it free of fingerprints and dumped it in a suburban street. The possibility that the murder was a warning to small town Lotharios milking their profession of its sexual fringe benefits is increasingly favoured by Det Sgt Tim Roche, the 45yearold investigator in charge of the case. When we started asking questions among the cabbies people came forward and said This is confidential, but Im having an affair with so and so for goodness sake dont tell my wife, said Sgt Roche last week.

a favourite EVERY YEAR Since the age of 14, John Patterson has worked with horses. He now has a regular lead role in Australias most popular race, the fabulous Melbourne Cup For nearly a quarter of a century, a short, lovable character named John Patterson, better known as Paddo from one end of the country to the other, has been at the centre of one of the alltime great moments in sport. Amidst the roar of the huge crowd and before an estimated viewing audience of 350 million people, John escorts the winner of one of the worlds great horse races, Fosters Melbourne Cup. John is a clerk of the course at Melbournes Flemington Racecourse, one of three who officiate at the Fosters Melbourne Cup. All expert horsemen, they are the minders of the race, ready to rush in if there is any emergency. John has been at Flemington probably 35 or 36 years. With his present job comes the traditional finery black hunters cap, pink jacket said to be named for its designer, an Englishman, Mr Pink, long boots and breeches. Barring two occasions, one when he was in hospital and another when there was a fall during the race, he has led every winner since 1969, when Rainlover, the horse he nominates as the best ever. won the Cup. I suppose there have been better times run, says John, but he was a very good twomiler. He rates Roy Higgins a one of the great jockeys and adds, But I suppose Id have to say the greatest jockey of them all was the Aborigine, Darby McCarthy. He had beautiful balance and a wonderful pair of hands not only was he a very good rider, he was also a very good horseman. In the racing industry, the top trainers are like royalty, rarely rubbing shoulders with any of the little people, as John describes himself. But for his money, Bart Cummings and T.J. Smith are two of the very best horse trainers Australia has ever produced. John describes the atmosphere on Cup day as electrifying especially when youre at the centre of it as he is. Their adrenalin is still pumping pretty hard just after theyve won, he says. The jockeys more than the horses. The jockey has taken out one of the greatest races in the world. Hes emotionally exhausted he doesnt comprehend what youre asking him to do. The three of us clerks of the course, usually stop near the mile and a quarter and see them go past after the winning post, in case anybodys in distress. Then you go back to the winning post and the jockey turns around and he comes back and I pick him up. I lead him up the roses which line each side of the track, towards the clock tower. The steward puts a lead on the horse for the winning owners who meet the horse at the mountingyard gate, just near the clock tower and they lead it from there. I escort the horse to the winners stalls. Even an old hand like John feels the extra pressure on Cup day because of the crowd. But I take it all in my stride, he adds with a grin. No use panicking thats the worst thing you can do. Unexpected incidents on Cup day have been few. A year or two ago, some blokes dressed in a bloody camel suit got over the fence and started running up the roses towards the topweight which I was leading out, he relates. It didnt look too good for a couple of seconds. Then last year, after the Cup, the strapper of the winner, Vintage Crop, and the trainers son, I think it was, both Irishmen, were so elated they raced out onto the course and wanted to pat the horse and the jockey. Well, thats just not done if they touch the jockey before he weighs in, he can be disqualified I had a job convincing them they couldnt. John, whose father was a shearer in Hamilton in Victorias Western District, came to live in Flemington when he was It was an innocent era. Flemington was like a country town in the middle of the city, its streets often filled with cattle and sheep waiting to go to the now defunct Newmarket saleyards. A hard mans town, there was little polish. There were plenty of blues, says John, but you blued and that was it. The best man won and and then you walked to the pub and got drunk. He and his family still live in Flemington. The backyard, where they run a horsebreaking business, has 28 stables, the same stables he was apprenticed to as a jockey at the age of Married for 29 years to Glenys, whom he met through her parents riding school, he is the father of three grown children, all excellent riders. Their eldest, Shane, 28, first competed at the age of one year and four days. I had a mate, a trick rider who had a baby and bragged his was the best kid in the world, jumping through fiery hoops and who knows what. But I got Shane to the show before he got his there. As a race official, John cannot place any bets on the Cup. But the rest of Australia wagered an amazing 4 million with the TAB last Cup day. I always get calls for tips and Ive picked a few winners, but not a lot, says John. Ive never been a gambler. The best of all good things get beat, but without the punter Id be without a job. On the other hand, Ive never seen a skinny bookmaker theyve always got a good suit, a good pair of shoes and a nice motor car dotted line CAROL GEORGE NIGHTMARE BIRTH, dream baby Former television star Lisa Patrick and her artist husband longed for a natural birth for their first baby, but fate had something else in mind Early last year, Lisa Patricks whirlwind romance took everyone by surprise. After meeting and falling madly in love with an attractive Spaniard, she left friends, family and a TV career to go to the US to marry him, all within two months. Now, more in love than ever, Lisa, 28, and her husband, awardwinning writer and renowned artist Gines SerranPagan, 44, are celebrating the birth of their first child. And thanking their lucky stars that all is well after complications that endangered the lives of Lisa and their beautiful boy, Francisco, delivered after the former host of Australias Funniest Home Video Show underwent emergency surgery in June. This was nothing like the birth his parents had planned. Kindred souls who share a love of the sea, nature and solitude, Lisa and Gines had decided on a tranquil underwater birth and made arrangements for a special pool to be installed in their cosy New York loft. I have never seen a woman put more energy into a pregnancy, said Gines proudly. She was incredible. She exercised, followed the right diet, read the books and went to all the classes. She was dedicated to having a natural birth but, in the end, nature played games and we just had to surrender to it. Lisa expressed her thanks for the technology that safely delivered her first child. After Francisco was born, someone, one of the midwives, I think, said I might feel grief because I couldnt have the baby the way I had planned, Lisa recounted, but I havent, I feel great. The first complication occurred about a month before the birth, when the baby was found to be an incomplete breech partly upsidedown.When Gines and Lisa decided to move to Santa Barbara, near LA, they consulted a different doctor who turned the baby in less than a minute, with a minimum of discomfort to Lisa, and at this stage, the couple was still very committed to the idea of a water birth. One of Gines aunts, who lives in Santa Barbara, had a guest house in the grounds of her home where Lisa and Gines stayed. Outside it, in the gardens, they installed a pool where the water was kept at a special temperature in preparation for the birth. We researched it well, said Gines. A water birth, attended by someone medically qualified, is quite safe and is said to reduce pain by 25 to 30 per cent. Two midwives attended once Lisa went into labour, but complications set in. It was very scary, said Gines. The contractions were very long, with only four or five minutes between them. Then the babys heartbeat dropped. He couldnt get enough oxygen. We rushed to the hospital. At one point, both the babys life and Lisas were in question. Lisas recollection is hazy. Once the contractions start, a lot happens, she said. When you go into labour, youre in another space. I was aware of the panic with the heart rate dropping, but I kept very calm and strong and talked to the baby. I could see Gines face was white with concern and worry, but for me ... it was like being in a dream. At Santa Barbara Cottage Hospital, obstetrician Dr Duncan Turner, after examining Lisa and detecting a degree of foetal distress, said a caesarean section had to be done immediately. Lisa accepted his decision calmly. Then, more complications. During the operation, Dr Turner discovered Lisa had a second uterus. Because this could complicate future pregnancies, it was removed once the baby was delivered. Gines calls me superwoman, Lisa said, laughing. I was so surprised. Ive had examinations over the years and nothings ever come up about it. Dr Turner said that the abnormality of the uterus, combined with the shape of Lisas pelvis, probably contributed to a diminished blood supply to the placenta, and therefore the foetus. Lisas devotion to health and fitness, which continued until she went into labour, helped her make a rapid recovery. In fact, her recovery from surgery was so fast that she left hospital a day and a half later. Ive never seen a patient recover like this before, said Dr Turner. This is the first son for Gines, who has two grownup daughters by a previous marriage. A new life ... it is wonderful, he said. He is very beautiful. Even the nurses were impressed with him. Francisco Gines, who weighed in at a healthy 6kg, will be baptised in an adobe church run by Franciscan monks, in Carmel, California. Francisco is a favourite name in Gines family because it is the name of the patron saint of animals and means free man. Lisa became known nationally after hosting. Australias Funniest Home Video Show on the Nine Network but, in many ways, that woman has gone. In her place is someone with very different focuses. Theres the relationship with Gines that grows deeper and more special every day. And that with her baby. Of motherhood, Lisa says, Its like a new love, one Ive never felt before. Its incredible, such a complete love. You cant take your eyes off the little one. I just want to hold him. Im totally absorbed by him. CAROLE GEORGE mixed and matched Three couples disclose how love and understanding have overcome differences in their cultures Lucy and Hiro When East met West at the Sydney Japanese School three years ago, it was the start of an enriching relationship for Australianborn Lucy Howard and Hiro Shibuya. Lucy, 26, teaches English to migrants Hiro, 30, is a graphic designer. They had two wedding ceremonies, one in a Sydney church and the second in a Shinto temple in Tokyo. Lucy I was attracted to Hiro because of the person he is, not because he is Japanese. Becoming involved with another culture was a bonus. There is so much to be gained from learning about other customs. What attracted me was his calming personality and incredible honesty. Theres also his sense of humour.

WHAT IS SPEECH TECHNOLOGY As children we develop speech over a number of years with the majority of the population having no problem breaking speech into separate words and comprehending their meaning. Also, the English alphabet can be broken into 26 letters reinforcing the appearance that speech is simple. However, speech is not just letters joined into words. When we speak, much more is conveyed besides a words literal content, such as the type of speaker, expression, connotations, emotions and the other information contained in what they are saying. By looking at the utterances of a single word by different speakers it can be seen that although the utterance is the same, the sound appears different over time. Differences also occur when the word is placed in sequence amongst other words and not as a single utterance. Appendix 1 However, humans can still understand these utterances even when they are spoken in different accents or distorted by background noise and other unnatural variables such as attenuation and psychoacoustic effects. Regardless of variabilities, there must be something in a speech signal that remains unchanged because we as humans can interpret its meaning. The human ear is a complex speech recognisor.Appendix 2. Sound is funnelled from the outer ear to the eardrum. The vibrations on the eardrum are transmitted to the inner ear the cochlea via three small bones the last which is fixed to a small membrane. The auditory transducer that converts sound energy into nerve stimuli is the Organ of Corti which is attached to the basilar membrane at the beginning of the cochlea. It contains specialised and complex hair cells which form the transduction process between the mechanical vibrations of the basilar membrane and nerve impulses transmitted through the brain. Not as much is known about the ear as the human voice production tools and there are many operations of the ear that are not clear.6 As a result, speech recognition by a computer is not a simple decoding problem but a highly complex one. The method by which humans produce speech is also a highly involved process. The sounds of speech are the acoustic consequences of air flowing through the vocal tract. Air is forced from the lungs and flows through the larynx. Appropriate tension in the vocal chords causes them to oscillate, in turn exciting the acoustic resonances of the nasal and oral passages to form vowel, vowellike sounds and consonants. The articulators of sound are the tongue, velum, teeth, jaw, lips and nasal tract. Plosives are formed by closing off the vocal tract by the lips, tongue or teeth and then releasing the sound energy in a burst. Appendix 2 Although the vocal tract is capable of producing an infinite number of distinct sounds, at the linguistic level the basic perceptual unit of speech is the phoneme which depends on the word being produced and the position of the phoneme within the utterance. The English language consists of 44 phonemes. The concept of a talking machine has been around many years. The first speech synthesiser existed as early as 1791 where air from bellows was used to excite a resonant cavity to produce vowels and consonants. The first electrical version appeared in 1939, where the VODER voice operated demonstrator utilised a keyboard to generate vowel and consonantlike sounds and control articulation. A modern speech synthesiser is based on the same principles but uses a digital computer and special digital signal processing DSP hardware. The modern devices synthesise speech automatically from text. The ultimate speech synthesiser will read aloud from any text form in a clear, natural sounding voice. However present technology does not quite perform this function. For many years speech was considered to be composed of linear sequences of the elemental speech particles, the phoneme, put together rather like a string of beads. This incorrectly led people to believe that speech could be recognised by just decoding the individual phonemes as they appeared through time. Consequently, it appeared that synthetic speech could be produced by storing each of the phonemes of the language and sticking them together to create a word. Unfortunately, this proved not to be the case. While it is convenient to picture speech as a set of discrete symbols real linguistic information is not encoded in discrete packets of time as imagined by this model. Despite theses limitations, speech output by computers has generally been achieved by generating messages from stored speech fragments. These messages require recording by a speaker and although a natural sounding voice output is achieved, large amounts of data storage are required thus speech coding is essential. Also, if messages have to be altered, total rerecording is required if the original speaker is not available. Many applications would require regular changing of messages so the only efficient solution is a full text to speech system.8 Speech synthesis can be of two forms. Speech can be generated from artificial sounds to mimic the human utterances or by constructing the voice from the elemental components of a persons prerecorded speech. The later system produces a more natural sounding voice but the first is more suited to large and varied responses. Printed text consists of alphanumeric characters, blank spaces and punctuation marks. These characters are a symbolic representation of a language, not a language itself. The real meaning of the language is not indicated explicitly in the text. Not all words have equal importance and phrase structure or focus is not obvious. Also symbols such as numbers and abbreviations must be interpreted correctly. Text analysis converts the printed text into linguistic structures that establishes phrasal hierarchy. Without word hierarchy, sentences would lack focal centres resulting in unnatural speech. Phrasal structure is conveyed by intonation and duration variation, phrases are assigned different tone levels and marked by pauses and prepausal lengthening of words. Tone also indicate sentence type, ie question or statement. To perform proper text analysis a text understanding system is necessary. Present day technology is limited therefore, the above process is broken into three components of text normalisation, parsing and intonation and letter to phoneme rules. bulletText Normalisation involves the deciphering of non alphabet symbols such as numbers, special symbols, abbreviations and acronyms. The preprocessor also assigns parts of speech to each word in the input. This is important for obtaining phrase focus and correct pronunciation of words. To improve text preprocessing, large amounts of text must be synthesised, and algorithms changed to correct for preprocessing errors. bulletParsing and Intonation establishes the phrasal hierarchy of the text. When the sentence structure is clear the sentence can be parsed into proper phrases. If it is not clear a more neutral intonation is used. Letter to Phoneme Conversion is utilised in giving the computer correct pronounciation of each word. A large dictionary of stored words can be used and when the word is matched the pronunciation and stress is obtained directly. If there is no match, words may be constructed from single words in the dictionary or through phonemic transcription. The pronunciation of the synthesiser can be improved by synthesising large amounts of text and adding or correcting the rules that contribute to the mispronunciation. Where rules fail, words or proper names can be added to the dictionary. Speech coding is the process of converting speech into digital bit strings for the efficient storage andor transmission over band limited channels. Speech coders for particular applications are selected according to a tradeoff between coding complexity, bit rate and signal quality. Coders are usually classified into the following three types bulletWaveform coding where the aim is to reproduce the original waveform as accurately as possible. These coders are not speech specific however they can deal with nonspeech signals such as background noise, music and multiple speakers without difficulty. The cost of this fidelity is a relatively high bit rate. bulletVocoders make no attempt to reproduce the original waveform instead deriving a set a parameters at the encoder that are transmitted and used to control a speech production model at the receiver. Speech quality, although intelligible, tends to be synthetic and variable between speakers, hence vocoding is not used for telephone network applications. bulletHybrid contains the features of both waveform and vocoders to provide good quality, efficient speech coding. Rates are between 16kbitss and 4kbitss and good quality coding is achieved by analysis through synthesis techniques. Speech coders are in demand for systems where there is a need to make efficient use of precious radio spectrum, in the case of aeronautical telephony via satellite and digital cordless systems. Also when cost of storage is a major factor speech coding is used. Applications include interactive network based voice messaging, private network, public switched telephone network PSDN and integrated services digital network ISDN videophone applications. Achieving machine generated speech is somewhat of a challenge designing machines which can fully comprehend speech is even more daunting. This is why this area of speech technology still poses the greatest task and has researchers throughout the world striving to create the most accurate speech recognisor. This thesis focuses on speech recognition due to the many challenges that are still evident in the speech recognition field. When people normally interact with computers they use instruments such as keyboards, mousedriven menus, touch screens or tonepads. These methods are artificial and as a result deter many people from interacting with computers. If a speech recognisor could be devised that was 100 accurate the possible applications are endless. Then again, this would require machines to be more accurate than humans, as humans cannot be considered 100 accurate in recognising speech, especially in situations where there is a strong accent or noise interference. Speech recognition is fundamentally a pattern classification task. The aim is to take the input pattern, the speech signal, and to classify it as a sequence of stored patterns that have previously been learned. The stored patterns are phonemes or words. One of the earliest speech recognisors,designed in 1916, was named Flowers Appendix 3. It consisted of a set of filters electromagnetic resonators that responded to the strongest frequency in the particular utterance. The design shows that there was an assumption that each letter of the alphabet was characterised uniquely by a single dominant frequency. This is not the case, but it was the separation of the task of speech recognition into components by feature extraction fundamental to frequency analysis and classification based on a best match that remains a characteristic of modern speech recognisors. The next major development was the Davis, Biddulph and Balashek machine.Appendix 4. Speech was filtered into two frequency bands and the zero crossing rates within each band used as primary features. The advent of the digital computer made this form of speech recognisor viable in the 1960s as only digital technology provided the memory which was necessary. In this process the unknown sequence of spectral components was aligned in turn against each known sequence in a template library. The best fit was considered the correct example. The problem with these machines was that only very simple processing could only be used at almost every stage and that the sequence of operation was slow. The operation was slow due to the requirement that the speech was collected until silence was detected, then normalised, matched and finally reported. As a result there was a slow response time between when the speech was uttered to when the result was reported. This post utterance delay was later eliminated by a new technique of dynamic programming. Dynamic programming overcame a majority of the theoretical problems but not all of the practical computational problems. Instead of waiting for the complete utterance, the distance of every spectral frame in the input from every frame in every template was calculated as it arrived and the accumulated difference along the best path maintained.Appendix 5. The advantages were that matching could take place as the signal arrived, recognition was complete as soon as the word was finished. Connected word recognition was possible along with word spotting and the very best time alignment was possible between the unknown signal and the known template.

Sounds Fishy Sonic records show that growls, grunts, clicks and croaks are just some of the sounds produced by fish as a means of communication For many people the sound of waves is the only sound they will ever hear the ocean make. The contribution of whales and dolphins is also well known, though they were thought to be mute due to a lack of obvious vocal apparatus. A perceptive scuba diver might add the clicking of shrimps, the noise of an occasional motorboat, the hissing sound of each inhalation and the rattle of exhaled bubbles, to this list of underwater noises. The oceans are, however, far noisier than most people appreciate. In fact, they are rarely quiet. Text by Russell Graham caption photo Photographs by Geoff Longford and Russell Graham caption photo Until the 1940s the oceans were generally thought of as noiseless. The widespread use of hydrophones underwater microphones and World War Two changed this concept of silent seas for ever. Hydrophone had been invented during the latter part of World War One, but interest in their development and use waned with the ending of hostilities. However, World War Two prompted a revival of interest in the use of hydrophones to detect submarines, which had become more sophisticated, numerous and deadly efficient between the wars. Hydrophones were fitted to ships and deployed around strategic harbours to take advantage of the fact that ships and submarines cannot travel silently and that sound travels about four times faster and farther in water than it does in air. Hydrophones were meant to provide early warning in case enemy submarines attempted to attack. Those whose task it was to monitor the oceans for the sound of motors and propellers were soon perplexed by the odd noises they were hearing. One story, probably apocryphal, has it that upon hearing these noises the harbours defences were brought out nightly to repel an attack that never came, though night after night strange noises were heard emanating from the ocean. Initially these were thought to be due to faulty equipment, but before long it was realised that the sounds had biological origins. Numerous research projects were initiated to catalogue the natural sounds so that the unnatural, manmade sounds could be discerned from the chaotic and everpresent ambient sea noise. On the other hand, submarines learned techniques of disguising their activities by hiding their mechanical noises among the profusion of confused natural sounds. Later they learned to associate certain types of ambient sound with specific depths and bottom terrain. Thus, the sea noises became an aid to submarine navigation. Underwater sounds are ubiquitous. Only the very loudest can be easily heard by scuba divers, but listening with a hydrophone reveals a multitude of distinctive clicks, pops, grunts, chirps, moans, rumbles and scrapes, superimposed over an incessant crackle. The creatures responsible for this cacophony are much harder to discern that the sounds they make because of their diminutive size, secretive habits, rarity and the peculiar soundcarrying properties of water. Water can carry a sound well away from its point of origin and make it extremely difficult to locate the source without electronic listening aids. Some of the sounds heard are purposive, such as the growl of an affronted frogfish Batrachomoeus dubius or the courting chirp of male Humbugs Dascyllus spp. Others are merely incidental to an animals normal activities, like the crunch and clatter of feeding or the hydrodynamic water movement sound produced when a fastmoving school of fish suddenly changes direction. photo photo photo caption caption caption photo caption caption photo The colour patterns of a variety of fishes, particularly those of a tropical reef, are familiar to most people, divers and nondivers alike. Most of these fish have been named for the way they look or behave clownfish, angelfish, damselfish and stonefish for example. That many of them also produce sounds is less well known. These sounds can be as important as colour signals in helping them to obtain mates, reproduce, establish dominance, defend territory or to signal their aggressive intentions. For some species, sound replaces colouration in achieving these aims. For many fish, making the right noise at the right time is crucial to their pairing, a fact well known to the residents of Sausilito, California. People living on the water there are kept awake every June by the mating sound of the toadfish Porychthys notatus. The noise they produce is apparently more like a squadron of planes than a serenade, and can penetrate a concrete boat hull. Sounds are also produced by fish to help them swim in a school and to navigate. It is, though, not clear whether the sounds made by schooling fish result from the movements of muscles and bones within the fish or are the result of water movements produced by the moving school. Sonic records of certain fish noises have revealed a pattern of regular repetition. Some researchers have interpreted these repeat sounds as echoes from the seabed. It is possible that the fish are employing a form of echo location to navigate the ocean depths. The sounds produced, though lacking the complexity of language, are used to communicate information about a fishs internal state to the members of its own and other species. Although the type of sounds any species of fish can produce is limited, many of them can vary the length or intensity of the sound and the interval between sounds and so gain a repertoire of possible messages. Scientists tried to decipher the language of dolphins and for many years attempted to communicate with them without notable success. Interpreting the messages of fish is practically impossible, except in the most general terms. These messages cannot be considered a language in the way we normally use the word. photo caption A large number of fish and invertebrate species employ an intriguing array of vocal apparatus to overcome their lack of voicebox. Soundproducing structures are modified from, or make use of, anatomical equipment with quite unrelated functions. The most common methods involve the use of the swim bladder a fishs buoyancy organ, the rubbing together of hard parts such as teeth and bones, or a combination of the two. Some fish deliberately use hydrodynamic sounds. Larger species like grouper have been observed to warn off divers by rapidly closing their gill covers to produce a loud clap. Grey Nurse sharks may display a behaviour known as cracking when they are agitated. Swimming towards an intruder, a shark will quickly change direction with a whiplike motion of its tail, producing a loud hydrodynamic crack. Some species of fish produce sound by beating or rubbing the skin over the swim bladder with their pectoral fins as though theyre playing a drum or rubbing a balloon. A number of fish produce sounds by the action of bodywall muscles adjacent to an unmodified swim bladder. At the other extreme are fish which possess multichambered swim bladders with internal muscles, or muscles attaching their swim bladders to the skull or backbone. The sole purpose of these muscles is to play the swim bladder for the production of sound, rather like plucking a guitar string. photo caption The possession of specialised muscles or a modified swim bladder enables a fish to produce a variety of different sounds. In its simplest form, a single contraction of a muscle joining the skull or vertebral column with the surface of the swim bladder results in a single pulse of sound, like a single drumbeat. When produced in a rapid series the individual pulses become indistinguishable and a whine, trumpet, or croak is heard. Pitch varies with swim bladder volume and the frequency of muscle contractions. Variations in the length of the sound, the interval between sounds and the number of sounds in a sequence, further increases the potential repertoire. Typical swim bladder sounds are low frequency and harmonic. In the waters around Sydney the fishes that produce this type of sound include the trumpeter Pelates quadrilineatus, Eastern Frogfish Batrachomoeus dubius, Turretfish Trioris reipublicae, Mado Atypichthys strigatus and Bullseye Pempheris compressus, among others. Stridulatory sounds, those made by rubbing together hard parts, form the major proportion of background noise in the sea. The feeding sounds of fish and invertebrates, such as sea urchins and shrimps, can be very loud and continuous. This is, however, purely coincidental, though some species do rub their teeth or bones together deliberately. Pistolshrimps Alpheus spp make a noise loud enough to stun small fish by the concussion generated when their larger claw is closed rapidly. Oldwives Enoplosus armatus, toadfish and porcupine fish grind their teeth. Pipefish Stigmatopora spp. and seahorses Hippocampus spp. make a pop or click by snapping their head sharply upwards. In tropical waters Humbugs Dascyleusspp., Whitebanded Damsels Chrysiptera leucopomus and anemone fish Amphiprion spp. rub two adjacent bones together to produce a variety of pops, clicks, chirps and grunts for use in their complex courtship and dominance displays. Many fish that stridulate have their swim bladder positioned in such a way that it amplifies the sound, like the soundbox of a guitar. The sources of many underwater sounds have yet to be reliably identified. Though the fishes responsible are probably known, their soundproducing abilities remain untested, so the question of which sound goes with what species is a continuing puzzle. There is, for example, a fish in the Atlantic Ocean that makes a noise like a morse code signal. The sources of countless other underwater sounds have also yet to be reliably identified beyond a general definition, such as swim bladder sounds, stridulatory sounds and whale song. Some quite distinctive sounds resist categorisation and their origins, which may not be biological, remain a mystery. We know only a fraction of what goes on under the water and much more effort should be put into marine research. Sadly, the day when we can understand this song of the sea is a very long way off. Currently, nobody can be certain about the identity of the singers. caption photo Fungi friends of the forest Text and photographs Gerhard Saueracker Lochman Transparencies photo caption diagram photo caption Winter is a beautiful season in the bush. With the dust of summer washed away, leaves gleam when lit by sunlight and fresh, clean bark decorates once dowdy tree trunks. Beneath our feet, and in the logs around us, unseen threads of fungi are making their way to the surface where they will burst forth to spread their spores on the wet winter earth. The first fungi that most of us notice are those growing on fallen timber. At my favourite bush trail I dont even have to leave my car to see them, as logs that display a variety of fungi border the parking area. The most common is Stereum hirsutum which forms thin leathery photo photo brackets projecting up to 20 mm from the log. Its old growth is light brown, but fresh growth on the outer edge is a much more obvious yellow. Another yellow fungus also grows on these logs. Named Tremella mesenterica, it has a number of common names. In Australia we call it jelly or brain fungus, and in Britain and North America it is known as witches butter. When I see these two species, I know that my walk will be rewarded by the sight of many more fungi sprouting from logs. I may see more leathery fungi related to Stereum hirsutum, or stout bracket fungi, or delicate little fungi with the classical umbrella shape of mushrooms and toadstools. All of them contribute to the welfare of the forest, a recycling role that fungi caption caption photo photo photo photo has filled for hundreds of millions of years. When trees grow, they accumulate nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphorus. Once a tree dies it must decompose before these nutrients again become available to other plants. While tiny bacteria contribute to decay, fungi are more important to the forest for, only they can degrade lignin, the most durable component of wood. A threedimensional polymer, lignin is the material that gives wood its strength. It comprises three subunits joined by a variety of chemical linkages and is therefore complex to dismantle. Certain fungi, particularly bracket fungi, are designed to do this job and once they start the process other fungi will follow.

APPENDIX B1 RULES AND PROCEDURES FOR MEETINGS SYDNEY REGIONAL COUNCIL 1991 as amended 1993 1993 Changes to the Rules and Procedures for Meetings 1991 COUNCIL DECISION 42993 RESOLVED that the following addition to the Councils Rules and Proceedings for Meetings 1991 be adopted by Council, and amended appropriately. Following 2 Quorum, insert the following 3 In the event that a quorum exists at a Meeting but due to a declaration of interest, or a declared interest of a Council being identified, which results in a CouncillorCouncillors leaving the meeting thereby adversely affecting the quorum, then it shall be deemed that the quorum still exists until the conclusion of the deliberations on the related business. Calling of Meeting 1 Pursuant to subsection 1281 of the Act the Chairperson shall convene at least four4 meetings of the Council in each calendar year. 2 The Chairperson may convene other meetings of the Regional Council when, in the Chairpersons opinion, they are necessary for the efficient performance of its functions. 3 Pursuant to subsection 1282 of the Act, the Commission Chairperson may at any time, and shall wherever the Council does not have a Chairperson, convene a meeting of the Regional Council. 4 The Commission Chairperson shall give members of the Council at least fourteen 14 days notice of a meeting convened where the Council does not have a Chairperson subsection 1283 of the Act. 5 The Chairperson shall convene a meeting of the Council upon receipt of a written request for a meeting signed by at least four4 Councillors Subsection 128 4 of the Act. 6 Pursuant to 2 and 5 of these Rules, the Chairperson shall convene an Extraordinary Meeting of the Council where considered necessary for the efficient performance of the Councils functions. Quorum 1 The quorum for a meeting is constituted by a majority of the number of members of the Regional Council holding office on the day of the meeting subsection 1285 of the Act. 2 Where a quorum for a meeting is not formed within one 1 hour of the scheduled commencement time, the meeting shall be deemed dissolved and a further notice shall be given to call another meeting. 3 In the event that a quorum exists at a Meeting but due to a declaration of interest, or a declared interest of a Council being identified, which results in a CouncillorCouncillors in leaving the meeting thereby adversely affecting the quorum, then it shall be deemed that the quorum still exists until the conclusion of the deliberations on the related business. Chairing of Meeting 1 The Chairperson of a Council shall preside at all meetings of the Council at which heshe is present subsection 1286 of the Act. 2 In the absence of the Chairperson, Councillors shall elect one of their number to preside at the meeting subsection 1287 of the Act. Motions 1 Any matter requiring a decision at a meeting shall be put before the meeting by way of a motion. 2 Any motion put before a meeting of the Council in accordance with 3 of these Rules, shall be put to the meeting by the Chairperson to be voted upon by the Councillors. 3 All motions prior to proceeding to a vote must be seconded and allowed adequate debate, in accordance with the Rules of Debate attached as Appendix l. 5 Voting 1 Questions arising at a meeting shall be determined by a majority of votes of Councillors present and voting subsection 1288 of the Act. 2 The presiding person has a deliberative vote and in the event of an equality of votes, also has a casting vote subsection 1289 of the Act. 3 In the event of an equality of votes, the Chairperson shall not exercise hisher authority under 2 of these Rules until a further debate has occurred and a second vote by secret ballot has been taken. 4 In the event of an equality of votes following a vote taken under 3 of these Rules, the Chairperson shall exercise hisher authority under 2 of these Rules. Disclosure of Interest 1 A Councillor who has a direct or indirect pecuniary interest in a matter being considered or about to be considered by the Council shall, as soon as possible after the relevant facts have come to the Councillors knowledge, disclose the nature of the interest at the meeting of the Council, subsection 1191 of the Act. 2 A disclosure of an interest by a Councillor under 1 of these Rules, shall be recorded in the minutes of the meeting subsection 1192 of the Act. 3 Any disclosure of interest shall preclude a Councillor from taking part in the discussions on that particular matter and the Councillor must leave the meeting and not take part in any decision of the Council with respect to that matter. 4 Any interest requiring disclosure by a Councillor is an interest which gives rise to the possibility of financial advantage including the avoidance of a loss irrespective of the kind or size of interest. It does not include remote interests, but does include receipt of, directly or indirectly, monies or other pecuniary benefit by i A Councillor or ii By a company or body of which the Councillor is a member of the governing body or employee or iiiBy a person financially dependent upon the Councillor. Notice of Meetings 1 The ATSIC Regional Manager relevant to the Council hereafter called the Regional Manager shall despatch notice of the meetings in writing or by facsimile, telex or telegram to each Councillor. 2 The notice of the meeting shall contain the time, date and venue for the meeting. 3 A notice of the meeting should set out the business to be dealt with and should not be misleading. 4 A notice specifying the details of an Ordinary Council Meeting should be received by Councillors at least fourteen 14 days before the scheduled meeting as specified in the notices. 5 A notice specifying the details of an Extraordinary Council Meeting should be received by Councillors at least seven 7 days before the scheduled meeting as is specified in the notice. In the case of extreme urgency, within 48 hours, as called at the discretion of the Chairperson. Agenda 1 The Chairperson, in consultation with the Regional Manager, is responsible for the preparation of the Agenda. 2 Except as provided for in Section 128 11 of the Act, the items of business to be dealt with should be placed in regular order. The usual order is i Determination of the person who is to preside at a meeting in the absence of the Chairperson. ii Opening address. iii Apologies. iv Confirmation of the Minutes of the previous meeting. v Business arising from previous minutes. vi Correspondence tabled. vii Reports. viii General business. ix Next meeting. 3 The Regional Manager shall circulate the Agenda and relevant papers prior to the meeting. 4 The order of business on the Agenda shall not be departed from unless there is a majority vote in favour of a change in the order of business. ReportsSubmissions 1 Where required, verbal reports to Council may be delivered during incamera sessions. 2 Reports should include a standard which would include headings entitled i Issue. ii Background. iii Considerations. iv Financiallegal implications. v Recommendation where applicable. vi Relevant attachments. 3 Formal recommendations contained in a report ora submission will be considered under General Business. Business of Meeting 1 Except as provided for under Section 12811 of the Act, no additional item of business, motion or resolution shall be considered at the meeting unless i Prior notice of the item has been given to the Chairperson and ii A written submission on the item is available for distribution to Councillors at least one1 week prior to a scheduled Council meeting. 2 Exceptions should only be considered where the matter for decision is one of extreme urgency and sensitivity which would have a major and immediate impact on an Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander community, enterprise or individual if a decision were not taken. Chairperson 1 The Chairperson, or Presiding Person, is the first amongst equals at a meeting but has authority to call to order any Councillor or speaker attending the meeting. 2 The Chairperson, or Presiding Person, shall conduct proceedings in accordance with the Rules and Procedures for Meetings of Council. 3 The Chairperson, or Presiding Person, shall ensure that a proper notice of the meeting has been given and that a quorum is present throughout the whole of a meeting. If a quorum is not present the Chairperson, or Presiding Person, shall not allow the meeting to continue until a quorum is present. 4 The Chairperson, or Presiding Person, must call upon each speaker by name and allow that person sufficient time to debate the item under deliberation. All debate must be directed through the Chair and in accordance with the Rules of Debate Appendix l. 5 The Chairperson, or Presiding Person, may refuse to put motions or items of business which are not couched in clear terms or are not relevant, proper or within the scope and powers of the meeting. 6 The Chairperson, or Presiding Person, or Councillors may call upon a speaker through the Chair to withdraw and apologise for improper remarks. 7 The Chairperson, or Presiding Person, is required to maintain order at the meeting. 8 In the ordinary course of business at a meeting, or where circumstances warrant, it is the Chairperson, or Presiding Person, who shall have authority to adjourn or close the meeting. This decision may only be overruled when a majority vote of Council determines that the meeting shall continue. Where the Rules are Silent. 1 Where the Rules are silent upon the course to be followed at a meeting, it is for the meeting, by majority vote, to decide the course to be followed. Dissent from Ruling. 1 Where a motion of dissent has been moved against the ruling of the Chairperson, or Presiding Person, the Chairperson, or Presiding Person, shall leave the Chair and allow the question to be determined by a majority vote of the meeting. Minutes 1 Minutes of proceedings of a meeting of the Council shall be kept. subsection 10 of the Act. 2 The Regional Manager is responsible for the preparation of the Minutes which must then be vouched for as to their correctness by the Council at its next meeting. 3 The Regional Manager, in consultation with the Secretariat, is responsible for the preparation, keeping and maintenance of Council Minutes. 4 The standard format for the preparation and keeping of Minutes shall be done in accordance with the Councils guide for the keeping of Minutes, namely, Minutes of Meetings, which is enclosed as Appendix ll. Decisions 1 The Chairperson, or Presiding Person, shall sign a decision sheet related to each substantive item of business which has been dealt with by Council recording the official decision of the Council in respect to that item of business. InCamera Deliberations 1 The Council shall determine when deliberations of Councillors shall be held incamera and who shall be present during those deliberations. 2 Decisions and resolutions of incamera deliberations shall be recorded in the Minutes. It is at the discretion of the majority of the meeting as to whether the deliberations themselves shall be recorded in the Minutes. Council in Confidence 1 All submissions and relevant papers are classified as CouncilInConfidence documents prior to them being considered at a Council meeting. 2 Once an issue has been considered and appropriately addressed by Council, relevant papers shall no longer be considered CouncilinConfidence material. 3 Council may by majority vote maintain the Councilinconfidence status of specific documents. 4 When determining the status of Council documents, consideration should be given to the sensitivity of a submission and its likely impact upon Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander communities, enterprises or individuals if a document were disclosed.

A lesson for the teachers OUR report into education standards in NSW provides alarming figures of student dissatisfaction. In many cases, students are voting with their feet at a critical stage of their schooling. Two cases cited in todays Sunday Telegraph report show how serious the problem has become. In one example, a school in southern NSW lost seven pupils a week at the height of a crisis over teacher behaviour and in a primary school in eastern Sydney, student numbers fell from 29 to 13 in the first three months of one class. The reasons for dissatisfaction are varied, including issues of discipline, class arrangements and principals attitude. The answer until now has been to transfer students to another school but this did not address the problem and only disrupts children at a vital learning stage. These figures highlight an education problem too alarming to ignore. The NSW Education Department, and its teachers, must pay closer attention to the problems within the classroom. If such complaints are not resolved, then the overall education system will begin to break down. The department cannot ignore this student exodus it must pay attention to this lesson and improve its performance. The Midas touch WHAT a magnificent sight greeted us from Victoria Canada yesterday Australian athletes with the Midas touch competing for glory against the finest sportsmen and women in the Commonwealth. Years of training and sacrifice were rewarded as members of the Aussie team led the charge with a superb result of nine gold medals on day one. Those at home shared the winning smiles of our athletes who did us so proud. No one epitomised the spirit of Australia more yesterday than 20year old silver medallist Karen Van Wirdum who seized her medal opportunity to propose to boyfriend Robert Dunne from an international stage. Dunnes reply sums up the nations feelings for all our athletes I love the girl, all Australia loves her. Shes such a determined, wonderful girl. A political party bent on suicide Roy Miller, editor THE Liberal Party of Australia is dead and buried. They can kiss goodbye any aspirations of leading this country in the years to come. The squabbles between the leader, Alexander Downer, and the former leader, John Hewson, which culminated in Hewsons sudden dismissal from the shadow Cabinet have left the Liberals in a state of disarray never before seen in Australian politics. Both men have their faults. Dr Hewsons mistake was his failure to step down immediately after losing the unlosable election in March He then had to endure the destabilising and embarrassing leadership contest three months ago. There is little doubt Mr Downer wanted Hewson out of his shadow Cabinet in fact, hed never wanted to include him in the first place. Mr Downer took a hard line when he refused to give Hewson the key Treasury portfolio which he wanted. Instead he allocated him the secondary portfolio of Commerce and Industry, with stern demands that Hewson not buckle against his leadership. The signs were clear in May that the new leader was always going to be on a collision course with his predecessor and that Downer was waiting for the earliest opportunity to punish Hewson. Late on Friday he did so in a paltry attempt to assert his authority. Mr Downer failed. Though there is never a right time to sack a colleague, Mr Downers timing was appalling. He showed not strength but insecurity. The issue Mr Downer should be addressing is the Liberal partys social policy, not knifing individuals who have highlighted its flaws. Dr Hewson will continue to be a thorn in the partys side now that he is free to speak on any issue from the back bench. Alexander Downer now faces a battle to protect his own position, with a leadership rift likely to come as early as tomorrow. Next Wednesday marks the 100day anniversary of Mr Downers leadership. It will not be a cause for celebration. Mr Downer has suffered a significant and damning slide in popularity since his leadership coup. His honeymoon period ended abruptly after his performance during a oneweek tour of Western Australia which exposed his ignorance of land rights and contradictory behaviour. The sacking of Dr Hewson has not helped his cause. As Hewson explained so succinctly Mr Downer, you will not heal the wounds of the Liberal party by turning the knife. His one vengeful act has torn the Liberal Party asunder. The deep divisions which now characterise the party will not be mended easily. There are very few options left for the Liberals. They either keep their present leader or face another bloody leadership spill. Would Peter Costello, the present deputy, make it as leader Or do they bring back the tried and true John Howard Whatever happens, the Liberal Party is a shambles and has no way of regrouping in order to become a formidable opponent in the 1996 election. Our political structure demands strong opposition the existing Liberal party cannot meet this demand and has very little to offer Australia. A better way to spend 150m PRIME Minister Paul Keating has every right to give his views on Sydney and in particular, the Cahill Expressway. Not only is he PM, but he is also a Sydney boy, born and bred in Bankstown. Last week he was taken to task for saying the Cahill expressway is an eyesore which should be demolished. Although most Sydneysiders would agree that it is an ugly concrete structure spoiling our beautiful harbour, many thought Mr Keating should keep quiet on the Cahill Expressways future. Silence does not suit Mr Keating but he must learn lessons in timing. His 150 million pledge to NSW Premier John Fahey to tear down the Cahill was a badly timed, insensitive promise. Only 48 hours earlier, Agriculture Minister Ian Causley announced the news our rural community was dreading that 83 per cent of this State is now suffering the cruel plight of severe drought. The 150 million which Mr Keating was so keen to distribute would have been better spent if earmarked to help our struggling farmers. Farmers are enduring enormous hardship and need more than Government sympathy they need financial assistance. It is up to the Federal Government to recognise the severity of this drought and step in to help farmers as much as possible. For a major city such as Sydney, it takes more than a premier, or local council, to have planning vision. In fact, we should be pleased that the Australian Prime Minister has taken such an interest in our city. But Mr Keating, surely there are better ways to spend any loose change the Government has Namely our foreign debt, our farmers, our unemployed. In July, Mr Fahey was offered between 50 and 60 million by Mr Keating to beautify Circular Quay, less than two months later this figure has almost trebled. Mr Keating should hang on to those extra dollars and donate them to a true, needy cause the heartland of this country. But dont give up on Sydney because this city still needs vision.Breretons action not tough enough TODAY more than 100 ships are lying idle off the coast of Australia at a cost of up to 15 million a day. Why Because of the bloodyminded attitude of one particular union, desperate to preserve its livelihood in the face of generational changes to the makeup of the Australian waterfront. Central to the fears of the Maritime Union is last weeks decision by Industrial Relations Minister Laurie Brereton to sell the Governments stake in Australian Stevedores, which was held by Governmentowned ANL. Tied to the future of ANL is the future of the union and right now, theyre running scared. Mr Breretons defiant selloff against union opposition showed them whos boss but, as the costs of this dispute escalate, it is not tough enough. What made financial sense last week will cost many more dollars if the unions continue this fight. Mr Brereton should have continued to act tough and begun settlement talks with the union immediately. Mr Brereton should not have waited until tomorrow for his showdown with the unions. His inaction will cost this country millions, and not only in shortterm export earnings. The greatest damage will be to our international reputation which has suffered yet another savage blow with this latest blight on our international trading record. The 15 million daily bill will be chicken feed in the washup from this dispute. What we suffer in the eyes of international competitors and trading partners will be measured on a much larger scale. Get to work Mr Brereton and get our waterfront and export business working again. Big task for Fahey TWELVE months ago, the future for John Fahey was bright and full of promise. Today as his Government prepares to hand down its final Budget before they face the polls in March 1995, the outlook is not so bright. For Premier Fahey, it has been a steady decline during the past seven months, a disappointing followon from the elation of our Olympic bid success and his heroic tackle on Prince Charless attacker in January. Since then he and his Government have gone from bad to worse. The most telling blow came last week when opinion polls showed his Government had fallen behind the Opposition for the first time since he became Premier in June The task ahead for Mr Fahey is not an easy one. When Parliament resumes this week it will be the beginning of a demanding session which will test his resolve and political skills. The hurdles ahead include the sale of the State Bank, the inquiry into former police minister Terry Griffiths, theCasino controversy and the royal commission into corruption within the NSW police force. So Mr Fahey is heading into battle wellprepared with a good news Budget. It appears Mr Fahey has finally identified what counts. He must now hope the voters return the favour. Lets share the farmers burden THE sight of Prime Minister Paul Keating treading the parched red earth of droughtstricken Queensland last week brought relief to many worried Australians. There was relief that finally the nations highest office recognised the disastrous impact of this drought. And there was hope. While Mr Keating was criticised for waiting too long before he inspected the impact of the drought firsthand, his visit brought inspiration to struggling farmers. There was no promise of immediate cash but he gave farmers hope of muchneeded Federal Government assistance. Mr Keating recognised the severity of the drought and the need for the Government to act quickly. I said that we would never leave the unemployed behind dotted line let me say in the same terms we wont leave the country people of this nation behind. We dont forget them. After commenting just five weeks ago that drought was a normal part of farming life, Mr Keatings words of compassion wont be forgotten. Nor will the tales of hardship and survival which characterise life on the land today. The stories behind yesterdays Women of the Land gathering in Gunnedah give the true picture of families enduring the States worst drought in 60 years. Life in the bush is pretty difficult because of low commodity prices and high interest rates now with the drought its practically impossible, says one farming wife. But no matter how tough it gets our farmers will not give up easily. Its an instinctive thing. said Leonie Studdy, of Gunnedah. I grew up on the land and Ive spent my life on the land. As my father used to say, Who is going to produce all those necessary things if people like us dont stay here in this environment This weeks Cabinet meeting to decide a new rural assistance strategy is critical to the future of our rural environment. It is likely to recommend exempting droughtstricken farmers from asset tests on key measures, enabling greater welfare assistance. Another suggestion worthy of consideration is the introduction of a drought levy on Australias eight million fulltime income earners.

LETTERHEAD FACSIMILE TRANSMISSION TO Mr Surname 1 Fax No 15 December 1993 Dear Sir, RE We refer to your facsimile of the 14th December, At the outset we wish to place on record that we find your facsimile offensive. The chronology of relevant events as far as this office is concerned is as follows You originally telephoned our office at 25 a.m. on the 13th December, 1993, when the writer was unavailable and left a message to return your call Your call was returned at 15 a.m. when you were not in and a message was left on your answering machine The writer discussed the matter with you late morning on the 13th and agreed to speak to Ms Surname 2 solicitor with respect to the matter Your facsimile was then received at our office at approximately 50 p.m. when the writer was absent from the office The matter was discussed with Ms Surname 2 solicitor at approximately 15 p.m. upon the writers return to the office The writer was then engaged with clients and out of the office for the balance of the afternoon A reply to your facsimile was dictated on the morning of the 14th December, prior to your attending our office without an appointment We were unable to forward our facsimile to you due to the fact that your facsimile machine was not receiving. ... 2 Further at the time you attended at our office the writer was engaged in preparing an Agreement which was urgently required to be completed. The simple fact of the matter is that work is prioritized in accordance with urgency and appointments made. Requests to interrupt such matters for a few minutes in the writers experience invariably turn into 20 or 30 minutes if not longer. Further if such a request is agreed to for one client, then it should be agreed to for all which makes it impossible to satisfactorily complete any given task. We trust the above clarifies the matter. Of course if you are unhappy with the services rendered by this firm you are free to take your work elsewhere. Yours faithfully, GREER TIMMS LETTERHEAD FACSIMILE TRANSMISSION TO Mr Surname 1 23 November 1994 Dear RE We refer to your letter of the 18th November, We have reviewed our file and note that the facts of the matter are as follows The Contract is dated the 13th May, 1994, and was signed by you without seeking any advices from the writer. The first conversation between Mr Surname 2 and Ms. Surname 3 of our office occurred on the 16th May, 1994, and largely concerned the amount of our professional costs in acting on behalf of the Vendor Company. At no time were we consulted concerning the date for settlement. We conducted a land tax search and received a land tax clearance from the Office of State Revenue which we relied upon in the ordinary way. 4The Office of State Revenue issued the clearance in error. Company Name 1 paid land tax in respect of the land in the previous year and accordingly should have been well aware of its likely liability for land tax in the year in question. There has been no error on the part of this office and your company is and has at all relevant times been liable to pay the land tax. An administrative error on the part of the Office of State Revenue does not change that. ... 2 In the circumstances, we have no intention of paying the land tax as requested by you and we return the land tax assessment. Your company should pay it to avoid penalties and prosecution. Further, in view of the offensive tone of your letter and your dealings generally with this office, Greer Timms is no longer prepared to act for Mr Surname 2, or any of his companies, in any future dealings. Yours faithfully GREER TIMMS LETTERHEAD FACSIMILE TRANSMISSION TO Mr Surname 1 15 November 1993 Dear RE We now act on behalf of Mr Surname 2 in lieu of Messrs. Groves Clark. We have to hand copies of the various documents including a Business Contract, Partnership Agreement and draft Deed of Settlement between the parties. We note that the correspondence from Messrs. Groves Clark indicates that the settlement agreement has been terminated. In any event, we note that your client has unilaterally made alterations to the draft Agreement submitted to it which amendments have not been agreed to by our client. Accordingly, it is quite clear that no concluded settlement agreement was ever in existence between the parties. Accordingly, given that the partnership has been dissolved, our client remains entitled to 50 of the proceeds of sale together with 50 of the profits earned since the lst February, 1993, and the other monies due pursuant to the agreement of the 28th January, In addition, our client remains while the partnership is being wound up, entitled to access to both the premises and the books and records of the premises. We are instructed that your client has wrongfully refused our client access to the premises and has in fact assaulted our clients Aunt when access was sought. We are instructed that the latter matter is in the hands of the Police. On our instructions the business has to date been conducted in total disregard of our clients interest and without proper compliance with various statutory obligations. In particular, we are instructed as follows ... 2 Your client has not complied with the original Agreement of the 28th January, 1993, and has failed not only to make the payments due to our client pursuant to that Agreement, but to produce any statement of affairs or other financial documentation in relation to the business to our client. Your client has stated to various persons that the business has earned in excess of 350,00 profit in the last year. As a 50 partner in the business, one half of that profit ought to have been paid to our client and disclosed in his taxation return. That has obviously not occurred. Accordingly we question exactly what has occurred in relation to the taxation affairs of the business 3To our clients knowledge, various employees of the business are being paid in cash by your client Information provided to our client suggests that income from the business is being used by your client in his other business affairs and to acquire other property. Our client has paid 25,00 into the business and received a negligible return from the business and has been wrongfully excluded from its management and financial affairs by your client. Our client is not prepared to allow that situation to continue. Accordingly, our client requires the following Immediate access to the books, records and accounts including taxation records of the business That the business be immediately listed for sale with such Real Estate agents in Port Douglas as are agreed between the parties and sold as soon as any offer of the agreed minimum of 85,00 or above is received That the takings of the business be paid into a joint account to be opened between our respective clients and that all withdrawals and cheques from the account are to be signed by both of our clients Our client be granted access to the premises at such times as he requires. If those matters are not attended to or agreed within fortyeight 48 hours then we will seek instructions without further notice to you to Apply to the Court for the appointment of a Receiver to conduct the business until it can be sold and the affairs of the partnership wound up and Commence proceedings for an account. In this event we put on notice that our client will be pursuing any property which has been acquired with partnership funds. ... 3 On a without prejudice basis, our client is prepared to resolve all matters of and incidental to the partnership and the partnership business on the following basis Your client assign and transfer all his right, title and interest in the partnership and the partnership business to our client including goodwill, business name, equipment, book debts, and the Lease free of all encumbrances, liabilities, debts and other claims except in relation to accrued employee entitlements for holiday pay, long service leave or wages in respect of any employee whose employment is continued on by our client Your client use his best endeavours and take all steps and execute all documents necessary to obtain and effect an assignment of the Lease from your client to our client Your client agrees not to incur debts except in the ordinary course of the ordinary business of the partnership and not to incur any single debt in excess of 1,00 without our clients written consent between acceptance of the offer and finalisation of any agreement The parties each release the other from all other claims and liabilities whatsoever relating to the partnership business and its conduct or affairs On acceptance of the offer, the takings of the business will be paid into a joint account to be opened between the parties and requiring the signature of both parties to any withdrawals or cheques. Any profit earned between acceptance of this offer and finalisation would be shared equally between the parties Your client would agree after acceptance of the offer, not to sell, encumber or otherwise dispose of any of the assets of the business other than in the ordinary course of its ordinary business The parties would bear their own costs of and incidental to the settlement and our client would pay any stamp duty on the transfer or fees associated with the assignment of the Lease The offer is subject to satisfactory documentation being entered into between the parties The offer is open until 00 p.m. on Wednesday, the 17th November, The offer is calculated on the basis that the parties had agreed that 85,00 was a minimum acceptable sale price for the business. Further, given the level of profit apparently generated by the business, our client considers that his share ... 4 of the profits already accrued and unpaid to him from the 1st February, 1993, would be well in excess of the one half interest in the business which your client would be transferring to him. We look forward to hearing from you as soon as possible. Yours faithfully, GREER TIMMS LETTERHEAD FACSIMILE TRANSMISSION TO 3 November 1994 Dear Sirs, RE We refer to our letter of the 11th October, 1994, and note that we have not received a response. This matter is again dragging on in an unacceptable fashion and we request a response to our letter by return. With relation to the personal records of your client, the assertions with relation to your client not having any personal records relating to advances simply do not make sense. The documentation discovered in relation to the recent financial affairs of the company disclose numerous deposits being made to the companys accounts where the credit listing sheets show the drawer of the cheques being deposited as Obviously your client must have bank statements and cheque butts at the very least in relation to such payments. The use of company funds for your clients own benefit is very much a matter in issue in these proceedings. Accordingly, the cheque butts, bank statements, and any other financial records of your client evidencing the payment of monies to him by the company and the payment by him to the company are relevant and discoverable. The continued piece meal approach of your clients to making proper discovery has lead to unacceptable delays in this matter. If all outstanding documents are not discovered and available for inspection by 00 p.m. on Monday, the 7th November, 1994, we will be seeking instructions to again re ... 2 list this matter seeking orders compelling your clients to make proper discovery. In those circumstances, we will be seeking costs. Yours faithfully, GREER TIMMS

LEADER OF THE PACK Inbreeding has paid off for the bulldog. Macks latest truck, the FleetLiner, marks a return to giving customers what they want choice. Alan Whiting takes one of the pups for a run dotted line Its likely that quite a few of our readers are going to find themselves behind the wheels of Mack FleetLiners our recent road test shows that there are worse places to be. While Mack Trucks Australias parent company has always offered outside engines, transmissions, suspensions and axles, the local arm has been almost entirely allMack. We can think of a few departures, involving Cat and Cummins engines for special customers, but those builds were definitely not the norm. Mack must have walked away from quite a few deals in the past, where customers insisted on sticking with an established fleet policy of, say, Detroit engines, Eaton boxes and Rockwell diffs, but thats all changed and the Mack Select model lets buyers have precisely that choice. The FleetLiner doesnt provide quite so broad a choice of options, excerpt box because the Mack E7 engine is the only powerplant on offer, but the transmission choice is Eaton RT 14710B 10speed or RTLO 14613B 13speed, driving to Eaton DS 451P diffs. Suspension choices are Hendrickson HFS 400 fourspring or HAS 400 air. The Mack E7 engine has been rated at 375hp 280kW at 1800rpm for the FleetLiner, which is a lazy output for an engine that now pumps out 454hp. But in the best Mack tradition, torque is the engines long suit, with no less than 1980Nm 1460 lbft on tap at 1250rpm. A Jake brake is standard equipment. Claimed tare weight of 750kg for the base model FleetLiner pits this truck directly against the 311litre opposition from Kenworth, Western Star, Ford and International which it matches in terms of horsepower and easily outtorques. deep frame The only questionable area is fuel consumption, which only time and some fleet experience will answer. Mack people must be pretty confident about the fuel consumption situation, because theyre talking guaranteed fuel usage to some customers. The FleetLiner is built to a 4320mm wheelbase on a deep 269mm x 8mm rail, mounting Macks standard cab on damped air suspension. Its a CH model, with a short bonnet and mudguard assembly, in contrast to the Select Version, which has the CLs longer nose. Twin 350litre aluminium step tanks are fitted below the doors. A Mack 5tonnerated steel axle is located by 1753mm taper leaf front springs and shock absorbers, and turned through a claimed 9metre circle by a Ross SGP52 power steering box. Standard rolling gear consists of cast spider hubs with detachable rims and Alcoa 10stud aluminium wheels are optional. Steel air tanks and two battery boxes are fitted inside the chassis rails, behind the cab. wide cab The shed vies with Freightliner for the best bonneted cab on the market award and features integrated air conditioning, heated mirrors and an airsuspended KAB seat as standard. The seat carries an integrated seat belt, which we found to be very comfortable to use. The steering column adjusts for reach and height. Although its a short cab, the width is such that theres plenty of space to stow a tool box, esky and all the normal driver life support equipment. Instrumentation is confined to the vitals speed, engine speed, oil pressure, coolant temperature, battery charge, air restriction, air pressure, turbo temperature and fuel level, and all excerpt box but the air restriction indicator are grouped right in front of the driver. Illuminated rocker switches to the left of the instruments look after lights, wipers and washers and the Jake, while cruise control switches sit on top of the dash. The radio mounts in an overhead console right above the drivers head, with ample space for a couple of communications sets as well. A long gear lever pokes up through the floor, in an ideal position for shifting, but without restricting acrosscab walking. The trailer brake lever is mounted on the dashboard and the parking brake and trailer supply controls are those awful red and yellow mushrooms beloved of American photo truck makers. Pedal layout is excellent, with brake and accelerator controls being light to use and wellrelated. The Spicer Easy Pedal clutch worked with very little effort and with an easilyfelt friction point. Our evaluation FleetLiner was supplied with the optional 13speed box, accompanying 71 back end ratio and air suspension. It was coupled to Macks venerable VMac triaxle trailer and loaded to 40 tonnes gross. We chose a northbound run on the NSW Pacific Highway to check out the new Macks suitability for freeway cruising, town driving, cornering and steep hill climbing. We know from experience that anything over 5mpg is good fuel consumption on that challenging route. The FleetLiner is easy to get in and out of, thanks to wide steps on the tanks and generous grab rails. The adjustable seat and steering column will accommodate most shapes in comfort, while vision through the large twopiece screen and west coast mirrors is very good. ample torque The Mack 12litre started readily without the oncefamiliar airstart whistle, a probable victim of noise regulations, and settled into a high idle until warm, when it lowered the tone somewhat. Engine response, clutch action and positive gear selection made traffic driving a breeze. Theres nothing sweeter than an RTLO Eaton. The clutch had been fielded by some fleet demo work before we got our hands on it, so it was prone to shudder if too much was fed into it too early. We found that the Mack six had photo ample clutch engagement torque to handle offthrottle starts in most circumstances where first gear was too high, we selected low. Theres so much torque available that its difficult to find any sweet spot in the FleetLiners rev range. We found that shortshifting at 1600rpm worked well in low range and 1800rpm was quite sufficient for clean upshifts in high range. We ran the engine up to 2100rpm for the best engine braking effect, because theres not much available around cruising revs. The FleetLiners flat power curve plateaus at 1500rpm, giving constant power from there to governed revs. As revs fall back from cruise to grunt mode, torque climbs rapidly from 1700Nm at 1600rpm to nearly 2000Nm at 1250rpm. The effect, as youre climbing a grade, is that revs decay very slowly, so road speed stays up. Most undulations can be handled without even a button downshift in the 13speed. If the driver miscalculates and lets the revs fall below the peak torque speed, theres no dramatic collapse on the wrong side of the curve, which still provides 1900Nm at 1100rpm. throttle response We found it best to downshift two gears in high range when running through steep hills, keeping revs around the 1400rpm mark, for the best combination of torque and power. On less demanding stretches of the Pacific Highway, the Mack FleetLiner cruised at 15501600rpm for a speed limited 100kmh, or 1450rpm for a legal 90kmh on nonfreeway stretches. We think Mack may be a little pessimistic gearing the FleetLiner for a 1600rpm cruising speed, because its got plenty of grunt to cope with a 1450rpm 100kmh cruise. Dropping the revs should help fuel consumption on long hauls. Macks VMac cruise control works very well, with twoswitch control over setting, coasting, resuming and accelerating. The system also brings in the Jake and doesnt drop out when you use the clutch. It does bail out, however, photo when road speed gets down around 60kmh, giving you a fright the first time the fire goes out on a steep hill. Noise levels in the CH short cab are higher than in the sleeper version, but what a noise The engine growls in a most pleasant way and makes a characteristic popping noise when the revs get down around 1300rpm you can hear every power stroke. The Jake isnt obtrusive, inside or out. Handling was excellent, with good steering feel and very little cab sway. Badly broken bitumen made its presence known in the cab, but the ride was never harsh. Cornering was helped by instant throttle response at virtually any revs, straightening out nicely on corner exits. We did the SydneyBrisbane run in two hours less than a Mack Manager, pulling the same trailer. Fuel consumption was slightly higher, 5mpg, but the truck had only 2000km on the clock when we collected it and should be good for at least 6mpg when it gets run in properly. easy checks The Mack FleetLiner is an excellent work station, but it isnt perfect. Mack has countered the hot foot brigades complaints by pouring conditioned air into the footwells, but at the expense of facelevel ventilation. The mirrors give a good view and theyre heated for rapid demist in the morning, but an electric adjustment would be useful on the near side one. They also look a bit oldfashioned bolted on the sides of a streamlined cab. Daily checks shouldnt be a problem, thanks to a bonnet that is an easy oneman lift and walkin access to the mechanicals. Oil and coolant levels can be checked without lifting the lid. Macks new FleetLiner is one of the results of the Australian companys changed philosophy give the customers what they want. HIGH AND MIGHTY photo The new Volvo FH12 and its electronic engine is a leap ahead of the Swedish manufacturer. On a trip down the Hume the package gave Yank iron a run for its money. When Volvo unveiled its FH range of trucks in Sweden back in late 93 there was plenty of comment on the radical streamlined design, but the big surprise was the introduction of a 12 litre engine featuring electronics and an overhead camshaft. The D12A engine is a 1 litre inline six cylinder diesel, turbocharged and intercooled, with a seven bearing crankshaft, one cylinder head, overhead cam and four photo valves per cylinder. It has vertical and centrally located unit injectors and electronic fuel injection control. Three horsepower ratings are available, 340, 380 and 420, with torque figures of 1500Nm, 1700Nm and 1850 from the 420 variant. There has been plenty of interest from operators and drivers here, so Volvo put a cavalcade on the road to reach the people, and on its return an FH12 with a number of kilometres on the clock was made available for a road test. The truck wa powered by the D12A420 engine which puts out 309kW 420 metric horsepower or 414 SAE hp between 1700 and 1800rpm, and 1850Nm 1365 ftlb of torque between 1100 and 1300 revs. The 14speed SR1900 synchromesh transmission fitted is a range change gearbox with crawl and two reverse gears, and splitter section, with top gear direct. caption Down at the rear end the final drive is Volvos CTEV87 tandem with single reduction and diff lock, with a ratio of 07, and the suspension is air bag with eight bellows and four double acting hydraulic shock absorbers. The FH12 had a three metre wheelbase, 7 tonne front axle, twoleaf parabolic spring front suspension, ten stud disc wheels, 29580R5 tyres and two 585 litre fuel tanks. Up in the work area this truck was fitted with a number of options including plush trim and wood dash along with a factory fitted fridge, but this merely complemented the roomy cab with its excellent driving position and visibility. The dashboard is curved with controls for ventilation, engine brake and climate control to the left of the driver, and the instrument panel with its full array of gauges and warning lights,is immediately in front of the driver and easily scanned. safety shed Volvo has spent a lot of money on the development of the ergonomics of the cab as well as its aerodynamic shape, and the result is a comfortable work environment and one of the slipperiest cabovers in the business with the accent on fuel savings. Volvo claims the shape of the new cab offers between six and eleven per cent in fuel savings over the F Series trucks, depending on application, and the air drag has been reduced by about 20 per cent.

8 Set down this a conversation had already lapped at Gabriels edges years before. He had paddled in it inattentively, he was just a child, he certainly didnt remember that hed heard it. There are many things people dont know that they know. Once, when I asked Charles why he took photographs so constantly, so obsessively, why he collected other peoples photographs, why he scavenged in secondhand shops and bought, by the shoebox full, old cracked brownandcream records of other peoples pasts, he said So that I will see what Ive seen. Of the Chien hexagram, he said, his ancestor Fu Hsi had this to say Within the Earth there is a Mountain. He smiled, apologetic. Im afraid Fu Hsi had a maddening and elliptical style. Charlie frequently spoke in the maddening elliptical manner of Fu Hsi. He spoke on rice paper in brush stroke that had to be laid down in a ritually specified way. The mountain, as Charlie saw it, was that intractable thing that was always blocking ones view. It was the thing that would not be dislodged. The mountain, according to Charlie, is an obstruction that we partly create, it is the thick solidified lava of the things we know but dont realise we know. Our task, if we want to clamber over or round the mountain, Charlie said, is to observe more sharply, to set everything down, to record the minutiae, to add to the documentation on premonition and coincidence and chance, to know what we know, so that we may inch ourselves toward that place from which everything will be seen and understood. That is why I take photographs, Charlie said. At least to know what we know that would be a start, he said. I think he was right. Consider this recent item in the Sydney Morning Herald a woman was assaulted and robbed late one afternoon on a side street in Darlinghurst. In these days when the quarry seems to dilate and distend itself like a jellyfish in the shallows, when it can pass as invisibly as a virus into the world of order, when the residents of Darlinghurst shelter themselves as from the plague behind high garden walls, no one saw the incident. A black car pulls up these things can only happen in the present tense, they go on and on happening, they never recede, they are always now, the rear door opens, a man leaps out, he holds a knife to the womans throat. After that, confusion. Touching her bruises and cracked ribs, the woman conjectures I think I screamed, I think maybe I struggled, I think I wouldnt let go the strap of my purse, I seem to have been in the back seat of the car, but that cant be right. Pain like a hot poker is all she remembers, and gutter dust in her mouth, and herself as a comma of shock against the kerb. As the car drives off, she stares after it dully. Why does no one come running It happened so fast, she tells the police from a hospital bed. I never saw the driver at all. She seems to have a sharp vision of the cracks on the leather of the back seat, though this cant be right. Of the backseat assailant, however, she recalls with eerie clarity the colour of his eyes, the brown spiky hair sprouting above his head, the freckles, the blister on his lip, the dark hair on his arms, a scar on the third finger of his right hand, the mole at his wrist, and the fact that the knife was a large kitchen knife, the kind used for cubing steak or peeling and chopping pumpkin. Its blade was mottled and old. She remembers having a sharp memory of her grandmother making beef stew and of a long conversation in the kitchen about one of her uncles. And what about the number plate of the car the police ask. The woman is embarrassed and furious with herself. I must have stared at it as the car drove away, she says, frustrated. She remembers what her grandmother was saying about her uncle, but not the number of the car. A police hypnotist is engaged and his lullaby voice cradles her, seduces her, leads her back down the velvet shaft of time to where she lies huddled on the kerb. Can you see the number plate on the car the hypnotist asks. Yes, she says in a sleepers voice. Read the number, the hypnotist commands. And she does. Now you are struggling with your attacker again, the hypnotist says. The woman jackknifes into a selfprotective curve, she throws her hands up in front of her face. The man with the knife cannot harm you, I will not let him harm you, the hypnotist says. Now tell me, can you see the driver of the car I am watching the man with the knife, the woman says, but the driver is in the corner of my eye. Describe the driver, the hypnotist says. Uhh, the woman cries, doubling up again, her hands over her face. He is too close to see, she says. What is the driver doing the hypnotist asks. He is hurting me, the woman sobs. We are in the back seat, he is hurting me. I do not permit him to hurt you, he cannot hurt you, the hypnotist says. Describe the driver, he insists. She describes the driver in detail. Let us suppose, however, that there had been no hypnosis. Remember the woman has told the police that she never saw the driver at all. She is quite certain of this. Let us suppose, however, that the driver of the car had entered her hospital room as a medical orderly. Would she not have recoiled Would she not have felt a violent jolt, an apparently unaccountable and irrational spasm of panic She might tell herself Ive never seen this man before in my life but her body would retain the knowledge of harm. Charlie, an intelligence gatherer himself, a kind of interrogator, a man who had been on both sides of harm, knew that this sort of thing could happen. He knew that it happened all the time. He knew that censors, both hapless and cunning, guard all the doorways of memory. On a different night altogether from the night of the childhood conversation he didnt remember, on a night shortly after he began to work for Charlie, Gabriel was serving at the bar of Charlies Inferno when the judge arrived. I was working, so it must have been a Tuesday or a Wednesday or possibly a Thursday, those were the nights I worked downstairs. Weekends, well, that was upstairs, that was heavy traffic time. It was a Wednesday, I think. My regular table, Charlie the judge asked, and I remember how Gabriel twisted round rather fast from a shelf of spirits at the sound of the voice. I remember that the judge glanced idly, as one does, in the direction of the movement and that the judges hand, which lay lightly on the sleeve of the coat he was handing to Charlie, then registered something the fingers clenched themselves into the palm, and four cords stood up like guy ropes across the back of the judges hand. Then the fingers uncurled and splayed themselves, stretching, and then they relaxed. Gabriel. The judges tone, as always, was cordial and measured. There was a nod of polite but restrained acknowledgment in Gabriels direction, the kind that people with power give to underlings. There was a smile. To me it seemed that the smile implied not only distance and the habit of easy courtesy, but also a warning. Or perhaps I thought so because of the tone of that Gabriel, the civil finality of it, the way it made clear that a passing comment on any matters of shared knowledge was not to be thought of. Although we had met before, in quite other circumstances, the judge and I, he did not seem to be aware of me at all. He turned back to Charlie. My wifes coming separately. And our other guests. Theyre here already, Your Honour, Charlie said, and the way he said it fascinated me, the way the voice seemed like a thing apart from Charlie, a synthetic voice, the voice of a robot, a voice acting the part of a voice. And then the judge moved on quickly unnecessarily quickly, I thought through the small lush atrium corridor, to the restaurant. Charlie was watching Gabriel. What was that all about he asked. Nothing, Gabriel said. Inscrutability is, in fact, a tactical skill, a habit of survival. Charlie had acquired it in childhood. I mastered it quickly, naturally, given the nature of my profession I mean, once I had embarked on my calling. Gabriel, being someone who found truth puzzling, sometimes even painful, but not yet dangerous, was just a learner. Although he tried valiantly to hide it, you could tell he was rattled. Through practice, one can experience shock like a slow wave of sleeping medication one can delay ones reaction for hours or days, even years. I went on making careful notations in the reservations ledger, watching Gabriel and Charlie. After what must have been at least a full minute, Charlie said casually You know the judge Mnh, Gabriel grunted noncommittaly, moving glasses around. Minutes passed. Charlie disappeared through the swing doors into the kitchen. Gabriel mixed two Bloody Marys, placed them on a tray, and took them to the two women at one end of the bar. Charlie came back from the kitchen. Do you Gabriel asked. Do I what Possible elided verbs slid through Charlies mind like stops on a lottery wheel. Know him. Of all possible moments, the one that came back to Charlie with a sick thump so I choose to think now, from this distance, from my vantage point was the two of them in school uniforms himself and the judge going into Changs Grocers Greengrocers on Newmarket Road in Brisbane, and there was Cat, as well as Charlies own parents, behind the counter. But it could as easily have been a picnic at Cedar Creek Falls that he saw, or the railway cutting, how would I know Any splinter had a dangerous edge. Charlie pulled down a shutter. The judge eats here often, he shrugged. Gabriel tapped off two beers for the restaurant and held them out toward Charlie. He smiled. Why dont you read the judges tea leaves, Charlie Charlie said nothing. He was watching Gabriels fingers against the beer glasses, and I was watching Charlie watching Gabriel. His table for eight was the table Judge Robinson Gray always reserved. No doubt his preference stemmed from the habits of a legal mind, from that scrupulous attention to fine points which a judge must cultivate, for he had given standing instructions about many aesthetic details and about placement of the table at the centre of the glasscanopied courtyard. At first this surprised us. Most diners want privacy, intimacy, the romantic, all of which were available off the courtyard, in the ferned enclaves with their glimpses of Rushcutters Bay. Some patrons, however, do not mind being observed. At times His Honour had requested, in his charming way, that an earthenware pot be shifted a little. Its waxy trail of orchids, perhaps, was obscuring another diners view or possibly the showy clusters of bougainvillea were a bother. His Honour would lightly touch the arm of a young waitress who was passing, he would put his hand on her wrist, she would feel constrained to bend close and listen to his whispered request, so that, with their foreheads almost touching, for a moment the two would seem to be lovers. He might even lift the fall of her hair from her cheek and hold it gently aside in a manner both suggestive and dotted line well, judicious, quaintly formal, certainly irreproachable, in order to murmur his order privately.

Superficially it may seem that literary works appeal more to the intellect than the emotions given that active participation is required to decipher a piece of literature. Likewise it may appear that films appeal to emotions, especially of with the use of sensationalism and special effects used to grab an audiences attention. However this does not take into account the fl film makers and the authors ability to l manipulate their medium to create a work. The respective skills expertise of the authorfilm maker and the with and creative use of these, is enough the key to reversing this notion. Intellectual appeal is achieved through active participation, exercise of the imagination, the layering of detail and the multiplicity of levels. It cannot be concluded that only literature fall falls under these elements. Nowhere better is there an example of active participation in a film greater than in Greenaways Prosperos Books. The audience is required to combine all the elements and relate to them to some previous cinematic experience to extract meaning. Greenaway asks the audience to exercise imagination both visually aurally. He layers the images in great detail, using every aspect of photography. It is not the conventional means of achieving simultaneous action and it is the lack of convention that works the mind. Similarly he uses unconventional means in sound. Gielguds Prospero has the voice over for all the characters, a suggeslion suggesting that he has the power over the other characters. When this power is relinquished we hear a more natural realistic use of voices. Likewise sound is used to add depth to character, with distortions for Caliban, echoes and unsynchronised voices. In doing so Greenaway gives the narrative a figurative level as well as a literal one. Shakespeares tale of the Tempest is told but Prospero becomes the creator, and the with Shakespearean power over the content. His pen becomes his sword. The mise en scene is detailed and layered a showing multiplicity of themes. From disorder to order, violence to harmony, nature versus art is all visually presented to the audience, in the detailed imagery that parallels a Renaissance painting. Like Shakespeares poetry, the more Greenaways film is viewed the greater depth of meaning is revealed and on subsequent viewing an audience understands more. It is not the a film that is felt or willed but one where the mind is in control. Films cannot be categorised into those that only mostly deal with emotions as literature cannot be categorised into only appealing to the mind. Literature has the ability to evoke and feelings and tantalise senses. McEwans treatment of the Comfort of Strangers shows an authors skill in touching the disturbing the emotions. Simultaneously he draws the reader and repels. In the same way as Mary and Colin are fascinated with the repulsive the Freudian theory of Unheimlich so to is the reader tantalised by something that is quite disturbing. McEwans to emotional hold over the reader is embedded in the discourse. His style is economical and his careful word choice use make everything said, purposeful. There is the use of many wordunclears that express order and rationality along with those express discomfort and lack of control. Juxtaposition too, ps places routine and pattern alongside disorder and disquiet. Just as the reader feels secure in the text plot it they are imbalanced with something disturbing. There is no nominalisation of the setting, a feeling of insecurity and just as the reader is revealed more and becomes familiar with the known, the plot takes away that security. The reader is beholden to McEwans power, as the just as Mary Colin an are momentarily relaxed in Roberts company to be caught in his power. At this point in the story novel, the reader is not exercising the mind to come to grips with the plot. There may be some psychoanalysis of theme and characters at the conclusion, but the overwhelming ws urge is continue. McEwan has achieved a hold over the emotions while tantalising the senses of the reader. It can b almost be paralleled to Marys urge to scratch the mosquito bites, which knowingly worsen if she does. So the reader is urged to continue in a powerless fashion. Greenaways clever example of an intellectual film and McEwans unclear disturbing novel are fine instances of an film maker and author being able to manipulate their medium. If the art form can be worked to suit the purpose of its creator then it can be categorised into intellectual or emotional boxes. To do this is to deny the ability of a skilled artist. Texts and cinematic translations are fundamentally different medias. They have their own unique set of codes and techniques. It is the use of these codes and techniques that an author a film maker suit to their purpose. A reader or audience will adopt a particular attitude by feeling empathy with the creator or feeling confronted with by them. A playwright has the use of words to create images and time. Hi Themes and viewpoints must be embedded in the discourse and revealed through the characters on stage. Shaws play Pygmalion reveals a number of themes important to his notion of portraying realism. These themes are disguised in his comedy, the art of educating through entertainment. The these of comment on socioeconomic bin level class tied to money is expressed through his variety of characters the EynsfordHills have respectability and no money, Higgins treats all classes equally rude. Elizas independence comes with education, she will be able to teach as Higgins does to make her way, for. The theme of technologys effect on humanity is discussed, Eliza is Higgins Pickerings experiment, devoid of humanity and feelings not taken into consideration. Shaws use of comedy, Mrs Higgins athome party as an example, to enables his audience to escape the realism of the class struggle, they suspend their unclear disbelief momentarily in entertainment. By embedding his attitude in genre, style and technique, Shaw educates his audiences, reveals his viewpoint but disguises it in entertainment that allows diverts the audience to be from the immediacy of the world around them. The film maker must use a different set of codes and techniques to reveal point of view. Pascals, 1938, production of Pygmalion adopts a romantic attitude to Shaws play. Unlike Shaws Pygmalion with its nonromantic outlook between the sexes, the aim this film adopts the opposing view. Although it adheres to the text, for the most part, for it is in the conclusion where the film makers true intention lies. The ending is altered significantly, taking the romantic approach, one universally appealing. In addition to the screen play being a significant element so too are the visual images created. Pascals production has a younger physically attractive Higgins, a romantic quality, all making the romantic conclusion more acceptable. Similarly, Eliza is less repulsive, dirty, whose voice doesnt irritate as imagined it should. The realism if the lower class struggle, its poverty, lack of education and means is softened. These subdued images is creates a a fantasy for the audience and a form of escape. The big screen, with its commanding attention is size, proximity and movement may well overwhelm its audience with i unclear the ugliness of realism. The film maker, in addition to screenplay and characters has used sound and all aspects of mise en scene to develop the romantic notion. The music is melodramatic in Pascals Pygmalion and the to lighting and scenery is subdued concealing the true images of London lower class life. The filmmaker is concerned with making the visual aspects significant whilst the playwright making significant visual Robert Richardson Literature the Novel Both must use the codes and techniques of their own medium to develop attitude The playwrit playwright has only words which are revealed through character plot whilst the film maker has visual um immediacy full of detail, which mu The statement provided in the question do assist in analyzing the unclear story The Dead and the film The Chant of Jimmy Blacksmith. There are other issues touched on in both of these works, though the conflict between two sets of cultural values is evident in both. In The Dead, the conflict, or conflicts, arise essentially between past and present. The figure of Gabriel, product of a new intellectual order, seemingly happy with Gretta, is pitted against the old ways in the shape of many of the other characters. He is of a cosmopolitan viewpoint or at least a viewpoint encompassing more than Ireland, which is one of the basic tenets of the everymans emerging perception of himself versus the world. The old, insular notions of nonquestioning, nonintellectualism are displayed most of all by Gabriel two old aunts. Their old age is a metaphor for the decrepitude into which their thinking has fallen. This is the dying society of The Dead. One of nonquestioning being replaced by another intellectual one. The evidence is to be found at several points through the story. Firstly, there is the discussion of singers, in which despite even the evidence in front of their ears, as it were, of Mr Bartell Darcy, all the best singers were long ago. The golden age for these people is way back when. When it is suggested that such singers exist in other locales on the Continent, it is dismissed as an irrelevancy. They cannot adapt. Gabriel, in his speech, speaks of preserving the old fashioned honest values of welcome and kindness that Irelands famous for. They are being lost to the new hyperintellectuals. It is certainly a cynical and ironic speech, spoken certainly for the audience, given that he considers his aunts to be ignorant. In his mind even it is possible he knows that their kind is slipping away, and he most likely does not altogether mourn for that. There are surprises for him too, however, that are ironic in light of his new thinking. Upon arriving, his programmed chatting with a girl he has seen grow into a young woman, should by the polite game of conversation in this culture, see her happily and conventionally talking of taking her place in the culture regardless of her personal feelings. Instead her exclamations regarding her true thoughts on men demonstrate a break from the past. The fact that Gabriel is not prepared for this shows him to be a unclear raw product of this dying culture, even if he has attempted to refine himself. His The crow to pluck that Miss Ivors has with him points out an even different restructuring from a simple ignorance to intellectual thought. Miss Ivors, while clearly breaking with tradition in many ways, nonetheless seems to see Ireland and its wellbeing the first duty of any citizen. Her gently prodding of G.C. over his lit reviews seems at first a playful jibe, but her calling him, in public, a West Briton, mainly due to his holiday destination it would seem, show that there is not a onetoone correlation between becoming intellectually aware, and increasing ones horizons. The old society of nonquestioning is dying, but it is being replaced by a multitude of new thoughts, as bef its a critically analytical culture. Finally, the revelations that Gretta provides in terms of Michael Furey reveal how pointless Gabriels intellectual travail has been, how much it appears to have stifled him as a feeling person. It points out that the death of a nonthinking culture is not altogether a good thing if the capacity to feel is lost as well. In the end, it doesnt matter. The blanket of snow falls, death comes regardless of thought, and the struggle of birth becomes an irrelevance. Still, this is the central theme of the story, and is helpful to bear in mind in analyzing it. In The Chant of Jimmy Blacksmith, the story is played out against the backdrop of impending federation in Australia. This differs from the dead in that it is only a political realignment, rather than a fundamental cultural emergence.

Danger and Context Unsafe Anal Sexual Practice among Homosexual and Bisexual Men in the AIDS Crisis R.W. Connell, J. Crawford, G.W. Dowsett, S. Kippax, V. Sinnott, P Rodden, R. Berg School of Behavioural Sciences Macquarie University D. Baxter AIDS Council of New South Wales L. Watson Department of Government University of Sydney ABSTRACT Exploring the social dimension of sexuality is crucial to prevention strategies for AIDS. New developments in social theories of sexuality can inform empirical research. A survey of 535 gay and bisexual men in New South Wales and the Australian Capital Territory was designed in the light of practicebased analyses of gender and sexuality. Anal intercourse without condoms ranks high in physical and emotional significance though it is known to be relatively unsafe with regard to transmission of the human immunodeficiency virus. This practice shows few statistical connections to variables describing social structure, but is linked to variables describing gay social milieu attachment, patterns of sexuality, and awareness of the situation created by the AIDS crisis. Potentially dangerous anal practice is more common within established relationships and especially common with men who describe themselves as monogamous. This creates dilemmas for prevention strategy. Connections between social variables and the frequency of unprotected anal intercourse point to the importance of informed social support for safer sex. Prevention strategy needs to emphasise collective action, not just personal change. INTRODUCTION A public health crisis has been created by the recent spread of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus HIV. This is the virus responsible for the Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome AIDS in a considerable proportion of those infected by it. Sexual intercourse is the main transmission pathway of the virus, on a world scale mainly heterosexual intercourse in Africa, principally homosexual intercourse among men in many advanced capitalist countries. Other pathways exist, notably via blood transfusion and via needle sharing among injecting drug users the former in decline, the latter on the rise in New York City and southern Europe this has now become the main source of new cases. In Australia the main pathway so far has been sexual intercourse among homosexual men. Since there is no medical cure for AIDS, the responsibility for stopping the epidemic falls on social and educational action. The centrepiece has been the campaign for safe sex conducted by gay mens media, gay communitybased organisations, and the public health system. A detailed account of these programs is given by Dowsett, 1989. Rules for safe sex have been formulated and circulated use condoms, avoid exchange of body fluids, etc. Some recent evidence on the declining rate of new HIV infection suggests these programs are having an effect Burcham et al., 1989. But the continuing spread of the virus demands continued preventive action. Safe sex work still faces many dilemmas. Why does unsafe practice continue In what settings does it occur Should campaigns be targeted on particular groups What kinds of information are most needed What kinds of appeal work best fear altruism solidarity Social, rather than medical, research is required to provide answers to these questions. We think it important that the specific capacities of the social sciences to deal with these issues should be recognised and mobilised. The epidemiological category of a risk group, for instance, can be very misleading when uncritically applied to educational issues. It needs to be replaced by an understanding of the historicallyconstituted pathways of transmission in different social and cultural milieux. There is a strong tendency in research on AIDS to abstract particular behaviours from their contexts in personal and social life. This often renders them unintelligible and gives little guidance for preventive action. A close attention to social context is mandatory for any analysis of sexual behaviour, given what is known about the strength of the social patterning of sexual conduct Gagnon and Simon, 1974 Caplan, 1987. However, the social context is not selfexplanatory. Weak allusions to social context abound in the literature of behavioural medicine studies of health behaviour often include an undifferentiated set of social or demographic descriptor items among their independent variables. Implicitly, the social in such research is understood as a static set of influencesontheindividual. This is profoundly inadequate in the light of modern social theory, which emphasises the active interplay between personal practice and social structure, and especially in the light of contemporary work on gender and sexuality Connell, 1987 Weeks, 1986. Sexuality must be understood as inherently social, not merely as a biologicalphenomenon withasocialcontext. Many social relationships are in considerable part constituted by sexuality, forming networks and institutions which, like all other forms of social structuring, are dynamic in historical time. Such evolving patterns of social relationship form the crucially important contexts of particular sexual practices. Here we are concerned to develop this approach to a key issue in prevention. The group of most concern in Australian preventive work so far is men who have sex with men whether selfidentified as gay or not. The sexual practice which appears in international research to be the main pathway of HIV transmission among gay men Kingsley et al., 1987 is anal intercourse not protected by condoms. Anal intercourse, as it happens, is not just a risky element in a sexual repertoire. It is a practice that has had major historical significance in the social construction of mens homosexuality. It was specifically targeted by religious and criminal sanctions against the abominable crime of buggery and has remained central to hostile stereotypes of homosexual men. Accordingly it became a major issue in attempts at law reform and in the Gay Liberation movements claims for sexual freedom. See for instance Kinsmans 1987 interesting discussion of these themes in Canadian gay history. It is a practice with a heavy load of social meaning. For gay men it is likely to symbolise oppression and freedom even for those who do not find it a significant part of sexual pleasure. Our data on contemporary practice come from a survey of sexuality among homosexual and bisexual men in New South Wales and the Australian Capital Territory. In another report Connell and Kippax, 1990 we have shown that analgenital intercourse is regarded by the respondents in this survey as the most physically satisfying practice in the sexual repertoire, and among the more emotionally satisfying. It is part of a welldefined pattern of anal sex which emerges in a factor analysis of an inventory of sexual practice. Elsewhere Connell et al.,l989 we have shown a marked drop in the reported frequency of this practice and of others believed to be unsafe. In this paper we explore a series of questions. What appraisals are being made of unprotected anal sex by our respondents how risky is it thought to be In what groups and settings is it most often occurring, and where is it relatively rate What light does a study of those contexts throw on the dynamics of the collective response to the HIV epidemic And how can this knowledge be used in the design of prevention work FIELDWORK AND SAMPLE The Social Aspects of Prevention of AIDS SAPA project is a joint undertaking of the communitybased AIDS Council of New South Wales and social scientists from Macquarie University and the University of Sydney. The first stage of a longterm research program was a survey of social and sexual practice among gay and bisexual men. Most AIDS prevention research, in Australia as in the United States, has been confined to metropolitan samples. The SAPA sample was mainly drawn from metropolitan Sydney but was also designed to include men from rural areas and small cities in New South Wales and the Australian Capital Territory in numbers roughly proportional to population. A nonclinical sample was sought, to complement and move beyond the clinical and epidemiological research currently underway in Sydney Sydney AIDS Study Group, 1984. It was also decided, to maximise the quality of the data and the diversity of the sample, to use face to face interviews rather than the selfadministered questionnaires which are common in United States research, and to do as many interviews as possible in respondents homes rather than at a university or medical facility. This resulted in a very complex and time consuming piece of fieldwork which is described in detail in a report available from the authors Connell et al., 1988. Fieldwork lasted from September 1986 to March Interviewers were mostly gay and bisexual men. All were recruited specifically for this project and were given detailed training which covered the design of the project, technicalities of the questionnaire, AIDS issues generally, and problems of interviewing about sexuality. Respondents were recruited via appeals in mainstream mass media advertising and news items in gay media distribution of cards at clinics, saunas, gay community events, etc. circulars and visits to gay mens groups and organisations and personal networks e.g.snowballing from early respondents. 535 interviews were completed. The interview schedule covered approximately 1,000 items of information and usually took from one and a half to two hours to complete. We defined the population for the study as men who have sex with men , or have had within the last five years, regardless of identity. Eightynine per cent or respondents described themselves as gay, homosexual or camp 8 per cent described themselves as bisexual or heterosexual. Broad social characteristics of the sample are shown under Structure Variables in table A comparison with census and labour force statistics across a range of variables details in Connell et al., 1988 shows that many characteristics of the SAPA sample resemble, to a fair approximation, those of the general population of adult men. Differences emerge in religion, with a high proportion reporting none and in region, where the sample has a concentration in the neighbourhood of Oxford Street, the main centre of gay commercial and social life in Sydney. A difference also emerges in social class, with workingclass men underrepresented. The class bias is unfortunate, but is by no means as marked as in comparable United States research e.g. Research and Decisions Corporation, 1984 Bauman and Siegel, 1987. Given the difficulties of sampling in such fieldwork well discussed by Watters and Biernacki, 1989, the SAPA sample is satisfactorily diverse. THE INVENTORY OF SEXUAL PRACTICES The studys major source of information on sexual conduct was an inventory of items on sexual practices. Pilot interviews for the project used a long undifferentiated list of practices. This was conceptually cumbersome and proved very slow to administer some way of condensing the interview without losing detail was essential. Accordingly, we adapted from Campbell et al. 1986 the device of distinguishing in the layout of the questionnaire general categories of practice from more specific details. For instance the section of the inventory on unprotected anal intercourse with ejaculation looked like this Anal Intercourse Fucking2 without condoms Activegiving Fucking partner and cuming inside Receiving being fucked with partner cuming It was possible to record responses for both general and specific categories. But if a respondent reported, for instance, no experience of the general category, the specific categories were skipped. This shortened the inventory in most interviews sexual athletes excepted. The inventory contained 16 general categories of practice, with 40 specific categories, making 56 items in all. Three of the general categories concerned anal intercourse one without condoms and with ejaculation one without ejaculation and one with condoms this last is not discussed in this paper. In the course of the interview, the interviewer worked through the full inventory up to seven times, with questions of differing orientation. The three which are of most concern here were about sex with men in ones private sex life aExperienceenjoyment. With each one, could you tell me if you have tried it and if you have, how much you enjoyed it 3 point rating scale bFrequency regular partner. How often in the last 6 months have you done any of the activities below with your regular male partners 3 point rating scale cFrequency casual partners. How often in the last 6 months have you done any of the activities below with your casual male partners 3 point rating scale

Official probe involves former top policeman By ALEX MITCHELL NSW Ombudsman David Landa is investigating a car accident involving the former head of the Drug Enforcement Agency, Assistant Commissioner Eric Strong. Mr Strong took early retirement last month from his job as the States top drugs investigator. His decision to quit the police force after 30 years distinguished service is not connected with Mr Landas investigation. The complaint about Mr Strong was referred to the Ombudsmans Office by a State MP last year. It followed a car accident in the city on a Friday night after work. Mr Strong is believed to have returned to police headquarters shortly after the accident where he was interviewed by police. The Ombudsmans Office has not yet decided whether its investigation warrants a report to Police Minister Ted Pickering. A decision will be taken in the next two or three weeks. Mr Strongs decision to seek early retirement shocked his colleagues who had expected him to stay at the DEA for a full term of at least three years. He was apparently concerned about the proliferation of elite agencies such as the rival State Drug Crime Commission and the National Crime Authority as well as the emergence of the Independent Commission Against Corruption ICAC. In a controversial speech last year, Mr Strong said the answer to law enforcement was not necessarily to have the NSW taxpayer fund additional investigating agencies. Mr Strong took over the newlyformed DEA at the end of 1988 after a period of secondment with the NCA. In its first 11 months the DEA rolled 14 drug syndicates operating in NSW, Mr Strong said recently. His position in the police hierarchy was so powerful that he was also given overall control of the gaming and vice squads. Mr Strong is known to have resented an ICAC hearing in which he figured late last year. He and other four senior officers Assistant Commissioner Tony Lauer, Detective Chief Inspectors Heinz Moeller and Barry Dunn and retired Chief Superintendent Ernie Sheperd were subsequently cleared of any wrongdoing by the anticorruption commissioner Mr Ian Temby, QC. The ICAC investigation centred on the 1985 police raid on premises occupied by corrupt Sydney businessman Frank Hakim during which the officers were alleged to have planted heroin. Hakim was convicted in January 1987 of possessing heroin and later sentenced to six and a half years jail, along with the former Corrective Services Minister Rex Jackson over the early release of prisoners. During the inquiry, Mr Strong made an impassioned outburst saying he resented being the subject of an ICAC investigation. Ironically, the five officers brought before the ICAC were all allies of Police Commissioner John Avery and played a leading role in regionalising the old CIB and ridding the force of corrupt officers. Gunman shoots seven By Keith Gosman SEVEN people were wounded yesterday when a crazed gunman opened fire near a surf carnival. Hundreds of spectators fled in terror when the gunman, armed with a .223 automatic rifle and shotgun, sprayed gunfire as crowds left the surf carnival opposite Burleigh Heads Hotel, on the Gold Coast. The gunman, dressed in black with a cartridge belt around his waist, was laughing while he was shooting from the balcony of his secondfloor unit. People fled or took cover behind trees as the gunman left the unit and ran through Burleigh Heads, firing at random. He continued firing for 15 minutes until he was shot in the arm by police sergeant Bob Baker, 38, and overpowered by two security guards. A witness said How a lot of people did not get killed is beyond me. A 78yearold woman was in a serious condition in Southport Hospital last night with stomach and leg wounds. Another victim, a bridesmaid, was hit in the leg when the gunman shot at a passing wedding car. Police were questioning a 26yearold Gold Coast man last night and charges were expected to be laid. Security guard Drew Fisher, 21, said he and partner John Gooch were patrolling the carnival when they heard shots coming from all directions. Mr Fisher said they ran towards the shooting and saw a man carrying an automatic rifle and 12guage shotgun. He was firing at random at cars going past, he said. The guards took cover behind bushes 15 metres from the gunman. The sniper was then shot in the arm by the police sergeant and tackled and disarmed by the guards. A Witness, Merryck Williams, said he saw an old lady slumped next to a car riddled with bullet holes. She was bleeding badly as her husband and friends tried to comfort her. Another old lady was shot in the leg, people were screaming and running in all directions, Mr Williams said. He said he saw the gunman standing on the balcony, laughing and shooting. Gold coast resident Brian Kimmins said he had driven into the bottle shop at the Burleigh Heads Hotel when the shooting began. People started running around the corner from the hotel bar, Mr Kimmins said. Someone said hes coming this way and people started bolting. He went through a hell of a lot of ammunition. How a lot of people did not get killed is beyond me. A neighbour said the gunmans unit was covered in slogans such as Satan and bloodstains marked the walls. Police said the gunman was still laughing after his arrest and when they asked him why he went on the rampage, he replied Because I wanted to. It is believed the shooting followed a row at the Burleigh Heads Hotel. Migrant issue Howards move By BRUCE JONES Political Correspondent AUSTRALIA should be able to have a fullblooded, willing immigration debate without people being bullied into silence through fears that they will be tagged as racists, former Federal Opposition Leader John Howard said yesterday. Mr Howard, whose previous remarks about slowing the pace of Asian immigration created a furore, insisted it was impossible to address manpower policy and the labour market without looking at immigration. Mr Howard has just been appointed shadow Industrial Relations Minister and chairman of the Coalitions new manpower and labour market reform group by Opposition Leader John Hewson. Unfortunately, whenever anybody says anything about immigration in this country those who defend the ethnic bureaucratic status quo say you are a racist and I think that is a great pity, Mr Howard said. Why cant we debate the economics of immigration Why cant we have a debate as to whether its a plus or a minus Nobody in politics is seriously arguing that you dont get migrants from all around the world and you dont try and pick people to a substantial degree on the basis of what contribution they are going to make to the country. But the total volume and the mix between skilled and unskilled migrants are legitimate subjects for debate. The thing only becomes racist if people are discriminated against. Opposition immigration spokesman Philip Ruddock also warned yesterday that a shift away from economic migration, resulting in increased welfare and other costs, could undermine broad community support for immigration. At present, about half Australias immigrants are selected on the basis of skills, employer nominations and business migration with the remainder comprising family reunions and refugees. The Coalition believes that is probably a reasonable balance but senior Liberals are know to be concerned that under the new leftwing Immigration Minister Gerry Hand there could be a shift. Mr Ruddock said that important issues that would be central to the immigration debate included bullet A clear view of what Australias sustainable population should be over both the short and longer term. bulletThe economic and environmental consequences of a target population level. bulletThe criteria for migrant entry and specific economic criteria that may need to be met. bulletAppropriate administrative arrangements for casebycase examination of refugee claims or humanitarian considerations. In other developments, a recent call by Dr Hewson for a rational and mature debate on the level of Australias migrant intake was backed by NSW Opposition Leader Bob Carr. Mr Carr said the national immigration level should be reduced from around 140,000 a year to between 70,000 and 100,000 because of increasing pressure on Sydneys limited resources. Their remarks followed claims by former Finance Minister Peter Walsh that the immigration program was seriously aggravating Australias economic problems in the short term. To maintain a stable level of unemployment, economic growth has to be 1 per cent higher because of the immigration program, Senator Walsh said. It is now well documented that 1 per cent GDP growth translates into 2 or 3 per cent higher imports. Its bleeding investment away from the productive sector because of social infrastructure and its feeding the population growth of Sydney. However, Prime Minister Bob Hawke rejected the view, claiming that Australias immigration intake was about right and not a strain on the economy. Mr Hawke also dismissed those who supported reduced immigration or zero immigration as the Rainbow Alliance a strange group of people spanning the extreme Left through to the extreme Right. Im not by philosophic disposition a low immigration person, Mr Hawke said. I would hope that as we go on that we may be able to look at higher levels of immigration. That would be my propensity. Flood victims to receive 3,000 grant From JOHN SYNNOTT in Dubbo THE battling residents of Nyngan will receive an initial grant of 3,000 per household, Premier Nick Greiner announced yesterday. The Government cash would go towards replacing essential appliances such as washing machines, refrigerators, ovens, and bedding, said Mr Greiner during his second visit in a week to the devastated town. In addition, further incomestested assistance will be available for households suffering losses greater than 3, Later, facing a crowd of worried Nyngan evacuees in Dubbo, he promised they would get the whole truth and no bull about the situation in their isolated northern NSW town. But he said his Government would use its powers to prevent residents returning to the flooded town, now a major health risk. He sought to reassure the 2,300 evacuees who have been told they may not return to Nyngan for at least two weeks. The residents are angry that only an advanced group of 30, chosen on Friday, may return to clean out rotting food from homes and shops. There were reports yesterday of gastroenteritis among some emergency workers in Nyngan and in Dubbo evacuees were being inoculated against tetanus. Nyngan has no water or sewerage and the hot weather has increased health risks for the 100 essential service personnel in the town. The public health situation is beyond argument, said Mr Greiner. Many evacuees are anxious to go home. Robyn Lemon said the worst thing was not knowing how her business and home were. But Mr Greiner said Unless public health is fixed, its perfectly obvious nothing else is going to happen in Nyngan. During the visit he acknowledged many residents would not be covered by insurance for flood damage and said the present arrangement may have to be investigated. After touring Nyngan, which he described as a desolate and sad sight, Mr Greiner said roads, rail and health would be rectified this week. An openair concert organised by the State Government, featuring country singer John Williamson, heartened evacuees in Dubbo yesterday. But the shock and emotion of the weeks events caught up with them. Some wept when Williamson sang True Blue and recited a poem written specially for them. The Department of Family and Community Services and St Vincent de Paul are collecting items at the Sydney Showgrounds sports pavilion for the next 10 days from 9 am to 5 pm. Hundreds of people in cars, trailers, and utes poured into the showground yesterday with stoves, chairs and tables, clothes, toasters and electric jugs. St Vincent executive manager John Moore said it was an absolutely remarkable display of generosity. You can ring the Family and Community Services Departments regional office on 289 8400 tomorrow for ways to help.

NINE RETIREMENT, OLD AGE AND EVER AFTER Although most of us dont like to think about retirement, let alone old age or death, it is inevitable and we should therefore plan for its advent. Our ageing population is on the increase and with its seemingly exponential growth comes the fear that one day, not too far away, the government wont be able to look after us. We need to start preparing for our old age while we are still young. SUPERANNUATION GUARANTEE The federal government, realising that it would be unable to support financially an ever increasing number of pensioners, introduced legislation to ensure that employers contribute to their employees superannuation. The legislation is known as the Superannuation Guarantee. Basically, it rules that employers must contribute to their employees superannuation. By now, most of you are probably aware that your employer, if you have one, is so obliged. Your boss had until August 14, 1993 to start making contributions. Most employers began payments when the legislation came into effect in July Do you know if contributions have been made on your behalf and, if so, where that money is invested A survey of the general public revealed a very low awareness of the importance of superannuation. We asked people if their boss put super aside for them and whether they knew how much or where the money was deposited. Unfortunately quite a few people were unsure of their entitlements. Rather than just leaving employer superannuation contributions up to your boss andor the government there are a couple of things worth remembering bullet Its your entitlement and therefore your money, not your bosss. bulletIf your boss didnt start contributing on your behalf until August 1993, they should have backdated the payments to July Some awards started paying super before this. bulletIf contributions have been made on your behalf, the super fund which holds your contributions should send you a financial report at least once every twelve months. Most good funds will send reports more often. bulletIf your boss hasnt made any contributions they should be detected by the Tax Office, asked to make your contributions and to pay a fine. bulletThe amount you get depends on the size of the company you work for. Small businesses with a payroll of 1 million or less currently pay 3 of your gross income increasing to 4 per cent in July 1994 and larger companies pay 5, increasing to 9 for all employees by 1 July One of the potential problems with employersponsored super is that every time you change jobs the super fund to which your new boss contributes will probably change too. To avoid having lots of little super accounts and losing track of your money you should rollover your super fund every time you change jobs. The first time it happens, choose a well managed rollover fund with low up front fees and rollover your super into that fund. Every time you change jobs, roll the money over into that same fund. That way you wont lose track of your money. There are some cases where the boss does not have to pay an employee super, such as bulletemployee paid less than 450 gross per month bulletemployee over 65 bulletemployee under 18 who works 30 hours or less per week bulletemployee paid for domesticprivate work for 30 hours or less per week. So where does that leave you Well firstly, if you have never received a statement from your superannuation fund and are concerned that your boss is not paying your superannuation ask your company accountant or payroll officer if and where your money is deposited. You have a right to know where YOUR money is. If you have any queries regarding employersponsored superannuation call the Superannuation Guarantee Hotline on 13 10 If you have any complaints or concerns regarding your superannuation write or call your local Tax Office. WILL YOU BE ABLE TO LIVE OFF YOUR SUPER The boss making contributions for you sounds all right doesnt it But as Paul Clitheroe said, I can tell you that your payout will be enough to live on, but not at the level you live at now. Pauls company, IPAC Securities, did some calculations for us to find out how much youd have when you retire if you only rely on your employers super contributions. Based on the average wage or 40 per week, someone now aged 30, aiming to retire at 55 on their employer super contributions alone, would end up with a retirement income of around 100 per week. Now look, this is a real problem, says Paul. The old age pension now February 1994 is around 158 per week and thats tough enough. Australian Bureau of Statistics, average wage as at November Retirement income based on inflation of 3, salary growth of 5, investment growth of 6 and a life span of a further 20 years. PLANNING FOR RETIREMENT The main reason we have superannuation funds is to pay for our retirement. After all, once we stop working we dont want to live on government support if we can help it. Hopefully, however, the government will continue to provide for those of us that cant provide for ourselves. Lets have a look and see how our ageing population fares at the moment. Fiftyseven per cent of the Australian population aged 60 to 70 years are not receiving an Age Pension and only one third of those aged 70 and over are not on an Age Pension. The simple moral behind these statistics is most us dont save enough during our working lives to allow for a comfortable retirement. Assuming that the government is not going to be able to afford to pay for the entire ageing population to retire in the style to which they have become accustomed, how much do we need to put into super to look after ourselves Once again we stepped out into the streets and Patrick Lindsay asked some passersby if they had ever thought how much they might need to invest in super to be able to retire in comfort. Maybe five per cent, said one woman. Umm, probably about two per cent, said another. I havent the vaguest idea, said one young man. Its not something I have contemplated terribly often. Well, if you were thinking along the same lines as the people we spoke to, you may be unpleasantly surprised. Lets look at three retirement scenarios using the following assumptions bulletinflation 3 bulletsalary growth 5 bulletinvestment growth 6. To obtain a retirement income equivalent to 75 per cent of her final salary, a 30yearold woman planning to retire at 60 will need to invest almost 207 of her gross wage assuming she is only just starting super contributions. So, if she is on an income of 400, she would need to invest, or have invested on her behalf, 75 a week in super for 30 years. Of course, her employer should be making some compulsory contributions, but only 35 per cent, growing to 9 per cent of her wage by But, remember she needs to put away 7 of her wage to meet her retirement needs, which means that she needs to make a self contribution of 77 of her wage 73, 79. A 25yearold man planning to retire on 75 of his income at age 60, will need to invest 12 of his salary, less employer contributions. The later in life you start the more you need to save.A 50 year old man planning to retire on 75 of his income at age 65 would need to invest 5 of his income, less employer super contributions. Source IPAC Securities Limited This may sound alarming but the reality is that most of us have already joined super funds and therefore dont need to join one. We just need to increase our contributions. Many people also have alternative investments such as houses which can bring in rent, or, if necessary, can be sold. Remember to review your superannuation regularly and whatever you do, dont rely on your employers contributions to see you through your retirement. For further information contact your accountant or financial planner. Department of Social Security SUPERANNUATION RIPOFFS We know that superannuation is a little complicated but by now we all know that it is something we should have. Sadly, in the past, many of us have been the victim of dirty tricks when we have taken out superannuation. The federal government has finally taken action following a 1993 report on superannuation fees, charges and commissions by a select committee of the senate. The government now requires superannuation companies to disclose their commissions and their upfront fees. The government will clamp down on any sales people who use questionable selling techniques. Patrick Lindsay, who, as you will see later, had a bone to pick with one of the super companies, interviewed a former superannuation agent, Bernie Johnson. Bernie had been an agent with one of the largest life insurance companies for fifteen years and used to train other agents in the art of selling. He became disillusioned with commissionbased selling tactics and left the industry. Over a couple of years from 1991 to 1993 the senate select committee investigated various allegations made about the insurance industry. The committee reported on bullethidden fees bulletmidstream charges bulletburied clauses bulletthe lack of a dispute resolution procedure. MONEY One of the most common problems hinges on the sometimes huge upfront fees and high agents commissions made in the first two years of contributions. We hunted around and got a hold of a number of policies which appeared to have very high upfront charges and set about finding out whether or not the policy owners knew about these fees. Philip was one of the policy holders who appeared on our programme. He had hoped to rollover all his past super contributions to his new employers fund. We sat with him while he rang his super company to ask how much was in there. Yes, he said, its had two premium put in and its just about to get another one dotted lineIm considering changing dotted line The bottom line was that Philip had paid in 6,000 over two years, but when he placed the call he found he only had 2,050 to roll over. A massive 3,950 of his contributions had disappeared in fees, commissions and early withdrawal charges. So you take out the charges for the entire life of the policy during the first two years exclaimed Philip in surprise. When he got off the phone he said to Patrick, Thats just totally obliterated my faith. I mean, Im supposed to put my financial future in their hands and these are the people Im trusting, who I think are ripping me off. Patrick Lindsay, like Philip and millions of other Australians, has a super policy. I took it out in 1990 with the AMP, explained Patrick, and since then Ive put in more than 13,But when I checked to see if I could roll it over to the Channel 9 super scheme I found out I would only get 3,Almost 10,000 has gone in agents commissions, administration fees and contribution tax Patrick decided to discuss his policy with Guy Amon, principal consultant for AMP Consulting and Superannuation Services. Patrick took the camera crew with him. How much of that policy is going in agents commission asked Patrick. Mr Amon replied, If you give me your policy here, Id like to take it away and look at it. Im happy then to give you an answer in writing, but Im not prepared to do it dotted line But surely, interrupted Patrick, youve got a situation where 13,000 went in and 3,000 is available, 10,000 has gone somewhere. Im entitled to know how much of that went in agents commission. The AMP has a policy of not disclosing commissions on particular sales, replied Mr Amon. But what have you got to hide asked Patrick. Why cant you explain that Ive got nothing to hide because I dont know what the agents costs are. I could, theoretically, tell you if it wasnt for our policy of not disclosing commissions. I could, theoretically, tell you what the commission was, so thats not the issue.

5 Feminism and critique from Marx to Habermas Once the site of some of the most vigorous debates in modern feminist theory, the topic of feminisms relations to Marxism could hardly appear more exhausted than it does today. Contemporary feminism is, of course, not alone in its recent loss of faith and interest in the critical potentialities of Marxism. The reasons for this general crisis of confidence cannot be debated here. What can be discussed, however, is the more specific issue of the significance which contemporary feminism has given to its own turn away from Marxism. The following brief reconstruction of some main episodes in the rise and fall of feminisms interest in the capacities of Marxism as a critique of an alienated modernity is guided by a hermeneutical concern. What does the shifting character of feminisms interest in Marxs theory of alienation suggest about changes in feminisms understanding of its own role as cultural critique The early Marxist feminists had not, generally speaking, looked to Marxs theory of alienation to produce new insights into the lived conditions of women in capitalist society. It was, rather, the apparent capacity of this theory to anchor and to provide ultimate justification for the kinds of critical observations elaborated by feminists themselves that seemed the main attraction. Marxs theory of alienation had seemed to offer an account of our species character from the vantage point of which the lived condition of modern women could be shown as a distortion and a travesty. It is not particularly useful at this juncture to again rehearse the motivations for feminisms collapse in confidence in Marxs theory of alienation. To my mind, the remaining relevant question is what is the fate of the task which this kind of theory had once seemed to perform for feminism once the theory itself no longer seems qualified to perform it Does contemporary feminisms turn from Marxs theory of alienation lead on to a search for new, less problematic, ways of justifying and establishing the rationality of feminisms own critical reflections on the lived conditions of modern women Or is a more radical response called for, one which abandons altogether the demand for ultimate criteria capable of rationally justifying feminisms critical reflections This kind of hermeneutical interest is again the point of view which informs the subsequent, rather longer, discussion of contemporary feminisms relations to Habermas radical endeavours to ground the normative commitments of social and cultural criticism. What does feminism reveal about its own sense of its options and future directions by the nature of its interest in, and the kinds of objections it raises about, Habermas model of sociocultural interpretation and criticism Feminism and Marxs humanism The question of Marxs credentials as a humanist has been debated endlessly and I do not propose to buy into a dispute over the existence of a rupture in his thought which drew him away from early humanist commitments. My interest here is confined to a brief exploration of the efforts made by some early Second Wave feminists to appropriate an interpretation of Marxs humanism. I distinguish three main episodes in feminisms changing estimations of the significance of Marxs humanism. In the first we see the efforts of, for example, Sheila Rowbotham and Zillah Eisenstein to appropriate for feminism an anthropological reading of Marxs theory of alienation.1 This first episode is quickly followed by the elaboration of a critical posture in which a socalled dualsystems theory discovered that Marxs anthropology is based on a gender prejudice that attributes significance to a very narrow range of human activities in modern society.2 This second episode, in which feminism broaches a critique of the gender prejudices embedded in Marxs delineation of a presently alienated human essence , meant a major shift in the use feminism could make of Marxs theory of alienation. By endorsing the conception of a denied human essence which underpinned Marxs theory of alienation, the early feminism of Eisenstein and Rowbotham had been able to look to the categories of Marxism to supply a perspective on the emancipatory potentialities dormant in the life conditions of modern women. The critique of the gender prejudices in the Marxist conception of human essence meant that Marxs theory of alienation was ruined for the dualsystems theorists as an instrument of cultural criticism. Henceforth, the Marxist theory of alienation appeared itself as an object of critique, and as a deficient description of the range of human activities in bourgeois society a deficiency which dualsystems theory sought strenuously to redress. It is, however, the third episode in this narrative which occupies the greatest contemporary interest. This last episode in the discussion suggests that feminism has a vital interest in the attempt to historicise the humanist commitments which underpin Marxs culturecritique intentions. It is said that this historicising interest requires a radical departure from fundamental aspects of Marxs own theory of alienation and points to the necessity for an alternative paradigm of social interpretation. To Seyla Benhabib and others, Habermas theory of communicative action seems to offer a way of retaining the critical potential of the ideals of modern humanism without, at the same time, imposing a formulation of those ideals prejudicial to a recognition of the plurality of needs and aspirations of an increasingly pluralistic womens movement within a highly diverse modernity.3 The early efforts of Second Wave feminism to appropriate some main features of Marxs humanism emphasised two dimensions of the conception of labour in Marxs theory of alienation. Marxs theory of alienated labour refers, as both Eisenstein and Rowbotham pointed out, not only to the experience of the wage worker in capitalist society but presupposes also a philosophical concept of labour as objectification.4 It is specifically the critical potentials of this philosophical concept of labour as objectification which early Marxist feminism sought to appropriate. Marxs concept of labour as objectification refers to the historical creativity of individuals who, through their labour, not only reproduce and enrich the conditions of life but also augment human subjectivity with a wealth of new capacities, needs and potentialities. On this view, the dynamic of social reproduction meant the incessant expansion of human needs and abilities as producers constantly transformed their inherited world and, in so doing, enhanced their own capacities and aspirations. Marxs theory of alienation discovers an antagonism between these historically generated human possibilities both inscribed in the world of material objectifications and subjective needs and the reductionist logic of capitalism which views the individual who labours as a working animal, a mere instrument of production and creator of surplus value. This configuration of realised societal wealth and individual deprivation constitutes, for Marx, the fundamental contradiction of bourgeois society. To Eisenstein, Marxs account of the antagonism between realised societal wealth and individual deprivation provides the basis for a critique of the full range of social relations entrenched in modern capitalist societies. There is, as she sees it, nothing about the theory of alienation which limits it to an understanding of class relations5 From the point of view of this dynamic, creative concept of labourasobjectification which upholds the idea of the species capacity for producing a supposed wealth of abilities and needs through the productive activity of humans, all merely instrumentalising forms of labour stand condemned. On this reading, an imposed gender division of labour means that the lives of modern women, and not just the proletariat, are characterised by an antagonism between their species potential and the impoverished, onesidedness of their existence in bourgeois society. Eisenstein gives a sharply anthropologised reading of Marxs theory of alienation the social and critical potentials of this theory are seen to rest on a bifurcation between human existence and its distortion in a capitalistpatriarchal social system. Marxs revolutionary ontology of social and human existence posits dotted linewithin each individual a dialectic between essence and existence which is manifested as revolutionary consciousness in society. Both the criticism of class existence as alienating and exploitative and the revolutionary ontology of the theory make Marxist analysis critical to developing a feminist theory which incorporates but moves beyond a theory of class consciousness.6 The feminist critics of the type of humanist Marxist feminism which Rowbotham and Eisenstein had been developing throughout the latter part of the 1970s did not typically set their sights on the question of the adequacy of the Marx interpretation being offered. It should be said, however, that, to the extent that Rowbotham and Eisensteins reading of the theory of alienation evokes an ahistorical construction of a thwarted species potential for creative labour, this interpretation suggests a highly selective reading of Marxs own views.7 As we have seen, Eisensteins reading discovers in Marxs theory of alienation a revolutionary ontology of social and human existence which is manifested as revolutionary consciousness in society. 8 When extended to women, this revolutionary ontology suggests that the possibility of freedom exists alongside exploitation and oppression since woman is potentially more than she is9 Eisensteins anthropologised reading of Marxs theory of alienation, understood as the antagonism between human essence and social existence, evokes a clearly essentialising construction of human subjectivity. On this interpretation, autonomy and creativity appear as the presently distorted constituents of the subject rather than as historically developed human possibilities. They appear, that is, in the light of anthropological potentials rather than as a unique and contingent historical development. Thus interpreted, Marxs humanism appeared a rather easy target for the antiessentialising consciousness which increasingly emerged with the development of Second Wave feminism. The philosophical anthropology discovered by Eisenstein and Rowbotham in the theory of alienation was found by its later feminist critics to rest on a repressive universalisation of a gendered social experience. This metaphysics of the subject was shown to necessarily involve the ascription of a normativity to selected aspects of a modern masculine subjectivity. The critique of the feminist implications of an anthropologised interpretation of Marxs theory of alienation was spearheaded by the dualsystems literature which appeared in the early 1980s. On this view, Marxs theory offers an interpretation of social life based on an imposed, unitary model of human activity. The dualsystems model advocated by Mary OBrien and others was, unlike the feminisms of Eisenstein and Rowbotham, not particularly concerned with the task of appropriating for feminism the critical potentials of Marxs account of the antagonism between human essence and social existence. The conception of labour as objectification which is so central to Marxs theory of alienation is almost entirely absent in the Marx interpretation offered by dualsystems theory. Marx had insisted on the antagonism between human essence that species potential for creative labour, in which humans are seen to accumulate through their own historical activity a wealth of manysided abilities and capacities and the distortion of this human essence in the merely instrumentalising forms of labour which characterise contemporary social existence. OBrien and the dualsystems theorists can, however, see no evidence for a contract between two antagonistic constructions of human labour. In the centrality of productive labour to Marxs theory of human essence. OBrien, Hartmann et al. discover only a repressive attempt to universalise a gender specific mode of social existence. Mary OBriens The Politics of Reproduction attempted to overcome the supposed inability of Marxs category of production to take account of many traditional female activities by introducing the complementary category of reproduction. At this time also, Heidi Hartmanns provocative essay on The Unhappy Marriage of Marxism and Feminism targeted the gender blindness of Marxs category of production. Hartmann attempted to supplement Marxs category of production, seen as the basis for an interpretation of specifically capitalist relations of production, with an interpretation of patriarchy, understood as a relatively independent set of social practices of domination and coercion. Marxs analysis of capitalist relations of production appeared inadequate to an investigation of patriarchy understood as a set of social relations between men, which have a material base, and which, though hierarchical, establish or create interdependence and solidarity among men that enable them to dominate women.10 The humanist Marxist feminism of, for example, Rowbotham and Einstein, had attempted to appropriate Marxs account of labour as objectification as the basis from which to ground a critical perspective on the onesided, merely instrumentalising character of those social relations, forms of conduct and modes of activity in modern society which, they insisted, dominated not only the lives of the proletariat but women as well.

X1st The Equalizer From the juvenescent, to the pubescent, to the senescent humans are obsessed with the differences between the sexes. Freud hypothesised that a males appendage is envied by females. Perhaps the siblings cry of shes got more than me is more appropriate when referring to X chromosomes. It seems there is a just evolutionary path which ensures equality between the sexes at least at the level of gene products from the X chromosome. This equalizing effect is known as dosage compensation. In mammals, having dissimilar heteromorphic sex chromosomes, it is achieved by X chromosome inactivation. Xist Xinactive specific transcripts, XIST in humans has recently been discovered. It has unique expression solely from the inactive X chromosome. Complete characterisation of this gene should reveal its role in the still mysterious mechanism of Xinactivation. How to be active or inactive This is the question that has teased the minds of scientists since Mary Lyon proposed her hypothesis to explain the phenomenon in 1961 Lyon, 1992. This essay will review the main features of Xinactivation which have set the stage for the arrival of a new prospective star XIST. This gene has caused a flurry of activity in the study of inactivity. The attached paper by Kay and others 1993 will be assessed for its contribution towards determining the role of Xist in the Xinactivation mechanism. Emphasis is placed on discussion of their predictions and conclusions. Most of the papers published on XIST since its premiere in 1991 are summarised in Appendix one due to the length of this table, including the paper by Kay and others 1993. The main technique they employed is also summarized within Appendix one. First things first what is Xinactivation Males, having only one X chromosome, develop and live with only one dose of X chromosome gene products. Thus females, being endowed with two X chromosomes, have developed a means of preventing an overdose of X linked gene products. In mammals this has been achieved by switching off one X chromosome. To achieve this dosage compensation a decision must be made about which X chromosome to inactivate. Usually this depends on tissue type andor whether the X belongs to a marsupial or a eutherian mammal. In the case of marsupials, the paternal X is always inactivated Johnston and Robinson, 1987. In the extraembryonic membranes of rodents it is also the paternal X Wake et al., 1976, Takagi and Sasaki, 1975. From embryonic tissue to the adult eutherian mammal inactivation is a random choice. Random inactivation is detectable around the time of primitive streak formation, about 55 post insemination in the mouse Kay et al., 1993 see Fig 1B. The degree to which an X is inactivated also varies. Some genes, for example Glucose6phosphate dehydrogenase G6PD in marsupials Cooper et al., 1993 and steroid sulfatase STS in humans Thompson et al., 1991, escape inactivation fig.3. These genes do not necessarily escape inactivation in all tissues or in all species and some have reduced expression from the inactive X Cooper et al., 1993. In mice Xinactivation is complete Hendrich et al., 1993. Mendels laws assume that parental sex has no influence on the behaviour of a gene. Imprinted genes contravene this law. These are genes which have been labelled in some way with the address of the sender. Being labelled maternally or paternally derived can affect the degree to which a gene is expressed. Imprinting is involved in Xinactivation Cattanach and Beechey, 1990. This can be seen by nonrandom patterns of Xinactivation in the case of paternal Xinactivation, mentioned previously, and controlling elements in Inserts REFERENCES for Figure 1 FIGURE ONE A FIGURE 1B FIGURE 1C FIGURE 1C FIGURE TWO FIGURE THREE mice evident from coat colour patterns due to an Xlinked coat colour gene tabby, Ta in mice Johnston and Cattanach, 1981. The most likely genes to bear the parental postmark is the Xinactivation centre XIC region Rastan and Cattanach 1983 cited in Kay et al., 1993. The imprinting and timing of Xinactivation in the mouse is illustrated in Fig. 1B. The nonrandom Xinactivation found in mice is due to an X chromosome controlling element Xce locus. Its alleles, and their effect, are outlined in Fig The alleles at this locus affect the probability that a particular X chromosome will be inactivated Rastan, 1982. The Xce locus has been proposed as the mouse equivalent of the Xinactivation centre XIC in humans Keer et al., 1990. The XIC region is coincident with Xinactivation Leppig et al., 1993. XistXIST maps to this region. A map several X chromosomes is given in Fig. Kay and others 1993 demonstrated the effect of these alleles in interspecific crosses. They found these alleles could modify or reverse the paternally imprinted Xist expression in mouse extraembryonic membranes. Kays team propose that limited production of a putative blocking factor p. 179 binds with differing affinities to the promoters of different XceXist alleles resulting in the chromosome with the blocked Xist promoter remaining active. In mice this can result in stripes in tabby mice suggesting a morphogen, pulsatile, type of blocking action 338 lectures, Pool, 1991. An imprinting effect may result in differences in the size of an embryo. Haig and Westoby cited in Haig and Graham 1991 proposed that expression of paternal genes during development favours increased size of offspring. They propose that imprinting arose as a means of increasing survival chances of a fathers offspring by increasing its share of the mothers resouces. This is based on the assumption that mammalian littermates often have different fathers Haig and Graham, 1991. Figure 4A illustrates nuclear transplantation experiments Surani et al., 1986 which support the Haig and Westoby theory. Figure 4B show the results of Thornhill and Burgoyne 1993 due to X chromosome imprinting. These results reveal that paternal X expression results in the smallest embryos whereas maternal X expression results in the largest embryos. This seems to indicate that X chromosome imprinting may be the inverse of autosomal imprinting andor has evolved separately and operates by a different mechanism. It would be interesting to know the weights of the extraembryonic membranes of these mice, the sex of the control embryo in fig. 4A as well as the Xce alleles of the mice in Fig. 4A. The small size of the XPO is probably due to reduced size of extraembryonic membranes where XP is usually inactive. Borsani and others 1991 detected Xist expression above basal XY level in XPO mouse liver. It would be interesting to look at the Xist levels in XMO mice, if the parental imprint is erased before random X inactivation occurs there should be no difference between Xist expression in XPO and XMO mice. What do we know about XistXIST Much of the work so far, summarized in Appendix one, has been concerned with characterising the gene. It has been sequenced, completely in mice in humans and partially in a handful of other eutherians. The compared sequences reveal a region containing repeats at the 5 end of the gene, along with another region at the 3 end, appear to share the most homology Hendrich et al., 1993. Its expression has been demonstrated in female somatic tissues and at a reduced level in male testis. There is a basal level of expression detected in some male somatic tissues refer to papers in Appendix one. Kay and his colleagues paper, along with Richler and others 1992, Salido and coworkersFigure FourFigure Five intervene here1992 and McCarrey and Dilworths 1992 work has been important in determining the time of onset of Xist expression in the mouse. Their findings have been summarized in Appendix one and are shown in Fig. 1C. The basic structure of the gene is shown in Fig. Although much of the sequence is not highly conserved the basic structure, with two long exons flanking a series of smaller exons, is conserved. No significant open reading frame ORF is conserved and transcripts are confined to the nucleus thus XistXIST is unlikely to encode a protein Brockdorff et al., 1992. Kay and his coworkers make a series of predictions which are listed in Table one. The filfulment of these predictions, they suggest, will implicate Xist transcripts causally in initiation of Xinactivation. Table One intervenes here. Kays team predict Xist should be expressed before X inactivation occurs. Figure 1B illustrates the timing of X inactivation, developmental stages are detailed in Figure 1A. This figure shows that the maternal X is active from fertilization until random Xinactivation takes place in the epiblast. However the status of the paternal X, up until it is found to be inactive in extraembryonic tissues, is not yet clearly established. Studies which measured enzyme activity in 8 cell embryos, morulae and blastocysts found both X chromosomes to be active Adler et al., 1977, Epstein et al., 1978, Monk and Harper, 1979. However these assays cannot determine whether both Xs are active in all cells and are difficult to perform in earlier embryos. Some visible differences between the cells may be apparent even at the 8 cell, totipotent, stage personal communication P.G.Johnston. If, as Monk suggests, Xinactivation and cellular differentiation are linked Monk and Grant, 1990 the paternal X would be inactivated during differentiation. The overt differentiation of trophectoderm, marked as trophoblast in Fig. 1B, Kays team claim, occurs one day after the 8 cell stage. Gossler 1992 Lecture 2 BIOL 338 estimates that compaction is complete after 12 hours and that during compaction changes gradually become apparent Fig. 1A. It may be technically difficult to distinguish 8 cell precompaction embryos from cells undergoing compaction. Perhaps addition of antiuvomorulin antibodies, which prevent compaction Gossler, 1992, to 8 cell embryos would reduce the chances that samples used for RTPCR are not contaminated with cells undergoing compaction and differentiation. If possible in situ hybridisation in 8 cell embryos may confirm their findings. Kay and his colleagues demonstrated Xist expression in one precompaction 8 cell embryo pool p. 173, however expression appears to be less than half the level in the morulae pool, which contain double the number of cells. The only evidence that the paternal X is active after fertilization to the 8 cell stage is the failure to detect a late replicating X chromosome cytogenetically Grant and Chapman,1988. If Xist is involved in maintenance of the inactive state its presence could be anticipated immediately after initiation of inactivation. Its expression would then be expected to increase as inactivation proceeded to spread along the whole chromosome. Xist expression is coincident with Xinactivation in somatic tissues after initiation has occurred Brown et al., 1991, Borsani et al., 1991 which suggests a maintenance role for Xist. Kay and others paper cannot distinguish between initiation and early post initiation maintenance roles for Xist in mouse embryos. The fulfilment of their first prediction can only show an association between expression and initiation. However Xists presence well in advance of inactivation in testes was demonstrated by Kay and his team 1993. Their prediction is well supported by other studies McCarrey and Dilworth, 1992, Richler et al., 1992, Salido et al., 1992 Fig. 1C. If the mechanism of Xinactivation during spermatogenesis and embryogenesis is the same, or at least Xists role in it, the evidence mentioned previously Fig. 1C substantiates Kay and others claim that Xist is involved in initiation of Xinactivation. To utilise the same Xinactivation mechanism in sperm and female somatic cells would seem the soft evolutionary option for simultaneously preventing damage to X and Y chromosomes during meiosis, protecting the male sex determining genes Marshall Graves and Schmidt, 1992 and achieving dosage compensation. Perhaps X chromosome imprinting evolved through the same process, and as previously mentioned, differs from autosomal imprinting. This may explain why the paternal X is inactivated in marsupials. Cooper 1971 cited in Kay et al., 1993 propose that imprinting occurs during male meiosis. Kay and others 1993 model, illustrated on page 179 of their paper, confines the imprinting process to the maternal germ line. They feel that the paternal X is inactivated by default p. 179 and not imprinted as Cooper 1971 cited in Kay et al., 1993 and other researchers believe.

In Australia, since the beginning of the 1980s, there has been a general economic swing towards the weakening of the market power of larger monopolies. This has been due to the theoretical belief that monopolies and regulation create inefficiencies and that by increasing competition in the market place the result will be a more efficient situation to benefit the consumer. The weakened monopoly will often take the form of monopolistic competition, that is, many firms each with some degree of monopoly power, or of an oligopoly where there are a few firms with impeded entry. The finance sector was the first major area of deregulation followed by the airlines and more recently our communications network. Due to differing levels of deregulation and economic climate the outcome of the weakening of these monopoly powers has both benefited and deprived the consumer and the efficiency of production to varying degrees. To grasp the theory of the monopoly and the benefits and costs it provides the consumer, a basic model must be discussed. However, the existence of a true monopoly is rare. Often there is a group of firms with differing levels of monopoly power who all face a downward sloping demand curve and therefore can choose output levels and prices to maximise profits. A monopolist has complete control over the level of output as they are the market. As a result, the monopolists Average Revenue AR is the market demand. From Fig it is shown that the monopolist will produce at a level where Marginal Revenue MR equals Marginal Cost MC. In a competitive market ,AR, which represents price, would equal MC. Therefore, in a monopoly, costs are higher and consumers buy less. Lost consumer surplus area AB arises along with deadweight loss area BC. This deadweight loss represents the social cost and the inefficiency of resource allocation of a monopoly. A deadweight loss will always exist unless the firm can perfectly price discriminate. So, by raising prices above equilibrium consumer welfare is reduced. Other inefficiencies that may arise from the existence of a monopoly are the toleration of inefficient work practices due to the weakness of competitive pressure, also the possible excessive expenditure to defend a monopolistic position. Questionable inefficiency that may arise from the sheltering from competition is lack of research and development into more productive or quality producing processes. However, the conflicting arguement is that because the firm is protected it is willing to bear the risks and costs of invention and innovation. So that the consumer does not suffer from excessive charges for goods or services provided by monopolies, price regulation may be introduced, often in the form of government regulation. The intervention of the government is both on a social and economic ground. Price fixing, in the case of utilities such as water and electricity means that access is not limited to those that can afford possible excessive prices. However, this may encourage overconsumption and under investment if the price is set too low or over production and inefficiency when it is set too high. The cost is borne by the general public in the form of higher prices or taxes. Monopolies can take the form naturally or be created. The natural monopoly arises when the market is only large enough for one producer. This form of monopoly cannot have its market power reduced in static conditions. However, a monopoly that has been created and protected due to government or other large bodied regulation can have its market dominance reduced by lifting the regulation practices. Often, the result is monopolistic competition or an oligopoly. Monopolistic competition is the closest real world example of perfect competition. The products produced by each firm are not perfect substitutes but are highly substitutable and there is free entry to the market. As there is free entry, the potential to earn profits will attract many firms to the market. The result is the level of profits will be reduced to zero profit as price will become equal to Average Cost AC. Each firm will still have a downward sloping demand curve as its product is unique. Although monopolistic competition is similar to perfect competition the differences result in a failure to produce a perfectly efficient market where both producer and consumer surplus is as large as possible. Price still exceeds MC so there still exists a deadweight loss. However, depending on the level of competition between the companies, the set price may tend closer to the MC. Under monopolistic competition there exists excess capacity as the output level is less than that which minimises average cost. As the demand curve is downward sloping, zero profits occur to the left of the minimum average cost. However, demand becomes more elastic as competition increases and this excess capacity will be reduced. So, these losses to the consumer will be offset by the existence of a large range of similar products to choose from so that their satisfaction may be maximised. The other form of market that may result from the weakening of the market power of a monopoly is the oligopoly. This exists when there are a few firms due to the existence of barriers to entry. Even after government deregulation there may exist some natural barriers to entry such as the market dominance of a few firms which makes entry to the market highly uneconomic. These can occur in the form of consumer loyalty, predatory pricing by existing members on competitors and the saturation of the market by present members. Collusion may exist between members to set a price and price wars can erupt if a firm dramatically alters its price or level of advertising. The consumer under the oligopoly will benefit in the event of a price war as they will receive the lowest price possible for the good . However, as to be expected if the price falls below average cost in the long run the firms will go out of business. So, the theoretical conclusion from weakening the market power of a monopoly is, that dead weight loss is reduced therefore there is a more efficient allocation of resources. The market is opened to competition therefore the price of the good is reduced and yet again the consumer benefits. To remain in the market the firm must have efficient methods of production and to keep consumer loyalty the quality of the product or service must be maintained. However, by studying the results of recent deregulation in Australia and the United States rarely do all consumers benefit to the same degree, if at all from the weakening of the monopoly power. After the Martin and Campbell Reports of the early 1980s which came to a conclusion in favour of deregulating the Australian financial system, Australia proceeded to transform its banking system from the most controlled to the least controlled banking system in the world. The main arguement for the deregulation was that removal of bank controls would lead to more efficient financial markets, with leaner interest rate margins. The resulting competition would eliminate the possibility of monopolistic superprofitsAnderson 1993 pp57,62.The costs of current regulation of interest rate and lending controls were believed to be the diversion of funds to possibly less efficient intermediaries and the blunting of the competitive and innovative drive of the banks Campbell 1981 p761. All interested parties, that is, the banks, could see only benefits to the deregulation. So from 1980, interest rate ceilings were removed on bank deposits, some term deposit restrictions were removed, quantitative bank lending guidance ceased, the Australian dollar was floated and exchange controls removed, controls on bank deposits withdrawn, invitation to overseas banks to establish in Australia issued and ceilings were removed on home loan interest rates. The result of this dramatic change has been almost the opposite to the idealised predictions. Domestic banks asserted their dominance by mergers and superior infrastructure causing foreign banks to suffer losses and failure. It has been clear that deregulation increased the availability of the range services and products available to the consumer. However, often this has been only available at high interest rates and used for portfolio rather than more direct investment Abbott 1990 p93. The failure of some state banks and Tricontinental was due to the financial institutions choosing more speculative, high risk securities thus putting the deposits of the community at risk and causing a greater cost to the taxpayer in the end. Therefore, the Australian financial sector did not follow the textbook example of increased competition resulting in a more efficient and allocative market but rather resulted in greater inefficiencies and the assertion of dominance of existing oligopolists. Like the financial system in Australia, the United States U.S. airline industry was deregulated in the hope of increased competition leading to a more efficient and innovative system. However all routes have not been exposed to the same level of competition. As a result fares have fallen in the long haul market but their has been little benefit in the short to medium haul market. Similarly, fares are lower in the high density than those in the lower density markets. However, in general the airlines have become more efficient by using the hubandspoke system and more innovative. The real benefit to the consumer has been the increased availability and use of discount fares. This has not been without cost. Some smaller, less profitable services, to smaller communities that were subsidised by the more profitable routes have suffered. Also the increased congestion at main airports and deterioration of cabin service quality has occurred. However, there is no evidence that cost cutting has reduced the safety of flying. The Australian deregulation of the two airline policy has not been as successful as the U.S. example. Deregulation occurred November 1990 and twelve months later, Compass Airlines was in provisional liquidation. Compass Airlines tried to compete in a market that, though officially deregulated held barriers to entry that it could not overcome. The deregulation consisted of the removal of, controls over the importation of aircraft, determination of passenger capacity on trunk routes, setting of airfares for passenger services and constraint on entry of new domestic operators on trunk routes. As a result of Compass entry fares fell on an average by 12 in real terms and service and quality improved. The entry of Compass also provided a stimulus to domestic tourism Trade Practices Commission 1992. Compass failed to estimate the competitive responses of its competitors and even though it matched discount fares it was forced to maintain load factors and cash flows. The profitability of airlines has fallen over the period since deregulation but it is not obvious how much is due to the recession, increases in capacity or fare discounting. The consumer in the end has been the winner with more discount fares being offered and cheaper airfares on capital city routes. However, there still remains two airlines with the possibility of a competitor unlikely due to the oligopoly that exists. In both the banking and airline industries, levels of collusion and merging have resulted in the strength of the oligopolies. This may be due to failure to enforce antitrust laws in Australia unlike the U.S. The success of airline deregulation in the U.S. and of other communication and banking areas is the existence of antitrust laws which prevent the actions that restrain, or are likely to restrain, competition, and by restricting the forms of market structures availablePindyke,Rubenfeld 1992 p363. So as result a fairer and more competitive market exists. Other area that must be mentioned are the communication and media industries. With the introduction of Optus to compete with the former monopoly, Telecom, there has been an improvement in quality of service to the customer but only a very small saving in the cost of telephone calls which could be attributable to competition. Telecom still provides the less profitable remote and emergency services at a cheap rate whilst competing in the mobile and major city communication networks. Also with the relaxation a media ownership laws the result, due to a large number of mergers, is tending towards a larger monopoly than before. In theory, regulation is needed to correct market failure and is intended to serve the public interest. This may be needed so monopolies do not exploit the consumer. However, often deregulation masks inefficiencies, which by promoting competition, can be reduced. Only when true monopolistic competition exists can the theory become practice. The reality is, that in deregulating an existing monopoly that has oligopolistic tendencies the result does not follow a set pattern. Due to economic climate, market dominance of existing monopolies and consumer loyalties the benefit to the consumer and the quality of the service produced will be different each time.

AUSTRALIAN CRITICISM IN TRANSITION About a decade ago, Howard Felperin and a few others were pointing out quite correctly that Australian literary scholars had generally ignored modern critical theory. Recently in the Weekend Australian 910 January 1993 Review 7 Imre Salusinszky announced, with breathtaking inaccuracy, that literary studies in this country are dominated by a coterie of the Association for the Study of Australian Literature ASAL which has struggled to keep Australian literary scholarship free and pure of the influence of foreign ideas . In the eight books under discussion there are about 130 essays which were nurtured in the climate of controversy of the 1980s, and which reflect and document the disruptions and reorientations of a decade of critical transition. Already some, even among the best, have a slight smell of last weeks bananas in the school cloakroom rather familiar, a little old, but inescapably present. These essays rehearse and reflect, implicitly or explicitly, again and again, the Great Debate between traditional criticism and modern theory. Many were originally published, or presented as conference papers, between 1978 and The exceptions, in UnCommon Ground, Aspects of Australian Fiction, Reconnoitres and a few in Security of Allusion, are original essays, but are conditioned by the critical climate of the 1980s, and reflect and illustrate the environment of particular literature departments. By far the most outspoken of the traditionalist essayists represented is Dorothy Green, who is often thought of, by writers as well as academics, as a less conservative critic than she really was. This is partly because she was candidly independent, partly because she often chose to put a scythe through tall and Professorial poppies such as Wilkes, Kramer, Hope, Clark. Probably, too, the reverence she showed for Adorno and Althusser has been wrongly translated by some into a respect for modern critical theory. In fact she loathed social semiotics, deconstruction, and linguistic psychoanalysis. Writer Reader Critic, a collection of seven emphatically humanist and ethically committed essays, is her scornful manifesto, a defence of the social and personal responsibilities of the creative reader as self rather than subject, and an attack on modern culture and criticism. Matthew Arnold wert thou living at this hour, she almost seems to say, or even Dr Leavis who, despite an authoritarian narrowness, gains her respect for his attempt to rescue literary criticism from the charge of frivolity . Greens strength is her rhetorical lucidity, her precise yet complex vocabulary, and occasionally, at the best of times her passion. In The Meaning of Love 1984 her insights were often more specific, her attacks more contextually definite, and related to actual works being discussed. In Writer Reader Critic her vague and furious antimodernist and sometimes antifeminist, neoArnoldian perorations lack any relative context, or adequate sense of ordinary practicability. Too often she makes the literary world, or the entire globe, seem like a classroom populated by children who are indolent, naughty, careless or exasperating. There are a few smart cookies, but just one teacher dotted lineNo one so far as I know has thought of the tremendous potential for drama in a character like Sir Matthew Davies, though Micael Cannons The Land Boomers has been out since How careless can you writers get More serious still is Greens refusal to contemplate the legitimacy of any scientific approach to literary study. Making an outofdate equation between objectivism and science, she rejects the deployment of linguistics, and the paraphernalia of computers, since that would give a falsely objective justification to a subjective opinion. This is the kind of jibe she likes to make the computer tells us that Shaw Neilson referred most often to the colour green, a fact which must be obvious to anyone who reads his verse , forgetting here that someone or something has to do the counting, and whether its a machine is immaterial except for the extra accuracy and shorter time it permits. She forgets as well that the computer not only confirms the obvious but also, as J.F.Burrows and Alex Jones show in their studies in Reconnoitres, provides data that a common sense reading might falsely suggest are incredible. Green seems to fear any practical change. The business of literary theory itself, she contends, was appropriated by philosophers and semioticians in the 1970s. She is here merely juggling with chickens and eggs, as it might equally be argued that literary studies appropriated semiotics and philosophy and even that Yale professors of literature appropriated the philosopher Derrida, bodily at least temporarily as well as scripturally. Regrettably Green fails to explore, for the humanist and traditionalist case, the implications of the inescapable conclusion that, like it or not, semiology and semiotics since Saussure have provided unavoidable tools and insights into criticism and into the phenomena of reading and writing. Ironically, by seeking to exclude the scientific from the critical, Green plays into the hands of opponents who want to exclude all subjectivism. The political effect of the conflict of these two powerful, gladiatorially deckedout sides is to preserve and extend what is politically a pretty unruly and destructive schism in literary studies, in Australia and elsewhere, between the traditional and the modern. It is true that both sides hold fundamentally different and sometimes incompatible assumptions but that seems to me a normal and inevitable condition of enquiry itself, and is not a reason for internationalising and politicising the conflict, or rather the construction of the conflict, into the current academic World War. The effect is to obscure affinities between the sides, and to underplay diversity and contrariety within each side. There is, for example, as much that is metaphysical in the Derridaen sense in the unverifiable components of Freudian and Lacanian theory as in liberal humanism, or for that matter in a nonliberal, ethically based criticism. A plea for political pluralism in literary studies for the acceptance, that is, of the practical permissibility of more than one theory or methodology lacks the glamour of a plea for total commitment and a single strong line but pluralism does not entail that anything goes. It is lastly a political arrangement amongst diverse critics to facilitate their coexistence. The emotions, as Lenin didnt say, are not skilled workers , except perhaps in the case of the extraordinarily industrious G.A. Wilkes. Reconnoitres is a collection of essays written by colleagues and former colleagues, to honour one of the most productive and pervasively important of Australian critics, scholars and lexicographers. Whether every single piece literally honours Wilkes is open to question, as several offer almost lunar alternatives to his familiar terrains. But perhaps their implicit tribute is to his kind of pluralism, both within the Department at Sydney University where before becoming Challis Professor he held, in the early 1960s, the first chair in Australian literature, and as editor of Southerly for twentyfour years until The healthy critical pluralism of the book itself might do something to bridge the unnecessarily immense chasm between traditional and modern criticism but no essay addresses this chasm. The editors claim that these essays reflect Wilkes own publications, by falling into one of three categories reassessment of major writers, reappraisal of nineteenthcentury texts, or study of the language of Australian literature. There isnt a vast amount of other ground on which they could fall, though some do. They also reflect Wilkes traditionalism, but there are exceptions, of kind and degree. Stephen Knights commentary on ideology and form in the variant versions of four famous and widely consumed literary representations of crimes, and David Lawtons Naming the Interior Major Mitchells Fight for Place, are in varying ways products of modern semiotic theory while Don Andersons jazz waltz with Baudrillard, in which he looks at Australian samples of mental simulacra of America, and Rosemary Huismans examination of social conventions of genre in recent poetry, also challenge older approaches. Several good chapters are too short for their purposes, perhaps victims of the tyranny of the short essay form. Michael Wildings engaging but peremptory nibble on the modern short story, Webbys important chapter on G.A.Wilkes himself, and the otherwise excellent chapters of Knight, Kiernan, and Vivian Smith the latter on Slessor, symbolisme and modernism are examples. Since this collection will eventually be perceived as a profile or handprint of Australian literary studies at Sydney, two absences should be noted feminist criticism and psychoanalysis. A common prejudice and fallacy in Australian literary studies runs like this 1 there are two kinds of research, one empirical and one theoretically based 2 empiricism mistakes text for fact and is therefore unacceptable 3 theoretically based criticism, and theory, should not and need not concern themselves with documentation, manuscripts, evidence and so forth, as that would be an empiricist undertaking. This strange kind of thinking has led recently to some neglect of documentary research in Australia, where it is especially needed and it also thanklessly stereotypes traditional researchers as unenlightened, plodding pariahs. Instead of recategorising fact as text, some modern opponents of traditional investigation jettison the investigation altogether. They would do well to read Knights essay on His Natural Life, The Chosen Vessel and Waltzing Matilda as a possible brief paradigm. Moreover, the selfreflexive signalling of procedures that are really a traditional feature of many biographies are rarely recognised as, simply, that. Who ever concedes that footnotes and bibliographies are really postmodern apart from, ironically, postmodern novelists like Julian Barnes Instead, many traditional biographers are often falsely stereotyped as purveyors of aesthetic fictional illusions. Kiernans commentary on Australian literary biography deals with some related issues concerning narratology. Aspects of Australian Fiction, edited by Alan Brissenden, is a collection of essays written by former students and colleagues as a tribute to John Colmer, Professor of English at the University of Adelaide from 1964 to Unlike the contributions to Reconnoitres, the essays cannot be said to represent a department today, as only one of twelve is written by a current teacher. Although it is diverse in method and matter, the book is less of a magpies nest than Reconnoitres, and is also more overtly aware now and then of feminism, psychoanalysis, and especially postcolonial theory. The contents fall almost into sections historicist and interpretive critical approaches to older fiction including Furphy and the 1890s, and modern discussion of recent texts most notably Andrew Taylor on Helen Garner, Ken Gelder on David Foster, and Russell McDougall on Stow. Bruce Clunies Ross manages to introduce a discussion of the potential and viability of certain poetic forms by offering a careful reading of Les Murrays verse novel The Boys Who Stole the Funeral. Postcolonial perspectives are well represented in the Webby and Harris collection by Don Andersons discussion of Australian simulacra of America, and Robert Dixonss cogent examination of British and Australian literary othering of Pacific cultures in the Edwardian period. The latter strongly contrasts with Adrian Mitchells rhetorically imperial idealisation of extended Edwardianism in Brissendens book but in essays by Diana Brydon, Russell McDougall and others in the same volume postcolonialism complements feminist or psychoanalythical approaches. The value of postcolonial criticism is that it removes an imposed discourse, and establishes awareness of the needs and of various means to transcend local and national orientations, and avoid cultural marginalisation. Some American, British and European opponents argue that it is redundant, but its explicitness and political viability obviously help to explain its attractiveness within former colonies, an appeal that has been extended and encouraged in Australia by two recent books, The Empire Writes Back and the Dark Side of the Dream. Potentially and methodoligically almost as important is the little known collection UnCommon Ground, twelve essays reflecting the University of Adelaides adoption of a predominantly postcolonial and raceand genderoriented approach to firstyear literature teaching. An unusual and worthwhile feature of this book is that it includes discussion of English and American texts. Although these essays are challenging and useful for teaching purposes, the value of postcolonial theory, of course, is simultaneously its limitation in practice it politically privileges and advertises the interest of former colonies draws attention to geographical, political and national boundaries and institutionalises its own literary empire. Too often it becomes merely a grand opportunity for diverse cricketers to beat the Poms and celebrate the victory. By design, it disadvantages a more catholic enquiry I would argue that especially in a firstyear course, postcolonial studies should supplement rather than replace other approaches in order to demonstrate the diversity of theory and methodology.

Australian English as an example of a world phenomenon pluricentric languages Michael Clyne This paper deals with the notion of pluricentric languages and the degree of domination of the less powerful national varietyies by the more powerfuloOnes. A theoretical framework will be presented and some common features of the relationship between varieties will be described. I will draw some parallels between Australian English and Austrian German in relation to policies, attitudes, and export potential. Some attention will be given to the future of pluricentric languages in the changing worldpolitical situation. The term pluricentric languages was first employed by Heinz Kloss in 1978 6667 to describe languages with several interacting centres, each providing a national variety with at least some of its own codified norms. A recent collection of papers Clyne 1992 featured contributions on 17 pluricentric languages, but there are many more. Many such languages form a contiguous or nearly contiguous region. This is the case with German, Korean and Swedish, for example. But others, such as Chinese, English and Portuguese, are dispersed due to imperialism andor emigration, and still others, such as French, Spanish and Tamil, are used over both contiguous and dispersed areas. Some languages developed separate national varieties as a result of the division between the socialist and capitalist blocs e.g. Armenian, Chinese, Korean and, to some extent, German and Spanish. Some of these varieties are already converging. We can differentiate between traditional national varieties with a substratum of another language e.g. Welsh or Scots English, immigrant ones e.g. Australian, American English and nativized colonial and neocolonial ones e.g. Australian, American English and nativized colonial and neocolonial ones e.g. Indian or Singaporean English. Some national varieties of pluricentric languages e.g. Indian or Singaporean English. Some national varieties of pluricentric languages e.g. MalayIndonesianMalaysian, HindiUrdu, to a large extent CroatianSerbian have declared themselves separate languages, developing their own systems of norms. In some of these cases, script is a vital distinguishing feature. Some languages, e.g. Tok Pisin in Papua New Guinea, Solomons Pijin, and Vanuatu Pidgin have the potential to be formed into a pluricentric language. In some cases, there is more than one level of pluricentricity the classic case is Chinese, which has a number of mutually unintelligible spoken fangyan with an almost common written language, and then national varieties of one fangyan, MandarinPutonghua. In all pluricentric languages, there is a tension between a centrifugal and a centripetal effect, because the speaker has a dual identity reflected partly through membership of the wider speech community e.g. English and partly through the national variety e.g. Australian English. This dual identity is felt especially while in countries speaking another language. Pluricentric languages then can be seen to be unifiers and dividers at the same time. National varieties may be distinguished on the basis of lexicon and semantics, communication patterns pragmatic and discourse patterns, phonology, and often morphology and syntax and sometimes script as well. Ammon 1989 differentiates between a codex dictionaries, grammars and models of codification writers, speakers as a basis for a continuum from full exonormativity where all the codices and models are imported via partial exonormativity and partial endonormativity to full endonormativity , where all the codices and models are from within the nation. Australian English can be seen as a national variety in which there is partial and increasing endonormativity. On the whole, Ammons prediction that this is dependent on the size of the population is confirmed. However, there are other factors involved. Why, for instance, has there been more codification of English in Australian than in Canada A clue may be the point of time when the codification has taken place. I shall return to this point later. There is, in most languages, an increasing tolerance for pluricentricity. This is least developed in languages such as French and Arabic where there is a mystic belief in the unity of the language. But even for French, Luumlautdi 1992 argues that a new equilibrium of coherence and pluricentricity is being established. Nevertheless, there are, for almost all languages, recurrent features of the relationship between the dominant nations and the other nations using the language which have occurred in the treatment of the various pluricentric languages Clyne 1992 45960. They can be briefly summed up by the strong terms cultural imperialism and cultural cringe. D dominant, O other The D nations have difficulty in understanding Wardhaughs 198831 point that the distinctive element in grammar and lexis may be quite small it may be more a matter of flavor rather than substance with which people will identify. The D nations tend to confuse national variation with regional variation dialects because some features of the standard form of one national variety will coincide with a dialect of another national variety. This confusion can be found even in dictionaries. The D nations generally regard their national variety as the standard and themselves as custodians of standard norms. They tend to consider standard national varieties of O nations as deviant, nonstandard and exotic, cute, charming, and somewhat archaic. The D nations very seldom describe distinctive features of their own national variety as they regard it as unmarked. Cultural elites in the O nations tend to defer to norms from the D nations. This is related to the more distinctive forms of national varieties being dialectally and sociolectally marked. It is also due to conservative and unrealistic norms. Norms are believed not to be as rigid in O nations as in D nations. This may be why even those codifying the norms of O national varieties often believe that changes in the O national variety and not in both the D and O varieties are responsible for divergences. In international communication situations work teams, conferences, migration, tourism encounters in third countries, convergence tends to be in the direction of the D varieties. D nations have better resources than O nations to export their varieties because of their control of foreign language teaching institutes, publishing, and research institutes. D nations also have the better means of codifying the language as the publishers of dictionaries and grammars tend to be located in these countries. D nations generally believe that diversity is limited to the spoken norm. In some cases, there is complete ignorance in the D nations of some O national varieties or they are not even understood. Where there is more than one D nation employing a pluricentric language e.g. American and British, other national varieties may have a different kind of deferential relationship with each of the D varieties. In order to examine the relation between codification and national identity, let me compare some recent developments in Australian English and Austrian German. There are, of course, substantial differences in the historical basis of nationhood and the national variety in Austria and Australia. Variation between the Austrian and German national varieties of Standard German is due to the separate sociocultural and political development since the establishment of an Austrian state in the late 18th century and the dissolution of the old empire in In the late 19th century, Germany, unified under Prussia, codified North and Central German forms while Austrian norms were developed in Vienna, the centre of a multilingual, multicultural empire. Following the collapse of the AustroHungarian Empire, there was tension between proGerman and proindependence elements in Austria. After the war years as part of Nazi Germany and ten years of division between the occupying powers, Austrian nationalism was revived, within a neutral state. For a time, German appeared as a school subject not as Deutsch but as Unterrichtssprache language of instruction. The consciousness of national identity was heightened during a period of prosperity under Kreisky 197083. In Australia, the codification of Australian English was associated with a loosening of ties with Britain and, in the more recent period, ran parallel with the development of the policy of multiculturalism. In the strengthening of national identity Whitlam played a comparable role to that of his Austrian socialist counterpart. Until the 1940s, most nonacademic discussion of Australian English at least was condemnatory. Through the now famous exchanges in the columns of the ABC Weekly, Mitchell took the initiative of questioning the cultural cringe in relation to Australian English. There are three similarities between Austrian German and Australian English in the role of the national dictionary, in the attitudes towards its codification, and in the recent export of the varieties. In Australia as well as in Austria, dictionaries before about 1980 transmitted exonormative standards. In Australia, the undisputed authority was Oxford. But even the Oxford Dictionary of Australian English depicted the English national variety as unmarked and marked the Australian items. There was an official Austrian dictionary published under the auspices of the Austrian Ministry of Education and the Arts but its norms were almost indistinguishable from those of the West German Duden, which made the concession of marking deviations in the Standard German of Austria and Switzerland the same way as it did regional German dialect features. In 1979, the dictionary was newly conceptualized and the edition that appeared in that year accentuated Austrian distinctiveness, exercising what Dressler and Wodak 1982 described as a solidarizing and separatist function . At least one third of the items in the dictionary could not be found in earlier editions neologisms and characteristically Austrian items. Some of them are dialect expressions employed in Austrian Standard German literature they are marked dialect or regional. More significantly, 120 items are asterisked as being felt to be West German sic . The 1979 edition of the Oumlautsterreichisches Woumlautrterbuch Austrian Dictionary attracted a great deal of controversy. Letters to the editor tended to come from an educated elite and criticized an alleged lowering of standards, e.g Amoral, compiled by illiterates, and calculated to debase the behaviour of the young The official language of Austria is the German language. And nothing else. No distorted babble. Our children have the right to be taught a German no worse than in the rest of the Germanspeaking region. It was also claimed that the dictionary would separate our language from common German dottedline to strengthen the foundations of the dubious concept of the Austrian nation . Moreover, there was a concern about the introduction of Viennese jargon not used in the west of Austria. Academic criticism esp. by Wiesinger 1980 took up the three issues of lowering standards, damaging the unity of the language, and Viennacentricity, and especially the sinister agenda of egalitarianism and Austrian national selfassertiveness. This has to be seen in relation to the rigid class system and the residual German nationalism in Austria. In a more balanced review, Dressler and Wodak 1982 suggest that separatism had been carried too far in the dictionary, overshadowing actual group differences and ignoring the heterogeneity of Austrian German. Reiffenstein 1983 detected two contradictory tendencies in the dictionary the reactionary, anachronistic position of overemphasizing the Austrian part of the lexicon and a welcome attempt at language planning motivated by a progressive social policy . The 1985 edition of the dictionary retreats from some of the reforms, in line with the criticism, and shows a return to conservatism and increased regionalism. The practice of marking German items is continued but fewer items are asterisked, and some of the distinctively Austrian ones are marked colloquial. The 1990 edition continues in the tradition of the 1979 edition in offering a listing of the lexicon of Austrian German, including pronunciation and morphological features of Austrian Standard German. It is more cautious in marking regional and colloquial forms, including grammatical structures. In recent years, there have been strong voices of support for the normative role of the Austrian Dictionary, particularly from the younger generation of Austrian linguists, e.g. Moser and Muhr, and also from some of the older generation, e.g. Pollak 1991, who argues that Austrian German is undermined not only from outside, but especially from within, because of unrealistic norms and different notions of Standard to those in Germany. The Austrian controversy has its parallels in the O nations of other pluricentric languages.

What a bundle of Aussie Gold From MARTIN BLAKE in Victoria, Canada AS Barcelona gold medallists Kieren Perkins and Kathy Watt lead the charge, Australia has won nine of 12 gold medals on offer in the first full day of the Commonwealth Games. Shrugging aside the embarrassing gaffe of official Arthur Tunstall, the Australians won four gold medals in the pool, three at the shooting range and two in road cycling. Underlining growing Australian strength in Games events, particularly swimming, the team is tipped to match or even better the 52 gold medals won at the last Commonwealth Games in Auckland. There were sensations in the Australian effort, with the most surprising being the marriage proposal by Australian silver medallist Karen Van Wirdum immediately after the 100m freestyle. Robert Dunne, 26, of Brisbane was sitting in front of the TV in his pyjamas absolutely ecstatic over his girlfriends performance when her poolside marriage proposal from the Commonwealth Games beamed into his living room. I was up on the ceiling somewhere screaming, when all of a sudden she came out with this announcement. It didnt really hit me until 30 minutes later. Then I thought Oh my God. But after a fiveminute transPacific phone call with his girlfriend he accepted, then went out for a few drinks with friends. Overall, the strong showing in Canada bodes well for Australia at the 1996 Atlanta Olympics. The days biggest swimming sensation was 20yearold St Ives student Elli Overton, who beat defending Australian champion Hayley Lewis to win gold in the womens 400m individual medley. It was Overtons first major victory. Im stoked, she said. Its not even my event. Im out there thinking what am I doing here. Overton, stunned by her omission from Australias victorious womens 4x200m relay team, put in the performance of her career and clocked a personal best time of 4min 01s. Olympic superstar Perkins added another string to his bow with a victory in the mens 200m freestyle, proving his worth at the shorter distances. Perkinss duel with New Zealanders Trent Bray and Danyon Loader had the crowd going wild in the stands. Disabled swimmer Melissa Carlton, 16, of Newtown, Tasmania, won a gold medal in the womens event over 100m freestyle, although disabled medals will not count in the final tally. Australia also had a stunning day at the shooting range, with three gold medals. Phillip Adams, the ruddyfaced farmer from Forbes, joined with Ben Sandstrom to win the pairs free pistol. Melbourne women Kim Frazer and Sylvia Purdue won the pairs small bore rifle prone, and Annette Woodward, of Melbourne joined Western Australian Christine Trefry to win the pairs sport pistol. The Australian mens road cycling team of Phil Anderson, Damian McDonald, Brett Dennis and Henk Vogels won by more than three minutes over the 97km course. The womens time trial was closer, with the Australian team of Barcelona Ollympic gold medallist Watt, Cathy Reardon, Rachel Victor and Louise Nolan winning by 15 seconds. Were not even warm yet Raiders chilling warning to title contenders By PAUL KENT TIM Sheens gave an ominous warning after Canberras 2612 win over Norths yesterday Were a good side to keep out of the grand final for two weeks. Sheens was talking about the fact that the Raiders now have next weeks major semifinal or, should they lose, the following weeks final to qualify for this years big one. In other words, the Raiders have two bites of the cherry. Id like to think well give it a real good shake this year, he said. But youd have to say that we did a few things that could have quite easily turned the game against us, but Norths turned the ball straight over as well. We can play a lot better. Sheens words came not as a boast, but from a coach who has seen his team play better. And a coach who expects better. Most chillingly, it was echoed by his players. We didnt play real well, said Laurie Daley. But we still came away with a win. In what was at times a scrappy game, Canberras tremendous ability to mug an opponent in quickdraw fashion was all the difference. And it took eight superb minutes. It came late in the first half, after both sides had struggled and at times bumbled their way to a standstill. From a nothing play, Brett Mullins shot clear and looked set to streak in under the posts. Normally, youd put your glasses down with Mullos in the clear, Sheens said. And who had reason to doubt him After all, who runs down Mullins Try Seers. Unbelievably, he stopped, propped and turned before chasing down Mullins over 60m, catching him metres from the line. But the Bears were shot. Canberra were screaming through and hardly a Bear had made it back. When the ball was fired out from dummyhalf, centre Chris Caruana failed to get back onside and knocked down the pass, giving up a penalty and earning a 10minute rest in the bin. From a quick tap the ball went wide to Ricky Stuart, who looked wide, passed wide and allowed Jason Croker to score out wide. The Raiders werent finished however. With Caruana off the field, Stuart worked his side up to halfway and then reversed the ball down the sideline to Daley. The fiveeighth found Noa Nadruku and it was trytime once again, just three minutes after Croker had scored. And soon after that when Ken Negas picked up the ball and ran 60m to score after a bumbled Bears kick 14 points in eight minutes had told the story. After the match, Norths coach Peter Louis was understandably disappointed. But he refused to fly the white flag especially when he had blokes with the courage of Billy Moore, who played despite the death of his mother after a long illness only a few days ago. You cant play a side like Canberra with 12 men, even though I think when Chris was put in the sin bin he had no option, Louis said. But I think the second half holds us in good stead. We didnt play well and it was 12all. There was an overwhelming feeling in the North Sydney dressing room that the Bears had let an opportunity go and that, if the two were to meet again, they would give a better account of themselves. The Raiders, with John Lomax in doubt for next week with a shoulder injury, a burst blood vessel in Stuarts thigh and various minor injuries to Mullins, David Furner and Daley, were feeling much the same. While some concern was shown over Stuart, Sheens believes his playmaker should be okay for next Sundays match against Canterbury. Early in yesterdays game, Stuart dislocated a finger and it refused to go back into place because he would not relax. Mullins left the field in the second half to get a cortisone injection in his hip but, like his teammates, he should be available next week. 50,000 fines on way, jockeys warned MAXIMUM fines for jockeys will be raised from 20,000 to 50,000 from October 1, Sydneys chief steward John Schreck told a delegation of jockeys at Rosehill yesterday. He also warned the jockeys that interference in major races such as the George Main stakes and Epsom Handicap might result in jockeys being fined as well as being suspended. You cannot possibly expect the same sort of penalty to flow from those races Group races as you can expect to flow from a Tuesday at Warwick Farm, he told them. That will certainly be the policy from now on. And there could be the imposition of a suspension as well as a fine. Schreck said each case would be treated on its merits. The meeting was called yesterday so jockeys would not feel stewards were creeping up on them. Jockeys Association president Mark de Montfort was asked to inform his fellow members who were not present at Rosehill of the stewards intentions. Earlier, Schreck signalled the views he would be putting to the jockey delegation when he said after an inquiry into interference in the first race In the big races coming up we will not be handing out suspensions of six or seven days believe me it will be much bigger than that. The inquiry was into a check suffered by Calligraphy Grant Cooksley midway through the first race. The inquiry disclosed that both the winner Snatches Darren Beadman and Blunt Statement Chris Munce had contributed to the trouble and stewards decided to take no action against either rider after taking into account their explanations. open boxCraig Young Rats sacked By GREG GROWDEN FEW would dispute NSW Rugby Union president Peter Crittles claim that David Campese is the worlds greatest footballer after the Test winger masterminded a Randwick firstgrade premiership for the second time in three seasons yesterday. Randwick last night were celebrating their 25th premiership success, primarily through the Campo factor, with his vision and unpredictability being so crucial in the Galloping Greens conclusive 3516 grand final victory over Warringah at Waratah Rugby Stadium. Campeses two unforgettable tries in the 14th and 48th minutes, plus his involvement in two others, saw Warringah leave Concord yet again emptyhanded, when losing their fifth grand final. It was all so reminiscent of the 1992 grand final when Campese, through a marvellous sideline run, succeeded in scoring a fullstretch diving try in the corner which sank Gordon. Campese found himself in the same corner yesterday, again diving full length and again finding the line. This followed another extraordinary Campese moment of magic in the first half, when even though having three Warringah defenders in front of him, Campese evaded all as he cheekily dropped the ball onto his foot, chipped through and regathered. So quick was this motion that some of his Randwick teammates thought he had knocked on rather than scored. And then, just before the end, Campese was again right in the middle of the chaos when he regathered a David Knox bomb and, before being dumped, threw the ball over his left shoulder to replacement centre James Holbeck, who scored. This movement was soundly booed by the Warringah fans, as Campeses pass was appreciably forward. It was missed though by referee Wayne Erickson, enabling Randwick to go to a matchwinning 2816 lead. When Crittle, a former Wallaby forward, was announcing that Campese had won the manofthematch award, he described Australias most capped player as the greatest footballer in the world. And I mean in any code soccer, rugby league, AFL. He is the best ball player in the world, Crittle said. But in the Randwick dressing room, in its traditional ebbtide of champagne and beer slush, Campese was just another of the boys, revelling in the Galloping Greens seventh premiership in eight years. On the other side of the dressing room wall, Warringah players were definitely more attuned to the Campo factor. He Campese was probably the difference, Warringah halfback Mark Catchpole said. Both his tries came at crucial times, and had the effect of halting us. Right up until the 70th minute we thought we were a chance, and then Campo is involved in another one. As usual Campese found it difficult to explain his onfield dominance, only explaining that when you are part of a team youve got to do the job. Another Randwick player deserving of special mention was their secondrower Warwick Waugh who played most of the game with a suspected broken bone in his right wrist. Despite the outright pain, Waugh refused to let up in the scrummaging and lineout work, winning two important jumps in the second half. Waugh was just part of an excellent Randwick forward unit. Warringah coach Steve Lidbury suggested last night that they may not get the proper credit because of Campeses overwhelming impact on the grand final. I think the Randwick forwards make Campo look good because they give him so much space, Lidbury said.

33 The Keating coup The recession and the GST got Hawke. Paul Keating, January l992 I Support for the Hawke government collapsed after its l990 election victory, due to public disenchantment, a protracted recession and a leadership struggle. The recession demoralised Labor. It meant that Labors economic policy, judged by its own criterion, had failed. The paradox of Labors fourth term is that Hawke, a four times election winner, fell victim to the recession and that Keating, despite his unpopularity, finally deposed Hawke. The leadership crisis in Labors fourth term was triggered by Hawkes decision to repudiate the l988 Kirribilli agreement and remain as prime minister and Keatings refusal to accept this and his resort to a challenge. Once Hawke told Keating on 3l January 1991 that he was breaking their agreement, a leadership challenge was inevitable. Keating, denied a managed transition, sought the mantle by force. A few months after the election Kim Beazley, a Hawke loyalist, rated a Hawke retirement during the term at a 90 per cent probability a misplaced judgement. Hawke had never completely closed the door on this option in talks with Keating before the 1991 challenge. But ALP national secretary Bob Hogg had a different view I dont think that Hawke had any intention of delivering on the Kirribilli Agreement and leaving.1 Keating had a choice he could submit to Hawke or put the issue before the party through a challenge. The Labor leadership was a likely poisoned chalice with the collapse of Labors fourth term position creating the basis for a coalition win at the next election. But Hawke and Keating, like figures in a Shakespearian tragedy, were compelled by their history and their natures to their battle. Each man had a dual identity Hawke the successful prime minister who refused to recognise the exhaustion of his tenure, and Keating the legitimate successor whose optimum time to become a successful prime minister had passed. Keatings mistake was to belittle Hawke, thereby turning Hawke against his retirement with dignity option. Hawke convinced himself that Keatings claim was illegitimate that he was entitled to defy Keating and dishonour his pledge. As their mutual obsession intensified, Keating decided to challenge Hawke rather than leave politics and Hawke, in turn, decided his responsibility was not to manage a smooth transition but to stay in office. After the 1990 election the Hawke government was changed in power and personality dimensions. Keating became deputy unopposed after Lionel Bowens retirement. The left won three Cabinet posts, for Howe, Hand and Bolkus, and was fully integrated, ready for the strangest political alliance of the Hawke era Hawke and the left against Keating. The right wing emerged stronger but divided. Beazley took the main microreform portfolio, transport and communications Kerin remained in resources and primary industry Crean became a junior minister and Ray and Richardson had senior Cabinet posts. Evans stayed foreign minister and Willis became finance minister. This was a diverse group but in policy terms it was more sympathetic to Hawkes gradualism than to Keatings firmer economic line. Hawke was positioning Crean and Beazley against Keating. At the same time the 1980s era economic ministers the engine room of that government were outflanked Walsh went to the backbench, Button survived on borrowed time, Dawkins was unpopular within the party. This group, which had been Keatings Cabinet base, was no longer the anchor of the Hawke Cabinet. Keatings grip on the Cabinet was slipping and Hawkes was tightening. Hawke, in fact, had wanted a bigger restructuring, and had spoken to Button, Willis and Richardson about their leaving politics. Richardson was shocked when Hawke had sounded him out on a possible retirement and overseas posting he rang Keating at once You wont believe what the bastards just suggested. Yet Richardson himself had told Hawke to dump Button and Willis Hawke wrote a letter to Beazley in April 1990 declaring that Labors fourth term would be judged by its microreforms, and instructing Beazley to pursue this agenda with determination. This went to the core of the case against Hawke that since its May 1988 Economic Statement the government had been drifting and Hawkes shelflife as prime minister had virtually expired. The malaise continued from Labors third term into its fourth by 1990 the government was adrift, devoid of any strategic leadership. Hawke remained a relatively popular leader with an approval rating in the 4045 per cent range, but leadership had ceased largely to be an electoral asset for the Labor Party. Labors support fell to below 35 per cent of the primary vote. After the 1990 election Keating moved to stake his claim to the leadership on policy grounds he threw himself at the microreform agenda and ridiculed Hawkes technique of reform by consensus. The battlefield was telecommunications reform, where Hawke was aligned with Beazley to introduce a competitive duopoly in the local industry while Keating sought to replace Telecoms monopoly with a fully competitive model. It was a bitter, emotional, and symbolic struggle. Keating assumed for himself the crash through or crash mantle of policy leadership. By his actions Keating claimed to be the real leader, replacing Hawke. The irony is that Keatings fury only accentuated the growing Cabinet majority for Hawke. The dramatic moment in the communications battle came when Keating, frustrated beyond endurance, threw his pen on the table and walked out of the Cabinet room complaining, This is a fucking secondrate decision from a secondrate government. Keatings nemesis, Robert Ray, taunted, Go on, spit the dummy. But Keating was being driven by power, not just ideology, in this dispute. Hawke asked himself one question why was Keating trying to become a hero on microreform now Why was Keating calling for airline sales and telecommunication competition now Hawke recalled with bitterness the events of 1988, when Keating had not raised his voice to support Hawke when Hawke himself was under internal assault for his pursuit of airline privatisation. Keatings dilemma during 199091 was to sustain his claim to the prime ministership while explaining away the recession, an immensely difficult task. Keating became agitated, frustrated and prone to selfdestructive actions during 1990 he committed a series of blunders which reinforced the hostility which sections of the public held towards him. In May 1990 Keating made a devastating public assault on Button, breaking Cabinet solidarity to declare a virtual no confidence in his colleague, provoked by Buttons penchant for soliloquy. Then he used a VIP jet to fly to Melbourne with journalists to attend a Collingwood football game, his latest loyalty in the cause of a more knockabout image. This fanned public concern about Keatings elitism and double standards. In September 1990 he attacked the National Australia Banks outgoing chief, Nobby Clark, claiming the bank had been technically insolvent a few years earlier, an extraordinary claim by a treasurer. Keating retreated but Howard hurt him he accused Keating of playing fast and loose with the confidence of ordinary Australians in the stability of the financial system. But Keatings most memorable mistake came on 29 November 1990 with the release of statistics showing that Australia was in a second quarter of negative growth, the technical definition of a recession. Keating had a press statement prepared by his advisers which he read to the media it contained the infamous line, dotted linethis is a recession that Australia had to have. In one blow Keating destroyed two years of promises that Australia could avoid a recession the pledge made by Hawke and Keating at the 1990 election. Keatings comments were a terrible political blunder, a mistake he later conceded. But he was also wrong when he suggested that the worst impact of the recession might have passed. The contrast between Hawke and Keating was sharp Keating was brazen in his reluctance to admit his mistake while Hawke flashed humility and a caring countenance. Within the party there was talk about eliminating Keating as a recession scapegoat but this was too dangerous for Hawke. The key to Labors political crisis during its fourth term was that Hawkes leadership malaise transcended Keatings unpopularity, a considerable achievement. This was because Keating, popular or unpopular, was perceived to be the dominant figure in the government. Most people believed that Keating would replace Hawke as prime minister during the fourth term. Hawkes problem was summarised by NSW Liberal advertising adviser, Greg Daniel, chief of Clemenger Sydney It would seem to me that Australia is in the peculiar position, almost, of having two GovernorsGeneral Hawke and Haden and a Prime Minister Keating who is called the Deputy Prime Minister.2 This perception had been revealed in ANOPs research before the 1990 election, and Rod Cameron said in late 1990 that Keating had as much chance of being an electable Prime Minister as Hawke. Another study by Mackay Research in mid1990 concluded Consistently participants spoke as though it was beyond question that the Prime Minister would retire during his present term. The study found that Keating is consistently described as arrogant, cold, aloof and gratuitously insulting yet there is continuing grudging respect for his performance as Treasurer.3 Hawke and Keating were a study in contrasts. Hawke played more golf, travelled overseas, including a memorable trip to Gallipoli for the 75th anniversary commemoration of the ANZAC landing, and thrived at the Lodge. Keating was burning with frustration, fearful that Hawke would repudiate his Kirribilli pact, yet resentful that if he became prime minister he might inherit only the ashes of an era. It is extraordinary that the two men discussed their agreement again only on 9 October 1990, six months after the election. Hawke told Keating that he wanted to be around for a settlement in South Africa and said he was likely to be honoured with the keys to the city of London for his contribution to the Commonwealth. He said, I want to stay until CHOGM the Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting in Zimbabwe next year. That meeting would be in October 1991, late in the term for a leadership transition. Keating appealed to Hawke he would need time as prime minister to change his image before an election. Keating reminded Hawke that he had given an unconditional pledge to retire in front of witnesses. But Hawke deferred further discussion and Keating left an unhappy man.4 The upshot was that Keating encouraged the two witnesses, Kelty and Abeles, to approach Hawke to seek a reconvening of the Kirribilli meeting. But Hawke was not interested. The equation was set Hawkes resentment of Keatings pressure and Keatings hostility to Hawkes obstinacy. Keating had two powerbases against Hawke the NSW right and the centre left. This time, unlike 1988, the NSW right wanted a leadership change. Its powerbroker, Graham Richardson, had taken this decision before the 1990 election a point few ALP figures had grasped. But Richardsons resentment towards Hawke hardened postelection when Hawke tested if he wanted to quit politics and then gave him social security, a job Richardson disliked. Keating had fought with the NSW right at various stages of his treasurership, but Keating and his base were reuniting the challenge would be rooted in NSW tribal loyalty. Richardson had always known that eventually he would move from Hawke to Keating. Keatings ultimate aspirations were part of NSW Labors tribal culture over the previous twenty years. Richardson knew that Keating would be a great gamble but he also felt that Hawkes leadership was dying that with Labors primary vote sinking below 35 per cent, only a new leader could break the cycle. However, the right wing was divided on the leadership between NSW and Victoria. Victorian right powerbroker, Robert Ray, was Keatings chief critic within the party. The KeatingRay relationship was rooted in a deep and mutual antagonism. Keating had vetoed Hawkes earlier plan to make Ray the finance minister. He called Ray the fat Indian and never concealed his contempt for Rays political judgement. Ray felt that Keating was electoral poison, a man who put his selfinterest before the partys interest and that his unpopularity with the party and the public made absurd the talk about his leadership.

There is much debate in the literature about the effects of regular low intensity burning of the landscape has on both plant and animal species. However, through many practical contempory examples we can see that regular burns actually increases the productivity of the environment. Therefore, Aboriginals had sound and very practical reasons to fire the landscape. When Europeans first arrived in Australia the described the environment as being open, with wellspaced trees and clear understories with predominantly grasses. This was undoubtedly due to Aboriginal burning practices. Aboriginals saw several practical uses and consequences for burning the Australian landscape. As mentioned above, it cleared the understory and allowed easier mobility for hunting and gathering. Burning enabled more effective hunting of large and arboreal game. It resulted in recycling of nutrient into the soil and therefore promoted plant regeneration. Firing the bush also inhanced the diversity and occurance of certain edible plant species. Finally, regular bush burning produced more habitats for arboreal animals to live in. Steven Pyne, a scientist who studied Aboriginal burning practices, argued that Aboriginal burning was controlled, planned and directed in a very systematic way. He believes that Aboriginals burnt when the thought the conditions were suitable. Burning generally was undertaken during spring and early summer when there was still enough rain to promote fast regeneration of plants. Pyne argues that Aboriginals controlled the direction of fires by many physical factors including wind humidity and topographic factors such as streams and maintain breaks. Enthological, archaeological and oral evidence has confirmed that Aboriginal burning was carried out in a mosaic fashion burning certain parts of the landscape whilst preserving sensitive areas to increase the productivity of the environment. Aboriginals also practiced controlled burns in the arid zone, but for different reasons than in more fertile areas. Arid zone burns were undertaken by the Aboriginal to reduce the amount of litter building up to ensure that if a fire does occur it would not wipe out all the bioresources available in the area. Firing of the bush obviously has a very direct affect on the plant species present. Some vegetation is more sensitive to fire than others. For example, grasses, scrub, shrubs and sclerophyll vegetation is well adapted to fire and regenerates readily. On the other hand, mixed forests and rainforest contain plants which are less tolerant to fire and take longer to regenerate. These areas are generally wetter and thus less susceptible to firing anyway. Some plants are thus fire tolerant and actually require fire to reproduce. Examples include banksia, some eucalyptus species. Other plants are actually stimulated after fire.Examples include Acacia species, common bracken Pteridium. A study undertaken by Macquarie University students in the ecology reserve at Lane Cove proved that plant diversity is actually increased by fire. One section of the reserve the southern side was control burnt some 25 years ago while the other sections were not. The burnt section contained many more plant species on the ground and shrub species about lm high than did the unburnt section. The unburnt area was dominated by one species Kunzea, Leptosperum which inhibited any other species from growing because it successfully competed for light. There are several edible plant species that are promoted after burning of the bush. For example, bracken Pteridium has edible rhizomes. Often after fires in the Sydney region bracken can be seen to densly cover the understory. Aboriginals were known to exploit the rhizomes of this and other plant species for food, particularly after fire. Aboriginals also ate the highly toxic roots of cynads after careful preparation. These are known to be promoted by firing of the bush. Acacias, which are abundant after fire, were exploited by the Aboriginals who ate their seeds. The occurance, abundance and distribution of many plants in Australia was therefore determined by Aboriginals regularly burning the environment. This point can be highlighted by looking at vegetation associations in Tasmania in the last century. Aboriginals burnt regularily in Tasmania up until lAfter this time, when regular burning ceased, the mixed forests gradually became rainforests, the grasslands became shrublands and the sclerophyll vegetation turned into more forest types. The occurance and abundance of animal populations is also significantly affected by burning. Again, some species are promoted while others reduced by fires. For example, the New Holland Mouse was thought to have become extinct in Australia until recently. It was found in heathland in Newcastle that had recently been burnt. The changed fire regime of European cultures i.e. less fires has resulted in reduced suitable habitats for the mouse and therefore a substantial reduction in its numbers. Another example of the way in which fire affects animal populations is provided by macropods. Initially their populations reduce immediately after fire but quickly increase to maximum capacities l year after fire. Examples are numerous. Pot kangaroos prefer areas that are burnt every 7 years because they live in the thickets of Casuarinas and these are inhanced with fires every 7 yrs. The lyer bird prefers regular burning. Australian plants and animals have evolved with aboriginals for at least 40,000 years. Aboriginals have been burning the bush for at least 38,000 yrs. Therefore, Australian plants and animals have evolved and adapted to regular lowintensty fires. Many are promoted by and some require regular burns. The massive and highly distructive wildfires in Australia in the l920s, l950s and l970s are a direct result of absence of regular burning. These fires have proved to be devestating to the Australian landscape. Aboriginals therefore fired the landscape for many reasons. Primarily it resulted in increased productivity of the bush. Many edible plants and animals are inhanced by burning. Aboriginal burning practices can be seen as highly managed deliberate manipulation of the environment. It has been described as a limited form of cultivation. Question 63N.B. Ab. Aboriginal There are two problems with the statement made by Frith Colby about Aboriginal impact on kangaroos or more broadly Australian Fauna. Firstly, Ab. weapons were not primitive stone tipped spears,barbed spears and spear throwers were efficient highly developed weapons that allowed proficent and effective hunting of large game such as kangaroos. Secondly, they state that there were never a great number of Ab. in the whole continent. This was thought to be correct in l969 but unreadable word since has estimated the pop to be as large as l2 million in the Halocene period. The Holocene period was characterised by stable climate and a growing Aboriginal population. The Australia small tool tradition with its spear tips and barbs arrived mid Holocene about 5000 years ago. This new technology allowed Ab. people to hunt more efficiently than previously. This allowed them to support an increasing population which in turn put demanded more resources. As a population increases it impacts on its environment more more. Work done in QLD by Smith has showed that in order to maintain the kangaroo pop. there no more than l5 of the adult population can be killed each year. If we apply these figures to the holocene then a pop. of 12 million, with 30 hunting kangaroos, would only be able to kill 12 kangaroos each per year without impacting the pop. This is unlikely if a technology is designed specifically for hunting large game then it will be used extensively until it is no longer viable. The dropping out of the tool kit of stone tips and barbs about 2000 years ago suggests they were no longer viable. This suggests a decrease in the game they were used to hunt. The low numbers of kangaroos found around Sydney at 1788 suggests that the Kangaroo pop. had been kept at an unreadable word low level by over hunting by Ab. Thus they did have an impact on the Kangaroo population. As the Ab. population had reached a new higher level supported by kangaroos than when they were reduced in number the Ab. had to diversify their food base to support the population at its new carrying capacity. A shift to greater use of lower trophic resources and smaller animals replaced kangaroos. Fishing was made possible through the development of fish hooks and bone fish spears. In an effort to maximise productivity of plant resources and maintain dwindling kangaroo pop. Ab . increased their use of fire this increased hill slope instability and caused erosion. The silt washed off hill slope deposited in estuaries changing the environments from sandy to muddy. This impacted on the shell fish found there. Thus Ab. people impacted on the shell fish species found in particular areas. Firing also favoured some animal species impacted on their numbers. A species of ground parrot lyre birds favour frequently burnt areas as do some smaller marsupials. With the ceasation of Ab. burning after settlement these animals became rare. Thus Ab. had an impact on the maintance of habitat suitable to support these species. Dugongs seals and the Red Necked Wallaby have not been observed by European s in the Sydney area since settlement and yet they appear in the archaelogical record. It is thought that perhaps these species were over utilized by Ab. thus became extinct locally. The holocene was a period of climate stability and yet there have been a number of changes in the numbers types of particular animals found in some areas of Australia. As climatic change did not cause these changes it has been suggested that Ab. people played a part. The archaelogical record ethnographic observations since settlement provides evidence for Ab. involvement in the changes to fauna. Thus Ab. people can be said to have impacted on the Holocene Fauna. Thus the proposition passed by Frith Colby seems to be incorrect in light of the current evidence. It is doubtful that Ab. people had no direct or long term impacts on the Holocene fauna. This is especially true where the larger fauna are concerned. QUESTION 63 The proposition that the Aboriginal people had no direct or long term impacts on the Holocene Aust. fauna is not a believable one in the light of a further examination of Aboriginal pop densities and changing technologies. Initially it was proposed that the Aboriginal population of Aust. at 1788 the contact time starting with Europeans was at 300, 000 people. This figure suggest in the 1950s was widely accepted until further studies in the 1970s and 1980s gave a much larger estimate. Considering the resources available to exploit for foods and animals, the nos. of fires sighted by the europeans on first arrival of Aust, and other ethnographic and archaelogical evidence, such as the nos. of shell middens, sizes of middens, sites. A population for Australia was estimated at 1 million. A figure which more than doubles the previous estimate. Most conservative historians now believe that 750, 000 people 34s of million would be a minimum level of the popn. for Aust in This estimate of 750, 000 1 million people then rejects the suggestion that Aboriginal groups were never a great number that could impact upon the Aust. Holocene fauna. The notion that Aborigines possessed primitive weapons could not be further from the truth. In fact the Aboriginal pop. had gone through several changes in their technology to reach the one that they used just before european settlement. unreadable word 500 ago, the Core Tool and Scraper tradition was abandoned, and a new technology known as the Small Tool tradition took its place. As the climatic conditions in the Holocene period had become more stabilised, with warmer temps., stable seas level, and more rainfall, Aborigines were finding there was a greater resource base for them to exploit. Thus to exploit this unreadable wider resource base the Small Tool tradition began. The use of barbed spears, pointed stone heads, spear throwers, and edge ground axes allowed the Aborigines to hunt very efficiently. The use of fire also did not go missed, as it could open the area up for the Aborigines, provide more habitats and food resources for large herbivorous game, provide shelter and food for tree dwelling animals birds, and maximize productivity of food plants.

Bondi At twentysix, Leigh who is Casss cousin is tired of playing the part of bad girl but the habit is difficult to break. She fell into the role quite naturally at puberty parsons daughters do and played it to the hilt, and now its like a skin she cant shed. The thing is, Cass decides, Leigh knows the ropes of bad girl land, and even though the terrain has become tedious has in fact become as boring as the Sunday afternoon prayer meetings of their childhoods, Leigh feels comfortable there. And safe. Safe In a manner of speaking, safe because Cass, watching Leigh smooth suntan oil on her bare breasts, knows that Leigh wouldnt even count the Hanlon affair. Leigh wouldnt give it any more significance than Cass would give a crunched fender or a smashedup headlight. Annoying, yes. Inconvenient. But shrug these things happen, and besides, every life needs a little excitement, right Nevertheless, it is because of Hanlon that Leigh has called, and because of Hanlon that they are lying towel by towel on Bondi beach, with Deb making sandcastles a few yards off. Not the usual way for Cass to spend a Saturday afternoon these days. Come on, Cass, Leigh had said. Live a little. Well dotted line Cass hears herself again, all tiresome caution. She is torn between maternal anxiety and the pleasant pinpricks of risk. Live a little Being target practice for Hanlon Theres this fingerpainting thingamy at the public library. I was going to take Deb dotted line Leigh already has the stroller out. Deb needs to be outdoors, not in. What kind of an Aussie kid are you raising here But will it be safe Safe as Sunday School. Hanlons so dumb, hell still be watching my flat in Melbourne. Leigh and Cass have travelled different roads, but they need each other. Were heads and tails, I suppose you could say, Cass explains to Tom. Though Leigh always counters Youre the wolf in sheeps clothing, and Im the little lost lamb playing wolf to protect myself. Black and white, Tom hopes night and day. At any rate, each plays Best Supporting Actress to the others role. They grew up in Brisbane, which should explain a lot, and were fed milk and biblical verses in their highchairs. When Leigh telephoned, the day before yesterday, Cass could feel the rush at the top of her head. Leigh She was laughing already. I dont believe it, I thought youd vanished from the face of the land Where are you Brisbane God no Not Brizzy. Leigh hasnt been heard from for two years, though the family gossip mill has been murmuring Townsville, Cairns, Kuranda, Daintree, Leigh heading further and further north, heading deeper into shady reasons, bad company, offshore boats, Darwin in a shocked whisper, Cape Trib, Thursday Island grant her Thy mercy, Lord, New Guinea Then Brisbane again, it was rumoured. Someone had seen her at Expo, her hair ungelled and unspiked, looking like a normal person, and shed said In sales, giving a phone number. Selling dotted line No one dared to ask what. At the phone number, a male voice went off in a shower of expletives and detonations about that fucking bitch whod moved on, bloody lucky for her, and if he ever fucking caught up with the slut dotted line Lost traces, lost causes, lost sheep. The family signed and bowed its head Remember, O Lord, thy wayward child and turn not Thy face away from dotted line Im here, Leigh says. In Sydney. Excitement, salamander style, comes slinking in through Casss eardrum and makes straight for all her nerve centres of temptation. Listen, Leigh says. I need a place to crash, its sort of urgent. Cass picks her up at Circular Quay. God you look terrible, but what does it matter Reinstated as baileroutinchief, Cass feels giddy with pleasure. Yeah, well. Ive been doing a bit of coke. Doesnt go very well with food. Leigh lights a cigarette. Hows Deb Adorable. Youll see in a minute. Toms home, so I just rushed out. And have you been a good girl while Ive been gone Leigh asks. They both laugh. What happened Cass wants to know. What do you mean You said it was urgent. Oh, that. Leigh shrugs. Nothing much. You remember Hanlon That bloke you were living with in Brisbane Him. We hit the road for a while, business you know, but I got tired of doing the dirty work and taking shit, so I What sort of shit Oh, you know, the usual. He hit me round a bit. Leigh, why Why do you keep latching on to men like that Youve gotta stop Yeah, I know. Ive tried, I really have. I just cant seem to get turned on unless theyre hellraisers. Anyway, in Brizzy, Hanlon set up this little dream of a deal, with me in the hot seat, natch, and it came to me that I could just take the money and run. So I did. Ripped him off for twenty thousand, and headed for Melbourne. God, Leigh Twenty thousand dollars Cass is appalled, her eyes glitter, she is full of plans. Well dotted line she cant stop reeling from the enormity of it Well, now you can afford to, you know, quit dotted line Quit, uh, selling. You can go straight, get an apartment here, finish your degree dotted line Never give up, do you Leigh says fondly. In high school, they had been neck and neck. Leigh had won a state medal as well as a Commonwealth Scholarship. A brilliant future, her teachers said, which turned out to be true in a way. Still, Leigh sighs. Mackie was worth it for a while. She winces, then smiles, then winces again, remembering Mackie, the excon shed run off with before the end of her first year at Queensland Uni. About going back dotted line I think about it a lot, but I dunno after all these years. Its never too late. Yeah, yeah. Leigh is wistful. I meant to, actually. Use the money for, you know, uni or something. But I blew it all on coke in Melbourne and last week I saw You blew twenty thousand dollars Well, not just me. Friends, you know. I threw a few parties. And I guess the word got round because last week Its all gone Cass is awestruck. That entire amount Fraid so. Leigh twists sideways in the seat, leaning against the passenger door, to gauge the effect of her words on Cass. My cokes at maintenance level, though. Its under control. I get frightened for you, Cass says. If Leigh werent around, what would happen to the world on its axis What might Cass have to do Yeah, me too sometimes. Leigh laughs. Anyway, last week I saw Hanlon watching my place. He doesnt take kindly to being gypped, so I thought Id better bugger off. Hitchhiked up, left early yesterday and just arrived. God, Im tired. She slept for fifteen hours. She woke, she ate something, she threw up, she slept, she sleeps. Tom, looking into the guest room before heading for his office the Saturday catchup, says God, its the worst Ive ever seen her. Shes thin as a whippet. Except for her tits, he thinks. In spite of himself, hes stirred. The unspiked black hair, longer now, shaggy and glossy, falls across a childs face. He kisses Cass brusquely So how long is she planning to camp here Not that hes made uneasy by Leighs presence in his house, not really. Because this is what Tom has observed that the children of True Believers go one of two ways, and that there is a delicate ecology within families. To Toms legal mind hes a partner in a Regent Street law firm, Leigh is some sort of warranty. Leigh wakes into high sun. Lets go to the beach, she says. Well dotted line Theres this fingerpainting thingamy dotted line Live a little, Leigh laughs, exasperated. And so they push the stroller along the neat residential streets of Bellevue Hill and down the long asphalt slope to Bondi. Cass is always mildly surprised that no one asks for her passport at that point where the buildings change so sharply. Cass watches the way the men walk up and down where the sand turns hard, the way their equipment strains against their skimpy briefs, the way their eyes, not even pretending to be covert, scan the rows of oilslicked breasts the peacock parade on its mating route between towels and bodies. It still surprises Cass, the lack of selfconsciousness on all sides. Bare bosoms are so common that if she rolls sideways on her towel and squints, the beach appears to be strewn with egg cartons, pointy little mounds in all directions. Big ones and small ones, floppy ones and tight little cones. She considers if I took off my top, would Deb be startled Would Leigh And if Tom heard of it A man walks within eight inches of her head, flicking sand in her eyes, and manages to spill beer on Leighs midriff. Leigh sits bolt upright and her splendid bare breasts bounce and quiver. Jeez, sorry. The man squats down, blotting at beerwet skin with his towel. Oh, bugger off, Leigh says without malice. Hey, an accident, swear to God The man turns toward Cass and winks. He has very white teeth and a dimple beside his chin. Cass has an urge to stick out her tongue, throw sand at him maybe, and a simultaneous one to run her fingers down through the hair on his chest, across the flat tanned belly, across the blue lycra welt to that bleat of skin on the inside of his squatting thighs. Baby skin, and she cant take her eyes off it. Shed forgotten this the way sun and salt air and drowsiness and the smell of suntan oil add up to lust. Not lust exactly. More a sort of catholic sensuousness, an erotic languor toward the whole wide world. Got some beer in the Esky, the man says. Wanna join me Sure, Cass murmurs silkily, eyes meeting his. Why not Be right back. Cass stretches like a cat and reaches behind and unhooks her bikini top. She squirts a glob of sunscreen into one palm and rubs it lovingly on her nipples. What the hell are you doing Leigh asks. Whyd you invite that jerk back here Well never get rid of him. Cass smiles. This feels good, very good sun on her white and private breasts, its like losing your virginity again, a lifesaver watching while she massages in the oil, a slow rhythmic caress, autoerotic. Watching herself being watched, she can feel what it was that hooked Narcissus. A married woman Leigh is agitated, Leigh is suddenly and inexplicably angry. A mother Put your clothes back on, were going. Casss eyes go wide. Youve got to be kidding. You think youre funny or something You think youre Then chaos comes in a skirl of sand. First, the Esky man is knocked for a sixer, the blue Esky sails in an arc toward the surf trailing cans of Swan Lager like so many bows on a kite tail. After that, its helterskelter screaming, cursing, an assortment of missiles footballs, cricket bats, a rubber skippingrope, bodies lunging, bodies falling, blood. There are gouts of blood on the sand. Mothers scream and gather up tots and towels, heading for the concrete steps. Cass scoops up Deb and runs to the water. Children cry and dont know if theyre crying from fear or from the sand in their eyes. People wipe their wet faces and find themselves sprinkled with blood. A little further off, a ring of boys gathers to watch and barrack. This is some fight, some thrill. Its wogs The wogs started it. They were bothering a white girl, they threw sand in a white ladys face, they kicked a football right into a little kids head, a little white kid, hes got concussion.

TEST REPORT Remingtons 40XB KS Rifle State of the Art Varmint and Benchrest Rig Les ORourke The Remington 40XB varmint and benchrest rifle could easily have deprived me of the pleasures associated with fine tuning a new rifle. The very first centrefire rifle I owned was not a 40XB, but it was chambered for the .222 Remington. I had read about this new super accurate cartridge in the rave reviews of its use on everything from foxes and rabbits to benchrest competition. This was the ultimate in accuracy, a cartridge that could swat flies at a hundred yards. A 10power Weaver scope was fitted to the rifle and it was bore sighted before I drove out to the back paddock, with high expectations and a box of factory rounds to try it out. Leaning out across the bonnet of my 63 Land Rover I proceeded to try to shoot it in. I finally managed to put a round through the target at fifty yards. Trying to shoot a group to adjust the sights, I was lucky to get five shots close enough together to call a group at 100 yards. Eventually, it took tuning, bedding the action, floating the barrel, adjusting the trigger and then resorting to reloading ammo to suit. That first rifle finally did live up to expectations after I carried out all of these tuning steps. Along the way I gained a lot of valuable knowledge and reread a lot of ASJ articles with a little more insight and understanding. If I had first purchased a Remington 40XB none of the above would have happened and I would not have spent the next twentyodd years reloading and fine tuning an array of rifles in many calibres. photo The first group I shot with the 40XB was also over the bonnet of a 4X4, a slightly newer model. I had intended to fireform some of the Remington softpoint 50grain factory rounds supplied so as to reload them later, but as I watched through the 624X Bausch and Lomb scope a cluster of holes hovered around the tip of the 100 yard target. Two things were immediately apparent one, the rifle shot like stink, and two, the optics on the Bausch and Lomb scope were superb. That group measured just under 25mm 1 inch for 10 shots. The rifle had come complete with a Harris bipod attached to the Kevlar reinforced synthetic stock with the trigger set at around 1 12 lbs let off. Topped off with the versatile 624X Bausch and Lomb targetvarmint scope in Redfield mounts it looked as if it was made to create ragged one hole groups and clobber rabbits at long range. It was behaving exactly as it looked even before I had troubled to find a custom load for that particular rifle. The Kevlar stock had a wide flat foreend which was made to sit on a benchrest and the cheekpiece brought the eye into perfect alignment with the scope. I emptied two packets of Remington factory fodder that afternoon and was constantly amazed by how well it grouped. If my first .222 had performed this well out of the box with factory ammo I would not have ventured into reloading at all. There would simply have been no need. The Remington 700 action on which this rifle is based needs no introduction to anyone who has ever considered building a benchrest rifle. It has been a favourite on the line for decades. To dissect the action would be covering old ground it is enough to say that the leading benchrest rifle builders in Australia consider this to be a fine option far an accurate rifle. Then when you consider that the actions used in the top of the range 40XB rifles have been specifically selected for this purpose by the Remington custom shop after careful examination, it is no wonder that they shoot so well. The 690mm 25 stainless steel barrel was a hefty 33mm at the action and barely tapered to 22mm at the muzzle. A righthand twist of 1 in 5, slightly faster than the standard 1 in 14, was found when a rod was pushed through the hammer forged barrel, although the catalogue lists the rifle as having a 1 in 14 twist with the option of a faster 1 in 12 available. This would indicate that perhaps the rifle would readily digest slightly heavier match projectiles than the 52and 53grain ones generally photo caption caption photo available. Although the trigger was adjustable for letoff I did not attempt to change the setting as I saw no reason to do so. It was more than adequate already set at its lowest setting of 1 12 lbs for a varmintcumbenchrester. If I were to use it primarily as a benchrest rifle that would be different. The adjustment screw is easily accessible through the bottom of the stock without removing the action from it. It was a pity, however, that Remington had not actually also provided a hole in the triggerguard so that a straight screwdriver could be used to avoid any possible damage to the adjustment screws head. The weight of the barrel gave the rifle a decidedly unbalanced feel as it easily out weighed the Kevlar stock, making it front heavy. This is not a major factor when you realize that the rifle is not intended to be used offhand, but either from a bench over sandbags or from a field rest such as the supplied Harris bipod. With the bipod removed but the 624X Bausch and Lomb scope in place the rifle weighed 13lbs. Removing the bipod reduced the weight to 12 14 lbs. The stock alone weighed 2 14 lbs. The factory average for these rifles is 10 14 lbs. If used as a benchrest rifle, this weight would automatically put it in the heavy varmint class. I could see little chance of lowering the weight except by having the barrel shortened and fluted as well as removing the five shot magazine. Removing the magazine well and sleeving the action is an option I would give some serious thought to as I dont feel the need for a magazine on a varmint rifle and especially a benchrest rifle. This operation would also add greater rigidity to the action and possibly increase its accuracy potential. First thing I did on arriving home after that first informal session was to pull ten of the Remington 50grain softpoint rounds and try to find out what was making them tick so well. They were loaded with a spherical powder and the charge in the ten rounds only varied by .25 grains, the average being 52 grains. Whatever the powder was it performed very well. The primers were the standard Remington 6 12, not the 7 12 match. My immediate impulse was to try the WW748 powder in the fired cases and see if the results would be the same. Various loads were tried and I had to increase the load to 26 grains with the Sierra 52grain match projectiles before the groups began to shrink. Although I stopped at this load, the rifle was not showing signs of pressure and I feel that a further reduction in group size could have been obtained by going to 5 or 27 grains of These loads are listed as maximum in most loading manuals and should be approached carefully. photo caption I do not advise they be used as a starting point. Safe they may be in this rifle but a change in case or primer could lead to dangerous overloads. The 26 grains of WW748 ignited by Remington 7 12 match primers put ten Sierra 52grain HPBT Match projectiles into .734 at 100 yards while shooting in what could best be described as gusty conditions. Before the wind came up I had managed to fire two tenshot groups using Remington factory ammo from the bench. The first of these was shot with 50grain soft point loads and put nine shots into .436 with a flier bringing the group to .672 and I dont mind admitting that I was responsible for the flier, not the rifle. The second group was shot using the 50grain PowerLokt HP fodder, which blew out to .736 for ten shots impressive, but not as good as the softpoint. No group fired at any time, no matter what the combination used, was over .9 Having tried 748 first, I then turned to my old favourites IMR4198, IMR4895 and Reloader Each powder was loaded using previously tried and tested loads that had worked well in many of my .222s over the years. All of the projectiles were seated out just to touch the lands and then backed off .01. This gave an overall length of 200 and still allowed the cartridges to be worked through the fiveshot magazine. A single shot version of the 40X can be had with a solid receiver if you wish. Every charge was fired for groups of ten shots after two barrel warmers. The barrel was then cleaned after each string using Bisley Bore Solvent and swabbed out before the next string. The day the tests were carried out was a cool 15 degrees with a righthand cross wind that was mainly consistent but occasionally gusted and swung around to blow from the front. Of the loads tried the best effort for ten shots was achieved using 24 grains of IMR4895 which produced a group of .574. Further tuning in charge and seating depths could easily improve this result. Next in line was 21 grains of IMRThis clustered nine shots into a group of .690 with obvious signs of the light 52grain projectiles lifting in a head wind and a nominated flier spoiling the group. The Reloader 7 charge was used in two fiveshot groups by two of the Little River benchrest shooters, who were keen to try out the rifle. Serge Preradovic and Jack Hurst had first been attracted to the rifle after seeing the two groups I had shot with the Remington factory rounds. Serge then proceeded to shoot a .326 group using the Reloader 7 charge of 19 grains behind the Sierra 52grain pill despite the heavy trigger compared to his 2 oz match rifles trigger. Jack planted a .75 group while coming to terms with the heavier trigger. Serge and Jack then sat down and using the remaining softpoint factory rounds posted some very small fiveshot groups, the smallest measuring .376 and none larger that .72, all shot in gusty conditions as the day deteriorated. With the last four remaining softpoint cartridges Serge pulled out all stops and watching the flags carefully posted a two hole group that measured .213. These benchresters were not too happy to have the rifle taken away and packed in its case at the end of the day. The standard .222, with its case design now almost obsolete as far as the benchrest fraternity is concerned, had made quite an impact on these two who usually shoot custom built 6mm PPC rifles fed specially selected components. Recommended retail for the 40XB KS in the repeater model is 2750 and 2550 in the single shot version. When you realise that this is a fully custom made rifle guaranteed to shoot .5 groups in this chambering, it is not really a lot of money. It is available in all of the standard varmint calibres as well as the popular 6mm and 7mm BR Remington rounds. It can also be ordered in a range of larger calibres such as .2506, .308 Win, .3006 and even .300 Win Mag. When you look at what it can cost to tune a varmint weight factory rifle to this degree with the possibility of having to change the trigger for a better one, and add a more stable stock of fibreglass or Kevlar, and take into account gunsmithing costs, what may seem a cheap alternative can wind up costing as much. Each of these rifles is not a product of the normal assembly line but is turned out by hand from selected materials in Remingtons custom shop.

, 19 . Mr. A Mrs. B Surname 1 Dear Mr. Mrs. Surname 1 Re Purchase from Surname 2 We acknowledge receipt of the Contract for Sale in this matter dated the day of October, 1994 and take this opportunity of thanking you for your instructions to act on your behalf. We note that the Contract for Sale is subject to the approval of finance form Northern Building Society Ltd. in the amount of 25,000 on or before the day of November, Please let us know the outcome of your Application for Finance as soon as possible and in any event by that date. Meanwhile we take this opportunity to enclose a Purchasers Information Sheet prepared by our office for your information and guidance together with brochure entitled Getting the Best From Us a Guide for our Clients. For your reference, we advise that we estimate our costs and outlays in the matter as follows Professional Fees Outlays Stamp Duty Payable to theQld Government Land Tax Search Local Authority Search Titles Office Searches Sundry Expenses We have submitted Purchasers Requisitions to the Vendor. We will undertake the usual searches as soon as we receive your advices that finance has been approved. Please do not hesitate to contact us if you have any queries regarding the matter. Yours faithfully, , 19 . Messrs. Solicitors, Dear Sirs, Re We act for the abovenamed Purchaser, and understand that you act for the Vendors. Accordingly, we enclose Purchasers Requisitions for your clients completion and return. We note that the Contract is conditional on approval of finance on or before the day of ,199 . We will advise the outcome of our clients Application for Finance as soon as possible. Transfer documents will be submitted once our clients receive approval of finance. Yours faithfully, Encl , 19 . The Manager, Bank, Dear Sir, Re Sale to We act for the abovenamed vendor herein who has contracted to sell the above property. We enclose a photocopy of the Contract for your records. We understand your Bank holds the relevant Title Deed as security under a registered Mortgage. Would you please arrange for the relevant Release of Mortgage to be prepared and have same, along with the Certificate of Title available for settlement which is due to take place at on the . Please contact us if you require any further information. Yours faithfully, enc. , 19 . To the Vendor Dear SirMadam, Re Your Sale to Further to our letter of the , we advise that our clients Application for Finance has now been approved. Accordingly, in anticipation of satisfactory answers to the Requisitions and our various searches we now enclose Transfer Form 100 in duplicate Undertaking. The Transfer Form F should be witnessed by a justice of the Peace, Solicitor, Commissioner for Declarations or other qualified witness. Please return all the documents to us as soon as possible so that we can attend to the stamping of the Transfer in readiness for settlement. We undertake to deal with the Transfer for stamping purposes only pending settlement. When returning the documents please advise your calculation of settlement figures and advise us of the cheques required and where settlement is to take place. Yours faithfully, encs. , 19 . VendorSolicitor Dear SirMadam, Re We act on behalf of the abovenamed Purchaser and understand that you act for the Vendor. We enclose Requisitions on Title for completion and return to us as soon as possible. Please promptly produce copies of all unregistered documents relating to the property and full and proper particulars of all unregistered dealings. If we do not receive a clear response from you concerning this request we will assume that there are no such documents or dealings. The Contract is subject to the Purchaser obtaining finance in accordance with the terms of the Contract on or before the . We shall keep you informed in this regard. Subject to receiving satisfactory answers to Requisitions on Title we also enclose Transfer Form 2 Declaration Form 100 in duplicate Settlement Authority Rates and Land Tax Undertaking Form 22 Notice to Body Corporate. Transfer documentation is submitted at this stage for convenience sake only and submission of same is not to be taken as a waiver of our clients rights under the Contract of Sale, nor as an acceptance of title. Please return the completed documents to us as soon as possible on our undertaking, hereby given, to deal with same for presettlement stamping purposes only. As the property is tenanted, please provide us with a copy of the current Tenancy Agreement and your advices as to whether a Bond has been lodged with the Rental Bond Authority or otherwise. Please advise what arrangements you have made concerning the production of your Title Deed at settlement in Port DouglasCairns. Please provide details of the financial institution involved and the person we may contact in order to confirm settlement particulars. You should contact your Mortgagee if any regarding its requirements. We remind you of your clients obligation under clause 39 of the Contract to furnish our clients with a Certificate under Section 401c of the Building Units and Group Titles Act 1980 within the time limit stipulated in that clause. ...2 2 Would you please confirm that on the settlement of the matter the following will be available in addition to the relevant Title Deed and release of all registered encumbrances other than those specifically provided in the Contract Certificate of Approval under Fire Safety Act 1974 Certificate of Classification under the Standard Building By laws Land Tax Undertaking in accordance with clause 15 of the Standard Conditions of Sale Notice to Body Corporate under Sections 53 2a Notice to Body Corporate under Section 53 4 of the Building Units and Group Titles Act if a Mortgagee is noted on the Body Corporate Roll Vendors copy of Tenancy Agreement Notice in conformity with Section 13 of the Residential Tenancies Act 1975 in accordance with clause 4 of the Contract of Sale Certificate of Currency with regard to Body Corporate Insurance If the Vendor is a company and a charge over the Companys assets affecting the property is registered with the Australian Securities Commission then a release of the subject property from the charge Declaration of Continuing Default and Declaration of Service Duplicate Nomination of Trustees Number Any time or place nominated for settlement shall merely be for convenience of the parties and their legal representatives and the Purchaser expressly reserves the right to effect settlement at any time up to and including 00 p.m. on the date for completion. Yours faithfully, Encl KBCC K302191 7 August, 1991 Ms. H. Middleton, 75 Loch Maree Street, MAROUBRA JUNCTION, NSW. 2035 Dear Ms. Middleton, RE PURCHASE FROM YBASCO UNIT 4 BALCONY UNITS 65 DAVIDSON STREET, PORT DOUGLAS We acknowledge receipt of the Contract of Sale in this matter from Raine Horne port Douglas. We take this opportunity of thanking you for your instructions to act on your behalf. We note that the Contract is subject to the approval of finance from the State Bank of New South Wales in the amount of 30,00 on or before the 14th August, Please let us know the outcome of your application for finance as soon possible and in any event by that date. Please do not hesitate to contact us if you have any queries regarding this matter. Yours faithfully, GREER TIMMS K BURCHILL KBSM K302191 20 August, 1991 Ms. H. Middleton, 75 Loch Maree Street, MAROUBRA JUNCTION NSW 2035 Dear Ms. Middleton, Re Your Purchase from Theresa Ybasco Unit 4 Balcony Units Units, 65 Davidson Street, Port Douglas Further to our letter of 7 August, 1991 we now note your advices that finance has been approved by Northern Building Society. We are therefore proceeding urgently with the searching of the Title and preparation of transfer documents in readiness for settlement. We are also conducting searches with the Body Corporate, Douglas Shire Council, the Main Roads Department and the offices of the Commissioner of Land Tax. We will contact you in the event that any of the results of our searches prove unsatisfactory. Settlement is due be effected on 1 September, Please ensure that your Financiers requirements are completed in sufficient time to enable settlement to proceed on that date. It will be necessary for your to instruct your Financier to forward settlement instructions to its Port Douglas Branch where settlement is to take place. We take this opportunity to enclose the following Copy of Registered Building Units Plan No. 70628 in duplicate Form VG1 in duplicate Form K Memorandum of our Estimated Costs and Outlays in duplicate. We have outlined the land which is the subject of your purchase in red on the sketch plan contained in the Building Units Plan. Please identify the unit by completing the certification on the reverse side of the attached additional copy of the sketch plan and returning same to our office prior to settlement. ...2 2 Please complete and sign the various forms where indicated. If you are purchasing the unit as an investment you should give consideration as to the apportionment of the purchase price bearing in mind that certain items in the unit such as hot water system, fans etc. may be depreciable for taxation purposes. No doubt your Accountant will advise you on this aspect. The relevant apportionment should be inserted where indicated on the Forms VG Your Financier requires a stamped Transfer at settlement. Accordingly, we would be pleased if you would let us have a Bank Cheque in payment of our estimated costs and outlays when returning the forms. We will then be in a position to forward the Transfer to the Commissioner for Stamp Duties for stamping immediately the Vendor returns it to us in readiness for settlement. Yours faithfully, GREER TIMMS Karen Burchill Encl. KBSM K302191 26 August, 1991 Ms. H. Middleton, 75 Loch Maree Street MAROUBRA JUNCTION NSW 2035 Dear Ms. Middleton, Re Your Purchase from Theresa Ybasco Unit 4 Port Douglas B Balcony Unit, 65 Davidson Street, Port Douglas We act on behalf of Northern Building Society in this matter. Northern Building Society have obtained a satisfactory valuation report and mortgage insurance approval. We now take this opportunity to enclose the following Bill of Mortgage in duplicate Photocopy of Bill of Mortgage for your records Mortgagees Requisitions on Title Letter of Direction Acknowledgment Authority to Complete Declaration Form Th Memorandum of our Estimated Costs Outlays. Would you please complete and execute all documents as indicated thereon and return same to us as soon as possible together with a cheque in payment of the attached account. The Bill of Mortgage in duplicate, Declaration Form Th must be executed in the presence of a Justice of the Peace or Solicitor. Please answer Requisitions numbered 6, 7 and 15 only. We will complete the remaining answers, on your behalf, from the Vendors answers to Requisitions. We shall advise you further when the Society will be in a position to make the advance of monies available. ...2 2 Northern Building Society has informed us that you must return the Mercantile Mutual Insurance Policy to enable settlement to proceed on the due date, namely 1 September, Yours faithfully, GREER TIMMS Karen Burchill Encl. Letterhead KBNB K511494 20 January 1995 Ms H. Middleton 75 Loch Maree Street Maroubra Junction N.S.W. 2035 Dear Madam, Re Your Sale to Maryanne Brown Unit 4 Port Douglas Balcony Units, 65 Davidson Street, Port Douglas We refer to our letter of the 16 January, We advise body corporate levies were paid at settlement to the 31 January, 1995 in the amount of 1,00 instead of 1,Accordingly, we now enclose cheque in the amount of 360 representing a reimbursement of these monies.

CLOUD STREET Tim Winton Through the crowd she sees the bloke leaning on the first pillar above the post office steps, and her first impulse is to go on ahead and buy those salmon and onion sandwiches at Coles and forget the whole flamin thing. Hes not bad looking. Good suit, nice pair of shoes. Glasses, though he doesnt seem the squinty, limp type. Hatless. A bit of an individual, it seems. Shes too nervous for this. Whats a bloke like that want with a shopgirl like her Hes no run of the mill lair. Hes the sort of man you pray will come out of the smoky gloom and ask you for a dance. Rose wheels back for another look and finds herself going up the steps. Now or never, Rosie. When she gets to him, his eyebrows rise and Rose feels herself being given the onceover. Before he can, she gets the first word in. Gday, Earl. Havent strained yourself, have you He smiles indulgently. Hello. I thought youd be a looker. Boom goes Roses heart. They stand there a full moment in the spring sunshine with people coming and going around them, posties wheeling past on their heavy old PMG bikes. You hungry Rose asks. I am. Yes, yes, lets get a bite. They wind up at the sandwich counter in Coles and Rose forgoes the salmon and onion. They eat and Rose swings on her stool like a girl, waiting. This bloke seems different to men shes known. Theres no big talk, no flashing of money, no nervous guffaws. Ill guess and you tell me how close I am, he said, wiping his fingers on greaseproof paper. You left school at fifteen. Your dad votes Labor, you play netball, youd like to be a lawyers secretary and you sleep with your socks on. Rose smiles and knows whatever she says will sound stupid. Patchy, she says, but boring enough to get me right. Whats your name Rosemary. Rose. Yes, she says relieved. What a talker. You need the switchboard between us, do you, before you can really fire I spose Im used to it. I suddenly dont know what to talk about. Football The common cold Just ask me out, she says. Lets go out together. Friday. Youre a reporter, she says. You went to uni, your parents live in Nedlands and youve tried to teach yourself to talk like one of us. Us Friday, she says. Meet me at Shenton Park station. Seven oclock. Bye. She slides off her stool, minding her stockings. She steps out into the sunshine and has to concentrate to find her way back to work, though its barely a block away and shes walked it every lunch hour for years. Well, she thinks, hardly believing her cool delivery. Well. She wondered about her guess. A reporter Yes, shed seen those blokes around. Fast movers, funny, sharp, always asking and watching. Yes, hed be right there in the thick of it. Hed know politicians and criminals. Hed be a mover and shaker. Well, well. Toby Raven At sixthirty that Friday, Rose was waiting outside the Shenton Park station. He lurched up in a Morris Oxford and nearly took her left hip from its moorings. The first thing she learnt about Toby Raven was that he couldnt exactly drive. He made his way, but thats the best you could call it. Rose climbed in, suddenly twice as nervous, and they hopped away. Well, well, he murmured, smiling widely at her after a few moments. Hello, said Rose. Hello. Toby sent the car in a swoon towards the kerb and Rose prayed that he would never again feel moved to take his eyes off the road. Itd taken all afternoon to dress for this, and she could barely move for starch with her nervousness turning so quickly to naked fear, the sweat on her steamed up the tulle and the car began to smell like a laundry. She pulled the wrinkles out of her gloves and tried not to ruin her lipstick with gnashing as they drove beneath the long shadow of Kings Park and beside the river reclamation to the lights of the city centre. Gawd, she thought, this should be a fabulous feeling cruising with a beau if only a girl wasnt afraid of dying. She sat back as Toby swooped and swerved, grunted and grated, and took deep breaths as the colours of the city broke over her she did a real job of seeming perfectly serene. They passed through the high class end of town with its grand hotels and ballrooms to cross the railway bridge into shabby streets and boozers parks. Toby wedged the car up on a kerb with a thud that nearly put Roses head through the roof. He sighed triumphantly. Lets go in. Rose couldnt see anywhere likely to be an eating establishment. There were shopfronts, houses, shadowy doorways. She got out and smelled garlic. Youve gone to a lot of trouble, Toby said beside her. It was hard to tell what he meant, but she smoothed her great full skirt graciously all the same. He led her to a narrow doorway where a big, bumperbreasted woman met them and took them down to a crowded, smoky room full of tables, chairs, tablecloths, candles, laughing people, chinking glass and cutlery. Great vats of spaghetti were carried past by boys, and jugs of wine that reminded Rose of nosebleeds. People seemed to be speaking all kinds of languages, and some seemed to know Toby. They sat at a small waxspattered table, and bread was brought. It wasnt exactly the dining room at the Palace Hotel. Where are we she said, trying to look pleased. Marias. This is where the real people come. Rose felt her cheeks glowing. Beaut How do you like your spaghetti Oh, she huffed, like my tea as it comes. He laughed. Youre not about to let me go on that tea business are you Listen, she owned up, I dont know a thing about spaghetti. Or the real people. Ill just have whatever you reckon. Two carbonaras, he told the boy. And a jug. Do you come here a lot Yes, all the time. Terrific place. Its a hideaway for those in the know, you might say. We all come here. Makes a bit of a change from the old mutton and boiled veg. Toby smiled at someone over Roses shoulder and now and then she sensed an eyebrow raised. You know all these people I know who they are and they know who I am. Some of us are friends, associates, old flames. Im clubbish, youd have to say its my last concession to a bourgeois past. Rose tried not to panic. You okay Rose strangled out a yes. Youre not nervous Dont be nervous. Im quite safe, you know. Not respectable but I am able to restrain myself with a lady. Rose smiled. She ran her fingers along the checked tablecloth. What are you thinking You want to go home Were different, said Rose. You dont know a thing about me he protested gaily. Then tell me. What do you do Is a man only what he does No, Rose said, only what he is, I spose. Well, Rose, youre dead right. Im a hack. A journalist on the Daily. I is probably what I does. Youve been to university, or something, havent you Ah, sharp lady. See, were different. So what Rose smiled. You write, then Well, you couldnt call what I do writing, though I do scribble a bit in my own time. Do you read Yes, she said breathlessly, I read. Thank God. Thank Jesus, Mary and Josephus, she reads Rose, youre a lovely girl. The moment I heard your snooty twang on the phone I knew it was love. See, were not so different. Rose laughed. Toby was so confident, his face so full of mad expression, his hands seemed to crackle with animation. He fitted the din and swirl of this place. The spaghetti came with wine and salad. Rose hadnt eaten since breakfast, so she went to work. It was like eating kite string but the wine soon took the awkwardness out of it. Tell me who you read, he said with a lump of cheese camping on his chin. Oh, Gawd. Dont be shy. I love books. My rooms is full of them. I read the whole Geraldton library endtoend when I was a kid. Name some names. But Rose didnt know names, she only remembered stories. You name some, she said. Toby grinned, closed his eyes Hammett, Steinbeck, Hemingway, James Jones, Mailer, D. H. Lawrence. Xavier Herbert, Sillitoe, Camusdotted line She let him go on and on in a winy whirl as people brushed by with friendly nods and vats of red sauce. Their duffle coats and minks flapped, their pockets jingled, their laughter blanketed Rose Pickles in, warm as all getout. Rose had enough wine in her to keep calm as they jerked their way through the traffic to the Esplanade. The lights of the river seemed more beautiful than shed seen them. The palm trees along the foreshore cast weird silhouettes. One of the worlds strangest towns, said Toby, aiming them down Riverside Drive. I wouldnt know, said Rose. Perth is the biggest country town in the world trying to be a city. The most isolated country town in the world trying to be the most cutoff city in the world, trying desperately to hit the big time. Desert on one side, sea on the other. Philistine fairground. Theres something nesting here, something horrible waiting. Ambition, Rose. It squeezes us into corners and turns out ugly shapes. You must see a lot of things, said Rose, hating herself for sounding so wideeyed. Too many things. Rose thought of morgues, cells, the steps of aeroplanes, the flash of camera bulbs. Her world was mundane and domestic in the high times. In the low times dotted line she couldnt even think of those times. The night wasnt big enough for all those feelings. Toby jacknifed the Morris into a carpark across the river from Crawley. The university clock was lit and it stood above the trees, the lamps, the water. Thats nice, she said. No, he murmured. This is nice. Rose took the kiss and was surprised at how soft his skin was. She slid in close to him. Nice is a terrible, bourgeois word, said Toby catching a breath. Whatever, said Rose, whatever. She loved the smooching sound of the upholstery. She stopped being kissed and started kissing. She held his head, felt his hands on her back, in her hair. Just switching you through, she murmured, trying not to giggle. Rose Pickles, he said. His hand was between her breasts and she left it there as the river went by and by. Oh, Rose, you loved me. How you did. And there you go drifting by with the river, out on an eddy in a black, shiny Morris Oxford with a man who quotes D.H. Lawrence with his tongue in your ear and cheese on his chin. How you longed, how you stared at me those thundery nights when we all tossed and the house refused to sleep. Its gone for you now, but for me the water backs into itself, comes around, joins up in the great, wide, vibrating space where everything that was and will be still is. For me, for all of us sooner or later, all of it will always be. And some of you will be forever watching me on the landing. Back at his flat, Rose falls on the bed thinking dammitall Im twentyfour years old, as her acre of tulle comes away and his hands run down her legs to peel her stockings I want him. She feels the air cool on her shins and draws him down. He slides into her and its as hard as the recesses of her heart and wonderful, only unlike Rose Pickles heart it stops beating and lurching and loses its steel and lets her down into a sad melancholy quiet.

Turn to Question 12 or read on for more information Trading stock Broadly, trading stock is anything you have on hand which you produced, manufactured, acquired or purchased for the purpose of sale, manufacture or exchange. For example, trading stock includes livestock but not working animals except those used by a primary producer crops, timber, etc. when harvested and wool once removed from the sheep. Manufacturers must include as trading stock the value of partly manufactured goods and materials on hand. For more details about what constitutes trading stock, please contact the Tax Office. You can choose one of the following three methods to value your trading stock a cost price based on full absorption costing, b market selling value, or c replacement price. Where the value of the trading stock is less than the value of a, b or c above due to obsolescence or other special circumstances, you have to notify the Commissioner that you have elected to use the lower valuation by answering the question at Item 59 on page You may use different methods for each item of trading stock in different years, or for different items in the same year. However, the opening value of each item in a particular year must be the same as the closing value for that item in the previous year. Prescribed payments income Do not include copies of your payment summaries with your tax return. However, you should keep them for five years. If you held a Deduction Variation Certificate NAT 755 or a Deduction Exemption Certificate NAT 754 during the year, keep it too. The Tax Office may ask you for any of these later. Gross income and tax deducted should always be included in the return. These amounts are shown on the payment summary form, which each of your payers is required to send to you by 14th July of each year. When you receive your payment summaries, check that they are correct before totalling the gross income and tax deducted. If you received a payment and did not receive or have lost the payment summary, you should contact the payer and ask for a copy. Payers are required to report to the Tax Office details of prescribed payments made. Payers must also report the amount of tax taken out of these payments. This information is crosschecked with your tax return to ensure that the correct amount has been declared. If you do not declare all your income or do not claim the correct amount of tax taken out of these payments, you may have to pay more tax or face prosecution. Make sure that you declare all your income. Superannuation Employers are entitled to a deduction for contributions made to a superannuation, provident, benefit or retirement fund for the benefit of eligible employees or their dependants. The purpose of the contributions must be to make provision for individual personal benefits, pensions or retiring allowances. The deduction is allowable in the year of income in which the contributions were made. A deduction for contributions by an employer is available for more than two funds until 30 June 1994 provided one of the funds was established before 1 July 1990 and the fund is a statutory fund. The deduction applies whether or not the fund to which the contributions are paid is a complying fund, that is, whether or not the fund itself is entitled to concessional tax treatment. From 1 July 1988, there is no limit on the amount of deductible contributions, except that an employer contributing to a complying fund in respect of an employee, is effectively limited to the amount which is necessary to provide benefits for the employee within the reasonable benefits limits. Depreciation rates An item of depreciable plant acquired on or after 1 July 1991 that has an initial cost of 300 or less, or an effective life of less than three years, is entitled to 100 depreciation. From 1 July 1991, taxpayers are permitted to selfassess the effective life of their depreciable plants acquired after 12 March 1991, having regard to their particular circumstances of use. Alternatively, taxpayers may elect to use the Commissioners published determination of effective lives. Effective life means the period during which an item of plant can reasonably be expected to be used for income producing purposes by the taxpayer or any other person based on the taxpayers circumstances of use. If you choose to estimate the plants effective life at the time it was first used for income producing purposes or installed ready to use, you will need to take into account both the known circumstances of use of the item and circumstances that can reasonably be expected to arise. The details as to why a particular effective life was used should be retained. If you elect to use the Commissioners published determination of effective life, the applicable rate depends on the time the plant was acquired. Plant acquired before 27 February 1992 For the 199192 income year, seven broadbanded rates can be used 33 13, 20, 15, 10, 7 12, 5 or 2 12. If the basic rate i.e. effective life divided into 100 is not one of the broadbanded rates, the plant may be depreciated at the next highest broadbanded rate. For example, an item with an effective life of eight years would have a basic rate of 12 12 which would be broadbanded to 15. Broadbanding applies to all assets other than works of art and plant depreciable under a special depreciation regime. The broadbanded rates can be increased by a loading of 20 for all depreciable items other than motor vehicles. Plant acquired after 26 February 1992 A new rate schedule applies in respect of depreciable plant either acquired under a contract entered into after 26 February 1992 or which was commenced to be constructed after that date. The new schedule does not apply to works of art, passenger motor vehicles and similar vehicles such as station wagons etc. designed to carry less than nine people. These will continue to be depreciable under the pre 27 February 1992 rules. The new general rates are as follows Years in effective life Annual depreciation percentage Diminishing value Prime cost Less than 3 Immediate Immediate 3 to less than 5 60 40 5 to less than 6 23 40 27 6 23 to less than 10 30 20 10 to less than 13 25 17 13 to less than 30 20 13 30 and over 10 7 For more information, contact the Tax Office or obtain a copy of The Depreciation Guide NAT 1996 from any Tax Office. Taxation Ruling IT 2685 containing the broadbanded rates of depreciation can be purchased from any Tax Office. Holders of Crown leases who incur capital expenditure after 26 February 1992 in installing incomeproducing depreciable property on the land will be entitled to depreciation deductions. Contact any Tax Office for further details. Calculation methods Depreciation is calculated by the diminishing value method or the prime cost method. Plant is depreciated using the diminishing value method unless you elect to use the prime cost method. Where you decide to use the prime cost method, you should record that you have made this decision. You should retain this record so that you can make it available to the Tax Office on request. The method you choose will apply for the useful life of the plant or until it is disposed of, scrapped or destroyed. You should make a decision for any plant that is depreciated for the first time in this financial year. You have to choose the same method for all plant acquired in a particular year after 25 May If the plant is sold, the purchaser does not have to adopt the sellers depreciation method. The purchaser can choose one of the above methods. Depreciation of motor vehicles For motor vehicles and station wagons including four wheel drive vehicles first used during the financial year, the maximum amount on which you can calculate depreciation is 48,Depreciation on certain motor vehicles falls under the substantiation rules. For these motor vehicles you must provide proof of cost if they were bought after 30 June Partial use for income production In depreciating property that is only partly used to produce assessable income, you must claim the percentage that is the business proportion. Partyear use of property Where property used to produce assessable income was purchased during the year, the depreciation deduction must be worked out for the time you owned it. For example, if incomeproducing property was purchased on 1 October 1993 for 15,000, the depreciation allowable would be calculated as follows 15,000 x depreciation rate x 273 Disposal, loss or destruction of plant or motor vehicle When plant or a motor vehicle used only for your business is disposed of, lost or destroyed, and the depreciated value is greater than the consideration received, the difference between its depreciated value and the consideration received is deductible. If the consideration received is more than the depreciated value, the excess up to the amount of depreciation allowed on the plant or motor vehicle must be included in the assessable income and shown at total business income. Alternatively, you can reduce the depreciated value of plant or motor vehicle you acquired in that year or, if no plant was acquired that year, you can reduce the written down value of any existing plant. If you want to take advantage of these provisions, your records must clearly show how the excess was applied against the cost of replacement plant or motor vehicle. Where plant or a motor vehicle is only partly used to produce assessable income the calculations are different. You should contact your local Tax Office so they can help you work out if you should claim a deduction or include an amount of assessable income. NOTE If plant was acquired after 19 September 1985 and the consideration received was greater than the original purchase price you may be subject to capital gains tax. Refer to Question 13 on page 56 to find out. Depreciation claims When claiming a deduction for depreciation you must keep for five years the information shown on the Depreciation Schedule on the next page. Prepaid expenses A deduction for business expenses paid in advance for services must be apportioned over the period during which those services are to be provided, subject to a maximum writeoff period of 10 years. However, those rules do not apply if bullet the payment is made under an agreement entered into before 26 May 1988 or bullet the services will be wholly provided within 13 months of the date the payment is made or bullet the payment is made under any law or by order of a court or bullet the payment is less than 1000 or bullet the payment is for salary or wages. Entertainment expenses Entertainment expenses are not deductible except in very limited circumstances. If you are claiming entertainment expenses, keep full details of the circumstances in case we need more information later. Home office expenses If part of your home is used for income producing activities, some of the expenses you incur in respect of the home may be partly deductible. Where part of your home qualifies as a place of business, expenses which may be partly deductible include occupancy expenses rent, mortgage interest, rates and house and contents insurance and running expenses electricity, cleaning, depreciation, leasing charges and repairs to furniture and furnishings in the office. You should apportion expenses on a floor area basis and, if the area of the home is a place of business for only part of the year, a time basis. Where part of your home is used as a home office but it does not qualify as a place of business, only the additional running expenses you incur may be partly deductible. Refer to Taxation Ruling 9330 or contact any Tax Office for further details. Research and development expenditure If you have costs for research and development, you will need to refer to The 1994 Form C Instructions NAT 669 which are available from all Tax Offices. Environmental impact study expenditure You can write off the costs incurred after 11 March 1991 for evaluating the environmental imapct of an incomeproducing project of yours. The period for writeoff is the lesser of bullet 10 years or bullet the expected life of the project to which the evaluation relates.

An elusive export culture WHEN major economic reports are issued there is a tendency to anticipate too much and, in policy terms, do very little. Often the recommendations are predictable and critics declare the report full of motherhood proposals. Or the scope and ambition of the study is so grand as to invite the pretentious label blueprint. The report Emerging Exporters issued yesterday, could easily fall into those categories. Yet the study also presents many opportunities. Nimble companies and shrewd policymakers will not be surprised by the results. In any case, the work by consultant McKinsey and the Australian Manufacturing Council provides a thorough analysis of the challenges ahead for local firms and the nation in the quest to build a pervasive export culture. One of the few bright spots during the recession was the stunning success of manufactured exports. The report identifies 700 or so emerging exporters producing socalled elaborately transformed manufactures. These small to mediumsized firms are operating across a broad range of industry sectors and expect to continue their good performance during the 1990s. One quarter of these companies are born global. This is 75 per cent of their sales are overseas. The majority of these emerging exporters, however, are mainly domestic producers only 20 per cent of sales are exports. In general, these successful companies share common features a vision and commitment to exports a focus on quality, technology and design strong customer orientation proximity to Asia and some foreign ownership. But the study also identifies a number of inhibiting factors, perhaps most tellingly the availability of finance. The major banks seem unwilling to deal with these highrisk exporters. As well, improvement is needed in the areas of marketing, management skills, image and market access. The report argues that while government microeconomic reforms have led to cost reductions for business, more needs to be done. Industry policy needs to be more active, they argue, giving a hand up to exporters. There is plenty of room for governments to improve business conditions particularly for exporters but they should reject any variety of the picking winners agenda. Past policies such as lowering tariffs, faster paced structural change particularly in the labour market and stable macroeconomic conditions maintaining low inflation have certainly helped. Still, there is a strong case for enhancing the competitive position of individual companies. There is scope to improve the effectiveness of bodies such as Austrade and the links between research bodies and industry. But rather than spending more money on export assistance programs, these measures could be streamlined and better targeted. Economic policies should address the needs of these leadingedge smaller companies. As the report argues, there should be more interaction between exporters and the bureaucracy, especially in easing the barriers to entry to Asian markets. The solution lies not so much in government but in leadership, commitment and quality of management. As the report found, 90 per cent of Australian manufacturers do not export, even though many have the potential to do so. There is much work to be done in changing the attitude of business leaders and the wider community. As the report confirms, there are signs of an emerging export culture in Australia. But unless the focus of managers, unions, workers and governments is on world best practice, international competitiveness and the global marketplace, the nations full potential will remain elusive. Touch of realism in waste debate WITH about 100,000 tonnes of intractable waste in storage, diminished government interest in building a hightemperature incinerator to dispose of it and a ban on exporting it to countries willing to burn it for us, is it possible the town of Mt Isa could come to the rescue The mayor of the northwest Queensland mining town, Mr Ron McCullough, has offered sites in the semiarid region near Mt Isa for the storage and possible disposal of nuclear and other toxic wastes. He believes a comprehensive industry based on getting rid of the waste no one else wants to know about could employ up to 200 people and attract new industry to his town. Not only that, he wants the worst of the wastes the nastier the better because there is more money to be earned in tackling them. Despite some discouragement from federal authorities, Mr McCulloughs proposal deserves to be seriously considered. Transport and costeffectiveness will have to be examined and the mayor also needs to be sure of hisconstituents support. Some years ago, when the mayors of one or two NSW towns were attracted to having a jobs and incomeearning incinerator in their shires, they were disobliged when their townspeople found out and raised public opposition. Mr McCullough has judged his communitys more favourable attitude on the basis that minimal concern has been expressed since his proposal was made public more than six months ago. The Federal Governments policy on intractable waste is to keep it in storage until acceptable technologies are developed to dispose of it. This is in line with the stand taken by Greenpeace, which staged protests around the world last year against a shipment of Australian waste sent to France for incineration. It means large quantities of waste have to be stored in unsafe or otherwise inadequate conditions. The longer that continues, the greater the danger of contamination from leakage. Yet the Government is stuck with its policy. Last November, based on the report of a committee canvassing options for disposing of intractable waste, the federal Minister for the Environment, Mrs Kelly, ruled out building an incinerator. She preferred the concept of superior technologies to get rid of PCBs, CFCs and other intractable chemicals. The trouble is, those technologies are still uncertain. Last week Mrs Kelly reiterated a temporary export ban by declining a permit for 1000 tonnes of PCBs to be sent to France for incineration. She said countries everywhere were coming to accept they should dispose of their wastes within their own borders. That is where things stand unresolved, and likely to stay so indefinitely, unless the Mt Isa offer gains support. Legitimacy in human rights role HUMAN rights issues have become almost as integral a part of bilateral relations between nations as trade or tourism. Australia, the United States and other nations whose people enjoy basic personal freedoms have a duty to keep it so. To fall silent about human rights would be to give up some of our own freedoms. In Vienna yesterday, Chinas Deputy Foreign Minister, Mr Liu Huaqui, criticised Western nations for asserting to impose their human rights standards on the rest of the world. The theme of cultural separatism is a familiar one in the developing world, particularly in Asia. The premise is that countries are shaped by different cultures and it is natural they have their own, varied, governing standards. It is therefore unnatural and alien to apply Western standards to nonWestern nations. This is reasonable as far as it goes. However, it tends to ignore that it is in the nature of nations to interact with one another. Open societies like Australias have, as an inherent part of their openness, an interest and concern about what is happening in the world. If we discover something we abhor, it is in our nature to say so. This is not to say Australia or any other country should be constantly banging the human rights drum. Sometimes the effective way to reduce or remove abuses is to make a point quietly and resist the temptation to publicise successes. In his speech to the United Nations World Conference on Human Rights, Mr Liu described the Western practice of speaking out against human rights abuse as being tantamount to an infringement of sovereignty. With some candour, he said accusations on human rights went beyond simple interference in a nations internal affairs. They also could result in political instability and social unrest inside the accused nation. No one, he added, should be allowed to use the human rights issue to exert political and economic pressures. Mr Lius speech places China in opposition to the view of most nations attending the UN conference. Even Russia now accepts the validity of nations to speak out about human rights abuses. However, Mr Liu correctly stressed the importance of economic development as a means for improving internal standards. Prosperity is a powerful incentive. It encourages people to work hard for peace, stability and freedom. But Mr Liu made a lopsided argument of it when he demanded the people be absolutely subservient to the economic machine and its rulers, and said Nobody shall place his own rights and interests above those of the State and society. Like Mr Liu, the Indonesian Foreign Minister, Mr Ali Alatas, said human rights should not be conditionally linked to economic and development aid. The US Secretary of State, Mr Warren Christopher, disagreed. He said countries found violating human rights should face sanctions and be denied aid and investment. But as the Dalai Lama pointed out when, to Chinas annoyance, he was permitted to attend part of the conference, there does not have to be a contradiction between the need for economic development and the need to respect human rights. Economic leverage cannot be ruled out if it is the only way to make a country treat its people better. Neither should it be wantonly employed. The inclusion of human rights on the bilateral agenda does not mean movement there has to be harnessed to movement on other issues. The Minister for Foreign Affairs, Senator Evans, is right to insist the human rights lever be a flexible one, employed on a casebycase basis. Putting violence in perspective THE GovernorGeneral, Mr Bill Hayden, offered no apology for his forthright opinion that women must share the blame for the high incidences of violence, especially against children and in the home. Speaking at the Second National Conference on Violence in Canberra, he asserted Most men are not waging a war against women. In fact, they were as appalled by violence as women were and were not given to it as a gender group. Predictably, there has been a strong reaction to Mr Haydens remarks. But it deserves dispassionate analysis. The GovernorGeneral is not usually given to intemperate remarks. He has often expressed his opinions, sometimes with vehemence. These latest remarks were courageous and timely. It is not fashionable or popular to suggest that both sexes share similar responsibility when it comes to problems of violence. No one questions the need for feminist activism to change the subservient status to which Australian women have been subjected. But statistics on violence demonstrate this does not mean all violence can be sheeted home to men. In fact, the incidence of physical abuse of children by women in NSW outstrips that by men by 10 per cent. So the justice women properly expect from men must be part of a total program of equity. Gender conflict for its own sake is counterproductive and sensational media reporting to fulfil a premeditated ideological position can only do harm. It also should be remembered the GovernorGeneral has experiential and academic training in the field of law enforcement. He once walked the policemans beat and knew the problems of domestic violence at first hand. It is a lesson he has obviously not forgotten. He is not only vitally interested in the human condition but thoughtful and active about its improvement. If his words act as a corrective to the femalevictim maleculprit scenario often portrayed in parts of the media, he will have elevated the debate on violence above the mere namecalling to which it has sometimes descended. There will probably be as strong a reaction to his remarks on the media. He believes there have been instances of a glorification of violence that have been unhelpful, even dangerous. But his appreciation of the role of the journalist has been a significant element in his work as GovernorGeneral. Having a friendatcourt will do no harm if the criticism is accepted in the manner in which it has been given.

Ozone dangers The hole in the ozone layer isnt just a news headline. It could have farreaching effects on our health by Allison Tait The ozone layer. It was the cause celebre of the late 1980s. Yes, youve heard all about it to the point of saturation in some cases and you know that the hole in the allimportant ozone contributes to the greenhouse effect but do you know what effect its having on you Concern for the ozone layer first surfaced in the early 1970s when it was realised human activities were increasing the concentration of ozonedestroying substances in the stratosphere. The ozone layer made headlines in 1985 with the discovery of a hole over Antarctica. By 1987 this hole was the size of the United States and Mexico combined. The ozone layer itself is the result of a chemical reaction between the suns rays and oxygen. The ozone levels in the atmosphere change naturally. Seasons of the year, latitude, night and day and possibly the sun cycle affect the atmospheric ozone. However, as this layer shields the earth from the suns radiation, ozone layer depletion on a large scale is cause for concern. According to a report published in 1989 by the National Health and Medical Research Council NHMRC A reduction in the level of ozone in the earths atmosphere is a threat to human health. Ozone absorbs ultraviolet radiation a decrease in the abundance of stratospheric ozone will lead to an increase in the amount of ultraviolet radiation reaching the earths surface. Increases in the incidence of skin cancer and some eye diseases cataract, pterygium and damage to peoples immunological systems are likely results of decreased ozone. Cause for concern indeed Health dangers The most commonly encountered effect of ultraviolet radiation is sunburn. The longterm effects of chronic exposure of skin to solar radiation include skin cancer and accelerated ageing of the skin. Australia already has the highest recorded rate of skin cancer in the world. Add to this the fact that we are among the closest to an ozone hole there are now two, one over each pole, take into account the increased radiation and you understand the health risk involved with the destruction of ozone. Apparently, for every one per cent decrease in ozone, theres a two per cent rise in UV levels. In Australia, this could mean an extra 5000 nonmelanoma and 100 more melanoma skin cancers every year. Of course, these figures could change considerably if current attitudes towards skin protection change. The most effective form of protection is to stay right out of the sun, but in many cases this is impossible. Proper precautions must be taken when venturing into the sun stay in the shade between 11 am and 3 pm, when the sun is at its strongest, always wear a sunscreen preferably one with a sun protection factor SPF of 15, and when in the sun protect your skin with a hat and shirt. With a little care and thought, the extra UV radiation beaming through the depleted ozone layer need not be a problem for your skin. The second major problem resulting from increased UV radiation is eye damage. The most common eye diseases caused by UV radiation are conjunctivitis pterygium, a complaint due to reflective light where the membrane covering the eyeball thickens and senile cataracts, the partial or complete opacity of the lens of the eye. It has also been found that some drugs and chemicals contain photosensitising agents which absorb light and undergo photochemical reactions when exposed to excessive UV radiation. These can increase the harmful effects of sunlight on the eye. Some oral contraceptives fall under this category. Once again, there are protective measures that can be taken to ensure the eye is not overexposed to UV radiation. Sunglasses that comply with Australian safety standards should be worn at all times when out in bright sunlight. It is important that these glasses have UV filtration qualities. The third effect that the depletion of the ozone layer brings is little known to many Australians. Possible interference with the human immune system is a problem that may have longterm effects on the health of Australians in general. Evidence that UV radiation affects the immune response of cells in the skin so far rests on animal experiments. Exposure to current levels of solar or artificial UV radiation can result in mild to moderate degrees of immunodeficiency within the immune system and within the skin itself. Future increases in UV radiation, especially UVB radiation, might produce an increase in both the severity and the incidence of the problem. UV may act as a trigger for any virus lying latent in the cells. Increases in immunodeficiency could see an increase in cancer and fungal infections. Once again it is important to remain out of the sun as much as possible, and to take the correct preventive measures when out. The ozone layer is vital for our planet. While it is uncertain that its depletion can ever be rectified, it is important that we all become aware of our actions, both for the environment, and for our own health. It is not necessary to become a hermit who never ventures outside. Just remember to take the proper precautions when enjoying the great outdoors. Antibiotics some alarming facts While antibiotics can save lives, the indiscriminate and inappropriate use of them poses serious longterm threats to our health People, on the whole, have got so used to going to a doctor and getting a pill to fix whatever is wrong that many feel cheated if they go and are not given a prescription. Even if you go to the doctor with a cold, flu or virus you probably expect to be given something. This attitude, combined with the rapidly growing array of antibiotics that are available, plus our belief apparently growing at an equally rapid rate that our bodies are unable to fight any infection and that all infections are bad for you and potentially overwhelming, has combined to make antibiotic use so common that it is rare to find a patient who has not been given antibiotics several times in her life. Sadly, even little children and babies are being given them at the tiniest sign of infection. There is a further disturbing scenario. Not only are antibiotics being given to kill off the bacteria that may be causing the infection, they are also being given on a supposedly preventative basis something for which they were never initially intended and for which they are poorly suited. They are also being given for viral infections, for which they can do no possible good since they only act on living hence antibio or biological life things and a virus is not a living thing. This is sometimes justified on the basis of speculations like Well, there might be a bacterial infection there too, yet without any tests being given to establish this or to prevent a bacterial infection on top of the viral infection Though which infection, and therefore which antibiotic, is never specified. However did we live, only a few short years ago, without this array of medication Yet many of you will, in fact, have survived childhood very well without them, particularly if you have a few decades under your belt. I know I did. It would seem, therefore, timely to consider the possible harm, as well as the benefits, that these antibiotics could be doing to you and how you could survive, every bit as well, and possibly better, without them. To finish on a positive note we will look at the practical alternatives you can utilise. Not all bad Antibiotics are not all bad. Their discovery enabled practitioners to help patients with certain serious and possibly lifethreatening infections. It is their overuse that is the problem. As more and more antibiotics are being used with increasing frequency, they are killing off the gentler bacteria and allowing more virulent forms the ones that survive the antibiotic onslaught to flourish. This then creates a need for new and stronger antibiotics which kill off the weaker relatively speaking of the remaining bacteria, allowing the very resistant ones to flourish and so on. In time we could well find that the remaining highlyresistant bacteria are the ones that can overcome our immune systems and for which we cannot develop effective antibiotics. From birth Initially the individual has a sterile gut. From birth onwards, the bacteria on the skin and along the internal mucosal membranes builds up. Similarly, there is only a small number of antibodies for defense and the immune system is poorly developed. Part of the development of the protective immune system comes from antibodies received in the mothers breast milk. Other antibodies develop as a response to the various bacterial challenges that occur. Each new disease, and its associated microorganisms, stimulates the production of more antibodies to fight the disease and defend the individual, thus further strengthening the immune system. Giving antibiotics at this stage in life does nothing to improve or strengthen the immune system and may do it considerable harm. Digestive tract One of the first problems that result from antibiotic use, whether it be in infants, children or adults, comes as a result of their effect on the microorganisms in the digestive tract. All too often the good and helpful bacteria the ones that you want to be there for many reasons are killed off by the antibiotic. These good organisms assist in the digestive processes they produce a number of important nutrients, including many B vitamins and vitamin K, and they take up space and thus help to keep out the pathogens, the harmful bacteria. Adverse effects of the killing of these good bacteria include excessive growth of candida albicans causing thrush, increased blood levels of uric acid as the uric acidconsuming bacteria are killed, the development of organisms that produce gas and wind, deterioration of the normal processes of digestion and absorption of nutrients, and bleeding. Allergies All too often, antibiotics are given for problems that clearly have an allergic origin problems such as congested and painful sinuses and runny noses. The antibiotics may be given at first on the erroneous assumption that the allergic symptoms are in fact a cold secondly on the erroneous assumption that the antibiotics would, were a virus present, attack the virus causing the alleged cold and, thirdly, on the erroneous assumption that it is sensible to give an antibiotic justincase a bacteria is present or may come visiting. As a result of these three erroneous assumptions, useless and potentially harmful antibiotics are prescribed, and the detection of the true cause of the problem the allergy, is clouded and may even be missed all together. Thus, giving antibiotics for allergy problems is unlikely to be helpful and is often counterproductive. In addition, the use of antibiotics can actually cause allergic problems. From the results observed both in my own clinic and in those of many colleagues, it seems all too likely that one of the consequences of the overuse of antibiotics is the development of allergies in people without a prior history of allergies. These antibioticinduced allergies are a contributing factor to the increasing incidence of eczema, asthma, sinus problems, runny noses and so forth. Candida albicans There is a strong connection between the use of antibiotics and the development of candidiasis. This problem has increased alarmingly with the growing use of antibiotics and can lead to further allergic problems and many symptoms, both physical and mental. Many people allegedly suffering from recurring cystitis are, in fact, suffering from antibioticinduced thrush. They may initially have had a bladder infection, or it may have started as thrush. Treatment with antibiotics may kill off the pathogenic organisms but it doesnt assist in the healing process and, in the meantime, the damaged tissue is vulnerable to further development of the candida albicans. When this causes further symptoms, labelled cystitis, although this is a secondary problem another antibiotic is given and the cycle repeats itself.

THE GREEN PAPER A COMMITMENT TO GROWTH AND EQUITY. The double digit level of unemployment of the late 1980s and early 1990s has been a source of great economic and social cost for the Australian community. In the past two decades the growth of unemployment may have softened societys perception of what is regarded as an acceptable level of unemployment. The Green paper refuses to accept unemployment as being acceptable at any level in its commitment towards full employment The Green Paper aims at fulfilling the Governments objectives of A.Reducing Unemployment, particularly the high level of long term unemployment. B.Increasing employment opportunities. C.Improving the skill base of the workforce. D.Promoting equity in the labour market. The Green Paper committee believe that full employment is an achievable goal for Australia. In restoring full employment the Green Paper identifies economic growth and changes in assistance programmes for the long term unemployed as being the areas in which policy should be directed. The current high levels of unemployment represent a source of lost production and inefficiency for the economy. In times of high unemployment the government must divert more funds to dole payments and assistance programmes as well as losing a significant amount of potential tax revenue. The growth in the level of long term unemployment also has an adverse effect on the efficiency of the Labour market. With a large number of workers becoming separated or dislocated from the Labour market competition is reduced. The Green paper also highlights that a mismatch of skills in the Labour market may also produce inflationary pressures in a recovery and a sluggish response of employment growth to the growth in output. The social costs of high unemployment cannot be ignored. Experience and research have shown the linkages between unemployment and social problems such as health and crime. These social costs are of even greater concern given the high growth in the level of long term unemployed people. Generally the longer an individual is unemployed the more difficult it is for them to resume fulltime employment. The Green paper committee claims that this is a result of A.The stigma which is attached with being longterm unemployed. Employers often view a person as being less employable the longer they have been unemployed. B.The loss of contact with the labour market makes it more difficult to find about new opportunities. C.Loss of relevant skills in a changing work environment D.Loss of confidence and morale. With approximately 35 per cent of those unemployed being without employment for a year, this became a high priority for the Green paper. It is evident that certain groups in society have a higher level of unemployment than others. This may be a result of emerging changes in the Labour market or discrete discrimination on the part of employers. Unemployment is higher for some groups than others because not all groups have attributes which are equally attractive to employers. Men bear the higher burden of unemployment and also tend to have a longer duration of unemployment. The Green paper attributes these differences between the sexes to the tendency for women to leave the labour force more readily when jobs are scarce. An important factor contributing to the composition of the unemployed is that of age. Unemployment tends to impact various age groups differently. It is the under 30 group that tends to have a disproportionate share of the unemployment problem. The committee attributes the youth unemployment problem not to growth in the youth labour force but to reduced demand. The main problem is that changes in the Labour market have reduced the opportunities for the disadvantaged or those without qualifications or training. The Green paper highlights that technological change and increased competition from those with skills for lower paid jobs has meant less opportunity for teenagers. While it is the under 30 group which has the higher level of longterm unemployment, the Green paper shows that the average duration of unemployment tends to increase with age. Those from a nonEnglish speaking background also have a higher incidence of unemployment. The explanation for this trend is based on the importance of English speaking communication skills in securing employment. An increasing number of young people are postponing their entry to the Labour force by seeking postsecondary qualifications or training. Qualifications or training and experience are often used by employers as means of screening applications and seen as a source of high productivity. The Green paper shows that those with qualifications have a lower level of unemployment than those without postsecondary training. An important point made by the paper is the tendency for new jobs to be created in either the bottom or higher pay brackets. Jobs in the middle pay range are disappearing. This has had an effect on the composition of those unemployed. Many low skilled jobs are being taken by people who possess qualifications, pushing a large number of the low skilled onto the dolequeue. The competition for low wage jobs often pushes pay rates close to the rate of the Job search allowance. The Green paper argues that this may add to the problem by providing a disincentive to work. In the discussion of the causes of Australias unemployment problem, the Green paper pinpoints a shortfall in demand as the major problem. Against the background of a steadily increasing labour force, falls in the demand for labour in the early 1980s and early 1990s were quickly reflected in large increases in the unemployment rate. PG33 The paper is very quick to dismiss structural change in the economy as a major cause of the current unemployment problem. Despite retrenchments in a number of industries the committee is confident that structural changes will create jobs by diverting resources into areas where they will be used more efficiently. A high level of populationemployment growth, high labour mobility and successful labour market programs has ensured that Australia has avoided the structural unemployment problems experienced in Europe. It could be argued however that the high unemployment rate may in itself create structural unemployment. People who have been unemployed for a lengthy period may lose their skills and confidence, making it very difficult to return to employment. The overall effect would be to boost the NAIRU. It through a combination of rapid economic growth and special assistance programs which is seen as the means of restoring full employment. The Green paper bases its analysis on a series of simulations using the Access Economics Murphy AEM model of the Australian economy. It is offered by the paper that economic growth of 5 to 5 per cent has the potential to reduce the unemployment rate to as low as 5 per cent by the year 2000This growth is dependent on policies which A.Restrain income and keep inflation under control when the economy begins to rapidly expand. B.Speed the pace of Microeconomic reform and ensure that Australian industry continues to grow and improve its competitiveness. C.Stronger productivity growth. The Green paper believes that the high growth rates necessary to reduce Unemployment to its projected levels are realistic. Most importantly the paper believes that inflation can be controlled in periods of rapid economic growth, allowing unemployment to fall. The Green paper recognises that an inverse relationship exists between employment growth and real wage levels. However it concedes that controlling real wage levels through an Incomes policy can be difficult. It believes that increased productivity and output growth are the best means of controlling real wages. The paper highlights that the Industrial Relations Commission could attempt to reduce nominal wages across the board to reduce real wages. This is likely to be unsuccessful if these nominal wage reductions are passed on in the form of lower prices, diluting the effect upon real wages. In this situation the cuts in nominal wages would have to be much larger than the actual falls in real wages. The Green paper believes that large cuts in nominal wages would be very difficult to institute, given the likely adverse distributional consequences of such a move. Despite its views on the control of real wages, the paper stresses that nominal wage restraint is possible and very important in ensuring that employment grows in the recovery. It places its faith in the continued success of the Accord and a commitment on the part of the Unions. The removal of tariff barriers and the competitive pressures placed on Australian business in attempting to capture a larger share of the Asian market may also assist in the control of inflation. Australia had had a relatively poor productivity performance in the last twenty years. The Green paper has identified an improvement in productivity performance as being essential in the reduction of unemployment. Increased productivity growth can help improve living standards, reduce inflationary pressure and, as noted below help reduce the NAIRU.pg.62 The improvement in the quality of both capital and labour are essential in increasing productivity. In regards to capital, business investment is essential in maintaining the level of technical progress embodied in the unit of capital. As stressed by the paper, it is technological change and innovation that improve the growth potential of the economy. The importance of maintaining a capital stock is also highlighted. If capital stocks grow low during a recession, inflationary pressures emerge during a recovery. The importance attached to nominal wage restraint and productivity growth in the Green paper is illustrated in the Murphy model simulations. The Green paper initially considers separate simulations of policy measures designed to increase labour productivity and restrain nominal wage growth. The effects of labour participation shocks are also simulated by the model. The policy simulation involving a reduction in nominal incomes shows that it is the dominant factor in reducing the unemployment rate. In reducing the economies propensity to generate nominal wage inflation the NAIRU is effectively reduced. The reduction in unemployment in this simulation is explained by the rapid feedback effects of growth and investment. In simulating the effect of policies which improve labour productivity, the model shows a much smaller effect on unemployment. Initially the high productivity growth increases unemployment, with fewer workers required to produce the same unit of output. The Green paper however believes that productivity growth will not lead to a situation of jobless growth. The model supports this view in showing a gradual fall in the unemployment rate after an a small initial increase in the jobless rate. It is assumed that the benefits of productivity growth are passed on in the form of lower prices, producing higher real incomes and increased demand. In the recent economic recovery concern has been expressed about the low levels of investment expenditure. Both saving and investment are essential in ensuring economic growth is sustained. In past boom periods of economic activity the problem has been that investment has been funded mainly from overseas borrowing. This is due to the lack of domestic saving. The consequence of overseas borrowing has been a worsening of the CAD. The Green paper believes that unemployment can be increased without causing CAD problems. The projected economic growth is seen as selfsustaining. Higher output growth leads to higher profitability, an acceleration in investment expenditure, and increasing consumer demanddotted linepg.51 The paper maintains that savings will be boosted by the reduction in unemployment which growth is projected to produce. A reduction in unemployment is shown by the model to increase the level of public saving decrease in the Net Borrowing Requirement. It is also commented that the increases in real income from growth will also boost private savings. The proposition that growth would be selfsustaining is backed by two final simulations using the Murphy model. The first is referred to as the High Growth scenario. It shows the results of successful policies which restrain nominal wage growth and improve productivity. The model shows that in this scenario there is a large improvement in the unemployment rate. Inflation is also shown to fall and stabilise until it eventually it returns to the trend rate. The second simulation is referred to as the Employment Growth scenario. This is basically the same as the first simulation except that it introduces two other elements. The productivity growth in this case is initially higher capital productivity. Also in the first two years of the simulation it is assumed that labour supply is reduced by various labour market schemes. This trend is reversed after the first two years. The results of the second simulation are almost identical to the first. The purpose of the two different simulations is to show that it is nominal wage restraint that is the dominant factor in reducing unemployment.

Letter 11 9th 15th Feb 92 Dear Mum Dad, Hi Thanks for my birthday card our anniversary card. Thanks also for your letter of 31512 aero of 141812 letter of 293012 aeros of 23241 17But I cant seem to find any aero dated 121 which you referred to in the aero of 2324 Were really greatful for the Rs3,700 you sent. It went towards the shortfall for Davids school fees. We also received your parcel on 271 in good condition. So it took 4 months 9 days from when you posted it. Thanks so much for it. It was great. As Elsa told you we also got the Vegemite pack from Kraft so we are feeling rich in Vegemite these days. Did you pay for the Kraft pack It says gift pack on the side. The kids loved your presents remembered you yet again. I am enjoying the book Elsa thanks you for the talc. I am sending Tajs presents up to him with Abdul who is going back to the same village this week. We also eventually got Jonathan Wandas letter posted to our old address. Funnily enough we recently almost settled on a flat right next door to that place. More about that later. Did you read the following paragraph in my letter 8 Could you ask Jeff Vanessa Burgess to look for a white manila folder marked in pencil M.A. among my alphabetically arranged files which I think are in a drawer of my desk in their garage. If when they find it could you send it over sometime Just check in the loft first in case I left it there. I think I only stored my office files there. Im still puzzled where my first photo album is which had portraits of me at a desk in Kindergarten, class photos for each year of primary school photos from Papua New Guinea. I searched at your place among our things at Greystanes but couldnt find it. Perhaps you could just keep it in mind if youre ever rummaging around, but dont go to any extra trouble. We dont hear very much at all from Beth, probably because we each have our respective networks of friends in our respective cities. And We never go to Peshawar she rarely comes here, though we have written a couple of letters to each other. Sorry to hear about your hernia, Dad. About M.E. Myalgic Encephalomyelitis its funny how it seems to affected women more than men. I wonder why. Although Hux Gunter had it too. Were ready to move now that weve been back in Pakistan for nearly a year. We couldnt have faced a move when we first saw Baarts place in mid We want to move because Elsa finds it too dark in our present basement flat. So well get an upper storey this time, closer to Davids school. 10 minutes each way After one day of watching Quinceys driving from the passenger seat I cancelled the whole idea. He is not at all a good or confident driver. I was very nervous, which for me is saying something. So now I take David Christopher Willson who lives downstairs from my office Kens to the British school each morning at 8am Steve Willson picks them up at 3pm each day. That suits us both because often Steve I have our respective errands to do on the same trip. Willsons are Americans but the British School is open to all nationalities after all British children have places. Ken has just managed to extend his existing visa to mid March. Before then he will have to leave the country to get a new visa from a Pakistan High Commission or Embassy New Delhi is the closest most probable. This is standard procedure for tourists wanting to stay longer there is usually no way around it. This means that he could get another 3 months after that which could take him up to mid June at the latest. He is still unsure of when to leave at this stage perhaps end of May. He is taking Sarawat Shah with him to Delhi in March just for company. It will be a real adventure for S.S. because no K has ever left the country. Ken is still plodding away at the drawings, very meticulously very beautifully. I am sending some samples to Snowdons Bates. We are very pleased at their high quality, the K are also very impressed with what he is producing. This style was also by far the most popular in the survey of styles that Ken originally conducted up there. We are sure the illustrations will make a deep lasting impression on them. The K are really struggling to maintain their identity in this crucial time of particularly serious exploitation change. These illustrations will be very special to them because they give dignity to itheirr world. We know that at they will enhance the accompanying texts tremendously not just to break up the text, nor just to superficially attract readers, nor just to merely show the appearance of things. Each illustration is a piece of art in itself which the K value. The realistic portrayals of indigenous subjects or indigenousappearing subjects for trd texts will make the booklets, iincluding the subject matterr, very personal to them. Ken is very interested in the K has done a lot of reading, thinking praying, especially relating to the communication of the Message to them specifically. However, paradoxically, we are yet to see whether he will return here, or go to Uganda, or stay in N.Z. His life is at a crossroad with many different options he is not finding it easy to decide on direction. Please pray for him. A week ago a young couple turned up here hoping to work here long term. Joe is an Australian born of Finnish parents Mari is Finnish. They have had YWAM training have spent many months in the subcontinent. They feel very much at home here. They are currently on tourist visas but they are seeking a way to stay longer by getting another kind of visa, like a student visa to study Urdu, or one like ours. After considering several options they seem quite open to the idea of joining NWFF. They plan to be still here when Snowdons come in May so they can meet them then talk to them. At the moment they are staying with us are very happy helping us in many practical ways babysitting, sewing, painting furniture etc. Needless to say we are also very happy for their help. They are very easy guests. When we move hopefully around beginning of March after the current tennants have moved out the owner has painted cleaned we are thinking of moving the office Ken etc. to 1131 for the following reasons. For an extra 3rd bedroom the rent is actually though marginally cheaper It will be very handy having my office next door to Rons again as we need to consult each other interact quite a bit. We currently have an intercom from our house to Trails so we would leave that there. 1131 has a telephone which 8 Kens doesnt have. It is closer to the market. And it is a more central location for us as a family to keep a link with all our friends from this neighbourhood after we move to F103 a couple of miles away. Well let you know our new address telephone number after we have signed the contract in case it falls through. In any case mail can still come to 1131 since were keeping it for the office until we have notified everyone of our new address. Love from Greg, Elsa David, Boaz Cherry. 30692 Dear Mum Dad, Hi We just received your latest letter dated 10216 yesterday Elsa has beaten me in replying in an aero. I cant remember whether she mentioned the heat here. Weve had maximums of about 42 deg. C for most of June. We really notice it here on the top floor as compared to the basement at 1131, especially with one AC air conditioner out of order. It really slows us down. Today Elsa is working again at the British Council. She has a spate of days at the moment in order to try to regain what weve spent in trying to supplement Davids school fees. Today is the last day of the school year, so his last day altogether. We are enquiring about correspondence courses but are not ready to participate in the study centre which Willsons are trying to start unless until they get a teacher. At this stage there are only 4 or 5 kids who are firm enrolments. NWFF has paid the rent for the officeflat 1131 till 4th October. From 1st July for at least 4 months an Australian couple will be sharing it with me, paying for two thirds of the rent as I will keep my office there. Their contribution to the rent will allow me to keep the whole place at least till the end of December at this stage. Their names are Chris Julie Bilby from Melbourne. He is teaching English to adults at the same college as Brent Jones. Mary Neil arrived on the same day as Wendy. She stayed with us for just over a week then went to stay with friends in Peshawar. Shell go to the KV with them meet up with us there. She only has a 3 month visa at this stage so she would need to go back home reapply. Shes about our age speaks with a strong Mississippi accent. She has a Masters degree in intercultural communication has secretarial skills. She read about the K much like I did about 10 years ago. She wrote to several people about her interest. She is not in any organisation yet. Donna is AOG. Andrew Bunce is doing fine as far as we know. Weve only met him once or twice. Hes in Murree. Were trying to get up there for weekends but have not really managed more than a day or two so far. We have the use of a little room which is too small to stay in for more than a couple of nights. But its all we need as we dont want to move up there like we used to. I dont know if I told you that the calligrapher I used years ago had died. So Im trying out a few others. Im also negotiating with a printer about the adaptation of their newly purchased computerised facilities for Urdu which I told you about. Steve Joan are nowhere near ready for publication. Ron is specialising in TR dictionary while we are specialising in literacy. Traditionally printed Urdu is not popular because of centuries of being used to calligraphy. Its an artform in itself. But now that computerised calligraphy has finally broken through it means the latest technology of data storage editing as well as printing can be used to produce exactly the style that people like. In Pakistani cities trading hours vary according to the shopkeepers. Typically most shops would open from around 10am to 10pm, 6 days a week. There is a good shopping centre only 2 minutes drive from our house so I often shop in the evenings. As Elsa said we are very excited that Cheryl Allans plans to come to Australia are getting more concrete now. I personally feel a granny flat would spoil your property. Im glad youre feeling better now Mum. We still enjoy the occasional good tape from TCMC. We cant put it that way to Tony because it doesnt sound good that some talks are better than others. But occasionally friends have sent a tape that they were blessed by or that they thought would be good for us.

THE GULFPREPARING FOR WAR Leading lights urge restraint as protest movement builds Growing chorus calls for peace By LENORE TAYLOR, SCOTT HENRY and STEVEN WILSON LEADING authors, actors, clergy, federal MPs, academics and doctors have joined to urge the Prime Minister, Mr Hawke, not to commit Australia to a war in the Middle East. And they have appealed to other Australians to join the peace effort. Authors Thomas Keneally and David Malouf, actress Rebecca Gilling, comedian John Clark, fashion designer Jenny Kee, historian Manning Clark, federal ALP leftwing MPs Frank Walker, Laurie Ferguson, Daryl Melham, Jeanette McHugh, Stuart West and senators Bruce Childs and John Faulkner are among 135 people who have signed an advertisement placed in The Australian today urging Australians to reject involvement in a war. The signatories condemn the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait, but urge Mr Hawke to give the United Nations sanctions a chance to work. Mr Hawke has ruled out sending Australian ground troops to the Gulf, and has said there will not be an escalation of Australias naval involvement. But with international opinion firming that war is inevitable, peace groups have formed around the nation. In Sydney, Brisbane, Adelaide and Perth rallies have been organised on January 19, to coincide with those worldwide. Melbournes rally is scheduled for January 18, and Sydney activists have also organised a lunchtime rally for Tuesday, the day of the United Nations deadline for Iraqi withdrawal from Kuwait. In Sydney yesterday, university unions representing 145,000 students condemned the use of military force in the Gulf and called on Mr Hawke to withdraw all Australian forces immediately. Students United Against War, made up of representatives from Sydney University, the University of NSW, Macquarie University, the University of Technology, Sydney and the University of Canberra, joined the National Union of Students to oppose the Iraqi invasion and a first strike by US and allied forces. The students called on the Federal Government not to deploy any new armed forces to the Middle East, to bring the frigates home and to take an independent role. In Brisbane, 35 groups including peace, ethnic, environment, union, church and political organisations vowed to stage a series of protests. A spokeswoman for the group, Mrs Carol Dowling, said protests would include a week of allnight vigils and rallies at Brisbanes King George Square. In Melbourne, 30 people joined in a Gulf Peace Team march, gathering at the Shrine of Remembrance before marching along the footpath into the city. In Western Australia, a 30day vigil outside a city church continued yesterday. The States strongest lobby group against the war, the Alliance for Peace in the Middle East, plans a 24hour vigil over January 15 As well as signing the peace network advertisement, the environment group Greenpeace delivered a strongly worded letter to Mr Hawke. Its executive director, Mr Paul Gilding, wrote Greenpeace notes with alarm that you personally have not rule out an escalation of Australias role in the event of war. Equally, Foreign Minister Evans has not ruled out Australias continued involvement in the event of nuclear war. Prime Minister, you have grave responsibility to the people of Australia far greater than that which the United States demands. Depending on the decisions you make regarding Australias role in the Gulf, your name can go down in history as the Australian leader who merely repeated the mistakes of the past or one who had the courage and conviction to stand apart. Export surge jeopardises rate cut By CHRIS WALLACE THE next cut in interest rates has been pushed back by new balance of payments figures showing continued imports growth despite the recession. The current account deficit for November was 37 billion according to Australian Bureau of Statistics figures released yesterday squarely within fincancial market expectations. But after taking seasonal factors into account, import growth of 6 per cent outstripped a 2 per cent rise in exports for the month. The balance of payments figures were described as fairly reassuring by the Acting Treasurer, Mr Dawkins, in Perth yesterday, given the uncertainties and the changes which have occurred since the time the Budget was put together. Mr Dawkins said they were an unspectacular set of figures, but suggested that the governments balance of payments strategy was very much on track. Current account figures for the first five months of the financial year a total 65 billion deficit representing a 29 per cent improvement on the corresponding period last year suggest the Budget forecast of 18 billion for 199091 will be met. GraphicsCaption Speaking in Geelong yesterday, the Prime Minister, Mr Hawke, was more bullish about the likely current account outcome. Its in line with an outcome for the year which would be significantly below the 18 billion figure projected in the Budget, Mr Hawke said. The reason for continuing strong imports following a record period of tight monetary policy which has pushed the economy into recession remains a worrying mystery to policy makers. The import figures for November were dragged up by big defence equipment and fuel imports, the latter reflecting higher world oil prices because of the Gulf crisis. But underlying imports, which are heavily influenced by prevailing economic conditions, nevertheless rose 6 per cent after taking seasonal factors into account. Merchant bankers BT Australia estimated that underlying imports rose 8 per cent in November after taking seasonal factors into account and excluding BHPs import in October of a tanker from the comparison. Mr Dawkins conceded that the Government did not fully understand why import growth was still so strong. Treasury is waiting on quarterly balance of payments figures for December, due to be released in March, to work out whether the growing import figures reflect the dollars depreciation during the past few months, or whether it is because of higher import volumes. The dollar depreciated by 8 per cent on atradeweighted basis betwen September and November. On the basis of experience, import growth should have eased much more quickly given Australias present position in the economic cycle. The merchandise trade balance fell in November to 143 million after seasonal adjustment. But this represented the seventh positive trade balance in the past eight months, and the cumulative tradebalance for the first five months of 199091 is an 82 per cent improvement on the corresponding period in the previous year. Exports rose 2 per cent in both original and seasonally adjusted terms. But rural exports fell, dragging the overall result down with falls recorded in sugar and other rural exports. The net income deficit, largely reflecting Australias cost of debtservicing abroad, also worsened significantly from 3 billion in October to 41 billion in November. Treasury expects the net income deficit to remain about this level for the rest of the financial year. Mr Dawkins said he did not expect the recession to be protracted, and that the prospects for domestic industry were pretty good. I think the important thing for all of us and for corporate Australia particularly is to look forward to the recovery, he said. What we know is that there will be a recovery inevitably, and that we will go into that recovery in fairly good shape. The cost structure in Ausltralia has been reduced and a lot of the inefficiencies within the Australian economy have been removed. The Oppositions spokesman on Treasury matters, Mr Peter Reith, said the latest figures confirmed that Ausltralia was addicted to imports and that any imminent interest rate cut had been ruled out by the figures. If the present trend continues, it will be difficult to sustain the present interest rate cuts let alone see further reductions, Mr Reith said. Mr Reith said there must be a concerted attempt to correct Australias fundamental economic problems, and renewed the Oppositions call for a miniBudget to address the situation. There must also be an acceleration in the rate of structural reform which is impeding the competitiveness of our export and import competing industries, he said. He offered bipartisan support for the introduction of a broadbased tax on goods and services. Mr Reith said he and the Leader of the Opposition, Dr Hewson, would be prepared to discuss with Mr Hawke and the treasurer, Mr Keating, a package of tax reforms designed to turn around the economy. The Opposition would back any move by the Government to have a consumption tax in place by January 1 next year, Mr Reith said. We have not had a recession of this depth and hardship for many Australians since the war, and I think it is time to do things differently, he said. We genuinely offer our bipartisan support for dotted line tax reforms which would give people some incentive and start to boost productivity, he said. Mr Reith had earlier told the Young Liberals national convention in Brisbane that the introduction of abroadbased goods and services tax would pave the way for substantial cuts in personal income tax. He said the Oppositions proposed tax reforms also provided for the abolition of wholesale sales tax and the exemption of export products from tax. Our security poised to combat proIraqi terrorists By foreign affairs writer TONY PARKINSON SECURITY authorities in Australia are getting access to highgrade data from the Western intelligence network as they set in place their strategy to counter the threat of Iraqiinspired terrorism. Canberra is being fed specific intelligence from overseas agencies on the movements of known terrorists, the pattern of linkages between Middle Eastern terrorist organisations and their methods of operation. There is very highlevel cooperation on these matters, a senior official told The Australian yesterday. While Australia has traditionally had ready access to information from friendly agencies overseas, the recent exchanges are seen as particularly valuable because of our limited exposure in the past to Arab and Palestinian terrorist groups. As well as sophisticated computer profiles that Australian immigration authorities have developed on terrorist suspects, the intelligence from countries such as Britain and the United States is regarded as critical to maintaining watertight barrier checks at airports around the country. The US and Britain have a longer and more painful history of dealing with Middle East terrorism. In other gulf developments yesterday SIX Iraqi helicopters containing an unknown number of defectors landed in Saudi Arabia yesterday as an Iraqi brigadier who defected earlier warned that President Saddam Husseins forces could launch a preemptive attack. PALESTINE Liberation Organisation leader Mr Yasser Arafat predicted a Gulf war would last between three and six years and draw in the whole of the Arab world. THE Israeli Prime Minister, Mr Shamir, ruled out a preemptive strike against Iraq but told visiting British MPs he believed this weeks meeting between the US Secretary of state, Mr James Baker, and the Iraqi Foreign Minister, Mr Tariq Aziz, would make clear to Mr Hussein he had no chance of winning a war. The Prime Minister, Mr Hawke, recognising the possibility of terrorist attacks in this country, admitted yesterday Australia could be among Western nations targeted if Mr Hussein sought to encourage a campaign of terror against his enemies. Mr Hawke also said he still believed the odds were against war in the Gulf. While the situation is very precariously balanced there I think, still, war is somewhat less likely than likely, he said, adding that Iraqs decision to attend talks with the US in Geneva this morning was very significant. But if the crisis degenerated into open conflict, he was confident Australias security agencies would be able to counter any threat of terrorism. There is a general caution being exercised around the world dotted line all countries, let me say including Australia, have been aware of that possibility, Mr Hawke said. I can assure you that in those circumstances our various resources have been properly alerted, and would be in a position to deal with any such possibility. While officials in Canberra would not divulge their assessment of the level of threat Australia might face, it is understood to be regarded as significantly lower than Western Europe and the US. In Britain still smarting from the bitter experience of Arab and Palestinian nationals orchestrating terrorist campaigns while resident in London contingency plans for security clampdowns on likely Iraqi sympathisers are believed to be extremely tough.

OCEAN OF STORY July 1902August 1917 IN CHRISTINA STEADS memory, her mother was a dim vision of pale skin, dark eyes, and long dark hair lying across a pillow on a high brass and lacquer bed.1 She herself, dressed in a red twill dress, was swinging on the bedpost, singing to her mother, who had always liked her singing. It must have been morning, for the sunlight filtered through the front window of their whitewashed cottage. Suddenly the nurse, an ugly old woman, told her to go away and stop annoying her mother. The little girl looked at her mother, confidently. Yes, go, Chrissie.2 Filled with a sense of betrayal, the child left the room. She was fingering the panelling of the door, not knowing why she had been sent out, when her aunt came along What are you doing there spying Although she was only 2 12, the child knew what was meant. Her aunt shooed her away. Seventyseven years later, Christina Stead was still angry.3 But had she imagined it all Later, the sick young woman became blurred in Steads mind with Emma Bovary on her deathbed, where she too was visited by a frightened small daughter.4 Did Stead really recall Sydney in the summer of 1904 Or was that darkened room actually in YonvilleLAbbaye, a provincial town in Normandy Christina Stead never made much consciously of the loss of her mother, though she did once say, comparing herself to a guttercat, that she had not trusted anyone since she was about 5 After her mothers death, she became her fathers special girl. My mother died he mothered me. David George Stead was a lively young scientist, a zoologist, brimming with stories about the marvels of the natural world and its strange inhabitants. In the evenings, with the light falling from the streetlamp through the open slats of the venetian blind and his foot on the packingcase on which his daughter slept, he would tell his tales. And it went on and on, night after night, for more than two years.6 Among the last things Stead wrote were two tender pieces reconciling her to the unusually gifted man whom she had reviled in her most famous novel, The Man Who Loved Children. It was her father, she acknowledged, who had taught her to swim in the ocean of story.7 stars Christina Ellen Stead was thirdgeneration Australian. She liked to think her family history was shaped by literature. In Great Expectations, published in 1861, the convict Magwitch is transported to Australia, where he makes his fortune in sheep. In 1862, Steads paternal grandfather an avid reader of Dickens packed his bags, farewelled his family in Kent and boarded the Hotspur for the threeandahalfmonth voyage to Sydney. He was 16 years old.8 Whether or not fiction played so decisive a role in Samuel Steads destiny, Australia did offer an opportunity for hardworking tradesmen to break out of the English class system. By the time Samuel Stead came to Sydney, gold had paved the way for a boom in the Australian economy that was to last for thirty years. Samuel did not make his fortune, but he was enterprising and found employment with a firm of building contractors, later setting up his own business in North Sydney. His last family house was named after Dickens house, Gads Hill. Late in life he joined the Dickens Society, and as a child, Christina was occasionally taken to see her grandfather perform at socials, where he would recite from the novels, joyfully impersonating Scrooge, Nicholas Nickleby, Quilp and Fagin. At the age of 22, in 1868, Samuel Stead married 19yearold Christina McLaren. Scottish born, she had come to Australia as a baby with her newly widowed mother.9 Samuel purchased a small plot of land on Walker Street, a winding street not far from the harbour in St Leonards now North Sydney, where he built a modest twostorey weatherboard house. There Christina produced seven children by the time she was One daughter, May, died in infancy, leaving three boys and three girls Sydney, Samuel, Christina, Jessie, David and Florence.10 Grandfather Samuel with twinkling eyes, moustache and a dashing dark red handkerchief was a freethinker, as atheists were then called, who occasionally took snuff and enjoyed a glass of port.11 He belonged to the Order of Odd Fellows, the oldest of the several orders of British lodges transplanted to Australia,12 committed to ideals of brotherhood, democratic sharing of responsibility and mutual financial assistance. Modestly imitating the ritual and symbolism of Freemasonry, the Odd Fellows appealed largely to tradesmen and skilled artisans. In time, Stead took his turn for a year as Grand Noble of his local Lodge. His wife Christina, by contrast, was a kindfaced but plain woman, with an austere, worldrenouncing piety. As a member of the Plymouth Brethren, a nonconformist Protestant sect, she regarded smoking, alcohol, dancing, gambling and the theatre as vices.13 But like the Odd Fellows, the Brethren were strongly democratic, rejecting ecclesiastical organisation on the grounds that it was a denial of the spiritual equality of all male believers. The younger Stead children, David and Florence, occasionally accompanied their mother to meetings. Davids strong individualism may well have reflected his mothers antihierarchical tradition. David George was born on 6 March He was a handsome boy, with thick yellow hair, tender blue eyes and a happy nature. According to his daughter Christina he actually shone his pale blaze came from more than just his fairness it was a sign, she believed, of his vitality and selftrust. It dazzled people. If his older siblings had some sentimental and quite uninformed views of England, David responded to the country of his birth like Adam in Eden. Australia was his prolific and innocent garden.14 Despite their mothers cultural sobriety, the Stead household was cheerful and musical, with frequent family singsongs around the piano. When they sang in the evenings in the front room with the lights on and the blinds up tunes from operas and rousing old favourites like The Battle Cry of Freedom, When Johnny Comes Marching Home and John Browns Body passersby would stop in the street to listen.15 One terrible night in the winter of 1893, their mother died of an angina attack.16 She was Only 16 years old and particularly close to his mother, David was devastated. He vowed to keep her rules of life. Christina Stead, her grandmothers namesake, recalls He never went to the theatre or to concerts he abhorred dancing, because of the contact of bodies he did not allow kissing or embracing in the home, nor endearments, nor cajoling, which he thought led to degrading habits of minddotted line He whistled very tunefully, and usually tunes from operas, but only moral operas Martha, William Tell, Maritanadotted line He was shocked that the arts so often dealt with what seemed to a pure man, unsavoury subjects.17 Indeed, David George held a strange mixture of both parents views, and with passionate fervour. He was an atheist, like his father, and so committed to atheism that he refused to enter a church. Yet he was a puritan, like his mother, and just as firm about never letting a drop of alcohol pass his lips. He had his fathers good looks and liveliness, and his mothers sureness of purpose. All three boys left school at the age of Sydney and Samuel became painters and signwriters David was apprenticed to the Sydney rubberstamp maker Karl Faulk, where he learnt to pride himself on his decorative lettering.18 But Nature had always been his passion. In his late teens he attended a zoology course at Sydney Technical College, where he boiled down and mounted a cat and a dog that would stare at his children from glass cases. And he became an active member of the New South Wales Naturalists Society, a group of committed amateurs. In 1898, at 21, he joined the Linnean Society of New South Wales, the professional naturalists body. By 1900 he had several short articles published by the prestigious British Linnean Society. stars Davids lively younger sister Florence who had her fathers beautiful voice and taste for acting went to work at 14 as a seamstress in the workrooms of David Jones, the fashionable department store. It was through Florence that David met Ellen Butters, an embroideress, whom he married on 17 August 1901, the year Australia was formally declared an independent nation. It was a nation of divided loyalties the fierce nationalism of the 1890s was countered by cultural ties to the British Empire and Mother England. The Federal Parliament had been opened in Melbourne by the Duke of York later King George V, and Australian volunteers were fighting for the Empire in the Boer War. Twentyfiveyearold Ellen Stead, pretty, gentle and pious, also found her loyalties divided that year. Though she came from an ardently devout family, her wedding was not a religious service the 24yearold groom was adamant about that. It is thought that he even tried to forbid his wife to pray. Ellens father, equally headstrong, banished his daughter and her new husband from the family home. Ellens brother Duncan later claimed that she visited her mother and siblings secretly,19 and was bewildered by the strange world into which she had married snakes in the copper and creatures everywhere and she not allowed to pray.20 Two months after her marriage Ellen was pregnant, and it was in their modest tworoomed cabin on Kimpton Street, Rockdale, south of the city, that Christina Ellen Stead was born on 17 July 1902, the year that Australian women gained the right to vote in federal elections. Grandfather Butters refused to speak to his daughter or look at his grandchild.21 In the next year or so, the family moved to Oakleigh Villa, a whitewashed house with a stone verandah and picket fence, standing alone on a rutty road leading to Rockdale station.22 David Stead set up his menagerie in the back garden. He kept venomous black snakes, and a diamond snake, whose erratic eating habits he noted with interest.23 However, his special interest was not snakes but fish. David Steads expertise in this area was acknowledged by the NSW Fisheries Commission, who employed him in May 1902, although he had no formal qualifications. He was made a scientific assistant under Harold Dannevig, Director of Fisheries for the Commonwealth. That year the government printer published his article on the Murray cod. Christina Stead liked to think she looked like her mother, but the one surviving photograph of Ellen Butters reveals little resemblance. In the solemn studio photograph, Ellen is in her early teens a comely adolescent with docile brown eyes, full lips and a long dark plait. She is wearing a prim dress with a high neck, legofmutton sleeves, and a fur collar clasped by a large, ornate brooch. A lace kerchief is tucked into her belted waist and she has a white communion book in her lap. She looks timid, submissive the daughter of an authoritarian Victorian father. As a child, Christina was very fair and had several of her fathers features, though in her, unfortunately, they did not form the same harmonious blend. Her father was tall and strongly built. In photographs he has the air of a man who knows he is handsome. His large forehead, prominent nose and resolute chin give him a proud, selfconfident bearing. His daughter had the same imperious presence. In the family it was said that Christina looked like her fathers sister Jessica something she hated to hear, not because Jessicas appearance was unpleasing, but because she had remained an old maid, a fate Christina regarded with horror. stars Ellen Butters parents, Christina Steads maternal grandparents, were also from the British Isles. Richard Cameron Butters, born in Ireland of Scottish parents in 1832, was an adventurer who left Ireland with his brother in the aftermath of the Great Famine for the gold diggings of California. From there, hearing about the discovery of gold in Australia, they came to New South Wales.

Cover Story Travelling North In the first half of the 1980s more than 700,000 people migrated between states, the greatest population drift in Australias history. In the latter half of the decade the pace accelerated. During that time Queenslands net gain was 12,000 people every three months, most in search of the Tropical Dream. PHIL JARRATT reports on the results of their quest Rick Cooper and Helen Collins, decidedly middleclass and almost middleaged, realised about five years ago that they were sitting on a gold mine. Their home at Middle Cove on Sydney Harbour, in which they held a healthy equity, was suddenly worth more than twice their purchase price of two years earlier. Rick had a keen eye for the financial markets and calculated correctly when Sydneys redhot housing market would peak. He moved quickly and sold within 5 of the highest valuation. For the cashedup CollinsCoopers the options were endless. They could afford to buy another home outright and negative gear an investment property. They could even move into commercial property if they worked hard and kept the cashflow up. At 55, they could retire millionaires. But something happened. Says Collins It had been in the back of my head for a long, long time. I once had a boss who slaved and made a lot of money for his golden years. He dropped dead on the tennis court just before he retired. It occurred to me that you shouldnt leave the things you really want to do until it is too late. Then I met Rick, who worked 20 hours a day and played motivational tapes in his car. For the next few years we had a lot of money but no time to enjoy it. The pair were prime candidates for the Tropical Dream. Last year, like 40,000 others, they fled New South Wales. Like 45,000 other interstate migrants, they moved to Queensland. There was more than a year between selling our Sydney home and making the move, says Cooper, but the fact is that, psychologically, from the moment we put the house on the market, we were travelling north. The past decade has seen the beginnings of the greatest population drift in Australias history, a movement north and, to a lesser extent, west from the established metropolitan bases which dwarfs the exodus from the cities during the Depression. When men went on the wallaby in the 30s, they did so in search of jobs. In the 80s, families moved out of Sydney and Melbourne in search of the Tropical Dream an easy life in a sunny climate where affordable housing meant you were no longer a slave to your mortgage. Ironically, in the 90s, some of those dreamers will have to go on the wallaby in search of jobs if they want to keep the dream alive. According to a study of population movements released in March by the Australian Bureau of Statistics, more than 700,000 people changed states in the first half of the 80s. Although our most recent census was in 1986, interstate migration is believed to have increased until it reached a peak coinciding with Sydneys realestate peak in late At that time, Queenslands net gain due to interstate migration was more than 12,000 a quarter while NSWs net loss was just under 12,The drift has temporarily slowed since then as Sydney homeowners wait for the realestate market to bottom out before selling up but Queensland still had a growth rate a full percentage point above the national average. Broadly speaking, the population drift is from south to north but people are also moving from Sydney to Canberra, from Melbourne to Perth and many points in between. The metaphor for the movement, however and this is one beloved of Queensland realestate hawkers is the family freezing by the onebar heater in Melbourne, barricaded against the bailiffs as financial institutions crumble all around them. They sit and shiver and dream the Tropical Dream. Dream about Travelling North. For many, the swaying palms and the house they actually own will remain a dream but it is an eminently sensible and reasonable dream. In the middle range, real estate in southeastern Queensland is roughly half the price of Sydneys and 50 less than Melbournes. Under Wayne Goss Labor state government, Queensland appears to have set a sensible course towards sustainable development and controlled foreign investment which should ensure the states continued economic growth into the next century while red tape and bureaucratic intervention remains low. Moreover, the growth of the southeastern Queensland conurbation the fastestgrowing metropolitan region in Australia has at last been reined in from whiteshoe madness to a level designed to safeguard the basic but essential ingredients of the Tropical Dream such as palm trees, white sand and clear blue water. The city of Brisbane came of age in the 80s, making its international debut as a host city with the Commonwealth Games in 82 and Expo in When he took office in late 1989, Premier Goss vowed to make Queensland something more than the branchoffice state and the rise and rise of Brisbanes central business district is testament to this happening. The capital has a long way to go before it becomes the hub of the Pacific rim envisaged by Brisbane Strategy Plan architect Professor Bob Stimson but it has become an increasingly attractive and cheaper alternative for companies establishing national and regional businesses. The driving force behind the population drift, however, has nothing to do with job opportunities or the Brisbane CBD. The drift is centred on the Gold and Sunshine leisure coasts to either side of Brisbane and on the lush hinterland stretching back to the Great Dividing Range at Toowoomba. It is all about qualityoflife issues and its origins go back 20 years to the hippies and surfers who sought an alternative to the city rat race. Surfers in search of the perfect wave and a holidaying secretary with big boobs led the way north in the mid60s. Perhaps it is fairer to say that they popularised it fishermen, caravanners and rural locals had known of the joys of the NSW North Coast since the popularisation of motoring holidays after World War II. But the surfers were the first to move into nirvana, scratching out a living emptying garbage bins or fashioning boards in coastal towns from Crescent Head to Yamba to Byron Bay and then over the border to Coolangatta, Burleigh Heads and finally Noosa. The surfers came, stayed and bought. They were the first migrants of leisure and many of them have become realestate millionaires sitting in headland mansions, bemoaning the crowds. The hippie movement was born a few years later and it became fashionable to denounce city ways. After the Aquarius Festival at Nimbin in northern NSW in 1973, many of the hippies stayed on they formed communes and collectives and generally drove the farm folk spare. Hippies had become passeacute by the late 70s but core groups remained in the northern rainforests and coastal villages, toned down their idealism and their dopesmoking and became New Settlers. Whereas the hippies had chained themselves to bulldozers, the New Settlers stood for office and fought the developers in council and court. The New Settlers introduced new lifestyles and new architecture and proved to have stickability and political clout. In the Byron Bay area last year, they almost got Helen Caldicott into federal politics but couldnt stop Paul Hogan building a tasteless mansion. For the first few years, ordinary Australians many of them the parents of surfers or hippies viewed these leisurebased migrations with scarcely veiled contempt. They couldnt understand why young Harry would forsake accountancy studies to work a prawn boat in the Clarence River or why young Cheryl would want to live in a geodesic dome in a mosquitoinfested rainforest when she could have a Pettitt and Sevitt deluxe on a new estate just 50 minutes from the GPO. But, when the leisure migrants stayed on and became successful in their own ways, perceptions began to change. The David Williamson play and later movie Travelling North is a beautifully whimsical study of an elderly couple moving north to retire in the sun. Retirees didnt need hippies and surfers to teach them about eking out the super payout in a warm and sunny place but their parallel drift north created an economic interdependence in places such as Byron Bay, Tweed Heads, Surfers Paradise and Noosa Heads. While they werent prodigious spenders, people enjoying the golden years kept businesses and service industries alive in the lean periods between holiday seasons. The couple in Williamsons play leave family ties behind in Melbourne but in the 80s an increasing number of retirees moved north to be reunited with children and grandchildren. Fred and Gwen Fisher sold their home at Caringbah, in Sydneys south, last year and bought a comfortable bungalow in the Noosa hinterland surrounded by bush and with a hectare of subtropical garden. As much as they love their new home, they love even more their proximity to daughters Ruth and Sue and the grandchildren. Ruth and her husband moved to Noosa seven years ago to work in the building industry Sue and her husband followed two years later and bought a fourwheeldrive safari tour business. The Fishers missed the realestate peak and took their house off the market but last June, when interest rates dropped a point, they got near enough to the price they wanted. Says Fred The difference between selling and buying prices was enough to make us comfortable here, as long as we dont live too extravagantly. And I dont think theres much chance of that. Our priorities are to spend time with the kids and keep the garden looking nice. Gwen Fisher was initially worried about missing her circle of friends but, symptomatic of another phase of the population drift, various friends have holidayed with the Fishers and some are moving up to join them. Word of mouth among retirees has been the main instrument of Toowoombas recent population growth, according to mayor Clive Berghofer. Retirees have also been the instrument of much of developer Berghofers recent wealth, as the garden city becomes one large retirement village. But the drift to Toowoomba comes mainly from the rural sector. People who spend their working lives by the sea tend to spend their retirements fishing and beachcombing, hence the popularity of the Gold and Sunshine coasts with refugees from Sydney and Melbourne. As the dream of moving north permeated mainstream Australia, it also became somewhat diluted. While surfers and hippies had wanted clean air and rural tranquillity, the new leisure migrants wanted clean air, rural tranquillity, bitumen roads, a supermarket around the corner and the prospect of employment. They found a compromise of sorts on the Gold Coast. If there is a recession on the Gold Coast, no one has told the bulldozer and bobcat drivers. They provide the soundtrack for the sprawling city as they level scores of hectares daily, pushing suburbia back into the hills. Overnight, grazing paddocks become islands with canals gouged around their perimeters and mazes of cul de sacs guarantee every dreamer a Gold Coast waterfrontage. The turf is laid, the roads are kerbed and guttered and up go the signs The Anchorage, Riviera Keys, Plantation Estatedotted lineAt a new estate called Clear Island Waters behind Broadbeach I marvelled at the sheer nothingness of the dogs leg of avenues bearing such romantic names as Bimini Court, San Simeon Drive and Key Largo Boulevard. Blocks looked out over a shimmering scorched earth plain and a stretch of water only marginally more inviting than an open drain but imagine what the folks back home would think of such an address as Key Largo Boulevard, Clear Island Waters Landscape architect and Surfers Paradise Chamber of Commerce president Jill Allen moved from Melbourne with the first generation of dreamers in the early 70s. For the first 10 years she stayed at home and looked after the kids while husband Les introduced concrete slabs to the Gold Coast building trade.

POLICE STABLE SWOOP Virus scare probe By PETER CAMERON, BRONWEN GORA and MARK OBERHARDT MAJOR Crime Squad detectives yesterday swooped on trainer Vic Rails stable to probe the mystery horse deaths which threaten the multibillion dollar Australian racing industry. A police spokesman said the stables had been sealed off. Hours later the toll had risen to 13 after another stricken horse had to be put down. It is believed one avenue of inquiry police are following is that the horses and their trainer may have been deliberately infected with the killer virus following a series of death threats. Eleven of the horses so far struck down were from the stables of Rail, who remains in a critical condition in Brisbanes Mater Hospital, also with an unidentified virus. Fears are mounting NSW horses could be at risk from the mystery disease that saw race meetings across Queensland cancelled yesterday. Australian Jockey Club officials confirmed yesterday two horses that raced at Randwick had arrived from Queensland during the week. One, Unequalled, was transported across the border on Friday just hours before the federal officials banned the movement of all horses in southern Queensland. Concerned AJC officers confirmed the horses had come from an area quite near the Brisbane stables where the horses had died. Three other Queensland horses that raced at Randwick yesterday, Brave Warrior, Baggio and Capestad, all arrived in NSW before September 7, when the disease was detected. A sixth horse stabled at Newcastle has been placed under stringent quarantine after it was revealed it had come from the stables where the virus first struck. Experts are working around the clock to try to identify the virus. The symptoms include hemorraging, swelling of the jaws, lips and genitals and a skin rash. The crisis which threatens Australias 10 billion racing industry resulted in the indefinite suspension of all race meetings and equestrian and dressage events in southeast Queensland yesterday. Department of Primary Industries officials have insisted that all horses thoroughbreds, standard breds, and pleasure horses in the south of Queensland remain in their own areas until the killerbulletContinued Page 2 Police swoop on stableFrom Page 1virus can be identified. It is estimated the ban will affect 20,000 horses. As fears mounted about the possible spread of the disease, AJC veterinary surgeon Crain Suann denied the two newly arrived Queensland horses, Unequalled and Miss Sandman, posed any risk. He said the two were cleared to race after consultation with Department of Agriculture and quarantine officials. Mr Suann said it had not yet been confirmed whether the disease was infectious, adding when you look at the pattern of the disease as it has occurred already we are past the incubation stage. Department of Primary Industry spokesman Dr Ian Douglas said it was vital that all horses remained in their own regions. He said the ban on movement applied from Gladstone south to the border and west to the Darling Downs. The ban has effectively stopped all gallops and pacing meetings until at least next Tuesday while many pleasure gymkhanas will also have to be cancelled. DPI officials have also quarantined three stables in Brisbanes main racing area at Hendra, a spelling yard at Cannon Hill and a spelling property at Kenilworth. Investigators are now leaning towards the mystery virus being a contagious one rather than being caused by toxics. To say we were certain it was a contagious disease would be too strong but we are certainly leaning towards that theory, Dr Douglas said. We have ruled out there being any toxic substance in feed or bedding. Perhaps this disease is carried like a human cold or perhaps by an insect. He said African horse sickness, equine flu, equine herpes and poisoning had also been ruled out. We havent totally discounted rumours that this is a deliberate attempt to infect the horses. These stories always get around in this type of case but we have no proof at this stage, he said. AJC chairman Bob Charley said the equine tragedy was being taken extremely seriously by his organisation and was under close scrutiny by government departments. A list was released late yesterday naming all horses including recreational and racing that had entered NSW from Queensland since September Anyone who has a horse of any description they feel may be suffering from the virus should ring 1800 675 Two shot dead in factory raid By SARAH HARRIS TWO middleaged men were killed and a third injured in an armed raid on a health food distribution factory in Sydneys northwest yesterday. The men were apparently working at the D.F.C. Thompson factory unit in Hornsby when two intruders burst into the premises. In a hospital bedside interview, the surviving victim told police how the men, one of whom was allegedly wearing a red balaclava and carrying a rifle concealed in a blanket, confronted staff. It appears there was a struggle, several shots were fired, leaving two dead. It seems no words were exchanged, a police spokesman said. Late yesterday police launched a huge search of the area as helicopters buzzed overhead and heavily armed Special Operations officers scoured bushland behind the factory. The bloody scene was discovered by ambulance officers after they received an emergency call to the industrial estate in Leighton Place, Hornsby, at about 55pm. It is understood the call followed an anonymous report to Hornsby police of two men in a panel van carrying shotguns. Police arrived at the scene to find one man, apparently an employee of the company, dead in the doorway of the factory. Twenty metres away, behind a blue dumpster, a second body lay sprawled. It is unclear, at this stage, whether the man also worked for the factory. A police spokesman said no identification had been found on the body. The third man, who was shot in the arm, was able to provide a description of the alleged attackers to police. The first is described as 40 to 50 years, with fair, receding hair and 178cm tall. The second is slightly taller and was wearing a red balaclava. Another employee, who was apparently working at the back of the factory at the time of the shooting, told detectives he heard a couple of dull thuds like a broomstick hitting concrete, before reaching the front of the premises where he discovered the victims. Police admit they are baffled as to the motive for the attack but suspect it may have been a robbery gone wrong. They have been unable to establish whether anything is missing from the premises. Hornsby patrol commander, Chief Inspector Barry Dening, admitted police he had no idea late yesterday as to the motives for the attack. Anyone with information which may assist police should call Hornsby detectives on 476 Crisis looms at crowded airports By WARWICK BRENNAN SYDNEYS general aviation industry was facing a crisis with airports unable to cope with the increasing light plane traffic, a Federal Airports Corporation FAC official warned yesterday. And the situation was expected to worsen with the closure of Schofields Aerodrome in Sydneys northwest in two weeks. The closure of Schofields, which handled an estimated 20,000 flights a year, would leave only three airports servicing the hundreds of thousands of light aircraft flying in and out of Sydney each year. The FAC warned yesterday that the existing three airports Bankstown, Hoxton Park and Camden Airfield were expected to reach their carrying capacity within the next few years with no room for them to expand. FAC general manager of general aviation Barry Thompson said although safety was not in jeopardy, Schofields had been a desperately needed aerodrome. He said Bankstown airport was already handling about 450,000 general aviation aircraft a year, while Hoxton Park and Camden airfields were both handling about 110,000 and they would be unable to take many more. But without Schofields they would be forced to accommodate the extra flights. Within the next few years those airports will be very close to capacity, he said. On that basis I believe that the retention of Schofields is critical for general aviation because it is necessary to take up the increase in traffic. To build facilities similar to that now would run into the millions of dollars, he said. And thats if you could find the land to do it in the first place. Former head of the Civil Aviation Authority Dick Smith has also criticised the closure. Its a very shortsighted decision, Mr Smith said. When you close down aerodromes like that then obviously we lose the opportunities to employ pilots. The decision to close Schofields has come after the State Government bought the adjacent HMAS Nirimba site from the Federal Government this year for 8 million. The State Government, which is to turn the former navy site into an education precinct, wanted the aerodrome closed saying it was inappropriate to have it near the facilities. Flying operations are to cease at the aerodrome at the end of the month and the site is expected to be cleared out within three weeks of the closure. However, the secretary of Schofields Flying Club, Ron Aitken, said there was no justification for the closure of the aerodrome. There is no valid reason for closing the aerodrome, Mr Aitken said. The noise levels here are below the set standards and none of the flight paths pass over the former HMAS Nirimba site. Tunnel bungle to cost NSW 20m By WARREN OWENS and MICHAEL WILKINS A BUNGLE by the previous Labor Government is set to cost the NSW Government 20 million in back taxes The tax office is auditing the Sydney Harbour Tunnel deal signed in 1987 by the Unsworth government, in which Federal Transport Minister Laurie Brereton was Roads and Public Works Minister. The contract, signed with development consortium partners Transfield and Kumagai, appears to have locked the Government into paying up to 20 million worth of tax deductions claimed by the developers, if the Tax Office reviews its stance. The deductions were guaranteed by the Government as part of the deal. If in future they were deemed unclaimable, former premier Barrie Unsworth and Mr Brereton agreed to have the State pay the money. In 1987 both men ignored Treasury advice to get a tax ruling on the issue before going ahead with the deal. Instead, the Government promised to pay the tunnel companys tax bill, if the tax office pounced and put that promise into law with the tunnel contract. Now the tax offices audit branch has started inquiries, sparked by the NSW AuditorGeneral querying the ownership of the tunnel. The tax office reportedly regards ownership as a key indicator of whether tax deductions should be approved for Government projects. NSW AuditorGeneral Tony Harris angered the Roads and Traffic Authority last year when he queried its annual accounts, arguing the tunnel deal with a private company made the RTA a joint venture partner. Any government project cannot claim tax deductions and the developers should only have claimed half the tax they did. A report by Mr Harris to be tabled in parliament on Tuesday is expected to resolve the issue. His yearlong investigation has been delayed by eight separate RTA legal letters, highlighting the Governments sensitivity over the tunnels finances. The AuditorGenerals report will also focus on the M4 and M5 tollways, but the harbour tunnel will command most attention. His report is expected to urge the Government to give more careful attention to the risks and benefits of deals with private companies to build and operate major public projects. Government officials believe the M4 and M5 contracts showed that key bureaucrats had learnt a lot from earlier experiences about dealing with private venturers. Roads Minister Bruce Baird said it was no surprise there was a problem with Labors contract for the tunnel. We have always had grave reservations about the tunnel deal originally signed by Laurie Brereton, he said. Tenders should have been called for and there should have been greater scrutiny of the process.

Australian Copyright Council Mrs P H Peters Senior Lecturer in Linguistics Macquarie University SYDNEY NSW 2109 Ref 920050 Usr Org Txt Prm 26th May 1992 Dear Pam Peters, Thank you for your letter of 14 April. I apologise for the delay in my reply. I also apologise for not being able to attend the class for your graduate students in book editing. I hope the evening was useful for the students. I enclose a list of our more detailed publications. Bulletin 78, Computers and Copyright, would be of particular interest to you as it deals with questions of electrocopying and databases. I understand from your letter that you are concerned that there may be copyright implications in a project involving entering extracts of certain print and broadcast materials onto a database for the purposes of linguistic research. I shall now outline the relevant principles. The materials that you are dealing with are 2,000 word extracts from a variety of sources. These include printed material, including books and magazines, and language from broadcast materials from television and radio. To be protected by copyright, a work must be reduced to some material form, that is written down or recorded in some way. The fact that you are recording the interviews or monologues means that this requirement is satisfied. A written or recorded interview or monologue may be protected by copyright as a literary work, provided it is sufficiently original. Arguably a simple conversation or series of short questions and answers would not have the requisite skill and labour on behalf of the authors to be regarded as a literary work. If, however, its creation involves narrative skill and structure, it would be protected. It is likely that the majority of sources for the extracts will be protected as either literary or dramatic works. There may also be a copyright in the published edition of the works in print. All of these materials are recent and copyright would not have expired. It is then a question of whether the extracts constitute a substantial part of their respective works. While the 2,000word sample does not correspond to any structural unit of the original and ends abruptly, it still may constitute a substantial part of the original work. The test is whether or not the portion taken constitutes an important, recognisable, or distinctive part of the original. It is likely that this would be the case in many of the samples. Indeed, newspapers and other shorter pieces will be included in their entirety. It then must be asked whether the entry and manipulation of such extracts of text into the database would constitute copyright uses. You state in your letter that you will be transcribing the words of the audiovisual material in to a computer readable form that will then be entered on the database. The means of entering the data will be relevant in determining whether the copyright in the published edition will be relevant. Data is generally put into electronic storage in two ways registration by keyboard, that is by transcribing the works. optical registration scanning analogue registration is analogous to photocopying. A scanner registers whole page and once copied, the page and its contents can be manipulated. This form of manipulation is often used in desk top publishing. optical reading a scanner recognises and identifies certain letters or characters and stores them as text. It is possible to edit or manipulate the text as if it had been registered by way of keyboard. Both systems of optical registration can be used simultaneously in the one system. Only in analogue registration is the actual typeface copied. Reproduction The significant use of the material in a computer storage and retrieval system will be by way of reproduction in a material form. This use may occur either when the information is stored in the computer input stage or when it is retrieved output stage or both. Copyright owners can control the input of their materials onto computer storage and retrieval systems if the input is a reproduction in a material form . In the Apple case, the High Court confirmed that computer storage of copyright works is a reproduction in a material form and will generally require permission of the copyright owner. It is not clear whether a publisher is able to control the making of a machine readable copy of the edition by exercise of the published edition copyright. This is because it is possible that this right refers only to reproduction involving a photographic process. Section 88 of the Copyright Act describes the copyright in the published edition as follows For the purposes of this Act, unless the contrary intention appears, copyright, in relation to a published edition of a literary, dramatic, musical or artistic work or of two or more literary, dramatic, musical or artistic works, is the exclusive right to make, by a means that includes a photographic process, a reproduction of the edition. If the restrictive interpretation is accepted, electronic or machine reproduction will not be able to be controlled by a publisher holding only an interest in the published edition. If a wider view is taken that photographic process is one of the processes by which edition may be reproduced publishers will retain this control. I am not sure from your letter whether the texts can be accessed after they have been entered onto the database. If they are to be used for linguistic research or the extraction of data such as frequency statistics of certain key words and the user has no access to the works themselves, then the only activity which may require the copyright owners licence is the initial reproduction of the work for the purpose of selecting and tabulating the frequency of key words. Whether a licence is required depends upon whether a reproduction is made during this process and whether it is in a material form. If the work is reproduced transitorily so that, once the process of selection is completed, it cannot be reproduced, it is unlikely to be in the requisite material form to require the copyright owners licence. Where the whole or a substantial part of the materials input into the system are capable of being retrieved the input is likely to be a copyright use as even though not all the information is reproduced in the output. There may also be other copyright uses of the material in the databases, especially the international database, such as transmission by cable to subscribers, broadcast and adaptation. The fair dealing exception While the use of the materials in this fashion would probably constitute acts comprised in the copyright, you may be able to rely on the fair dealing provisions for research and study. Section 40 allows a fair dealing to be made with a work for the purposes of research or study, without permission from the copyright owners. This use of the work would seem not to involve any reproduction other than the initial input, and would have no effect on the potential market for, or value of the works. Therefore it cold be argued that as the use of the works was purely for linguistic research, this fair dealing section would apply. Thank you for your enquiry. If you have further questions, please let me know. Yours sincerely, Scot Morris, Legal Officer Encl. LETTERHEAD Mrs. P.H. Peters, Macquarie University, SYDNEY NSW 2109 15th August, 1991 Dear Pam Peters, Thankyou for your letter of the 15 July. I apologise for the delay in my reply. I enclose Bulletin 47, Writers and Copyright, and our free pamphlet Copyright in Australia together with a list of our more detailed publications. I understand from our telephone conversation and your letter that you wish to establish how the American version of your work on style and usage fits in with your publishing contract with Macquarie Library Pty. Ltd. The important issues are 1is the American version still the work 2is the sublicence covered by the subsidiary rights 3are you obliged to do the American version 4are you entitled to additional payment for this I shall now outline my view of the relevant clauses. The subject matter of the agreement which you enclose in your letter is defined in clause 1c as the Macquarie Guide to Style Usage which under 1c shall mean and include the first and all subsequent editions thereof including material which may be added in any subsequent edition. You state in your letter that while the arrangements for the Australian edition have yet to be finalised, an American sublicensing deal has already been entered into. This is an unusual state of affairs in that normally sublicensing overseas editions takes place after the original Australian edition has been published. Nevertheless, the rights which are granted to the publisher under 1 are exclusive world wide rights for publishing the work in any form. There is no clause obliging the publisher to publish within a certain date and no restriction on them sublicensing overseas publishers before publishing the Australian edition. The Australian Society of Authors recommends that the Publishers should be under an express obligation to exercise the rights and publish within a specified time no later than eighteen months from the date of delivery, for example. As to whether the alterations you are to make for the American version render it another work which should then be the subject of another agreement, it is a question of fact and degree. If the work is the text written in accordance with the synopsis attached to the publishing contract with minor alterations for the American market, it would not be considered a new work. If the work had been rewritten to the extent that it was substantially different to the manuscript, then arguably it may constitute a separate work and thus require a fresh agreement. From my discussion with you I do not believe this is the case. The question of the additional skill and labour on your behalf in adapting the work for the American market is not directly addressed in the contract. It is unlikely that clause 1 relating to revisions to keep the work uptodate would enable them to require you to adapt the work. Clause 1, which refers to the Publisher being able to request the Author to make such amendments and corrections as it considers advisable is much broader but still would not extend to the American adaptation, in my view. If the publisher were to employ someone else to edit and adapt the work for the American market, they would need to pay for that skill and labour. As such adaptation was not specifically contemplated in the original contract, you may wish to attempt to negotiate additional payment for doing the adaptation. Royalties The royalties payable on an edition licensed to another publisher overseas would come within clause 1i, 50 of net receipts. There is no definition of net receipts nor what deductions the publishers will make before calculating the royalty. If the American publisher is affiliated with Macquarie Library, what then is the basis of payment of licence fees to your publisher There is no clause requiring your consent to licensing agreements. They are under no legal obligation to disclose sublicensing details, but should, as a matter of courtesy give you that information. The royalty payable on the editions published by Macquarie Library eg the Australian edition, is 10 of net receipts under clause There is no information on the publishers discounting practices, nor on the deductions made before determining the net receipts. The royalty rate could potentially be quite low. The ASA recommends that authors are paid an escalating royalty between 1015 of the recommended retail price. In answer to your specific questions aThe fact that the publishers have sublicensed to another publisher and you are to adapt the original manuscript for this purpose does not change the status of the work. Both the original and the American version are the work for purposes of the agreement, in my opinion. bThe royalty rates for any version of the work sublicensed to another publisher are 50 of the net receipts of the licence fees. clause 1i. The royalty for any version published by Macquarie Library ie the Australian version is 10 of the net receipts. cAs the contract did not specifically contemplate adapting the work for other markets, you may wish to attempt to negotiate payment for your work of doing the adaptation.

First drive Outback comeback photo Motoring editor BILL McKINNON goes outback to drive the new Jeep Cherokee and some great Volkswagon camper conversions After a nine year absence from this country, Jeep chose to launch its new Cherokee fourwheeldrive wagon in Central Australia, so the proposition we were expected to consider was clear Can an American automotive icon hack it in Australias rugged outback The answer is Yes, but while theres plenty to like about the new Cherokee, both in the bush and around town, it also has some glaring faults. Its certainly well priced. There are two versions of the fivedoor, fiveseater wagon the Sport, at 39,968 and the Limited, at 47, It may come as a surprise, given the American penchant for large cars, that the Cherokee is relatively compact. It is nearly half a metre shorter and sits more than 20 centimetres lower at the roofline than Mitsubishis Pajero, yet ground clearance in comparable. The mechanicals of both models are the same, with a 0 litre inline six cylinder multipoint fuelinjected engine coupled with a fourspeed electronically controlled automatic transmission which can be used in twowheel drive mode, but which also has part and fulltime high range four wheel drive operation and a fourwheeldrive low range. There is a caption Comfort setting for highway cruising, and a Power setting, which hangs onto each gear longer for better acceleration, and like Mitsubishis Pajero, you can shift from twowheel drive into full time fourwheeldrive without having to stop. Both versions of the Cherokee are very wellequipped for their asking price when compared with other fourwheeldrive wagons. On the Sport, airconditioning is standard, plus power steering, windows and mirrors, a leatherwrapped tilt adjustable steering wheel, remote central locking, limited slip differential, four speaker AMFM radio cassette, retractable cargo cover and a roof rack. No other fourwheeldrive wagon on the market under 65,000 offers as much standard equipment as the Limited, which adds ABS, leather upholstery and trim, electrically adjustable front seats, cruise control, alloy wheels, a digital compass and ambient temperature gauge in a roof mounted console, and CD compatible sound system to the Sport package. When it comes to performance, the Cherokee is also a clear winner among the fourwheeldrive wagons. It will cover the 0100 kmh sprint in just over 10 seconds, which is a good 2 seconds clear of the runner up, Toyotas 5 litre RV80, which has a manual transmission. It has abundant, smooth power everywhere, and coupled with the fourspeed auto which hooks up the right ratio very quickly and smoothly the Cherokee is an exceptional drivetrain both on and off road. This outstanding get up and go is attributable in part to the Cherokees light weight 1535kg, a result of its integral bodychassis construction. This seems to have had no effect on strength though on some very poor tracks in Central Australia, it felt solid and flex free. The Cherokees handling, however, doesnt match its performance the ride quality is reasonable, but understeer is pronounced and corrugations can cause both ends of the vehicle to get very untidy. The first shipment of Cherokees has a 21 steering ratio, which is way too low. It seems like several turns of the wheel are necessary before you get the desired result add to this an almost complete absence of road feel, plus massive overassistance, and the Cherokee could become a very unpleasant handful if you needed to take quick evasive action. Later shipments will have a more direct 141 ratio which should be much better. The interior of the Cherokee is reasonably spacious considering its compact exterior dimensions, but in other respects its a real let down. The driver faces a dash and a steering wheel that are ergonomic disasters straight out of the 1960s, with switches and controls all over the place, many of which are obscured or difficult to operate. Cheap and nasty plastic and trim materials, poor quality fittings, seats which sag like theyre 10 years old and, would you believe, fake woodgrain dash and door trim on the Limited complete what is a very sorry picture. If a Japanese or Australian manufacturer released a 1994 model with an interior of this style, layout and quality they would be laughed at. Overall, the Cherokee offers plenty of performance and standard equipment for your money, but in other respects its a long, long way from being up with the 1990s fourwheeldrive design standards. Trakka is a Sydneybased company which specialises in camper conversions. It uses Volkswagen Transporter vans, Toyota HiAce vans and the Toyota 75 Series Landcruiser four wheel drive as the base vehicles and outfits each to several specification levels, selling the final products with a full manufacturers warranty. photo caption Trakkas Volkswagen campervan lineup starts with the standard Multivan, at 30,500 for the 60 kW two litre four cylinder manual, or 35,000 for the 81 kW 5 litre 5 cylinder. Its a simple rear seat to fold down bed conversion, which seats five people. The Standard Camper, at 43,500, 5 48,000 is a campervan in the true sense of the word, with a popup roof on hydraulic struts, curtains, storage drawers, a table, a 70 litre water tank, a 68 litre fridge which runs off mains or 12 volt power, two burner metho. stove, a sink, 240 volt power plug, plus a battery charger and an auxiliary battery. The sink, stove and fridge are housed in moulded plastic units. The Deluxe 49,500 5 54,000 adds swivelling front seats, an extra table, an AMFM radio cassette and moulded plastic interior linings throughout. Whats inside The Volkswagen Transporter has come a long way since the original rear engined Kombi with the split windscreen and the flat four engine. The 1994 VW Transporter is front wheel drive, and the engine is mounted carstyle in front of the driver. It has fully independent suspension all round, power steering, disc frontdrum rear brakes, an 80 litre fuel tank, and a cargo area of 6 x 5 metres, which is more than enough for a spacious, wellequipped camper conversion. In overall size, the Transporter is shorter and narrower than Toyotas Tarago, though slightly taller at 94 metres. Its very easy to drive, with excellent vision all round, and adequate performance from the 5 litre version. The test vehicle used a four speed auto transmission, and averaged 4 litres100 km on the highway. Steering, handling and ride quality is excellent for a vehicle of this type, particularly on rougher country roads. Some of the controls are awkward to use, notably the automatic shifter which is too short, and poorly positioned too close to the drivers seat, and the brakes require plenty of pedal effort, but quality is impressive the Transporter feels very solid, and gives the impression that it will continue the Kombi tradition of lasting a long time no matter what you throw at it. The Caravelle is the top of the line Transporter, with 5 litre 5 cylinder engine as standard, double wishbone suspension up front, plus features like electric mirror and windows, antiintrusion side bars in the front doors, central locking, cruise controls and a sixspeaker radio cassette. In original form, it is designed as a people mover, with three rows of seats capable of carrying seven. Trakka has used the Caravelle as the basis for its Caravelle Camper, which is similarly equipped to the Deluxe, and seats five. It costs 59,000, or 61,700 with the fourspeed auto. Theres plenty of room inside, and with the poptop raised, taller people can stand comfortably. The front seats swivel around to face the living area, and you can walk through from the front seats to this section as well. All of Trakkas interior fittings and mouldings are high quality, and in this regard the Caravelle Camper feels like a VW factory conversion, not an aftermarket one. Access to the fridge, stove and sink is easy, and the stove swings out of the vehicle so you can cook outside. The double bed is very easy to set up, but its 10 centimetres too short for six footers, and not particularly comfortable, either, with too many contours and insufficient padding. Trakka is working on improving the design with the campers currently in production. If you dont like the idea of towing a caravan or trailer, and the prospect of sleeping in a tent doesnt thrill you either, a Volkswagenbased Trakka campervan is the ideal compromise and the most convenient twoperson touring package on wheels. Towards 2000 Bill McKinnon looks at four cars which point the way to the future of motoring The 1990s may well go down in history as the decade in which the car developed a social conscience. The realisation better late than never that more compact, space efficient and environmentally friendly cars are necessary and not just a good idea has seen the development of such vehicles accelerate over the past few years. In fact, several major European manufacturers have developed models which are genuine working prototypes of the vehicles well be driving before the year Volkswagen, Europes largest car maker, has long used its trusty Golf hatchback, Europes best selling car for the past 11 years, to experiment with alternatives to conventional engines. Last year it released the Golf Ecomatic, the first production car to offer a fully automatic system that turns the engine off when its not required during driving. At the heart of the Ecomatic system is a vacuum servo clutch, which disengages whenever the accelerator is released, and electronics which switch the engine off and start it again when the accelerator is depressed or a gear is engaged. Traffic beater The Ecomatics forte is city traffic. When idling on Sydney roads, for example, the Ecomatic uses no fuel and produces no exhaust emissions as the engine only runs when the car is moving. The Ecomatic uses a diesel engine, which compared to a petrol model produces fewer hydrocarbon emissions, comparable oxides of nitrogen but more particulate emissions soot. A system of pumps and an upgraded battery maintain power to the brakes and the steering when the engine is switched off, and lights, indicators, instruments and the heater continue to work at all times. Volkswagen claim a fuel economy figure of 6 litres100 km in urban conditions, an improvement of 22 percent on a conventional Golf diesel. It also says hydrocarbon and oxides of nitrogen emissions are down by 22 and 25 percent respectively, and carbon monoxide emissions are reduced by 38 percent. Although there are no immediate plans in Australia to import the Ecomatic, it is on sale in Europe, where a British panel of environmental and technical experts photo caption declared it the most significant contribution to the environment launched in At the Detroit Motor Show in January, Volkswagen revealed its Concept One, a 21st century interpretation of the VW Beetle, which is designed to test whether theres a market for a new Peoples Car. Upbeat Beetle Volkswagen believes that consumers are intimidated and confused by alternative energy choices in cars. The idea is to lessen this technophobia by wrapping the technology in an exterior design that takes its cues from past models. The stylists have hit the spot with the Concept One it looks just as lovable and friendly as the original Vee Dub. The Concept One is only 8 metres long and uses frontwheel drive. Driver and front seat passenger airbags and antilock brakes are fitted and the interior includes air conditioning and leather upholstery. Three drivetrains are available a 50kW three cylinder version of the Ecomatic diesel, as fitted to the Golf, a dieselelectric hybrid, and electric power only. The dieselelectric hybrid offers the best option. In the city, where performance is less important, you can use the 18 kW electric motor. Top speed in this mode is 100 kmh. On the open road, the diesel engine gives a top speed of 168 kmh. The 1993 Frankfurt Motor Show saw BMW and MercedesBenz release their versions of motoring, late 1990s style. photoThe MercedesBenz Vision A 93 is one of several smaller vehicles which the worlds oldest car maker is developing for those who drive predominantly in the city.

The tropical circulation in the AustralianAsian region May to October 1989 P.W.Bate Regional Office, Bureau of Meteorology, Darwin, Australia Manuscript received September 1990 revised October 1990 The tropical circulation from 70degreeE to the dateline is examined for the months May to October A positive phase of the Southern Oscillation, which developed during 1988, continued to dissipate during this period, though some anomalies typical of a positive phase persisted. The southwest monsoon in the northern hemisphere was slightly underdeveloped and withdrew early from the Indian subcontinent. Monsoonal rainfall was below average in a large part of the south Asian land mass. Eastern Australia experienced heavy rainfall early in the season, while drought conditions became evident later in some areas. The number of tropical cyclones was above average. Introduction This summary discusses the tropical circulation during the period May to October 1989 in the area of synoptic analysis responsibility of the Darwin Regional Specialised Meteorological Centre RSMC, that is, from 70degreeE to 180degree. Characteristics of the 1989 season are compared with longterm means, salient features of which are described by Garden et al. 1989. Lower and upper tropospheric flows, mean sea level pressures MSLP, and seasurface temperatures SST are examined in the context of the phase of the El NinaccentoSouthern Oscillation ENSO. Upper level divergence and the seasonal variation of convection are also studied. Finally, a number of regional climate features are discussed, namely tropical cyclones, the Indian monsoon and north Australian rainfall. Previous summaries in this series have benefited by collaboration with authors from the Malaysian Meteorological Service. As this was not possible in the present case, there is no detailed description of the east Asian monsoon. All date sources used are listed in the Appendix, and are referred to in the text where appropriate. Seasonal mean charts, from the tropical analysis scheme TAS of Davidson and McAvaney 1981, were averaged over two threemonth periods May to July 1989 MJJ and August to October 1989 ASO. Time series of velocity potential and outgoing longwave radiation OLR, published in Darwin Tropical Diagnostic Statements see Appendix, suggested that such a division was appropriate in terms of the distribution of tropical convective activity during the season. SST anomalies were calculated from the climatology of Reynolds 1983. Broadscale seasonal circulation Southern Oscillation Figure 1 shows the behaviour of Troups Southern Oscillation Index SOI from January 1980 to October 1989 and its fivemonth running mean to August This period was chosen to depict the two significant positive excursions during the decade. After a prolonged period of positive values during much of 1988, the smoothed SOI declined during the season. Keith et al. 1991 noted a trend for cool eastern Pacific SST anomalies to decrease toward the end of the previous six months while Mo 1989 observed that oceanic and atmospheric patterns in the tropical Pacific were returning toward normal during March to May However, some anomalies typical of a positive phase of the SOI hereafter called positive ENSO event persisted well into the season. Seasurface temperature The SST anomaly pattern, shown in Fig. 2 for the 3month periods MJJ and ASO, remained remarkably stable over the six months. Warm anomalies dominated the area and were strongest about the southern and western Australian coasts and throughout the Indonesian archipelago. Positive departures, initially evident about the eastern Australian coast and southwest Pacific, were weaker and further north in ASO. A cool anomaly, apparent at first in the north Pacific to the southeast of Japan, weakened steadily through the season. These patterns display broad similarities to those given by Butterworth et al. 1990 for the corresponding periods in 1988 both seasons were characterised by positive SOI. The maps also show generally positive anomalies in regions where most of the tropical cyclones formed refer Fig. 12. An inspection of SST charts published in the Climate Diagnostics Bulletin CDB and Monthly Report on Climate System MRCSsee Appendix indicated that the magnitude of negative anomalies in the equatorial central and eastern Pacific declined throughout the period, as might also be expected during this phase of ENSO. Mean sea level pressure Figures 3 and 4 show, respectively, 3month averages and anomalies of MSLP. The anomaly charts were based on monthly CLIMAT messages in conjunction with longterm station means, with additional data from MRCS, CDB and Australian region gridpoint analysis data from the National Meteorological Centre, Melbourne. Pressures at low latitudes were generally near average throughout the season. During MJJ positive anomalies over India and China indicate a slightly weaker than normal monsoon trough the negative anomaly surrounding the Philippines perhaps reflects the presence of tropical cyclones. Over much of Australasia belowaverage pressures were consistent with a positive SOI, while the subtropical ridge in the Indian Ocean was strongly developed. In ASO the monsoon trough east of the South China Sea was better developed than in MJJ, though over India it remained generally weaker than average. Tropospheric flow Figures 5, 6, 7 and 8 show charts of the mean flow and vector wind anomalies for MJJ and ASO at 950 hPa and 200 hPa. At 950 hPa the anomaly patterns appear to indicate that the major tropical wind regimes were weaker than normal, as anomalies were largely opposite in direction to the longterm flows. The anomaly fields should be interpreted with caution some of the anomalies are similar to those found in corresponding periods in the years 1986 to 1988 Kingston et al. 1987 Garden et al. 1989 Butterworth et al. 1990, a period which encompassed both positive and negative ENSO events. They include anticyclonic and easterly anomalies over the Indian subcontinent and the Bay of Bengal, and westerlies in the southern Indian Ocean and low latitude northwest Pacific. At 200 hPa, west to southwesterly anomalies at low latitudes west of 12OdegreeE, particularly over the Bay of Bengal, and cyclonic and east to southeasterly anomalies over the southern Indian Ocean were similar to those found in 1987 and All this suggests biases in either the climatological fields Atkinson and Sadler 1970 Sadler 1975 or the TAS, but it is not possible to ascribe them with certainty to either source. A comparison of the TAS with ECMWF analyses at 850 hPa and 200 hPa for June to August 1984 Hendon 1988, however, identified no obvious biases. Despite the reservations regarding wind anomalies, the MSLP and 950 hPa fields are broadly geostrophically consistent in most regions. During MJJ the monsoon circulation was somewhat underdeveloped over continental Asia, as already noted in reference to the pressure anomaly fields. The pattern at 200 hPa in the western Pacific, with equatorial westerly anomalies and subtropical easterlies, is well correlated with positive SOI Selkirk 1984. The monsoon circulation over the northwest Pacific was not strongly developed, the upper ridge lying well north of the monsoon trough. By ASO the monsoon circulation east of 100degreeE had moved closer to an average state with very small anomalies at 200 hPa. There appeared little change in the monsoon circulation over south Asia and the Indian Ocean. In the northwest Pacific the 200 hPa ridge axis and 950 hPa monsoon trough axis were more closely coupled than before. Light southeast trades about north Australia were consistent with lower than normal pressures. The crosssections in Figs 9, 10 and 11 also illustrate the change in the northwest Pacific. In ASO upper northerly return flow across the equator increased east of 100degreeE and slightly decreased west of 100degreeE Fig. 9, while zonal components show an improvement in monsoonal flows at 130degreeE but a slight weakening at 100degreeE, reflecting the early retreat of the Indian monsoon reported in MRCS November 1989. Tropical cyclones During May to October 1989, 29 tropical cyclones TCs defined as having maximum 10minute mean winds of at least 17 m s1, or named systems were analysed by Darwin RSMC. Of these, 26 occurred in the northern hemisphere. Tracks are shown in Fig. 12 these include the prestorm depression stages. Details of periods of occurrence and maximum winds are given in Table A factor of 88 was used to convert maximum winds for northern hemisphere cyclones from 1minute to 10minute means. Northern hemisphere Comparisons of northern hemisphere TC occurrence with climatological statistics from Joint Typhoon Warning Center Guam JTWC, 1989, are given in Table In the Pacific both TC and typhoon occurrences were above average and more frequent than in May to October 1988 Butterworth et al. 1990. This confirms the work of Chan 1985, who found that the phase of the SOI leads northwest Pacific typhoon occurrence by approximately 11 months. The statistics also lend support to the finding of Gray 1988 that northwest Pacific TC activity tends to increase in easterly phase quasibiennial oscillation QBO years. The QBO was in an easterly phase during 1989, reaching a peak late in the year CDB, January 1990. Table 2 shows that in ASO a much greater proportion of northwest Pacific TCs intensified to become typhoons than in MJJ. As noted previously, by ASO the axis of the 200 hPa ridge over the north Pacific had become more closely coupled with the lowlevel monsoon trough axis, particularly east of 140degreeE. Thus vertical organisation was improved, providing a more favourable broadscale environment for TC intensification. Divergence between the north Pacific tropical uppertropospheric trough, which was well developed for the whole season Fig. 7, and the neighbouring upper ridge also had a strong influence on TC genesis and intensification. This was particularly so in October, when all of the six TCs two continuing from September became typhoons two of them supertyphoons. Northern hemisphere TC genesis events from June to October 1989 are superimposed on a timelongitude section of 200 hPa velocity potential in Fig. Events were generally clustered about higher magnitudes of negative velocity potential, which are taken as a proxy for broadscale upper divergence. The velocity potential periodicity reflects broadly the MaddenJulian 1971, 1972 oscillations. Gray 1988 noted that genesis events tended to be grouped in alternating active and inactive phases of variable length, and that these showed some correspondence with the 40 to 60day oscillation in a number of parameters. The Bay of Bengalnorth Indian Ocean is a comparatively small basin and TCs are less common Table 2. At least five tropical depressions developed in this area during the five months May to September, four of them in MJJ of this number only two intensified to TCs. One of these was analysed by the India Meteorological Department data available for June to September as a tropical storm for less than 12 hours on 22 July shown as Unnamed in Table 1 and in brackets in Table 2 it produced flood rains as it traversed India. This storm was not analysed as such by either Darwin RSMC or JTWC, so comparison with longterm statistics is not strictly valid. Southern hemisphere Three lateseason TCs developed, two in May in the Pacific and one in July in the Indian Ocean. Statistics given by JTWC 1989 for the combined south Indiansouthwest Pacific basins for the years 19811988, show averages which may include depressions below TC intensity of 9 occurrences in May and 4 in July. All three TCs developed in an environment of above average SST. Velocity potential time series for the latitude band 5degreeS15degreeS not shown also displayed peaks near the times of genesis of the three southern hemisphere TCs, most notably for the Indian Ocean occurrence in July. The southern hemisphere series was generally in phase with the northern hemisphere series shown at Fig. 13, indicating that 30 to 60day oscillations evidently had some effect in the winter hemisphere. Broadscale vertical motion and convection Maps of velocity potential at 950 hPa and 200 hPa are shown in Figs 14 and Note that a zero boundary condition is applied at the analysis domain edges. The most important feature diagnosed by these maps is the relative shift in the axes of maximum positive 950 hPa and negative 200 hPa velocity potential. In the northern hemisphere these were in closer vertical alignment in ASO, suggesting improved organisation of the broadscale vertical motion in the monsoonal region, confirming previous observations.

WHAT YOU NEED TO KNOW ABOUT DIY PAVING caption Good planning is the key to successful doityourself home paving. Thats the advice from the Queensland paving manager of pgh Clay Bricks and Pavers, Chris Sheehan. Homeowners most successful at doityourself paving are those who plan their project thoroughly from the outset. Proper planning makes the difference between a doityourself paving job that looks professional and one that leaves the homeowner disappointed, says Chris Sheehan. The first step in successful doityourself paving is ensuring all the materials are at hand to perform the work successfully. These items include wooden stakes and string to mark off the area to be paved, two screed rails 3040mm thick, a suitable screed board, sharp washed medium river sand, paver joint sand, a rubber hammer, a spirit level, brickcutting equipment and your choice of pavers. The next major step involves preparing the ground for the pavers. This preparation is critical to the longterm appearance and durability of the paving. You next need to select the desired level for the finished pavers. Once this is decided, drive four stakes into the ground around the area to be paved. Run string lines between the four stakes to the desired surface level, establish a datum and adjust for drainage fall. This surface must be smooth and wellcompacted. Spread sand on to the area to be paved and then screed the sand to ensure a flat surface. The bedding sand should be about 40mm deep. A partial compaction of the bedding sand is sometimes preferred to insure a uniform base. Laying the paver is the next step. Chris Sheehan recommends starting in one corner and laying the pavers flatly on to the sand, with a 24mm gap between pavers. The herring bone pattern is strongest. It may be necessary to cut some of the pavers using a lump hammer and brick bolster, hiring a paver splitter or using a masonry saw. To ensure that the pavers are well secured, you should pour concrete footings along the photo photo photo perimeter of the paver 10mm below the paver surface. The next important step involves compacting the pavers with some jointfilling sand swept between the joints to minimise chipping during compaction. A rubber mallet and piece of timber can be used for smaller walkway areas. For driveways and larger walkway areas a mechanical plate vibrator is recommended. Use a piece of carpet or a sheet of plywood beneath the vibrator to reduce paver damage. The final step in doityourself paving involves filling in the cracks between the pavers. A special joint sand needs to be spread over the surface of the pavers and swept until all the joints are full. caption photo photo caption MAKE YOUR OWN FASHIONABLE 4PANEL SCREEN The portable screen is one of the handiest pieces of furniture you can own. Used as a decorative element in a room, as a backdrop to a chair or in front of a disused fireplace, such a screen is a truly versatile decor item. Ideal for subtly camouflaging a messy corner or helping to create a false wall near an entrance, a screen also enables you to change the mood of a room. Our easytomake screen with its fabric mantle is inexpensive to build and its decorative impact is limited only by your own personal taste. To make this simple fourpanelled screen you will need the following materials 8 pieces of light timber, for example pine, about 1850mm long suggested depth 19mm, width 40mm 8 pieces 440mm long which fit inside top and bottom 6 small hinges, which do not require a chiselledout recess. We used 50mm nonmortice hinges wood glue staple gun and a box of staples drill with bit and screws around 40mm long, or hammer and nails about 60mm long 4 metres of fabric no less that 130cm wide.We used John Kaldors new Riviera Collection in malachite colour.If you wish to make a double sided screen you will require another 4 metres of fabric STEPS Assemble materials. Position the wood. Measure the length you want the feet to be at the bottom and make sure it is the same for each frame then photo glue in place and screw or hammer in nails, etc. Because we used cotton we were able to tear fabric to size making sure we had enough to fold over the edges of the wood and also for a hem which is tucked under so no raw edges show or fray. Staple fabric in the middle of sides then go around stapling it firmly in place. Fold corners under neatly and tear fabric up between the feet and tuck it up and around the edges. Take special care stapling the backing fabric if used neatly over the frame, covering the previous staples. Attach hinges to alternate sides making sure the shaft faces outwards and that the panels are in the correct order. Be careful because this can be confusing. NOTE Wind extra fabric around feet or use braid to decorate the feet and edges of the panels. The material can be varnished for a strong, glossy finish with a coating such as Bristols water based Easy Clear Interior Timber Finish, which does not dry tacky. The approximate cost to make the screen is 40 plus fabric. The John Kaldor fabric is courtesy of the Australian Cotton Foundation. caption drawing DO YOUR LIBRARY A GOOD TURN dotted line BUILD A REVOLVING BOOKCASE Heres a revolving bookcase thats novel as well as practical, yet relatively inexpensive and easy to make. Its construction doesnt call for special woodworking skills. Apart from a few tools and easily obtainable material, all you need is common sense and an eye for detail. The finished article will have space for many books that are easily accessible and attractively displayed. And if you run short of books to fill the shelves, the vacant spaces are ideal for favourite ornaments or knickknacks. MATERIALS You will need 1 sheet 16mm melaminelaminated chipboard measuring 1200mm x 2500mm 17m hardwood trim 9mm x 16mm 5m hardwood side supports 16mm x 70mm 1m hardwood base 22mm x 70mm saw finetoothed drill and 5, 5, 8, 5 drill bits countersink bit 4 marking studs for 8mm dowels sanding block sandpaper No 100 and 150 hammer, chisel, cutting nippers, screwdriver, ruler, pencil Other materials 36 wood screws No.7 x 38mm with countersunk heads 32 nails 50mm x 5mm 150 brass nails 25mm wood glue 20 dowels 35mm x 8mm 4 adjustable feet 1 turning fixture plus screws METHOD Chipboard shelf sections Begin by gently sawing the chipboard into 4 shelf sections plus the top A, 8 centre sections photo B and C and 2 side walls D according to measurements given in Diagram Cut a slot 16mm wide and 150mm deep in the middle of all B sections Diagram 2 plus section C, in which the slot is made 30mm from one edge dotted line. Slot together the sections as illustrated. Drill and countersink 8 holes in 3 of the A sections Diagram 3, plus 7 holes in a fourth A section for the shorter section C. Screw together parts A, B and C to get 4 divisions. On division 3 secure the 2 pieces D with glue plus 2 screws from above and below. Drill an 8mm hole 100mm in from the edge at each end of part B in division 1 Diagram 4. Place the marking studs in the holes see detail. Fit division 2 on to the studs and press down hard to mark where drill holes for the joining dowels should be. Drill the holes to a depth of 10 to 14mm. Continues the same way with the other 2 divisions plus the remaining section A which forms the top. Glue the dowels and press into the holes drilled Diagram 5. Side supports From the 16 x 70mm length of hardwood cut 8 side supports E according to the pattern Diagram 6. Smooth with sandpaper and bevel edges. Drill 2 holes 5mm diameter at each end of supports. Insert nails and pinch off heads Diagram 7. Measure and drill holes for supports in section A. Joining together Glue dowels and join all sections, including the top. Press together firmly. Trim Glue and nail hardwood trim into place, first around section A and then on to parts B, C and D. Use the brass nails. Due to the hardness of wood, avoid risk of nails bending by drilling a 5mm hole for each nail. Clean off surplus glue when dry and bevel all edges. captions diagrams photo Floor stand Cut 2 pieces 550mm long from the 22 x 70mm hardwood Diagram 8. The pieces are formed into a cross by making a cut 22 x 35mm in the centre of each piece. Apply glue and press together. When glue is dry, sand down the stand and bevel the edges. A 5mm hole is then drilled partway into the wood about 20mm from each end. Apply a little glue and press in the adjustable feet. Finally, screw the turning fixture on to stand and then to the bookcase. diagram caption diagrams PAY OFF YOUR MORTGAGE FASTER THE GOOD NEWS FOR THOSE PAYING OFF HOMES IS THAT NOW THERE ARE EASIER OPTIONS TO SUIT MOST BUDGETS AND SITUATIONS When it comes to paying off your mortgage faster, there is good news and there is bad news. The bad news is that the only way to get rid of your mortgage sooner is to plough more money into it. Now lets have the good news. You dont have to plough in a lot of money to make a big difference and it need not be in one lump sum. A small but regular trickle will ultimately have a big impact. A variable rate fixedterm loan, or standard home loan, is still the most popular mortgage arrangement for owneroccupiers and thats most of us. This is the usual loan offered by banks and building societies. Repayments, usually monthly, are the same throughout the term of the loan, changing only with the rise and fall in interest rates. Each repayment consists of interest and principal. In early repayments the proportion of interest is higher and the proportion of principal is lower than in later repayments when the opposite applies. Before the deregulation of banking there wasnt much flexibility in the standard home loan offered by our major lenders. Increased competition between banks has changed all that. And thats the other piece of good news, you can tailor your mortgage repayments to suit you, rather than the bank. Theres a whole new range of options to consider and that doesnt just apply to new loans. Existing borrowers can alter the terms of their loan to suit their changing requirements. You can pay more now and less later on, you can pay more often, you can increase your repayments by small annual increments, you can make a lump sum payment at any time, and you can even use your savings toa offset your interest. Any one of these methods will save you thousands of dollars in the long run and shorten the term of your loan. If youve been making regular repayments and just managing to make ends meet, youve probably put the mortgage options into the toohard basket. Its understandable in tough economic periods but perhaps its time to reassess your situation. Here are some of the options Pay more now and less later on Its not for everyone, but if youre a dualincome couple who dont plan to have children for a while then shop around for highstart loans. As the name indicates, the monthly repayments are higher when the loan begins than they would be for a standard loan, giving you the advantage of paying off the loan more quickly when you have the benefit of two incomes and paying less interest in the long run. If one partner gives up work you revert to normal loan terms. Change your payment schedule Incredible as it may seem, changing your payment schedule from monthly to fortnightly or even weekly can save you tens of thousands of dollars in interest payments over the life of a home loan.

Marine mammals and conservation in the Antarctic marine system This paper was presented at a plenary session of the 6th International Theriological Mammal Conference held at the University of New South Wales in July, M. M. Bryden Department of Veterinary Anatomy, University of Sydney,NSW 2006 The principal factor affecting the antarctic marine ecosystem in the last 70 years has been, undoubtedly, exploitation of the great whales. Five species of rorquals Mysticeti Balaenopteridae see Fig. 1, front cover are widely distributed and are sympatric in the Southern Ocean Fig. 2 during the summer feeding phase of the annual cycle. They are the blue, fin, sei, humpback and minke whales. In the 60year period 192526 to 198485, more than one million of these five species of whales were killed in the Southern Ocean, and more of some species of these southern rorquals mainly humpback whales were killed in lower latitudes during their winter breeding migrations. In less than 50 years, the populations of blue, fin, sei and humpback whales were reduced by 90 per cent or more. It has been said that blue whales have been depleted to about 1 per cent of their prewhaling numbers, but data are insufficient to substantiate such claims. We have some evidence that humpback whales, at least in some areas were depleted as severely as that. Minke whales were not killed during most of this period, as they were considered too small to sustain a viable industry. It was only near the end of the whaling period, when numbers of the large rorquals had been reduced so drastically, that some minke whales were taken. The principal food item for all these species, as well as some species of seals, sea birds, fish, and larger invertebrates such as certain squid, is krill. The term krill is a Scandinavian word meaning whale food, but in the antarctic context, krill and the genus Euphausia are virtually synonymous, because the huge swarms of organisms that comprise the food of rorquals and other krill predators are made up largely over 90 of the single species Euphausia superba. There has been some argument about the relative importance of krill in the antarctic marine ecosystem, as research has revealed more details of the system. There is no doubt, however, that along with copepods, euphausiids are the dominant organisms in the zooplankton of antarctic marine waters. Krill is still regarded as the key trophic intermediary between primary production and many higher vertebrate consumers in the Southern Ocean Fig. 3. This view is supported strongly by the work of Rau et al. 1992, who demonstrated a similarity between the anticipated range of vertebrate dietary nitrogen 15, and nitrogen 15 content of antarctic krill. In the Southern Ocean, krill Euphausia superba, Fig. 4, see colour section, forms huge swarms where phytoplankton blooms occur, especially near ocean upwellings. In coastal regions swarms of Euphausia crystallorophias occur. The major mammalian krill predators are the crabeater seals Lobodon carcinophagus, of which there are approximately 15 million, and in some regions at least, antarctic fur seals Arctocephalus gazella. See Figures 5 and 6 see colour section. Major shifts in the balance of the various Southern Ocean predators have occurred in recent years, probably as a direct result of the depletion of the great whales. Among the mammals there is good evidence that numbers of at least some rorquals, crabeater seals and antarctic fur seals increased dramatically from the 1950s to the 1980s. Allied to these shifts in relative abundance of krill predators, increased in the pregnancy rates of fin and sei whales, and a possibledecrease in their age at sexual maturity, were observed. Age at sexual maturity of crabeater seals and possibly minke whales also appeared to have declined Fig. 7, and there is some evidence that the present crabeater seal and minke whale population levels are significantly greater than those existing before intensive southern whaling began. Some increases in populations of krill predators have been dramatic. The Antarctic fur seal population at South Georgia showed a 1417 per cent increase annually for several years. There may have been a levelling off of some of these population shifts in recent years. In the early 1970s, concern was raised about the potential effects of exploitation of krill for human consumption. This enormous resource was viewed as having the potential to overcome a perceived worldwide shortage of animal protein. Removal of large amounts of krill from antarctic waters, it was argued, may adversely affect the recovery of whale stocks. A krill fishery has been operating in antarctic waters for over 20 years. A total of more than 5 million tonnes of krill was harvested from 1973 to 1992 see Fig. 8. While this catch has been limited, and is unlikely to increase significantly in the immediate future, future increase could be expected to have a major impact on the balance of species within the antarctic marine system. Chittleborough 1984 estimated that in the undisturbed prewhaling period, baleen whales consumed about 180 million tonnes of Antarctic krill per year. This is greater than the combined consumption by seals, birds and fish. The current depleted whale population consumes an estimated 40 million tonnes per year. This is about 80 times the 1982 maximum commercial catch of krill, and about eight times the total commercial krill catch over 20 years. If we take the simplest view, it means also that approximately 140 million tonnes of Antarctic krill annually are available for consumption by predators in Antarctic waters that were not available before whaling began. Other species, particularly fin fish and squid,are harvested in significant numbers in some regions, particularly the southern Atlantic Ocean. These activities potentially can affect certain specific higherlevel predators, but some of these harvested species are themselves predators on krill so their removal may remove some of the pressure from the mammalian krill predators. In contrast to the apparently dramatic increases in populations of krill predators, in recent years there has been a decline in numbers of southern elephant seals in the Southern Ocean. Elephant seals are not predators of krill, but they do feed on species that are themselves dependent on krill see Fig.3. The decline has not been uniform whereas elephant seal populations in the southern Pacific and Indian Ocean regions have declined by 50 per cent in the last 30 years or so, the southern Atlantic Ocean population has remained static over the same period. The simplest explanation for these shifts in the balance of populations and species of mammals is that it is foodderived. It could be argued that the greater availability of krill as a result of the very great reduction in biomass of krill predators, in the form of the great whales, has allowed the other krill predators crabeater seals, fur seals to increase. If the system were as simple as that, a possible result would be a longterm increase in the populations of species with relatively short breeding and life cycles, such as these seals. This would accompany a slower increase in numbers of rorquals, and possibly stabilization of populations at lower than prewhaling levels, because they have a lower fecundity and therefore are unable to compete well in the race to exploit the abundance of krill. With regard to southern elephant sealswhich are not krill predators, if the same were true we would expect to observe the population declines in areas where greatest commercial exploitation of their food components has occurred. How do these proposals line up with the facts Two lines of research are being done in Australia to examine these proposals. Southern Elephant Seals The first is a study of southern elephant seals by Dr Mark Hindell, who did some of the work while a PhD. student and has continued it in the University of Tasmania. Southern elephant seals breed on subantarctic islands, at latitudes of about 50degree to 60degreeS Fig. 9. They breed in harems in the austral spring Fig. 10 see colour section. Although they breed on subantarctic islands, these animals are part of the antarctic marine system, because they feed for the most part at least close to the antarctic continent. Studies using timedepthtemperature recorders Fig. 11ac see colour section have revealed that adult elephant seals make two return trips of up to 1600 km each year. Following the breeding season they go south to the feeding areas Fig. 12. About three months after the breeding season they return to the subantarctic islands to moult, after which they go again to the antarctic feeding areas. Some animals, mainly nonbreeding bulls, moult on the antarctic continent itself. At present, knowledge of the diet of elephant seals is limited. It is believed to consist of approximately 75 per cent cephalopods mainly squid and 25 per cent fish. The remoteness of the feeding areas makes it extremely difficult to quantify the composition of the diet, but recent qualitative studies Green and Burton 1993 have shown that several species of fish and cephalopods are consumed. They further show that diet varies at least qualitatively with season. Recently we have examined the energetic needs of captive southern elephant seals at Taronga Zoo in Sydney. By comparing the activity budgets of the captive and freeranging animals, we arrived at estimates of the energetic needs of freeranging elephant seals. These and earlier, less rigid studies, indicate that elephant seals are significant consumers within the antarctic marine system Table 1. The elephant seal population in the southern Pacific Ocean sector declined at an annual rate of approximately 2 per cent for 20 years until the mid1980s, but seems to be stabilising now Fig 13. Similar rates of decline occurred in the southern Indian Ocean population, but not in the southern Atlantic. Major fishing for squid and fin fish has occurred in the southern Atlantic, but not the Pacific and Indian Oceans, so the declines in elephant seal numbers cannot be attributed simply to reduction in food. Hindell discussed several possibilities in the Macquarie Island population, and concluded that the decline may be a correction following an overshoot in the recovery of the population from extreme exploitation late last century and early this century. To my mind this is the most plausible argument, although others have been put forward. Whichever is correct, I believe it is fair to say that the declines are probably not simply foodderived. Because the reasons for the decline are not know with certainty, continued monitoring of populations of southern elephant seals, and intensive studies of their feeding and ranging patterns, are essential. Humpback Whales The second research project is centred on surveys of humpback whales on Australias east coast. All southern rorquals feed in antarctic waters in the austral summer, and migrate north to tropical waters to breed in winter. Humpbacks have the convenient habit of following coastlines as they migrate, like the gray whales that migrate along the coastline of the west coast of the USA to and from Baja California. On Australias east coast, they are particularly cooperative in that they remain very close inshore, at least in some parts of the coast, and like gray whales they can be counted from the shore. These humpback whales form a major part of what is known as Area V humpback stock see Fig. 14. The population was depleted severely in the period 195163, when shorebased whaling stations were operating at Byron Bay and Tangalooma. Some whales were also taken in antarctic waters in the summer months during the same period. The original population in 1951 was estimated by Chittleborough 1965 to be approximately 10 000 whales. PhD. student Miranda Brown has been looking at the figures again, and there are suggestions that it may have been considerably more than that, even as high as 20 It was believed to be reduced to approximately 200 whales by 1963 Chapman 1974. If these figures are correct, then this population was depleted to about 1 per cent of its original size by whaling. Aerial surveys were conducted in the years 198082, during the northward migration, to determine the width of the migration corridor Figs 15 and 16.

Language skills need developing THE federal Minister for Education, Mr Dawkins, annoyed academics recently when he said Australia was a monolingual nation. As the academics pointed out, some 200 Aboriginal and community languages are spoken in Australia in addition to English. In Melbourne, more than a quarter of the population regularly use a language other than English. However, there is one group that does tend to be monolingual, according to Professor Barry Leal, and that is the business community. In a report on language education published this week, Professor Leal, deputy vicechancellor of Macquarie University, says there is a generation of monolingual Australians in management positions who have had minimal contact with any foreign language and who are culturally and linguistically inept when dealing with foreigners. Professor Leal says the inability of our business leaders to speak foreign languages is a defect that we can no longer tolerate. He is right. Australia may take pride in its multiculturalism but it does relatively little to promote the teaching and study of foreign languages. Many schools treat language teaching as a luxury, concentrating on subjects such as physics, mathematics or economics which feed directly into careeroriented tertiary courses. Why should Australians bother to learn Chinese, Japanese, Arabic or European languages For one thing, it is no longer safe to assume that English is, or will continue to be, the dominant lingua franca of business and trade. For another, this country must become more exportoriented, and communication skills are the key to international salesmanship. We can no longer insist that our trading partners do business with us in English. There is much to be said for Professor Leals view that foreign languages should again be compulsory in schools, and that they should be incorporated into tertiary business and management courses. Until we upgrade our language skills, Australia will continue to undersell itself. Kohl no longer such a merry old soul FIVE months ago, Helmut Kohl was a heroic electoral victor, first Chancellor of the modern united Germany. Today he contemplates a humiliating defeat in a state election that has cost his Christian Democrats their majority in the upper house of Federal Parliament, and damaged the reputation that Mr Kohl had put on the line. Pressing economic issues played an important part in the CDUs loss of RhinelandPalatinate, heartland of both the Chancellor and his party. Most important was growing unease at economic fallout from reunification and a sense that the Chancellor has mishandled the issue. While it is too early to read portending personal or party disaster into the election result, it seems certain to force significant changes in the CDUs governing style. The easy answer to questions about reasons for the weekend turnaround in favour of the opposition Social Democrats is taxation. At the time of unification, Mr Kohl promised that West Germans taxes would not rise to pay for union with the East. It has now been revealed that imposts must increase to help accommodate an Eastern bloc that is in worse economic not to mention psychological shape than many realised. Higher taxes have brought fears of rising inflation and price destabilisation in the West. Mr Kohl is now seen in many quarters as having rushed the two nations overhastily into matrimony. He has also been rudely awakened to the fact that he will no longer solely be dictating the course of the marriage. The SPD, adding another of the lander to its belt, has strengthened its position to insist on a say in unification policy. Even more humiliating for Mr Kohl, the Free Democrats, who support him in coalition, are reported to be contemplating a renewed link with the SPD. Their continued loyalty will command a high price. The Christian Democrats must also consider ways of broadening their own appeal, even if this means weakening the oneman hold of King Kohl. The risky resurrection of Jeff Kennett AS a political ambush, the coup that restored Jeff Kennett to the Liberal leadership in Victoria yesterday had all the essential elements of surprise, shock and success. It was conceived in secrecy, sprung in stealth and executed with ruthless efficiency. Having a stab at the leadership has been a recurrent ritual in the Victorian parliamentary Liberal Party since the retirement of the inimitable Sir Henry Bolte, but the participants have usually lacked the numeracy or dexterity to slay rather than wound their victims. In the autumn of 1989, party malcontents sank their blades into the scarred back of Jeff Kennett, hitherto the survivor of sixandahalf frustrating years as Opposition Leader. Lacking a more acceptable candidate, the party promoted Mr Kennetts less than illustrious lieutenant, Alan Brown, as his successor. Now a restive party has knifed Mr Brown and his deputy, Alan Stockdale. This is perhaps less astonishing than the decision to resurrect the very leader whom it butchered with similar brutality nearly two years ago. The Liberals were driven by a hunger for power unmitigated by personal sentiment. Loyal support to a leader is regarded as an essential virtue only so long as the leader is perceived to be effective. More often than not, the party yearns for a leader who is strong, decisive and emphatic, with a high public profile. Mr Brown never fitted into the desired mould of a Menzies or a Bolte, and never quite rose above his cruel sobriquet of Mr Beige. However, in contrast with most of the attempts to topple Mr Kennett, who had led his party into two election defeats, there was no obvious crisis or controversy to precipitate the sudden move against Mr Brown. There was little doubt that he, or a drovers dog, could have led the coalition into a resounding victory over the Kirner Government in due course. The Liberals eagerness for office appears to have been sharpened by an impatience to bring down the failing yet defiant Labor Government as soon as possible. Somehow Mr Brown seemed to be too cautious to consummate this desired objective swiftly and boldly. Recent opinion polls confirmed that his approval rating lagged behind that of the coalition and that of his far from reticent predecessor. To a party anxious to accentuate the positive and accelerate the inevitable, and in the absence of any other obvious leadership talent, Mr Kennetts residual popularity and natural assertiveness appeared to be the qualities required to hasten the almost inescapable downfall of the Kirner Government. Mr Kennett has been, at various times, an outspoken advocate of using the Oppositions majority in the Legislative Council to precipitate an early election. It remains to be seen whether he will push for this course rather than the policy of slow legislative strangulation proclaimed by Mr Brown. IN restoring Jeff Kennett, the Liberals have opted for a highprofile, highrisk leader in the hope of procuring greater political rewards and presumably sooner than seemed attainable under the deposed leadership. There is no guarantee that their wishes will be granted, only that life in Spring Street, and for a bemused state of Victoria, will become more interesting. Mr Kennett has a record of being brash, impulsive, abrasive and aggressive. Some of his public comments in the past two years seemed to have been embarrassing to the Brown leadership team. But he is an effective election campaigner, a practised parliamentary performer, and a compelling communicator. He will be noticed and he will be heard, if not always heeded or applauded. Much more than the hapless Mr Brown, he is capable of projecting a sense of vision and giving the coalition a sense of direction. There is something of a likeable political larrikin about him, although he has matured over the years. An immediate question mark hangs over his relations with the Liberals coalition partners, the Nationals. In the last election campaign, Mr Kennett was widely criticised for his pretence that the Liberals could defeat Labor and govern without the National Party. That was plainly unrealistic then, but it is no longer so. However beneficial the partnership may be in opposition, a coalition government is likely to be fraught with difficulties and tensions, and Mr Kennett may well wish to loose the ties bound under Mr Browns stewardship. The second question is what he will try to do and how successfully to topple the Kirner Government. There is no doubt that his accession has raised the expectations of those keen to bury Labor, and he will be under pressure to satisfy them. A third question is whether he can heal the wounds and close the divisions that the leadership coup will have left in his party. Mr Kennett has plenty of front, but he had better watch his back. Time for honesty on IRC policy THERE is absolutely no reason why Australian has to have national centralised wagefixing presided over by the Industrial Relations Commission. The fact that the system has been in place since Federation is not an argument for perpetuating what is, in fact, only one possible solution to the problem of wagefixing in a mixedmarket economy. But if the Federal Government wants to change the system then it ought to come clean. At present it seems to be trying to inflict a sort of death by a thousand cuts on the IRC. Last week the Treasurer, Mr Keating, in effect dismissed the IRCs national wage decision and endorsed the ACTU move to pursue wage claims outside the commission. He said the Government would continue to seek implementation of its pricesincomes accord with the ACTU and to move towards decentralised wagefixing. This policy was confirmed last night by the Minister for Industrial Relations, Senator Cook, in a brisk statement that did not even mention the IRC or its decision rejecting key elements of the latest accord. This contemptuous treatment of the IRC is consistent with the Governments attitude over several years. It has downgraded the institutions status and altered the basis for paying its senior members. The reasonable suspicion is that the Government is seeking to diminish the commissions independence and make it more subservient to Government wishes a mere rubberstamp for GovernmentACTU deals. Honest people can dispute the wisdom of last weeks national wage decision, and the ACTUs rejection of it. But there can be no dispute that the Government has compromised the authority and credibility of the IRC by rejecting the decision and encouraging unions to flout it. Cabinets message play it our way or be ignored is especially pernicious because it will reverberate through other federal judicial and quasijudicial institutions. If the Governments enthusiasm for decentralised and deregulated wagefixing were taken to one logical conclusion, it would simply abolish the IRC, legislate to fix legal minimum wage rates, and let market forces establish actual rates. This would at least have the virtue of honesty. What is unacceptable is to have the Government undermining the IRC whenever it disagrees with a decision that flows properly from the commissions present statutory independence and responsibilities. The opposition spokesman on industrial relations, Mr Howard, is frank about his plans for reaching the Shangrila of enterprisebargaining through freemarket freeforalls. The Government should be equally frank about its intentions. JapanSoviet summit a modest success THE first official visit by a Soviet leader to Japan may not have been a total failure, but it was at best a very modest success. Certainly, it is a long way from President Gorbachevs dazzling foreign policy successes of a few years ago. After an exhausting four days of meetings, President Gorbachev left Tokyo emptyhanded except for a handful of lowlevel agreements signed on such matters as fishing and aviation, and a 100 million emergency food aid grant, which the Japanese had already promised last December. The expected breakthrough in the 46year dispute between the two countries over a group of barren, windswept islands in the Pacific Ocean just north of Japan failed to materialise, except for a promise for further talks. Nor did Mr Gorbachev succeed in convincing either the Japanese Government or Japanese businessmen that the Soviet Union presents wise investment opportunities for the worlds second richest country.

SECTION 15 WHY DEVELOP COMPLAINT PROCEDURES Complaint procedures should form part of an organisations overall strategy to prevent sexual harassment. Such procedures convey to all employees the message that sexual harassment is unacceptable and is treated seriously by management. Complaint procedures should be accessible and flexible and offer a range of options for addressing complaints. Complaints should always be handled by properly trained staff and procedures need to be regularly reviewed to ensure that they are operating effectively. Above all, staff must feel confident about using them. It is usually better for all parties concerned if a complaint can be resolved through internal, inhouse procedures for the following reasons bulletIt gives management the opportunity to change behaviour and educate employees in a positive way bulletIt can minimise the potential stress, hostility and disruption which is often generated if a complaint is taken outside the organisation bulletIf a formal complaint is made to an external agency such as the Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission, the employer may be held legally responsible vicariously liable for the behaviour of its employees. The Sex Discrimination Act provides that an employer will be liable unless it can be shown that all reasonable steps were taken to prevent sexual harassment from occurring. Implementing internal complaint procedures is one measure an employer can take to reduce the risk of liability bulletComplaints which are not resolved quickly can become very expensive in terms of lost time, money and resources, particularly if they are referred to an outside agency for example, time spent in meetings and interviews, time spent preparing documentation and statements, diversion of clerical or administrative resources and lost wages are all potential costs which need to be considered bulletIf a complaint is referred to an external agency, legal costs and compensation payments may be incurred. If the matter goes to a public hearing, there is also the likelihood of negative publicity which could damage an organisations profile and credibility. Complaint procedures will vary depending on the size, structure and character of a particular organisation. The following features however should be common to all sexual harassment complaint procedures bulletsuited to the particular work environment and structure of the organisation bulleteasy for employees to access and use bulletresponsive to the problem bulletincludes a commitment that all complaints will be treated seriously bulletcan be activated immediately bulletoffer informal and formal options, depending on the nature of the complaint and the seriousness of the allegations bulletstrictly observes confidentiality bulletguarantees that no one will be victimised for complaining bulletprovides names and contact details of people responsible for dealing with complaint. Those responsible for dealing with complaints should be well trained. They need to be fully familiar with the organisations policies and procedures, the relevant law on sexual harassment and the operation and functions of outside agencies such as the Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission. Good interpersonal skills in communication, negotiation, listening and conflict resolution are also very important. An organisation may decide to appoint or nominate particular staff as sexual harassment contactcomplaints officers. Alternatively, an EEO Coordinator could perform this role. Ideally sexual harassment contactcomplaints officers should be chosen from various levels within the organisation, and both men and women should be appointed. To maintain discretion and confidentiality, these officers should hold positions where staff would need to see them for reasons other than a sexual harassment complaint. Complaint procedures are not static they need to be monitored, reviewed and refined to ensure their effectiveness. It should not be assumed that sexual harassment is not a problem just because no complaints are being received. It is important to determine what people think of the procedure, whether they have any hesitations about using it and how it could be improved. A confidential survey of staff opinions and ideas may assist in gathering this information. If an organisation is serious about resolving sexual harassment complaints management must bulletmake a public commitment to the prevention of sexual harassment bulletimplement and endorse sexual harassment complaint procedures and policies bulletmonitor the procedures and make changes where necessary bulletensure that employees are well informed about policies and procedures bulletallocate adequate resources for training and awareness raising. Many sexual harassment cases go unreported because people are concerned that they will not be taken seriously if they complain. The success of a complaint procedure will depend on employee confidence that they will be treated fairly, that the matter will be kept confidential and that there will be no repercussions for taking action. Managers and supervisors will encounter a wide range of responses and prejudices when dealing with the issue of sexual harassment. There will almost always be a discrepancy in the perception of the conduct between the parties to a complaint. A complaint procedure must therefore ensure that both parties are given the opportunity to be heard in a fair and impartial way by a person who is sensitive to the issues and primarily concerned with the effective resolution of the problem. When a complaint is made, it is always important to ask bulletWhy did this situation occur bulletWas there an atmosphere in the workplace which condoned the behaviour bulletHow could it have been prevented bulletWhat measures are required to stop this from happening again bulletWhat can be done to change the prevailing atmosphere or climate of the workplace It is important to recognise that complaint procedures should not operate in isolation. They need to form part of an organisations educative and preventative strategy for dealing with sexual harassment. SECTION 16 HOW ARE COMPLAINT PROCEDURES DEVELOPED Complaint procedures can be produced by looking at other organisations policies and consulting with employer organisations and unions. Participating in accredited training programs may also give you some ideas. Surveying staff for their thoughts on what a complaint procedure should include not only provides valuable suggestions but helps to ensure employee commitment to the policy. A complaint procedure should be flexible, contain assurances about protection from victimisation and confidentiality and be widely distributed. It is worth the effort to spend time developing a procedure which will be effective. Consider the following suggestions bulletResearch other policies and procedures which have had success. Particularly look at organisations which are of similar size and character bulletParticipate in training courses designed for this purpose bulletConsult with umbrella employer organisations bulletConsult with unions and other agencies which are involved in the area bulletConsult organisations working with crosscultural issues and people from nonEnglish speaking backgrounds bulletSurvey staff about what they think an effective procedure should involve bulletWhen a procedure has been developed, do not set it in concrete. Review it regularly and make necessary changes where appropriate. Features of a Complaint Procedure There are certain features which all sexual harassment complaint procedures should contain. These include bulletFlexibility by providing a range of options for the resolution of complaints, ranging from informal to formal procedures bulletAvailability of particular measures for staff from nonEnglish speaking backgrounds for example, the availability of interpreters if required, the publication of sexual harassment policies and procedures in various languages etc. bulletA guarantee that the parties to a complaint will not be victimised, but that disciplinary action may be taken where a complaint is found to have substance bulletAn assurance that the consent of the person making the complaint will be obtained before any course of action is decided upon bulletAn assurance that no one will be victimised for complaining. The complaint procedure should be in writing and distributed widely throughout the organisation. It should contain bulletA statement of the companys policy on sexual harassment bulletA description of the approaches that can be taken in response to a complaint, detailing issues such as confidentiality. These should be used as guidelines for managers, supervisors, complaints staff and the person making the complaint bulletInformation on the rights of both the complainant and the alleged harasser bulletNames and contact details of staff responsible for inquiries or complaints bulletInformation on outside organisations which can assist. SECTION 17 MANAGEMENTS ROLE IN SEXUAL HARASSMENT COMPLAINTS It is important that managers and supervisors gain the trust of those involved in a sexual harassment complaint. They can do this by listening carefully to what is said, by making sure that the complaint is taken seriously, and is dealt with fairly and promptly. Managers and supervisors must be able to ensure that they will treat the matter confidentially and provide protection to staff so that no one will be victimised. A choice of trained and appropriate male and female staff responsible for receiving complaint and providing advice should be available. Staff should also have the choice of either informal or formal complaint handling options. Management will need to ensure that staff have confidence in the organisations complaint procedure. This can be achieved by bulletEnsuring the procedure is activated in a prompt and fair manner bulletEnsuring confidentiality and protection from victimisation. Explain to those involved that confidentiality should be maintained. Supervisory staff should be alert and act quickly if there are any signs of victimisation occurring bulletProvide adequate information to staff and ensure that sexual harassment policies and procedures are widely publicised throughout the organisation. Consider using regular notices to remind staff, refer to the policy and procedures during interviews with job applicants and provide regular information sessions bulletMaking sure that complaints are taken seriously and all points of view are respected. It is difficult to remain impartial in these situations. Be aware of your own values and impress upon complaints staff the need to demonstrate fairness and objectivity at all times bulletAppointing appropriate staff. Where possible, appoint specialist staff who have been trained to provide information, answer inquiries and act as complaints officers bulletProviding appropriate training and support for staff in these roles bulletReviewing the procedure from time to time to make sure it meets the needs and concerns of the organisation and its employees bulletBeing aware of the needs of all staff for example, employees who are not fluent in English may need access to interpreters. Management should also be aware that staff from certain cultural backgrounds may be reluctant to complain or discuss sexual harassment openly. Training sessions should be designed to ensure that all staff, regardless of their cultural background or ethnic origin, know that they have the right to complain about sexual harassment. Need for Expertise It is highly desirable that the managersupervisor and the person making the complaint have access to people with expertise in dealing with sexual harassment matters. There should be someone other than the manager to whom the person making the complaint can go for assistance. There should also be a range of options available for dealing with complaints. The choice of which option to pursue will be up to the person complaining. Many people who wish to complain about sexual harassment, make it clear from the outset that they want it dealt with informally. They may not wish to proceed if making a formal complaint is their only option. Other people may wish to have the matter dealt with formally but want it kept inhouse. Alternatively, the person complaining may wish to immediately lodge a formal complaint with an outside agency, such as the Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission. Management should be aware that all employees have the right to approach an external agency with a complaint of sexual harassment. However, often this action is only taken because no internal complaint procedures have been developed or the complainant does not believe that their employer will treat the matter seriously and take appropriate action. If given the option, many people would prefer to have the matter resolved internally. SECTION 18 WHAT IS AN INFORMAL COMPLAINT PROCEDURE Often complaints of sexual harassment can be quickly and effectively resolved through informal procedures. Informal action could involve any of the following options selfhelp intervention by a third party independent management action Selfhelp involves the person who has been harassed approaching the harasser themselves with a request that their behaviour ceases. The complainant may ask the manager, supervisor or contact officer to accompany them if they require support.

Islamabad, 221291 British Council Library building Dear Mum and Dad, Your lovely Christmas card with clippings and photo arrived yesterday. We loved hearing from you just 3 days before Christmas, and getting so much news. We all really miss you both. Thanks too for your phone call to inquire about the childrens health, they are all fine now, though David is still fighting a sore throat again When I spoke to Pete on the phone on 11th Dec, he said they really enjoyed your exhibition Mum and are impressed with your work By the way,I hear Heikas baby is due 21st Jan,not 26th, which is my fathers birthday. As you can see by the paper, Im not at home. In fact, Im at work but instead of 9 Candidates I have only 3 to examine. Yesterday was the coldest day weve had this winter it was freezing Also it finally rained, which is probably part of the reason the other candidates didnt turn up. They often have to come from far away, and if the weather is bad then the roads are very muddy and there is a rush with the public transport. Also, this season being the end of the year is quite hectic for everyone even if they dont celebrate Christmas they have the Qaids birthday holiday on 25th Dec yes they stole it from us. The Qaid is the founder of PakistanQaideAzam Mohammad Ali Jinnah. I am quite disappointed as I get paid according to the number of candidates and yet I still have to be here all day, though with less people to interview I should finish early. They are supposed to cancel if there are less than 4 candidates but one came from Muzzafarabad and a phone call from his employersponsor of course ensured that he got tested a long way Today Greg minds the children, he has agreed that he should do the needed hsework too, so he has a challenge to try and get some of that done too, as it is never easy with all three at home. However Quincey, our servant does the basics so its not too bad.., Yes its school holidays now, and I think David Boaz were well truly ready for it a 14 week term is really too long for the littlies. Next term I think Ill let them have a couple of days off in between anyway. Actually Boaz really cant manage 5 days he seems to get very very tired so Im going to reduce it to 4 to start with, the school wont mind, hes still so little. Am so sorry I havent written more, 1 letter its hard to realise how little Ive written to you it has been incredibly hectic here,as usual, we seem to have to constantly make decisions to say NO to people, which is hard Our biggest NO was sending Taj back to the valleys after his final term exams. It was a VERY hard decision, but the wisdom of it is has been made very clear since. Being a boy, his age,11 and culture fi different to ours added to his strong personality and not too studious attitude to make it too big a load on our family. Ken had him stay for 6 weeks till his exams were over, and Ken himself had had enough by then too. Taj is a delightful boy and he needs a lot of prayer,now now so that he can be steered in the right way. He made out he was a believer when he came to us, but we know now that he hasnt met Him yet, though he is open, he has made up some compromised ideas which could blind him for a while. The seeds of the WORD are there and I have a hard task to make sure he doesnt feel rejected by us, and also praying that his education will continue hopefully in the valley as I told Jinnah when he came in Oct. The Trails sons wedding is no this week. Hes marrying a Pakistani girl whom he w met at M.C.S. Murree Christian School in Murree. They are both studying in the States and he plans to g come back here and live work as a doctor. 1 letter The wedding involves 3 main functions to which weve been invited. Greg will go alone to the actual wedding 27th Dec in Taxila as it is too much for the children 600 Pakistani guests, an outside buffet, no room for ex everyone at in the hospital Chapel where Her parents are both Drs at Taxila Christian Hospital Dr Lall helps the Kalash a lot. Before the wedding Gail there is the Mehndi like a girls tea party in on Christmas evening. Well go together .Gail, Esther, Sharon 2 Ron sons in ou Fitches van also at Taxila Hospital Compound where Lalls live. Then on 289th we have the wedding reception here in Islamabad in the evening. It means I have to find 2 acceptable outfits so yesterday I went and bought 2 nice pairs of shoes to dress up what I already have in dresses. For Christmas we are having Turkey. I bought an extra one to cook slice up give away on the day as that is thereir custom here, to share with others neighbours, beggars when you are celebrating something. Ill have Ken, Sarawat Sha and Daud Sha for lunch as well on Christmas day. Were not having presentgiving except privately to open O.S. parcels yours hasnt arrived yet Carlas did yesterday. We bought one present for our whole family only a small Keyboard which we hope will add to the musical input in our home, its fabulous with about 100 different tones , and only cost about The keys are small so should suit the childrens fingers nicely, can play with earphones so we dont disturb anyone. Ive begun playing guitar a bit more now that the children are older let me. Greg I are trying to find ways to enrich our home life and ways to relax at home so that we wont get so stressed with all the restrictions of living here, and also so the children enjoy being home too as we have to be. Boazs birthday wentparty went ahead despite his being sick with a sore throat exhausted at the end of his first term at school. He had lain listlessly on the couch all day, but by 00pm when Rachel Jones 412 5 yrs old TEAMdropped in to bring her present he perked up and managed to enjoy his birthday afternoon tea Id cancelled half the people and left only the ones closeby so I could cancel the whole thing at the last minute if I had to. We had a SPOT puppyshapped birthday cake which my friend Donna decorated for me as I was running out of time, party hats sweets jelly. Well send you photos wen when theyre developed. They had a lovely time. Even Ken came with a birthday card hand done a present. As I write this I have a bad cold and yet cant blow it my nose here in the exam room with the candidates here writing. Its very quiet and its not culturally pleasant for them to hear me, so Im using up a box of tissues wiping the stream silently David has requested a Superman suit all year so Im going to make he and Boaz both one,but I doubte Ill get it done before Christmas. All the material only cost me 3 Steve Wilson has just come to swap cars keys with me. They are moving house today into the portion below Greg Kens flat cum office They have 4 small children 7yrs 9 mths,and if when Ken goes back to N.Z, sSteve will share the Gregs portion with him as an office. Theyll use Fitches green van to move the big furniture today. Having them close by just 5 mins walk across the park in front of our house will be great. Especially for me, and David David loves to play with Christopher7 and Angela6,and otherwise only has Rachel nearby 5.Forename is very sociable but can be a bit demanding with minding children etc,so well just have to establish rules early. Forename across the road is so different understanding uninposing yet a real friend I cut her hair every month or two she TRUSTS me amazing J Donna Hardee has become a dear friend too shes a great counsellor too The Lord has really met my needs with friendships here and through them. Thanks for all your prayers with lots love big hugs to you both. Elsa. 176 St68, F10Islamabad 24th March 7am Dear Mum and Dad, We received your phone call yesterday, Dad, that Mum is in hospital. Were so sorry to hear that Mum has had to undergo surgery, and the pain that shes had. Were praying now,and by the time you receive these we pray shell be recovering well, and free of pain. Youll be in theatre now Mum, Greg I have just prayed for you together. You rang on the afternoon of a public holiday Pakistan day. A huge army parade was planned, with airshow,navy show included, but due to rain it was cancelled. Our new house has a clear view down to where it was to be held distant, and we would have been able to see the air show really well. Instead though,we got something better dotted line a peaceful day at home with time to enjoy our view of the Margalla Hills wet and green from the rain, with a shrou light veiling of mists from clouds shifting and settling on them all day. It is evident that we have moved to a far more peaceful area. We had no just one or two doorbell rings yesterday, and no other interruptions apart from a phone call. This is so unusual here Still David Boaz Cherry were able to play with the children downstairs at the usual time, and I didnt even notice them come up to get their balls off the terrace, the layout of the house is such. Our shift was complicated by Forenames time of crisis, but now that there is a lull I can appreciate that here Ill have far more timewithout the constant interruptionsand can also feel and be more creative here. The light in the house really lifts my morale and I enjoy the kitchen immensely so I should it has plenty of cupboards and bench space a decent stove double sink etc It has the sunlight afternoons hot in summer, and is a happy light green colour. Forename has started having counselling once a week with Mary Surname, who counselled me, is very good, using prayer as part of her counselling sessions. After my praying for herin her presence, Forename I think has become comfortable enough with prayer to let Mary pray during counselling. Miracles are happening with her hubby letting her go to see me, stay onight once a week, go to see Mary and even offering her a trip to U.K He is the one we need to pray about too, as he is her environment in controls it all so much being retired is home all day. Last week Forename collapsed here after her first session with Mary. It was quite a tough day as her hubby came to drag her home against her will and I took her side. Then I left them to sort it out and went change Cherrys nappy while praying fervently It is good to have to do practical things with the littlies constantly it keeps me downtoearth He left here and she went home later when she felt better. Later that week she took an overdose, but not too severe.The tension probably helped me get the bad neck Ive had the last three days. Its better today.

DERRIDA IN AUSTRALIA For the French philosopher, Jacques Derrida, there is no step beyond the text unless text is understood in the narrow, conventional, colloquial sense of the term, where truth would indeed be equivalent to a reality beyond the confines of books and libraries, armchairs and ivory towers of every kind. One may well be able to step beyond the text that is equivalent to book, but this is not what Derrida means by text. Rather, he argues, a certain kind of framework has been imposed on him, certain categories such as deconstructionist have been used to classify his work for polemical reasons thereby depriving it of its intellectual inventiveness. Pierre Bourdieu could easily be speaking on behalf of Derrida as well as himself when he says The logic of the classificatory label is very exactly that of racism, which stigmatizes its victims by imprisoning them in a negative essence Bourdieu 198739 . Of course it is true that in everyday life, people speak of writing and of text as though these were secondary phenomena, and quite unproblematic secondary phenomena at that. Fine distinctions are left out of account the logical and philosophical or even metaphysical aspects of thought and action are hardly given a moments attention. Perhaps the more prejudicial aspects of popular culture reinforced by the media find their very condition of possibility in this influence of the unproblematic, takenforgranted dimension of social life. Derridas whole raison detre as a philosopher is revealed in the commitment to make fine distinctions, to reflect on what passes for the obvious, the takenforgranted, the natural. So it is very likely that the effect of Derridas approach in Australia is going to be, if it has not already been, somewhat scandalous. For, in many ways, Australian culture has been founded on a notion of populism and antielitism, not to mention, antiintellectualism. This populism has been legitimated by references to democracy and fairplay, as well as to various forms of naturalism. In order that Derridas position might, by contrast, be appreciated, I shall cite him at length as he describes what he means by text, while in the midst of a political debate about apartheid It is precisely for strategic reasons dotted line that I found it necessary to recast the concept of text by generalising it almost without limit, in any case without present or perceptible limit, without any limit that is. Thats why there is nothing beyond the text. Thats why South Africa and apartheid are, like you and me, part of this general text, which is not to say that it can be read the way one reads a book. Thats why the text is always a field of forces heterogeneous, differential, open, and so on. Thats why deconstructive readings and writings are concerned not only with library books, with discourses, with conceptual and semantic contents dotted line They are also effective or active as one says interventions, in particular political and institutional interventions that transform contexts without limiting themselves to theoretical or constative utterances even though they must also produce such utterances. Thats why I do not go beyond the text, in this new sense of the word text, by fighting and calling for a fight against apartheid, for example dotted line Derrida 1986 1678 . DIFFERENCE AND IDENTITY Through the dominance of a populism that derides complexity, doxa the unquestioned frameworks of thought and action becomes all the more effective in Australia often within academe as well as outside. The doxa determines that the analysis of Australian culture and society should be in terms of what Derrida calls the notion of truth as pure selfpresence. The doxa, in other words, in still dominated by the correspondence theory of truth truth as adaequatio. This is why, later in this chapter, I want to begin a study of some of Fred Williamss landscape paintings paintings which, quite predicably, are often viewed by the critical art establishment as owing their unique qualities to the unique qualities of the landscape. This would be the basis of their realism of their presumed stake in the realm of the proper and the substantive the basis of their stake in what is deemed to be substantive. I have chosen to attempt to read Williamss paintings but these works obviously constitute only one of the areas at stake. I could have chosen television, or any of the media or again, areas like pedagogy, film, or microtechnology for all, as Gregory Ulmer has so lucidly shown,1 provide important points of entry into writing as grammatology. It is not possible, within the necessary limits of this presentation, to justify every aspect of my approach to the Australian scene. However, I should emphasise the following To begin with, although grammatology is not an intrinsically political practice any more than the objects it works with certain aspects of Australian culture and society have assumed a political importance they have not had before. These aspects may be summarised by a series of terms referring to the struggle over difference and identity multicultural and Aboriginal Australia Australian nationalism and identity multinational and national economic corporate identity media centralisation and identity international art style especially in architecture and urban planning and identity sexual difference and identity, and many more such struggles. The 1988 Australian Bicentenary and the symbols through which it was played out, can be seen as the intense focus for a number of these struggles. The red, yellow and black Aboriginal flag, for instance, stood as the counterpoint to the red, white and blue Australian flag. In a different context, the Bicentenary of the French Revolution has served thinkers such as Julia Kristeva and Tzvetan Todorov as a pretext for reflecting on whether significant aspects of Frances cultural and political heritage can be seen to encourage, or to repress an enlightened cosmopolitanism that is, an enlightened encouragement of difference as against variations of racism.2 These struggles over difference and identity will no doubt be seen by some to extend no further than struggles over various identities that is, struggles over differences between identities, where an identity very different from the one desired may have been forced onto an individual or group. But this notion of difference is simply another version of identity as the same. It is a concept of difference which, at minimum, shows itself to be quite deaf to a fundamental dimension of feminist discourse one indebted to a psychoanalytic version of difference. Derridas work, on the other hand, does not present difference as another identity, as another version of the same. Indeed, the grammatologist raises the stakes much higher by proposing that difference cannot be incorporated into any identity whatsoever. Difference, nevertheless, would remain the precondition of identity. Such an environment of struggle serves as a pretext for bringing the work of grammatology to bear on the Australian cultural scene. While even this environment of struggle does not in itself mean that a grammatological approach to the landscape in Fred Williamss painting will have immediate political implications, it nonetheless remains an important point of departure for such an approach, as it also increases the likelihood of an outcome involving political consequences, and perhaps quite fundamental ones at that. THE READER AS WRITER To illustrate further the implications of grammatology, and to prepare the ground for what will come later, I would like to turn briefly to the artistic field and draw attention to a work, La Feacutee eacuteleacutectronique, by the video artist, Nam June Paiumlautk at the Museum of Modern Art in Paris, done for the Bicentenary of the French Revolution. It was, for much of 1989, located in the Raoul Dufy room of the museum a significant point because of the connection of this room with the history of technology and, specifically, electricity.3 Nams work is a presentation which both plays with, and at the same time challenges, video technology in multiplying, exponentially, the number of possible narratives that are evoked in the viewer by a flood of familiar images. Thus five robot columns totalling 200 television receivers circa 1940s model represent figures emblematic of the Revolution. These are named Rousseau 1989, Voltaire 1989, Diderot 1989, Robespierre 1989, and Olympe de Gouges 1989 woman of letters and feminist before the letter. Each receiver emits hundreds of images those of the figure whose name appears on each column, images associated with that figure Rosseau childhood, nature Robespierre a bloody saw, and so on for the other figures, as well as other images from Hollywood movies, images of Paris, of France, of everyday life in the modern world, of European history, etc. images reversed, inverted, dissolving images, images being effaced leaving a blank screen for certain periods of time at the end of which the flow recommences. Here, the viewer constitutes a narrative for him or herself in accordance with the play of his or her own unconscious. For there is not proper narrative per se, only its raw material, which as we shall see is writing as such. Nam June Paiumlautk thus shows himself to be the James Joyce of video art This, then, is what we are seeking the revelation of a strategy in the domain of identity which would place the readerviewer or recipient in general in an active position visavis what is being presented. In another example, the architect, Bernard Tschumi, has explained that his plan for the Parc de la Villette science park in Paris involved strategies of disjunction . The latter implies that at no moment can any part become a synthesis of selfsufficient totality Tschumi 198835 . Consequently, the parts of Tschumis Parc de la Villette exist in a state of nonrelation to each other like so many dispersed fragments. There is no single synthesis, unity or whole rather, the parc encourages conflict over synthesis, fragmentation over unity, madness and play over careful management Tschumi 198835 . Like Nams video presentation, then, Tschumis architecture also prevents the illusion of a single, unique harmony, or narrative being imposed onto space. Rather, specific forms of harmony are elicited from each person who enters the parc. Through their refusal of synthesis, both projects point to the dissolution of the proper and the beginning of writing. This refusal, I suggest, is also a refusal of realist, mimetic doxic interpretations of the nature of video, architecture and, subsequently, other art forms. Such resistance to the doxa would thus mark the point of intersection between socalled deconstruction and the realm of the doxa itself. This point of intersection will, I believe, again be revealed when I come to demonstrate Derridas grammatological approach in my brief study of the landscape paintings of Fred Williams. Williamss paintings serve as a point of departure in the effort to bring to light the potential political implications of a stereotypical view of the Australian landscape. I do not argue, however, that Williamss paintings are intrinsically political. Grammatology in no sense works to show the political effects of all those things which were thought to be removed from politics. Rather, it is within a specifically political concatenation of forces that grammatology may have political effects. WRITING AND GRAMMATOLOGY To clarify the meaning to be attributed to writing or to grammatology as these terms appear in Derridas work, might seem to imply that we only need expound at length on their philosophical basis. And, in light of the way Derridas work has been generally appropriated, we might assume that such an exposition would give an insight into the nature of deconstruction as another specifically philosophical strategy, one that, as such, would have a firm grounding in the history of Western philosophy. From this angle, deconstruction might be capable of revealing the paradoxes, contradictions and ironies of traditional Aristotelian logic, but it would itself be inexorably indebted to this very same logic, despite the fact that it might also become a kind of ticks head that begins to work to destroy the very system which seemed, initially, to have entirely absorbed it. Like Gregory Ulmer, I wish to make a distinction between deconstruction and grammatology the first being understood as the more distinctly philosophical arm of Derridas arsenal of thought, whereas the second grammatology would be the source of rhetorical, poetical, and artistic strategies generative of a truly active writing or philosophy a writing or philosophy as performance. The most important thing about performance here is that it is geared to generate effects the mark of the performance is in the effects. I shall try now to clarify this important point by referring to Derridas concept of writing a concept which is not strictly a concept, for it is rather writing, as we shall see, which is the precondition of all conceptualisation. As is known, Derrida used the advent of the structuralist approach in the social sciences as the pretext for examining the fundamentals of Saussures linguistic theory the same theory that had placed the sign in such a position of prominence in semiotics and structuralist theory during the 1960s. The promotion of the sign here had not overcome the prejudice exemplified by Saussure which made writing secondary to speech in theories of language from the time of Plato.

PRICES SOAR By WARWICK BRENNAN Food costs hit families FOOD prices are set to increase with rises in bread, chicken, eggs and milk. Families will be hit with rises of up to 10c on some products as the crippling drought worsens across the State. Other essential foodstuffs are also expected to cost more if the drought continues into next year. Some wholesale bread prices are already up between 5c and 10c with retailers preparing to pass on increases this week. Eggs will rise 10c a dozen while a special drought price of an extra 3c a litre for milk is being considered. The fishing industry is suffering as rivers dry up, pushing up the price of freshwater species. And oysters will cost about 35c a dozen extra if the drought continues and oysters starve because of the lack of nutrients in rivers. The gain shortage, which has pushed prices up 100 a tonne in the past two months, has resulted in huge cost increases in most industries. Although the major primary producers said there had not been any rises for consumers yet, they warned higher prices were only weeks away as production costs continued to rise. Bread prices will rise this week, a Bread Board spokesman said. Consumers can also expect to pay between 15c and 25c extra a kilo for chicken before December. Executive director of the Australian Poultry Industry Association Jeff Fairbrother said poultry producers werebulletContinued Page 2 Food costs hit families bulletFrom page 1trying to cope with the shortage which had seen prices rise from 165 a tonne in August to 265 a tonne this month. He said for every 10 rise in the price of wheat, the cost of producing a chicken went up about 20c a kilo. You cant just absorb that increase, he said. All poultry products will go up. NSW Egg Producers Cooperative sales manager David Watson said consumers could expect a price rise of at least 10c a dozen by Christmas if the grain price continued to rise. NSW Dairy Corporation director of operations Ron Hicks said the corporation was monitoring the situation carefully. Mr Hicks said if the drought continued, pressure from farmers would mount to increase the price to consumers to help meet costs. Under consideration is a special allowance which would lift the price of milk by about 3c a litre while the drought continued. Mr Hicks said milk production had been holding up fairly well until now although farmers were facing higher production costs. He said there had been no shortage in the liquid milk market but some shortages were starting to occur in the dairy foods sector. Possible price rises for cheese and other dairy products was harder to predict, he said, as these products were not regulated like the milk market. The fishing industry has been particularly hard hit by the drought with price increases of 10 per cent across the board. Commercial fisherman Keith Sewell said lobster was already selling on the floor for between 40 and 45 a kilo 10 more than last year. Bream prices have also risen to about 10 a kilo up from about 6 at the same time last year. People hoping to have prawns on the table at Christmas will be paying record prices above the present level of 28 kg. NSW Meat Industry Authority spokesman John Carter said no price increases were expected in red meat in the short term as supply was still high. Supplies of fruit and vegetables also remained high, keeping prices constant, although suppliers warned that could change in a matter of weeks. Bushfires fear of a new Black Saturday By JOHN LARKIN OUR parched farmers arent the only ones who want the drought to break. NSWs bushfire fighters are praying for at least two months of rain to quench bushland they say is as tinderdry as the countless hectares devoured by the disastrous January fires. The drought has raised the spectre of another horrific bushfire season. The bush is bone dry, so dry that the NSW Bushfire Service had to scale down its burnoff last week after several of its fires got out of control. Last weeks late downpours did little to diminish the threat. We need a couple of months of sustained rainfall to make any difference, NSW Bushfire Service official Ross Smith said yesterday. The signs of another tough summer are ominous. There were eight major fires in one day in the grasslands around Campbelltown two weeks ago. Fires are igniting at usually wet areas around Picton. Last weekend, 14 brigades fought a 300 ha fire in the Hawkesbury area. A house and two cars were lost. Last Tuesday, fourmetrehigh flames at a grassfire near Blacktown kept fire fighters busy all day. I havent seen anything like that for years, said Dave Dawson, the deputy fire control officer at Blacktown Bushfire Service. I believe its much worse than January. Weve had no rain since last year virtually, and its wintertime. If we dont get rain between now and October weve got real problems. NSW Bushfire Service Commissioner Phil Koperberg is a worried man. While confident NSW will not see the likes of the January bushfires for some time, this year is shaping as another tough one for thousands of volunteer bushfire fighters. The events of January 1994 were fairly unique and not likely to impact often on a community like Sydney, he said last week in an interview at his Rosehill office. Nevertheless if the drought continues unabated we will have a severe fire season around Sydney, the Blue Mountains, the Southern Tablelands, the south coast, the north coast and the New England area. The commissioner is careful not to inflame panic, but he notes gloomily that the Bureau of Meteorology, while not in the business of longterm forecasting, has said there will be below average rainfall until October. The areas most at risk will be those that escaped Januarys flames and which have not been burnt off in one of the BFSs hazard reduction exercises. In these areas, combustible material dry grass, vegetation and dead trees still lies on the ground. It is impossible to burn all of it off. Mr Koperberg is concerned about the Baulkham Hills and Hornsby areas, St Ives, Pymble, Davidson, Belrose, Turramurra, Frenchs Forest, Lindfield and Roseville. Other areas of concern are the Blue Mountains from Mt Victoria to Lapstone, the grassland areas around Campbelltown, Penrith, Camden, Liverpool and Blacktown, the southern highlands from Picton to Goulburn and the south coast, from Helensburgh to the Victorian border. Pastureland from Dural up to the Hawkesbury River is also vulnerable this season, as are dry tracts near Windsor, Richmond and Wilberforce. The commissioner stresses that these areas are not necessarily in danger, but are vulnerable due to their large amount of dry vegetation. If you can have a fire of the severity that we had in ComoJannali in January then you can have it at Dee Why or Palm Beach or Middle Cover or Lane Cove, he said. Thats the bottom line. If the drought breaks and we have normal spring and summer rainfall, then well have a normal fire season. After Januarys horror, the BFS upgraded its hazard reduction burnoffs, but the heat has made a threat of even these. We should be at the height of our burning now and weve had to terminate most of it, Mr Koperberg said. Weve slowed it down because some of them are getting away from us. Its so dry and so unseasonally warm and windy. With increased resources and new legislation obliging every landowner to take steps to reduce fire hazards, Mr Koperberg feels more confident this season about his units capacity to respond quickly to a threat. Whilst with the benefit of hindsight there are some things we would do slightly differently, most of what we did we would do again, because it was successful, he says. The State Government last week launched a video education program sponsored by NRMA, to highlight fire danger. A computerbased learning program for schools, Operation Fireguard, will be launched shortly. BFS staff numbers have been increased. Volunteers are up by 5000 since January and the Rosehill BFS office staff now numbers Forty new fire tankers will be put on the road in time for the bushfire season. In all, the BFS will have 100 new firefighting vehicles, costing 20 million, ready for action. New measures include highly trained incident management teams that will be deployed to help local units in an emergency, a computerenhanced lightening detection system and two mobile communications units costing 500,000 apiece. The BFSs State Tactical Assistance Response Group has been upgraded and equipped to go anywhere in NSW to support local fire fighters. A new 1 million operations centre at Rosehill, including the latest in satellite technology, will allow better surveillance. Mr Koperberg sums up the changes Better coordination, better communications and better intelligence. The success or failure of dealing with a major fire depends on how early you know its there, how early youre able to apply resources to it and how good your intelligence is. The January fires cost three lives and 204 houses. The toll could have been higher, according to the commissioner. With the new legislation, the householders role in preventing or limiting fire in important. Mr Koperberg urged all householders to clear combustible matter from around the house, keep the roof and gutters clean and make sure gardens are not overgrown. If fire does approach, ladders should be nearby to give access to the roof, hoses kept handy, doors and windows securely closed and all ventilation ports plugged. And dont even think of confronting a fire in shorts and a Tshirt. Sturdy dress of cotton or wool is the firefighters dress code. Its a question of good housekeeping, Mr Koperberg said. If all these precautions are taken and providing the house isnt surrounded by bush, then there is a very good chance that it can be saved. SILENT BIRTHS The baby hears the screams of labour WHEN Jacinta Lyndsay cuddles her newborn daughter, her face becomes imbued with the maternal pride that has inspired countless Madonnachild masterpieces. But then, theirs is a special bond that not so much as a moan has been permitted to jeopardise. Thats because Jacinta is a longtime member of the Church of Scientology, which encourages its devotees to maintain a vow of silence during birth. There was no thrashing, let alone any of the howls that normally erupt during labour, when Jacinta gave birth to Meg at her Vaucluse home two weeks ago. It may seem medieval to some and impossible to others, but Jacinta, 29, insists it is done with nothing but the babys wellbeing in mind. Meg is Jacinta and husband Dougs second child born in this manner and, despite a slight hitch when the umbilical cord wrapped around Megs head, all proceeded calmly and quietly. Silent birth has always been a tenet of Scientology, but it became a contentious topic only after a number of celebrities belonging to the movement went public on the procedure. Tom Cruise and Nicole Kidman highprofile members of the church adopted their daughter Isabella Jane last month only after ensuring she had been delivered in silence. Other members who had their children delivered in accordance with Scientology teachings include John Travolta and wife Kelly Preston and Lisa Marie Presley and her husband, Danny Keough. Lisa Marie, 24, is said to have endured nine excruciating hours of labour without painkillers before she gave birth to her son, Benjamin Storm Keough. Lisa Marie, a devout member of the church since the age of 10, apparently gagged her cries of pain by clenching her teeth on a roll of gauze. According to Scientology founder L. Ron Hubbard, the fetus not only hears the sounds outside the womb, but makes a detailed mental recording of them. In his selfhelp bestseller Dianetics, Hubbard explains that when an unborn child has a traumatic experience, including being bumped, knocked or squeezed in the womb, anything said by the mother or others around the mother is recorded word for word in the childs subconscious.

Hewsons dream will we adopt his elaborate scheme The LiberalNational coalition has proposed a series of reforms that would bring immense change to our society. Daryl Dixon reviews the effect they would have on investors young and old Tax and retirementincome policy will never be the same again as a result of the LiberalNational coalitions proposals. Even if it is nor elected, its program will force needed and sensible changes to existing policies. The coalitions program ignores no major aspect of tax or retirementincome policy, and if the Labor Government thinks the goods and services tax GST is a sitting duck, it is sadly mistaken because the pluses in the coalitions program go a long way to addressing major defects in present policies. For personal finances, the most significant features of the program are box Substantial reductions in marginal rates of personal income tax, which would mean a greater return for working overtime or when investing for a higher rate of return. box Retention of the imputation credit system of company tax but an increase in the company tax rate from 39 to 42 per cent. box A dramatic change in the basis of retirementincome policy to provide the greatest help to lower and middleincome people. box Major changes to lumpsum and lumpsumtax arrangements. photo box The replacement of the highly discriminatory wholesale sales tax with a GST that would increase the price of many items food and services but reduce the prices of others petrol and manufactured goods. Reduced incometax rates The marginal rates that would be phased in between the election of the coalition and 1996 are long overdue. Most taxpayers would pay either a marginal rate of 2 per cent or 30 per cent and the top rate, ultimately, would be 42 per cent, the same as company tax. These rates would decrease the attraction of the two main tax shelters negative gearing and superannuation particularly for higher income earners. Investors should be careful about entering negativegearing transactions that rely on deductions at present tax rates to make their investments attractive. The marginal tax rate for taxpayers with incomes between 36,000 and 50,000 a year would, for example, fall from 47 per cent to 30 per cent. This would greatly reduce tax assistance for negative gearing. Such dramatic proposals should make investors review their existing negatively diagram geared investment to see if they would still be profitable under the proposed tax scales. And even if the coalition does not win office, the government is almost certain to match or better the most attractive aspects of its opponents policies particularly the reduction in personal income tax rates. Superannuation The coalition would radically alter superannuation rules so investors should urgently review their super and rollover savings strategies. The contrast with the present policy is stark. The government now gives the greatest superannuation tax subsidy to those with the highest incomes. The coalition says it would set a cap of 1500 a year on tax assistance to new super savings by any one individual. This would mean that lower income groups would gain proportionately more than higher income groups. This would be achieved by granting a tax rebate of 25 per cent on total contributions of up to 6000 a year. In a bold, and fair initiative, a working spouse would be able to claim an additional rebate of up to 1500 a year for making a 6000 contribution to the superannuation savings of a nonworking spouse. This means every married couple would be able to put 12,000 a year in superannuation and gain a substantial advantage. The big losers would be all highincome earners who are making very big contributions. Such people would be well advised to make their contributions for this tax year because the rules are likely to be changed soon. Similarly, if you would be a winner from the coalitions program, it would be advisable to delay contributions to a later date. The coalitions policy of concentrating superannuation asistance on average wage earners and families is almost certain to shame the government into making its policies more equitable. Action can be expected sooner rather than later in this area because the changes would not involve a big budgetary cost. Company tax changes Buying shares that pay franked dividends would still be attractive. The coalition proposes to retain the imputation credit system, whereby shareholders get a refund of tax paid by a company after they get franked dividends. With company tax increased for 39 to 42 per cent, imputation credits would be more valuable. The higher rate of company tax, however, would reduce the attractions of investing as a company instead of as an individual. Products offered by life companies, including traditional life insurance policies and life insurance bonds, would be subject to more tax, thus further reducing the attraction of this type of investment. The coalitions program would also reduce the scope for highincome individuals to save tax by owning their investments in a company name and therefore being subject to a lower tax. Under the proposal, in 1996 the top marginal rate of income tax would come in line with the company tax rate. Before that, the company tax rate would exceed personal tax rates paid by most. Lumpsum arrangements The coalitions proposals on lumpsum benefits and annuity payouts are also radical and again designed to help lowerincome savers while not disadvantaging middleincome groups. The intention is both to prevent large lumpsum payouts and to encourage people to use their payouts to provide a stream of income in retirement. A cap of 300,000 on the maximum lumpsum benefit together with the abolition of lumpsum tax and generous arrangements for annuity payouts would close off the massive rorts permitted under the present rules. The preservationofbenefitsage would be raised to 60, thus making it more difficult for people to get both a big superannuation payout and the age pension. If the coalition wins office, retirees would no longer be forced to buy superannuation annuities that die with them. Nor would they be required to take their money out of rollover funds at age These changes would be part of longoverdue measures to ensure that superannuation savings are actually used for retirementincome purposes. Increased tax on fund income Some investors, especially those with money in rollover funds, are concerned about the coalitions proposal to increase the tax rate on fund income from 15 per cent to 25 per cent. That measure is apparently designed to fund the cost of the proposal to abolish the tax on lumpsum benefits and claw back a larger part of the concession given to those with substantial amounts in superannuation and rollover funds photo excerpt For some retirees, the 25 per cent tax on fund income would exceed their proposed new marginal tax rate of 5 per cent 2 per cent base rate plus 25 per cent Medicare levy. But before rushing to remove their money from superannuation or rollover funds, they should study the impact of the proposed abolition of lumpsum tax and the generous arrangements for annuities. As at present, annuities would be exempt from the 25 per cent fundincome tax. To match the exemption of lump sums from tax, all returns of capital from annuities would be free of tax. This means that most retirees would pay only very low average rates of tax on payouts from annuities. Help for younger people The coalitions program would offer help to young people wanting to save to buy a house. The proposed arrangement would allow up to 75 per cent of accumulated superannuation savings to be used to help people aged below 35 to acquire a first house. They would be required to pay interest on their borrowings from the superannuation fund. Combined with the maximum annual 1500 rebate, which has greatest value for those who pay lower income tax, this new measure would provide encouragement to young people to save in a superannuation fund. And they would have an expanded range of superannuation savings options because of the proposed retirement savings accounts that would be offered by banks, building societies and other financial institutions. Allowing for the GST How the GST would have an impact on investors is difficult to determine. However, the combined effect of the coalitions tax, age pension retirementincomes policy appears to offer adequate protection against the impact of GST on the cost of living in retirement. Abolition of superannuation lumpsum tax, reduction in personal tax, increased age pensions and compensation for selffunded retirees would provide substantial assistance for the retired. Investors, in anticipation of a GST, could be tempted to make planned real estate investments before its introduction because housing seems to be the only major area of outlay where some savings in tax bills could be gained. Most other large items, such as cars and consumer durables, would be subject to less tax under the GST than they are at present. Selffunded retirees The coalition predicts that a 15 per cent GST would increase inflation by less than 5 per cent. However, its package contains measures to ensure that retired people with incomes of less than 30,000 a year would not be disadvantaged. Specific measures to compensate and assist age and service pensioners and retirees include box An 8 per cent increase in the base rate of pension compared with a general increase in price levels of less than 5 per cent as a result of the GST. box A GST tax credit to ensure that all part pensioners earning some additional income would be fully compensated. boxCompensation of up to 2500 for retirees with incomes of less than 30,000 a year to allow for the impact of GST inflation on the real value of accumulated cash and bond savings. box Tax credits for private health insurance of up to 400 a year for single people receiving less than 12,000 a year and 800 for married couples with combined incomes of less than 14,500 a year. box Introduction of special savings accounts to reduce tax payable on interest income. The coalition envisages that health outlays, a key component in all retired peoples budgets, would be totally exempt from the GST. The package also contains action to simplify income tax arrangements applying to pensioners. This matches the governments proposals to ensure that no pensioner will pay tax after July 1, The coalition has designed its goods and services tax policy in a fair way. However, many retired people are likely to react unfavourably to any new tax on their spending and ignore the increase in their incomes as a result of the compensation package. New Zealands GST, I believe, is now generally accepted though not necessarily admired. The main problem there is with proposals to change the basis on which retired people gain access to a government pension. In Australia, the coalition has wisely decided against trying to change the fundamentals of the age pension arrangements introduced by the Labor Party. The aged should not be panicked at the thought of a GST as proposed by the coalition. Unlike the 1985 Option C GST proposed by former Treasurer Paul Keating, the coalition package is biased in favor of selffunded retirees and people on lower incomes. Complex and confused but why Providing for retirement has become a worry for most Australians, but the mess is not likely to be sorted out by either of the political parties. Michael Rice reports on the reasons photo caption Most people would agree that superannuation in Australia today is both complex and confusing. We have had 10 years of major changes, but few would argue that the system we have in place today is satisfactory. There are at least four underlying reasons why we have such a mess. Until these are addressed, we are likely to have a poorly designed and complicated setup for some years yet. The reasons are many, but include the following. Lack of national superannuation business plan The Federal Government has evolved a national retirement incomes policy on the run. Despite the numerous reports and inquiries covering superannuation over the last 15 years, we still do not have a proper national goal.

11 April 1994 Dear Alison By doing something which i couldnt repeat if you paid me i have finally removed KidPix from the screen and called up this blank page i hope it doesnt suddenly turn into something else I feel like i havent written to you for ages, although i know thats not the case its just that not much has been happening to enable the writing of an enthralling letter, so here comes another mundane one How are things chez Morgan, especially chez the pregnant Morgans stomach, back etc i hope you are feeling as well as can be expected, if not positively blooming. By now i suppose your mum and dad have been and gone it must be lovely having people visit, but so hard seeing them go again at least you wont have to worry about that with us You have now spent the two major Christian festivals in Nepal did you miss a packed Easter day church, or did you have one there I still miss that feeling you get from a very full Anglican church with all the choral works on Easter Sunday i keep meaning to visit one but never get around to it. Jennifer and Matthew returned to school today after their first school holidays the term went so fast as, thankfully, did the holidays only four days if you dont count Good Friday and Easter Monday in fact, im not really sure they didnt just think they were having a bit of a long weekend. They had friends over one day, and we went into town to have lunch with daddy, and on Saturday we went to the zoo getting there at 15pm, not realising it closed at 5pm. It was actually the best trip weve had to the zoo, as we said they could only ride on the cable car if they didnt mention it, so we whizzed around the top part of the zoo and saw the orangutans in their new McDonalds home and Luke enjoyed looking at the giraffes and then it was time to go. Next time well look for the Nepali animals is there anything especially native we should know about to find yaks yetis i can only think of Tibetan ones. Luke has just woken up 45 minutes ahead of when he should have wouldnt you know it He must have heard me at the computer and decided he wanted to join in. Oh well, au revoir 18 April 1994 Hello again. We received your prayer letter last Friday the thing that strikes me most is that when Jon is asleep you make time to do something with Annie On the weekends, when Luke is asleep during the day, Jennifer and Matthew get sent off to their rooms to play or rest, while Mummy and Daddy have some peace and quiet of course, it never goes uninterrupted, but stilldotted line. Are you both getting very fit andor losing lots of weight with the sort of food and exercise you are having who needs to pay money to a gym when you live in Tansen Its great that Annie has settled in at last, and i can just imagine your rubber egg with legs because ive got one too its very funny isnt it although mine still isnt talking much. Do you have much contact during the day with the other playgroup mothers Can you drop round for coffee thats where i really miss you, as well as being on the other end of a telephone, or are you all a long way away from each other The views all sound spectacular, the hospital work less so it must be so frustrating and so sad that people that could be saved here are dying. We do thank God for the work of Chris and all the other doctors etc at the hospital. On the subject of hospitals, we went back to the ENT this morning and its more grommets and no adenoids for Luke he goes back on 55 for his next operation. Hopefully this will result in a rapid increase in his verbal skills, although his comprehension is fine, indicating he is hearing, so perhaps hes just decided to put off the talking for a while He currently has a big cold, which has taken us back to the disturbed nights that we left behind after his first lot of grommets went in, plus he has been getting up at 15am i didnt think it could get much worse that 5am but it has, it has how do you keep yours still asleep at 7am. But apart from this, which does drain the energy somewhat, he continues to be very cute he has just started giving me cuddles, which is really nice, and he plays pretend games with his wrestle bear, giving it food and a dummy not the dummy he has in his mouth, mind you i think its going to take a team of people to prise it away Interestingly, when he goes to Occasional Care on Wednesdays, he surrenders it to them quite cheerfully when he arrives and it gets put in his locker, but as soon as he sees me in the afternoon, he rushes over to the locker and starts banging on the door to have it returned to him no doubt what he assosciates me with I took him to buy some new shoes a few weeks ago his toes were hanging over the edge of his sandals, although he had hardly worn them, as they tended to make the eczema really red and angry on his feet, even when wearing ascloseto100asyoucanget cotton socks. I got to Shoes and Sox in Chatswood at 10 past 9, thinking that at least that early in the morning, there would be no waiting HA The shop was already full, and when i took my ticket at the door, it was number 25 they certainly need bigger premises there, and i hope the workers all get stress counselling or something We were finally served at 10 oclock, and the man who looked after us was very thorough, taking 20 minutes till he was satisfied that hed found a pair of shoes that would fit properly. I asked him to start with the cheapest pair which was still 45 and we worked up to 56 when we struck gold owing to the broadness of Lukes foot this was just as well, because the next shoe to try was going to be 85 Really, if most children have broad feet, which he told me they do, why cant Clarks etc just make their range of footwear for that age accordingly Unfortunately, his feet still go yukky with these on, and he will need to wear them heaps more that he ever wore shoes in summer, but i suppose it cant be helped Patricia McVeagh didnt have any suggestions when i went to her a few weeks ago for an eczema checkup at that stage his skin was almost clear, but with the onset of the cold weather, or something else, who knows, it is currently back to red itchy patches all over poor Luke. Poor Luke is also a bit of a chub according to P McV his length is on the 50 line, and his weight over the 90 line, and dont i feel it, carrying him around. A propos of nothing in particular, the Old Bear stories are starting this week on channel 2, and Playschool, in addition to the rocket clock and the flower clock now has a digital video clock i dont know if this was on any of the episodes i taped for Annie, but i saw it the other day and was most impressed Jennifer and Matthew had a week of swimming leassons in the holidays half an hour a day for 5 days and by the end of it, J was swimming half a lap of the pool freestyle and backstroke all by herself i was again most impressed. I still think its very difficult for them to coordinate the breathing and the arms and legs and turning the head to the side, but she was having a very good stab at it. Interestingly, Matthew was the better last time they had the holiday lessons, but this time, he couldnt quite work out how to get it together, although he was very enthusiastic every time the teacher tried to showtell him what to do, he would immediately start trying, without actually waiting to listen or watch His backstroke was very funny he was kicking his legs, ramrod straight, with toes pointing to the ceiling, in time with his arm movements no wonder he couldnt keep afloat But the teacher they have now i have finally fallen victim to the local custom and booked them in for weekly lessons is doing a good job of showing them how to kick, which the holiday teacher didnt really do, so im sure hell pick it up eventually. They enjoy it though, and thats the main thing. Guess what ive done ive had a hair cut I actually went into this hairdressers on the spur of the moment Walk in off the street haircuts only 10 between 10am and 12 no appointment necessary . I did only go in for a trim of the ever present split ends, and the hairdresser said to me will i just take off a couple of inches and so youd still like it below your shoulders , to both of which comments i answered yes . While she started cutting, i occupied myself trying to read the labels on shampoo bottles i could see reflected in the mirror, so i didnt have to look at myself reflected in the mirror, and when i did finally take a quick glance, she was halfway round and there was all my hair lying on the floor, what was left just touching my shoulders It is barely long enough for a pony tail, which i like to be able to do when it is hot, or at the gym etc. It looks quite nice its not nearly as radical as when you had yours cut what are you doing about hair now i suppose it is already back down to your waist, but i suspect it is the beginning of the end theres not much point in trying to grow it again as it has never been very satisfactory at reaching below my shoulder blades. Jennifer has also had her hair cut, in more ways than one I came out one morning to find Jennifer and Matthew quite peacefully watching a video, with clumps of Jennifers hair fighting for space on the floor with all the toast crumbs and squashed sultanas and stale bits of NutraGrain i was unable to ascertain exactly WHY Matthew had felt moved to do it, other than, i suppose, the fact that there were the scissors and there was this tempting head of hair Fortunately, he hadnt done much, but it was enough to neccesitate a visit next door to our neighbour who runs a hairdressers in her backyard granny flat. She cut a fringe for Jennifer, at my request, a few months ago, as I wanted to see if it would make her hair in any way easier to manage it didnt i think she has been born with the sort of hair that looks unbrushed 10 seconds after you brush it, but she only made a very small, wispy one in fact you could hardly tell shed had anything done. This time, however, she had to be a bit more drastic, so Jennifer now has a fairly full fringe, and it looks really nice. 30494 Hello again. Ive just spent the last 30 minutes putting Luke back to sleep and trying to find the video remote control because the child lock was on and i didnt know how to disengage it without the remote control unit it needs to be on permanently now as Luke has discovered he can reach his videos Thomas, Johnson and Friends, ABC music videos and Bananas in Pyjamas, take them out of the box and try to insert them never yet with success into the machine,.

OVERVIEW OF SEISMIC HAZARD ANALYSIS General Since the first seismic risk map for the Australian continent was produced McEwin et al., 1976, using extreme value arguments, the seismology community have adopted the CornellMcGuire procedure Cornell, 1968 and a considerably greater data base has become available. The latest published earthquake maps are those of Gaull et al. 1990 as modified as a result of the Newcastle earthquake by MichaelLeiba and Gaull 1990. The maps present contours of peak ground acceleration, velocity and Modified Mercalli scale intensity for a given average return period 500 years expressed as a 10 probability of being exceeded in a period of 50 years. As noted in Gaull et al. 1990, Caution must be exercised when the results are to be integrated into engineering design criteriadottedlinebecause ofdottedline the statistical uncertainty of the values of the parameters. In particular the problem of incomplete earthquake records and the short history of earthquake observation were noted. In examining the maps the spatial unevenness associated with recorded earthquake events is evident, see Figure 1 from Gaull et al. 1990. There are large areas of Australia for which no significant earthquake activity has been recorded. It is not clear whether this is because i there was noone to observe and, prior to the early part of this century, virtually no instrumentation for recording cf Drake, 1974, or ii whether the rare and major events have not yet occurred in the short recorded history, or iii whether it is simply due to a lower degree of seismicity. It is important to recognize that earthquakes in the Australian continent are of the socalled continental or intraplate type, which means that they do not, as in most recognized earthquake regions, occur at the edges of continental plates. The physical mechanisms governing intraplate earthquakes are not wellunderstood although they may well be associated with previous faulting activity Johnston and Kantor, 1990. However, it is clear that their rate of occurrence is significantly lower than that of conventional earthquakes. This means that, for statistical purposes, long records are required for a given level of accuracy in probabilistic description of their occurrence rate. An overview of the procedures used to obtain seismic risk maps has been given by Gaull et al. 1990 and the fundamentals of seismic risk analysis and code rule development reviewed by EERI 1989. Most texts dealing with earthquake engineering spend little time on codification, although a good appreciation of the various uncertainties and the degree of accuracy attainable in design force etc. prediction can be obtained from some e.g. Dowrick, 1987. The main areas of uncertainty and assumption are reviewed below. Earthquake Source Zones The CornellMcGuire procedure for the development of risk maps stems from Cornells 1968 concept that a particular earthquake feature such as a fault zone will generate ground effects at a particular site depending on i the rates of earthquake activity of magnitude greater than given levels, and ii the distance of the epicentres from the site of interest. Cornell foreshadowed the possible use of his theory for the development of seismic zoning maps for engineering design purposes. However, it is clear from his paper that his interpretation of zones was in terms of particular earthquake features. It seems that in the application of the procedure to the derivation of seismic risk maps, the zones have become whole geographic regions, presumably with some kind of commonality in terms of earthquake activity. However, this is not always readily evident when a typical set of zones used for this purpose is considered, see Figure 2 Gaull et al., 1990. For example, zone 22 contains both the Snowy Mountains region and the Sydney basin. Perhaps more serious in terms of statistical interpretation is the fact that such zones are considered to be homogeneous. This means that they are taken as essentially the one earthquake generating feature, and that all data about earthquake events within the zone have equal status. While this would be valid if an appropriate geological feature or set of features could be identified as corresponding to the zone, it can only be considered an approximation for larger areas, perhaps with disparate geology cf. Horoshun, 1990. This manner of use of zones has potentially serious implications for the quantitative estimation of risk see below. It should be noted here that the geology referred to is that relevant to earthquake activity. This may extend up to say 20 kms into the earths crust. A further consequence is that the delineation of a zone can have a major impact on the information content portrayed by the seismic risk map, since being overly generous in delineating a zone implies a greater or lesser extent of a particular level of earthquake activity which might in fact be associated with only relatively localized geological features. The impact of zone delineation can be seen in a more direct but simplistic fashion by comparing the zone boundaries of Figure 2 with derived contours of peak ground acceleration shown in Figure It is clear that the zoning adopted in Figure 2 is closely mirrored in the contours shown in Figure The problem of zone delineation has been noted before. Bender 1986 quotes earlier seismologists, including The procedures used in delineating seismic source zones are illdefined. No single standard exists dottedline because of the nonuniform level of pertinent seismological, geological and geophysical information available for areas of vastly differing tectonical geological settingsdottedline. Boyce 1990 suggested performing analyses of the computed seismic risk or of design ground accelerations to changes in zone delineation. This seems sensible, but what should also be considered is the actual size of zones used, noting that each zone is assumed to be a homogeneous region. It has been suggested also that the boundaries might be smoothed by considering each point source within the zone as one with which there is an associated uncertainty regarding its location, represented by a variance Bender, 1986. However, this does not address the basic question. A feature of concern regarding Figure 2 is the absence of zones for a large part of Australia. This seems to imply no significant level of earthquake activity, a contention not supported by Figure It appears that a background zone has been used for the unzoned parts of Australia Gaull et al., 1990. However this zone can hardly be considered to be homogeneous cf. Figure 1. Probabilistic Modelling Cornell 1968 assumed that the occurrence of earthquakes of magnitude above a given level of interest could be described in time by a Poisson distribution. This means that each earthquake event is considered to be independent of all others, even for the one earthquake generating feature. This assumption fits established theory for stochastic processes if earthquake activity is considered as a random process in time upcrossing a given and sufficiently high level. The time between such upcrossings i.e. larger earthquake events is then given by the Exponential distribution cf. Melchers, 1987. If the level considered is not sufficiently high, or the upcrossings are not rare, the Poisson assumption is not valid and the other results do not follow Leadbetter, Lindgren and Rootzen, 1982. In developing risk maps, data obtained from earthquakes is plotted on socalled recurrencemagnitude plots see Figure 4, with the recurrence interval plotted on a logarithmic scale. This accords with the above notions of Poissonian upcrossings. The difficulty in employing such ideas, therefore, lies in three areas i the assumption that earthquake activity is properly represented by a stochastic process, ii that the upcrossings are rare events, and iii that the recurrence probabilities can be estimated, even for rare events. The first two of these points were noted above it seems reasonable, for continental type earthquake activity, to accept the modelling by stochastic process with Poisson upcrossings. Certainly the data is insufficient to suggest other models. The third point is illustrated in Figure 4 after Gaull et al., 1990. If the data set is obtained from a relatively short observational record, it is impossible to estimate accurately the recurrence intervals for relatively rare events. Indeed, if such an event does occur, it is likely to be assigned a recurrence time which is too short. This means that information about recurrence times for what might be rare events of larger earthquake magnitude are subject to considerable uncertainty, as illustrated on Figure 4 see also Dowrick, 1987 113117. Fortunately, taking events into account relative to the period of observation is conservative in terms of estimated recurrence interval, as evident from Figure This applies also for rare events which have not yet occurred provided the data for lower magnitude and more frequent events is homogeneous with respect to the larger, less frequent events. It is common practice in engineering to extrapolate from short recurrence interval data i.e. frequent events to long recurrence interval data i.e. extreme events. This is only justifiable, however, if the physics of the underlying process is wellunderstood and welldefined. Even then considerable errors can arise in extrapolation, as is wellknown in waterresources work. In attempting to address this problem, Gaul et al.1990, stripped foreshocks and aftershocks from their data and then applied the Stepptest to ensure that the available data suggested that a Poisson assumption had been approximately reached. It is important to realize the limitation of this procedure. Since the majority of the data is for short recurrence interval earthquakes and therefore, as it happens, low magnitude earthquakes, the test will merely indicate whether that available data can be approximated by the Poisson model. Little can be inferred about whether the rare, large magnitude events satisfy the model or whether the model itself is adequate. Conversely, if the modelling is highly accurate, the occurrence of an earthquake event would not be expected to have any impact on the seismic risk maps. Yet this is precisely what occurred following the Newcastle earthquake, when the recently developed risk maps of Gaull et al. 1990 were revised locally MichaelLeiba and Gaull, 1990. This is an illustration of the state of the art of seismic risk analysis. The latter is not, however, likely to be significantly improved or changed except with both better understanding of continental type earthquake activity and the availability of a longer period data base. Whilst the first can be fostered by greater research efforts, neither can be achieved in anything other than the very longterm. It is for this reason that an understanding of the state of the art and its limitations is so important. Maximum Credible Earthquake A maximum magnitude limit on earthquake activity is sometimes applied with the CornellMcGuire procedure. As noted by Boyce 1990, the selected magnitude is often chosen as one half greater magnitude than has been observed. This is, of course, conservative in a sense for the current data set, but since it prevents extrapolation as in Figure 4 the procedure is, strictly speaking, totally arbitrary and statistically unsatisfactory. Experience in other disciplines leads to only one conclusion namely that the concept of maximum credible earthquake should be abandoned. As more data becomes available, the current maximum credible event is continually shifted upwards and in any case there is always a finite, even if very small, probability than an event larger than the maximum credible event might occur at some time in the future. Effect of Distance to Epicentre Attenuation In converting the earthquake magnitude to local ground shaking parameters acceleration, velocity, displacement or Modified Mercalli intensity an attenuation relationship must be used. It is usually a function only of distance to the epicentre, but could involve soil and rock properties as well. A short discussion of the uncertainties involved in the most commonly used attenuation relationships has been given by Boyce 1990. Essentially, there is wide scatter of data about the relationships which have been proposed Gaull et al., 1990. This scatter indicates uncertainty in the predictions of attenuation and hence uncertainty in the ground shaking parameters being determined. It is possible to make some allowance for this uncertainty in the modelling of attenuation relationships, but to do so requires extensive data or the ability to make inferences based on data available elsewhere EERI, 1989.

ON THE COURSE HOW THE RULES CAN GET YOU OUT OF TROUBLE When you find yourself in a quandary, here are some quick lessons on how to take relief BY STU SCHNEIDER There is definitely one thing that we all have in common with the best golfers in the world. Sooner or later, whether were trying to break 70 or 100, were going to have a brush with the Rules of Golf. For many golfers too many, according to those who administer the rules that means trouble. Not because weve hit our ball outofbounds or into a lateral hazard or onto a cartpath. Trouble because many golfers treat the Rules of Golf like high school algebra. We learn to get by the final exam, but a month after the last class, its all forgotten. Even tour pros are guilty. Youve seen it on television a pro hits his ball onto a cartpath. What does he do Reach into his golf bag for his rule book Take charge of the situation and drop his ball caption diagram in the proper spot More often than not, he gets a dazed and confused look on his face and starts craning his neck for the nearest rules official. A few minutes later, a guy with a walkietalkie and a tan rides up in a golf cart. He explains to the pro playing for 80,000 all the things hed know if he bothered to read a 50 rule book. You dont have that luxury. If you find yourself in a tricky rules situation, or even a simple one, you should know what to do without anyone elses help. There may not be 180,000 at stake, but knowing the rules knowing how they can get you out of trouble can save you strokes and nassau money. The rules demonstrated on the information box following pages by touring pros Nick Price, Jeff Sluman, Chip Beck, Joey Sindelar and Frank Beard are among the most common trouble situations encountered from tee to green. Every golfer should know them, or at least know where to look them up in a rule book. And every golfer should carry a Royal and Ancient rule book in his golf bag. The booklets are available from all registered golf clubs and state golf associations. photo photo photo Immovable obstructions Here Nick Prices ball in on a cartpath. Like other manmade objects such as sprinkler heads or irrigation boxes shown with Chip Beck below,a cartpath is defined as an immovable obstruction. You are entitled to relief if it interfers with your stance, lie of ball or swing. In the top photo, Nick has identified two possible points of rellief A and B, both not nearer the hole. Since B is closest to Nicks original ball, thats the spot where the ball may be dropped or within one clublength of that point, but not nearer the hole. Youre allowed to use any club in measuring a clublength, including one of those extralong putters. THe ball cannot roll closer to the hole than this reference point. If it does, it must be redropped. If the ball hits either yourself or your equipment in this case the club on the ground, it does not count as a drop and must be redropped without penalty. If the ball rolls back onto the path or where the player has interference from his stance or swing, you must redrop. If it happens again, you must place the ball at the spot where the ball first hit the ground on the second drop. photo Ground under repair, casual water The procedure Jeff Sluman will use for taking relief from ground under repair, marked with white paint, is similar to immovable obstruction relief. In the top photo, Sluman has identified three possible relief points A, B and C that are free of the condition and not nearer the hole. Since A is closest to his ball, thats the reference point he must use if he desires relief from the ground under repair. As a helpful hint, placing tees to mark the one clublength area the ball must be dropped within is not required, but is recommended. If the dropped ball rolls more than two clublengths, closer to the hole than Slumans relief point or back where interference from the ground under repair exists, he must redrop. In the photo at right, senior tour pro Frank Beard has found his ball in casual water. Casual water is defined asany temporary accumulation of water on the course that is visible before, or after a player takes his stance, except, obviously, in a water hazard. You are entitled to relief if casual water interferes with your lie, stance, or, if your ball is on the green, your putting line. Follow the same procedure as for ground under repair. If your ball is in casual water in a bunker, and you elect not to play the ball, you may drop it, without penalty, in the bunker, as near as possible to the point where the ball lay but not nearer the hole, on ground that affords maximum relief. Or you may replay the shot with a strokeanddistance penalty. Or you may drop behind the hazard, with a onestroke penalty, keeping the point where the ball laydirectly between the hole and the point on which the ball is dropped. photo photo diagram photo Reglar, lateral water hazards The margins of water hazards are marked by yellow stakes or lines signifying a water hazard or red stakes or lines lateral water hazard. A player has two options for a ball lost in a water hazard, and both carry a one stroke penalty. You can play from as near as possible at the spot where the ball was last played you may retee if the ball was a tee shot. Or, as Price is doing above, drop a ball behind the water hazard on an imaginary line extending from the hole through the point at which the ball last crossed the margin of the hazard, with no limit as to how far behind the hazard the ball can be dropped. For a ball hit into a lateral water hazard left, in addition to the above options, youve got two others You can drop a ball outside the hazard within two clublengths of either the point where the original ball last crossed the margin of the hazard, not nearer the hole A, or at a spot on the opposite margin of the water equidistant from the hole B. Procedure for an unplayable lie You can declare your ball unplayable at any place on the course except when it lies in or touches a water hazard. Once you do, as Joey Sindelar has done here above right, youve got three options, each carrying a onestroke penalty 1 You can play from as near as possible at the spot from where you played your original shot. 2 You can drop a ball within two clublengths of the spot where the ball lies in any direction, but not nearer the hole, as Sindelar is doing below right. Notice he measures his two clublengths from the ball, not the condition. 3 The other option is to drop a ball on an imaginary line between the hole and the spot where the unplayable ball lies below, with no limit as to how far back you can go. If you declare your ball unplayable in a bunker, you must drop within the bunker unless you choose option No So if you putt a ball off the green into a bunker, under this rule you can take a onestroke penalty and putt again from the same spot. photo photo photo INSTRUCTION WHICH WEDGE, WHEN AND HOW Technology has caught up with the short game. To take full advantage, drop a wood or long iron from your bag infavor of a third wedge BY GEORGE SERHAN with Neville Yates The great Gary Player caused a stir when he won the 1974 Australian Open at Lake Karrinyup in Perth. It was my first big tournament and I was enthralled by his magical wedge play. I soon discovered he was carrying three wedges, which was unheard of in those days. Players game was outstanding. He carried a much more lofted club than anyone else and was able to get up and down from the most incredible places. He used it for difficult sand shots and to lob the ball high over the bunkers and make it land softly by the hole while the rest of us were resigned to making bogey. He won by three but that club saved him more shots than that. The third wedge became the hot topic of discussion that week, with some pros conceding it was not a bad idea and others damning it as a waste of a club. However, while Player was the exception 20 years ago it is now the norm for tournament professionals to carry an extra wedge, whether it slots photo between the pitching wedge and sand iron or is a superlofted club for lobbing the ball from difficult lies or to tight pin positions. I joined the thirdwedge brigade many years ago and have found it an extremely useful addition to my bag. My short game has improved greatly as I have grown in confidence at my ability to play a wider variety of shots. Years ago, if you wanted a third wedge your only choice was to modify a sand iron. I increased the loft in a vice and ground all the bounce off the sole to make it more suitable for playing shots off hard ground. As the club gained favor and popularity among better players, manufacturers recognised the marketing potential and created the L wedge. These days there are more choices in utility wedges than any other club, bar the putter, of course. And the increased options spell good news for players of all standards. You can get wedges with a variety of loft and bounce angles to suit a wide range of course conditions, swing types and personal preferences. They can be used to fill distance gaps from 100m into the green or to help handle specific playing situations more easily. No longer do you have to manipulate your sand wedge and your swing to hit different shots. You simply choose the club made to meet the photodemands of the shot you are most often faced with. Instead of laying open the clubface, looping a big swing and overworking the hands, you can take a 60degree wedge and get the ball to fly high and land softly with the same, simple action that serves you on all your other halfshots. You may need to grip down and adjust the ball position for some shots but the basics of the swing should be the same. So many strokes can be saved around the green by making the most of your options. On the following pages youll find some tips on how to play six different short shots and which wedge to use. Youll also read more about the sand iron and see the latest utility wedges available here. Try different models and specifications to find the club that best fills in your shortgame arsenal and start saving shots diagram caption Use lob wedge off hard ground Youre asking for trouble if your use a sand wedge in a packed bunker or off a bare, hard lie when you need to hit a high pitch over a bunker or mound even if your make a good swing. The bounce on the sole means that the trailing edge of the club will hit the ground first and jump or slid, usually resulting in the ball being bladed over the green. If you use the wedge with a lot of loft and little or no bounce, you can make the same swing, come in on the same angle and the result will be a nice, high, soft shot. Your setup should be influenced by whether you have an uphill or downhill lie. Generally, you should have your body slightly open to the target line, with 80 per cent of your weight over your left foot and your hands slightly in front of the ball.

YIORGOS THE APEFACE WOKE UP EVERY MORNING WITH A COLD AND BLEARY LIGHT IN HIS EYES Yiorgos the Apeface woke up every morning with a cold and bleary light in his eyes and the smell of fresh bread. He filled his baskets with twentytwo loaves and rode across the village. Yiorgos the Apeface was a polite man, of a basically lonesome nature. He lived a quiet life and was betrothed to a girl from a distant town. He spent his mornings delivering bread for his mothers bakery and his afternoons cutting wood. In this ordinary life there was one thing that Yiorgos the Apeface liked especially to do. That was to sit in a corner of the shed when all the work was over and read. But whenever his mother, who grew up well before the first school began, found a book, she used it to light the fire. Vaia found her sons reading irritating. Yiorgos the Apeface was not a child any more, nor was he a schoolmaster. Reading could only encourage his lonesome nature. So when he finished his work, Vaia found more work for him to do. If he finished this work she sent him to help old Manolios the Kafedzis. When Manolios the Kafedzis died, leaving no children of his own, Yiorgos the Apeface naturally took over the kafeneio. Now, being such a famed miser, people wondered what had happened to Manolios money. During the night they kept digging up his grave to see if he had not taken it with him. In the end Meriklis the Gravedigger took the body out of the graveyard and buried it somewhere in an empty field. When the League of Good Men called this an unholy burial, Meriklis the Gravedigger said Manolios was not a holy man. He was the sort of man who would have liked the idea of being buried in an unmarked grave. As for his money, the truth is he had most probably spent it. For in his last days he had fallen on hard times. In the Days of Progress the kafeneio was just a place for old men to play with their worry beads. In the Days of Progress people worked like ants. There was a school, a doctor, a League of Good Men and never enough food. The League of Good Men drained the marsh and made new fields. Most of the villagers worked on the fields of the marshland and were paid by the League of Good Men in yellow slips. In the village these slips came to replace legal tender. The villagers could buy what they needed with the yellow slips in the League of Good Mens store. And it was on one of these days that the gorilla child was christened Yiorgos the Apeface. How hairy was Yiorgos the Apeface To his betrothed descriptions to a betrothed are found to be flattering he had been described as hairy, in a manly, handsome sort of way. Yiorgos the Apeface was an industrious man. He spent all week cleaning the kafeneio, scrubbing the floorboards, painting the walls and repairing broken chairs. He no longer had time to read and for this Vaia was relieved. On Sundays he put on his best suit, brushed his hair neatly, and waited patiently for the people to come. A few old men came, drank Turkish coffee, and played with their worry beads. Shy as Yiorgos the Apeface was, he came to enjoy the company of these old men. Now one day, among the many fine things that the League of Good Men brought to the store, were buckets of octopus. But the people of the village did not like the look of them. Even after the Doctor declared that octopus could cure headaches, backaches, make your daughters breasts grow round and her cheeks glow rosy, people still did not buy them. The League of Good Men squabbled about who ordered the octopus. And when they saw that the octopus would be thrown out, the League of Good Men declared they would give it to the kafeneio of Yiorgos the Apeface. Theodosios, who was a foreman in the League of Good Mens fields, was sent to the house of Vaia and Yiorgos the Apeface with two buckets of octopus. Theodosios had not been to his wifes house for many years on account of them being mortal enemies. But in the brothel it was well known to the whores that he cried out his wifes name in his sleep. Theodosios left the octopus in the courtyard. When she recognised him, Vaia chased her husband out of the house with a loaf of hot bread. But Yiorgos the Apeface accepted the buckets of octopus because it was the only thing his father had ever given him. Secretly he was delighted by it. Not knowing what to do with all this octopus, Yiorgos the Apeface went to the store and bought red wine and sacks of onion. That week people walked past the kafeneio and saw him beating the octopus on the verandah. In the Days of Progress this was an odd sight indeed, and people dawdled outside just so they could watch. Yiorgos the Apeface pounded the octopus until it was tender and cooked it in the wine. He also collected wild cherries and made a wild cherry drink. He painted a sign on a board, a modest sign with little black letters. Those who could not read asked their children what it said. It said simply that there was a wild cherry drink to be bought in the kafeneio for five drachmas. That Sunday many people wandered into the kafeneio just to have a look. No one was more surprised than Yiorgos the Apeface himself. And, being such a shy man, he became instantly afraid. He thought the people might become drunk, break windows and start a riot. But this did not happen. The people were very well behaved. They sat in the kafeneio and spoke to each other softly and sensibly. Women minded their children so they did not run about the place but sat quietly at their parents feet. Men were especially polite to their wives. Of course everyone asked about the wild cherry drink, and those who had five drachmas even got to taste it. As for the tender octopus in wine sauce, everyone daring enough to try it agreed on what a fine meal it was. That night no one stayed too late or laughed too loud. The League of Good Men, who were sleeping only streets away, had no idea of what was happening in the kafeneio of Yiorgos the Apeface. From then on the kafeneio of Yiorgos the Apeface was open every night. The people looked forward to it all day. Yiorgos the Apeface mostly stood behind the bar. He was still a shy man, still with a lonesome nature, but it appeared that he was cured at least of his reading habit. When the League of Good Men heard about the gatherings they went to the kafeneio of Yiorgos the Apeface to put an end to all the mischief. But when they got there they had to admit that there was no mischief, that everyone was well behaved. Everyone was laughing, but there appeared to be no drunkards. The meals were delicious and well priced. The wild cherry drink that everyone wanted was a sweet childrens drink with no spirits at all. Before they left they demanded that Yiorgos the Apeface at least pay for the octopus they had given him. In this payment, Yiorgos the Apeface was prompt. As people got used to each other, the kafeneio of Yiorgos the Apeface became a very lively sort of place. Yiorgos the Apeface did something quite uncharacteristic of himself. He bought a gaitha from a travelling tinker and taught himself to play it. When everyone was seated and served, he sat on the end of the bar and played his gaitha, and the people said that he had quite an ear for music. There was almost no one in the village who did not make an appearance at the kafeneio. Vaia put on her one good dress and came to her sons kafeneio. She want from table to table serving food. Theodosios saw her there one night and wondered at how lovely she had become. It was at the kafeneio that you found out who was born and who had died, who was paying what for the crop, who was in love and who was not. It was there that Abdul brought Fatime for a glass of cold water while she waited for the bus to take her to the town where she went for her countless abortions. It was there that the villagers first heard how Old Koulousios was sleeping with Young Koulousios wife. Sunday was a particularly good night because there were strangers from other towns, with news of the world. Now, the wild cherry drink never went up in price. As the modest sign said, it was five drachmas a glass. But the problem was that the wild cherry drink could only be bought with drachmas, and most of the villagers, who worked in the League of Good Mens fields, had little money, only the League of Good Mens yellow slips. Of course there were meals, tasty mezethes and many other drinks to be bought with the League of Good Mens yellow slips, but the wild cherry drink, as the modest sign said, cost five drachmas. For those with money the wild cherry drink was popular. The League of Good Men bought bottles of it to help put their children to sleep. Other men said that they wanted to buy some for their children too. Kostas the Butcher, who could not bear to miss out on anything, bought four whole bottles with money his wife had been saving for months. His daughter Marianthe came to cry in the kafeneio because that money had been to buy her green velvet from the travelling merchant. She had red hair and the man she loved would only have her in green velvet. The League of Good Men made up a cherry drink of their own and sold it in the store for only one slip. But no one bothered to buy the wild cherry drink of the League of Good Men. In his rooms the Doctor told all the people that if they drank the wild cherry drink of the kafeneio, worms would grow in their mouths and eat their teeth, but no one paid any attention to the Doctor. In the fields of the marshland Theodosios made a tired speech about how long and hard life seemed. He said the marsh had once belonged to everyone. He said now they were breaking their backs all day in these lands while the League of Good Men just sat on their arses. Theodosios took a handful of the League of Good Mens yellow slips from his pocket and set fire to them. The other men threw their yellow slips on the fire too. In the eyes of the field workers, Theodosios face had dignity. They left the fields vowing never to return. The League of Good Men brought in others to work their fields. They came to the village in forty carriages. The stangest collection of field workers the villagers had ever seen. They were made up mostly of mercenary soldiers and beggars with shifty eyes. There was also a tribe of women. Beautiful dark women who belonged to no one but themselves, proud women with faint moustaches. There was even a famous onelegged cutthroat just released from prison who kept tobacco and alcohol in his wooden leg. They pitched their tents near the fields and sat around fires signing songs that sounded to the villagers like barbaric war cries. Within two days there was not even one lock left in the League of Good Mens store. In the night a band of masked thieves emptied out the store of the League of Good Men.

Loud Calls of the Yellowbellied Glider, Petaurus australis Territorial Behaviour by an Arboreal Marsupial Ross L. Goldingay Biology Department, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2500, Australia Abstract The yellowbellied glider, Petaurus australis, is possibly the most vocal of all marsupials but little attention has been given to the functional significance of its calling behaviour. This study describes various traits of the calling behaviour and examines their significance. The traits were i calling occurred throughout the night but was more frequent in the first 3 h of activity ii calling frequency was significantly greater near the boundary 1 calls per 30 min rather than the core 2 calls per 30 min of glider home ranges iii calling and gliding were highly correlated iv calling rate was influenced by a gliders feeding behaviour and v experimental playback of calls simulating an intruder resulted in calling rates by gliders that were significantly higher after the playback 3 calls per 15 min than before the playback 8 calls per 15 min. Gliders approached the area of playback in 50 of tests in one instance from a distance of 200 m. Assessment of the calling behaviour of gliders, by reference to seven functions proposed for loud calls of primates, indicates that the most likely function of calls is to mediate intergroup spacing. The traits of the calling behaviour, together with the observation that glider home ranges are virtually exclusive of those of neighbouring groups, suggest that calls serve a territorial function. The use of vocalisations appears to be the most effective method for advertising territories, which commonly exceed 50 ha. A review of the use of loud calls by other species of arboreal marsupial showed that at present there are insufficient data to enable an adequate assessment of the function of loud calls among these species. Introduction It was recognised 60 years ago Carpenter 1934 that the frequent use of loud vocalisations by howling monkeys, Alouatta palliata, may play an important role in territorial defence, and such communication may also facilitate the coordination of foraging movements by monkeys within a group. Loud calls are arbitrarily defined as those vocalisations that are audible to a human at least 200 m from their source. In dense habitats, vocal signals are much less subject to attenuation than are visual or chemical signals e.g. Waser and Waser 1977 Croft 1982. Hence, loud calls are commonly employed by arboreal mammals. For example the use of loud calls has been documented for many species of primate e.g. lemurs, Phaner furcifer CharlesDominique and Petter 1980 bushbabies, Galago zanzibaricus, Galago crassicaudatus Nash 1986 tarsiers, Tarsius spectrum MacKinnon and MacKinnon 1980 gibbons,Hylobates lar Ellefson 1968, Hylobates muelleri Mitani 1985a, 1985b howling monkeys, Alouatta seniculus Sekulic 1982, Alouatta palliata Whitehead 1987a, 1987b titi monkeys, Callicebus torquatus Kinzey and Robinson 1983 mangabeys, Cerocebus albigena Waser 1975 orangutan, Pongo pygmaeus Mitani 1985c. The exact role of loud calls may vary among species. In gibbons and howling monkeys, the use of vocalisations may be overt and frequent, and vocal displays may precede chasing e.g. Ellefson 1968. Thus, vocalisations serve an obvious territorial function e.g. Raemaekers and Raemaekers 1985. However, in some species such as the mangabey, Cercocebus albigena, the use of vocalisations may be more subtle and result in mutual avoidance of neighbouring groups without any visual contact Waser 1976, 1977. Mangabeys do not show site defence and home ranges of neighbouring groups overlap substantially. Hence, their vocalisations do not serve a territorial function but play an important role in mediating intergroup spacing and may also provide ancillary functions such as facilitating the attraction of mates or communicating the location of food resources e.g. Waser 1976, 1977. Primates have received a disproportionate amount of research attention because they are ideal subjects for observational studies Terborgh and Janson 1986. A small number of studies of rodents, lagomorphs and wolves have also suggested that the frequent use of loud calls is associated with the spacing of individuals e.g. Smith 1978 Harrington and Mech 1979 Conner 1984 Lair 1990 although other functions may be important. Further assessment of the role of loud vocalisations by mammals other than primates will indicate whether generalisations can be made about the functions of frequent loud calls and may provide an insight into the selective forces involved. The yellowbellied glider, Petaurus australis, is a small 590 g, arboreal marsupial whose ecology is convergent with that of many primates because of similarities in diet and social organisation Goldingay 1989a. It is an ideal subject for comparison with the primates because it is extremely vocal and emits several different calls as it forages Wakefield 1970 Kavanagh and RohanJones 1982 R. Russell 1984. Moreover, the functional significance of its vocal communication has received limited consideration see Kavanagh and RohanJones 1982 R. Russell 1984. The aim of this study was to assess the role of the loud calls made by the yellowbellied glider. The study examined the following traits of the calling behaviour i the nightly pattern of calling ii variation in calling rate with respect to a callers position in its home range, and its feeding activity iii the vocal response of individuals to calls of other group members and iv the vocal response of individuals to loud playback calls made by unfamiliar individuals. Study Animal The yellowbellied glider occurs in the eucalypt forests of eastern and southeastern Australia. Its diet consists predominantly of plant and insect exudates, with arthropods and occasionally pollen providing the smaller but important protein component Goldingay and Kavanagh 1991. Gliders live in small family groups with either a monogamous or polygynous mating system and occupy large 2585ha home ranges that show little overlap with those of neighbouring groups Henry and Craig 1984 Craig 1985 Goldingay and Kavanagh 1991, 1993 Goldingay 1992. The calls of gliders heard most commonly are 1 full call two shrieks and a long gurgle, given when not gliding 2 gliding moan low frequency call emitted just after gliding out of a tree 3 gliding gurgle long gurgle given when gliding and 4 Short call a nongliding call similar to the full call but with only one shriek and repeated many times. These calls are given at frequencies of 74 kHz the main energy band is 13 kHz and have durations ranging from 75 s for the gliding moan up to 0 s for the full call Kavanagh and RohanJones 1982. Methods Study Area This study was conducted in the Coolangubra State Forest 37degree01S,149degree23E, approximately 20 km southeast of Bombala, New South Wales, and in the Kioloa State Forest 35degree35S,150degree19E, approximately 20 km northeast of Batemans Bay, New South Wales. The gliders at these sites have been the subject of studies that examined their foraging behaviour and social organisation and many individuals could be identified by coloured reflective ear tags see Goldingay 1986, 1989a, 1989b, 1990, 1992 Kavanagh 1987 Goldingay and Kavanagh 1990. Gliders are only active at night and observations were conducted with the use of a bright spotlight. This method of observation did not influence the behaviour of gliders because they noticeably habituated to the spotlight and spent much of their time foraging see Goldingay and Kavanagh 1993. Glider groups had mean homerange sizes of 34 ha at Kioloa and 63 ha at Bombala, based on a minimum convex polygon estimate Goldingay 1992 Goldingay and Kavanagh 1993. A few observations were made at a third location near Nowra 34degree53S, 150degree36E, New South Wales. Nightly Pattern of Calling In 1986, gliders at Bombala were followed for whole nights during studies of their foraging behaviour see Goldingay 1989b. In summer January, one glider from each of three groups was followed while in winter July, individuals from one group were followed for a total of three nights. During these periods, the times when calls were emitted were recorded. In January, the frequency of gliding by individuals was recorded to investigate the relationship between calling and gliding. In July, collars containing radiotransmitters were placed on gliders to facilitate continuous monitoring during the longer nights but it proved impossible to maintain constant contact with gliders as they foraged through creek areas. Thus, no detailed data were collected on gliding. Instead, because all group members foraged within a radius of several hundred metres of each other, the time of calls given by the other two group members was recorded. This provided further information on the pattern of calling. Influence of Food Type on Calling Behaviour Gliders feed on several different foods that vary greatly in abundance during the year. Exudates are obtained from only a small number of trees within a home range and gliders remain in such trees for extended periods Goldingay 1989b. For example, sap is obtained periodically during the year from a small number of trees of particular species, and gliders may spend whole nights in such trees Goldingay 1987, 1991. In contrast, when gliders are feeding on arthropods they spend significantly shorter periods in trees and visit a much larger number of trees. Therefore, calling behaviour may vary whilst foraging for different foods. However, if calls are given at random, calling frequency calls h1 should not vary for different foods. Calling rates were measured when gliders were feeding on different foods at Bombala. Glider groups at Bombala remained stable at 2 or 3 individuals Goldingay and Kavanagh 1990, so the calling rate was not influenced by the number of individuals in a group. The only data used were those from nights when the weather conditions were still and dry. Data were taken mostly from the wholenight observation periods in 1986 because feeding bouts were generally fully observed and weather conditions were similar. Gliders stayed an average of 184 min in a tree when feeding on sap compared with only 10 min in a tree when feeding on arthropods Goldingay 1989b. Thus, data on nongliding calls i.e. full calls and short calls only were recorded because the frequency of gliding may have elevated the calling rate when there was frequent movement between trees. Calling with Respect to Position in Home Range Territorial animals often display more commonly near the boundaries of their territories e.g. Effefson 1968 Robinson 1979 Mitani 1985a. If loud calls serve a territorial function then vocalisations may be given more frequently near the edge of a territory. This was investigated at Bombala by arbitrarily dividing home ranges into core and peripheral regions. The latter was the area within 200 m of a homerange boundary, determined from extensive observations of tagged gliders see Goldingay and Kavanagh 1993. The core was that area within 200300 m of den trees or major exudate trees. All calls given by a glider were recorded for 30min intervals when different gliders remained in the periphery or core for the entire period. If calls function to coordinate the foraging movements of individuals within a group then individuals should frequently respond to calls from other group members. Data were collected at Bombala to examine the influence of different call types on the calling behaviour of gliders within a group. The vocal response within 1 min of gliders to three call types short call, gliding gurgle, full call by other group members located nearby within 200 m was recorded. Vocal Response to a Simulated Intruder If vocalisations are used as a territorial signal then vocalisations of an unfamiliar glider should affect the calling rate of resident gliders. An experiment was conducted on glider groups at Kioloa and Nowra using the playback of a gliders full call to monitor the response of resident individuals to a possible intruder. A taperecording of calls of gliders in Nadgee State Forest, NSW, which had been analysed by Kavanagh and RohanJones 1982, was obtained from R. Kavanagh. For each experiment I entered the home range of a glider group early in the night and, if a call was heard, I approached to within 50200 m of the approximate locations of the call. No attempt was made to observe the gliders. All glider calls from the area of the original call and within 200 m of my location were then recorded during a 15min period. At the conclusion of that period a single full call was broadcast at the highest volume setting from a cassette player held approximately 2 m above ground.

MACQUARIE UNIVERSITY RESEARCH GRANT MURG 1993 INFORMATION AND GUIDELINES The MURG Scheme is intended to provide several forms of research support for University staff members at a relatively modest level. It is now one of three schemes supported by the Universitys Research Budget the others being the Macquarie University Research Fellowships Scheme and the Macquarie University Postgraduate Research Awards Scheme. All three Schemes are dependent on the annual allocation of funds for the direct support of research from the University recurrent budget. Both the Fellowship and Postgraduate Schemes involve substantial prior commitment of funds from the overall recurrent research allocation which must be accommodated in the annual determination of the MURG component. REVISED ARRANGEMENTS FOR 1993 ONWARDS Having reviewed the Universitys various internal research support schemes during 1992, the Research Committee has decided to make some major changes to past arrangements. These changes do not apply to either the Fellowships Scheme or to Postgraduate Research Scholarships. The objectives of the changes are bullet to simplify application procedures bullet to make the scheme more flexible bullet to maximise access to all researchers bullet to update funding levels To achieve these objectives, there will be one major Scheme with a common application form. The whole Scheme will run twice each year. Round 1 will be for grants commencing 1 January, and Round 2 will be for grants commencing 1 July. The new arrangements will allow staff some choice in the timing of applications. It is hoped this will both improve integration with their personal research programs and maximise alignment with their development of proposals to external funding agencies in cases where the internal support is being used to seed an external grant. However, none of these changes imply that in real terms there will be more funding available than in the past. In fact, the increased funding limits in the Seeding and Supplementary Grants categories will necessarily require the Research Committee to be more selective in these areas. MURG will now have seven funding categories. The previously separate Visiting Research Scholars and Travelling Research Scholar Schemes will be subsumed by the new Scheme, and two additional categories, Publications Assistance and Teaching Relief, will be introduced to a limited extent in the first instance. The seven categories of research support and their funding limits will be Maximum Limit of Grant bullet Project grant 5,0001 bullet Publications preparation assistance 3,000 bullet Teaching relief assistance 5,000 bullet Seeding grants 14,0002 bullet Supplementary grants 12,0003 bullet Visiting Research Scholars support 6,70045 bullet Travelling Research Scholars support6,7004 1 Increased from 4,000 to 5,000 2 Increased from 12,000 to 14,000 3 Increased from 10,000 to 12,000 4 Travel maximum 2,500 plus living allowance 525 per week for up to a maximum of eight weeks 4,200 5 Applications in the Visiting Research Scholars category will not be available until Round 1 in 1994, as funding for this category in 1993 is already committed. MURG 1993 ROUND 1 Applications are invited for research support in accordance with the seven categories under Round 1 of the 1993 Scheme. If you wish to apply for research support, please complete one Research Proposal form for each grant category for which you wish to apply note, a maximum of two applications allowed and submit it to the Research Management Unit via your Head of School or Office. GRANT APPLICATIONS MUST REACH THE RMU NO LATER THAN FRIDAY 6 NOVEMBER 1992 Applicants should read the Information and Guidelines document carefully before completing an application form, since failure to satisfy guidelines may result in the return of the application. MURG funds are allocated on a competitive basis following consideration of applications received from individual staff members. The Universitys Research Committee, through its Chair the Deputy ViceChancellor Research, makes recommendations on such allocations. To ensure equity of access to funds, the following guidelines will apply bulletan applicant may submit only two applications per round of the Scheme bulletall grants are for a period of twelve months, although carryover of funds for up to three months will be allowed. This carryover period does not affect eligibility to hold up to two grants at any one time. bulletA personal maximum allocation of grants in any year will also apply. For 1993 this figure has been set at 17,000 at any one time bulletFor joint applications personal amounts are calculated simply by dividing the sum applied for by the number of applicants. This means that if a researcher were to submit two proposals under the midyear round and both were successful, then shehe would be ineligible to apply under the endofyear round that year. On the other hand, if a researcher successfully received one grant in the midyear round, shehe could expect to be able to submit only one proposal at the end of the year. Applicants should also note carefully the maximum number of applications they may submit under the seven categories specified on the form. For the total 1993 scheme, TWO applications may be submitted for Project Grants and Seeding Grants, and ONE application for each of the other five categories. Please note the following important points bulletA report of the applicants research activity during 1992 is absolutely essential for the application is to be considered by the Research Committee. This applies to all applicants, including newly arrived staff members. Where a report is not provided no funds will be allocated to the project concerned. bulletApplicants should give full details of support requested and awarded for 1993 from all sources, whether they be associated with established grant schemes or commissioned research contracts. bulletAny projects involving human or animal experimentation, defencerelated research, recombinant DNA, potentially pathogenic microorganisms, carcinogens, or ionising radiation will need to be considered by the appropriate University Ethics Review Committees. Applicants requiring new or continued clearance of their projects should complete the respective form and forward them to the appropriate committee. bulletFor applications under the Seeding Grants or Supplementary Grants categories, CSIROMacquarie University Collaborative Research Fund Grants and the ARC Small Grants cheme are NOT considered to be external funding. bulletIn the case of joint applications the SchoolsOffices involved should be indicated on page 1 of the application form and the application itself forwarded via the most appropriate School. bulletThe University has determined that researchers using experimental animals will be required to allow for the total cost of animals from their research grants. bulletAllocations are made for individual projects and funds are held within individual accounts and will be administered centrally. bulletFinancial reporting on these grants is the responsibility of the Finance Office. bulletOverruns or the commitment of funds for purposes not approved by the Research Committee must be avoided at all costs either may have impact on future funding. bulletAllocations are made for a twelvemonth period only for funds committed but unspent by 31 December 1993 carryover will be allowed up to 31 March 1994 and 30 September 1994 for grants commencing 1 July. bulletIn exceptional circumstances carryover to a later date may be allowed subject to a written submission setting out a full justification for such action being approved by the Research Committee. Round 2 of the 1993 MURG Scheme will be announced in April 1993, with a closing date in May for grants commencing 1 July. 1 ELIGIBILITY To be eligible to apply for MURG funding an individual must be a member of the fulltime academic staff holding a permanent or annual appointment, or a member of the fulltime general staff establishment. Individuals not eligible to apply are therefore research assistants, professional officers, technical staff and other individuals whose positions are funded from internal or external research grants. These include Macquarie University Research Fellowships, ARCfunded personnel, etc. Australian Postdoctoral Research Fellows may not apply in their own right however, they might apply as second chief investigator with their teamleadersponsor. ARC Research Fellows and ARC Senior Research Fellows are considered equivalent to fulltime members of academic staff. Other fulltime research fellowship holders whose appointments have been independently obtained ie they are not occupying a position initially secured by, or in association with, an academic staff member, as is the case with postdoctoral fellows may apply to the Research Committee for access to the MURG Scheme which will be considered on a casebycase basis. Research is not within the normal contractual obligations of general staff, therefore each application from a general staff member must be endorsed by the appropriate Head of SchoolOffice. In so doing, the Head of SchoolOffice will need to assure the Research Committee that a the project has academic value to the University, b the applicant has the capability to undertake the research, c adequate resources are available within the SchoolOffice to carry out the research, and d the research may be achieved within the applicants normal duties schedule ie it should not be done in the applicants own time. Where two SchoolsOffices or a School and an Office are involved, the Research Committee will need endorsement and assurances from both Heads of SchoolOffice. Note that ALL MURG applications must be submitted through, and supported by, the School or Office concerned. 2 APPLICATIONGRANT LIMITS bulletThe number of MURG applications per individual is limited to two per round. bulletThe number of MURG allocations held by any individual is limited to two at any one time, and must be from different categories. bulletThe personal maximum support will be 17,000 per individual staff member. bulletFor joint applications, personal amounts are calculated simply by dividing the sum applied for by the number of applicants, but the maximum limits for each Category will apply to the total grant. bulletAlthough applicants may wish to discuss an expanded budget in the body of their applications the actual sum requested and justified must not exceed the limit imposed by MURG guidelines for maximum grants. Failure to satisfy this guideline will result in the applications concerned being returned to the applicant. The Research Committee cannot guarantee to consider the resubmitted application in that particular round. bulletAny queries relating to these guidelines or procedures should be directed to the Research Management Unit Jennifer Newton, ext. 8609, Research Committee Cluster Members, or the Chair of the Research Committee. 3 GRANT CATEGORIES Applications must be submitted under one of seven categories 1 Project Grant Maximum Grant 5,000 For lowcost highquality projects which are either unlikely to attract external funds in the short term, or which require inherently low levels of support 2 Publications Assistance Grant Maximum Grant 3,000 For assistance in the preparation of manuscripts, etc, for publication. Support may be in the form of specialised services such as artwork or photographic work not normally the responsibility of publishers as in most scholarly journals and some monographs. Note that subsidies to publishers in the form of page costs, general publishing costs, and specialist services ordinarily undertaken by publishers as is common in book manuscript preparation will NOT be supported. Limited funds only will be made available in the first instance. Further information on this category is set out in Appendix 3 Teaching Relief Grant Maximum Grant 5,000 For relief of teaching duties where substitute staff may be employed without compromise to the quality of the educational service delivered. It is expected that this will include some routine courses and their associated administration, together with tutorial, laboratory and field assistance. It will NOT include the major lecturing components of courses requiring the specialised highlevel expertise of senior and experienced staff. It is intended that preference will be given to two classes of researchers bullet those who do not need any other type of assistance where it is essential that the applicant herhimself carries out the research and cannot usefully apply for other types of support such as might be obtained under the other four of the first five categories described in this section bullet those responsible for very large projects funded by Commonwealth granting agencies which do not provide any infrastructure support which could otherwise contribute to teaching relief or direct administrative assistance. NB Directors of Commonwealth funded Special Centres are not eligible to apply, given that other arrangements already exist to provide them with relief from teaching.

Magistrates outburst refreshing The uncompromising outburst by Mr Michael Frederick, SM, in the Para Districts Magistrates Court at Elizabeth, might strike many people as intemperate, coming from the presiding officer of one of our traditionally most staid social institutions. Others will find Mr Fredericks comments a breath of fresh air. There can be no doubt he was driven by deep frustration, even anger, which is not always the best frame of mind to bring to a rational debate. At the same time, his frank views, his colorful language and his stinging criticisms, dished out with equal vigour to legal practitioners, defendants and court staff alike, are guaranteed to stimulate public interest. That is an important first step in effecting some of the changes that are alltooobviously necessary and long overdue. If Mr Fredericks language offended some people, that might not be such a high price to pay for change. It will be a pity if his comments are just dismissed as irrational or as an indulgence. Anyone who has been caught up in the interminable, expensive, bureaucratised court system, or who has seen its sinuous workings at first hand, will relate to much of what the magistrate had to say. We all have different tolerance levels. We expect them in a magistrate or a judge, of all people, to be buttressed by intellectual rigor, a sense of social, as well as legalistic, justice, and a decorum appropriate to high public office. We also expect our judges and magistrates to be people of the real world. Mr Frederick cannot be judged on this one outburst, although he has a reputation for calling a spade a bloody shovel. If anything, such a concession to the apparent years of stress and frustration are testimony to the need for urgent review of many aspects of the legal system. If Mr Fredericks attitudes, formed over six years on the bench, seem simplistic or crude, they are a perfect reflection of what a great many people, within and outside the legal fraternities, think but say only in the privacy of familiar surroundings. If some of Mr Fredericks comments appeared foolhardy, they were also courageous. And it was time someone said them. By lambasting some legal counsel, streetwise young offenders, special pleaders whose show of remorse is just a facade for the courts benefit, and a system which is bloated on public money but which is still inefficient, Mr Frederick voiced the concerns of us all. His attack should not be seen as one on individuals, although it was directed at those before him on the day. The Legal Services Commission, for example, dismissed by Mr Frederick with a curt legal aid, shmegal aid, is a fine institution which embodies a fundamental concern, that of the right of every citizen to legal representation. But it, like the courts themselves, is only as effective as the people who work there. And it cannot function unless it is properly funded and administered. For that the Government is responsible. As for those who work there, far too many use it as a softoption legup to gain courtroom experience and quickly develop the sheltered workshop mentality that cruels the professional environment of many publicly funded enterprises. Probably, Mr Fredericks tirade was an overreaction. It was a very human one, though, and understandable. It should not lead to pious tuttutting by colleagues who might have managed in various ways either to cope with more equanimity or to shelter themselves from the realities that Mr Frederick faces each day. It should certainly not lead to any move to discipline him for his indiscretion. In presenting us with a few hard truths in uncompromising language, Mr Frederick has made a contribution to changing those things that need changing. He may be seen as unreasonable in some of his views but, to paraphrase Bernard Shaw, it is the unreasonable people, not willing to accept the status quo, unafraid of speaking their minds, who change things in a world in which the vast majority of reasonable people prefer to do nothing. River boats locked in There is little point in River Murray boat operators claiming that a proposed fee for all vessels passing through river locks is insidious. Such a fee is a logical part of the userpays mechanism. Although the Government says it is not imminent, it is probably inevitable. Tourist operators and other boat owners can take heart, at least for now, from the fact that the Public Infrastructure Minister, Mr Klunder, despite earlier defending the fee proposal, now says SA will not try to implement it. The EWS document, which uses a crude method to determine a relationship between the number of locks, their cost and an alleged 25 fee for every vessel passing through them, is far from the last word on the matter. For a start, it would be unreasonable for boat owners to pay the full cost of lock maintenance and operation. There has been no suggestion, yet, that they should. But boat owners must accept the userpays approach and cooperate in looking for a fair way of implementing it. ACCs year of living dangerously Local Government Week, starting tomorrow, is intended to make us take a closer look at our councils. This is apt while the Adelaide City Council is proudly celebrating its sesquicentenary of being the first elected local government body in Australia. It is also celebrating a year of disasters with some monumental farces. The latest act is the threemonth delay to Beneficial Finances proposed East End Market redevelopment. This itself is an extension of four years of bickering over a variety of proposals for the site. Beneficial, a very indirect arm of the State Government through the State Bank, is thought to be losing 17,500 a day in holding costs since it put up its plans in December. Meanwhile the character of one of Adelaides most interesting precincts continues to deteriorate. The issue is muddied by legal action and by the developers politicking. Its design marginally breaches the City of Adelaide Plan but, it says, this is only so it can contain a residential component on which the council is so keen. It is outrageous that this wasnt sorted out months ago. On Monday, the councils planning and environment committee is to consider a negative report on the Beneficial project from city planner John Hodgson. It will be a test of whether the council remains scared of tackling big issues and of whether it is hopelessly split into factions for and against development. This last is a legitimate complaint of city manager Michael LlewellynSmith. He says the division between members is making it increasingly difficult for the administration. But then, in the byzantine world of our Town Hall, Mr LlewllynSmith must himself be questioned for taking more than four weeks to decide on whether the State Government should investigate a possible conflict of interest by Alderman Mark Hamilton. And nobody, elected or unelected, seems to emerge with much credit from the delays in the Town Halls 13 million restoration and the damage to the new organ and to the Adelaide Festival. In Local Government Week, the Adelaide City Council, teetering on the brink of condemning itself out of existence, deserves the closest watching indeed. Australian sensitivities Australia has been showing some disturbing signs recently of insensitivity in relations with Asia, notably with the proposed multifunction polis and Thailands reenactment of the building of the River Kwai bridge. Reactions here to both have suggested poor communication, if not racism. And they have caused poor reflections on Australia in Asia. Prime Minister Bob Hawke tried to please veterans this week when he successfully asked for a cancellation of part of Thailands annual River Kwai Celebrations, the part reenacting Japanese soldiers forcing war prisoners to rebuild the bridge. This is a sensitive subject for some veterans but that is hardly reason to deny its existence. Better to ask that it be properly done than cancelled so that, like the Hiroshima museum, it could be an enduring deterrent to mans inhumanity to man. The result has been a Bangkok newspapers condemnation of Australia for a lack of etiquette and an act of interference. This image of Australia, among a people to whom etiquette and independence are important, comes at a delicate stage of negotiations for Australian involvement in the SkyTrain commuter consortium and Westpacs banking licence in Thailand. The Australian fuss might not have arisen had the Thai show been better explained. It is similar with the multifunction polis. This is a plan for a 13 million city built by Australian, Japanese and other interests and dedicated to improving this nations technology, manufacturing and exporting. It is an idea worth pursuing. But it has been poorly explained to the Australian people. In Sydney, particularly, it has aroused some disturbing negativism among journalists and academics, with undertones of a Japanese invasion. These attitudes are reported in a leading Tokyo business paper under the headline Deep distrust of Japan, with suggestions that many Japanese companies were having second thoughts about investing. This comes a week after a 12nation conference in Singapore was looking positively on Australias visionary Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation grouping. Ominously, the major parties in out election campaign are keeping quiet about the multifunction polis and about anything to do with foreign relations. Communications among ourselves seem as poor as with our neighbours. We are walking into cultural minefields in seeking our regional future. We cannot, as the stereotypical Australian tourist does, stomp through in R. M. Williams boots. This weeks bad press in Asia suggests the need not only for better maps but also for treading a little more sensitively. Festivals for the future After festivalitis, sermons and soda water the day after, Adelaide can judge the 1990 Adelaide Festival a success. But it is a success with qualifications that must be taken seriously if we are to continue calling ourselves the Festival State. Artistic director Clifford Hocking can afford to feel pleased. His themes of world music were refreshing. And events in our autumnal outdoors especially Opera and Jazz in the Park were completely Adelaide. He also gave us some potential scratches under the skin. Indias Kathakali and a new Hamlet should have been challenges. The role of Aboriginality in Australian culture was raised if only on the Fringe. A subtheme of political persecutions could have been controversial. Yet there was a certain flatness among the public about this Festival. It is a comment on Adelaide more than on Mr Hocking that the controversies seemed to be a newspaper critique Peter Goers on Archaos and the Town Hall renovations. We do tend to be an apathetic audience. Mr Hocking sought to overcome this with many known, popular Australian performers. It is no critical reflection on any that they may have been too familiar to arouse fever pitch. In a lesson to the next artistic director, Rob Brookman, there was a marked lack of a central blockbuster to tear apart the critics and the dinner party conversations and to attract more people to Adelaide. That attraction is a legitimate and important function of the Festival, not only as a symbol of Adelaides unique lifestyle but also for tourism and the economy. Mr Hocking could blame the lack of a blockbuster on inadequate funding, and blame the popular entertainment on the need for boxoffice returns. And if there is any future decline in the preeminence of Adelaide as an art centre we could all lay some blame on governments. The Adelaide City Council and the State and Commonwealth governments are shirking their Festival support. They must be forcibly reminded that only Adelaide is qualified to remain Australias arts capital. This demands greater involvement of State Government ministers and of Tourism South Australia. Business sponsors might need more prodding. We might also examine another important event, the Barossa Valley Vintage Festival, and see if there are lessons in its powerful involvement of the community at all levels. Decisions by the Festival board and management affect everyone in South Australia, not just the people at the Festival Centre.

The notion of a unitary concept of national identity, canonly be seen as a product of a person or persons imagination, particularly if consideration is given to the nature of diversity within cultures and their historical origins.Moreover, national identity is imagined rather than invented, as invention implies it has substance, when in fact it is ambiguous to say the least. To demonstrate this point examples of this diversity will be drawn from the cultures of Australia and the former Yugoslavia. This essay will consider within the bounds of possibility a definition of what a nation is. Secondly, it will argue that national identity is an invention in the minds of politicians and sociologists, for legitimating their theories and practices. Thirdly, it will argue that the concept of national identity is a form of categorisation, which excludes groups who do not conform to its model, therefore it is imagined and has little or no reality in most peoples lives. And finally, it will argue that the appeal of national identity is emotional and struggles for its legitimacy produce at best, xenophobia and at worst, ethnic cleansing. A clear definition of a nation is nonexistent, however, a sociologist would define a nation as a group of people who share a single communal identity, with a common history and culture within a geographical unit. A politician would define a nation in a similar way, perhaps adding language and ethnicity, but would include the geographical unit being governed by one political system. These definitions explain the relationship and difference between a nation and a nation state. Robertson l993, pp33l332 Conversely, Andersons definition of a nation suggests that the political and social are inseparable in the modern nation state, it is an imagined political communityand imagined as both inherently limited and sovereign. Firstly, it is imagined because most members will never know each other even though they share in an image of communion. This is due to print Capitalism which made it possible for growing numbers of people to think about themselves, and to relate to others, in profoundly new ways. l983, p40 Furthermore the community itself is imagined, as a nation is seen in the context of a deep and united fraternity, despite any inequalities or exploitation that may exist. Secondly, a nation is limited because of its self interest within its own boundaries as opposed to the notion of a global identity. And finally, these imaginings are so powerful that people are willing to die for them and it is this sacrifice which is the central problem posed by nationalism today and the seeds to the answer lie in its cultural roots. l983, ppl5,l6,40 The cultural roots or history of a nation according to Hobsbawm, is a retrospective mythology and he quotes from Ernest Renans lecture What is a Nation to support this theory. l992, p23 Forgetting history, or even getting history wrong are an essential factor in the formation of a nation. Which is why the progress of historical studies is often dangerous to a nationality. National identity is seen as a necessity, to ensure social and political unity and rulers of a nation have considerable power over the process of defining the national identity. Ernest Gellner argues that nationalism is a theory of political legitimacy, and ethnic boundaries should not separate the powerholders from the rest. Castles l988, p9 Therefore, any historian who tries to correct history and expose the national character as a myth, makes a political or social intervention which undermines the powerholders legitimacy. Nation builders and rulers often create a national identity in terms of ethnicity, thereby linking the political with the social for greater legitimacy. The problem with this categorisation or linkage is that it can create national separatism, as in the former Yugoslavia or national xenophobia, of the type found in Australia. Hobsbawm l992, pp2324 Anderson states that the cultural roots of nationalism are not to be found in political ideology, but rather in the cultural systems that preceded it, out of which and against, it came into being. l983, pl9 Australias roots sprung from the origins of a penal colony and as a British colonial settlement. According to Ward, the convictderived bush ethos grew and flourished and became the most important component of the national mystique. Furthermore, all legends have some basis of historical fact and Australias national characteristics are widely attributed to the bushmen of the last century. These characteristics included dislike of authority, mateship and a tough ruggedness, which enabled them to survive in the harsh Australian outback terrain. l958, ppl5 The legend of the bushman was continued on and incorporated into the Anzac myth, which was politically motivated and connected to Australias relationship with Britain. Lohrey l982, p29 The Anzac Myth was a powerful invention of national identity and conjures up as Anderson put it, ghostly national imaginings, that are enshrined in national monuments like cenotaphs and tombs of unknown soldiers. l983 pl7 However, as Edward Said pointed out Culture is a system of discriminations and evaluation, which means that culture is also a system of exclusions. Gunew l990, pl03 The exclusions from the Australian national character were firstly, the original aboriginal inhabitants, who at that time were not being colonised, but being murdered with the ambition of extermination. Gunew l990, pl03 Moreover, the national identity serves to ignore any history of Australia before British Colonisation in lSecondly, women were excluded from the national identity, their role in shaping the nation was ignored rendering them invisible and reinforcing their subordinate position. Thirdly, it ignores the role of the British Imperial state and the upper classes. Castle l988, p9 Anderson states the British imperialism was a cultural policy of anglization and stresses the incompatibility of empire and nation. Australians could not become Governorsgeneral until much later on and these positions were held by the English English. l983, p89 It appears that native born Australians began to look for a national identity around the same time as the idea of nationalism and its preoccupation with catergorisation became popular. However, the inventors of national identities are part of the imagined community and its cultural process, consequently identities are created in the context of beliefs at that time. Walter l989, pp2l22 Furthermore, the cultural process happening at that time for Australia, was an attempt to distance itself from colonial rule and move toward independence and nationhood. But ultimately, those who had the greater power to define history and the national character selectively ignored competing definitions and the result was invention rather than reality. Foster l99l, pp237238 Australia today, is the product of a continual migration process and its population is drawn from all parts of the world. It is a nation based on citizenship rather than ethnicity and according to Price, over two thirds of Australians are now of mixed ethnic origin and that is steadily increasing. l99l, p9 The Australian national identity has remained connected to past history, while its culture has been continually changing, increasing the distance from reality. This was evident by the amount of protests voiced, regarding omissions and the selectivity of symbols for the BiCentennial Australia Day celebrations. Walter l989, pp89 The notion of a person or persons without a nation appears to impose a far greater strain on the modern imagination and defies the recognised categories. Belonging to a nation has become imbedded in peoples minds as a necessary requirement for completeness. Gellner 1983, p6 Consequently Hobsbawm argues, when society fails, the nation appears as the ultimate guarantee. This seems to be evident in the breakup of the Soviet states in the USSR after the end of the Cold War and particularly in the ex Yugoslavia. The result has been a resurgence of ethnic and nationalist separatism and the conflicts appear to be historical. Hobsbawm also argues, ethnicity turns into separatist nationalism for similar reasons to that of colonial liberation movements, which establish their states within the frontiers of the preceding colonial empires. Moreover, the Soviet Constitution had divided the country into theoretically ethnic territorial subunits. Therefore, historical ethnic divisions in Yugoslavia had been suppressed by the Soviet Union and as a consequence of its collapse, these historical ethnic lines are where the fractures are appearing. Conversely, when a community or society fails and peoples sense of belonging is threatened, restoration is sought through the imagined community of the nation or the ethnic group, because is seen as permanent, indestructible and guaranteed by birth. Hobsbawm 1992, p2526 Nations have become cultural products and nationalism the cultural process from which sociologists, anthropologists and nationalists have promoted nationalcultural identities to legitimise their causes. Foster 1991, pp235236 A sense of belonging is the human emotion used by promoters to make their appeal. But to understand nationness and nationalism, Anderson suggests a study of how they came into historical being and the ways their meanings have changed over time, may explain why they command such profound emotional legitimacy. 1983, pp1516 The first dispute in the ex Yugoslavia is The Macedonian Question, in which two nationalist ideologies are making claims to the cultural property of the nation as part of their national identity. The problem is that two national identities Greeks and Macedonians are being constructed from the same raw materials and national symbols. The solution appears to be that these two cultures could share these foundations for their identities and that double meanings may coexist. The denial of either partys rights would be a form of symbolic ethnic cleansing and this may lead to a more literal form such as the type happening in Bosnia. Danforth 1993, p10 The end of Soviet rule in the exYugoslavia, meant for the Serbs and the Croats, a chance to reclaim the European birthright of which they had been deprived. For the Muslims it meant freedom of religion, Western style democracy and European Community membership. Sorabji 1993, pp3435 Conversely according to Verdery, the members of the former ruling apparatus do not see themselves as being able to participate in a democratic, market based society. Therefore, they have become powerful opponents of moves towards democracy and effective supporters of nationalism. The type of nationalism being claimed is ethnic in origin, which restricts its membership to those who qualify, and the result is three cultures with ancient histories in conflict. 1992, p9 Andersons theories on history explain some features of the Ethnic Nationalism in Bosnia. Firstly, it is based on history and the more the ancient dynastic state is naturalised, the more its antique finery can be wrapped around revolutionary shoulders. Secondly, Revolutionaries always, to some degree, inherit the state from the fallen regime and this includes some of its former members. And finally, it is leaderships and not the people who mobilise popular nationalism, largely after the fact and always in the language of self defence. 1983, p146 The Claimants to a superior ethnic identity in Bosnia are the Croats and the Serbs, the victims are the Muslims. The nature of ethnicity can be broken up into three elements and they are kinship, language and religion. In relation to kinship, the length of generations in one area varies and ties to kinship vary from group to group. Language is confusing as any area in which a major linguistic boundary exists, the people are bilingual. Also the dialects spoken between the groups in Bosnia are very similar. The religious history of the area is complicated as religions cut across the divisions of kinship and language. The nature of diversity and intermixture within these groups produces inconsistencies, which are the results of cultural migrations, caused by previous wars, conflicts, imperialism and revolutions. Therefore, the symbolic elements of ethnicity are inconsistent in a historical context and as a consequence the claims made by ethnic nationalists of identity, are imagined to create legitimacy for their cause. Hammel 1993, pp78 According to Hobsbawm the collapse of the familiar society creates fear of the unknown and groups join together with visible badges of membership and recognition signs, but the result is separatism and denial of what the human race has in common. 1992 p26

New Federalism and Health J.R.G. BUTLER Australian National University The recent new federalism proposals are aimed at addressing problems such as vertical fiscal imbalance, and the increasing proportion of Commonwealth grants to the states as specific purpose payments. This has evoked some concerns in the areas of social welfare and community services. These concerns have centred on the ability of the states, in the event of any of the relevant specific purpose payments being untied, to maintain national uniform standards and pursue distributional objectives in these areas. This article considers the current hospital funding arrangements in Australia from the perspective of the new federalism. It argues that such arrangements have led to a structural imbalance in the market for hospital services, while at the same time imposing significant constraints on the ability of the states to address this imbalance. The prospects for alleviating the imbalance, while preserving the distributional objectives of the present funding arrangements under the new federalism proposals, are then discussed. Two voucher schemes which have been proposed to reform hospital financing in Australia one for health insurance, the other for hospital services are outlined and their merits considered. It is concluded that these schemes are in accord with the tenets of the new federalism while maintaining universal insurance coverage for hospital services. It is now well over a year since the prospect of a new federalism appeared on the horizon involving, among other things, an untying of specific purpose payments to the states, rationalisation, and elimination of duplication of services. In that time, some policy changes which accord with the spirit of the new federalism have begun, eg, with respect to the regulation of heavy vehicles. But an area which has given rise to some controversy in this context is social welfare and community services. From the outset, fears were expressed that national uniform standards could not be maintained if significant powers in these areas were handed back to the states. With the states suffering fiscal stress itself a manifestation of some of the problems which the new federalism aims to address, some felt that expenditures on social welfare programmes would be subject to fiscal retrenchment if their financing reverted to state governments. Consideration of the issues raised by the new federalism has already led a major review of the Aged Care Reform Strategy to recommend That in recognition of the need for full integration of the planning and financing of residential and community care, one level of government take overall responsibility for these functions CDHHCS 1991a, 229. This article is concerned with issues surrounding the new federalism and the financing of health care. More particularly, its focus is on hospitals, as hospital funding entails a large Commonwealthstate intergovernmental grants programme which accounts for the bulk of Commonwealth specific purpose payments to the statelocal sector for health.1 Two main questions are addressed. First, in what ways might the current hospital funding arrangements give cause for concern in terms of the tenets of the new federalism Second, what reforms could be implemented which would allay the equitydistributional concerns mentioned above with respect to other social welfare and community service programmes and at the same time lead to microeconomic reform and the untying of the tied hospital grants The main thrust of the paper is contained in the following three sections. The next section provides a brief outline of the macro health care financing arrangements in Australia. This is followed by a discussion of the effects of the hospital financing arrangements on the states, highlighting the constraints which the current arrangements impose on states decisionmaking with respect to hospital policy. The broad features of a reform proposal based upon a voucher scheme are then outlined in the final section. It is argued that this kind of scheme has the potential to attain the distributional objectives of the Medicare hospital programme while simultaneously reaping the benefits of the new federalism initiatives. The Macro Health Care Financing Environment The Medicare Hospital Funding Arrangements Since its inception in 1984, the Medicare health insurance system has had as its objective the provision of universal medical and hospital insurance to all eligible persons.2 The medical insurance component of Medicare provides a rebate to eligible persons for approved medical services.3 This rebate is equal to 85 of the Medicare Benefits Schedule fee for services provided out of hospital and 75 of this fee for services provided to hospital inpatients other than Medicare inpatients. The medical insurance scheme is administered by the Health Insurance commission. The hospital insurance component of Medicare is organised quite differently. The Commonwealth government has entered into agreements with the states generally termed the Medicare agreements whereby the Commonwealth will provide specific purpose grants to the states towards the costs of their public hospital systems. In return, the states have agreed not to levy any charges for treatment provided by their public hospitals to eligible persons who, being inpatients, opt to be treated as public patients such patients being referred to as Medicare inpatients or who, being outpatients or casualty or emergency patients, opt to be treated at a public hospital casualtyoutpatient department. The distinction between these two components of the Medicare programme is important to an understanding of the economic incentives arising out of the programme. But opting to be treated as a public inpatient in a public hospital, a person can avoid bearing any of the costs associated with that inpatient treatment, ie, they face a zero price at the point of care. If that person opts to be treated as a private patient in a public or private hospital, the charges levied upon them for medical services will be covered by Medicare medical insurance to the extent of 75 of the Medicare Benefits Schedule fee but no cover will be provided by Medicare for the hospital charges. Patients who wish to have insurance cover against these hospital charges must purchase such cover from private health insurance organisations. Private Health Insurance Although the private health insurance industry in Australia is heavily regulated by the Commonwealth under the National Health Act, there is no subsidisation of private health insurance premiums by any level of government. Purchasers of such insurance, however, do not necessarily pay actuarially fair premiums as these are effectively ruled out by the community rating requirements imposed by the legislation Gadiel 1988. This results in a considerable degree of crosssubsidisation within private health insurance from relatively lowrisk groups to relatively highrisk groups, although overall there is no subsidisation of private health insurance as such.4 Another relevant feature of the regulations is the requirement that private health insurers offer cover against the 25 gap between the Medicare rebate and the Medicare Benefits Schedule fee for inpatient medical services. Insurers are required to offer this cover as part of their Basic Private Hospital Table which is geared to the needs of private patients in public hospitals Gadiel 1988,59.5 Private Hospitals Private hospitals were subsidised by the Commonwealth in one form or another from 1953 up until October This assistance most recently took the form of a direct occupied bedday subsidy with three different levels for three different categories of private hospital. In 1985, the Senate Select Committee on Private Hospitals and Nursing Homes held two public hearings to examine the categorisation system and private hospital subsidisation. It concluded that the rationale for the subsidy no longer existed.SSCPHNH 1987,,125 and hence concurred with the decision to terminate the subsidy with effect from 1 October The Senate Select Committee on Health Legislation and Health Insurance 1990 did not support any proposals to reintroduce private hospital subsidies. There is then no direct subsidisation of private hospital charges at the present time, but a relatively small amount of indirect subsidisation occurs by way of tax deductions. Tax Expenditures The term tax expenditures refers to subsidies provided by governments in the form of tax deductions or tax rebates, so that the governments revenue is not as large as it would have been if the deduction or rebate had not been allowed. Since 198586, a tax rebate of 29 of net medical expenses in excess of 1,000 incurred during the financial year has been allowed. Net medical expenses are calculated as the total medical expenses incurred less any rebate from Medicare, a private health insurer or any other insurer. Quantitatively, tax expenditures on health care have represented only a tiny fraction of total health expenditure in recent times. In 198687, they totalled 3 million which amounted to 6 of total Commonwealth health expenditures and 2 of total health expenditures AIH 1990.6 Effect of Health Financing Arrangements on the States The Structural Imbalance Thesis It is evident from the foregoing discussion that the changes which have occurred since 1984 have had the effect of reducing the price of public hospital services to zero while at the same time increasing the price of private hospital services. At present the only source of a subsidy for private hospital charges, or for public hospital charges for private patients, comes about through the tax rebate for net medical expenses in excess of 1,Individuals who choose to insure privately will pay an unsubsidised premium for such cover, a premium which may be more or less than that which is actuarially fair given the community rating requirement. Individuals without private insurance will pay the full cost of private hospital charges plus the gap between the Medicare rebate and the medical fees actually charged less any tax expenditures to which they are entitled because of the tax rebate. This pattern of relative prices for public and private hospital services can be expected to result in an increase in demand for public patient treatment and a reduction in demand for private patient treatment, all other things constant.7 At the same time as this change in relative prices has been occurring, the supply of public hospital beds per capita has been falling while the supply of private hospital beds has remained virtually constant see Butler 1991a 403. Given this scenario, it can be expected that occupancy rates and waiting lists for admission to public hospitals will have risen while occupancy rates for private hospitals will have fallen. A structural imbalance then emerges excess demand for shrinking hospital capacity in the public sector combined with excess supply and underuse of private hospital capacity. Table 1 presents some date on public and private hospitals in Australia for the period 198283 to 1988Considering first the discharge rates, there is a distinct change in the per capita growth rates in both public and private hospitals in the preMedicare 198283 to 198485 and postMedicare 198485 to 198889 periods. Predictably, the growth rate in public hospital discharges turned around from an average annual change of 3 preMedicare to 2 postMedicare, while for private hospital discharges the growth rate fell from 3 to 9. The turnaround in public hospital discharges has occurred even though the public hospital bed supply has bee falling. The extent to which these changes in the growth rates of discharges are reflected in the occupancy rates depends upon the behaviour of average length of stay. For both hospital types, this has been falling throughout the period, particularly so for private hospitals in the preMedicare period. Nevertheless, the occupancy rate increased in public hospitals after the introduction of Medicare.8 Data on waiting lists for public hospital treatment would bring further evidence to bear on the structural imbalance thesis, but unfortunately such data are not readily available. The limited information which is available suggests that waiting lists may have been growing in the late 1980s, but evidence is scant Butler 1991a, 403. A report from the National Health Strategy released in September 1991 discusses the waitingtime issue and presents some date, concluding that it would appear that waitingtimes in most states for some procedures are inappropriate National Health Strategy 1991, 11. The trends indicated in Table 1 cannot, of course, continue indefinitely. If waiting lists for public hospital treatment grow, this nonprice rationing effect can be expected to induce more people to take out private health insurance and use private hospitals. Some recent data from a survey of private hospitals indicates that the estimated occupancy rate in such hospitals has increased each year since 198889 to a level of 4 in 199091 with average length of stay falling to 5 days in the survey period CDHHCS 1992, Tables 3A, 6.

Negotiating cultural difference on seeking, not always successfully, to share the world with others or, in defence of Embassy Clive S. Kessler University of New South Wales When, in May, the editor of the Review approached me to contribute to a debate on the continuing utility of the concept of culture in our efforts to understand the countries of Asia and our relations with them, his invitation was nothing but timely. For, like many Australians politicians, diplomats, journalists and workaday citizens, as well as academic specialists I had been pondering the unhappy pass or impasse that AustraliaMalaysia relations seemed to have reached. No academic expert in international relations am I. But, with my long standing scholarly interest in Malaysian society, as well as my continuing theoretical interrogation of the concept of culture bequeathed to me by my intellectually formative involvement in the distinctly different, even rival, worlds of socalled British and American anthropology as well as contemporary sociology, I was struggling with this unnerving problem in Australias regional identity and relations in my own characteristic way by attempting to probe the discrepant, and often quite unrecognised, cultural assumptions that seemed to inform the views of both parties in this confrontation, both of the other side and of themselves. To identify and then make explicit these tacit presuppositions, not simply to myself but to wider publics of thoughtful and concerned people on both sides would, I felt, be salutary. It might not, I was ready to admit, succeed in solving the problem as naive academics are too often inclined to assume such endeavours will however, simply being able intelligently to recognise the problem and the divergent underlying cultural presuppositions that had engendered it to see it even in its intractability for what it is, if that is indeed how serious our problem really is might at least enable us to live with it more maturely and constructively.1 1 This article draws upon a presentation given to the weekly faculty seminar, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Malaysian National University on 12 September 1991, entitled AustraliaMalaysia relations a personal view. It may be worth noting that on that occasion a most spirited discussion ensued, characterised not by any simple agreement but by some recognition of, and a genuine readiness to explore, the underlying grounds and discrepant cultural presuppositions of some of our ordinarily unacknowledged difference. Two realities to Kuala Lumpur and back In the days immediately preceding my departure for Malaysia on study leave, Senator Evanss conciliatory visit to Kuala Lumpur was covered prominently by the Australian press and television. But while, en route home, our Foreign Minister would soon declare from Singapore that the problem was now largely solved, things were not so simple. On the day of my own departure for Kuala Lumpur, the papers I read in the Sydney airport departure lobby contained angry letters denouncing Senator Evanss grovelling to Malaysian sensitivities and demands2 while on my arrival in Kuala Lumpur I soon encountered Malaysias hardly tentative response to our ministers unilateral Singapore declaration that all was now well. Not Good Enough was one blazoned headline rejoinder to a report on Dr Mahathirs insistence that we cannot accept Aussie explanation.3 2 For example, The Sydney Morning Herald, 26 July 3 Sunday Star, 28 July More were to follow. A series of letters to the editor, commencing with one headed Furore over Aussies flattered them too much, was soon prominently featured in the New Straits Times4 further criticisms of the foreign, especially Australian, media were voiced by Dr Mahathir at the ASEAN Information Ministers meeting in late July immediately following Senator Evanss departure and subsequently by his Minister for Information Datuk Mohamad Rahmat,5 including the claim that the ever critical, even hypocritical, foreign press were always seeking to find and highlight some unflattering or scandalising political angle typically, as to who in some favoured position had allegedly derived some undue advantage or material benefit in what were really straight economic stories and the resources of the nations best cartoonists were also mobilised. The habitually mordant but goodnatured, even affectionate Lat well known for his own wry but uncompromising references to his societys shortcomings as well as its strengths produced a cartoon which depicted Australian Broadcasting from the Fair Dinkum Network relaying its TV specials not from a normal outsidebroadcast vehicle but a garbage truck. The caption read And now dotted line our crew is back with the latest dashes6 No less remarkable was a commentary by the senior journalist A. Nazri Abdullah7 and the savage cartoon by Zoy accompanying it. The latter depicted a large and overbearing foreign journalist in peremptory conversation with an eager, deferential and seemingly somewhat intimidated local colleague What are journalistic ethics like in your country, the local journalist asks. Well, the foreign journalist replies, youve got to master hoaxing and humbug, know how to deceive and libel, to fabricate and embellish stories dotted line for example, to present economic issues as political ones. Asking why do the foreign media tell lies, Nazri Abdullahs commentary went on to explain 4 Letter by Syed Akbar Ali, New Straits Times, 2 August Some subsequent contributions to the debate include Lets make peace, not find fault with our fellowmen by An Australian fellow human and Getting facts right in Aussie bashing by Keith Bruce Sergeant, both in New Straits Times, 8 August 1991 and Be levelheaded toward criticism, Aussies told by Fair Dinkum, New Straits Times, 14 August See also the column by V.K.Chin, AussieMsian ties still cool comment, Star, 13 August 5 The text of Dr Mahathirs address, headed Daunting task for men at the helm, is to be found in New Straits Times, 2 August The views of the Minister for Information that, resentful of Malaysias successes and Dr Mahathirs international stature, the foreign press were out to turn Malaysians against their government, tarnish Malaysias image, undermine its unity and development, thwart its progress and insidiously to colonise Malaysian minds are summarised in Groups out to undermine us, says Minister, New Straits Times, 14 August 6 In New Straits Times, 5 August 7 Mengapa media asing suka berbohong Why do the foreign media lie, Komentar hujung minggu Weekend commentary, Berita Minggu, 4 August This is truly a remarkable riposte to Malaysias critics. Some people, it suggests, cannot but be truthful while others can never be so, simply because of the differing religiouslyinformed intellectual traditions in which they operate. It is a remarkable rejoinder because, if it is true, it entails that what is defective, and grievously so, is not simply Australian or Western journalistic practice but the inherently and pervasively duplicitous culture from which they stem. It would hardly seem possible to ask a government, no matter how well inclined not merely to discipline its press as Malaysia urged Prime Minister Hawke to do but, more fundamentally, to repudiate the very culture of which the society that it governs is itself an expression. And if it is not true, it would seem a terrible libel against an entire civilisation and its religious foundations that had been made within the official media of a nation that was itself protesting that it was the victim of unwarranted and prejudicial lies.8 8 Similarly, during nationallanguage religious programs presented on television an official government medium and apparently prepared under the auspices of the Islamic affairs section of the Prime Ministers Department, it is common to hear comments made suggesting that only Muslims are really clean, that all other religions are deficient or distorted in some way and hence rejected by God, that only Muslims can live a truly moral life while nonMuslims are necessarily amoral and entirely promiscuous, and that Western societies and indeed all societies that have undergone any process of secularisation must inherently lack any moral foundation whatsoever. To what extent claims such as these are recognised as at least arguably untrue by those religious experts who, with official sanction, make them, or to what extent those so typified might be acknowledged as entitled to consider them as prejudicial or lies, is unclear. For explicit accusations that the Australian press was involved in producing lies about Malaysia see Dr M press freedom doesnt mean the right to print lies, New Sunday Times, 28 July 1991 and PM free press is not licence to lie and Dr M. takes Australian press to task, both in New Straits Times, 2 August Interestingly, in his complaints Dr Mahathir has gone well beyond the position taken some years ago by Lee Kwan Yew in his dispute with the Asian Wall Street Journal and Far Eastern Economic Review. Then, in restricting their circulation within Singapore, Lee conceded that the foreign press might say what they pleased for their overseas readership the purveying of what his government considered malicious untruths among Singapores own citizens, however, constituted an improper form of interference in his countrys own internal politics. Dr Mahathir objects not to what the Australian press and entertainment television are saying to his own people, who in the case certainly of Embassy can have no direct knowledge of or access to it, but to their own domestic readership and audience. Clearly, the problems we face in managing the now fraught AustraliaMalaysia relationship are great. Unless we begin to address and explore their origins as a problem in intercultural communication, we will not succeed in overcoming or even merely in coping with them. Such efforts are clearly themselves fraught and potentially counterproductive witness here Harold Crouchs attempt to explain what he saw as the form and strategy of Dr Mahathirs expressions of displeasure by reference to the concept and Malay cultural pattern of merajuk, to which rulers and other traditional leaders habitually had recourse.9 Taken up, not always discriminatingly, by other Australian commentators,10 it became in turn a further source of resentment among discerning Malaysians of genuine goodwill because of its perceived obtuseness and inappropriateness.11 How little good, ironically, his own experience, his undeniable wisdom and sensitivity, and his awareness of a significant flaw in our own national character would do Crouch himself here Well able to recognise that Australians often give the impression that they think they know all there is to know about other countries and that Australian experience provides the basis for the solution of other countries problems, he directly pointed to a discomforting fact that few Australians were ready to acknowledge that it is not only Dr Mahathir who reacts negatively to such Australians.12 Yet, good intentions notwithstanding, to misread anothers cultural reality, as Crouch seems to have done, may in the end be no better than to be totally blind or arrogantly indifferent to its existence. Those offended by his merajuk comments seem little assuaged by this proof of his capacity to see himself and his compatriots in the hardly indulgent eyes of others. 9 Mahathirs merajuk calls for Australian patience, The Sydney Morning Herald, 17 April 10 For example, a subsequent article by Tony Parkinson in The Australian entitled Pride of face in a culture of misunderstanding. 11 See Sri Delima Adibah Amin, The right meaning of merajuk, New Straits Times, 4 July 12 H.Crouch, Embassy, Malaysia and a diplomatic debacle comment, ANU Reporter, 24 July Cultural identity and the negotiation of difference What, then, is my own understanding of the term culture, and is it involved in any more than a trivial or incidental way in understanding the problem confronting us, both Australian and Malaysians, here Stated simply, the view, both intellectual and moral, that informs my own anthropological consciousness and that of most of that disciplines practitioners converges with what is also the foundation of the moral vision, or view of the human condition, of the philosopher Hannah Arendt. Modern anthropology has been a quest to fashion the terms of a totalising view of the human situation a view that may enable us to grasp, within the same underlying conceptual terms, both the unity of humankind and the enormous diversity of the various forms of life in which it finds, and throughout history has found, expression. It is the attempt to see humanity, in all its diversity, as a set of variations upon a common theme. That theme is provided by our generic human nature as a set of broad potentials those explored in particular by what used, under a peculiar division of intellectual labour within the discipline, to be called physical anthropologists or human biologists that, to be realised at all, however, can be realised only in some specific forms in the lifeways of particular societies that serve as the objects of the research conducted by socalled social and cultural anthropologists. Physical anthropologists, that is, explored the biological basis or physical ontology of the human situation social and cultural anthropologists pursued the intensive study both descriptively in the case of individual instances and also comparatively of the various phenomenal forms, the diverse sociocultural worlds, in which that common ontology as a set of existential possibilities and also constraints finds expression. For many otherwise quite different practitioners of the discipline as I have previously put it, the anthropological outlook or stance or vision is a distinctively dual one. An anthropological understanding stems from the simultaneous viewing of an object from two perspectives, from the fusing together, as it were, of images refracted through two quite disparate lenses. Anthropology seeks to pursue simultaneously a grounded understanding of both the unity and the diversity of humankind, of the oneness of the human situation and of the plenitude of the numerous, dramatically varying forms that situation takes. It seeks to fashion a set of terms in which, with equal facility and appropriateness, we can comprehend both generically what it means to be human, to be a person at all, and also what it means to be a person of a particular time and place, fashioned within some unique, historically realised configuration of social and cultural circumstances. Modern anthropology contends that these are not two separate questions instead it rests its claim on the insistence that each of these two questions can be pursued only through the pursuit the simultaneous pursuit within the same broad conceptual frame of reference of the other. Anthropology is thus concerned with the discovery of the general features of human existence within and through the study of its widely varying particular forms.13 13Marx as cultural theorist the prehistory of modern anthropology, in D.J.AustinBroos ed.Creating Culture Profiles in the Study of Culture Sydney Allen and Unwin, 1987, p.See also my remarks on these themes in my discussion of The cultural management of death individual fate and its social transcendence, in M. Crouch and B. Huppauf eds., Essays on Mortality KensingtonKensington Studies in the Humanities and Social Sciences 1, University of New South Wales, 1985,pp135 How is such an anthropological understanding pursued Here Hannah Arendts ideas are apposite. For her, such diversity or plurality was the essence of our humanity, and their exploration and affirmation our means of its enlargement. Her central, hardearned understanding I have noted elsewhere was that to be human, properly human, is to think and that thinking implies plurality, the existence of others with different views. We can think at all only by conceding that things might in fact be otherwise, by admitting simultaneously into our own consciousness more than one possible way of looking at an issue and of somehow bringing these different views or approaches into mutual engagement. Often, this process consists of an internal dialogue between the position that we ourselves are now forming or inclined to hold and the ensemble, or residue within us, of all the significant views on the same subject that, through reading and conversation, we have previously taken into our own minds from others. The difference and plurality that, for Arendt, thinking by its nature presumes, are for her also fundamentally political in their origins as well as their implications, for they are of the public realm, which is the site of the political an arena of free human engagement for the full realization of personality, the negotiation and affirmation of difference.14 It is only by engaging with difference, not simply intellectually within our own minds but in the pluralistic public or political world where difference has its origins and is upheld, that we can ever really understand ourselves. 14 C.S.Kessler, The politics of Jewish identity Arendt and Zionism, in G.T.Kaplan and C.S.Kessler eds., Hannah Arendt Thinking, Judging, Freedom Sydney Allen and Unwin, 1989, p. Becoming who we are and taking full possession of our own historically conditioned cultural identities something that we must all attempt if we are to live responsible lives is, then, of a piece with the practice of anthropology

LETTERHEAD AFB.do002 2l February 1994 Mr Mrs Lewis Jones Ms. H. Middleton c 75 Lock Maree Street MAROUBRA JUNCTION NSW 2035 Dear Mr. Mrs. LewisJones Ms. Middleton RE YOUR PURCHASE OF UNIT 4 LOT 15 111115 FOVEAUX STREET SURRY HILLS As you are aware a Receiver has been appointed to the trust account of Laing Simmons Bondi Junction, the agents to whom you have paid a holding deposit of 5, We have written to both the receiver and the Real Estate Services Council advising them of your position, requesting that they note your interest and advise the present status of your deposit. In the meantime the vendors solicitor has indicated that the vendor is prepared to exchange contracts on the agreed deposit less the 5,00 with a clause in the contract providing that completion need not take place until your deposit is returned unless it is necessary to resort to litigation for its recovery. I am awaiting the exact wording of the proposed new clause and when I receive same I shall contact you further. Yours faithfully, McCABE BROWN. LETTERHEAD AFB.do 002 2l February 1994 The Receiver Laing Simmons Bondi Junction 266 Oxford Street BONDI JUNCTION NSW Dear Sir, RE HEATHER MIDDLETON, EMLYN CLIFFORD LEWISJONES AND MARJORIE EDITH LEWISJONES PROPOSED PURCHASE OF UNIT 4 LOT 15 111115 FOVEAUX STREET, SURRY HILLS We act for Heather Middleton, Emlyn Clifford LewisJones and Marjorie Edith LewisJones in the purchase of the abovementioned property. We understand that you have been appointed receiver of the trust account of Laing Simmons and there is likely to be a deficiency in the trust account. We are writing to advise you of our clients interest and their intention to lodge a claim should that be necessary. At this stage it is our clients intention to still proceed with the purchase but before doing so wish to be advised as to the status of their holding deposit. Your urgent advice hereto would be appreciated. Yours faithfully, McCABE BROWN LETTERHEAD or AFBCAB002 yr 4 March 1994 Mr Mrs Lewis Jones and Miss H Middleton C 75 Loch Maree Street BONDI JUNCTION NSW 2035 Dear Mr Mrs Lewis Jones and Ms Middleton, PURCHASE UNIT 4, 111115 FOVEAUX STREET, SURRY HILLS We have now been formally advised that Ian Struthers, a partner of Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu, was appointed receiver and manager of Glen Real Estate Pty Limited Receiver Manager Appointed formerly trading as Laing Simmons Bondi Junction, on 4th February, Mr Struthers advises the appointment was necessary as a result of a deficiency in the trust funds controlled by the former licensee. As a result, Mr. Richard Porter of Nelson Wheeler Arnold was appointed as investigating accountant by the Real Estate Services Council RESC to investigate and report on the deficiencies in the trust funds. The old trust accounts were frozen by Mr Porter on 7th February, All moneys outstanding to creditors of the trust funds, including the deposit moneys due to you, are reimbursable by the RESC Compensation Fund. Creditors must first submit a claim to RESC to obtain reimbursement of these funds. In that regard, a claim for is enclosed to enable you to make a claim against the Compensation Fund. Would you please complete the claim form and have it signed before a Justice of the Peace and returned to me as soon as possible and I will then forward it on to Mr Porter who will then submit the claim to the RESC. Mr Struthers has been informed by representatives of the RESC that payment of your claim by the Compensation Fund will be expedited after receipt of same. Should you have any queries regarding this matter, please do not hesitate to telephone me. With kind regards, Yours sincerely, ALAN BROWN P.S.Please note the RESC require to sight copies of any receipts or letters from Laing Simmons evidencing payment by you of the 5,00 deposit. Would you please let me have same as soon as possible so that I may send them to RESC. LETTERHEAD or AFBCAB002 yr 4 March 1994 Mr Mrs Lewis Jones and Miss H Middleton C 75 Loch Maree Street BONDI JUNCTION NSW 2035 Dear Mr Mrs Lewis Jones and Ms Middleton, PURCHASE UNIT 4, 111115 FOVEAUX STREET, SURRY HILLS I have now received amended special conditions and amended strata plan for insertion in the Contract and copies of same are enclosed. You will note special condition 12 has been changed and a new special condition 16 has been added. The amended strata plan apparently corrects some dimension errors contained in the initial draft plan. Would you please telephone me upon receipt of this letter so we can discuss the new conditions and if you are prepared to proceed, then the page should be executed and returned to save you, again, having to call at my office. I await to hear from you. With kind regards, Yours sincerely, ALAN BROWN. LETTERHEAD or AFBCAB002 yr 4 March 1994 Mr Mrs Lewis Jones and Miss H Middleton C 75 Loch Maree Street BONDI JUNCTION NSW 2035 Dear Mr Mrs Lewis Jones and Ms Middleton, PURCHASE UNIT 4, 111115 FOVEAUX STREET, SURRY HILLS I have now received amended special conditions and amended strata plan for insertion in the Contract and copies of same are enclosed. You will note special condition 12 has been changed and a new special condition 16 has been added. The amended strata plan apparently corrects some dimension errors contained in the initial draft plan. Would you please telephone me upon receipt of this letter so we can discuss the new conditions and if you are prepared to proceed, then the page should be executed and returned to save you, again, having to call at my office. I await to hear from you. With kind regards, Yours sincerely, ALAN BROWN LETTERHEAD or AFBCAB002 yr 8 April 1994 Ms H Middleton and Ms E Ms M LewisJones C 75 Loch Maree Street MAROUBRA JUNCTION NSW 2035 Dear Heather, Marjorie and Emlyn, YOUR PURCHASE OF UNIT 4, 111115 FOVEAUX STREET, SURRY HILLS I write to confirm that exchange of Contracts in this matter took place today for the purchase of the abovementioned property requiring settlement to take place either six weeks from the date hereof or fourteen days after notification that the Strata Plan has been registered. Stamp duty amounting to 4,00 is payable on the Contract by 8th June, 1994 otherwise an additional 25 penalty is payable. Accordingly, we would be pleased to receive a bank cheque for 4,00 in favour of the Office of State Revenue as soon as possible. We will attend to ordering rating and other governmental enquiries closer to completion and will let you know if any of these are unsatisfactory. Would you kindly therefore let us have a cheque in the sum of 00 payable to McCabe Brown in anticipation. Yours sincerely, ALAN BROWN LETTERHEAD or AFBCAB002 yr 27 April 1994 Ms H Middleton and Ms E Ms M LewisJones C 75 Loch Maree Street MAROUBRA JUNCTION NSW 2035 Dear Heather, Marjorie and Emlyn, YOUR PURCHASE OF UNIT 4, 111115 FOVEAUX STREET, SURRY HILLS Please find enclosed copy letter received from Real Estate Services Council dated 15th April, 1994 together with a copy of our letter of demand forwarded pursuant to their instructions. I shall keep you informed as to progress. Yours sincerely, ALAN BROWN LETTERHEAD McCabe Brown Lawyers GPO Box 235 SYDNEY NSW 2001 Our Ref Claim 94892 15 Apr 1994 Dear SirMadam RE GLEN REAL ESTATE PTY LTD TAS LAING SIMMONS BONDI JNCT H MIDDLETON PURCHASE OF 4111 FOVEAUX ST, SURRY HILLS YOUR REF or AFBCAB002 DATED 22 MARCH 1994 I refer to your claim lodged on the Real Estate Services Councils Compensation Fund. The claim has been reviewed, and additional documentation is required, in order to enable the Council to process the claim for payment. I enclose a schedule setting out the documentation that will be required. It is likely you have provided some of this documentation and therefore the missing documents listed are required only. I have ticked items for which it is considered adequate documentation has been supplied. Also any other documents that prove the monies are payable to the claimant in the specific matter should be provided. Please ensure you quote the claim reference with the documentation. I await your reply at the earliest convenience. Yours faithfully BILL JOHNSON FOR GENERAL MANAGER LETTERHEAD or AFBCAB002 yr Claim 94892 27 April 1994 The Secretary Real Estate Services Council PO Box Q168 QVB SYDNEY NSW 2000 Dear Sir, COMPENSATION FUND CLAIM HEATHER MIDDLETON GLEN REAL ESTATE PTY LIMITED tas LAING SIMMONS BONDI JUNCTION We refer to previous correspondence in this matter and confirm that we act for Heather Middleton, the proposed purchaser of Unit 4111115 Foveaux Street, Surry Hills. As you are aware, our client paid to Laing Simmons Bondi Junction on 8th January, 1994 a deposit of 5,00 towards the purchase of the above property. Our client has also lodged a claim against the Compensation Fund in respect to that deposit. Our client has now entered into the purchase of the above property and the 5,000 deposit is payable upon completion of the Contract. As we have been advised by you that funds paid to and received by Glen Real Estate Pty Limited up to and including 7th February, 1994 are claimable against the Real Estate Services Council Compensation Fund, we hereby give you notice that unless our client receives a refund of the 5,00 deposit paid plus legal costs now amounting to 00 within fourteen 14 days of the date hereof, we have instructions to commence proceedings for its recovery. You should make your cheque payable to our client and forward it care of this firm. You have been provided with original Laing Simmons Sales Trust Receipt, Statutory Declaration by our client and copy of the Contract for Sale. We did not receive a sales advice document from the agent nor any agency agreements. Yours faithfully, McCABE BROWN LETTERHEAD or AFBCAB002 yr Claim 94892 16 May 1994 Mr Fred James Real Estate Services Council PO Box Q168 QVB SYDNEY NSW 2000 FAX NO 281 9010 Dear Sir, COMPENSATION FUND CLAIM HEATHER MIDDLETON GLEN REAL ESTATE PTY LIMITED tas LAING SIMMONS BONDI JUNCTION We refer to previous correspondence herein and advise that a full copy of our clients Contract was handed to your Mr Henry Noy on or about 13th April, lHowever, as requested, please find enclosed further copy front page of Contract together with copy pages 2 and 3 of the special conditions which set out, respectively, the provisions for completion and the payment of the deposit. We confirm our earlier advice to you that the Contract had originally been negotiated on a specially reduced deposit of 14,00, thus the provision in special condition 12c for the balance of the 10 to be paid on completion. We became aware of the problems with the agent after the payment by our clients of their 5,00 holding deposit but prior to exchange of Contracts. The Contract was then amended to take account of the fact that the 5,00 part deposit would be paid on the earlier of completion or receipt by the purchaser of the sum of 5,00 from the Compensation Fund of the Real Estate Services Council pursuant to the claim made by the purchaser as provided in Clause 12b. It is, therefore, vital that the 5,00 be available to be paid at the latest by the time provided for completion in the Contract which is set out in special condition Would you please let us have an assurance as a matter of urgency that the payment of the 5,00 will be available in time to enable our clients to meet their obligations under the exchanged Contract. We point out that we had been assured that the process for obtaining a refund of the deposit moneys would not take long.

The passages that I have chosen do indeed show that this authors style is consistent and pervasive. It affects two very different texts widely separated in time. The author is Natalie Zemon Davis a noted social historian, professor of history at Princeton with a career spanning America and France. Her speciality is l6th century France. Social history is a democratic discipline interested not in elites but in the ordinary doings of individuals. There is thus no intrinsic order to the material as for example in legal institutional, political or military history. It is a good field, therefore, to see the kind of order imposed by an historian on her sources. Passage I is from an essay on Printing and the People and is itself from a collection of essays published in l965 by Stanford University Press. It has the usual academic format of notes and index and seems at least primarily to be aimed at Davis academic peers. Passage II is from her book that arose out of her research for the film The Return of Martin Guerre published by Harod University Press in lThis still has notes of less complexity, and a selected Bibliography but is much less formal in tone. Davis makes concessions to a less scholarly reader in Passage II where she uses technical historical terms like gasaille and terrier. She makes their meaning clear. In Passage I she uses one or two unfamiliar words and a couple of French phrases but none the less their meaning, though not translated is clear from neighboring collocation. Menu peuple is close to people. Unreadable word meacutechaniques is associated with a discussion of the relative status of surgeons and physicians. In neither work is there any noted jargon. Neither is heavily latinate or nominalized. The lexical density of Passage I is 53 and Passage II 48 sample of 202 28l words respectively. In short though apparently written for different audiences Davis clearly favours a relatively informal easytoread style that is inclusive not exclusive. She favours certain ways of binding her material together in both passages. She moves from the general statement at the beginning of a paragraph to specific particular detail in the Source material. She choose a vantage point from which to view the intellectual or geographical landscape such as the assembly of Passage I or the Surrounds of Artigat in Passage II. From this point she then describes her observations. Of note is her use of verbal tenses She varies back and forth between the expected past tenses of history to the present tense of her sources. In this way she creates a social context which includes her reader in the material. In passage I Milles de Norry gazes at the reader. In passage I the various individuals trade and agreements are in the present tense. Davis makes little use of the passive voice as would be expected in her informal style. When she does it is to provide a reflective distance from the subject matter passages were written down. The circle of authors that widened was given romance through publication both passage I. Interestingly Davis uses some of the very familiar split verbs get intocome out passage I taking up set up passage II. This is another instance of informality of style and consistent between the two works. Davis favours longish sentences but these are not hard to manage due to the careful and consistent patterning that she employs. She favours repeating syntactic patterns, pairings of words, some synonyms antonyms. In Passage I she repeats like the learned writer twice and attaches similar syntactical groupings to both instances. Proud contrasts with humble but author portraits is paraphrased by donor picture. In passage II sometimes is then repeated and then is continued with most often as an organizing pattern. She favours pairings backandforth villages and burgs expenses and profits share the cost split the profit Passage II. In passage I this kind of patterning is also pervasive. The Protestants read, talked, sang and prayed reading from printed books contrasts with learning from printed books. In her contrast of previous periods and her period she uses both the change from past to present tense but also the connective adverb Now twice to stress the topic position in the sentence passage I. Again consistent with her informal readily accessable style Davis uses pronouns freely. This of course works cohesively within the text as well as avoiding an unduly nominal style. Davis uses patterns of series as well as parallel structures. This combined with a heavy use of prepositions and attached phrases allows her to modify her nouns in such a way as to add many extra details from the sources. Davis does not favour any particular kind of sentence structure simple compound and complex alternate freely which gives diversity of rhythm and variety of delivery. She makes full use of the mobility of adverbial and adjectival phrases, sometimes delaying the subject or separating it from its verb. This is not truly pervasive and is mostly present in Passage I. Davis has a quite marked and personal style that is present in two fairly different works. Her use of verbs is very interesting and indicative of an inclusive bent of mind. Her use of connectives draws the text together into a neat organization of material. But like, In short, nor But now Theres Passage I, Such If Sometimes In this situation Passage II put the final ordering of thought clearly at the beginning of the sentence. Davis has a remarkably readable style, whether she aims at primarily her academic peers or more to the general reader. In neither case is she exclusive Martin Guerre is satisfying to the academic, Printing and the People accessable to the thoughtful nonspecialist. The audience that Davis creates with her style is potentially very wide. Her democratic subject gets a democratic treatment. Her use of verbs brings the reader into the circle of the sources, her connectives give a prevailing order to those sources her vocabulary pronouns, patternings and series make it hard to imagine any other ordering of the material. The resultant text has rhythms close to the intonations of speech. The overall style is very persuasive. At least in the case of Davis, despite the fact that these two works are separated by l8 years, there are indeed consistent pervasive and quite characteristic elements that imbue what she writes about. An authors style is consistent and pervasive even if they write both fiction and nonfiction. David Lodge has managed to fuse a novelists style and an academic style to create a easy academic style. Naturally there are discrepancies, the textbook contains more nominalization, such as theorization, demonstration, importance, theoretical in the Forward. Lodge also has more passive sentences in the textbook and academic jargon peculiar to his field, such as signified, signifier, deconstuctionist in the Hartman introduction. However considering the different intent and purpose of the books these differences are negligible and it is the similarities that are interesting. One of the aspects that ties the texts together could be their common readership people who are interested in literature. The difference in the texts can be accounted for by tone, rather than by style. Lodge tends to use a stack type pattern to impart ideas. In three of the passages marked Hartman excluded he starts with a bold claim and then fleshes it out in subsequent sentences. This is also consistent with topical progression No 4 of the Prague School of Linguistics. This type of format reveals a synchronic mind. Lodge seems to be a similarityseeker rather than a continuityseeker. Another aspect that reveals Lodge as having a synchronic type of mind is cohesion. He favours lexical over grammatical cohesion. Lodge starts with the specific and goes to the general, or the hyponym to the superordinate. For example in the Forward of Modern Criticism he starts with Theory and moves to this collective enterprise. In the Hartman introduction he starts with various aspects of deconstruction, such as signified under the signature, deferral of determinate meaning to the superordinate of deconstruction. In Small World page 222 Lodge starts with small wooden jetties to aquatic bus stops to simply the stops. Page ll4 of Small World provides one of the best examples, starting with passenger then customer and finally to people. The grammatical cohesion seems to be at the end of each sentence, quite often a sentence will end with a generic it, one etc. Page ll4 of Small World particularly adheres to this aspect, and the Hartman introduction ends with it. The sentence structure seems to be similar in all cases, starting with a noun, then a prepositional phrase, which refers to the noun immediately preceding it, or commences with a noun and then immediately a verb. Lodge favours right branching, and conveying his ideas in selfcontained packages. There are few adverbial phrases starting sentences, or even clauses. Lodge builds his arguments after stating something as fact. One area where the academic has influenced the novelist is in sentence length. In the four passages the average is over 30, which is excessive for academic writing and double the norm for fiction. Yet Lodge is okay on Hallidays lexical density scale. He hovers around the ideal of 50This anomaly of long sentences, yet a good lexical density could be attributed to the many prepositional phrases in his long sentences. Another area of influence, but the other way where the novelist influences the academic is the preference of performative verbs. In Small World page ll4, inspect, check, tear out, tag, ask, allocate, issue, cancelled, conclude, on page 222, stitched, swerve, reversed, disembarked and bargained, this is not surprising in a novel, and appears natural. However in a textbook, performative verbs are not the normal but Lodge uses them to great effect, in the Forward generated, borrowed, merged, interfused, recognize, in Hartmans introduction, postulate, liberate, explore, reveal. This quick analysis demonstrates how an academicnovelist fuses their style to create a unique idiosyncratic style. However, it seems that the academic style is more prevalent, particularly in the passages selected from Small World. Lodge uses dialogue and gaps to move his text forward, but when setting the scene, as in the passages highlighted he treats it in an academic argument. This style also reveals the synchronic mind at work, Lodge is more concerned with convincing his readers, than of moving forward. The synchronic mind is usually an academic mind, seeking verification, further arguement to validate a claim. The passages from George Orwells fictions Coming Up For Air Keep the Aspidistra Flying and his article written to the Tribune titled As I Please illustrate how the authors style is consistent and pervasive both in his fiction and nonfiction. Orwell uses the verbal style of writing and combines this with use of both past and present tenses, giving a lively and easy to read text. On reading the passages it is obvious that he endeavours to create a conversational effect and uses interactive devices and choice of personal words to achieve this. Coming Up for Air relates the characters thoughts and memories and has a predominant use of the personal pronoun I, asserting the personal nature of the content of the passage. Orwell tries to get the reader to identify with the character and what he is relating and therefore uses interactive devices which ask for the reader to participate. The sentence watch a woman a woman who really knows how to cook, I mean rolling dough, asks the reader to be active, it is a command. The use of dashes here are to relate an aside and have the effect of casual intervention such as would be used in conversation. Further on in this passage the character asks a question why should she, which again asks the reader to participate. Keep the Aspidistra Flying is written in the second person pronoun, but like the previous passage relates the characters feelings and memories.

At the time of my venture into the fine art of forgery I had been some years with a printer. We produced pamphlets, books bound in morocco, and everything between. I began by setting broadsheet ballads when I was fifteen, after four years an apprentice. Each broadsheet had a woodcut picture. As often as not I hawked the first batch in the streets of Douglas myself. They sold for a penny each. I was quite the young blade about town. But before long I was put on to more exact work. My father thought the job a foible and not fit for a man to do. He said he expected I would grow out of it and take up something serious perhaps in the line of his own work. My mother scolded him for a troublemaker. She encouraged me. As for Hall, my model in life, he brought us together by humouring our mother, following our fathers trade, and singing the ballads I printed. His favourite would have you in stitches I am sure Whack the folthe dah, dance to your partner Welt the flure yer trotters shake, Wasnt it the truth I told you, Lots of fun at Finnegans wake. That ballad, so filled with characters, was his favourite not just for the tune, but because it sang the glory of getting drunk. In case you are wondering at his being christened Hall, his middle name was Henry, so both given names began with H. I thought this the grandest thing. I was never drunk. Any time he led me on, Hall always kept a sharp eye on me. If I had had enough he invented some urgent call on our loyalty, a friend we must not let down, an appointment we must keep. I used to fret at this. I sulked a good deal,I dare say. I accused him of being selfish and maybe he was. But it is certain he loved me. Your father is a man of trade, our mother said with a laugh and the wind dancing in among her hair, whereas you are a man of craft. And what am I, then cried Hall. But she had no answer for him. Her eyes grew dark and her mouth helpless. Hall was her pet and she could not shame him. I knew what was what, because she walked in her sleep. Into the room we shared, manys the night I saw her creep and stop in the sightless way of her ailment, facing his bed but not looking down at him. If you ask me she sensed him through her skin. Then she would turn and wander back to the dreams of her own bed. Our father knew too, proof being that he was often awake when she returned cold, because a quarter hour later their bedhead started banging up against the wall. Then began the nights when she stood in her sleep knowing Hall wasnt there. Those same nights she would find her sheets cold too when she made it back to bed, and wake like that. I lay fired with jealousy, jealous that she loved him best and jealous of his freedom to go out with our father. Hall could now claim to be in trade himself. Sundays they brought home quail eggs and a purse of earnings. Trade is about the size of it, Hall told her with his eyes merry. He lapped up the excitement and couldnt wait to put her through the torment again. This is the life of the people anyhow either they go along with the law or they damn it to hell. Does he have the skill, she asked her husband, notwithstanding that he talks too much But she knew the answer already and turned to me. So youre the last hope of commonsense I am left, she said, and if you must go to the foolishness of making a fortune make it of the skill you have. Welt the flure your trotters shake, sang Hall, wasnt it the truth I told you, lots of fun at Finnegans wake. He and I went out to trap some rabbits. As we tramped through the crunching heather I told him about her, how she walked in her sleep I told him she stopped by his bed and that was all. We walked. He could be quiet when the time called for it. He laid an arm across my shoulders to show he understood. Then we played at wrestling. Unless on his part it was not play but the serious matter of proving that my worries on his account were uncalled for. With one arm he could withstand whatever weight I threw against him. Taking string for the neat little trick we had with loops, plus a sack for the catch and several stocks, we came to the dragon stone. A fanciful notion, Hall replied, setting me straight when I began to speak in a low tone of respect, a fishs body, a tigers feet, a bats wings and a tongue of fire. He laughed, scornful. Meat for some hero to kill before supper, he said. This was what sent me to the shelf of books in the workshop. I knew one flaky leather spine bore the title, Heroes in History and Fable. The first page told me that however important our history is to us our fairytales go deeper, that what we decide to do becomes history, but those actions going beyond choice fall into the pattern of the fables we are told. This book had a whole chapter from the Thebaid of Statius about two heroes, one called Tydeus, but the other name slips my memory. Then came the commentary, just four pages long. Such a very suitable length. I took my mothers advice. I had not expected Oxford to be a deceitful town. I came on foot, avoiding Derbyshire, home of the deposed King of Man, through Solihull and Warwick, Stratford upon Avon and Edge Hill, entering the county from the northwest. My last stop before Oxford was Banbury Cross. I mention Banbury, although the cross itself had long since been destroyed, because there, sleeping under a hedge, I had a dream. The sound of harps called my attention to a courtyard in which two persons rode round and round on horseback. The horses cantered in contrary directions, a young woman making the inner circle and a man in rich robes making the outer circle. They kept the same pace. But as they went round, the bridegroom grew in power until I looked for somewhere to hide, fearful that I might be caught prying. His raised arm a triumphant gesture, he threw back his head till what I saw of it was a bearded mouth. The beard jutted black with threads of grey. I remember this because I remarked in the dream how the myopic persons dreams are free of myopia. I am sure you are familiar with that fault in a dream when you go absent for a moment to dream you are aware of dreaming. During this lapse the horses had veered on to the same track. The emergency gave me a jolt, especially when I saw them merge to a single horse, a single rider the mother into whose body the lordly man disappeared. She caught me watching. She tugged at her jingling reins, turned the stallions head, and came at me. I never had this dream before. And never since. So I can be sure it was once only. I woke into the night, scrambled out. By broad moonlight I stumbled down on to the road and set off right away for Oxford. I would not risk another hour in that illomened spot. Twentytwo miles or no, I believed in my heart that if I did not reach my goal before the next night I never would. Such are the foolish fancies of the young who set themselves goals. I am amazed to think that it could not be more than three years since this happened, since a time when I would swear that if I arrived at some signpost before a bird flew across my path I would have seven years of happiness. You know the kind of thing Well, this time I swore that unless I made it to Oxford I would never grow up. My idea of growing up, I might add, was to be like Hall. The fields were freshly turned, apple trees were in bloom, and all the way a cuckoo called to me, always too far away to be seen. The land lay full of promise. And I got there, though we are talking about that time of spring when the nights still fall early. By dusk I came in view of the spires. I took a room in a public house because next morning I must present myself spruce for business. As I say, I had not expected Oxford to be a deceitful town. I mistook its charm. The inn was a coach stage and across the yard a smith sat early in the day shoeing a posthorse amid the hubbub of arrivals and departures. He hammered nails with deliberation. He chose not to notice me when I went over and stood near. Having wished him good morrow and taken my place among some children who watched, I offered a comment on the quality of the beast. Tis her ladyships own, he growled. The hammer blows made a sharp unpleasing sound. Metal on metal. Up until then I had not known how hungry I was but now an aroma of fried gammon filled the whole yard. I must not be tempted I had so little money. I took my precious folio, promised myself a royal feast when I returned, and set out along backstreets behind the colleges. At one point I asked my way of a young scholar not more than a year older than myself, thinking he must surely treat me kindly if for no other reason than the fellowship of youth. I took the route he pointed out, only to learn that he misled me so that I had to retrace my steps. Back where I started, and quarter of an hour wasted, I realized my purse had been stolen. There were four pennies in it, enough for a full meal of the best cooking, enough for goodness knows what else. Yet I must not be put off. I had the future and my family to think of. I found the shops of three respectable dealers. Which would I try Courage failed me because I admitted ignorance not knowing what to look out for. I wandered from one to another and back, peering at them from across the street, pausing to pat a cur, gazing at reflections in a tobacconists window to tell what I could, hurrying away, returning, loitering and then rushing past. I had not yet learned that timidity is the most dangerous vice or that such simple dodges would be noticed. It is likely I would be there still, growing long in the beard with dithering, but that, as I passed one for the fifth time and read yet again the goldembossed sign, the wine merchant next door struck a cask with his mallet the tuneful sound very different from horseshoeing I saw the spicket knocked out, the cask being mounted on a counter just inside the door. He began to fill a jug with dark frothing wine. I dont know why but that decided me. I called myself to order and took a deep breath. The dealer, when he stood up from his desk to greet me, showed himself to be a tall man of sixty years or more. The veins of his hand were dark and particular as the rivers on the maps hung behind his desk. The smell of this place put me at home in an instant leather and paper and old size. When I brought out my Commentary upon the Thebaid of Statius he treated it with reverence.

equipment review Sony MZR2 portable minidisc recorder photo its been some considerable time since Sony added to its MiniDisc lineup certainly long enough that it allowed Sharp to sneak in under its guard to offer the worlds smallest MD portable All that has now been corrected. In one fell swoop, Sony has announced no fewer than eight new MiniDisc models, one of which, the MZR2, wrests the worlds smallest MD player title back into Sonys corner of the ring at least for the time being. The biggest news for audiophiles is the MDS501, a full sized Minidisc recorder thats said to offer improved ATRAC algorithms, which result in better sound quality than previously available from MiniDisc, and a full swathe of MiniDisc features and editing options. However, at the time of going to press, the only new Sony model that was actually available for review was the MZR2 portable, Sonys secondgeneration MiniDisc Walkman, a digital MD recorder thats actually smaller than a packet of cigarettes and not a whole lot heavier than a small carton of Moove. MiniDisc, Walkman, Sony and MD are all trademarks andor copyright of the Sony Corporation. Moove is a trademark of the Dairy Farmers Corporation. The Equipment If any audio company even Sony had predicted in 1984 that in less than ten years it would be possible to produce a magnetooptical digital recorder capable of recording up to 74 minutes of highfidelity audio, small enough to fit into a standard shirt pocket and weighing less than 310 grams including battery and with a battery life of more than two hours, I dont think anyone would have believed it. Well here it is, in the shape of the Sony MZR2, and just to see Sonys new MD recorder is to be amazed by it. Unlike Sonys first portable, which had a slot on its bottom edge into which MDs were inserted, the MZR2 snaps apart on a hinge, to allow a disc to slide in underneath the lid section which also functions as the control panel. This clever design simplifies the loading mechanics, extends battery life and allows the MZR2s shallow depth of a mere 30 mm. After a MiniDisc is inserted, the disc initialises during which time a small spin icon is displayed in the liquid crystal display on the front panel, along with a battery icon after which the name of the disc is shown, together with the number of tracks and the total available playing time. If, after this, you dont press a function button within 5 seconds, the MZR2 turns itself off, to conserve battery power. The obvious function button to press is Play, which starts disc replay. However, you can use a Play Mode button to select between Single Play Disc, All Repeat Disc, Track Repeat and Shuffle Disc. Then, so you cant accidentally knock a button and interrupt playback, you can slide a Hold switch to the right, to lock all the function buttons out. Sonys version of Hold is very effective to say the least you cant even open the lid without defeating Hold and even removing then replacing the battery doesnt help. During replay, a vertical bar at the left of the LCD shows recorded level. If you press either of the two volume buttons or , a horizontal display across the top of the LCD replaces the track title readout to show output level as a bargraph. You can alter output volume up or down as you please, with the display tracking your movements to indicate what you are doing, but following three seconds of no activity. the display vanishes, returning the LCD readout of the name of the track thats playing. As most readers will already know, MiniDiscs can display not only the title of the disc, along with performers, venues and so on, but also the names of individual tracks. The LCD fitted to the MZR2 can display only nine letters or figures at a time, so longer titles are box information excerpt scrolled from right to left. Because of this, titles of any length can be accommodated theres no limit other than the simple proviso that the time it takes to scroll through a title must be shorter than the playing time of the track itself Either side of the play button are the forward and reverse track skip buttons. Track access in the MD system is virtually instant in most cases faster than CD. Further to the left and right of these controls are the Stop button and the Pause control. Other controls on the front panel are Track Mark about which more later, End Search searches a partially recorded disc to locate the first available space to start a new recording, Erase Erases Tracks, but only one track at a time and Display Toggles between showing the name of the disc, the name of the track and the date and time a recording was made. Arrayed down the lefthand edge of the MZR2 are a bass boost button two levels of boost available, a lineout socket 5 mm stereo phone socket, a lineinput socket a custom fitting that combines a standard 5 mm stereo phone socket analogue with an optical digital connector and a coaxial digital connector, and a microphone input with phantom power suitable for Sonys ECM909A or ECM7227P stereo microphones. The front edge of the player holds the Record, Open and Hold slider controls as well as the slot for the supplied headphoneremote control accessory. HeadphoneRemote Positioned almost midway along the headphone cord is an inline remote control. An extremely neat little device, with a chromed clip on its rear, to allow it to be clipped to a lapel or pocket, it allows control over volume , track skip two left arrowstwo right arrows, stop black box, pause two vertical lines, track marking, hold onoff and AVLS Automatic Volume Limiter System. This last control is specifically designed to protect your hearing when listening via headphones. Many people are unaware that the enormous dynamic range of MD and CD, for that matter makes it quite easy to damage your hearing by continuously listening at levels that are too loud, but that you cont perceive as being too loud because of the clarity of the signal and the lack of any external sound pressure reference. The AVLS system, when it is switched on, limits the output level of the player. The headphones supplied as standard with the Sony MZR2 are small buttonstyle models which fit inside the ear. If you dont like this style of headphone preferring, for example, fullsize, padded headphones these can be substituted, since Sony has had the foresight to equip the MZR2 with a standard 5 mm stereo phone jack for this purpose. However, if you use a nonstandard pair of headphones, you cant use the remote control, because the two plugs get in each others way. I did not consider this to be a problem. The battery pack supplied as standard with the Sony MZR2 is a tiny LithiumIon rechargeable thats not much bigger than an ordinary AA battery. However, completely unlike an AA battery even a rechargeable one, Sonys new hightech battery LIP12 has a rated voltage of 6 V and a capacity of 1,200 mAH. According to Sony, the LIP12 permits 120 minutes of consecutive recordingor 150 minutes of consecutive playback with a fully recharged battery. Note particularly Sonys use of the word consecutive to indicate these times are only attainable if you record or playback continuously, without using pause, stop etc. So in practise, youll get less recordplay time from the Lithium battery than this. If you do get caught short, Sony supplies an additional external battery pack which screws onto the top edge of the MZRThis pack, if fitted with standard Alkaline batteries, will provide an additional 150 minutes of playback time or a further 120 minutes of recording time. This would be extended even further if you use the new Lithium rechargeable AA batteries. If you know in advance that you will be in for a long recording or playback session using batteries, its better to connect the external battery pack at the beginning of the session, because running the two battery packs in parallel gives more recordplay time than if you stopped and switched power sources halfway through. Running the packs in parallel results in 5 hours of playback or 5 hours of recording. At this juncture I will note that MiniDiscs have the capacity to store a maximum of 74 minutes of sound, so if you record for 5 hours, youll need three 74minute blank Minidiscs and one blank 60minute MD. Some of Sonys publicity seems to indicate that the MZR2 is capable of recording 104 minutes on a single disc. This isnt true. At present and for the foreseeable future 74 minutes is the maximum. When you are close to a 12 volt or 240 volt power source, you can use Sonys caradaptor lead CPA8 or its 240 V power supplyrecharger ACPMZ60A. The ACPMZ60A is diagram caption diagram supplied as standard equipment when you buy a MZR2, but youll have to fork out for the CPA8 yourself. And, while Im talking cables, Sony supplies a standard analogue connecting cable stereo 5 mm phone jack to twin RCA plugs on a onemetre long cable, but neither of the optical digital cables POCMZ1 or POCMZ2. For convenient integration with a system, you will need to buy as least one extra cable even if its just another analogue connection cable. My feeling is that Sony should provide two analogue cables as standard, rather than just one. The only other accessory is a neat little beltpouch, which allows you to carry your MZR2 around on an ordinary belt. Underneath the MZR2 are two pinpricksized holes that allow you to set the clock and reset the whole system. There are also a few lines of type that might cause some confusion in audiophile circles. Those lines are US and Foreign patents licensed from Dolby Laboratories Licensing Corporation. The reason some people might be confused is that on most audio products, these lines usually signify that the product incorporates Dolby Noise Reduction Dolby NR, or Dolby Surround Dolby ProLogic circuitry. In fact, the MZR2 contains neither. What happened was that the Adaptive Transform Acoustic Coding ATRAC that is the heart of the MiniDisc system and which, in fact, was developed independently by Sony, turned out to infringe several US patents held by Dolby. As a result, Sony and other MD manufacturers including Sharp, Alpine and Sanyo, have been obliged to obtain ATRAC licenses from Dolby. Listening Sessions My enthusiasm for the MZR2 was slightly damped when I inserted a blank disc, and tried to identify it by recording my own name and address in the ATRAC subcode, as I had with Sonys first portable MZRI discovered that I couldnt. It appears that the MZR2 does not provide this facility. In terms of recording additional data, all it permits you to do is record the date and time of individual recording sessions in fact this is automatically done for you. So, if you wish to record the additional data the MD format is capable of displaying disc name, track titles etc you will need a second MD machine capable of doing this. For most people, this will mean investing in a fullsize machine, such as the MDS501, or at least finding a friend or friendly retailer who has diagram diagram such a machine and will let you program your MDs. I must admit I was rather surprised at the omission of an alphanumeric recording capability on the MZR2, since Id been led to understand that many of the people who purchased the original MZR1 were journalists or soundrecordists, for whom having this facility was relatively important, as it allows records of interviewees names and other details to be stored along with the recordings of their voices. One presumes that Sony is aiming the MZR2 at the much larger group of amateur home recordists for whom such a facility might not be quite so important. In fact, one of my first trials was recording an interview, and I was more than pleased with the performance of the MZR

CB940026 14 June 1994 Ms N. Adams 93 Francis Road ARTARMON NSW 2064 Dear Nicola, RE YOUR CLAIM We refer to the above and to your recent telephone conversation with Mr Blackmore of this office. As indicated, Coles Myer have requested that we provide them with a report from Dr Dixon should we be in possession of one. We note that prior to writing to Dr Dixon it may be easier if you could contact your general practitioner, Dr Bone and request that he provide you with copies of any reports Dr Dixon has provided to him subsequent to your attendance. Should Dr Bone not be in possession of any reports it will be necessary that we formally request a report from Dr Dixon who is more likely than not to require prepayment report fees for the provision of same. We confirm that we have requested Coles Myer Limited to advise as to whether they are prepared to accept liability with respect to the payment of your medical and associated treatment costs and upon receipt of a response we shall contact you further. We look forward to hearing from you as to whether Dr Bone is in possession of any reports from Dr Dixon. Yours faithfully, BOOTH MATHER BLACKMORE CB940026 8 February 1994 Ms N. Adams 93 Francis Road ARTARMON NSW 2064 Dear Ms Adams, RE INJURY AT K MART CHATSWOOD We refer to the above matter and to your recent attendance upon this office with the writer. From the information provided by you we are of the view that you have a sustainable claim for compensation arising as a result of the incident that occurred on the premises of K Mart Chatswood on 26th November, In relation to such claim we note that shop proprietors have a relatively stringent duty of care to members of the public that frequent their premises. In accordance with such duty, generally, proprietors of businesses must ensure that all areas upon which the general public have access are free of any obstacles and safe from any unforseen incidences. In light of the present state of our instructions we are of the view that a prima facie claim for compensation can be made on your behalf. Having regard to the actions of the employees of K Mart Chatswood in stacking the shelves whilst members of the public are in the immediate vicinity the proprietor of the supermarket would, in our opinion, be found to be negligent giving rise to your entitlement to compensation for the injuries. The amount of compensation that is payable to you is determined upon considering the extent of your initial injuries, the resultant disabilities arising from such injuries, the prognosis provided by your medical practitioners with regard to your symptomology and the amount of funds with which you are out ofpocket in relation to obtaining treatment for your continuing disabilities. The opinions of your treating medical practitioners are of the utmost importance with respect to compensation claims and it is essential that you continue to attend upon such practitioners in order to obtain appropriate treatment for your continuing disabilities. With respect to treatment we confirm your advice that notwithstanding obtaining physiotherapy you continue to suffer from disability in the neck region. In due course we shall request a report from your general practitioner as to your condition. We note that you are to discuss your overall condition with him upon your next attendance. At the present time we note that the accident is a relatively recent event and it is hoped that your continuing physical symptoms will reduce with appropriate treatment and time. Should you find that your symptoms fail to resolve or lessen consideration ought to be given in obtaining appropriate referrals to specialists in an endeavour to obtain further treatment. We note that we have attended to the service of a formal letter of demand upon the proprietor of K Mart Chatswood. We enclose herein copy of such letter for your attention. Upon receipt of a response from the proprietor we shall then contact the relevant insurer direct in an attempt to obtain a speedy resolution of this matter. As discussed with you, procedures involved in relation to a claim similar to yours will initially require informal discussions being undertaken with the insurer to allow them the opportunity to assess as to whether they are in fact liable for your injuries. In the majority of cases the relevant insurer will require an appropriate statement to be obtained from yourself by a loss assessor instructed by themselves. If such eventuates we feel that such interview ought to be undertaken in the presence of ourselves to ensure that your claim is not prejudiced. Upon receipt of any advice from such insurer as to an interview being undertaken we shall contact you in order to make suitable arrangements for such interview to take place in our office. After all investigations have been undertaken by the insurer, informal settlement negotiations will be carried out. Should the matter be unable to be resolved at that time it will be necessary for formal Court proceedings be filed before the District Court of New South Wales. Should we reach an impasse with the relevant insurer we will advise you further as to the formal procedures involved with respect to the preparation for filing of such a claim before the Court. We reiterate our advice to yourself that in the majority of cases an amicable settlement is able to be achieved without the necessity of proceeding to formal Court process. As indicated in conference we note that with respect to our professional fees such are charged at the conclusion of the matter and based upon the time expended by ourselves in the preparation and conduct of your claim. In the event that your claim is unsuccessful we note that we will not render a memorandum of professional fees with respect to acting on your behalf, however, note that with respect to any expenses or disbursements incurred by ourselves, including the payment of appropriate report fees and searches etc., that payment of such expenses be made by yourself upon incurring same. We shall contact you further upon receipt of advice from the relevant insurer of K Mart Chatswood. Should you wish to discuss any aspects of the above please do not hesitate to contact the writer on 328 Yours faithfully, BOOTH MATHER BLACKMORE Encl. CB940026 8 February 1994 The ProprietorManager K Mart Chatswood Chatswood Chase CHATSWOOD NSW 2067 Dear SirMadam, RE NICOLA ADAMS We refer to the abovenamed and advise that we have received instructions to act on her behalf with respect to injuries sustained by her as a result of a box falling from a shelf in your store onto our client on the 26th November, We are instructed that the circumstances giving rise to the accident indicate that you or your employees were negligent and accordingly, we hold you responsible for compensation to our client. Should you hold insurance we suggest that you contact such company in order to advise of the claim being made by our client. Further, we request that you advise of the full particulars relating to such insurance including Name and address of relevant insurer Claim number andor Policy number. We note our instructions that our client continues to suffer from extreme disability as a result of injuries occurring subsequent to the incident and accordingly compensation is sought for same. We note that as a result of the incident our client continues to suffer from extreme disability in her neck due to the incident. We look forward to receipt of your response with respect to the above as a matter of urgency. Should you wish to discuss the above please contact Mr Blackmore of this office on 328 Yours faithfully, BOOTH MATHER BLACKMORE C.Blackmore940026 18 October 1994 Mr I. K. Adams PO Box 511 WAHROONGA NSW 2076 Dear Mr Adams, RE NICOLAS CLAIM AGAINST COLES MYER LIMITED We refer to the above and to your letter of 30th September, We note that formal proceedings have now been commenced following receipt of Counsels advice as to the Statement of Claim. As indicated to yourself, the Defendant has a period of 28 days after service of the Statement of Claim to file a Notice of Grounds of Defence. In the event that such Defence is not filed we can then seek default judgement. We do anticipate that the Defendant will defend the action and thereafter the matter will then be placed in the Court list to await the allocation of a callover date. We do note, in accordance with the current Court delays, it is unlikely that the matter will be allocated a further callover date within the next 18 months. Notwithstanding same we note that we shall keep you informed as to the progress of the matter. We thank you for the report received from Wynyard Sports Injury Clinic and note that such will assist with regard to Nicolas claim. Prior to Nicolas departure we did indicate to her that it was essential that she keep a record of all relevant practitioners upon whom she attends for treatment whilst she is overseas as it may be necessary to obtain appropriate reports from such practitioners during the course of her claim. We enclose herewith our receipt with regard to your cheque. Should you have any queries with respect to the above matter please do not hesitate to contact the writer on 328 Yours faithfully, BOOTH MATHER BLACKMORE Encl. C.Blackmore940026 28 September 1994 Mr I Adams P O Box 511 WAHROONGA NSW 2076 Dear Mr Adams, RE NICOLAS CLAIM AGAINST COLES MYER We refer to the above matter and to our telephone conversation of the 26th September We confirm our advice that Coles Myer Limited has indicated that they are not prepared to increase the offer of settlement made in the sum of in order to finalise Nicolas claim arising as a result of injuries sustained on the 26th November We note that the only alternative is to commence formal proceedings in the District Court of New South Wales seeking compensation for injuries sustained in the accident. Accordingly, we have attended to the preparation of a District Court Statement of Claim for filing. We note that prior to filing the Statement of Claim it will be necessary for filing fees in the sum of 13500 be paid. Accordingly, we ask that you forward to us your cheque made payable to the District Court of New South Wales in the sum of As indicated to Nicola prior to leaving overseas, we are concerned as to what the prognosis will be with respect to her neck condition. This is particularly so having regard to aspects of her current employment and the necessity for her neck to be in a fixed position for lengthy periods of time. In accordance with the medical report obtained at the request of Coles Myer we note that it is their view that all of Nicolas present symptoms stem from her work and not from the incident that occurred on the 26th November We find this view totally inconsistent with Nicolas history and the views expressed by both Dr Dixon and Dr Bone. This is especially so when you have regard to Nicolas age. Should you have any queries with respect to the above please do not hesitate to contact the writer on 328 Yours faithfully, BOOTH MATHER BLACKMORE C. Blackmore940026 25 July 1994 Ms N. Adams PO Box 511 WAHROONGA NSW 2076 Dear Nicola, RE YOUR CLAIM We refer to the above matter and to previous correspondence herein. We enclose herewith for your attention copy of report of Dr D. Dixon dated 18th July, We confirm that we have forwarded such report to Coles Myer with a request that they advise of their instruction as to whether they are prepared to review the offer previously made. Following our recent telephone conversation, we confirm we are yet to receive advice from Coles Myer as to whether they are prepared to forward Dr Parkers medicolegal report following your examination.

PETER CAREY THE TAX INSPECTOR 12 It was the day they had tried to put her in a nursing home, but it would be the same on any other day when Mrs Catchprice went to lock the big cyclone gates of Catchprice Motors, she would look up at Cathy and Howies apartment window. The look would say just try and stop me. At six oclock exactly in two minutes time Howie would look through the Venetian blinds and see her apartment door open, like a tricky clock in a Victorian arcade. First, the old woman would put her nose out and sniff the air. Then she would look down at the cars. Then she would come out on to the landing and stare at the window where she thought her enemy was waiting for her to die. She thought it was Howie who conspired to commit her. She needed no proof. It was obvious. He was fiddling with the books, renting other premises, preparing to set up as a Honda dealer, in opposition. He was plotting, certainly, continually, every moment of the day, but what he was plotting to do was to have a life like Ernest Tubb, The Gold Chain Troubadour. He was plotting to have his wife run away with him. It was only Cathy who kept him locked inside those cyclone gates. She had an entire band trying to drag her out on to the road. She had Drunk as a Lord with a bullet on the Country charts. She had fans who wrote to her. She had a life to go to, but she was a Catchprice, and she was tangled in all that mad Catchprice shit that had her shouting at her mother while she fed her, at war with her brother while she fretted about his loneliness, firing her nephew while she went running to his cellar door, knocking and crying and leaving presents for him she bought him dope, for Chrissakes, dope, in a pub, to cheer him up. You would not want to know about that kids life, his brother either. They were like institution kids with old mens eyes in their young faces, but she loved them, unconditionally, with an intensity that she tried to hide even from her husband. Howie could not trust those boys, either of them, but he had learned not to speak against them in his wifes presence. Indeed, Howie had become as calculating and secretive as Granny Catchprice thought he was, but he did not covet Catchprice money or the Catchprice Goodwill Factor and he did not want to set up in competition to the family firm. His happy thought was of long tendrils of vines snaking through brick walls of Catchprice Motors, collapsed fire escapes, high walls covered by bearded mosses and flaking lichens, rusting cyclone fence collapsing under a load of Lantana and wild passionfruit. He was not counting on Granny Catchprices death to free him he judged it would be too long in coming. Mrs Catchprice had the only authorized keys to the cyclone gates, and she would not give them up. Every morning at halfpast six she opened them, and every night she locked them up again. They were not light or easy. You could see her lean her brittle little shoulders into the hard steel and guess what it might take her to get those big galvanized rollers moving. But she would not give up those keys to anyone. If you wanted to get a car out of the yard outside the hours you were meant to go up the fire escape and ask her, please, if it was not too much trouble. Granny did not have guests and neither did Mort. When they shut the gates at night it was as if they were severing connection with The General Public until morning. It was only Howie and Cathy who were social. Their guests had to drive down the workshop laneway and park outside the entrance to the Spare Parts Department. They then honked once or twice and Howie went down to let them in. This was never any problem with musicians. But Howie was sometimes embarrassed to have their visitors first approach their apartment along a steelshelved avenue stacked with leaf springs and shock absorbers. At six oclock, on the dot, Gran Catchprice came out on to her landing. She not only looked across at him, she bowed, and gave a mocking little curtsy. You old chook, he said. He frowned and fitted a cigarette into the corner of his smile. Cathy came in from the kitchen with two cans of Reschs Pilsener. She was wearing a gingham skirt which showed off her strong, wellshaped legs, and white socks and black shoes like a school kid. She gave him one can and sat on the rickety pingpong table. It was two and a half hours before their meeting with the band but already she had that high nervous look she had in the fifteen minutes before she did a show. He loved that look. You could not say she was beautiful, but he sat night after night in bars for a hundred miles around Franklin and watched men change their opinion of her as she sang. She had a good band, but it was nothing special. She had a good voice, but there were better. It was her words, and it was her feelings. She could turn the shit of her life into jewels. She had plump arms and maybe a little too much weight under the chin and her belly pushed out against her clothes, but she was sexy. You had to say, whatever problems she had in bed, she was a sexy woman. You could watch men see it in her, but never straightaway. Big night, he said. He stood up so she could take the bar stool and he sat instead on the pingpong table. Sure, she said. She was bright and tight, could barely talk. Tonight she was going to have her meeting with the band and with the lawyer. She drank her beer. He leaned across to rub her neck, but you could not touch her neck or shoulders unless she had been drinking. Dont, hon. She took his hand and held it. Something had happened with the neck and shoulders. Sentimental Cacka had dragged her out of bed at two in the morning to sing Batti, batti from Don Giovanni to his visitors. It happened then, he guessed. She never said exactly, but he saw it exactly, in his minds eye. You could see the shadows of it. You could draw a map from them. What you think she said. About what Will I do it Youve got to decide, he said. I cant tell you what to do. Im just hurt, I guess. Im pissed off with them for talking to a lawyer. Sure, he said. I know. He patted her thigh sympathetically he was the one who had persuaded Craig and Steve Putzel that they could pull Cathy out on the road if they did what he said. He was the one who found them this socalled Entertainment Lawyer. He had manoeuvred them all to this point where they were an inch away from having the lives they wanted, all of them. He brushed some ash off his suede shoe. He buttoned his suit jacket and unbuttoned it. Big night, he said again. Through the Venetian blinds he could see Mort walking down the fire escape from his mothers apartment. This time next year, all this was going to seem like a bad dream. Cathy saw Mort too. Theyve been talking about the doctor, she said. You can bet on it. Hes been telling her it was all my idea, the coward. Howie always thought Mort was a dangerous man, but he doubted he would be dishonest in the way Cathy imagined. He watched Mort as he bent over the whitewashed sign Howie had written on the windscreen of the red Toyota truck. He scratched at it with his fingernail. He doesnt like my sign, he said. Cathy lifted the Venetian blind a fraction so it pinged. Mrs Catchprice had walked back from the gates and joined her son. She also scratched at the whitewash with one of her keys. You know he thinks Asnew is sleazy, Cathy said. You must have known theyd wipe it off. Ah, said Howie, who cares. That surprised her. She looked at him with her head on one side and then, silently, drew aside his jacket, undid a shirt button, and looked at the colour of his rash. She said You really think Im going to take the leap, dont you He wasnt counting on anything until it happened. She had been this close four years before, and once again, two years before that. Each time Granny Catchprice pulled her strings. You would not believe the tricks the old woman could pull to keep her workhorse working. If were done for tax I cant go on the road. You know that. I cant just desert them. Yes you can, he said. He did up his shirt button. This time youve got to. Yes, she said. Ive got to. She had that tightness in her bones, a flushed luminous look, as if she was about to do a show. He watched her drain her beer. You look beautiful, he said. This time Im going to do it. When you look like that I want to fuck you. He came and held her from behind and began to kiss her neck. She accepted his kisses. They lay on her skin like unresolved puzzles. Hes coming up here, she said. She meant Mort. He could see why she said it. Mort was walking across the yard this way, but he was probably on his way to hammer and yell at Bennys cellar door. Morts house shared a hot water service with their apartment, but Mort had not visited them for nine years. Hes coming here, she said. This is it. Its starting. She had such amazing skin very white and soft. Dont She broke free from his hands, suddenly irritated. Its nothing, he said. Itll be about the nursing home. Theyre going to try and make me stay. Cathy, Cathy dotted line they dont even believe youre leaving them. Shes sending him to say something to me. Honey, calm down. Think. What could they say to you at this stage Cathys eyes began to water. Shes so unfair. Howie stroked her neck. Youre fortysix years old, he said. Youre entitled to your own life. She makes him say it for her. Hes going to say how much she needs me. She put her hand on his sleeve. Hes coming up the stairs. Let me lock the door, Howie said. Mort had not visited their apartment since he argued with Howie about the pingpong table. This is the living room, he said. Theres no room for a pingpong table. With all respect, Howie had answered, thats not your business. Respect is something you wouldnt know about, Mort said. Its the Family Home. Youre turning it into a joke. Even allowing for the fact his father had just died, this was a crazy thing to say. Howie could not think of how to answer him. Respect Mort said. Then he slammed his fist into the brick wall behind Howies head. It came so close it grazed his ear. Ill lock the door, Howie said, not moving. Cathy poured some Benedictine into a tumbler. Then the door opened and she looked up and there was Mort and his lost wife, side by side. But it couldnt be Sophie. Sophie had left thirteen years ago. 13 It wasnt Sophie. It was Benny. He had made himself into the spitting image of the woman who had shot him. Whether he had meant to do it, or if it was an accident of bright white hair, the effect was most disturbing, to Cathy anyway.

Particle Acceleration Processes in the Solar Corona D. B. Melrose School of Physics , University of Sydney, Sydney, N.S.W. 2006, Australia. Abstract Theoretical ideas on particle acceleration associated with solar flares are reviewed. A historical outline is used to introduce the various acceleration mechanisms. These are stochastic acceleration in its various forms, diffusive acceleration at shock fronts, shock drift acceleration, resonant acceleration, acceleration during magnetic reconnection and acceleration by parallel electric fields in double layers or electrostatic shocks. Particular emphasis is placed on socalled first phase acceleration of electrons in solar flares, which is conventionally attributed to bulk energisation of electrons Ramaty et al. 1980. There is no widely accepted theory for bulk energisation, which may be regarded as an enhanced form of heating. Ideas on bulk energisation are discussed critically. It is argued that the dissipation cannot be due to classical resistivity and involves anomalous resistivity or hyperresistivity, e.g., in multiple double layers. The dissipation must occur in very many localised regions. Bulk energisation due to magnetic reconnection is discussed briefly. A model for bulk energisation due to the continual formation and decay of weak double layers is outlined. Other aspects of particle acceleration associated with solar flares are reviewed more briefly. The specific topics discussed include the following 1 prompt acceleration of ions to greater thanapproximatesign30 MeV per nucleon on a time scale less thanapproximatesign1 s, implied by data on prompt gammasignray bursts, 2 second phase acceleration, emphasising radio evidence for at least six phases of electron acceleration as well as the data on solar cosmic rays, 3 the problem of creating a seed population of energetic particles, required for the favoured second phase acceleration mechanisms to operate, and 4 the preferential acceleration of ions of different species in connection with the socalled anomalous abundances in solar cosmic rays. Introduction Acceleration of energetic particles in association with solar flares was originally separated into two phases Wild, Smerd and Weiss 1963, de Jager 1969. Radio data suggest that there are many more than two phases of acceleration Smerd 1975, Melrose and Dulk 1987, and there is unambiguous evidence for nonflareassociated acceleration, most notably in storms. However, it remains helpful to concentrate on two general classes of acceleration similar to the two phases as originally proposed. One class of acceleration is bulk energisation in which, it appears, all the electrons in a substantial volume have their energies increased by a substantial fraction in a short time. The other class of acceleration consists of all those processes that involve suprathermal particles with a clearly nonthermal distribution. These include all the traditional second phase acceleration processes, such as acceleration by hydromagnetic turbulence and by shock waves. The concept of bulk energisation of electrons arose in connection with the acceleration of electrons in the impulsive phase of solar flares. A working definition of bulk energisation in the impulsive phase is that it involves an increase in the mean energy of the electrons by a factor greater thanapproximatesign10 in a time less thanapproximatesign1s. In bulk energisation, the energised electrons have a quasithermal distribution in the statistical sense that the ratio of the variance to the mean square energy is close to that for a Maxwellian distribution. The production of a nonthermal tail on the electron distribution and any associated bulk energisation of the ions are important questions that should be addressed in association with any detailed discussion of bulk energisation of electrons. The hard Xray data e.g. Dennis 1985 are interpreted in terms of precipitating electrons emitting bremsstrahlung, and the data then require that greater thanapproximatesign20 keV electrons precipitate at a rate up to about 1036s1 Hoyng, Brown and van Beek 1976. The energy involved in these electrons is a substantial fraction of the energy released in a flare. The most widely favoured interpretation is that the energy released goes primarily into such electrons for most flares, with a substantial energy going into mass motions and into a blast wave only for large flares. The rate equals approximatelysign1036s1 of precipitation and the total number of precipitating electrons required up to equals approximatelysign1039 are so large that they lead to severe constraints on the model. These and associated constraints have led some authors to explore the alternative hypothesis that the hard Xrays are due to precipitating ions Colgate 1978, Simnett 1986. Current opinion favours a dominant role for the electrons. It is relevant to note that many type III events observed in the interplanetary medium are associated with storms and not with flares e.g., Suzuki and Dulk 1985, Kai, Melrose and Suzuki 1985 moreover, many such events are dominated by electrons of quite low energy 210 keV that could not possibly come from a flare site due to the prohibitive collisional losses in propagating through the lower corona e.g., Lin 1985. It follows that bulk energisation is not restricted to flares, and that it also occurs in storms where it is required to account for the electrons in storm type III bursts, and also presumably for the electrons that produce type I bursts. There is no consensus on the detailed mechanisms involved in bulk energisation. There is a wide variety of acceleration mechanisms for suprathermal particles. These include stochastic acceleration of various kinds, including acceleration in neutral sheets, and acceleration by shock waves. Stochastic acceleration is often called Fermi acceleration, but this can be ambiguous because Fermi acceleration is used with two different meanings, one being the specific mechanism proposed originally by Fermi, cf. section2, and the other being the generic sense in which it is effectively synonymous with stochastic acceleration. A characteristic feature of most stochastic acceleration mechanisms is that there is a threshold energy below which any specific mechanism is ineffective or inoperative. Thus such acceleration is effective only when a seed population of energetic particles already exists. Put in other words, an injection spectrum of suprathermal particles is required. The acceleration increases the energy of the already suprathermal particles but does not increase s the number of suprathermal particles. The production of suprathermal particles, that is, the formation of a nonthermal tail on a thermal distribution of particles, is regarded as a separate but essential problem. The main emphasis in this review is on acceleration associated with solar flares. There is an extensive literature on this topic some more recent reviews include those by Ramaty et al. 1980, Heyvaerts 1981, Forman, Ramaty and Zweibel 1985, de Jager 1986, Somov 1986a, Vlahos et al. 1986, Ramaty and Forman 1987 and Sakai and Ohsawa 1987. Related reviews are those of acceleration in the interplanetary medium, e.g., Fish 1979, Pesses, Decker and Armstrong 1982, Forman and Webb 1985, and also some more general reviews of acceleration with some emphasis on solar applications, e.g., Toptygin 1980, Axford 1981, Toptyghin 1983. In section2 acceleration mechanisms are introduced in a primarily historical context and then classified. Some existing and new ideas on bulk energisation of electrons are discussed in section3, and the associated in the impulsive phase prompt acceleration of ions is discussed in sectionSome general remarks on second phase acceleration mechanisms are presented in section5 and the important associated question of the production of suprathermal particles, needed as the seed population, is discussed in connection with socalled anomalous abundances in section Historical Review It is convenient to separate acceleration mechanisms into five general types stochastic, shock, resonant, reconnection and parallel electric. The ideas behind each of these are introduced here from a historical viewpoint. Stochastic Acceleration The development of current ideas on the acceleration of particles is generally regarded as starting with the suggestion by Fermi 1949, 1954 that galactic cosmic rays are accelerated by bouncing off magnetised clouds. The specific mechanism proposed by Fermi is ineffective in practice, but the proposed mechanism contains ideas that are relevant to all versions of stochastic acceleration. One can identify three important ingredients in Fermis mechanism. One is that a particle gains energy in a headon collision with a cloud and loses energy in an overtaking collision. The second idea is that if the cosmic rays are moving at random then they have a higher probability of having a headon rather than an overtaking collision. The first order changes in the energy in headon and in overtaking collisions cancel in a statistical treatment, but the second order effects do not and the difference leads to a net average acceleration over a time long compared with the collision time. The third ingredient is more subtle because it is implicit the assumption that the distribution of particles remains isotropic requires a specific mechanism that isotropises the particles. The reason is that the collisions tend to align the particle velocities along the magnetic field lines, and this alignment severely limits the acceleration. Fermitype acceleration also occurs in the socalled betatron effect magnetic pumping in the plasma physics literature in a magnetic trap when there are temporal variations in the strength B of the magnetic field, in which case conservation of the magnetic moment implies that the energy of the particle is proportional to B Swann 1933, Schlumlautter 1957, Berger et al. 1958. A related process is transit acceleration e.g., Shen 1965 when particles diffuse through an inhomogeneous B. The important features of all such mechanisms is that they involve statistical energy gains and that they require a mechanism that tends to maintain the assumed isotropy of the particles. These ideas are applicable to acceleration by MHD turbulence. Qualitatively, the efficiency of the acceleration is higher when the energy changes are both frequent and small than when they are both infrequent and relatively large, as in Fermis mechanism. In earlier treatments of this effect Thompson 1955, Kaplan 1956, Davis 1956, Parker 1957, Parker and Tidman 1958, the need to maintain isotropy was implicit. Various mechanisms to maintain isotropy were included in later statistical treatments e.g., Asseacuteo and Barthomieu 1966, Sturrock 1966, Hall and Sturrock 1967, with the main emphasis being on resonant scattering e.g., Hasselmann and Wibberenz 1968, Melrose 1968a, Kulsrud and Ferrari 1971. The importance of resonant scattering was first recognised in connection with particles trapped in the earths radiation belts the scattering of ions involves Alfveacute n waves Wentzel 1961, Dragt 1961 and the scattering of electrons involves whistlers Dungey 1963, Cornwall 1964, cf. also Kennel and Petschek 1966. These waves can be generated by the particles themselves due to their induced anisotropy Melrose 1974. In this mechanism, the low frequency MHD turbulence provides the energy and the high frequency waves maintain the isotropy. The nature of stochastic acceleration was further clarified by Achterberg 1981 who pointed out that the interaction with the low frequency turbulence may be interpreted in terms of a resonance at harmonic number s 0, whereas the scattering by the high frequency waves is due predominantly to resonances harmonic numbers s plusminussignAn important implication of Achterbergs approach is that Fermitype acceleration is due entirely to magnetoacoustic turbulence. The point is that MHD turbulence in general consists of a mixture of two modes, both of which propagate at approximately the Alfveacuten speed greek letters in a strongly magnetised plasma. There is a third mode, the slow mode, which is not relevant to the discussion here. The magnetoacoustic or fast mode is compressive and propagates almost isotropically, and the Alfveacuten mode is tortional and has an energy flow only parallel to the field lines. One class of model for acceleration by MHD turbulence involves a magnetic cascade, e.g., Bicknell and Melrose 1982, van Ballagooijen 1986. In a magnetic cascade there is a source of MHD turbulence with a large characteristic scale length. The resulting longwavelength turbulence breaks up into shorter wavelength turbulence, with a dissipationfree flow of energy in kspace from the source at small pipekpipe long wavelengths through the socalled inertial regime to a sink at large pipekpipe short wavelengths. Each breakup should produce a roughly equal mixture of the two modes irrespective of the initial mode of the MHD turbulence. However, only the magnetoacoustic component damps due to Fermitype acceleration of fast particles. Alfveacuten turbulence is ineffective in accelerating particles through a Fermitype process because the matrix element for resonance at s 0 is very small for Alfveacuten waves in comparison to that for magnetoacoustic waves at the same wavelength.

Preface This is a book about attitudes. Reinventing Australia is not intended to be a comprehensive assessment of Australian society nor a series of brave predictions about how the Australian way of life will change. It is simply an account of how Australians attitudes are changing under the influence of the events of the past 20 years a period of relentless social, cultural, economic, political and technological change. The analysis is based on a longterm social research program, The Mackay Report, which has been continuously probing Australians attitudes, values, motivations, fears, hopes and dreams since In that time, over 60 individual reports have been published and many of them are quoted in the pages of this book. A complete list of the reports appears in the Appendix, together with a description of the research methods used in the program. I know that many Australians will recognise themselves in these pages. Thousands of people have participated in the group discussions and individual interviews on which the research is based, and I am grateful to all of them for the time they have so generously given to the program. Their willing participation makes this kind of social research possible their frankness and openness gives it its integrity. 1 New Women Old Men There is no doubt about which of the redefinitions of the past 20 years has had most impact on the Australian way of life it isthe redefinition of gender roles which has taken place in the minds of roughly half the population the female half. It is sobering to remind ourselves that we only have to go back as far as the mid1970s to realise that a revolution of breathtaking speed has taken place in Australian womens view of themselves and, by implication, in their view of men. Just 20 years ago, it was safe to say that Australian women were secondclass citizens the legal system said it, the financial services market said it, and the cultural context certainly said it. For most of the twentieth century, Australian women were conditioned to accept that they were living in a society dominated and controlled by men and that, in most cases, they would acquire a kind of secondhand identity from the men they would marry. They may have resented it they may have been deeply frustrated by it but they generally accepted that this was their lot. Today, that kind of proposition sounds absurd. Today, anyone who seriously suggested that women should settle for secondclass status or for a secondhand identity would be run out of town. Of course, there are still plenty of women who will cheerfully settle for a secondhand identity, but mainstream attitudes have radically changed in the past 20 years. When the latest wave of feminism hit Australia in the early to mid1970s, Australian women experienced what felt like an astonishing awakening they discovered that a woman was a person. Thats all. That was the heart of the entire revolution I am a person, entitled to the same sense of identity and the same status in our society as any other person. Not a very radical proposition, on reflection, but it was one which has led to some of the most revolutionary changes in the Australian way of life this century. Once women begin to redefine the role and status of women in our society, this changes everything it changes their view of the role and status of men, of romance, of sex, of marriage, of parenting, of family life, of work, of household management, of politics dotted line hardly an aspect of the Australian way of life has remained untouched by the revolutionary change in the way Australian women have come to see themselves over the past 20 years. The key group of women the women who formed the pioneering generation were those aged roughly between 18 and 35 years when the Womens Lib movement found its voice in Australian society in the mid1970s. Those were the women who immediately sensed that the role models of their mothers and grandmothers were going to be either inappropriate or unacceptable. Those were the women whose latent resentment of secondclass status was activated by the rallying cry of the feminists Germaine Greer in particular. Those were the women who saw a wonderful prospect of liberation before them the prospect of leading more fulfilling lives, and of being more active and complete participants in adult society. Of course, other women held back from the revolution and found themselves rather frightened by the strident messages of the radical feminists. They feared for the safety of traditional values associated with mothering and with family life they wondered why so many women were rushing headlong into a redefinition of gender roles when they themselves were finding such intense satisfaction in traditional wifeandmother roles they wondered what would become of the children of a generation of women who seemed so determined to combine family life with paid employment, and who seemed so anxious to blur the traditional distinctions between men and women. But such dissenting voices were largely drowned out in the enthusiasm for redefining gender roles which so captivated an entire generation of Australian women in the late Seventies and throughout the Eighties. Very quickly, it became obvious that the new values inspired by feminism would have to be expressed in some symbolic way. This is the nature of revolutionary change, after all. Most changes in attitudes and values are the result of changed circumstances but, when a revolution is taking place, attitudes often change first because of an underlying sense of dissatisfaction which has not previously found an outlet, and new patterns of behaviour subsequently emerge. The symbolic behaviour which women chose as an expression of their newfound definition of gender was work fulltime or parttime paid employment outside the home became a central aspiration for this pioneering generation of women. Whereas their mothers and grandmothers had assumed that a career or even a job would be abandoned in favour of the role of wife and mother, the pioneers of the Seventies and Eighties saw work outside the home as the most potent symbol of their liberation. This has always seemed rather strange to men, who might have seen retirement from work as a more appropriate symbol of liberation. But for women who, by cultural convention and social pressure, had been virtually forced out of the workforce when they became mothers, the chance to combine motherhood with a place in the paid workforce was a heady prospect indeed. As a symbol, it had everything it represented a passport to a new, more tangible sense of identity it created the possibility of at least partial financial independence it relieved women from the humiliation of having to describe themselves as being just a housewife. Of course, the enthusiasm to stay in the workforce or to rejoin the workforce after the birth of children had more than symbolic attraction. At a time when Australia was entering one of its most explicit phases of materialism a period in which the Me Generations obsession with selfindulgence was coming into full flower the prospect of being able to earn money while still having a family had economic as well as emotional attractions. And so, in the period from the midSeventies to the early Nineties, Australian labour market statistics were rewritten. In 1970, 32 per cent of married women were in the workforce by 1990, that figure had risen to 53 per cent of all married women and 60 per cent of all mothers with dependent children. But women who had embraced the new values of Womens Lib had not abandoned the traditional homeandfamily, wifeandmother values which they had inherited from their mothers and grandmothers. So although they were busily constructing a new framework for their lives, they were continuing to operate within an existing framework as well. Needless to say, this created enormous complications and difficulties for the women involved. In many ways, it was easier for the radicals than for the moderates. The radicals were more easily able to replace one set of values with another. But for the moderates who represented the vast majority of the generation of women caught up in this redefinition, a very troubled future lay ahead. For these women, the challenge was not simply to live out the new values rather, the challenge was to find a way of incorporating the new values into an existing set of values. The solution which most of them settled for was to lead a double life to express traditional homeandfamily values at home, and to express feministliberationist values at work. For many women, this created the emotional hazard of having to leap a kind of symbolic barrier on the way to work each morning, and then to leap back over it on the way home at night. Many women have suffered from a high degree of personal stress as a direct result of having to make this daily adjustment. They have not yet found a way to reconcile the two sets of values which so often seem to be in conflict, and so they have compartmentalised their lives and paid a very high emotional price for doing so. But the idea of fulltime or even parttime work outside the home as a symbol of the New Woman was so seductive that the difficulties it created for mothers were accepted as part of the price to be paid for being a revolutionary. Even those women who felt themselves to be most ground down or misunderstood as a result of trying to combine the two roles felt that to retreat from the workforce would be to admit defeat and to run the risk of being seen as a traitor to the revolution. Those mothers who elected to stay home and look after their families on a fulltime basis reported during the 1980s that the strongest sense of disapproval which they felt came not from husbands who might have appreciated the extra income or the extra stimulation associated with a working wife, but from other women. It became a common complaint among stayathome mothers of the 1980s that they were often treated by working women as if they were somehow letting down the revolution. The social and cultural pressure on married women to use work outside the home as a means of acquiring a clearer and more independent sense of identity was almost irresistible. And so was born one of the most significant sociolcultural changes of the last 50 years the emergence of the working mother as a mainstream phenomenon. Between 1945 and 1975, mothers who worked were generally regarded as being the victims of economic necessity or, in rare cases, being such stars in their fields particularly professional and artistic fields that it was understood that they would place work ahead of the normal familyrelated goals of the majority of Australian women. Since 1975, however, the working mother has become the norm when almost twothirds of women with dependent children work outside the home, those women who choose not to work find themselves having to explain their decision to stay at home. The Working Mother To understand the real impact of the redefinition of womens role in Australian society at the end of the twentieth century, therefore, we have to devote our primary attention to the phenomenon of the working mother. What is it like to be a woman who has decided to combine a job which her mother thought was a fulltime job with another job outside the home The Problem of Fatigue First, they report having to deal with the problem of daily exhaustion. They see their lives as being a constant battle against fatigue. They go to work and get tired and then they come home only to face what is now often described as the second shift. In other words, they do a days work at work and then brace themselves to tackle a second days work at home including such major tasks as cooking, cleaning, washing, ironing, supervising homework, plus the myriad planning and management tasks which are involved in continuous housekeeping and parenting.

Tax office looks at ways to reduce blowout in claims By TIM DODD The Australian Taxation Office is considering a range of measures to reduce the 2 billion blowout in personal tax deductions which is threatening to take back the savings in running costs made from the introduction of selfassessment. But no particular course of action has been decided upon according to a tax office spokesman. The 2 billion increase in deductions, revealed by The Australian Financial Review on Friday, costs the Commonwealth 700800 million a year in lost revenue. The spokesman said that the tax offices latest figures showed the huge increase in deductions had tailed off in the 198990 income year. But the 198990 figures are still provisional because not all personal tax for the year has been collected. The tax office points out that some of the increase in deductions is due to a growth in the number of taxpayers many from the lodgement amnesty, the effects of inflation, and more awareness in the community about employment related tax deductions. But tax officials do perceive the increase as a threat to revenue and are looking at what can be done. There are a number of alternatives. One would be to step up the number of audits andor apply the substantiation rules more strictly. These rules require taxpayers to have documentary evidence to support deductions claimed and are very specific as to the type of evidence required. If they were applied strictly in every case then a great many taxpayers would find they had not kept the correct receipts etc. to support the genuine deductions they had claimed. However, the Commissioner of Taxation, Mr Trevor Boucher, has taken a commonsense approach to substantiation, usually allowing deductions, even without the correct evidence, if it was clear that the taxpayer had incurred the expense. Last month Federal Parliament passed legislation which specifically wrote this discretionary power of the commissioners into the law. This means that a taxpayer can now appeal to the Administrative Appeals Tribunal should he or she disagree with the commissioners decision on whether to allow a particular deduction. Another way would be to approach the Government for new legislation limiting the types of deduction allowed or the amount which could be claimed. The option to disallow the first 500 of l,000 claimed outlined by the tax office in documents obtained by The Australian Financial Review falls into this category. But this particular scheme is political dynamite for any government unless it is part of a package of measures which offers compensation to taxpayers. One practical possibility would be for the Government to deal with the increase in deductions as a part of its income tax simplification programme. The programme, most of which is still under wraps, has looked at ways to simplify deductions as a part of the wider scheme. It is not clear how far the simplification of the deduction system will go, but many tax officials would prefer that deductions which are difficult to administer and offer avenues for tax avoidance be largely abolished and replaced by a system which deducted all personal income tax at source. Under such a scheme the Government would compensate for the revenue gain by making tax cuts, but it seems unlikely that the Government would agree to simplification on such a sweeping scale. Govt ends livesheep trade to Saudi Arabia until new agreement By CATHY BOLT The Federal Government has effectively shut down the troubled livesheep trade to Saudi Arabia. In a demonstration of increasing frustration over the Saudis continued rejection of Australian sheep, the Federal Minister for Primary Industries and Energy, Mr Kerin, yesterday told the Saudi ambassador in Canberra, Mr A. Rahman Alohaly, that the trade was being conducted in an unacceptable manner. In a statement issued after the meeting, Mr Kerin made clear that exports to Saudi Arabia, formerly worth 120 million, would cease until a health and quarantine protocol was negotiated between the two governments. The point has now been reached where, as I informed the ambassador, I do not see how the livesheep trade from Australian can be allowed to continue in the absence of a quarantine and veterinary agreement, he said. I cannot simply sit back and watch the commercial interests involved continue to go their own way, regardless of the consequence both in terms of animal welfare and our relations with other governments that inevitably have to become involved. While power to regulate the trade rests with the Australian Meat and Livestock Corporation, it is unlikely the statutory authority would issue approval for another livesheep carrier to leave for Saudi Arabia in light of the ministers statement. Mr Kerin said his meeting with Mr Alohaly was prompted by the Saudis decision last month to spurn two more cargoes from Australia and New Zealand 80,000 head aboard the Mawashi Al Gasseem and 66,500 head on the Mawashi Al Tabuk which left New Zealand in November. They were the latest in a series of rejections which began in mid The New Zealand sheep were finally unloaded in Jordan this week while the Mawashi Al Gasseems cargo is still being held in quarantine in the United Arab Emirates. They face an uncertain fate given the UAEs commitment not to take sheep rejected by the Saudis on grounds of disease. The New Zealand Agriculture Minister, Mr John Falloon, suspended livesheep exports from that country on Monday, also pending the establishment of a health protocol governing the trade. Mr Kerin said he had asked the Saudi ambassador to pass on to the Saudi Government and the Saudi Minister for Agriculture and Water, Mr Al Shaikh, the Australian Governments concern over the inability to come to sensible arrangements that would ensure the continuance of the livesheep trade on a secure longterm basis. Without wishing to detract in any way from the sovereign rights of the kingdom of Saudi Arabia in quarantine matters, these difficulties and uncertainties can only be resolved by governments. ASX to grant greater leeway on buybacks By BARRIE DUNSTAN The Australian Stock Exchange has produced a final draft that gives listed companies greater scope to buy back their shares on the open market. The new share buyback rules were the main part of a series of amendments to ASX listing rules released yesterday and now await formal approval by the Australian Securities Commission. The new share buyback rules are not expected to be operative until the part of the Corporations Act that allows onmarket buybacks is proclaimed. The ASX estimates this is unlikely to be before February. Under the new rules, listed companies have to establish a buyback scheme by lodging a notice with the exchange and advertising in a national newspaper. The notices need to give the maximum number of shares allowed to be repurchased, the reasons for the operation, whether directors and their associates reserve the right to sell shares onmarket to the company and which directorsassociates and any new information appropriate or relevant to shareholders. Once established, the buyback scheme can run for six months and can be reactivated to giver companies a virtual permanent right to buy on the market. This is a change from the second draft of the proposed rules, which the ASX now admits were inflexible and unnecessarily restrictive. The earlier draft limited companies to a shorter period and locked them into a fixed price for the buyback. Now, companies have the right to creep the buyback price upwards by a maximum of 5 per cent above the average of the last sale price on the last five days where a sale occurred. There are also provisions preventing directors or associates from selling into the onmarket offer if they did not reserve the right to do so in the original scheme notice. The rules also prevent a company from establishing a buyback on the market if the company or any of its directors are aware of an actual or proposed takeover offer or announcement for any of the securities of the company. The new rules also contain strict requirements to disclose where directors or associates have sold to the company in an onmarket buyback sales by directors must be notified to the exchange before the start of business the day after the dealing. The ASX says in its supplement containing the rules that it concluded after submissions on the second draft that it should establish a straightforward, simpletofollow mechanism to allow companies to repurchase their shares at advantageous prices. It has agreed with arguments that it should rely on protections given to shareholders by legislation and common law to deter abuse of the buyback mechanism by directors and their associates who wish to use the market. The rules dispense with some of the notice requirements under the second draft which the ASX says would have imposed substantial costs on companies with a large number of shareholders. The real shape of Austs war effort CANBERRA OBSERVED BY GEOFF KITNEY Australia is making a vastly larger contribution to the Gulf war than a handful of navy ships and medical teams and would have a crucial role to play in what the Prime Minister, Mr Hawke, promises will be a new international order emerging from the conflict. There has been little public discussion and only oblique government acknowledgement of the connection but the fact is that the US joint facilities in Australia are playing a key role in providing early warning of Iraqi missile attacks on Israel and Saudi Arabia and intelligence on Iraqi defences, troop movements and military tactics. The Nurrungar satellite ground station in outback South Australia is the link to the US Patriot missile batteries in the Gulf which have had such success bringing down Iraqi Scud missiles. Nurrungar picks up through infrared satellite sensors the rocket plumes at the point of firing thus giving early warning of the attacks. One senior government figure yesterday suggested that even if Australia sent every aircraft, ship, tank and serviceman to join the allied force in the Gulf it would be less of a contribution to the war effort than the role being played by the joint facilities. It is understood that in discussions with other countries involved in the multinational force in the Gulf, Australia has referred to the role of the joint facilities as its major contribution to the allied efforts to eject Iraqi forces from Kuwait. And the possibility has now been raised that the joint facilities will be given a significant new role in providing vital information which would be necessary for the successful establishment of a new international order policed by the United Nations. The Minister for Foreign Affairs, Senator Evans, in an interview with The Australian Financial Review yesterday, indicated that the joint facilities could be as important to multilateral arms control planning and enforcement in the postCold War period as they had been in policing bilateral agreements between the US and the Soviet Union. If you are moving into a new arms control and verification regime, as part of a new world order in which there is a more rational approach to the resolving international conflicts, the joint facilities have a very definite role in that, he said. The essence of the new world order which the US president, Mr Bush, and Mr Hawke had talked of as being what was at stake in the Gulf war would be a new international structure in which conflict would be resolved through the cooperation of the great powers under the umbrella of the United Nations. There would be three essential elements to this an effective conciliation and peacemaking process built around the SecretaryGeneral of the United Nations a strong peacekeeping force structure and a process of arms control and disarmament policed by the United Nations. If multilateral arms control agreements such as the chemical weapon regime which Australia has been playing a key role in seeking replaced bilateral agreements between the superpowers as the major form of international policing of the behaviour of countries, verification would be crucial.

Locomotion in Macropodoid Marsupials Gaits, Energetics and Heat Balance R. V. Baudinette School of Biological Sciences, Flinders University, Box 2100, GPO Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia. Abstract This review examines gaits used by marsupials and their coupling with respiratory and cardiac cycles. It also examines the energy requirements and heat balance in exercising marsupials. Marsupials have massspecific metabolic rates that lie at the lower end of the mammalian range but this is not reflected in locomotory energetics as quadrupedal marsupials fit the predictive model derived from placentals. The group that does not conform to the model contains the larger hopping macropods in which an independence between metabolic rate and hopping speed is achieved on treadmills at most speeds by the storage of elastic strain energy in tendons. This yields a saving of up to 50 of the energy that would be otherwise used for locomotion. The carriage of pouch young appears to reduce the maximum running speed in quadrupedal marsupials but may be costneutral in hopping species. Respiration is entrained to the step cycle in wallabies by means of a visceral piston, but no entrainment of the cardiac cycle has been observed. The consequences of these phenomena are discussed. Marsupials appear to exploit their low body temperatures as a means of storing heat generated during running. Paradoxically, this does not lessen their dependence on evaporative heat loss. Introduction Its two hind legsdotted line are upwards of half an ell in length, and it walks on these only, on the flat of the heavy part of the leg, so that it does not run fast. This account of the tammar wallaby by the Dutch navigator, Pelsaert, in 1629, is probably the first of a macropodoid marsupial, and although he wrote that the animal was a species of cat, he was clearly impressed by its bipedalism. So too was William Dampier, 70 years later, who described what was probably a banded hare wallaby as dotted linea sort of Raccoon, different from those of the West Indies, chiefly as to their legs to these have very short forelegs but go jumping upon them as the others do. Cook, like the Dutch before him, was also impressed by this spectacular form of locomotion and writes of hops spanning seven or eight feet. Apart from its mechanical simplicity, hopping has other significant features. On a massspecific basis it is energetically the cheapest form of locomotion, due in large part to the storage and subsequent recovery of elastic strain energy in tendon and muscle. However, this dependence on stored energy is only apparent in larger hopping species in smaller species such as bettongs, members of the genus Notomys and North American kangaroo rats, bipedalism provides no apparent energy saving see review by Baudinette 1991. A second correlate of bipedalism considered below is the synchronisation of breathing and stride frequencies, a phenomenon seen in other mammals Bramble and Carrier 1983, but most clearly analysed in hopping forms Baudinette et al. 1987 Alexander 1989. In this review gait, energetics and locomotoryrespiratory coupling are dealt with in varying degrees of depth. This is partly to avoid overlap with other recent reviews on energysaving mechanisms Alexander 1991 Baudinette 1991. It is also necessitated by the paucity of information bearing on some aspects of these topics. This review focuses on kangaroos and wallabies superfamily Macropodoidea, a group of particular interest since they are the only large animals to have adopted hopping as their primary form of locomotion. Quadrupedal Gaits in Mammals The gait of an animal, or its pattern of movement, reflects the pattern of acceleration and deceleration of its limbs, and the work done on the centre of mass. It seems reasonable to expect, although it has only been confirmed in humans Margaria 1976 and horses Hoyt and Taylor 1981, that the gait adopted by an animal will minimise the metabolic cost of work done by the muscles at a given running speed. In 1899 Eadweard Muybridge published his classical treatment of gait analysis, Animals in Motion. This monumental work of more than 100 000 photographic plates was prompted by a controversy over whether a moving horse could ever have all feet simultaneously off the ground. The author resolved that dotted line the question settled once and for all time in favour of those who argued for a period of unsupported transit dotted line, then set about to describe the movements of other species of animals, and in the prelude to his detailed analysis described eight gaits the walk, amble, trot, rack, canter, transverse gallop, rotary gallop, and, for the kangaroo, the ricochet. Hildebrand 1976 and Dagg 1973 have subsequently added to his classification to produce a more complete description. Such gaits can be divided into walking and running gaits, depending on the percentage of the locomotor cycle for which the foot is in contact with the ground. Alternatively, they may be divided into symmetrical gaits, in which the footfalls of a given pair of feet are evenly spaced in time, and asymmetrical gaits in which such footfalls are unevenly spaced. A balanced simplification of the 38 symmetrical gaits proposed by Hildebrand 1976 can be achieved with 4 symmetrical walking gaits walking pace, lateral sequence walk, walking trot, diagonal sequence walk and 4 running symmetrical gaits pace, lateral sequence run, trot and diagonal sequence run. Most workers recognise 10 asymmetrical gaits for walking, the slow rotary gallop, slow transverse gallop, slow halfbound and bound and crutch walk and for running, the rotary gallop, transverse gallop, halfbound, bound, and stott or pronk. To these 18 gaits can be added three bipedal gaits the walk, the run and the hop. In so far as it seems reasonable to recognise the 21 basic gaits mentioned above, it is clear that only a very cursory consideration can be given to marsupial gaits because they have not been rigorously studied in many species. All quadrupedal marsupials seem to use some type of walk when moving slowly. The particular member of this class of gaits they use may differ with speed and between species. White 1990 showed that Trichosurus vulpecula can use a walking trot or a diagonal sequence but that Dasyurus hallucatus has a lateral sequence walk and walking trot. Didelphis virginiana has three gaits a lateral sequence walk, walking trot and diagonal sequence walk. Most quadrupedal marsupials use an asymmetrical gait, the bound, or a variant, the half bound, when moving at higher speeds. In the bound the hind and fore limbs act as synchronous pairs punctuated by a period of suspension. Some of the symmetry is lost in the half bound in which the front legs strike the ground one after the other. In describing gaits in Sminthopsis crassicaudata, Ewer 1968 termed fast locomotion a bounding gallop, but from filmed records K. Nagle personal communication reports that the gait of this animal fits Daggs 1973 description of the bound. Similar confusion can arise from Marlows 1969 comment that earlier work by Ride 1965 had showed that Antechinomys spenceri, despite its elongate hind limbs, moves quadrupedally in a series of leaps which are the result of a galloping action. However, Marlows own data suggest a half bound. Other dasyurids for which information is available from filmed treadmill records are Dasyuroides byrnei and Dasyurus viverriunus. Both use a half bound at high speed Baudinette, unpublished data. Observations on two species of bandicoot, Isoodon macrourus and Macrotis lagotis, the wombats Lasiorhinus latifrons and Vombatus ursinus R.T. Wells, personal communication, and the brushtail possum, Trichosurus vulpecula Goldfinch and Molner 1978, suggest that only two modes are used, a slow walk and a half bound at higher speeds. White 1990 reported a galloping stride in T. vulpecula and D. hallucatus but this gait was used only for a short duration and could have been an artefact of treadmill speed selection. Some macropods also employ a bound or half bound. In treadmill studies, Baudinette 1977 found that the quokka, Setonix brachyurus, usually moves in this way, although at speeds above 5 km h1 this gait was occasionally punctuated by six or seven hops. The two species of tree kangaroos Dendrolagus goodfellowi and D. matschiei use a slow alternating walk but at higher speeds move with a bound, Windsor and Dagg 1971 having observed this form of locomotion even on vertical surfaces. In summary, it is clear that quadrupedal marsupials show a diversity of quadrupedal gaits. However, it is one of the areas of marsupial biology for which there is a paucity of data, especially for nonmacropodoid marsupials. Among the data that are available are observations both from overground locomotion and treadmill locomotion, the latter primarily in studies from Baudinettes laboratory. The extent to which differences in these experimental approaches modify the performance of animals is not known. It is a factor that will have to be taken into account if some of the more complex gait classifications are adopted for quadrupedal marsupials. Why do small marsupial quadrupeds, like small eutherians, bound rather than gallop Heglund et al. 1982 have suggested that elastic storage of energy in muscle and tendon is considerable in the gallop of a large animal, since both front and hind limbs alternately accelerate and decelerate the body. Small bounding mammals use the fore limbs as a rigid support between periods of acceleration by the hind limbs, and the potential for such storage and recovery of energy is not as obvious. However, energy storage in animals and in simple machines generally occurs in springs, and the vertebral column may serve this role in smaller animals. The pronounced spinal flexion that occurs during a bound might be associated with the recovery of stored elastic energy. Alexander et al. 1985 showed in dogs and deer that much of the kinetic energy lost by the legs at the extent of the backward swing may be stored as elastic strain energy in the aponeurosis of the principal exterior of the back, the longissinus muscle. Furthermore, it has been suggested that an increase in the time of foot contact with the ground, resulting from bending and extension of the back, may enable the animal to use slower, and therefore more economical, muscle fibres see Kram and Taylor 1990. In the absence of further physical analysis of locomotion in small quadrupeds it is difficult to carry the question further. However, the available data suggest that small marsupials and eutherians have not diverged in their highspeed asymmetric gaits, suggesting that, for animals of this body size, the bound and half bound represent minimal energy costs. Bipedal Motion in Kangaroos Kangaroos and wallabies are the only large vertebrates that move in a hopping gait. Even the fossil record suggests that, apart from macropods, animals using a saltatory form of locomotion seldom exceeded 3 kg in body mass. To early European explorers, perhaps only vaguely aware of the bipedal rodents of North Africa, a 70kg kangaroo must have presented a bizarre sight. Muybridge, in his Animals in Motion 1957, photographed what appears to be a hopping grey kangaroo, and recognised this mode of progression as the most simple of all methods of terrestrial locomotion. Howell 1944 appeared somewhat sceptical that the apparently extreme specialisation in kangaroos would result in efficient locomotion. The Mechanics of Hopping Stride Length and Frequency The speed at which an animal moves is the product of two variables, the length and the frequency of its stride. Stride frequency tends to remain nearly constant as speed increases in galloping animals Heglund et al. 1974 and a similar trend occurs in larger hopping marsupials Fig. 1. Increases in hopping speed in the red kangaroo, and to a lesser extent in the tammar wallaby, are therefore primarily determined by stride length, whereas an increase in stride frequency is important in slower movement. Over the range of hopping speeds used in treadmill studies on the red kangaroo the frequency of hops range of hopping speeds used in treadmill studies on the red kangaroo the frequency of hops ranged from about 130 to 150 per min, or from 1 to 5 Hz Dawson and Taylor 1973. It is interesting that these stride frequencies approximate those preferred by human subjects of similar body mass Farley et al. 1991, supporting the view that frequency is bodymass dependent and that fundamental properties of the muscletendon system set the frequency.

Secret world of the Wombat Far from being muddleheaded, as the childrens stories suggest, the energetic burrower has a betterdeveloped brain than any other marsupial. And its lumbering, bearlike exterior masks a remarkably agile frame. Text and photography by Mitch Reardon The cool autumn sun dipped below the rim of the Rams Head Range in Kosciusko National Park. In the golden aftermath, the mountains thickly wooded slopes and the bluegrey clouds were perfectly mirrored in the Thredbo Rivers glassy surface. Sheryn Woon, my guide, squeezed my arm gently, directing my attention from that visual feast to a sudden movement near the base of a spreading manna gum. Wombat, she whispered, gesturing towards a strangelooking, shuffling creature that had appeared at the entrance of a large hole beneath one of the eucalypts horizontally growing roots. I watched as it paused, one paw diffidently raised, its broad, blunt head drooping as if the animal were still asleep. Only its widely dilating nostrils indicated that it was carefully testing the evening air before venturing beyond the safety of its burrow. Reassured, it wandered into the darkening forest a rotund comical figure with inwardpointing hind toes, its broad bottom swaying from side to side on its regular nightly food run. It would pass the night in solitary contentment searching for a variety of native grasses and sedges. My patience had finally been rewarded. Although telltale signs of wombat occupancy were everywhere from an extensive system of burrows and wellused paths to droppings posted on tree stumps and in other prominent places the animals themselves were frustratingly elusive. In two bonechilling nights that crackled with frost, the only indication of wombats Sheryn and I detected at Thredbo Diggings picnic area was a quick scuttling sound in the undergrowth as one fled at our approach. It was not until our third evening that we finally had our brief encounter. It was, like the common wombat itself, without fuss or ceremony. I felt exhilarated by the perfection of our meeting as I retreated to the welcome warmth of Sheryns fourwheeldrive for a reviving cup of coffee. photo caption photo caption caption photo caption Noone knows better than Barbara Triggs that wombats are among the most difficult animals to study in the wild. Her quest to unlock the intricacies of their biology began in 1976, when she was faced with the problem of raising a young orphaned wombat at her home in Croajingolong National Park in northeast Victoria. She had successfully raised orphaned kangaroos and possums, but knew almost nothing about wombats when her husband, Allan, brought home Bruno, an almost furless youngster whose mother had been killed on the road. As we relaxed on the verandah of her homestead, Barbara told me that natural history books were no help as very little research had been done on wombats then. She knew she would have to learn from the animals themselves if she was going to raise Bruno successfully and return him to the wild. Her face lit up as she recalled spending all hours of the night, in all kinds of weather, picking her way through thickets after her elusive quarry. Some of her research was done near her home, but much was carried out in the east Gippsland mountain forests, a threehour drive away, where she used a caravan as a hide to observe wombats. photo caption photo photo caption caption photo A wombats life revolves around its burrow, and as it seldom leaves its subterranean refuge before dusk, my research would begin each evening at a burrow entrance, waiting for a wombat to emerge, Barbara explained. Her task became more difficult when she realised that a wombat uses up to 11 different burrows and that burrows may be used by several wombats, usually at different times. Lacking the resources and expertise to fit radio collars to make tracking easier, she devised her own system of keeping tabs on them. She placed twigs across burrow entrances and, if they were dislodged, knew a wombat was in residence. She also fastened sticky tape to the mouths of burrows to snag hairs from a passing wombat to help identify it. A few hairs may not seem much to go on, but coat colours vary so widely from glossy black to grey, brown, sandy and cream that they can be as good as a signature, she told me. Barbaras studies have made her an authority on wombat behaviour, and the author of two books on them. They have also helped her raise a string of orphans since Bruno, who to her delight still visits her. Id estimate he was nearly six months old when he came to me. He spent three months in a cloth bag slung around my neck 24 hours a day, then I started taking him out into the bush. He always stayed at my heel until he was about 18 months, when he began going out on his own and dividing his time between visiting the house and digging a burrow underneath it. Barbara believes that most people have a skewed perception of wombats. They are mainly nocturnal and shy of humans, so their true qualities remain hidden from most people, she said. Instead we cling to childhood memories of Ruth Parks tales of The MuddleHeaded Wombat, an endearing, lumbering fellow with stumpy paws and muddledup whiskers, who, with the best intentions, always manages to get things wrong. Professor Heinz Moeller, director of the Zoological Institute at Heidelberg University in Germany, discovered that far from being muddleheaded, wombats have the best developed brain of any marsupial. A colleague, Dr Regine Hilbmann, investigated their play behaviour and learning ability and found them very frolicsome and relatively quick to learn a sure indicator of a level of intelligence noone had guessed at. Wombats are remarkable in other ways too. They are one of the biggest animals in the world to dig burrows, which may extend 30 metres. Unlike those of other marsupials, their teeth have no roots and keep growing throughout their life, being worn down continually by the abrasive silica in their food. And although they are thought of as slow and bumbling, they can run at 40kmh over short distances when disturbed. They are also extremely strong. If chased into its burrow by a dog or fox, the wombat will lift its rump and crush the attackers head against the roof of the burrow. photo caption caption photo caption diagram photo caption caption photo photo caption photo caption Not everyone shares Sheryn and Barbaras love for wombats. Wombats are worthless Ron King, a sheep and cattle grazier in Victorias eastern highlands, fumed when I questioned him about them. Ive slaved on the land all my life and I have a fair knowledge of the destruction wombats cause. In my opinion, theyre worse than wild pigs. Ron is one of many farmers who detest wombats. He claims that since the 1960s, when wombat control was scaled down, their numbers have risen to plague proportions. Fences are impossible to maintain. Kangaroos in their hundreds come through holes wombats make and it is no longer economic to run sheep on a lot of my property because wild dogs get in the same way. Some farmers also accuse wombats of fouling their pastures and spreading parasites and disease, while their burrowing is said to undermine buildings and dam embankments and even cause soil erosion. Clive Marks, a biologist with the Keith Turnbull Research Institute in Frankston, Victoria, studied the pest behaviour of wombats for his masters degree at Monash University. He told me wombats were regarded as pests that damaged crops as far back as the 1860s. The problem was compounded in the 1880s when netting fences were widely used to control the spread of rabbits. Inspectors would fine farmers if they had rabbits on their land but farmers blamed wombats for making holes that let the rabbits in, he said. In 1906 the Victorian Government declared wombats vermin and their destruction was mandatory. A bounty system was introduced in 1925 and during the last decade it operated, 195565, payments were made on 63,000 scalps. Today wombats are protected in all states except for 193 parishes in eastern Victoria, where they are still shot, trapped and fumigated. I joined Clive on one of his regular visits to Tonimbuk, 70 km east of Melbourne, where aided by a grant from Australian Geographic he conducts field studies to determine the effectiveness of various fences against wombats. A storm was sending curtains of rain slanting down with a deafening crackle, and as we sheltered in his ute I asked him how he responded to landholder complaints. Wombats are stout, sturdy and strong, with the power to go where they want and by the most direct route through or under a farmers fence if necessary, he conceded. But a lot of whinges are more imagined than real. diagram caption photo The rain eased and Clive began tuning the antenna at the back of the ute, trying to pick up a signal from a radiocollared wombat in order to plot how far it foraged during the night. He wasnt having much luck. Its probably still down its burrow, he said. We persisted a little longer, but with the drizzle turning to cold rain, my heart wasnt in it. Clive caught my mood and shrugged sympathetically. Time to go home, he said. I asked him the best way of excluding wombats from farmland. Electric fencing, he replied without hesitation. The first recorded encounter between wombats and Europeans was in 1797 when sailors from the Sydney Cove, shipwrecked on Preservation Island off Tasmania, dined on wombat flesh. They likened the creature to a badger and a bear, and described the meat as being musky, not very agreeable flavour and very sinewy. In fact, the wombats closest relative is the koala. The two animals have similar rudimentary tails, paws and rearopening pouches, as well as a common ancestor that lived about 25 million years ago. Between 15 and 5 million years ago, several giant species of wombat evolved and the remains of some as big as cows and weighing 100 kilograms have been found from the Kimberley in WA to Bingara, New South Wales. The gradual drying out of Australia that turned threequarters of the continent from forest into semiarid desert led to the extinction of the giant wombats between 25,000 and 15,000 years ago. In the cooler, wetter highlands of southeastern Australia from Stanthorpe near the QueenslandNSW border south along the Great Dividing Range to the outskirts of Melbourne the common wombat continued to thrive, despite the clearing of forest for settlement and agriculture that shrunk its range. There are two subspecies, one in Tasmania and another on Flinders Island in the Bass Strait. But the lesserknown and much rarer hairynosed wombats, distinguished by their softer fur and longer ears, have fared less well since European settlement. photo caption photo When Epping Forest National Park was proclaimed in 1971 to protect the last population of northern hairynosed wombats, it was estimated that there were 35 animals, Matt Widt, rangerincharge of the 3300hectare sanctuary 100 kilometres northwest of Clermont in central Queensland told me as we stood in the sandy bed of an ancient watercourse, staring at a cluster of five burrows. Now there are Matt explained that the invasion of graziers and their introduced animals into the hairynosed wombats austere habitat precipitated a crisis they were unable to cope with. Sheep, cattle and wombats eat the same grasses but the wombats have narrower preferences, he said. It was no coincidence that the first wombat colonies to disappear were close to stock watering points, where grazing pressure was particularly heavy. A southern species of hairynosed wombat that once extended as far east as the Murray River is now confined to parts of the Nullarbor Plain and a few isolated colonies in southern South Australia. Northern hairynoses declined so quickly they first became known to scientists as a skull found in the Wellington Caves, NSW, in Fossil records indicate they were once widespread in Victoria, NSW and Queensland but by the turn of the century only two populations were known to exist, one near Deniliquin in southern NSW and another in the Moonie River area of southern Queensland.

SOON AFTER the collapse of my last attempt at marriage, when it did not appear to matter much which city I was in, I passed through Sydney and called as always on my old friend Patrick, to tell him, among other things, that my Auntie Dot had died. Ah yes, he said. The bottle blonde. I thought youd like to know, I said, seeing you danced with her at my wedding. And you were fond of her, stated Patrick. Her hairdos, I said, were Wagnerian. Oh, come off it. They were She had all that hair piled up, and a big smiling mouth, and a great big beautiful bosom. All the things you lack, said Patrick, pulling out a chair for me. What did she die of The usual, I said. Cancer. We sat down at the table. Actually, said Patrick, weve got some news too. Remember those headaches I was always getting, that wouldnt go away I had tests. Theres something badly wrong. Inside my head. Now the contents of Patricks head were of more than normal concern for me, for Patrick recited my life like a poem he had learnt by heart and over the years of our friendship I had come to endure his version without open rebellion, since if in conversation I disputed even the most trivial detail of his discourse a date, a setting, a dream he exhibited signs of an existential alarm that verged on panic his eyes widened, his nostrils went stiff, he breathed in sharply and shoved his palms against the table edge and it was not only my lifes patterns, its events and landmarks and the proper ordering and interpretation of them that he needed to hold a monopoly on, but also its aesthetic, the aesthetic of me. In their back yard one day only a year before, under the wire on which their childrens clothes, stained with vehement activity, were drying in the breeze, Patrick, his wife and I had regretted the passing of our youth. I cant drink any more, said Patrick. It makes me dizzy and sick. I get headaches, real boomers that last a week. Night and day. And Im starting to forget things. Im losing my memory. That, I said, would be a blessing. There are so many things Id like to forget that I hardly know what would be left standing, if I ever got started. Patrick was appalled. But the past is what we are, he said. Its our duty to remember it. Speak for yourself, I said. Ill wipe it out as I go. Over my dead body, said Patrick. Getting old is worse for women, said Natalie, emptying the tea dregs on to a pot plant, because its our boring fate to be looked at. But imagine if we were beautiful, I said. Natalie is beautiful, said Patrick quickly. She means Beautiful, said Natalie. She means how terrible, if youd built your whole idea of yourself round the fact of being considered beautiful, to watch your beauty desert you. Ive never even been pretty, I said, so for me its probably less painful than it was for Ursula, for example. Tell me who Ursula was again said Natalie, but Patrick was already firing up. You were pretty, he said. You were You never had that feminine quality, mind you, that Nats got you were never composed but your face used to be vivid. Till it got hawklike. We were saying the other night, werent we, Nat, that youd become hawklike. And you used to have such pretty little breasts Of course, theyre sad now. Dignified, but sad. Sad I said. Theyre not so sad. Oho said Patrick. Now she wants to hear lies about herself Natalie laughed and made an exclamation of reproach, but since I had recently been led to believe that my life as a lovable creature was over, I said nothing. Solitude, I thought. Forgiveness. On Melbourne summer mornings the green trams go rolling in stately progress down tunnels thick with leaves the bright air carries along the avenues their patient chime, the chattering of their wheels but although I did not speak, Patrick knew the words I would have used and so even the thought of home at that moment was not a refuge. There must have been thousands of facts unknown to Patrick, ones I thought of as mine, but sweepingly he would correct me. He had mapped out the story of my life, and of the lives of everyone we knew, into a gridlike framework and nailed it down and everything done, witnessed, dreamed, heard of or read he had lined up under castiron headings, those terrifyingly simple categories of his. Only Dissatisfied Women become feminists. Lesbians are Heavy Drinkers. Derelicts suffer from Human Degradation. Some women Lack the Quality to make a man A Good Wife. Ursula, for example, Became an Alcoholic and a Prostitute. Hostile, I objected She was drinking, for Gods sake. She got a job in a massage parlour. I think youd be hard put, said Patrick, squaring himself and whitening his nostrils, to draw a distinction between drinking and getting a job in a massage parlour and what I just said. When I stood next to you, Ursula, at your daughters funeral, you were still wearing the gold ankle chain, the Indian ring on the forefinger. You said to me brightly, from behind your sunglasses, What a lot of people have turned up You dont often see so many people at a dotted line gathering. You told me about her, said Patrick. You were laughing and pulling faces. You told me that summer, remember When you brought your new bike up here on the train and rode around in those silk shorts. It was an Italian bike with an unnecessary number of gears. You said youd seen her at the swimming pool. Her face was red and coarse from the grog, you said, and she told you that the blokes she, uhm, serviced, that they all reckoned it was their wives fault, that they couldnt get what they needed from their wives. Did I say those things, did I grimace Forgive me, Ursula, as you stumble into the traffic on St Kilda Road. I thought of you yesterday when I stood too close to the tracks and a tram, keeling fast, clipped the tip of my shoulder. Unlike you, I stepped back in time but I was shaking, because now I knew what you had already found out the colossal weight of the thing, its dense rigidity, its utter lack of give. Patrick was by nature not a guest but a host, the kind of person who had his own chair and always sat in it. My houses and my life upset him because they were not fixed, as the past is I was always crashing, picking up the pieces and moving on, and he could not afford to be curious, because curiosity and its results might cause a shift in his taxonomy. He came into my room on one of his rare visits, stepping gingerly to where I was reading at the table with my back to the door, and peered over my shoulder at some lines on a card that was pinned to the window frame What are you waiting for What are you saving for Now is all there is. He turned away with a tongue click, relieved and vindicated. Oh, how shallow, he said. Im disappointed in you. I hung my head. I did I was choking with indignation, but I hung my head and fiddled with my fingers. The words on the card, no matter who said them first, were what Balanchine used to shout to his dancers a dare, a challenge, not a philosophical position to be argued and yet Patrick went home again happy, furnished no doubt with a fresh subheading hippy grasshopper clappedout party girl What do they say about me, when they lie alongside each other in their upstairs room, talking after midnight in their quiet, civilised voices He is my oldest, my most loyal friend, who loves me and seems to want the best for me but loyalty is not as simple as it looks, and the truth is that for the comfort of the contrast he needs to go on believing that my life is lonely, chaotic, wrecked, loose, without meaning a blasted heath. On that same last visit to Melbourne I took him to a coffee shop and we sat up at the bar. Patrick looked round him with cheerful pleasure. Its years, he said, since Ive sat on a high stool like this. It must be, oh, eighteen years ago, when Natalie and I lived over in Darlinghurst. I never knew you lived in Darlinghurst, I said. Yes you did said Patrick. Because you saw me there once, way back in the early seventies. You told me about it years afterwards. I dont think that can be right. It is he said. How can you forget these things Youd come to Sydney with some bloke or other, in a band, remember I suppose youd been taking drugs with him and so on anyway you saw me walking along the other side of Victoria Street with my shopping basket. You were about to yell out to me, but something made you change your mind. You didnt call out, and I walked on round the corner without knowing you were watching me. Funny, I said. I dont remember that at all. Its rather like a Poe story, isnt it, said Patrick luxuriously, unfocusing his eyes. A person sees the chance of a better life passing by, and he makes as if to call out he flung forth one arm in the imploring gesture of a soul in torment but something in his nature makes him hesitate. He pausesdotted linehe closes his lipsdotted linehe steps backdotted lineand then he slides down, and down, and down. I stared at Patrick, breathless. Who did I whispered. Who slid down, and down, and down He turned his full front to me and sang out, laughing, with both arms spread wide, You did, my dear You There was a lunch for those who rallied round, the day Patrick was to go into hospital. Rain was falling, birds flew low, air was damp and hair turned wavy. Another university relic of Patricks spotted me in the kitchen, nodded coldly, then said to Natalie with a sentimental smile, Patricks still looking after people, I see The phone kept ringing, people were drinking and laughing and taking terrible liberties with the unspeakable. Ive got a really good brain tumour story, said Max from where Patrick worked, an absolutely true and recent one. A woman I know, our age, lovely girl but never had much success with blokes well, she gets a tumour, a badlooking scan. Goes to a top surgeon, he operates. Every kind of treatment available, she gets it. He does a brilliant job on her. Off she goes. A year passes, they do another scan. She comes in to get the results, the surgeon sits her down and gives her the news perfect. Clean as a whistle. Theyre both excited, laughing and congratulating each other. Then the surgeon says, Would you mind waiting here for a moment He gets up and goes out of the room, closing the door behind him. Then he opens it again and comes straight back in, without his white coat. Im no longer your doctor, he says. Will you come out to dinner with me And theyve been together ever since. Later in the afternoon, when the other guests had wished Patrick well and departed, Natalie unplugged the phone and Patrick put to me a formal request. I want you, he said, to take two photos. One of me, Natalie, and our children, and the other of me and Natalie. Cheerful from the afternoons society I replied, Okay. Of course with pleasure. And then Natalie can take one of you and me.