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Pope Urban VIII | Urbain VIII | Pope Urban VIII (; baptised 5 April 1568 – 29 July 1644), born Maffeo Barberini, was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 6 August 1623 to his death in 1644. He expanded the papal territory by force of arms and advantageous politicking, and was also a prominent patron of the arts and a reformer of Church missions. | Maffeo Barberini, né à Florence en avril 1568 et décédé à Rome le, est le évêque de Rome et donc pape de l'Église catholique qu'il gouverna de 1623 à 1644 sous le nom d’ (en latin ', en italien '). | [
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Nereus | Nérée | In Greek mythology, Nereus (; Ancient Greek: Νηρεύς) was the eldest son of Gaia (the Earth) and of her son, Pontus (the Sea). Nereus and Doris became the parents of 50 daughters (the Nereids) and a son (Nerites), with whom Nereus lived in the Aegean Sea. | Dans la mythologie grecque, Nérée (en grec ancien, de, ) est un dieu marin primitif, surnommé le. | [
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Worm | Ver | Worms are many different distantly related animals that typically have a long cylindrical tube-like body, no limbs, and no eyes. Worms vary in size from microscopic to over in length for marine polychaete worms (bristle worms), for the African giant earthworm, "Microchaetus rappi", and for the marine nemertean worm (bootlace worm), "Lineus longissimus". Various types of worm occupy a small variety of parasitic niches, living inside the bodies of other animals. Free-living worm species do not live on land, but instead, live in marine or freshwater environments, or underground by burrowing. In biology, "worm" refers to an obsolete taxon, "vermes", used by Carolus Linnaeus and Jean-Baptiste Lamarck for all non-arthropod invertebrate animals, now seen to be paraphyletic. The name stems from the Old English word "wyrm". Most animals called "worms" are invertebrates, but the term is also used for the amphibian caecilians and the slowworm "Anguis", a legless burrowing lizard. Invertebrate animals commonly called "worms" include annelids (earthworms and marine polychaete or bristle worms), nematodes (roundworms), platyhelminthes (flatworms), marine nemertean worms ("bootlace worms"), marine Chaetognatha (arrow worms), priapulid worms, and insect larvae such as grubs and maggots. | Dans les classifications scientifiques, les vers constituent un groupe très hétérogène d'animaux invertébrés qui partagent une caractéristique commune, à savoir un corps mou, flexible, de forme allongée et ne comportant aucune partie dure. Leur morphologie, adaptée autant à la vie parasitaire qu’à des modes de vie autonomes et libres, leur permet de coloniser une large gamme d’environnements terrestres et aquatiques. | [
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Thetis | Thétis | Thetis (; ), is a figure from Greek mythology with varying mythological roles. She mainly appears as a sea nymph, a goddess of water, or one of the 50 Nereids, daughters of the ancient sea god Nereus. | Dans la mythologie grecque, Thétis (en grec ancien / "Thétis") est une Néréide (nymphe marine), fille de Nérée et de Doris. Elle ne doit pas être confondue avec sa grand-mère Téthys, une divinité marine primordiale. Elle est la mère du héros Achille. | [
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Georgy Malenkov | Gueorgui Malenkov | Georgy Maximilianovich Malenkov ( – 14 January 1988) was a Soviet politician who briefly succeeded Joseph Stalin as the leader of the Soviet Union. However, at the insistence of the rest of the Presidium, he ceded control over the party apparatus in exchange for remaining first among equals as the country's Premier. Subsequently, Malenkov became embroiled in a power struggle ultimately culminating in his removal from the premiership in 1955 and the Presidium in 1957. | Gueorgui Maksimilianovitch Malenkov (en ; - ) est un homme politique et dirigeant du Parti communiste de l'Union soviétique (PCUS), proche collaborateur de Staline. À la mort de ce dernier, en mars 1953, il lui succède au poste de président du Conseil des ministres. Mais, bientôt éclipsé par Nikita Khrouchtchev qui prend la tête du Parti la même année, il quitte son poste de chef du gouvernement en. | [
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6661,
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1995,
4,
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Moirai | Moires | In ancient Greek religion and mythology, the Moirai (;, "lots, destinies, apportioners"), often known in English as the Fates (), Moirae or Mœræ (obsolete), were the white-robed incarnations of destiny; their Roman equivalent was the Parcae (euphemistically the "sparing ones"), and there are other equivalents in cultures that descend from the Proto-Indo-European culture. Their number became fixed at three: Clotho ("spinner"), Lachesis ("allotter") and Atropos ("the unturnable", a metaphor for death). | Dans la mythologie grecque, les Moires (en grec ancien / ) sont trois divinités du Destin : Clotho (« la Fileuse »), Lachésis (« la Répartitrice ») et Atropos (« l'Inflexible »). Elles deviendront les Parques, dans la mythologie romaine. | [
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Staten Island | Staten Island | Staten Island () is a borough of New York City, coterminous with Richmond County, in the U.S. state of New York. Located in the southwest portion of the city, the borough is separated from New Jersey by the Arthur Kill and the Kill Van Kull and from the rest of New York by New York Bay. With an estimated population of 476,143 in 2019, Staten Island is the least populated of the boroughs but is the third-largest in land area at. The borough also contains the southern-most point in the state, South Point. If each borough were ranked as a city, Staten Island would rank as the 39th most populous in the U.S. | Staten Island ( ) est l'un des cinq arrondissements (en anglais : "borough") de New York, les quatre autres étant Manhattan, Brooklyn, Queens et le Bronx. Situé au sud-ouest de la ville, il comprend la Staten Island ainsi que quelques autres îles mineures. | [
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Sleep paralysis | Paralysie du sommeil | Sleep paralysis is a state, during waking up or falling asleep, in which a person is aware but unable to move or speak. During an episode, one may hallucinate (hear, feel, or see things that are not there), which often results in fear. Episodes generally last less than a couple of minutes. It may occur as a single episode or be recurrent. The condition may occur in those who are otherwise healthy or those with narcolepsy, or it may run in families as a result of specific genetic changes. The condition can be triggered by sleep deprivation, psychological stress, or abnormal sleep cycles. The underlying mechanism is believed to involve a dysfunction in REM sleep. Diagnosis is based on a person's description. Other conditions that can present similarly include narcolepsy, atonic seizure, and hypokalemic periodic paralysis. Treatment options for sleep paralysis have been poorly studied. It is recommended that people be reassured that the condition is common and generally not serious. Other efforts that may be tried include sleep hygiene, cognitive behavioral therapy, and antidepressants. Between 8% and 50% of people experience sleep paralysis at some point in their life. About 5% of people have regular episodes. Males and females are affected equally. Sleep paralysis has been described throughout history. It is believed to have played a role in the creation of stories about alien abduction and other paranormal events. | La paralysie du sommeil est un trouble du sommeil, ou plus précisément une parasomnie selon la "Classification internationale des troubles du sommeil", qui se caractérise par le fait que le sujet, sur le point de s'endormir (paralysie hypnagogique) ou de s'éveiller (paralysie hypnopompique) mais tout à fait conscient, se trouve dans l'incapacité d'effectuer tout mouvement volontaire ou avec un extrême effort. Une fois un mouvement effectué, la victime reprend une maîtrise totale d'elle-même. À cette sensation d'immobilisation sont couramment associées des hallucinations auditives, sensitives ou visuelles ainsi que des impressions d'oppression, de suffocation, de présence maléfique et de mort imminente. Le sujet, dans l'impossibilité d'articuler les sons et de prévenir l'entourage, éprouve le plus souvent un sentiment d'anxiété et de frayeur. | [
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Double-slit experiment | Fentes de Young | In modern physics, the double-slit experiment is a demonstration that light and matter can display characteristics of both classically defined waves and particles; moreover, it displays the fundamentally probabilistic nature of quantum mechanical phenomena. This type of experiment was first performed, using light, by Thomas Young in 1801, as a demonstration of the wave behavior of light. At that time it was thought that light consisted of "either" waves "or" particles. With the beginning of modern physics, about a hundred years later, it was realized that light could in fact show behavior characteristic of "both" waves "and" particles. In 1927, Davisson and Germer demonstrated that electrons show the same behavior, which was later extended to atoms and molecules. Thomas Young's experiment with light was part of classical physics well before quantum mechanics, and the concept of wave-particle duality. He believed it demonstrated that the wave theory of light was correct, and his experiment is sometimes referred to as Young's experiment or Young's slits. | Les fentes de Young (ou interférences de Young) désignent en physique une expérience qui consiste à faire interférer deux faisceaux de lumière issus d'une même source, en les faisant passer par deux petits trous percés dans un plan opaque. Cette expérience fut réalisée pour la première fois par Thomas Young en 1801 et permit de comprendre le comportement et la nature de la lumière. Sur un écran disposé en face des fentes de Young, on observe un motif de diffraction qui est une zone où s'alternent des franges sombres et illuminées. | [
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Howard S. Becker | Howard Becker | Howard Saul Becker (born April 18, 1928) is an American sociologist who has made major contributions to the sociology of deviance, sociology of art, and sociology of music. Becker also wrote extensively on sociological writing styles and methodologies. Becker's 1963 book "Outsiders" provided the foundations for labeling theory. Becker is often called a symbolic interactionist or social constructionist, although he does not align himself with either method. A graduate of the University of Chicago, Becker is considered part of the second Chicago School of Sociology, which also includes Erving Goffman and Anselm Strauss. | Howard Saul Becker est un sociologue américain né le à Chicago dans l'Illinois. Howard Becker est un des héritiers de la tradition de l'École de Chicago et s'inscrit ainsi dans le courant de l'interactionnisme symbolique. Il est l'auteur de deux ouvrages marquants, "Outsiders" et "Les Mondes de l'art". | [
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Pierce Brosnan | Pierce Brosnan | Pierce Brendan Brosnan (; born 16 May 1953) is an Irish-American actor, film producer, activist, and environmentalist. Brosnan is a naturalised citizen of United States, where he has lived most of his life, after having been raised in Ireland and later the United Kingdom. After leaving comprehensive school at age 16, Brosnan began training in commercial illustration, then went on to train at the Drama Centre in London for three years. Following a stage acting career he rose to popularity in the television series "Remington Steele" (1982–1987), which blended the genres of romantic comedy, drama, and detective procedural. After the conclusion of "Remington Steele", Brosnan appeared in films such as the Cold War spy film "The Fourth Protocol" (1987) and the comedy "Mrs. Doubtfire" (1993). | Pierce Brosnan est un acteur et producteur de cinéma irlando-américain, né le, à Drogheda en Irlande. Révélé par la série télévisée "Les Enquêtes de Remington Steele", il est notamment connu pour être le cinquième acteur à incarner James Bond, qu'il a interprété dans quatre films de la franchise britannique : "GoldenEye", "Demain ne meurt jamais", "Le monde ne suffit pas" et "Meurs un autre jour". Il est par ailleurs présent dans d'autres productions à succès, telles que "Mars Attacks!", "Thomas Crown" et "The Foreigner". | [
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Oceanids | Océanides | In Greek mythology, the Oceanids or Oceanides (; ) are the nymphs who were the three thousand (a number interpreted as meaning "innumerable") daughters of the Titans Oceanus and Tethys. | Dans la mythologie grecque, les Océanides, ou Océanines (du grec ancien, pluriel de ), sont des nymphes aquatiques mais non marines (à l'inverse des Néréides), principalement rattachées au cours de leur père Océan. Elles sont parfois considérées comme les nymphes des fonds marins inaccessibles. Elles accompagnent leur mère, Téthys, couronnées de fleurs. | [
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Georges Picquart | Marie-Georges Picquart | Marie-Georges Picquart (6 September 1854 – 19 January 1914) was a French army officer and Minister of War. He is best known for his role in the Dreyfus Affair. | Marie-Georges Picquart, né le à Strasbourg et mort le à Amiens, est un officier et homme politique français. Acteur central de l'affaire Dreyfus, il découvre les preuves de la trahison de Ferdinand Walsin Esterhazy, à la place duquel le capitaine Dreyfus a été accusé, dégradé et condamné sur de fausses preuves, et participe au rétablissement de la vérité, malgré la pression de sa hiérarchie. Tout comme Dreyfus, il est condamné bien qu'innocent, et incarcéré. Les deux hommes sont réhabilités en même temps, en 1906. | [
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Jim Carrey | Jim Carrey | James Eugene Carrey (born January 17, 1962) is a Canadian-American actor, comedian, writer, producer, and artist. He is known for his energetic slapstick performances. Carrey first gained recognition in America in 1990 after landing a recurring role in the sketch comedy television series "In Living Color". His first leading roles in motion pictures came with "" (1994), "The Mask" (1994), "Dumb and Dumber" (1994), and "" (1995), as well portraying the Riddler in "Batman Forever" (1995), and the lead role in "Liar Liar" (1997). Born and raised in Canada, Carrey has been a naturalized American citizen since 2004, and has lived most of his life in the United States. | James Eugene Carrey, dit Jim Carrey, né le à Newmarket en Ontario au Canada, est un acteur, humoriste, scénariste et producteur de cinéma canado-américain. | [
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Louis de Broglie | Louis de Broglie | Louis Victor Pierre Raymond de Broglie, 7th duc de Broglie (,, ; 15 August 1892 – 19 March 1987) was a French physicist who made groundbreaking contributions to quantum theory. In his 1924 PhD thesis, he postulated the wave nature of electrons and suggested that all matter has wave properties. This concept is known as the de Broglie hypothesis, an example of wave–particle duality, and forms a central part of the theory of quantum mechanics. | Louis Victor de Broglie, prince, puis duc de Broglie (prononcer de Breuil ), né le à Dieppe et mort le à Louveciennes est un mathématicien et physicien français. À seulement, il devient lauréat du prix Nobel de physique de 1929. | [
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William VIII, Duke of Aquitaine | Guillaume VIII d'Aquitaine | William VIII ( – 25 September 1086), born Guy-Geoffrey ("Gui-Geoffroi"), was duke of Gascony (1052–1086), and then duke of Aquitaine and count of Poitiers (as William VI) between 1058 and 1086, succeeding his brother William VII (Pierre-Guillaume). | Guillaume VIII d'Aquitaine est né en 1024 ou 1027 et mort le au château de Chizé. Baptisé Gui, il est appelé "Guy-Geoffroi" d'après son beau-père Geoffroi Martel. | [
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Gynaecology | Gynécologie | Gynaecology or gynecology (see spelling differences) is the medical practice dealing with the health of the female reproductive system (vagina, uterus, and ovaries). Outside medicine, the term means "the science of women". Its counterpart is andrology, which deals with medical issues specific to the male reproductive system. | La gynécologie (composé de "gynéco-", du grec ancien « femme », et de "-logie", de « discours », étymologiquement « science, étude de la femme ») est une spécialité médico-chirurgicale qui s'occupe de la physiologie et des affections du système génital de la femme. Le médecin spécialisé pratiquant la gynécologie s'appelle un gynécologue. La spécialité des aspects médicaux pour les hommes s'appelle quant à elle l'andrologie. | [
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Timur | Tamerlan | Timur (Chagatai: "Temür" "Iron"; 9 April 1336 – 17–19 February 1405), later Timūr Gurkānī (Chagatai: "Temür Küregen"), sometimes spelled Taimur and historically best known as Amir Timur or Tamerlane (, Chagatai: Aqsaq Temür, "Timur the Lame"), was a Turco-Mongol conqueror who founded the Timurid Empire in and around modern-day Afghanistan, Iran and Central Asia, becoming the first ruler of the Timurid dynasty. As an undefeated commander, he is widely regarded as one of the greatest military leaders and tacticians in history. Timur is also considered a great patron of art and architecture, as he interacted with intellectuals such as Ibn Khaldun and Hafiz-i Abru and his reign introduced the Timurid Renaissance. He is often credited with the invention of the Tamerlane chess variant, played on a larger 10×11 board. According to John Joseph Saunders, Timur was "the product of an Islamized and Iranized society", and not steppe nomadic. | Timour, plus connu sous le nom de Tamerlan (du persan, "Timur(-i) Lang", qui signifie littéralement « Timour le Boiteux »), né le à Kech, près de Chakhrisabz, dans l'actuel Ouzbékistan, et mort le à Otrar dans l'actuel Kazakhstan, fut un guerrier turco-mongol du, conquérant d'une grande partie de l'Asie centrale et occidentale, fondateur de la dynastie des Timourides qui a existé jusqu'en 1507. | [
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Pirithous | Pirithoos | Pirithous (; or, derived from ; also transliterated as Perithous), in Greek mythology, was the King of the Lapiths of Larissa in Thessaly, as well as best friend to Theseus. | Dans la mythologie grecque, Pirithoos ou Pirithoüs (en grec ancien /, / ou / ), fils de Zeus selon Homère ou d'Ixion selon d'autres auteurs et de Dia, est roi des Lapithes. | [
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Plastic explosive | Plastic | Plastic explosive is a soft and hand-moldable solid form of explosive material. Within the field of explosives engineering, plastic explosives are also known as putty explosives. | Le plastic est un type d'explosif très puissant composé d'hexogène (RDX) ou de penthrite, de liants (gomme styrène-butadiène), de plastifiants (bis-2-éthylhexyl-adipate ou -sébaçate) et parfois d'huile minérale. Le mélange RDX / penthrite est la base explosive du plastic d'origine tchèque Semtex. | [
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Geryon | Géryon | In Greek mythology, Geryon ( or ; also Geryone;, "genitive": Γηρυόνος), son of Chrysaor and Callirrhoe, the grandson of Medusa and the nephew of Pegasus, was a fearsome giant who dwelt on the island Erytheia of the mythic Hesperides in the far west of the Mediterranean. A more literal-minded later generation of Greeks associated the region with Tartessos in southern Iberia. Geryon was often described as a monster with either three bodies and three heads, or three heads and one body, or three bodies and one head. He is commonly accepted as being mostly humanoid, with some distinguishing features (such as wings, or multiple bodies etc.) and in mythology, famed for his cattle. | Dans la mythologie grecque, Géryon (en grec ancien ou ) est un Géant triple, fils de Chrysaor et de Callirrhoé. | [
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Deianira | Déjanire | Deianira, Deïanira, or Deianeira (; Ancient Greek: Δηϊάνειρα, "Dēiáneira", or, "Dēáneira", ), also known as Dejanira, was a Calydonian princess in Greek mythology whose name translated as "man-destroyer" or "destroyer of her husband". She was the wife of Heracles and, in late Classical accounts, his unwitting murderer, killing him with the poisoned Shirt of Nessus. She is the main character in Sophocles' play "Women of Trachis". | Dans la mythologie grecque, Déjanire (en grec ancien ou ), fille d'Œnée (roi de Calydon) et d'Althée, est la dernière épouse mortelle d'Héraclès. Pour la conquérir, ce dernier doit se mesurer à un rival, Achéloos, le dieu-fleuve, qui se transforme en vain en taureau pour l'affronter : Héraclès le terrasse et lui arrache une de ses cornes. | [
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
RDX | RDX | RDX is an organic compound with the formula (ONNCH). It is a white solid without smell or taste, widely used as an explosive. Chemically, it is classified as a nitramide, chemically similar to HMX. A more energetic explosive than TNT, it was used widely in World War II and remains common in military applications. | Le RDX ou cyclotriméthylènetrinitramine est également connu sous les noms de cyclonite ou hexogène. Le "RDX" est un composé explosif cristallin solide de couleur blanche, habituellement utilisé en mélange avec d'autres explosifs, des huiles ou des cires. Mélangé avec le PETN, il entre dans la composition du Semtex. C'est également l'un des composants utilisés dans l'ogive RPG-7. | [
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Laughter | Rire | Laughter is a physical reaction in humans consisting usually of rhythmical, often audible contractions of the diaphragm and other parts of the respiratory system. It is a response to certain external or internal stimuli. Laughter can arise from such activities as being tickled, or from humorous stories or thoughts. Most commonly, it is considered a visual expression of a number of positive emotional states, such as joy, mirth, happiness, relief, etc. On some occasions, however, it may be caused by contrary emotional states such as embarrassment, apology, or confusion such as nervous laughter or courtesy laugh. Age, gender, education, language, and culture are all indicators as to whether a person will experience laughter in a given situation. Some other species of primate (chimpanzees, gorillas and orangutans) show laughter-like vocalizations in response to physical contact such as wrestling, play chasing or tickling. | Le rire est un réflexe qui se manifeste par un enchaînement de petites expirations saccadées accompagné d'une vocalisation inarticulée plus ou moins bruyante. Ces mouvements concernent en premier lieu la musculature respiratoire et le larynx et sont accompagnés d'une mimique provoquée par la contraction de muscles faciaux, entraînant notamment l'ouverture de la bouche. D'autres mouvements plus ou moins contrôlés peuvent accompagner le rire. Le rire est essentiellement causé par une situation comique, le chatouillement ou le rire lui-même. Paradoxalement, le rire est étroitement lié à son contraire émotionnel, les pleurs, avec qui il peut parfois se retrouver mélangé. | [
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Airliner | Avion de ligne | An airliner is a type of aircraft for transporting passengers and air cargo. Such aircraft are most often operated by airlines. Although the definition of an airliner can vary from country to country, an airliner is typically defined as an airplane intended for carrying multiple passengers or cargo in commercial service. The largest of them are wide-body jets which are also called twin-aisle because they generally have two separate aisles running from the front to the back of the passenger cabin. These are usually used for long-haul flights between airline hubs and major cities. A smaller, more common class of airliners is the narrow-body or single-aisle. These are generally used for short to medium-distance flights with fewer passengers than their wide-body counterparts. | Un avion de ligne désigne un appareil utilisé pour le transport de passagers sur des bases commerciales. Ils sont, le plus souvent, exploités par des compagnies aériennes qui en sont propriétaires ou locataires. Ils desservent des lignes régulières ou sont affrétés pour le transport de groupes à partir et à destination d'aéroports commerciaux. | [
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Eleusinian Mysteries | Mystères d'Éleusis | The Eleusinian Mysteries () were initiations held every year for the cult of Demeter and Persephone based at the Panhellenic Sanctuary of Eleusis in ancient Greece. They are the "most famous of the secret religious rites of ancient Greece". Their basis was an old agrarian cult, and there is some evidence that they were derived from the religious practices of the Mycenean period. The mysteries represented the myth of the abduction of Persephone from her mother Demeter by the king of the underworld Hades, in a cycle with three phases: the "descent" (loss), the "search", and the "ascent", with the main theme being the "ascent" (άνοδος) of Persephone and the reunion with her mother. It was a major festival during the Hellenic era, and later spread to Rome. Similar religious rites appear in the agricultural societies of Near East and in Minoan Crete. | Dans la religion grecque antique, les Mystères d’Éleusis (en grec : ) faisaient partie d'un culte à mystères, de nature ésotérique, effectué dans le temple de Déméter à Éleusis (à à l'ouest d'Athènes). Au cours de leur évolution, les mystères d'Éleusis se sont ouverts d'abord à tous les Grecs, puis à tout homme ou femme, libre ou esclave, parlant grec. L'initiation comportait plusieurs degrés. Ces mystères étaient traditionnellement consacrés non seulement à Déméter et à sa fille Perséphone, mais aussi à Hadès, c'est-à-dire aux divinités de la terre et des morts, ainsi qu'à Dionysos sous son nom favori d'Iacchos auquel il a été assimilé ; Dionysos était en effet intimement mêlé à la vie de la terre et de la végétation, et dans les rituels des Anthestéries et les fêtes des "Halôa" en Attique, il était associé aux divinités proprement chtoniennes. Les mystères d'Éleusis représentent une des formes les plus élevées de la spiritualité grecque, et leur fortune a été considérable durant des siècles, dans l'ensemble du monde antique. | [
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Management accounting | Comptabilité analytique | In management accounting or managerial accounting, managers use the provisions of accounting information in order to better inform themselves before they decide matters within their organizations, which aids their management and performance of control functions. | La comptabilité analytique est un système d'information comptable (exprimé en unités monétaires) qui permet d'informer les dirigeants (ou managers) des organisations afin de prendre des décisions de gestion. La comptabilité analytique se distingue de la comptabilité financière dans la mesure où elle fournit des informations qui ne sont pas destinées à être publiées auprès d'utilisateurs externes à l'entreprise. Elle s'intéresse donc essentiellement à l'analyse (analyser, c'est décomposer pour comprendre) des charges et des produits. Autrement dit, elle conduit à faire des calculs de coûts ou de marges qui permettent d'éclairer les dirigeants (ou managers). | [
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Pindar | Pindare | Pindar (;, ; ; c. 518 – 438 BC) was an Ancient Greek lyric poet from Thebes. Of the canonical nine lyric poets of ancient Greece, his work is the best preserved. Quintilian wrote, "Of the nine lyric poets, Pindar is by far the greatest, in virtue of his inspired magnificence, the beauty of his thoughts and figures, the rich exuberance of his language and matter, and his rolling flood of eloquence, characteristics which, as Horace rightly held, make him inimitable." His poems can also, however, seem difficult and even peculiar. The Athenian comic playwright Eupolis once remarked that they "are already reduced to silence by the disinclination of the multitude for elegant learning". Some scholars in the modern age also found his poetry perplexing, at least until the 1896 discovery of some poems by his rival Bacchylides; comparisons of their work showed that many of Pindar's idiosyncrasies are typical of archaic genres rather than of only the poet himself. His poetry, while admired by critics, still challenges the casual reader and his work is largely unread among the general public. | Pindare, en grec ancien, né à Cynoscéphales, un bourg près de Thèbes (Béotie), en 518 av. J.-C., mort à Argos en 438 av. J.-C., est l'un des plus célèbres poètes lyriques grecs. | [
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Zaha Hadid | Zaha Hadid | Dame Zaha Mohammad Hadid ( "Zahā Ḥadīd"; 31 October 1950 – 31 March 2016) was a British Iraqi architect. She was the first woman to receive the Pritzker Architecture Prize, in 2004. She received the UK's most prestigious architectural award, the Stirling Prize, in 2010 and 2011. In 2012, she was made a Dame by Elizabeth II for services to architecture, and in February, 2016, the month preceding her death, she became the first and only woman to be awarded the Royal Gold Medal from the Royal Institute of British Architects. | Zaha Hadid (), née le à Bagdad (Irak) et morte le à Miami (États-Unis), est une architecte et urbaniste irako-britannique. Figure importante du courant déconstructiviste, ella a reçu le prestigieux prix Pritzker en 2004. | [
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Jean-Baptiste Lamarck | Jean-Baptiste de Lamarck | Jean-Baptiste Pierre Antoine de Monet, chevalier de Lamarck (1 August 1744 – 18 December 1829), often known simply as Lamarck (; ), was a French naturalist. He was a soldier, biologist, and academic, and an early proponent of the idea that biological evolution occurred and proceeded in accordance with natural laws. | Jean-Baptiste Pierre Antoine de Monet, chevalier de La Marck, dit Jean-Baptiste de Lamarck (, Bazentin –, Paris) est un naturaliste français. D'abord botaniste, il se consacre ensuite à la zoologie des insectes et de vers. Au début du, il a réalisé la classification des invertébrés, qui regroupent environ 80 % des animaux. Il est un de ceux qui ont pour la première fois utilisé le terme de biologie pour désigner la science qui étudie les êtres vivants. | [
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Galaxy Quest | Galaxy Quest | Galaxy Quest is a 1999 American science fiction comedy film directed by Dean Parisot and written by David Howard and Robert Gordon. A parody of and homage to science-fiction films and series, especially "Star Trek" and its fandom, the film stars Tim Allen, Sigourney Weaver, Alan Rickman, Tony Shalhoub, Sam Rockwell and Daryl Mitchell. It depicts the cast of a fictional defunct cult television series, "Galaxy Quest", who are visited by actual aliens who think the series is an accurate documentary, and become involved in a very real intergalactic conflict. | Galaxy Quest ou En quête d'une galaxie au Québec est un film américain réalisé par Dean Parisot, sorti en 1999. C'est un pastiche des séries de science-fiction comme "Star Trek" ainsi que du fandom de ces séries. | [
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Gonzalo of Sobrarbe and Ribagorza | Gonzalve Ier de Sobrarbe | Gonzalo Sánchez ( 1020 – 26 June 1043) was the king of Sobrarbe and Ribagorza, two small Pyrenean counties, from 1035 until his death. He was the son of King Sancho III of Navarre and his wife, Muniadona of Castile. Before his death in 1035, Sancho divided his kingdom between his sons, leaving Sobrarbe and Ribagorza to Gonzalo. He governed them as vassal of his elder brother, García Sánchez III, who had inherited Navarre. Gonzalo is thought to have been ineffectual and unpopular, with vassals defecting to his half-brother, Ramiro I of Aragon, during his own lifetime. Within a decade of his death, his reign was being ignored and he was left out of a list of rulers of Ribagorza. | Gonzalve I (v. 1014 –, Foradada del Toscar, Ribagorce), comte de Sobrarbe et de Ribagorce, était le quatrième fils de Sanche III le Grand († 1035), roi de Navarre, comte d'Aragon, de Sobrarbe et de Ribagorce. | [
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Dirty Harry | L'Inspecteur Harry | Dirty Harry is a 1971 American neo-noir action-thriller film produced and directed by Don Siegel, the first in the "Dirty Harry" series. Clint Eastwood plays the title role, in his first outing as San Francisco Police Department (SFPD) Inspector "Dirty" Harry Callahan. The film drew upon the real life case of the Zodiac Killer as the Callahan character seeks out a similar vicious psychopath. | L'Inspecteur Harry ("Dirty Harry") est un film américain réalisé par Don Siegel, sorti en 1971. Il sera suivi de quatre suites et constitue le premier volet de la série homonyme. | [
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Eben Moglen | Eben Moglen | Eben Moglen is a professor of law and legal history at Columbia University, and is the founder, Director-Counsel and Chairman of Software Freedom Law Center. | Eben Moglen (né le ) est professeur de droit et d'histoire du droit à l'université Columbia. En 2011, il est avocat conseil de la "Free Software Foundation" et président du "Software Freedom Law Center". | [
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Planetary science | Planétologie | Planetary science or, more rarely, planetology, is the scientific study of planets (including Earth), moons, and planetary systems (in particular those of the Solar System) and the processes that form them. It studies objects ranging in size from micrometeoroids to gas giants, aiming to determine their composition, dynamics, formation, interrelations and history. It is a strongly interdisciplinary field, originally growing from astronomy and earth science, but which now incorporates many disciplines, including planetary geology (together with geochemistry and geophysics), cosmochemistry, atmospheric science, oceanography, hydrology, theoretical planetary science, glaciology, and exoplanetology. Allied disciplines include space physics, when concerned with the effects of the Sun on the bodies of the Solar System, and astrobiology. | La planétologie est la science de l'étude des planètes. Cette discipline recouvre de nombreuses branches de la science : son domaine d'étude s'étend des grains microscopiques jusqu'aux planètes géantes gazeuses. | [
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Freesia | Freesia | Freesia is a genus of herbaceous perennial flowering plants in the family Iridaceae, first described as a genus in 1866 by Christian Friedrich Ecklon (1886) and named after the German botanist and medical practitioner, Friedrich Freese (1795-1876). It is native to the eastern side of southern Africa, from Kenya south to South Africa, most species being found in Cape Provinces. Species of the former genus Anomatheca are now included in "Freesia". The plants commonly known as "freesias", with fragrant funnel-shaped flowers, are cultivated hybrids of a number of "Freesia" species. Some other species are also grown as ornamental plants. | Freesia est un genre de plante monocotylédone à bulbe originaire d'Afrique du Sud (Province du Cap), cultivé pour ses fleurs très odorantes, aux couleurs variées. Il appartient à la famille des Iridacées. | [
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Atomism | Atomisme | Atomism (from Greek, "atomon", i.e. "uncuttable, indivisible") is a natural philosophy proposing that the physical world is composed of fundamental indivisible components known as atoms. | L'atomisme est un courant philosophique proposant une conception d'un univers discontinu, composé de matière et de vide. Selon les atomistes, les atomes composant l'univers sont tous de même substance. Ils sont insécables et ne diffèrent les uns des autres que par leur forme, leur position et leur mouvement (aujourd'hui ce que nous avons appelé « atome » – mot grec signifiant « insécable » – est sécable via la fission nucléaire ou encore les désintégrations, mais les particules élémentaires, elles, ne le sont pas dans l'état actuel de nos connaissances). Les atomistes constituent le réel avec le non-être, lequel a ainsi autant de réalité que l'être lui-même. Au Ve siècle av. J.-C., Leucippe et son élève Démocrite d'Abdère sont considérés comme les fondateurs de l'atomisme, doctrine reprise plus tard par Épicure depuis le début du IVe siècle av. J.-C., puis par Lucrèce (Ier siècle av. J.-C.). | [
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Mother | Mère | A mother is the female parent of a child. Mothers are women who inhabit or perform the role of bearing some relation to their children, who may or may not be their biological offspring. Thus, dependent on the context, women can be considered mothers by virtue of having given birth, by raising their child(ren), supplying their ovum for fertilisation, or some combination thereof. Such conditions provide a way of delineating the concept of motherhood, or the state of being a mother. Women who meet the third and first categories usually fall under the terms 'birth mother' or 'biological mother', regardless of whether the individual in question goes on to parent their child. Accordingly, a woman who meets only the second condition may be considered an adoptive mother, and those who meet only the first or only the third a surrogacy mother. | La mère est le parent biologique ou adoptif de sexe féminin d'un enfant, le parent biologique ou adoptif de sexe masculin d'un enfant étant le père, et définie en langue française comme une. | [
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Ambulance | Ambulance | An ambulance is a medically equipped vehicle which transports patients to treatment facilities, such as hospitals. Typically, out-of-hospital medical care is provided to the patient. | Une ambulance est un véhicule spécialement adapté et aménagé pour permettre le transport des personnes malades, blessées ou parturientes (femme sur le point d'accoucher) vers un établissement hospitalier (public ou privé) — hôpital ou clinique — ou une unité de soins spécialisée (par exemple : soins de suite ou rééducation et réadaptation fonctionnelle). | [
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Sobrarbe | Sobrarbe | Sobrarbe is one of the comarcas of Aragon, Spain. It is located in the northern part of the province of Huesca, part of the autonomous community of Aragon in Spain. Many of its people speak the Aragonese language locally known as "fabla". | Le Sobrarbe est une comarque de la province de Huesca, dans le nord de l'Aragon, en Espagne. La capitale administrative du Sobrarbe est la ville de Boltaña, tandis que sa capitale économique est Aínsa. La région dépend du diocèse de Barbastro. | [
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Livradois-Forez Regional Natural Park | Parc naturel régional Livradois-Forez | Livradois-Forez Regional Natural Park (French: Parc naturel régional Livradois-Forez) is a regional natural park located on three French department : Puy-de-Dôme, Haute-Loire and Loire. The two biggest urban areas are Thiers (19,000 inhabitants) and Ambert (11,000 inhabitants). Courpière, Billom and Vic-le-Comte have a secondary place in the territory. | Le parc naturel régional Livradois-Forez est un parc naturel régional situé sur trois départements français : le Puy-de-Dôme, la Haute-Loire et la Loire. | [
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Aeneid | Énéide | The Aeneid ( ; ) is a Latin epic poem, written by Virgil between 29 and 19 BC, that tells the legendary story of Aeneas, a Trojan who travelled to Italy, where he became the ancestor of the Romans. It comprises 9,896 lines in dactylic hexameter. The first six of the poem's twelve books tell the story of Aeneas's wanderings from Troy to Italy, and the poem's second half tells of the Trojans' ultimately victorious war upon the Latins, under whose name Aeneas and his Trojan followers are destined to be subsumed. | L’Énéide (en latin : "", mot de forme grecque, génitif : "æneidos") est une épopée de Virgile, le plus prestigieux exemple de ce genre littéraire en langue latine, composée en hexamètres dactyliques. De même que l’"Iliade" et l’"Odyssée", l’ouvrage a suscité l’admiration de générations de lettrés de l’Antiquité jusqu’à nos jours, et fut une source d’inspiration récurrente pour les artistes et les poètes. L’"Énéide" est le récit des épreuves du Troyen Énée, ancêtre mythique du peuple romain, fils d’Anchise et de la déesse Vénus, depuis la prise de Troie jusqu’à son installation dans le Latium, en Hespérie (Italie). Écrit entre 29 et 19 av. J.-C., le poème se divise en douze chants et contient à la mort de Virgile environ vers. | [
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Power-line communication | Courants porteurs en ligne | Power-line communication (PLC) carries data on a conductor that is also used simultaneously for AC electric power transmission or electric power distribution to consumers. It is also known as power-line carrier, power-line digital subscriber line (PDSL), mains communication, power-line telecommunications (PLT), or power-line networking (PLN). | La communication par courants porteurs en ligne (ou CPL) permet de construire un réseau informatique sur le réseau électrique d'une habitation ou d'un bureau, voire d'un quartier ou groupe de bureaux. Cette idée apparue dans les années 1930 a fait l'objet de nombreuses applications (pour la domotique et l'informatique notamment), et dont les développements récents pourraient être les prémices d'un réseau électrique intelligent annoncé par de nombreux prospectivistes, dont Jeremy Rifkin dans le cadre de son projet de troisième révolution industrielle. Depuis 1950, des courants à basse et moyenne tension sont couramment utilisés pour porter des informations. | [
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Augmented reality | Réalité augmentée | Augmented reality (AR) is an interactive experience of a real-world environment where the objects that reside in the real world are enhanced by computer-generated perceptual information, sometimes across multiple sensory modalities, including visual, auditory, haptic, somatosensory and olfactory. AR can be defined as a system that fulfills three basic features: a combination of real and virtual worlds, real-time interaction, and accurate 3D registration of virtual and real objects. The overlaid sensory information can be constructive (i.e. additive to the natural environment), or destructive (i.e. masking of the natural environment). This experience is seamlessly interwoven with the physical world such that it is perceived as an immersive aspect of the real environment. In this way, augmented reality alters one's ongoing perception of a real-world environment, whereas virtual reality completely replaces the user's real-world environment with a simulated one. Augmented reality is related to two largely synonymous terms: mixed reality and computer-mediated reality. | La réalité augmentée est la superposition de la réalité et d'éléments (sons, images 2D, 3D, vidéos) calculés par un système informatique en temps réel. Elle désigne souvent les différentes méthodes qui permettent d'incruster de façon réaliste des objets virtuels dans une séquence d'images. Elle s'applique aussi bien à la perception visuelle (superposition d'images virtuelles aux images réelles) qu'aux perceptions proprioceptives comme les perceptions tactiles ou auditives. Ces applications sont multiples et touchent de plus en plus de domaines, tels que les jeux vidéo, l'éducation par le jeu, les chasses au trésor virtuelles, le cinéma et la télévision (post-production, studios virtuels, retransmissions sportives...), les industries (conception, design, maintenance, assemblage, pilotage, robotique et télérobotique, implantation, étude d'impact) ou le champ médical. | [
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Castanea sativa | Castanea sativa | Castanea sativa, the sweet chestnut, Spanish chestnut or just chestnut, is a species of tree in the family Fagaceae, native to Southern Europe and Asia Minor, and widely cultivated throughout the temperate world. A substantial, long-lived deciduous tree, it produces an edible seed, the chestnut, which has been used in cooking since ancient times. | Le châtaignier commun ("Castanea sativa" Mill.) est un arbre à feuillage caduc de la famille des fagacées. Il produit des fruits : les châtaignes. Lorsqu'il est en nombre sur un territoire délimité, il forme une châtaigneraie. | [
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Lazar Kaganovich | Lazare Kaganovitch | Lazar Moiseyevich Kaganovich (; – 25 July 1991) was a Stalinist Soviet politician and administrator and one of the main associates of Joseph Stalin. He is known for helping Stalin seize power, for his role in organizing, planning and supervising the Holodomor, and for his harsh treatment and execution of those deemed threats to Stalin's regime. He was project manager and led the original design team of the Moscow Metro, and Moscow's Metro was named after him until 1955. | Lazare Moïsseïevitch Kaganovitch (en ), né à Kabany le et mort le, est un homme d'État soviétique. Surnommé du fait de son tempérament bouillant, il est membre du bureau politique du Parti communiste de l'Union soviétique sous la direction de Joseph Staline. | [
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Stade de France | Stade de France | Stade de France () is the national stadium of France, located just north of Paris in the commune of Saint-Denis. Its seating capacity of 80,698 makes it the eighth-largest stadium in Europe. The stadium is used by the France national football team and French rugby union team for international competition. It is the largest in Europe for track and field events, seating 78,338 in that configuration. Despite that, the stadium's running track is mostly hidden under the football pitch. Originally built for the 1998 FIFA World Cup, the stadium's name was recommended by Michel Platini, head of the organising committee. On 12 July 1998, France defeated Brazil 3–0 in the 1998 FIFA World Cup Final contested at the stadium. It will host the opening and closing ceremonies and the athletics events at the 2024 Summer Olympics. It will also host matches for the 2023 Rugby World Cup. | Le Stade de France est le plus grand stade français avec en configuration football/rugby. Il se situe dans le quartier de la Plaine Saint-Denis à Saint-Denis, dans la proche banlieue nord de Paris. Il est l'œuvre de quatre architectes : Michel Macary, Aymeric Zublena, Michel Regembal et Claude Costantini. L'architecture de ce stade s'inspire du Worldport de la compagnie aérienne américaine Pan Am qui se situait à l'aéroport international John-F.-Kennedy de New York. | [
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Bond (finance) | Obligation (finance) | In finance, a bond is an instrument of indebtedness of the bond issuer to the holders. The most common types of bonds include municipal bonds and corporate bonds. Bonds can be in mutual funds or can be in private investing where a person would give a loan to a company or the government. | Une obligation est une valeur mobilière qui constitue une créance sur son émetteur, elle est donc représentative d'une dette financière à moyen, long terme, parfois même à perpétuité. Cette dette est émise dans une devise donnée, pour une durée définie et elle donne droit au paiement d'un intérêt fixe ou variable, appelé coupon qui est parfois capitalisé jusqu'à sa maturité. Les certificats de dépôts, ou le papier commercial, sont considérés comme des instruments financiers à court terme, et sont donc bien distincts des obligations. Les obligations sont notées en fonction du profil de risque de leurs émetteurs par des agences de notation. Il existe une grande diversité de titres sur le marché obligataire. | [
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Monopoly (game) | Monopoly | Monopoly is a board game currently published by Hasbro. In the game, players roll two six-sided dice to move around the game board, buying and trading properties, and developing them with houses and hotels. Players collect rent from their opponents, with the goal being to drive them into bankruptcy. Money can also be gained or lost through Chance and Community Chest cards, and tax squares; players can end up in jail, which they cannot move from until they have met one of several conditions. The game has numerous house rules, and hundreds of different editions exist, as well as many spin-offs and related media. "Monopoly" has become a part of international popular culture, having been licensed locally in more than 103 countries and printed in more than 37 languages. | Le Monopoly ( « monopole » en anglais) est un jeu de société américain édité par Hasbro. Le but du jeu consiste à ruiner ses concurrents par des opérations immobilières. Il symbolise les aspects apparents et spectaculaires du capitalisme, les fortunes se faisant et se défaisant au fil des coups de dés. Ce jeu de société est mondialement connu, et il en existe de multiples versions. | [
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Jean Fourastié | Jean Fourastié | Jean Fourastié (; 1 April 1907 in Saint-Benin-d'Azy, Nièvre - 25 July 1990 in Douelle, Lot) was a French economist, notable for having coined the expression "Trente Glorieuses" ("the glorious thirty [years]") to describe the period of prosperity that France experienced from the end of World War II until the 1973 oil crisis (1945-1973). | Jean Fourastié est un économiste français né le à Saint-Benin-d'Azy (Nièvre) et mort à Douelle (Lot), auteur prolifique d'une quarantaine d'ouvrages, connu notamment pour avoir été à l'origine de l'expression les « Trente Glorieuses » désignant la période prospère qu'ont connue la France et la plupart des pays industrialisés de la fin de la Seconde Guerre mondiale au premier choc pétrolier (1947-1973). Cette expression est passée dans le langage courant. | [
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Henryk Sienkiewicz | Henryk Sienkiewicz | Henryk Adam Aleksander Pius Sienkiewicz (, ; 5 May 1846 – 15 November 1916), also known by the pseudonym Litwos, was a Polish journalist, novelist and Nobel Prize laureate. He is best remembered for his historical novels, especially for his internationally known best-seller "Quo Vadis" (1896). | Henryk Adam Aleksander Pius Sienkiewicz armoiries Oszyk, né le à Wola Okrzejska et mort le à Vevey, est un écrivain et philanthrope polonais. Le plus grand romancier polonais de son époque, il jouit de son vivant d'une renommée internationale grâce à l'immense succès de son roman "Quo vadis?" (1896), qui lui vaut une réputation universelle et le prix Nobel de littérature en 1905. Il a également milité pour les droits des Polonais, alors sous occupation prussienne puis russe. | [
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Trofim Lysenko | Trofim Lyssenko | Trofim Denisovich Lysenko (,, Trokhym Denysovych Lysenko; 20 November 1976) was a Soviet agronomist and biologist. As a student Lysenko found himself interested in agriculture, where he worked on a few different projects, one involving the effects of temperature variation on the life-cycle of plants. This later led him to consider how he might use this work to convert winter wheat into spring wheat. He named the process "jarovization" in Russian, and later translated it as "vernalization". Lysenko was a strong proponent of soft inheritance and rejected Mendelian genetics in favor of pseudoscientific ideas termed Lysenkoism. | Trofim Denissovitch Lyssenko (en ), né le à Karlivka (aujourd'hui en Ukraine) et mort le à Kiev, est un technicien agricole soviétique. Il est à l'origine d'une théorie génétique pseudo-scientifique, la « génétique mitchourinienne », qu'il promeut pendant la période stalinienne en Union soviétique où elle accède en 1948 au rang de théorie officielle exclusive opposée à une « science bourgeoise », fausse par essence. | [
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George Weah | George Weah | George Manneh Oppong Weah (; born 1 October 1966) is a Liberian politician and former professional footballer currently serving as the 25th President of Liberia, in office since 2018. Prior to his election to the presidency, Weah served as Senator from Montserrado County. During his football career, he played as a striker. His prolific 18-year professional playing career ended in 2003. He is the first former professional footballer to become a head of state. | George Weah, né le à Monrovia, est un ancien footballeur international et homme d'État libérien, président de la République du Liberia depuis le. | [
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Blimp | Dirigeable à enveloppe souple | A blimp, or non-rigid airship, is an airship (dirigible) or barrage balloon without an internal structural framework or a keel. Unlike semi-rigid and rigid airships (e.g. Zeppelins), blimps rely on the pressure of the lifting gas (usually helium, rather than hydrogen) inside the envelope and the strength of the envelope itself to maintain their shape. | Un dirigeable à enveloppe souple () est un ballon dirigeable souple. Le terme "blimp" serait onomatopéique, le son que fait l'aéronef quand on frappe l'enveloppe du ballon avec un doigt. Bien qu'il y ait un certain désaccord parmi les historiens, on attribue ce terme le plus souvent au Lt. A.D. Conningham de la Royal Navy britannique en 1915. | [
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Jean-Antoine Houdon | Jean-Antoine Houdon | Jean-Antoine Houdon () (25 March 1741 – 15 July 1828) was a French neoclassical sculptor. Houdon is famous for his portrait busts and statues of philosophers, inventors and political figures of the Enlightenment. Houdon's subjects included Denis Diderot (1771), Benjamin Franklin (1778-1809), Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1778), Voltaire (1781), Molière (1781), George Washington (1785–1788), Thomas Jefferson (1789), Louis XVI (1790), Robert Fulton, (1803–04), and Napoléon Bonaparte (1806). | Jean-Antoine Houdon, né le à Versailles et mort le à Paris, est un sculpteur français. Il est l'un des plus importants sculpteurs du. Réputé pour le rendu réaliste de ses œuvres, habile non seulement dans le travail en marbre, Houdon avait aussi un talent et aptitude pour façonner la terre, le plâtre et le bronze. On l'appelle souvent. | [
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Campus Martius | Champ de Mars (Rome) | The Campus Martius (Latin for the "Field of Mars", Italian "Campo Marzio") was a publicly owned area of ancient Rome about in extent. In the Middle Ages, it was the most populous area of Rome. The IV rione of Rome, Campo Marzio, which covers a smaller section of the original area, bears the same name. | Le Champ de Mars (en latin : "Campus Martius", en italien : "Campo Marzio") est une vaste plaine de près de deux kilomètres carrés située au nord-ouest du centre historique de Rome, sur la rive gauche du Tibre, et constituant un domaine public de la Rome antique. À l'origine, la région s'étend hors des murs de la ville. C'est dans cette région qu'est consacré le premier sanctuaire dédié au dieu Mars de Rome. | [
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Otho | Othon (empereur romain) | Otho (; Marcus Otho Caesar Augustus, ; 28 April 32 – 16 April 69) was Roman emperor for three months, from 15 January to 16 April 69. He was the second emperor of the Year of the Four Emperors. | Othon (latin : "Imperator Marcus Otho Cæsar Augustus") (32-69) est un empereur romain qui régna de janvier à avril 69. Son frère aîné, Lucius Salvius Otho Titianus, fut consul en 52. | [
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Ancient Roman architecture | Architecture romaine | Ancient Roman architecture adopted the external language of classical Greek architecture for the purposes of the ancient Romans, but was different from Greek buildings, becoming a new architectural style. The two styles are often considered one body of classical architecture. Roman architecture flourished in the Roman Republic and even more so under the Empire, when the great majority of surviving buildings were constructed. It used new materials, particularly Roman concrete, and newer technologies such as the arch and the dome to make buildings that were typically strong and well-engineered. Large numbers remain in some form across the empire, sometimes complete and still in use to this day. | Larchitecture romaine est l'art de concevoir des espaces et de bâtir des édifices qui se développe durant la Rome antique, du au Elle adopte certains aspects de l'architecture de la Grèce antique de façons directe et indirecte à travers les contacts avec la Grande-Grèce et par l'utilisation des techniques de l'architecture étrusque qui trouve elle-même son origine dans l'architecture grecque. On retrouve ainsi dans les monuments romains l'esthétisme des bâtiments grecs avec l'utilisation des ordres architecturaux (dont l'ordre corinthien qui est le plus répandu) et du marbre qui se mélange aux techniques héritées des étrusques, comme leur savoir-faire en matière d'ingénierie hydraulique (systèmes d'égouts, fontaines, tunnels, ponts). | [
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Trajan's Forum | Forum de Trajan | Trajan's Forum (; ) was the last of the Imperial fora to be constructed in ancient Rome. The architect Apollodorus of Damascus oversaw its construction. | Le forum de Trajan ("Forum Traiani") est le dernier des forums impériaux à avoir été construit à Rome, le plus monumental de l'époque et l’un des mieux conservés aujourd’hui. Il comprend plusieurs monuments comme la basilique Ulpienne ("Basilica Ulpia"), la colonne Trajane ("Colonna Traiana"), deux bibliothèques ("Bibliotheca Traiani") et les marchés de Trajan ("Macellum Traiani"). | [
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Agnès Jaoui | Agnès Jaoui | Agnès Jaoui (born 19 October 1964) is a French actress, screenwriter, film director and singer. She frequently works in collaboration with her former partner Jean-Pierre Bacri. | Agnès Jaoui, née le à Antony, est une actrice, scénariste, réalisatrice et chanteuse française. En 1998, elle reçoit le César de la meilleure actrice dans un second rôle pour le film "On connaît la chanson", et a reçu quatre fois le César du meilleur scénario original ou adaptation. Son film "Le Goût des autres" a par ailleurs reçu le César du meilleur film en 2001. Ces six prix en font la femme la plus récompensée aux César. | [
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First Persian invasion of Greece | Première guerre médique | The first Persian invasion of Greece, during the Persian Wars, began in 492 BC, and ended with the decisive Athenian victory at the Battle of Marathon in 490 BC. The invasion, consisting of two distinct campaigns, was ordered by the Persian king Darius the Great primarily in order to punish the city-states of Athens and Eretria. These cities had supported the cities of Ionia during their revolt against Persian rule, thus incurring the wrath of Darius. Darius also saw the opportunity to extend his empire into Europe, and to secure its western frontier. | La Première guerre médique désigne la première invasion perse de la Grèce pendant les guerres médiques. Commencée en 492 av. J.-C. et se terminant par la victoire décisive des Athéniens à la bataille de Marathon en 490 av. J.-C., l'invasion est composée de deux campagnes distinctes. Elle est ordonnée par le roi perse Darius principalement pour punir les cités d'Athènes et d'Érétrie. Ces cités avaient soutenu les villes de l'Ionie pendant leur révolte contre la domination perse, provoquant ainsi la colère de Darius. Ce dernier a également vu l'opportunité d'étendre son empire en Europe et de sécuriser sa frontière occidentale. | [
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Titus | Titus (empereur romain) | Titus ( ; full name: "Titus Caesar Vespasianus"; 30 December 39 – 13 September 81 AD) was Roman emperor from 79 to 81. A member of the Flavian dynasty, Titus succeeded his father Vespasian upon his death, thus becoming the first Roman emperor to come to the throne after his own biological father. | Titus ( – ), appartenant à la dynastie des Flaviens, est un empereur romain, qui régna de 79 à 81. Il est resté célèbre pour la prise de Jérusalem, en 70. Pour commémorer cette victoire, son frère Domitien, devenu empereur à sa mort, fera ériger l'arc de Titus, lequel est toujours en bon état de conservation. | [
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Antoninus Pius | Antonin le Pieux | Antoninus Pius (; Titus Aelius Hadrianus Antoninus Augustus Pius; 19 September 867 March 161) was Roman emperor from 138 to 161. He was one of the Five Good Emperors in the Nerva–Antonine dynasty and the Aurelii. | Antonin le Pieux ( à Lanuvium, Latium – ) est un empereur romain, qui régna de 138 à 161. Par son père Titus Aurelius Fulvus, consul en 89, et son grand-père Titus Aurelius Fulvus, consul en 85, il est originaire de Nemausus (Nîmes). | [
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Nursing diagnosis | Diagnostic infirmier | A nursing diagnosis may be part of the nursing process and is a clinical judgment about individual, family, or community experiences/responses to actual or potential health problems/life processes. Nursing diagnoses foster the nurse's independent practice (e.g., patient comfort or relief) compared to dependent interventions driven by physician's orders (e.g., medication administration). Nursing diagnoses are developed based on data obtained during the nursing assessment. An problem-based nursing diagnosis presents a problem response present at time of assessment. Risk diagnoses represent vulnerabilities to potential problems, and health promotion diagnoses identify areas which can be enhanced to improve health. Whereas a medical diagnosis identifies a disorder, a nursing diagnosis identifies the unique ways in which individuals respond to health or life processes or crises. The nursing diagnostic process is unique among others. A nursing diagnosis integrates patient involvement, when possible, throughout the process. | Le diagnostic infirmier est "l'énoncé d'un jugement clinique sur les réactions aux problèmes de santé présents ou potentiels d'une personne, d'un groupe ou d'une collectivité". Il est complémentaire du diagnostic médical et ne s'y substitue pas. D'une façon générale, il est centré sur les besoins de la personne et non directement sur sa pathologie. | [
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Operation Bodyguard | Opération Bodyguard | Operation Bodyguard was the code name for a World War II deception plan employed by the Allied states before the 1944 invasion of northwest Europe. The plan was intended to mislead the German high command as to the time and place of the invasion. The plan contained several operations, and culminated in the tactical surprise over the Germans during the Normandy landings on 6 June 1944 (D-Day) and delayed German reinforcements to the region for some time afterwards. | Durant la Seconde Guerre mondiale, l'opération Bodyguard (garde du corps) fut un plan de diversion générale, initié en 1943 par les Alliés et destiné à tromper les armées de l'Axe en Europe pour 1944. Le principal objectif était de cacher les intentions d'invasion de la France par le nord et le sud (respectivement opération Overlord et opération Dragoon). | [
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Nuraghe | Nuraghe | The nuraghe (, ; plural: Logudorese Sardinian, Campidanese Sardinian, Italianized into ), or also nurhag in English, is the main type of ancient megalithic edifice found in Sardinia, developed during the Nuragic Age between 1900 and 730 B.C. Today it has come to be the symbol of Sardinia and its distinctive culture, the Nuragic civilization. More than 7,000 nuraghes have been found, though archeologists believe that originally there were more than 10,000. | Un nuraghe est une tour ronde en forme de cône tronqué que l'on trouve principalement en Sardaigne. Cet édifice mégalithique est caractéristique de la culture nuragique, culture apparue en Sardaigne entre 1900 et 730 av. J.-C. | [
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Nerva | Nerva | Nerva (; Marcus Cocceius Nerva Caesar Augustus; 8 November 30 – 27 January 98) was Roman emperor from 96 to 98. Nerva became emperor when aged almost 66, after a lifetime of imperial service under Nero and the rulers of the Flavian dynasty. Under Nero, he was a member of the imperial entourage and played a vital part in exposing the Pisonian conspiracy of 65. Later, as a loyalist to the Flavians, he attained consulships in 71 and 90 during the reigns of Vespasian and Domitian, respectively. | Nerva, né sous le nom de "Marcus Cocceius Nerva" le à Narni et mort le à Rome, est empereur romain du jusqu'à sa mort. À sa mort, il porte le nom de "Imperator Nerva Cæsar Augustus Germanicus". | [
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Nucleosynthesis | Nucléosynthèse | Nucleosynthesis is the process that creates new atomic nuclei from pre-existing nucleons (protons and neutrons) and nuclei. According to current theories, the first nuclei were formed a few minutes after the Big Bang, through nuclear reactions in a process called Big Bang nucleosynthesis. After about 20 minutes, the universe had expanded and cooled to a point at which these high-energy collisions among nucleons ended, so only the fastest and simplest reactions occurred, leaving our universe containing about 75% hydrogen, 24% helium by mass. The rest is traces of other elements such as lithium and the hydrogen isotope deuterium. Nucleosynthesis in stars and their explosions later produced the variety of elements and isotopes that we have today, in a process called cosmic chemical evolution. The amounts of total mass in elements heavier than hydrogen and helium (called'metals' by astrophysicists) remains small (few percent), so that the universe still has approximately the same composition. | La nucléosynthèse est la synthèse de noyaux atomiques par différentes réactions nucléaires (capture de neutrons ou de protons, fusion nucléaire, fission nucléaire, spallation), éventuellement suivies de désintégrations radioactives ou de fission spontanée. | [
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Gemination | Gémination | In phonetics and phonology, gemination (), or consonant lengthening, is an articulation of a consonant for a longer period of time than that of a single instance of the same type of consonant. It is distinct from stress. "Gemination" literally means "twinning" and comes from the same Latin root as "Gemini". | En phonétique, la gémination est une unité suprasegmentale consistant en un redoublement de consonne, laquelle possède ainsi une durée accrue perceptible à l'oreille. C'est un cas particulier de la quantité consonantique longue car on dit d'une consonne qu'elle est géminée quand, phonologiquement parlant, la consonne longue est répartie entre la fin (ou "coda") d'une syllabe et le début (ou "attaque") de la syllabe suivante. Par exemple, dans un mot qu'on analyserait [kalla], la consonne /l/ serait géminée dans un découpage en syllabes [kal.la]. Une consonne géminée ne peut donc pas apparaître dans un monosyllabe. | [
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Auguste Escoffier | Auguste Escoffier | Georges Auguste Escoffier (; 28 October 1846 – 12 February 1935) was a famous French chef, restaurateur and culinary writer who popularized and updated traditional French cooking methods. Much of Escoffier's technique was based on that of Marie-Antoine Carême, one of the codifiers of French "haute cuisine", but Escoffier's achievement was to simplify and modernize Carême's elaborate and ornate style. In particular, he codified the recipes for the five mother sauces. Referred to by the French press as "roi des cuisiniers et cuisinier des rois" ("king of chefs and chef of kings"—though this had also been previously said of Carême), Escoffier was a preeminent in London and Paris during the 1890s and the early part of the 20th century. | Gordien III ("Marcus Antonius Gordianus Pius") ( - ) est empereur romain de 238 à 244, pendant la période dite de l'« Anarchie militaire ». | [
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Macrinus | Macrin | Macrinus (; Marcus Opellius Severus Macrinus Augustus; – June 218) was Roman Emperor from April 217 to 8 June 218. He reigned jointly with his young son Diadumenianus. Macrinus was by origin a Berber from Mauretania Caesariensis. A member of the equestrian class, he became the first emperor who did not hail from the senatorial class and was the first emperor from Mauretania. Before becoming emperor, Macrinus served under Emperor Caracalla as a praetorian prefect and dealt with Rome's civil affairs. He later conspired against Caracalla and had him murdered in a bid to protect his own life, succeeding him as emperor. | Pendant la Seconde Guerre mondiale, l'opération "Tonga" faisait partie des débarquements de troupes aéroportées britanniques dans la nuit du 5 au, appuyant le débarquement de Normandie (opération Overlord). | [
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Christopher Walken | Christopher Walken | Christopher Walken (born Ronald Walken, March 31, 1943) is an American actor, singer, comedian, director, producer, screenwriter, and dancer, who has appeared in more than 100 films and television programs, including "Annie Hall" (1977), "The Deer Hunter" (1978), "The Dogs of War" (1980), "The Dead Zone" (1983), "A View to a Kill" (1985), "King of New York" (1990), "Batman Returns" (1992), "True Romance" (1993), "Pulp Fiction" (1994), "Antz" (1998), "Vendetta" (1999), "Sleepy Hollow" (1999), "Joe Dirt" (2001), "Catch Me If You Can" (2002), "Hairspray" (2007), "Seven Psychopaths" (2012), the first three "Prophecy" films, "The Jungle Book" (2016), and "Irreplaceable You" (2018). He has received a number of awards and nominations, including the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for "The Deer Hunter". He was nominated for the same award and won BAFTA and Screen Actors Guild Awards for "Catch Me If You Can". His films have grossed more than $1 billion in the United States. | Ronald Walken, dit Christopher Walken est un acteur et danseur américain, né le à New York. Commençant sa carrière au théâtre, il devient célèbre au cinéma avec "Voyage au bout de l'enfer" (1978) pour lequel il remporte l'Oscar du meilleur acteur dans un second rôle. | [
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Gordian I | Gordien Ier | Gordian I (; c. 159 AD – 12 April 238 AD) was Roman Emperor for 21 days with his son Gordian II in 238, the Year of the Six Emperors. Caught up in a rebellion against the Emperor Maximinus Thrax, he was defeated by forces loyal to Maximinus, and he committed suicide after the death of his son. | Auguste Escoffier, né à Villeneuve-Loubet le, mort à Monte-Carlo le, est un chef cuisinier, restaurateur et auteur culinaire français. | [
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Severus Alexander | Sévère Alexandre | Severus Alexander (; Marcus Aurelius Severus Alexander Augustus; born Marcus Julius Gessius Bassianus Alexianus; c. 208 – 19 March 235) was Roman Emperor from 222 to 235 and the last emperor of the Severan dynasty. He succeeded his cousin Elagabalus upon the latter's assassination in 222. His own assassination marked the epoch event for the Crisis of the Third Century—nearly 50 years of civil wars, foreign invasion, and collapse of the monetary economy. | Sévère Alexandre ("Imperator Cæsar Marcus Aurelius Severus Alexander Pius Felix Augustus, Persicus Maximus (?)") est un empereur romain qui régna de 222 à 235. Il est le dernier de la dynastie des Sévères. | [
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Gordian II | Gordien II | Gordian II (; c. 192 – 12 April 238) was Roman Emperor for 21 days with his father Gordian I in 238, the Year of the Six Emperors. Seeking to overthrow Emperor Maximinus Thrax, he died in battle outside Carthage. Since he died before his father, Gordian II had the shortest reign of any Roman Emperor in the whole of the Empire's history, at 21 days. | Gordien II (en latin : "Imperator Caesar Marcus Antonius Gordianus Sempronianus Romanus Africanus Augustus"), dit aussi Gordien le Jeune (vers 192 - ), est empereur romain en 238, pendant la période dite de l'anarchie militaire. | [
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Maximinus Thrax | Maximin Ier le Thrace | Maximinus Thrax ("Maximinus the Thracian"; Gaius Julius Verus Maximinus; – May 238) was Roman emperor from 235 to 238. His father was an accountant in the governor's office and sprang from ancestors who were Carpi (a Dacian tribe), a people whom Diocletian would eventually drive from their ancient abode (in Dacia) and transfer to Pannonia (Roman Antiquities, book XXVIII, Ammianus Marcellinus). Maximinus was the commander of the Legio IV "Italica" when Severus Alexander was assassinated by his own troops in 235. The Pannonian army then elected Maximinus emperor. | Maximin "le Thrace ou Maximin ou Maximin "le Thrace ("Caius Julius Verus Maximinus Thrax") (vers 173 - 238) est un empereur romain qui régna de 235 à 238. Son règne marque le début de la période dite de l'« Anarchie militaire » ou Crise du troisième siècle. | [
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Operation Tonga | Opération Tonga | Operation Tonga was the codename given to the airborne operation undertaken by the British 6th Airborne Division between 5 June and 7 June 1944 as a part of Operation Overlord and the D-Day landings during World War II. | Was ist Aufklärung? est un essai du philosophe allemand Emmanuel Kant datant de 1784. Son titre complet est "Réponse à la question : qu'est ce que l'Aufklärung?" ("). | [
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Elagabalus | Héliogabale | Elagabalus ( ) or Heliogabalus ( ; 204 – 11 March 222) was Roman emperor from 218 to 222. A member of the Severan dynasty, he was the second son of Julia Soaemias and Sextus Varius Marcellus. In his early youth he served the god Elagabalus as a priest in Emesa, Syria, the hometown of his mother's family, the Arab priest-king Emesan dynasty. As a private citizen, he was probably named Sextus Varius Avitus Bassianus. Upon becoming emperor he took the name Marcus Aurelius Antoninus Augustus. He was called Elagabalus only after his death. | Héliogabale ou Élagabal ("Varius Avitus Bassianus") (v. 203 - ) est empereur romain de 218 à 222 sous le nom de "Marcus Aurelius Antoninus". | [
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Philip the Arab | Philippe l'Arabe | Philip I (; 204 – September 249 AD), also known commonly as the Arab (), was Roman Emperor from February 244 to September 249. He was born in Aurantis, Arabia, in a city situated in modern-day Syria. He went on to become a major figure in the Roman Empire. After the death of Gordian III in February 244, Philip, who had been Praetorian prefect, achieved power. He quickly negotiated peace with the Persian Sassanid Empire and returned to Rome to be confirmed by the senate. During his reign, the city of Rome celebrated its millennium. He also introduced the Actia-Dusaria Festivities in Bostra, capital of Arabia. Dusaria is Dushara, the main Nabataean deity. | Marcus Julius Philippus (latin : "Marcus Iulius Philippus Augustus") (v. 204 - 249), plus communément connu sous son surnom Philippe l'Arabe (latin : Philippus Arabus), est empereur romain de 244 à 249. Il est né en Arabie pétrée, la province romaine d'Arabie, dans une ville située actuellement à l'extrême sud de la Syrie. Il est devenu une figure majeure dans l'Empire romain. Il est parvenu au pouvoir après la mort de Gordien III, négociant rapidement la paix avec l'Empire sassanide. Pendant son règne, Rome a célébré son millénaire. | [
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Septimius Severus | Septime Sévère | Septimius Severus ( ; Lucius Septimius Severus Eusebes Pertinax; 11 April 145 – 4 February 211) was Roman emperor from 193 to 211. He was born in Leptis Magna in the Roman province of Africa. As a young man he advanced through the customary succession of offices under the reigns of Marcus Aurelius and Commodus. Severus seized power after the death of Emperor Pertinax in 193 during the Year of the Five Emperors. | Gordien (en latin : "Imperator Caesar Marcus Antonius Gordianus Sempronianus Romanus Africanus Augustus") (v. 158 - 238) est un éphémère empereur romain ayant régné quelques semaines au début de l'année 238. Il exerce les fonctions de proconsul de la province d'Afrique. Proclamé empereur romain au début de 238, lors de la réaction sénatoriale contre Maximin le Thrace, il disparaît dans les combats de la guerre civile après un mois de pouvoir. Son règne est essentiellement connu par l'Histoire d'Hérodien et par les monnayages des cités et provinces l'ayant reconnu. | [
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Florianus | Florien | Florianus (Marcus Annius Florianus; died 276), also known as Florian, was Roman emperor in 276, from July to September. He was the maternal half-brother of his predecessor, Tacitus, who was proclaimed emperor in late 275, after the unexpected death of Emperor Aurelian. After Tacitus died in July 276, allegedly assassinated as a consequence of a military plot, Florianus proclaimed himself emperor, with the recognition of the Roman Senate and much of the empire. However, Florianus soon had to deal with the revolt of Probus, who rose up shortly after Florianus ascended the throne, with the backing of the provinces of Egypt, Syria, Palestine, and Phoenicia. Probus took advantage of the terrain of the Cilician Gates, and the hot climate of the area, which Florianus' army was unaccustomed to, to chip away at their morale. Because of this, in September 276, Florianus' army rose up against him and killed him. | Florien (en latin : ""; mort en 276) est empereur romain de juillet à. Il est le demi-frère maternel de Tacite, proclamé empereur à la fin de l'année 275 après la mort inattendue de l'empereur Aurélien. Après la mort de Tacite en, supposément au cours d'un complot militaire, Florien est proclamé empereur, et est reconnu comme tel par le Sénat et la grande majorité de l'Empire. | [
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Nevi'im | Nevi'im | Nevi'im (; "Nəḇî'îm", "Prophets" literally "spokespersons") is the second main division of the Hebrew Bible (the "Tanakh"), between the Torah (instruction) and Ketuvim (writings). The Nevi'im are divided into two groups. The Former Prophets ( "Nevi'im Rishonim") consists of the narrative books of Joshua, Judges, Samuel and Kings; while the Latter Prophets ( "Nevi'im Akharonim") include the books of Isaiah, Jeremiah, Ezekiel, and the Twelve Minor Prophets. | Les Nevi'im (en hébreu / "nébīīm", « Prophètes ») forment la seconde partie du Tanakh (Bible hébraïque), après la Torah (Pentateuque) et avant les Ketouvim (Autres Écrits). | [
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House of Lorraine | Maison de Lorraine | The House of Lorraine () originated as a cadet branch of the House of Metz. It inherited the Duchy of Lorraine in 1473 after the death without a male heir of Nicholas I, Duke of Lorraine. By the marriage of Francis of Lorraine to Maria Theresa of Austria in 1736, and with the success in the ensuing War of the Austrian Succession (1740–1748), the House of Lorraine was joined to the House of Habsburg and became known as the House of Habsburg‐Lorraine (). Francis, his sons Joseph II and Leopold II, and his grandson Francis II were the last four Holy Roman Emperors from 1745 until the dissolution of the empire in 1806. The House of Habsburg-Lorraine inherited the Habsburg Empire, ruling the Austrian Empire and then Austria-Hungary until the dissolution of the monarchy in 1918. | La maison de Lorraine est une famille autrefois souveraine remontant au moins au. Elle prit le nom de Lorraine avec Gérard d'Alsace (mort en 1070), fait duc de Lorraine par l'empereur germanique Henri III, après son frère Adalbert. | [
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Quintillus | Quintillus | Quintillus (Marcus Aurelius Claudius Quintillus; died April 270) was Roman Emperor for a few months in 270. He was a brother of Claudius Gothicus. | Quintillus ("Marcus Aurelius Claudius Quintillus") est le frère cadet de l’empereur romain Claude le Gothique et lui succède brièvement d'août à octobre 270. | [
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Gallienus | Gallien | Gallienus (; Publius Licinius Egnatius Gallienus; c. 218 – September 268), also known as Gallien, was Roman Emperor with his father Valerian from 22 October 253 to spring 260 and alone from spring 260 to September 268. He ruled during the Crisis of the Third Century that nearly caused the collapse of the empire. While he won a number of military victories, he was unable to prevent the secession of important provinces. His 15-year reign was the longest since the 19-year rule of Septimius Severus. | Gallien (Publius Licinius Egnatius Gallienus) (218 - 268) est empereur romain de l'an 259/260 à septembre 268 après J.-C. D'abord coempereur en 253, il partage le pouvoir avec son père Valérien. Son règne a été l'une des périodes les plus critiques pour l'Empire romain. Après la lourde défaite de Valérien contre les Perses et la capture de l'empereur, Gallien hérite d'une situation tragique, marquée par un grand nombre de rébellions, de tentatives d'usurpations et une reprise des invasions sur toute la longueur de la frontière européenne de l'empire, du Rhin au Danube. Face aux menaces intérieure et extérieure, il contient cependant les invasions et lutte contre les usurpateurs, notamment Postume en Gaule, tout en se conciliant Odénat en Orient, pour parer au plus pressé. Son règne extrêmement difficile est considéré par les sources antiques comme le fait d'un débauché et d'un incapable, mais les historiens modernes portent sur son œuvre un jugement beaucoup moins sévère. | [
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Decius | Dèce | Trajan Decius (; ; c. 201June 251) was Roman emperor from 249 to 251. A distinguished politician during the reign of Philip the Arab, Decius was proclaimed emperor by his troops after successfully putting down a rebellion in Moesia. In 249, he defeated and killed Philip near Verona and was recognized as emperor by the Senate afterwards. During his reign, he attempted to strengthen the Roman state and its religion, leading to the Decian persecution, where a number of prominent Christians (including Pope Fabian) were put to death. | Dèce, appelé aussi Trajan Dèce ("Imperator Caesar Caius Messius Quintus Traianus Decius Augustus") (v. 201 - juin 251), est empereur romain de 249 à 251. Il succède à Philippe l'Arabe contre qui il s'est révolté. En 251, il associe son fils Herennius au pouvoir et dirige l'Empire avec lui. Tous deux meurent en juin 251 à la bataille d'Abrittus. | [
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Maximinus II | Maximin II Daïa | Maximinus II (Gaius Galerius Valerius Maximinus Daia; 20 November c. 270 – July or August 313), also known as Maximinus Daia or Daza, was Roman emperor from 308 to 313. He became embroiled in the Civil wars of the Tetrarchy between rival claimants for control of the empire, in which he was defeated by Licinius. A committed pagan, he engaged in one of the last persecutions of Christians. | Maximin II Daïa tel qu'il se nommait, ou "Imperator Caesar Gaius Valerius Galerius Maximinus Pius Felix Invictus Augustus" (20 novembre vers 270-313), est un empereur romain de 310 à 313. | [
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Baths of Caracalla | Thermes de Caracalla | The Baths of Caracalla () in Rome, Italy, were the city's second largest Roman public baths, or "thermae", likely built between AD 212 (or 211) and 216/217, during the reigns of emperors Septimius Severus and Caracalla. They were in operation until the 530s and then fell into disuse and ruin. | Les thermes de Caracalla "", inaugurés à Rome sous l’empereur romain Caracalla en 216 ap. J.-C., sont les plus grands et les plus luxueux thermes romains réalisés jusqu'alors, même s'ils sont dépassés par la suite. En plus des équipements concernant directement les bains, ce complexe propose des activités variées (bains publics et privés, nage, massage, exercices de gymnastique), ce qui explique sa taille gigantesque. Une superficie de plus de onze hectares, de la place pour baigneurs et 64 citernes de chacune. C'est aujourd'hui l'édifice thermal le mieux conservé de l'Empire romain. Les ruines qui demeurent encore à Rome ont conservé leur aspect colossal. | [
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Maxentius | Maxence (empereur romain) | Maxentius (Marcus Aurelius Valerius Maxentius; c. 276 – 28 October 312) was Roman emperor from 306 to 312. He was the son of former Emperor Maximian and the son-in-law of Emperor Galerius. The latter part of his reign was preoccupied with civil war, allying with Maximinus II against Licinius and Constantine. The latter defeated him at the Battle of the Milvian Bridge in 312, where Maxentius, with his army in flight, purportedly perished by drowning in the Tiber river. | Maxence, "Imperator Caesar Marcus Aurelius Valerius Maxentius Pius Felix Invictus Augustus" en latin, est un empereur romain qui prend le pouvoir à Rome en 306. Il meurt le, lors de la bataille du pont Milvius, aux portes de la Ville d'où sa puissance avait rayonné pendant plusieurs années. | [
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Domitian | Domitien | Domitian (; ; 24 October 51 – 18 September 96) was Roman emperor from 81 to 96. He was the younger brother of Titus and the son of Vespasian, his two predecessors on the throne, and the last member of the Flavian dynasty. During his reign, the authoritarian nature of his rule put him at sharp odds with the Senate, whose powers he drastically curtailed. | Domitien, né sous le nom de "Titus Flavius Domitianus" le 24 octobre 51 et mort le 18 septembre 96 à Rome, est empereur romain de 81 jusqu'à sa mort. Il est le troisième et dernier représentant de la dynastie flavienne. À sa mort, il porte le titre de "Imperator Caesar Domitianus Augustus Germanicus". | [
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Valentinian I | Valentinien Ier | Valentinian I (; ; 3 July 32117 November 375), also known as Valentinian the Great, was Roman emperor from 364 to 375. Upon becoming emperor he made his brother Valens his co-emperor, giving him rule of the eastern provinces while Valentinian retained the west. | Valentinien ("Flavius Valentinianus Augustus") (321-375), est un co-empereur romain de 364 à 375 avec son frère cadet Valens, empereur de 364 à sa mort à la bataille d'Andrinople en 378. | [
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Kingdom of Sicily | Royaume de Sicile | The Kingdom of Sicily (,,,, ) was a state that existed in the south of the Italian peninsula and for a time the region of Ifriqiya from its founding by Roger II of Sicily in 1130 until 1816. It was a successor state of the County of Sicily, which had been founded in 1071 during the Norman conquest of the southern peninsula. The island was divided into three regions: Val di Mazara, Val Demone and Val di Noto; "val" being the apocopic form of the word "vallo", derived from the Arabic word "wilāya" (meaning 'district'). | Le royaume de Sicile, également appelé royaume normand de Sicile, est un État créé en 1130 par Roger II, incluant l'île de Sicile, la Calabre, les Pouilles, Naples et pour un temps limité, des territoires en Afrique. | [
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Edinburgh Castle | Château d'Édimbourg | Edinburgh Castle is a historic fortress which dominates the skyline of Edinburgh, the capital city of Scotland, from its position on the Castle Rock. Archaeologists have established human occupation of the rock since at least the Iron Age (2nd century AD), although the nature of the early settlement is unclear. There has been a royal castle on the rock since at least the reign of David I in the 12th century, and the site continued at times to be a royal residence until 1633. From the 15th century, the castle's residential role declined, and by the 17th century it was principally used as military barracks with a large garrison. Its importance as a part of Scotland's national heritage was recognised increasingly from the early 19th century onwards, and various restoration programmes have been carried out over the past century and a half. As one of the most important strongholds in the Kingdom of Scotland, Edinburgh Castle was involved in many historical conflicts from the Wars of Scottish Independence in the 14th century to the Jacobite rising of 1745. Research undertaken in 2014 identified 26 sieges in its 1100-year-old history, giving it a claim to having been "the most besieged place in Great Britain and one of the most attacked in the world". | Le château d’Édimbourg est une ancienne forteresse sur un rocher d’origine volcanique dans le centre de la ville d’Édimbourg. Il a été utilisé dans un but militaire depuis près de 300 ans et n’a été transféré à un usage civil que récemment. Il se trouve au sommet de la rue "High Street", aussi appelée le Royal Mile. Le Palais de Holyrood s’étend au bas. | [
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Cavedog Entertainment | Cavedog Entertainment | Cavedog Entertainment was a video game developer based in Bothell, Washington. Founded in 1995 as a division of edutainment game developer Humongous Entertainment, Cavedog was known for the 1997 release of "Total Annihilation"—which won several accolades, such as multiple "Game of the Year" honors, and considered one of the "greatest games of all time" by "GameSpot". | Cavedog Entertainment est un éditeur de jeux vidéo basé à Bothell dans l'État de Washington, créé en 1995 en tant que filiale d'Humongous Entertainment. En 1996, GT Interactive Software rachète Humongous Entertainment. Plus tard, en 1999, GT Interactive Software est racheté par Infogrames Entertainment qui la renomme Infogrames Inc.. En 2000, la marque "Cavedog" est abandonnée et Cavedog Entertainment est déclaré en faillite. | [
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Yam (vegetable) | Igname | Yam is the common name for some plant species in the genus "Dioscorea" (family Dioscoreaceae) that form edible tubers. Yams are perennial herbaceous vines cultivated for the consumption of their starchy tubers in many temperate and tropical regions, especially in Africa, South America and the Caribbean, Asia, and Oceania. The tubers themselves, also called "yams", come in a variety of forms owing to numerous cultivars and related species. | « Igname » est un nom vernaculaire ambigu désignant en français plusieurs espèces de plantes appartenant au genre "Dioscorea", famille des "Dioscoreaceae", cultivées dans toutes les régions tropicales du globe terrestre, dans un but alimentaire, pour leurs tubercules riches en amidon. Le terme désigne aussi le tubercule lui-même consommé comme légume-racine. En Amérique du Nord et au Canada, ce qu'on appelle igname est souvent en fait une patate douce. | [
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Citadel | Citadelle | A citadel is the core fortified area of a town or city. It may be a castle, fortress, or fortified center. The term is a diminutive of "city" and thus means "little city", so called because it is a smaller part of the city of which it is the defensive core. Ancient Sparta had a citadel, as did many other Greek cities and towns. | La citadelle désigne deux formes de fortifications différentes. L'acception la plus courante est la partie fortifiée d'une ville, avec des bastions, environnée de fossés pour commander la ville. Elle est donc au cœur de la ville mais peut aussi être en dehors si la position s'avère plus intéressante (sur une colline par exemple). | [
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Stone of Scone | Pierre du destin | The Stone of Scone (;, )—also known as the Stone of Destiny, and often referred to in England as The Coronation Stone—is an oblong block of red sandstone that has been used for centuries in the coronation of the monarchs of Scotland, and later also when the monarchs of Scotland became monarchs of England as well as in the coronations of the monarchs of Great Britain and latterly of the United Kingdom following the acts of union. Historically, the artefact was kept at the now-ruined Scone Abbey in Scone, near Perth, Scotland. It is also known as Jacob's Pillow Stone and the Tanist Stone, and in Scottish Gaelic, "clach-na-cinneamhain". Its size is by by and its weight is approximately. A roughly incised cross is on one surface, and an iron ring at each end aids with transport. The Stone of Scone was last used in 1953 for the coronation of Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. | La pierre du destin, aussi connue sous les noms de pierre de Scone, la pierre du couronnement, l'oreiller de Jacob et la pierre de Tanist, est un bloc de grès, utilisé dans les rituels de couronnement au Royaume-Uni. | [
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Chytridiomycota | Chytridiomycota | Chytridiomycota are a division of zoosporic organisms in the kingdom Fungi, informally known as chytrids. The name is derived from the Greek χυτρίδιον "chytridion", meaning "little pot", describing the structure containing unreleased zoospores. Chytrids are one of the early diverging fungal lineages, and their membership in kingdom Fungi is demonstrated with chitin cell walls, a posterior whiplash flagellum, absorptive nutrition, use of glycogen as an energy storage compound, and synthesis of lysine by the α-amino adipic acid (AAA) pathway. | Les Chytridiomycètes (Chytridiomycota) ou chytrides constituent un vaste groupe de champignons saprophytes ou parasites, majoritairement composés de Champignons aquatiques, présentant des caractères considérés comme ancestraux (les plus anciens fossiles de champignons, trouvés au Nord de la Russie dans des couches géologiques datées du Vendien, ressemblent aux Chytridiomycota contemporains (d'autres fossiles plus anciens qu'on a cru être des champignons, seraient en réalité des cyanobactéries). Ce sont aussi les seuls champignons dont les gamètes ont un flagelle leur permettant de nager. | [
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Licinius | Licinius | Licinius (; Gaius Valerius Licinianus Licinius; c. 263 – 325) was a Roman emperor from 308 to 324. For most of his reign he was the colleague and rival of Constantine I, with whom he co-authored the Edict of Milan (AD 313) that granted official toleration to Christians in the Roman Empire. He was finally defeated at the Battle of Chrysopolis (AD 324), and was later executed on the orders of Constantine I. | Licinius, de son nom complet "Imperator Caesar Flavius Galerius Valerius Licinianus Licinius Pius Felix Invictus Augustus", né dans la seconde moitié du et mort à Thessalonique en 325, est un co-empereur romain qui règne du à septembre 324, essentiellement sur la partie orientale de l’Empire. | [
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Dioscorea communis | Dioscorea communis | Dioscorea communis or Tamus communis is a species of flowering plant in the yam family Dioscoreaceae and is commonly known as black bryony, lady's-seal or black bindweed. | Le Tamier commun ou Herbe aux femmes battues "(Dioscorea communis)", est une espèce de plantes grimpantes monocotylédones de la famille des ignames ("Dioscoreaceae"). | [
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