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Altaic languages | Langues altaïques | Altaic () is a "Sprachbund" and proposed language family that would include the Turkic, Mongolian and Tungusic language families and possibly also the Japonic and Koreanic languages. Speakers of these languages are currently scattered over most of Asia north of 35 °N and in some eastern parts of Europe, extending in longitude from Turkey to Japan. The group is named after the Altai mountain range in the center of Asia. Most comparative linguists today reject the hypothesis, and it only has a few supporters left. | Les langues altaïques sont un ensemble de langues parlées en Eurasie, depuis la Turquie et la Moldavie jusqu'à l'Asie de l'Est, en passant par l'Asie centrale, la Sibérie et l'Extrême-orient russe. Elles rassemblent au minimum les langues turques, les langues mongoles et les langues toungouses, ainsi que dans certaines conceptions le coréen et les langues japoniques. Le nom dérive de celui de l'Altaï, une chaîne de montagnes d'Asie centrale aujourd'hui partagée entre Chine, Kazakhstan, Mongolie et Russie. | [
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ETH Zurich | École polytechnique fédérale de Zurich | ETH Zurich (Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zurich; ; ; ) is a public research university in the city of Zürich, Switzerland. Founded by the Swiss Federal Government in 1854 with the stated mission to educate engineers and scientists, the school focuses exclusively on science, technology, engineering and mathematics. Like its sister institution EPFL, it is part of the Swiss Federal Institutes of Technology Domain (ETH Domain), part of the Swiss Federal Department of Economic Affairs, Education and Research. | L'École polytechnique fédérale de Zurich (EPFZ, en allemand "Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich", ETHZ) est une université technique de renommée internationale située à Zurich, en Suisse. Elle est parfois surnommée « ETH » ou « Poly » d'après son nom original. Vingt lauréats du prix Nobel ont été professeurs ou ont étudié à l'ETH. | [
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Wolfgang Pauli | Wolfgang Pauli | Wolfgang Ernst Pauli (; ; 25 April 1900 – 15 December 1958) was an Austrian theoretical physicist and one of the pioneers of quantum physics. Later in life he got the citizenships of the United States and Switzerland. In 1945, after having been nominated by Albert Einstein, Pauli received the Nobel Prize in Physics for his "decisive contribution through his discovery of a new law of Nature, the exclusion principle or Pauli principle". The discovery involved spin theory, which is the basis of a theory of the structure of matter. He also showed a precocious ability for physics getting his PhD at age 21 even though he graduated high school at 18 (about average age for graduation). | Wolfgang Ernst Pauli ( à Vienne – à Zurich) est un physicien autrichien connu pour sa définition du principe d'exclusion en mécanique quantique, ou principe de Pauli, ce qui lui valut le prix Nobel de physique de 1945. Il est également lauréat de la médaille Franklin en 1952. | [
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War of the Second Coalition | Deuxième Coalition | The War of the Second Coalition (1798–1802) was the second war on revolutionary France by most of the European monarchies, led by Britain, Austria and Russia, and including the Ottoman Empire, Portugal, Naples, various German monarchies and Sweden, though Prussia did not join this coalition and Spain supported France. | La Deuxième Coalition (1798-1802) est le deuxième groupement de plusieurs puissances européennes pour contenir la France révolutionnaire, si possible abattre le régime républicain et rétablir la monarchie. La Deuxième Coalition, formée à l'instigation de la Grande-Bretagne, de septembre 1798 à mars 1799, comprenait la Russie, l'Autriche, la Turquie, les Deux-Siciles, quelques princes allemands et la Suède. Elle prit fin après la signature des paix de Lunéville (1801) et d'Amiens (1802). | [
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Film editing | Montage | Film editing is both a creative and a technical part of the post-production process of filmmaking. The term is derived from the traditional process of working with film which increasingly involves the use of digital technology. | Le montage est, en audiovisuel, l'action d'assembler bout à bout plusieurs plans pour former des séquences qui forment à leur tour un film. | [
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Eggplant | Aubergine | Eggplant (USA, Australia, New Zealand, anglophone Canada), aubergine (UK, Ireland, Quebec) or brinjal (South Asia, South Africa) is a plant species in the nightshade family Solanaceae. "Solanum melongena" is grown worldwide for its edible fruit. | L’aubergine ("Solanum melongena" L.) est une espèce de plantes dicotylédones de la famille des "Solanaceae", originaire d'Asie. Ce sont des plantes herbacées annuelles, largement cultivées pour leurs fruits comestibles comme plantes potagères ou maraîchères. L'espèce a été domestiquée en Asie depuis l'époque préhistorique. Le terme désigne également le fruit. | [
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Miyuki Tanobe | Miyuki Tanobe | Miyuki Tanobe (born 1937 in Morioka, Japan) is a Japanese-born Canadian painter, based in Montreal, Quebec. She is known for her paintings of the everyday life of Montreal residents. Her work is in the collections of the Montreal Museum of Fine Arts, the Musée du Québec, Lavalin, Pratt & Whitney, and Shell Canada, and Selection du" Reader’s Digest". She is a member of the Royal Canadian Academy of Arts. | Miyuki Tanobe ( à Morioka au Japon) est une peintre québécoise. Ses tableaux peints dans le style nihonga illustrent la vie quotidienne montréalaise. | [
250004,
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Le Dernier Combat | Le Dernier Combat (film, 1983) | Le Dernier Combat (; ) is a 1983 post-apocalyptic French film. It was the first feature-film to be directed by Luc Besson, and also features Jean Reno's first prominent role. Music for the film was composed by Éric Serra. The film was the first of many collaborations between Besson, Reno and Serra. A dark vision of post-apocalyptic survival, the film was shot in black and white and contains only two words of dialogue. It depicts a world where people have been rendered mute by some unknown incident. | Le Dernier Combat est un film français d'anticipation réalisé par Luc Besson, sorti en 1983. C'est le premier long-métrage du réalisateur, qui reprend ici l'intrigue de son court métrage "L'Avant dernier" de 1981. Mylène Farmer y est figurante. | [
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Ancient Greek verbs | Conjugaisons du grec ancien | Ancient Greek verbs have four moods (indicative, imperative, subjunctive and optative), three voices (active, middle and passive), as well as three persons (first, second and third) and three numbers (singular, dual and plural). | Le système de conjugaisons du grec ancien est rendu complexe par la richesse des méthodes flexionnelles mises en œuvre ainsi que les traits grammaticaux dénotés. Cet article tentera d'expliquer, d'un point de vue synchronique et diachronique, le fonctionnement général d'un tel système archaïque. Les remarques comparatistes permettront aussi d'intégrer le grec dans le modèle indo-européen : la langue grecque, en effet, par son archaïsme, permet de cerner un bon nombre des problématiques que rencontre le linguiste comparatiste étudiant le système verbal de l'indo-européen. Cet article est donc principalement théorique et s'adresse à des lecteurs ayant déjà quelques connaissances en linguistique. | [
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Marché du Film | Marché du film de Cannes | The Marché du Film (lit. Film Market) is the business counterpart of the Cannes Film Festival and one of the largest film markets in the world. Established in 1959, it is held annually in conjunction with the Festival de Cannes. | Créé en 1959, le Marché du Film de Cannes est le plus grand marché du film au monde et la plate-forme commerciale du Festival de Cannes. | [
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Phoenix (son of Amyntor) | Phénix fils d'Amyntor | In Greek mythology, Phoenix (Ancient Greek: Φοῖνιξ "Phoinix", gen. Φοίνικος "Phoinikos") was the son of king Amyntor, and a king of the Dolopians. Phoenix, on the urgings of his mother (variously named as Cleobule, Hippodameia, or Alcimede) had sex with his father's concubine. Amyntor, discovering this, called upon the Erinyes to curse him with childlessness. In later accounts of the story, Phoenix was falsely accused by Amyntor's concubine, and blinded by his father, but Chiron restored his sight. Phoenix fled to Peleus, the king of Phthia, and Achilles' father, where Peleus made Phoenix a king of the Dolopians, and gave him the young Achilles to raise. | Dans la mythologie grecque, Phénix ou Phœnix (en grec ancien ), fils d'Amyntor, est, avec le centaure Chiron, l'éducateur d'Achille : Platon le considère comme le pédagogue d'Achille. | [
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Ashura | Achoura | Ashura ( ), also known as Yawm Ashura (), is the tenth day of Muharram, the first month in the Islamic calendar. It marks the day that Husayn ibn Ali, the grandson of the Islamic prophet Muhammad, was martyred in the Battle of Karbala. Ashura is a major holy day and occasion for pilgrimage in Shia Islam, as well as a recommended but non-obligatory day of fasting in Sunni Islam. | L'Achoura, (le 10 jour "du mois de mouharram") est un évènement religieux des pays musulmans. Il est appelé Tamkharit au Sénégal. Cette commémoration est très importante pour les sunnites (principal courant de l'islam) et pour les chiites. | [
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Arba'een | Arbaïn | Arba'een (), Chehelom (, "the fortieth day") is a religious observance that occurs forty days after the Day of Ashura. It commemorates the martyrdom of Husayn ibn Ali, the grandson of the Islamic Prophet Muhammad, who was killed on the 10th day of the month of Muharram. Imam Husayn ibn Ali and 71 of his companions were killed by Yazid's army in the Battle of Karbala in 61 AH (680 CE). | L'Arbaïn signifie le quarantième et coïncide avec le 20 safar du calendrier hégirien. Selon Cheikh Al-Moufid, les captifs de Kerbala sont retournés à Médine dans le jour de l'Arbaïn. Arbaïn est un jour important dans l'Islam chiite qui marque la fin du deuil de l'assassinat à Kerbala en Irak de l'imam Hussein ben Ali, petit-fils du prophète de l'Islam Mahomet, fils de l'Imam Ali. La commémoration de la mort de celui-ci a lieu le dixième jour du mois musulman de mouharram, lors du jour de Achoura. L’Arbaïn est ancré dans notre culture religieuse. | [
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Pierre Vallières | Pierre Vallières | Pierre Vallières ( – ) was a Canadian journalist and writer, known as an intellectual leader of the "Front de libération du Québec" (FLQ) and author of White Niggers of America. | Pierre Vallières, né le dans l'est de Montréal et mort le, est un journaliste et écrivain québécois. Il est surtout l'auteur d'essais militants et de livres traitant de l'indépendance du Québec. | [
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Ephebos | Éphèbe | Ephebos (ἔφηβος) (often in the plural epheboi), also anglicised as ephebe (plural: ephebes) or archaically ephebus (plural: ephebi), is a Greek term for a male adolescent, or for a social status reserved for that age, in Antiquity. | Chez les Grecs anciens, un éphèbe (en grec ancien, "éphêbos", contraction de ἐπί-ἥβη, dérivé de "hếbê", la jeunesse, cf. la déesse Hébé) était un jeune homme, en pratique un garçon ayant quitté l'autorité des femmes. | [
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Chemins de Fer de la Corse | Chemins de fer de la Corse | Chemins de Fer de la Corse () (CFC) is the name of the regional rail network serving the French island of Corsica. It is centred on the town of Ponte Leccia, from which three main lines radiate to Ajaccio, Bastia, and Calvi. The section following the northwest coastline between L'Île-Rousse and Calvi, known as the Balagne line, gives access to many beaches and is very popular with tourists. | Les chemins de fer de la Corse (CFC) sont un réseau ferroviaire à voie métrique d'une longueur de, qui relie entre elles quatre des principales villes de la Corse. Les Corses l'ont surnommé "u Trinichellu" (« le petit train »). Sa fonction est le transport régional de voyageurs, avec des liaisons intervilles, des services suburbains à Bastia et Ajaccio, ainsi qu'un service touristique sur la côte de la Balagne. | [
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Toxoplasmosis | Toxoplasmose | Toxoplasmosis is a parasitic disease caused by "Toxoplasma gondii". Infections with toxoplasmosis usually cause no obvious symptoms in adults. Occasionally, people may have a few weeks or months of mild, flu-like illness such as muscle aches and tender lymph nodes. In a small number of people, eye problems may develop. In those with a weak immune system, severe symptoms such as seizures and poor coordination may occur. If infected during pregnancy, a condition known as congenital toxoplasmosis may affect the child. Toxoplasmosis is usually spread by eating poorly cooked food that contains cysts, exposure to infected cat feces, and from an infected mother to her baby during pregnancy. Rarely, the disease may be spread by blood transfusion. It is not otherwise spread between people. The parasite is known to reproduce sexually only in the cat family. However, it can infect most types of warm-blooded animals, including humans. Diagnosis is typically by testing blood for antibodies or by testing amniotic fluid for the parasite's DNA. Prevention is by properly preparing and cooking food. Pregnant women are also recommended not to clean cat litter boxes, or if they must to wear gloves and wash their hands afterwards. Treatment of otherwise healthy people is usually not needed. During pregnancy, spiramycin or pyrimethamine/sulfadiazine and folinic acid may be used for treatment. Up to half of the world's population is infected by toxoplasmosis, but have no symptoms. In the United States, approximately 11% of people are infected, while in some areas of the world this is more than 60%. Approximately 200,000 cases of congenital toxoplasmosis occur a year. Charles Nicolle and Louis Manceaux first described the organism in 1908. In 1941, transmission during pregnancy from a mother to a baby was confirmed. There is tentative evidence that infection may affect people's behavior. | La toxoplasmose est une infection parasitaire dont l'agent est le protozoaire "Toxoplasma gondii". Le parasite infecte le plus souvent des animaux à sang chaud, y compris l’être humain, mais son hôte définitif est un félidé (dont le chat fait partie). L'infection est asymptomatique dans la majorité des cas pour les sujets immunocompétents, ne présentant un risque sérieux que pour les femmes enceintes, les personnes séropositives au VIH et les sujets ayant un système de défense immunitaire affaibli. | [
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Lucca | Lucques | Lucca (, ) is a city and "comune" in Tuscany, Central Italy, on the Serchio, in a fertile plain near the Tyrrhenian Sea. It is the capital of the Province of Lucca. It is famous for its intact Renaissance-era city walls. | Lucques ("Lucca" en italien, "Luca" en latin) est une ville italienne d'environ, chef-lieu de la province du même nom, située en Toscane. Elle fut autrefois, avant la réalisation de l'unité italienne, une ville libre puis la capitale de la principauté souveraine puis duché de Lucques (1815-1847). Elle se trouve non loin de la mer Tyrrhénienne, plus exactement à une vingtaine de kilomètres de la côte ligure (mer Ligure). | [
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Generic drug | Médicament générique | A generic drug is a pharmaceutical drug that contains the same chemical substance as a drug that was originally protected by chemical patents. Generic drugs are allowed for sale after the patents on the original drugs expire. Because the active chemical substance is the same, the medical profile of generics is believed to be equivalent in performance. A generic drug has the same active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) as the original, but it may differ in some characteristics such as the manufacturing process, formulation, excipients, color, taste, and packaging. | Un médicament générique — ou générique — est un médicament identique ou équivalent à celui d'une marque (appelé "médicament "). La substance active (ou principe actif du médicament) en est soit identique, soit équivalente à celle du produit de marque, les seules autres différences possibles étant la présentation, la forme d'administration (uniquement pour la voie orale) et les excipients avec une tolérance dans la concentration plasmatique maximale entre le médicament original et le générique. | [
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Georges Seurat | Georges Seurat | Georges-Pierre Seurat (,, ; 2 December 1859 – 29 March 1891) was a French post-Impressionist artist. He is best known for devising the painting techniques known as chromoluminarism as well as pointillism. While less famous than his paintings, his conté crayon drawings have also garnered a great deal of critical appreciation. Seurat's artistic personality combined qualities that are usually supposed to be opposed and incompatible: on the one hand, his extreme and delicate sensibility, on the other, a passion for logical abstraction and an almost mathematical precision of mind. His large-scale work "A Sunday Afternoon on the Island of La Grande Jatte" (1884–1886) altered the direction of modern art by initiating Neo-impressionism, and is one of the icons of late 19th-century painting. | Georges Seurat, né à Paris le et mort le, dans la même ville, est un peintre et dessinateur français, inventeur de la technique dite divisionniste, de division du ton, appelée également peinture optique ou chromo-luminarisme, et plus couramment pointillisme. Considéré avec Cézanne, Gauguin et Van Gogh, comme un des quatre grands peintres du post-impressionnisme, auteur d’œuvres devenues iconiques de la peinture du 19e siècle, il est l'auteur d'une œuvre restreinte (six grandes compositions, une trentaine de marines et scènes de port, environ 160 petites peintures sur panneaux dites croquetons, et environ 800 dessins) mais qui a fortement influencé les avant-gardes du 20e siècle, fauvisme, cubisme, futurisme, mouvements qui se sont revendiqués de lui. Seurat est l'un des principaux artistes français et a fait l'objet de très nombreuses études par les historiens d'art français et étrangers, notamment André Chastel, Roger Fry, Robert Goldwater, Louis Hautecœur, Robert L. Herbert, Benedict Nicolson, Walter Pach, Robert Rey, Meyer Schapiro. | [
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Spectrometer | Spectromètre | A spectrometer () is a scientific instrument used to separate and measure spectral components of a physical phenomenon. Spectrometer is a broad term often used to describe instruments that measure a continuous variable of a phenomenon where the spectral components are somehow mixed. In visible light a spectrometer can separate white light and measure individual narrow bands of color, called a spectrum. A mass spectrometer measures the spectrum of the masses of the atoms or molecules present in a gas. The first spectrometers were used to split light into an array of separate colors. Spectrometers were developed in early studies of physics, astronomy, and chemistry. The capability of spectroscopy to determine chemical composition drove its advancement and continues to be one of its primary uses. Spectrometers are used in astronomy to analyze the chemical composition of stars and planets, and spectrometers gather data on the origin of the universe. | Un spectromètre est un appareil de mesure permettant de décomposer une quantité observée — un faisceau lumineux en spectroscopie, ou bien un mélange de molécules par exemple en spectrométrie de masse — en ses éléments "simples" qui constituent son "spectre". En optique, il s'agit d'obtenir les longueurs d'onde spécifiques constituant le faisceau lumineux (spectre électromagnétique) tandis que, pour un mélange chimique, il s'agira d'obtenir les masses spécifiques de chacune des molécules (spectre de masse). Des spectromètres sont également utilisés en acoustique afin d'analyser la composition d'un signal sonore. De façon générale l'étude des spectres est appelée la spectrométrie. | [
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Papaver rhoeas | Coquelicot | Papaver rhoeas (common names include common poppy, corn poppy, corn rose, field poppy, Flanders poppy, or red poppy) is an annual herbaceous species of flowering plant in the poppy family, Papaveraceae. This poppy is notable as an agricultural weed (hence the common names including "corn" and "field") and after World War I as a symbol of dead soldiers. | Le Coquelicot (Papaver rhoeas) est une espèce de plantes dicotylédones de la famille des "Papaveraceae", originaire d'Eurasie. C'est une plante herbacée annuelle, très abondante dans les terrains fraîchement remués à partir du printemps, qui se distingue par la couleur rouge de ses fleurs et par le fait qu'elle forme souvent de grands tapis colorés visibles de très loin. Elle appartient au groupe des plantes dites messicoles car elle est associée à l'agriculture depuis des temps très anciens, grâce à son cycle biologique adapté aux cultures de céréales, la floraison et la mise à graines intervenant avant la moisson. Très commune dans différents pays d'Europe, elle a beaucoup régressé du fait de l'emploi généralisé des herbicides et de l'amélioration de la propreté des semences de céréales. | [
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Radiation | Rayonnement | In physics, radiation is the emission or transmission of energy in the form of waves or particles through space or through a material medium. This includes: | Le rayonnement désigne le processus d'émission ou de propagation d'énergie et de quantité de mouvement impliquant une onde ou une particule. | [
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Gilles Vigneault | Gilles Vigneault | Gilles Vigneault (; born 27 October 1928) is a Québécois poet, publisher, singer-songwriter, and Quebec nationalist and sovereigntist. Two of his songs are considered by many to be Quebec's unofficial anthems: "Mon pays" and "Gens du pays", and his line "Mon pays ce n'est pas un pays, c'est l'hiver" ("My country is not a country, it is winter", from "Mon Pays") became a proverb in Quebec. Vigneault is a Grand Officer of the National Order of Quebec, Knight of the Legion of Honour, and Officer of the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres. | Gilles Vigneault, né le à Natashquan, au Québec, est un poète, auteur de contes et de chansons, auteur-compositeur-interprète québécois. Fils d'un marin pêcheur et d'une institutrice de campagne, il étudie à Rimouski, puis à Québec. Inspiré par les œuvres de poètes tels que Pierre de Ronsard, Victor Hugo, Émile Nelligan, Arthur Rimbaud, Charles Baudelaire, ou encore Paul Verlaine, Vigneault devient lui-même poète et conteur. Dans ses écrits, il décrit abondamment les gens et le pays de Natashquan, dont les particularités émanent notamment du fait que jusqu'en 1996, le canton est resté inaccessible depuis la route, dépendant ainsi des transports maritimes. | [
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Network Rail | Network Rail | Network Rail is the owner (via its subsidiary Network Rail Infrastructure Ltd, which was known as Railtrack plc before 2002) and infrastructure manager of most of the railway network in Great Britain. Network Rail is an arm's length public body of the Department for Transport with no shareholders, which reinvests its income in the railways. | Network Rail est une société "privée" britannique qui est propriétaire du réseau ferroviaire des ex-British Railways (le réseau national britannique) dont elle assure la gestion et l'entretien. Ce réseau comprend les voies, la signalisation, les ouvrages d'art (tunnels et ponts), les passages à niveau, les installations de traction électrique (caténaire, postes et sous-station) et les gares. | [
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First Epistle to Timothy | Première épître à Timothée | The First Epistle of Paul to Timothy, usually referred to simply as First Timothy and often written 1 Timothy, is one of three letters in the New Testament of the Bible often grouped together as the Pastoral Epistles, along with Second Timothy and Titus. The letter, traditionally attributed to the Apostle Paul, consists mainly of counsels to his younger colleague and delegate Timothy regarding his ministry in Ephesus (1:3). These counsels include instructions on the organization of the Church and the responsibilities resting on certain groups of leaders therein as well as exhortations to faithfulness in maintaining the truth amid surrounding errors. | La première épître à Timothée est un livre du Nouveau Testament. Avec la deuxième épître à Timothée et l'épître à Tite, elle fait partie des trois « épîtres pastorales » ou « trito-pauliniennes », dues à des disciples tardifs de l'apôtre Paul. | [
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Plutarco Elías Calles | Plutarco Elías Calles | Plutarco Elías Calles (25 September 1877 – 19 October 1945) was a Mexican military general and politician. He was the powerful interior minister under President Álvaro Obregón, who chose Calles as his successor. The 1924 Calles presidential campaign was the first populist presidential campaign in Mexico's history, as he called for land redistribution and promised equal justice, more education, additional labour rights, and democratic governance. | Francisco Plutarco Elías Campuzano, né le à Sonora, au Mexique, et mort le à Mexico, au Mexique, fut président du Mexique entre 1924 et 1928. | [
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Cordwainer Smith | Cordwainer Smith | Cordwainer Smith was the pen-name used by American author Paul Myron Anthony Linebarger (July 11, 1913 – August 6, 1966) for his science fiction works. Linebarger was a US Army officer, a noted East Asia scholar, and an expert in psychological warfare. Although his career as a writer was shortened by his death at age 53 he is considered one of the more talented and influential science fiction authors. | Cordwainer Smith (prononcé "CORDwainer"), né le à Milwaukee dans le Wisconsin et mort le à Baltimore dans le Maryland, est le nom de plume du Paul Myron Anthony Linebarger pour ses ouvrages de science-fiction. Son livre "", basé sur son travail dans le domaine de la propagande durant la Seconde Guerre mondiale, a été publié sous son vrai nom. Ses autres pseudonymes incluent : Karloman Junghar, Felix C. Forrest, Carmichael Smith et Anthony Bearden. | [
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Second Epistle to the Thessalonians | Deuxième épître aux Thessaloniciens | The Second Epistle to the Thessalonians, commonly referred to as Second Thessalonians or 2 Thessalonians is a book from the New Testament of the Christian Bible. It is traditionally attributed to Paul the Apostle, with Timothy as a co-author. Modern biblical scholarship is divided on whether the epistle was written by Paul; many scholars reject its authenticity based on what they see as differences in style and theology between this and the First Epistle to the Thessalonians. | La deuxième épître aux Thessaloniciens est un livre du Nouveau Testament attribué à Paul de Tarse mais dont l'auteur et la destination sont débattus. Il revêt une dimension eschatologique répondant au débat sur la parousie du Christ, le « jour du Seigneur », qui semble agiter certaines communautés chrétiennes dans la seconde moitié du. | [
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Second Epistle to Timothy | Deuxième épître à Timothée | In the New Testament, the Second Epistle of Paul to Timothy, usually referred to simply as Second Timothy and often written 2 Timothy or II Timothy, is one of the three pastoral epistles traditionally attributed to Paul the Apostle. The three epistles are called "pastoral" because they relate to the conduct of church leaders, thought of as pastors (literally shepherds). It is traditionally considered to be the last epistle he wrote before his death. It is addressed to Timothy, a fellow missionary. | La Deuxième épître à Timothée est un livre du Nouveau Testament, longtemps attribuée à l'apôtre Paul. Elle est adressée à son disciple Timothée. | [
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Epistle to Titus | Épître à Tite | The Epistle of Paul to Titus, usually referred to simply as Titus, is one of the three pastoral epistles (along with 1 Timothy and 2 Timothy) in the New Testament, historically attributed to Paul the Apostle. It is addressed to Saint Titus and describes the requirements and duties of elders and bishops. | L'épître à Tite est un livre du Nouveau Testament attribué à l'apôtre Paul. Elle fait partie des trois Épîtres pastorales. | [
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Epistle to Philemon | Épître à Philémon | The Epistle of Paul to Philemon, known simply as Philemon, is one of the books of the Christian New Testament. It is a prison letter, co-authored by Paul the Apostle with Timothy, to Philemon, a leader in the Colossian church. It deals with the themes of forgiveness and reconciliation. Paul does not identify himself as an apostle with authority, but as "a prisoner of Jesus Christ", calling Timothy "our brother", and addressing Philemon as "fellow labourer" and "brother."() Onesimus, a slave that had departed from his master Philemon, was returning with this epistle wherein Paul asked Philemon to receive him as a "brother beloved."() | L'Épître à Philémon est un livre canonique du Nouveau Testament dont l’auteur est l'apôtre Paul de Tarse (« Saint Paul »). C'est une brève lettre personnelle de Paul adressée à Philémon, un chrétien de Colosse et l'un de ses disciples. | [
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Prosecutor | Procureur | A prosecutor is a legal representative of the prosecution in countries with either the common law adversarial system, or the civil law inquisitorial system. The prosecution is the legal party responsible for presenting the case in a criminal trial against an individual accused of breaking the law. Typically, the prosecutor represents the government in the case brought against the accused person. | Dans les pays de droit romano-germanique, le procureur est le représentant du ministère public chargé de la poursuite en justice, ou le représentant du gouvernement auprès de certains tribunaux. Son titre et ses fonctions exactes varient selon les systèmes juridiques. Dans les pays de "common law", un procureur est au sens large un avocat qui représente une partie quelconque et dans un sens plus étroit, le terme désigne un avocat qui représente l'État. | [
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Epistle to the Ephesians | Épître aux Éphésiens | The Epistle to the Ephesians, also called the Letter to the Ephesians and often shortened to Ephesians, is the tenth book of the New Testament. Its authorship has traditionally been attributed to Paul the Apostle but starting in 1792, this has been challenged as Deutero-Pauline, that is, written in Paul's name by a later author strongly influenced by Paul's thought, probably "by a loyal disciple to sum up Paul’s teaching and to apply it to a new situation fifteen to twenty-five years after the Apostle’s death". | L'Épître aux Éphésiens est un livre du Nouveau Testament. Le texte est constitué d'une lettre attribuée à l'apôtre Paul et adressée à l'Église d'Éphèse (située dans l'actuelle Turquie). | [
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Epistle to the Galatians | Épître aux Galates | The Epistle to the Galatians, often shortened to Galatians, is the ninth book of the New Testament. It is a letter from Paul the Apostle to a number of Early Christian communities in Galatia. Scholars have suggested that this is either the Roman province of Galatia in southern Anatolia, or a large region defined by an ethnic group of Celtic people in central Anatolia. | L'épître aux Galates (un des livres du Nouveau Testament) est une lettre envoyée par l'apôtre Paul aux églises de Galatie. La date de rédaction est estimée entre 47 et 52 de notre ère, mais la plupart des historiens s'accordent sur une datation autour de 50/51, soit entre quinze et vingt ans après la crucifixion de Jésus. Il se qualifie comme. | [
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Beekeeping | Apiculture | Beekeeping (or apiculture) is the maintenance of bee colonies, commonly in man-made hives, by humans. Most such bees are honey bees in the genus "Apis", but other honey-producing bees such as "Melipona" stingless bees are also kept. A beekeeper (or apiarist) keeps bees in order to collect their honey and other products that the hive produce (including beeswax, propolis, flower pollen, bee pollen, and royal jelly), to pollinate crops, or to produce bees for sale to other beekeepers. A location where bees are kept is called an apiary or "bee yard". | L'apiculture est une branche de l’agriculture qui consiste en l’élevage d’abeilles à miel pour exploiter les produits de la ruche, principalement du miel mais également la cire, la gelée royale, le pollen et la propolis. L’apiculteur doit procurer au rucher un abri, des soins, et veiller sur son environnement. | [
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Epistle to the Philippians | Épître aux Philippiens | The Epistle to the Philippians, commonly referred to as Philippians, is a Pauline epistle of the New Testament of the Christian Bible. The epistle is attributed to Paul the Apostle and a co-author named Timothy, and is addressed to the Christian church in Philippi. Paul and Silas first visited Philippi in Greece during Paul's second missionary journey, which occurred between approximately 49 and 51 AD. In the account of his visit in the Acts of the Apostles, Paul and Silas are accused of "disturbing the city". | LÉpître aux Philippiens est un livre du Nouveau Testament. Les textes qui en sont tirés portent la mention Ph. Elle est envoyée probablement vers 61 après Jésus-Christ par l'apôtre Paul à l'Église de Philippes. Il l'écrivit pendant son premier emprisonnement à Rome. | [
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Assyrian people | Assyriens | Assyrians (, ) are an ethnic group indigenous to Mesopotamia, a region in the Middle East. Some self-identify as Syriacs, Arameans, and Chaldeans. Speakers of the Neo-Aramaic branch of Semitic languages as well as the primary languages in their countries of residence, modern Assyrians are Syriac Christians who claim descent from Assyria, one of the oldest civilizations in the world, dating back to 2500 BC in ancient Mesopotamia. | Assyrien ou Assyro-Chaldéen est une dénomination ethnonationale désignant d'abord les chrétiens nestoriens, puis l'ensemble des chrétiens d'Orient parlant un dialecte néo-araméen (catholiques chaldéens, syriaques orthodoxes, syriaques catholiques, Assyriens protestants) originaires pour la plupart d'Irak. | [
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Railtrack | Railtrack | Railtrack was a group of companies that owned the track, signalling, tunnels, bridges, level crossings and all but a handful of the stations of the British railway system from 1994 until 2002. It was created as part of the privatisation of British Rail, listed on the London Stock Exchange, and was a constituent of the FTSE 100 Index. In 2002, after experiencing major financial difficulty, most of Railtrack's operations were transferred to the state-controlled non-profit company Network Rail. The remainder of Railtrack was renamed RT Group plc and eventually dissolved on 22 June 2010. | Railtrack était une société privée, qui fut propriétaire et gestionnaire du réseau ferroviaire britannique (ex-British Railways) depuis sa privatisation en 1996 jusqu'en 2002. Cette société appartenait à un groupe dénommé « Railtrack Group plc ». Elle a été vendue le à Network Rail, société privée « sans but lucratif », et fut rebaptisée plus tard « Network Rail Infrastructure Ltd ». La société mère de Railtrack fut renommée « RT Group » et mise en liquidation par la suite. | [
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Second law of thermodynamics | Deuxième principe de la thermodynamique | The second law of thermodynamics states that the total entropy of an isolated system can never decrease over time, and is constant if and only if all processes are reversible. Isolated systems spontaneously evolve towards thermodynamic equilibrium, the state with maximum entropy. | Le deuxième principe de la thermodynamique (également connu sous le nom de deuxième loi de la thermodynamique ou principe de Carnot) établit l'irréversibilité des phénomènes physiques, en particulier lors des échanges thermiques. C'est un principe d'évolution qui fut énoncé pour la première fois par Sadi Carnot en 1824. Il a depuis fait l'objet de nombreuses généralisations et formulations successives par Clapeyron (1834), Clausius (1850), Lord Kelvin, Ludwig Boltzmann en 1873 et Max Planck (voir Histoire de la thermodynamique et de la mécanique statistique), tout au long du et au-delà jusqu'à nos jours. | [
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Giordano Bruno | Giordano Bruno | Giordano Bruno (, ; ; born Filippo Bruno, January or February 1548 – 17 February 1600) was an Italian Dominican friar, philosopher, mathematician, poet, cosmological theorist, and Hermetic occultist. He is known for his cosmological theories, which conceptually extended the then-novel Copernican model. He proposed that the stars were distant suns surrounded by their own planets, and he raised the possibility that these planets might foster life of their own, a philosophical position known as cosmic pluralism. He also insisted that the universe is infinite and could have no "centre". | Filippo Bruno, dit Giordano Bruno, né en à Nola en Italie et mort le à Rome, est un frère dominicain et philosophe italien. Sur la base des travaux de Nicolas Copernic et Nicolas de Cues, il développe la théorie de l'héliocentrisme et montre, de manière philosophique, la pertinence d'un univers infini, qui n'a ni centre ni circonférence, peuplé d'une quantité innombrable d'astres et de mondes identiques au nôtre. | [
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Epistle to the Colossians | Épître aux Colossiens | The Epistle of Paul to the Colossians, (or simply Colossians), is the twelfth book of the New Testament. It was written, according to the text, by Paul the Apostle and Timothy to the Church in Colossae, a small Phrygian city near Laodicea and approximately from Ephesus in Asia Minor. | L'Épître aux Colossiens est une épître Paulinienne et un livre du Nouveau Testament. Selon la tradition chrétienne, cette lettre fut envoyée par l'apôtre Paul à l'Église de Colosses. La ville de Colosses a été détruite par un tremblement de terre au début de l'an 60. | [
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Octet (Schubert) | Octuor en fa majeur de Schubert | The Octet in F major, D. 803 was composed by Franz Schubert in March 1824. It was commissioned by the renowned clarinetist Ferdinand Troyer and came from the same period as two of Schubert's other major chamber works, the 'Rosamunde' and 'Death and the Maiden' string quartets. | LOctuor en fa majeur", D. 803"' est la plus longue des œuvres de musique de chambre de Franz Schubert. Il comporte six mouvements et dure près d'une heure. | [
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Charter of the United Nations | Charte des Nations unies | The Charter of the United Nations (also known as the UN Charter) of 1945 is the foundational treaty of the United Nations, an intergovernmental organization. The UN Charter articulated a commitment to uphold human rights of citizens and outlined a broad set of principles relating to achieving ‘higher standards of living’, addressing ‘economic, social, health, and related problems,’ and ‘universal respect for, and observance of, human rights and fundamental freedoms for all without distinction as to race, sex, language, or religion.’ As a charter, it is a constituent treaty, and all members are bound by its articles. Furthermore, Article 103 of the Charter states that obligations to the United Nations prevail over all other treaty obligations. | La Charte des Nations unies, parfois appelée Charte de San Francisco, est le traité qui définit les buts et les principes de l'Organisation des Nations unies ainsi que la composition, la mission et les pouvoirs de ses organes exécutifs (le Conseil de sécurité), délibératifs (l'Assemblée générale), judiciaires (la Cour internationale de justice) et administratifs (le Conseil économique et social, le Conseil de tutelle et le Secrétariat général). Elle a été adoptée à la fin de la conférence de San Francisco, le. | [
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National Railway Company of Belgium | Société nationale des chemins de fer belges | The National Railway Company of Belgium (, or NMBS; ; SNCB) is the national railway company of Belgium. The company formally styles itself using the Dutch and French abbreviations NMBS/SNCB. The corporate logo designed in 1936 by Henry van de Velde consists of the linguistically neutral letter B in a horizontal oval. | La Société nationale des chemins de fer belges (SNCB), (NMBS), est l'entreprise de droit public, créée en 1926, responsable du transport ferroviaire de voyageurs en Belgique. | [
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Electronica | Electronica | Electronica encompasses a broad group of electronic-based music styles such as techno, house, ambient, jungle and other electronic music styles intended not just for dancing. | L'electronica est un genre musical recouvrant une large variété de musique électronique contemporaine. Contrairement à la dance (EDM), certaines chansons electronica ne sont pas nécessairement composées pour danser. Le genre n'est pas précisément défini, et est caractérisé différemment selon les régions et périodes. | [
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Russian submarine Kursk (K-141) | K-141 Koursk | K-141 "Kursk" (, transl., meaning "Nuclear-powered submarine "Kursk"") was an Oscar II-class nuclear-powered cruise missile submarine of the Russian Navy. | Le K-141 « Koursk » (en ) est un sous-marin nucléaire lanceur de missiles de croisière russe (code OTAN : SSGN) du projet 949A « "Anteï" » (-). Mis en service en 1994, il a sombré le avec ses d'équipage. Une torpille d'exercice, en cours de lancement, aurait explosé accidentellement à bord. | [
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Fashion design | Stylisme | Fashion design is the art of applying design, aesthetics and natural beauty to clothing and its accessories. It is influenced by cultural and social attitudes, and has varied over time and place. Fashion designers work in a number of ways in designing clothing and accessories such as bracelets and necklaces. Because of the time required to bring a garment onto the market, designers must at times anticipate changes to consumer tastes. | Le stylisme est un métier de la mode consistant à imaginer et dessiner des modèles destinés au prêt-à-porter. La personne exerçant ce métier est appelée un styliste, créateur de mode ou encore dessinateur de mode. | [
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Glitch | Glitch | A glitch is a short-lived fault in a system, such as a transient fault that corrects itself, making it difficult to troubleshoot. The term is particularly common in the computing and electronics industries, in circuit bending, as well as among players of video games. More generally, all types of systems including human organizations and nature experience glitches. | Un glitch est une défaillance électronique ou électrique qui correspond à une fluctuation dans les circuits électroniques ou à une coupure de courant (une interruption dans l'alimentation électrique), ce qui entraîne un dysfonctionnement du matériel informatique ("hardware") et occasionne à son tour des répercussions sur les logiciels. | [
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Sète | Sète | Sète (; "Seta" in Occitan), known as Cette until 1928, is a commune in the Hérault department in the Occitanie region in southern France. Its inhabitants are called "Sétois". | Sète ( ) est une commune française située dans le département de l'Hérault en région Occitanie. Elle appartient à la communauté d'agglomération Sète Agglopôle Méditerranée. | [
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King Tubby | King Tubby | Osbourne Ruddock (28 January 1941 – 6 February 1989), better known as King Tubby, was a Jamaican sound engineer who greatly influenced the development of dub in the 1960s and 1970s. | Osbourne Ruddock alias King Tubby est un ingénieur du son et producteur jamaïcain, originaire de Kingston. Né le, il est assassiné dans son studio, à Kingston, le, par un tueur anonyme dont l'unique motivation semble se limiter au vol de son argent, de son revolver et de sa chaîne en or. | [
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Gopher (protocol) | Gopher | The Gopher protocol is a communications protocol designed for distributing, searching, and retrieving documents in Internet Protocol networks. The design of the Gopher protocol and user interface is menu-driven, and presented an alternative to the World Wide Web in its early stages, but ultimately fell into disfavor, yielding to the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP). The Gopher ecosystem is often regarded as the effective predecessor of the World Wide Web. | Gopher est un monde parallèle à celui du Web (et créé à la même époque que ce dernier). Tout comme le Web, il y a des sites à travers le monde sur lesquels on peut surfer avec un analogue d'un navigateur Web. Il permet de télécharger des fichiers librement et, secondairement, de se connecter sur un serveur Telnet ou un serveur de renseignements. Les navigateurs et sites Gopher répondent à des protocoles Internet normalisés. Le monde Gopher a connu un fort déclin lors de la montée en puissance du Web. | [
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LGBT | Lesbiennes, gays, bisexuels et transgenres | LGBT, or GLBT, is an initialism that stands for lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender. In use since the 1990s, the term is an adaptation of the initialism LGB, which was used to replace the term "gay" in reference to the LGBT community beginning in the mid-to-late 1980s. Activists believed that the term "gay community" did not accurately represent all those to whom it referred. | LGBT, LGBTQI+, LGBTQIA+, sont des sigles utilisés pour qualifier les personnes lesbiennes, gays, bisexuelles, trans, queers, intersexes et asexuelles, c'est-à-dire pour désigner des personnes non hétérosexuelles, non cisgenres et non dyadiques. | [
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Personal stylist | Styliste | A personal stylist advises individuals on new fashion trends, clothing styles, colours and make-up. A personal stylist is not to be confused with a wardrobe stylist, who selects the clothing for published editorial features, print or television advertising campaigns, music videos, concert performances, and public appearances made by celebrities and models. Personal stylists typically work one-on-one with the client, while Wardrobe Stylists are often part of a larger creative team collaborating with a fashion designer, photographer, art director, hair stylist, and makeup artist to put together a particular look or theme for the specific project. | Un styliste ou créateur de mode est une personne chargée de dessiner un ou plusieurs vêtements (pour alors former une collection) ; il effectue du stylisme. Le styliste peut également travailler sur mesure (à la demande du client). Le styliste peut travailler en équipe ou en solo. | [
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Epistle to the Hebrews | Épître aux Hébreux | The Epistle to the Hebrews, or Letter to the Hebrews, or in the Greek manuscripts, simply To the Hebrews (Πρὸς Ἑβραίους) is one of the books of the New Testament. | LÉpître aux Hébreux est un livre du Nouveau Testament rédigé en grec et intitulé « Πρὸς Ἑβραίους » ("Pros Hebraious"). Elle est censée s'adresser à des « Hébreux » mais l'identité de ces destinataires offre matière à discussion, si tant est qu'il s'agisse d'une véritable lettre. Là n'est pas son seul paradoxe. | [
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Jean-François Lyotard | Jean-François Lyotard | Jean-François Lyotard (; ; ; 10 August 1924 – 21 April 1998) was a French philosopher, sociologist, and literary theorist. His interdisciplinary discourse spans such topics as epistemology and communication, the human body, modern art and postmodern art, literature and critical theory, music, film, time and memory, space, the city and landscape, the sublime, and the relation between aesthetics and politics. He is best known for his articulation of postmodernism after the late 1970s and the analysis of the impact of postmodernity on the human condition. Lyotard was a key personality in contemporary Continental philosophy and author of 26 books and many articles. He was a director of the International College of Philosophy which was founded by Jacques Derrida, François Châtelet, Jean-Pierre Faye and Dominique Lecourt. | Jean-François Lyotard, né à Versailles le et mort à Paris le, est un philosophe français associé au post-structuralisme et surtout connu pour son usage critique de la notion de postmoderne. | [
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United Nations General Assembly | Assemblée générale des Nations unies | The United Nations General Assembly (UNGA or GA;, AG) is one of the six principal organs of the United Nations (UN), serving as the main deliberative, policy-making, and representative organ of the UN. Its powers, composition, functions, and procedures are set out in Chapter IV of the United Nations Charter. The UNGA is responsible for the UN budget, appointing the non-permanent members to the Security Council, appointing the Secretary-General of the United Nations, receiving reports from other parts of the UN system, and making recommendations through resolutions. It also establishes numerous to advance or assist in its broad mandate. The UNGA is the only UN organ wherein all member states have equal representation. | LAssemblée générale des Nations unies est l'un des six organes principaux de l'ONU. Elle a un rôle consultatif pour les questions touchant au maintien de la paix et à la sécurité internationale. | [
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Intelligent dance music | Intelligent dance music | Intelligent dance music (commonly abbreviated as IDM) is a style of electronic music originating in the early 1990s, regarded as "cerebral" and better suited to home listening than dancing. Emerging from electronic and rave music styles such as techno, acid house, ambient music, and breakbeat, IDM tended to rely upon individualistic experimentation rather than adhering to characteristics associated with specific genres. Prominent artists associated with the genre include Aphex Twin, μ-Ziq, the Black Dog, the Orb, the Future Sound of London, Autechre, Luke Vibert, Squarepusher, Venetian Snares, pilotredsun, and Boards of Canada. | L’intelligent dance music (IDM) est un genre de musique électronique ayant émergé au début des années 1990. Il est originellement influencé par le développement de musique dance (EDM) underground comme la techno de Détroit et une variante de styles de breakbeat lancés au Royaume-Uni à cette même période. Les origines stylistiques de l'IDM reposent plus sur l'expérimentation individualiste plutôt que par l'ajout des caractéristiques musicales associées à des genres spécifiques de musique dance. Les styles post-techno lancés au début des années 1990 sont décrits sous les termes de,, et. Aux États-Unis, le terme d'electronica est souvent utilisé pour décrire un style de musique électronique downtempo ou downbeat/non-dance, mais également l'EDM. | [
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Maple sugar | Sucre d'érable | Maple sugar is a traditional sweetener in Canada and the northeastern United States, prepared from the sap of the maple tree ("maple sap"). | Le sucre d'érable résulte de la déshydratation du sirop d'érable par chauffage. C'est un sucre naturel, dont l'indice glycémique de 54 est inférieur à celui du sucre de betterave ou canne (60) et celui du miel (55-87). | [
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Secretary-General of the United Nations | Secrétaire général des Nations unies | The secretary-general of the United Nations (UNSG or just SG) is the head of the United Nations Secretariat, one of the six principal organs of the United Nations. The secretary-general serves as the chief administrative officer of the United Nations. The role of the United Nations Secretariat, and of the secretary-general in particular, is laid out by Chapter XV (Articles 97 to 101) of the United Nations Charter. | Le secrétaire général des Nations unies est le plus haut fonctionnaire de l'ONU. Il est membre du Secrétariat des Nations unies. En règle générale, il parle couramment anglais et français, les deux langues officielles de travail de l'ONU. | [
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Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor | François Ier (empereur d'Autriche) | Francis II (; 12 February 1768 – 2 March 1835) was the last Holy Roman Emperor, ruling from 1792 until 6 August 1806, when he dissolved the Holy Roman Empire after the decisive defeat at the hands of the First French Empire led by Napoleon at the Battle of Austerlitz. In 1804, he had founded the Austrian Empire and became Francis I, the first Emperor of Austria, ruling from 1804 to 1835, so later he was named the first "Doppelkaiser" (double emperor) in history. For the two years between 1804 and 1806, Francis used the title and style "by the Grace of God elected Roman Emperor, ever Augustus, hereditary Emperor of Austria" and he was called the "Emperor of both the Holy Roman Empire and Austria". He was also Apostolic King of Hungary, Croatia and Bohemia as Francis I. He also served as the first president of the German Confederation following its establishment in 1815. | , empereur des Romains, puis à partir du, d'Autriche, né à Florence le et mort à Vienne le, archiduc d'Autriche (1792 – 1804) puis empereur d'Autriche (1804 – 1835), roi de Hongrie (1792 – 1835), roi de Bohême (1792 – 1835) et roi de Lombardie-Vénétie (1815 – 1835), fut également le dernier souverain du Saint-Empire romain germanique (1792 – 1806), élu empereur des Romains sous le nom de. | [
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George Steiner | George Steiner | Francis George Steiner, FBA (April 23, 1929 – February 3, 2020) was a Franco-American literary critic, essayist, philosopher, novelist, and educator. He wrote extensively about the relationship between language, literature and society, and the impact of the Holocaust. An article in "The Guardian" described Steiner as a "polyglot and polymath". | Francis George Steiner, né le à Neuilly-sur-Seine (France) et mort le à Cambridge (Royaume-Uni), est un critique littéraire, linguiste, écrivain et philosophe franco-américano-britannique, spécialiste de littérature comparée et de théorie de la traduction. | [
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Nicaea | Nicée | Nicaea or Nicea (;, "Níkaia") was an ancient Greek city in northwestern Anatolia and is primarily known as the site of the First and Second Councils of Nicaea (the first and seventh Ecumenical councils in the early history of the Christian Church), the Nicene Creed (which comes from the First Council), and as the capital city of the Empire of Nicaea following the Fourth Crusade in 1204, until the recapture of Constantinople by the Byzantines in 1261. | Nicée (en grec ; aujourd’hui İznik en turc et en Turquie) est une cité fondée vers 300 av. J.-C., tour à tour hellénistique, byzantine et ottomane du Nord-Ouest de l’Anatolie. Elle est surtout connue comme ayant été le siège des premier et deuxième conciles de Nicée en, respectivement, 325 et 787 (les premier et septième conciles des débuts de l’Église chrétienne), le lieu où fut rédigé le symbole de Nicée (datant du premier concile) et la capitale de l’empire de Nicée après la conquête de Constantinople par les croisés en 1204 jusqu’à ce que cette dernière soit reprise par les Byzantins en 1261. | [
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Glenn T. Seaborg | Glenn Theodore Seaborg | Glenn Theodore Seaborg (; April 19, 1912February 25, 1999) was an American chemist whose involvement in the synthesis, discovery and investigation of ten transuranium elements earned him a share of the 1951 Nobel Prize in Chemistry. His work in this area also led to his development of the actinide concept and the arrangement of the actinide series in the periodic table of the elements. | Glenn Theodore Seaborg ( à Ishpeming, Michigan - à Lafayette, Californie) est un physicien atomiste américain. Il est colauréat avec Edwin McMillan du prix Nobel de chimie de 1951. | [
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United Nations Trusteeship Council | Conseil de tutelle des Nations unies | The United Nations Trusteeship Council () is one of the six principal organs of the United Nations, established to help ensure that trust territories were administered in the best interests of their inhabitants and of international peace and security. The trust territories—most of them former mandates of the League of Nations or territories taken from nations defeated at the end of World War II—have all now attained self-government or independence, either as separate nations or by joining neighbouring independent countries. The last was Palau, formerly part of the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands, which became a member state of the United Nations in December 1994. | Le est un des six principaux organes de l'Organisation des Nations unies (ONU) : il est chargé de l'administration des territoires placés sous la tutelle des Nations unies. Ses activités sont aujourd'hui suspendues et il ne se réunira plus tard qu'en cas de besoin. | [
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Neutron emission | Émission de neutron | Neutron emission is a mode of radioactive decay in which one or more neutrons are ejected from a nucleus. It occurs in the most neutron-rich/proton-deficient nucleides, and also from excited states of other nucleides as in photoneutron emission and beta-delayed neutron emission. As only a neutron is lost by this process the number of protons remains unchanged, and an atom does not become an atom of a different element, but a different isotope of the same element. | L'émission de neutron est la réaction (radioactive) par laquelle un isotope (instable) perd (spontanément) un neutron, le poids atomique diminue de un et le numéro atomique est conservé. Par exemple H se transforme en H. Le rayonnement neutronique est une forme de rayonnement ionisant qui consiste en ces neutrons libres, qui résulte de la fusion ou fission nucléaires. | [
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Mikhail Kutuzov | Mikhaïl Koutouzov | Prince Mikhail Illarionovich Golenishchev-Kutuzov (Mikhail Illarion Golenishchev-Kutuzov Graf von Smolensk) (; ) was a Field Marshal of the Russian Empire. He served as one of the finest military officers and diplomats of Russia under the reign of three Romanov Tsars: Catherine II, Paul I and Alexander I. His military career was closely associated with the rising period of Russia from the end of the 18th century to the beginning of the 19th century. Kutuzov is considered to have been one of the best Russian generals. | Mikhaïl Illarionovitch Golenichtchev-Koutouzov (en ), prince de Smolensk, né le à Saint-Pétersbourg et mort le à Bunzlau en Silésie, est le général en chef des armées de Russie, sous le règne du tsar Alexandre I. Relevé momentanément de ses fonctions à la suite de la bataille d'Austerlitz, il est écarté de l'armée et nommé gouverneur de Kiev. Après son retour au commandement, il s'illustre lors de la campagne de Russie, où sa politique de la terre brûlée force Napoléon à la retraite. Il parvient par la suite à relever le moral de l'armée russe et à l'encourager à mener une contre-offensive, en organisant le harcèlement de la Grande Armée lors de la retraite française. | [
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Otto Hahn | Otto Hahn | Otto Hahn (8 March 1879 – 28 July 1968) was a German chemist and pioneer in the fields of radioactivity and radiochemistry.Hahn is referred to as the father of nuclear chemistry. He discovered radioactive isotopes of radium, thorium and protactinium. In 1938, Hahn and Fritz Strassmann discovered nuclear fission, for which Hahn received the 1944 Nobel Prize for Chemistry. Nuclear fission was the basis for nuclear reactors and nuclear weapons that were developed by the Manhattan Project during World War II. | Otto Hahn ( à Francfort-sur-le-Main, Royaume de Prusse - à Göttingen, Allemagne), est un chimiste allemand lauréat du prix Nobel de chimie de 1944 pour la découverte de la fission nucléaire. Il est considéré comme le. | [
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Lambda calculus | Lambda-calcul | Lambda calculus (also written as λ-calculus) is a formal system in mathematical logic for expressing computation based on function abstraction and application using variable binding and substitution. It is a universal model of computation that can be used to simulate any Turing machine. It was introduced by the mathematician Alonzo Church in the 1930s as part of his research into the foundations of mathematics. | Le lambda-calcul (ou λ-calcul) est un système formel inventé par Alonzo Church dans les années 1930, qui fonde les concepts de fonction et d'application. On y manipule des expressions appelées λ-expressions, où la lettre grecque λ est utilisée pour lier une variable. Par exemple, si M est une λ-expression, λx.M est aussi une λ-expression et représente la fonction qui à x associe M. | [
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United Nations Economic and Social Council | Conseil économique et social des Nations unies | The United Nations Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC;, ) is one of the six principal organs of the United Nations, responsible for coordinating the economic and social fields of the organization, specifically in regards to the 15 specialised agencies, the eight functional commissions and the five regional commissions under its jurisdiction. | Le Conseil économique et social, ou ECOSOC, est un des six organes principaux de l'ONU, créé d'après le chapitre X de la Charte des Nations unies. Il est placé sous l'égide de l'Assemblée générale des Nations unies et a un rôle consultatif concernant les questions de coopération économique et sociale internationale. | [
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The Atlantic | The Atlantic | The Atlantic is an American magazine and multi-platform publisher. It was founded in 1857 in Boston, Massachusetts, as The Atlantic Monthly, a literary and cultural commentary magazine that published leading writers' commentary on the abolition of slavery, education, and other major issues in contemporary political affairs. Its founders included Francis H. Underwood and prominent writers Ralph Waldo Emerson, Oliver Wendell Holmes Sr., Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, Harriet Beecher Stowe, and John Greenleaf Whittier. James Russell Lowell was its first editor. It is known for publishing literary pieces by leading writers. | The Atlantic, anciennement The Atlantic Monthly, est un magazine mensuel culturel américain fondé en novembre 1857 à Boston, dans le Massachusetts. The Atlantic commence comme un magazine littéraire et de commentaire culturel, et compte parmi ses fondateurs des grands noms comme Harriet Beecher Stowe, Ralph Waldo Emerson, Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, Oliver Wendell Holmes, John Greenleaf Whittier et James Russell Lowell (premier directeur de la rédaction). Au fil du temps le titre se construit une réputation à l'échelle nationale, tenue depuis plus de 150 ans. Il est connu pour avoir reconnu et publié de nouveaux auteurs et poètes, et encouragé des carrières importantes et des écrits sur des sujets de politique publique comme l'abolition de l'esclavage ou l'éducation. Après une série de difficultés financières et plusieurs changements de propriétaires, "The Atlantic" change de ligne éditoriale pour couvrir plus généralement les affaires étrangères, la politique, l'économie et les tendances culturelles. Il vise en priorité les « leaders d'opinion ». | [
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Claude Chappe | Claude Chappe | Claude Chappe (25 December 1763 – 23 January 1805) was a French inventor who in 1792 demonstrated a practical semaphore system that eventually spanned all of France. His system consisted of a series of towers, each within line of sight of others, each supporting a wooden mast with two crossarms on pivots that could be placed in various positions. The operator in a tower moved the arms to a sequence of positions, spelling out text messages in semaphore code. The operator in the next tower read the message through a telescope, then passed it on to the next tower. This was the first practical telecommunications system of the industrial age, and was used until the 1850s when electric telegraph systems replaced it. | Claude Chappe (né le à Brûlon (Sarthe), en France — mort le matin du à Paris, inhumé au cimetière du Père-Lachaise (division 29), est l'inventeur du sémaphore, procédé de communication de l'information à distance plus rapide que tous ceux qu'on avait utilisés jusqu'alors. Il fut le premier entrepreneur des télécommunications dans l'histoire de l'humanité. Il est le neveu du scientifique Jean Chappe d'Auteroche. | [
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Iranian languages | Langues iraniennes | The Iranian or Iranic languages are a branch of the Indo-Iranian languages in the Indo-European language family that are spoken natively by the Iranian peoples. | Les langues iraniennes sont un groupe de langues indo-européennes, subdivision de la branche indo-iranienne. Contrairement à ce que pourrait laisser penser leur nom, leur extension géographique ne se limite nullement au territoire de la République islamique d'Iran. Au contraire, cette famille s'étend sur un vaste territoire au Moyen-Orient (dans les regions kurdophones de Turquie, de Syrie et d'Irak), dans le Caucase (en Ossétie et dans certaines régions tatophones d'Azerbaïdjan), ainsi qu'en Asie centrale (en Iran, en Afghanistan, au Tadjikistan, et au Pakistan). À cela s'ajoute enfin le grand nombre de locuteurs des communautés émigrées, notamment kurdes. | [
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Prince-Bishopric of Liège | Principauté de Liège | The Prince-Bishopric of Liège or Principality of Liège was a state of the Holy Roman Empire in the Low Countries, situated for the most part in present Belgium, which was ruled by the Bishop of Liège. As a prince, the Bishop held an Imperial Estate and had seat and voice at the Imperial Diet. The Prince-Bishopric of Liège should not be confused with the Bishop's diocese of Liège, which was larger. | La principauté épiscopale de Liège était un État du Saint-Empire romain, compris dans le Cercle de Westphalie, ayant pour capitale la ville de Liège. C'est en l'an 985 que naît la principauté épiscopale. C'est à cette date que Notger, déjà évêque de Liège depuis 972, devient prince-évêque en recevant le comté de Huy. Cet État a existé pendant plus de, jusqu'à la révolution liégeoise en 1789. | [
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Joseph Bonaparte | Joseph Bonaparte | Joseph-Napoléon Bonaparte, Comte de Survilliers, born Giuseppe di Buonaparte (, ; 7 January 1768 – 28 July 1844), was a French lawyer and diplomat, the older brother of Napoleon Bonaparte, who made him King of Naples and Sicily (1806–1808, as Giuseppe I), and later King of Spain (1808–1813, as José I). After the fall of Napoleon, Joseph styled himself "Comte de Survilliers". | Joseph Bonaparte, né le à Corte, pendant la période d'indépendance de la République corse, et mort le à Florence, dans le grand-duché de Toscane, est un homme d'État français et le frère aîné de l'empereur Napoléon. Sa carrière politique, diplomatique et militaire est intimement liée à celle de son frère Napoléon. | [
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Human iron metabolism | Métabolisme du fer | Human iron metabolism is the set of chemical reactions that maintain human homeostasis of iron at the systemic and cellular level. Iron is both necessary to the body and potentially toxic. Controlling iron levels in the body is a critically important part of many aspects of human health and disease. Hematologists have been especially interested in systemic iron metabolism because iron is essential for red blood cells, where most of the human body's iron is contained. Understanding iron metabolism is also important for understanding diseases of iron overload, such as hereditary hemochromatosis, and iron deficiency, such as iron deficiency anemia. | Le est l'ensemble des réactions chimiques visant à l'homéostase du fer. Le fer est indispensable pour la majorité des êtres vivants, en intervenant dans les réactions biochimiques de la vie cellulaire. Il est utilisé pour transporter l'oxygène dans les globules rouges. | [
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Easter egg | Œuf de Pâques | Easter eggs, also called Paschal eggs, are eggs that are sometimes decorated. They are usually used as gifts on the occasion of Easter. As such, Easter eggs are common during the season of Eastertide (Easter season). The oldest tradition is to use dyed and painted chicken eggs, but a modern custom is to substitute chocolate eggs wrapped in colored foil, hand-carved wooden eggs, or plastic eggs filled with confectionery such as chocolate. However, real eggs continue to be used in Central and Eastern European tradition. | L'œuf de Pâques est une tradition païenne, qui consiste à décorer un œuf pour la fête de Pâques, ce dernier restant le plus souvent comestible. Traditionnellement, il s'agissait d'un œuf de poule cuit dur coloré. Aujourd'hui, il s'agit souvent d'un œuf en sucre ou en chocolat. En Belgique, comme en France, c'est un cadeau traditionnel offert le matin du dimanche de Pâques. Dans le quart nord-est de la France, en Suisse, en Grande-Bretagne et aux États-Unis, le symbole de Pâques est un lapin ou un lièvre ; dans les autres régions françaises ou d'autres pays du monde, des cloches ont la même fonction. Dans les pays de l'Est, on les colore et décore. | [
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Indo-Aryan languages | Langues indo-aryennes | The Indo-Aryan languages or Indic languages, are a major language family of South Asia. They constitute a branch of the Indo-Iranian languages, themselves a branch of the Indo-European language family. In the early 21st century, Indo-Aryan languages were spoken by more than 800 million people, primarily in India, Bangladesh, Nepal, Pakistan and Sri Lanka. Moreover, there are large immigrant and expatriate Indo-Aryan-speaking communities in Northwestern Europe, Western Asia, North America and Australia. There are well over 200 known Indo-Aryan languages. | Les langues indo-aryennes constituent une branche des langues indo-iraniennes, qui font elles-mêmes partie de la famille des langues indo-européennes. Elles sont essentiellement parlées en Asie du Sud : dans les deux tiers nord de l'Inde, au Pakistan, dans le nord-est de l'Afghanistan, au Bangladesh, au Népal, au Sri Lanka, aux Maldives. | [
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Nolwenn Leroy | Nolwenn Leroy | Nolwenn Le Magueresse (born 28 September 1982 in Saint-Renan, Brittany, France), known by her stage name Nolwenn Leroy ( ), is a French singer-songwriter, musician and voice actress. | Nolwenn Leroy, de son vrai nom Nolwenn Le Magueresse, est une autrice-compositrice-interprète et multi-instrumentiste française, née le à Saint-Renan (Finistère). | [
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Autoroutes of France | Liste des autoroutes de France | The autoroute (, highway or motorway) system in France consists largely of toll roads (76% of the total). It is a network of of motorways as of 2014. On road signs, autoroute destinations are shown in blue, while destinations reached through a combination of autoroutes are shown with an added autoroute logo. Toll autoroutes are signalled with the word "péage" (toll). | La France comptait en 2014, un réseau autoroutier d'environ, dont à péage, à travers tout le pays. Il s'agit du quatrième réseau mondial et du sixième en incluant les voies express d'au moins. En effet, certaines régions comme la Corse et une grande partie de la Bretagne (où le réseau est en cours de mise aux normes) ne disposent pas d'autoroutes mais de voies express. Ainsi, neuf départements ne sont desservis par aucune autoroute structurante, en partie à cause du relief : l'Ardèche, la Charente, la Haute-Corse, la Corse-du-Sud, les Côtes-d'Armor, le Finistère, le Gers, le Morbihan et la Haute-Saône. Tous le sont en revanche par des voies express. L'outre-mer ne possède qu'une seule autoroute : l'autoroute A1, en Martinique. | [
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The Vision of Escaflowne | Vision d'Escaflowne | The series follows a teenage high school girl named Hitomi, who finds herself pulled from Earth to the planet Gaea when a boy named Van appears on the high school track while battling a dragon. In Gaea, she is caught in the middle of a war as the Zaibach Empire attempts to take over Gaea. Van (King of Fanelia), with aid from Allen (an Asturian Knight), commands his mystical mech Escaflowne in the struggle to stop the Zaibach Empire. Hitomi's fortune telling powers blossom in Gaea as she becomes the key to awakening Escaflowne and to stopping Zaibach's plans. | Le titre du projet original est "Tenkū no Escaflowne", ce qui se traduit littéralement par « Escaflowne des Cieux ». | [
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Lycurgus of Sparta | Lycurgue (législateur) | Lycurgus (;,,, ; 820 BC) was the quasi-legendary lawgiver of Sparta who established the military-oriented reformation of Spartan society in accordance with the Oracle of Apollo at Delphi. All his reforms promoted the three Spartan virtues: equality (among citizens), military fitness, and austerity. | Lycurgue (en grec ancien /, « celui qui tient les loups à l’écart ») est un législateur mythique de Sparte. | [
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Werewolf | Lycanthrope | In folklore, a werewolf (, "man-wolf"), or occasionally lycanthrope ( "lukánthrōpos", "wolf-person"), is a human with the ability to shapeshift into a wolf (or, especially in modern film, a therianthropic hybrid wolflike creature), either purposely or after being placed under a curse or affliction (often a bite or scratch from another werewolf) with the transformations occurring on the night of a full moon. Early sources for belief in this ability or affliction, called lycanthropy, are Petronius (27–66) and Gervase of Tilbury (1150–1228). | Un lycanthrope, plus connu en français sous le nom de loup-garou, est, dans les mythologies, les légendes et les folklores principalement issus de la civilisation européenne, un humain qui a la capacité de se transformer, partiellement ou complètement, en loup, ou en créature anthropomorphe proche du loup. | [
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Holly Marie Combs | Holly Marie Combs | Holly Marie Combs (born December 3, 1973) is an American actress and television producer. She is known for her roles as Kimberly Brock in the CBS series "Picket Fences" (1992–1996), Piper Halliwell in The WB series "Charmed" (1998–2006) and Ella Montgomery in the Freeform series "Pretty Little Liars" (2010–2017). | Holly Marie Combs, est une actrice et productrice de télévision américaine, née le à San Diego, en Californie. Elle est principalement connue à la télévision. Révélée par le rôle de la jeune Kimberly Brock dans la série télévisée dramatique "Un drôle de shérif" (1992-1996), elle connaît ensuite un succès mondial pour avoir incarné la sorcière Piper Halliwell dans la série télévisée fantastique "Charmed" (1998-2006). | [
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Joachim Murat | Joachim Murat | Joachim-Napoléon Murat (; born Joachim Murat; ; ; 25 March 1767 – 13 October 1815) was a Marshal of the Empire and Admiral during the reign of Napoleon. He was also the 1st Prince Murat, Grand Duke of Berg from 1806 to 1808, and King of Naples from 1808 to 1815. Murat received his titles in part by being Napoleon's brother-in-law through marriage to his younger sister, Caroline Bonaparte, as well as personal merit. He was noted as a daring, brave, and charismatic cavalry officer as well as a flamboyant dresser, for which he was known as "the Dandy King". | Joachim Murat, né le à Labastide-Fortunière (Quercy) et mort le à Pizzo (royaume de Naples), est un militaire français, haut dignitaire du Premier Empire. Fait maréchal d'Empire et prince français par Napoléon, il est également grand amiral de l'Empire, grand-duc de Berg et de Clèves, puis roi de Naples à partir de 1808 sous le nom de Joachim. | [
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Kung Fu (1972 TV series) | Kung Fu (série télévisée) | Kung Fu is an American action-adventure martial arts western drama television series starring David Carradine. The series follows the adventures of Kwai Chang Caine, a Shaolin monk who travels through the American Old West, armed only with his spiritual training and his skill in martial arts, as he seeks Danny Caine, his half-brother. | Kung Fu est une série télévisée américaine en 1 pilote de 71 minutes et 62 épisodes de 50 minutes, créés par Bruce Lee et Ed Spielman et diffusés entre le et le sur le réseau ABC. | [
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Hydro-Québec | Hydro-Québec | Hydro-Québec is a public utility that manages the generation, transmission and distribution of electricity in the Canadian province of Quebec, as well as the export of power to portions of the Northeast United States. | Hydro-Québec est une société d'État québécoise responsable de la production, du transport et de la distribution de l'électricité au Québec. Fondée en 1944, son unique actionnaire est le gouvernement du Québec. La société a son siège social qui est située à Montréal. | [
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Henri Matisse | Henri Matisse | Henri Émile Benoît Matisse (; 31 December 1869 – 3 November 1954) was a French artist, known for both his use of colour and his fluid and original draughtsmanship. He was a draughtsman, printmaker, and sculptor, but is known primarily as a painter. Matisse is commonly regarded, along with Pablo Picasso, as one of the artists who best helped to define the revolutionary developments in the visual arts throughout the opening decades of the twentieth century, responsible for significant developments in painting and sculpture. | Henri Matisse, né le au Cateau-Cambrésis et mort le à Nice, est un peintre, dessinateur, graveur et sculpteur français. Figure majeure du siècle, son influence sur l'art de la seconde partie de ce siècle est considérable par l'utilisation de la simplification, de la stylisation, de la synthèse et de la couleur comme seul sujet de la peinture, aussi bien pour les nombreux peintres figuratifs ou abstraits qui se réclameront de lui et de ses découvertes. Il fut le chef de file du fauvisme. | [
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Pyrus pyrifolia | Nashi | Pyrus pyrifolia is a species of pear tree native to East Asia. The tree's edible fruit is known by many names, including: Asian pear, Japanese pear, Chinese pear, Korean pear, Taiwanese pear, apple pear, zodiac pear, three-halves pear, and sand pear. Along with cultivars of "P". × "bretschneideri" and "P. ussuriensis", the fruit is also called the nashi pear. Cultivars derived from "Pyrus pyrifolia" are grown throughout East Asia, and in other countries such as India, Australia, New Zealand, and the United States (e.g., California). Traditionally in East Asia the tree's flowers are a popular symbol of early spring, and it is a common sight in gardens and the countryside. | Les nashi ou poires japonaises sont des cultivars de poiriers dérivés de l'espèce sauvage "Pyrus pyrifolia". Nashi est parfois écrit nachi. L'arbre qui donne un fruit subglobuleux comme une pomme, est très cultivé au Japon. | [
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Temple | Temple | A temple (from the Latin word ) is a building reserved for religious or spiritual rituals and activities such as prayer and sacrifice. It is typically used for such buildings belonging to all faiths where a more specific term such as church, mosque or synagogue is not generally used in English. These include Hinduism, Buddhism, and Jainism among religions with many modern followers, as well as other ancient religions such as Ancient Egyptian religion. | En général, un temple est un lieu, un espace, sacré placé sous la protection d'une divinité, et où un rite est pratiqué. Par extension, un temple est un édifice religieux où se célèbre le culte rendu à une divinité. En particulier, un tempietto est un petit temple à l'antique de la Renaissance reprenant le principe de la tholos grecque | [
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William Thomson, 1st Baron Kelvin | William Thomson (Lord Kelvin) | William Thomson, 1st Baron Kelvin, (26 June 1824 – 17 December 1907) was a British mathematical physicist and engineer who was born in Belfast in 1824. At the University of Glasgow he did important work in the mathematical analysis of electricity and formulation of the first and second laws of thermodynamics, and did much to unify the emerging discipline of physics in its modern form. He worked closely with mathematics professor Hugh Blackburn in his work. He also had a career as an electric telegraph engineer and inventor, which propelled him into the public eye and ensured his wealth, fame and honour. For his work on the transatlantic telegraph project he was knighted in 1866 by Queen Victoria, becoming Sir William Thomson. He had extensive maritime interests and was most noted for his work on the mariner's compass, which previously had limited reliability. | William Thomson, mieux connu sous le nom de Lord Kelvin (Belfast, - Largs, ), Kelvin, est un physicien britannique d'origine irlandaise reconnu pour ses travaux en thermodynamique. | [
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Charles de Freycinet | Charles de Freycinet | Charles Louis de Saulces de Freycinet (; 14 November 1828 – 14 May 1923) was a French statesman and four times Prime Minister during the Third Republic. He also served an important term as Minister of War (1888–93). He belonged to the Opportunist Republicans faction. | Charles de Freycinet, né à Foix (Ariège) le et mort à Paris le, est un homme d'État et ingénieur français. | [
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Splendeurs et misères des courtisanes | Splendeurs et misères des courtisanes | Honoré de Balzac's Splendeurs et misères des courtisanes, translated either as The Splendors and Miseries of Courtesans or as A Harlot High and Low, was published in four parts from 1838-1847: | Splendeurs et misères des courtisanes est un roman d’Honoré de Balzac, publié entre 1838 et 1847, qui fait suite à "Illusions perdues". Composé de quatre parties, il met en scène les aspects souterrains de la société, en explorant le monde du crime et de la prostitution. Le premier est dominé par le personnage satanique du forçat évadé, Don Carlos Herrera, qui connaîtra une forme de rédemption sociale dans sa dernière incarnation ; le second montre une jeune prostituée, Esther, rachetée par son amour pour Lucien Chardon de Rubempré, le poète sans volonté dont l'ambition et la vanité sont les ressorts tragiques du roman. | [
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Vijayanagara Empire | Royaume de Vijayanagara | The Vijayanagara Empire (also called Karnata Empire, and the Kingdom of Bisnegar by the Portuguese) was based in the Deccan Plateau region in South India. It was established in 1336 by the brothers Harihara I and Bukka Raya I of Sangama Dynasty, members of a pastoralist cowherd community that claimed Yadava lineage. The empire rose to prominence as a culmination of attempts by the southern powers to ward off Islamic invasions by the end of the 13th century. It lasted until 1646, although its power declined after a major military defeat in the Battle of Talikota in 1565 by the combined armies of the Deccan sultanates. The empire is named after its capital city of Vijayanagara, whose ruins surround present day Hampi, now a World Heritage Site in Karnataka, India. The writings of medieval European travelers such as Domingo Paes, Fernão Nunes, and Niccolò Da Conti, and the literature in local languages provide crucial information about its history. Archaeological excavations at Vijayanagara have revealed the empire's power and wealth. | Le royaume de Vijayanâgara, ou royaume de Vijayanâgar, situé sur le plateau du Deccan en Inde du Sud, est le dernier grand royaume hindou que connaît l'Inde. | [
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Anti-Americanism | Antiaméricanisme | Anti-Americanism (also called anti-American sentiment and Americanophobia) is a sentiment which espouses dislike of the American government or opposes its policies, especially its foreign policy, or espouses dislike or hatred of the American people and the United States in general. | L'antiaméricanisme (ou anti-américanisme ou américanophobie) est une position de méfiance ou d'hostilité à l'égard des États-Unis et plus particulièrement de leur politique extérieure. Cependant, il s'exprime aussi parfois envers la société, l'histoire, la culture ou le peuple américain. L'antonyme d'antiaméricanisme est américanisme. | [
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Gorm the Old | Gorm l'Ancien | Gorm the Old (,, ), also called Gorm the Languid (), was ruler of Denmark, reigning from to his death. He ruled from Jelling, and made the oldest of the Jelling Stones in honour of his wife Thyra. Gorm was born before 900 and died. | Gorm l'Ancien ou Gorm le Vieux ("" en danois) est roi du Danemark entre 936 et 958. L'année de sa naissance n'est pas connue avec précision mais elle est située autour de l'an 900. | [
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Dark fantasy | Dark fantasy | Dark fantasy is a subgenre of fantasy literary, artistic, and cinematic works that incorporate darker and frightening themes of fantasy. It also often combines fantasy with elements of horror or has a gloomy, dark tone, or a sense of horror and dread. | La dark fantasy, ou fantaisie noire, est un sous-genre de la "fantasy" qui désigne les œuvres dans lesquelles l'ambiance est très sombre et proche de l'apocalypse. Le bien laisse place au mal et les héros sont souvent fatigués et abattus par les épreuves qu'ils ont subies. En partant donc d'une mentalité pessimiste, l'auteur nous présente la plupart du temps une œuvre évoluant dans un contexte psychologiquement oppressant pour le lecteur ou les personnages, et peut également délivrer les détails des combats. Cela leur donne une dimension plus violente et parfois assez proche de l'horreur sans pour autant en faire partie. Cette dimension nouvelle de la "fantasy" s'éloigne du classique manichéisme, et permet une réflexion sur le bien-fondé des notions de bien et de mal. | [
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Treaty of Paris (1814) | Traité de Paris (1814) | The Treaty of Paris, signed on 30 May 1814, ended the war between France and the Sixth Coalition, part of the Napoleonic Wars, following an armistice signed on 23 April between Charles, Count of Artois, and the allies. The treaty set the borders for France under the House of Bourbon and restored territories to other nations. It is sometimes called the First Peace of Paris, as another one followed in 1815. | Le traité de Paris du fixe les frontières de la France après la première abdication de Napoléon Ier, exilé à l’île d'Elbe. Cet accord est remis en question par l'épisode des Cent-Jours et un nouveau traité est signé en 1815. | [
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Rigel | Rigel | Rigel, designated β Orionis (Latinized to Beta Orionis, abbreviated Beta Ori, β Ori), is a star in the constellation of Orion, approximately away. Rigel is the brightest and most massive component—and the eponym—of a star system of at least four stars that appear as a single blue-white point of light to the naked eye. A blue supergiant of spectral type B8Ia, Rigel is calculated to be anywhere from 61,500 to 363,000 times as luminous as the Sun, and 18 to 24 times as massive, depending on the method and assumptions used. Its radius is over 70 times that of the Sun, and its surface temperature is. Rigel's mass-loss due to its stellar wind is estimated to be 10 million times more than that of the Sun. With an estimated age of 7 to 9 million years, Rigel has exhausted its core hydrogen fuel, expanded and cooled to become a supergiant. It will end its life as a type II supernova. | Beta Orionis (β Ori) est un système stellaire au minimum quadruple. Le système est couramment nommé Rigel, bien que le nom ne s'applique officiellement qu'à l'étoile principale du système, β Ori A. | [
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