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Jimmy Wales | Jimmy Wales | Jimmy Donal "Jimbo" Wales (born August 7, 1966) is an American-British Internet entrepreneur. He is a co-founder of the online non-profit encyclopedia Wikipedia and the for-profit web hosting company Wikia. | Jimmy Donal Wales, surnommé Jimbo Wales, est un homme d'affaires américain, né le à Huntsville en Alabama, aux États-Unis. Il est le fondateur du portail web américain Bomis et cofondateur avec Larry Sanger de l'encyclopédie libre et gratuite du web Wikipédia (jouant également un rôle dans la galaxie Wikimedia à laquelle appartient Wikipédia), ainsi que d'autres projets fondés sur le wiki, comme Wikia. | [
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Diomedes of Thrace | Diomède (Thrace) | King Diomedes of Thrace (Ancient Greek: Διομήδης) was the son of Ares and Cyrene. He lived on the shores of the Black Sea ruling the warlike tribe of Bistones. He is known for his man-eating horses, which Heracles stole in order to complete the eighth of his Twelve Labours, slaying Diomedes in the process. | Dans la mythologie grecque, Diomède (en grec ancien / ), roi de Thrace, est un roi qui a coutume de nourrir ses chevaux avec la chair de ses hôtes. Certaines légendes en font le fils d'Arès et de Cyrène. | [
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France Gall | France Gall | Isabelle Geneviève Marie Anne Gall (; 9 October 1947 – 7 January 2018), better known by her stage name France Gall, was a French "yé-yé" singer. In 1965, aged 17, she won the Eurovision Song Contest. Between 1973 and 1992, she collaborated with singer-songwriter Michel Berger. | France Gall, nom de scène d'Isabelle Geneviève Marie Anne Gall, née le dans le de Paris, et morte le à Neuilly-sur-Seine, dans les Hauts-de-Seine, est une chanteuse française. | [
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August Endell | August Endell | August Endell (1871–1925) was a designer, writer, teacher, and German architect. He was one of the founders of the Jugendstil movement, the German counterpart of Art Nouveau. His first marriage was with Elsa von Freytag-Loringhoven. | August Endell, né à Berlin le et mort à Berlin en, était un artiste allemand de l'Art nouveau. Il fut un collaborateur des revues "Pan" et "Decorative Kunst". | [
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Cyrene (mythology) | Cyrène (mythologie) | In Greek mythology, Cyrene () or Kyrene (, "Sovereign Queen"), was a Thessalian princess, and later, the queen and ruler of the North African city of Cyrene. | Dans la mythologie grecque, Cyrène (du grec ancien, « reine souveraine »), fille d'Hypsée (roi des Lapithes), était une nymphe chasseresse d'une beauté extraordinaire. Apollon la voit dompter un lion sur le mont Pélion et, séduit, il l'enlève pour la transporter en Libye dans un char d'or. De lui, elle aura deux fils : Aristée qui cultive l'olivier, fait du fromage et s'occupe des abeilles pour le bien des hommes et le devin Idmon. Mais la belle n'est pas fidèle et, un jour, elle part avec Arès. | [
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Lapiths | Lapithes | The Lapiths (; ) are a group of legendary people in Greek mythology, whose home was in Thessaly, in the valley of the Peneus and on the mountain Pelion. | Dans la mythologie grecque, la tribu des Lapithes (en grec ancien / ) habitait le nord de la Thessalie, établie entre la Phthiotide, le mont Olympe, le Pinde et la Perrhèbie. | [
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John Entwistle | John Entwistle | John Alec Entwistle (9 October 1944 – 27 June 2002) was an English bass guitarist, singer, songwriter, film and music producer. In a music career that spanned more than 40 years, Entwistle was best known as the original bass guitarist for the English rock band the Who. He was the only member of the band to have formal musical training. He was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame as a member of the Who in 1990. | John Entwistle, né le à Chiswick dans le borough londonien de Hounslow et mort le à Paradise dans l'État du Nevada aux États-Unis, est un musicien et producteur britannique. Il est le bassiste du groupe de rock The Who. | [
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Paul Hankar | Paul Hankar | Paul Hankar (11 December 1859 – 17 January 1901) was a Belgian architect and furniture designer, and an innovator in the Art Nouveau style. | Paul Hankar, architecte et designer belge né le à Frameries et mort le à Bruxelles, a été l’un des principaux représentants de l’Art nouveau à Bruxelles. | [
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Jasmin Wagner | Jasmin Wagner | Jasmin Wagner (, now Jasmin Sippel, born 20 April 1980), better known as Blümchen, is a German pop and dance music singer, actress, model, spokeswoman and philanthropist. Although she releases her English albums under the name Blossom, her German stage name "Blümchen" actually translates to "floret" or "small flower". | Jasmin Wagner, née le à Hambourg, mieux connue sous le nom de scène Blümchen, est une chanteuse, animatrice et actrice allemande. Elle se lance initialement dans une carrière musicale en 1995 et fait paraître son premier single à succès " la même année. Son style musical oscille entre 50 BPM à 190 BPM, et varie entre genres musicaux dance, trance, happy hardcore, pop et eurodance. Hormis Blümchen, Wagner utilise, au fil de sa carrière, plusieurs surnoms tels que Blossom et Denim Girl. En 2001, elle annonce son retrait de la musique pour se consacrer à d'autres projets dans le divertissement. Wagner est considérée par la presse spécialisée comme l'une des chanteuses allemandes les plus populaires des années 1990. | [
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Trans-Gabon Railway | Transgabonais | The Trans-Gabon Railway () is the only railway in Gabon. It runs 670 km east from Owendo port station in Libreville to Franceville via numerous stations, the main ones being Ndjolé, Lopé, Booué, Lastoursville and Moanda. | Le Transgabonais est le chemin de fer du Gabon, dont le premier tronçon fut mis en service en 1978, composé d'une unique ligne de reliant Owendo, port minéralier situé dans la banlieue de la capitale Libreville, à Franceville, située sur le fleuve Ogooué. Son nom peut évoquer celui de la compagnie aérienne qui lui préexistait, "Transgabon". | [
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Primula vulgaris | Primula vulgaris | Primula vulgaris, the common primrose, is a species of flowering plant in the family Primulaceae, native to western and southern Europe, northwest Africa, and parts of southwest Asia. The common name is primrose, or occasionally common primrose or English primrose to distinguish it from other "Primula" species also called primroses. None of these are closely related to the evening primroses (genus "Oenothera"). | La Primevère commune, Primevère acaule ou Primevère sans tige (Primula vulgaris) est une plante herbacée pérenne de la famille des Primulacées des régions tempérées de l'hémisphère nord. | [
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Buso Renkin | Busō Renkin | The manga has been adapted into an anime television series, which was produced by studio Xebec and was broadcast on Japanese television network TV Tokyo from 2006 to 2007. In December 2007, the anime was announced for North American DVD release by Viz Media. In 2009, the series made its American television debut on the Funimation Channel, with American broadcast rights acquired by Funimation from Viz Media. The series has also spawned two drama CDs, two light novels, a PlayStation 2 video game, and many types of "Buso Renkin"-themed merchandise. | La série comporte au Japon 10 tomes, et deux romans. Le premier tome est sorti en mars 2006 en France d'après le planning des sorties de Glénat. | [
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McDonnell Douglas F-15 Eagle | McDonnell Douglas F-15 Eagle | The McDonnell Douglas F-15 Eagle is an American twin-engine, all-weather tactical fighter aircraft designed by McDonnell Douglas (now part of Boeing). Following reviews of proposals, the United States Air Force selected McDonnell Douglas's design in 1967 to meet the service's need for a dedicated air superiority fighter. The Eagle first flew in July 1972, and entered service in 1976. It is among the most successful modern fighters, with over 100 victories and no losses in aerial combat, with the majority of the kills by the Israeli Air Force. | Le McDonnell Douglas F-15 est un avion de chasse tout temps dit de supériorité aérienne, conçu par l'avionneur américain McDonnell Douglas dans les années 1970. Produit à plus de mille exemplaires, il est utilisé principalement par l'armée de l'air américaine (USAF), mais il a également été exporté vers quelques pays, dont Israël et le Japon, ce dernier l'ayant même construit sous licence. Une version spécialisée dans l'attaque au sol a également été mise au point, le F-15E. | [
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Brihadisvara Temple, Thanjavur | Temple de Brihadesvara | Brihadishvara Temple, also called Rajarajesvaram or Peruvudaiyār Kōvil, is a Hindu temple dedicated to Shiva located in South bank of Kaveri river in Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, India. It is one of the largest South Indian temples and an exemplary example of a fully realized Dravidian architecture. It is called as "Dhakshina Meru" (Meru of south). Built by Tamil king Raja Raja Chola I between 1003 and 1010 AD, the temple is a part of the UNESCO World Heritage Site known as the "Great Living Chola Temples", along with the Chola dynasty era Gangaikonda Cholapuram temple and Airavatesvara temple that are about and to its northeast respectively. | Le temple de Brihadesvara — appelé aussi temple de Râjarâjeshvaram, d'après le nom de son constructeur — situé dans la ville de Tanjore dans l'État du Tamil Nadu en Inde est une réalisation exemplaire du style drâvidien d'architecture religieuse. C'est l'un des plus grands temples de l'Inde. | [
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Just Fontaine | Just Fontaine | Just Louis Fontaine (; born 18 August 1933) is a French retired professional footballer. A prolific forward, he is best known for scoring the most goals in a single edition of the FIFA World Cup, with 13 in six matches in 1958. In 2004, Pelé named him one of the 125 Greatest Living Footballers at a FIFA Awards Ceremony. | Just Fontaine, né le à Marrakech au Maroc, est un joueur international, entraîneur de football et entrepreneur français. Avant-centre emblématique des années 1950, Just Fontaine dit "Justo" est le meilleur buteur de tous les temps sur une seule phase finale de Coupe du monde grâce à ses treize réalisations en six matchs lors de la Coupe du monde de 1958 en Suède. Il est à ce titre le quatrième meilleur buteur de tous les temps en Coupe du monde derrière Miroslav Klose (16 buts), Ronaldo (15 buts) et Gerd Müller (14 buts) et termine du Ballon d'or 1958. | [
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Groupe Casino | Groupe Casino | Casino Group or Casino Guichard-Perrachon is a French mass-market retail Group. It was founded on 2 August 1898 by Geoffroy Guichard under the corporate name Guichard-Perrachon & Co. | Le groupe Casino ou Casino Guichard-Perrachon est un groupe français du secteur de la grande distribution. Il est fondé le par Geoffroy Guichard sous la raison sociale Guichard-Perrachon & Cie. | [
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Spaceport | Base de lancement | A spaceport or cosmodrome is a site for launching (or receiving) spacecraft, by analogy to seaport for ships or airport for aircraft. The word "spaceport", and even more so "cosmodrome", has traditionally been used for sites capable of launching spacecraft into orbit around Earth or on interplanetary trajectories. However, rocket launch sites for purely sub-orbital flights are sometimes called spaceports, as in recent years new and proposed sites for suborbital human flights have been frequently referred to or named'spaceports'. Space stations and proposed future bases on the moon are sometimes called spaceports, in particular if intended as a base for further journeys. | Une base de lancement, un cosmodrome (pour les sites russes), un spatioport ou encore un port spatial est, dans le domaine de l’astronautique, un ensemble d'installations destinées à permettre la préparation, le lancement et le suivi des premières phases de vol d’un lanceur. Il comporte un ou plusieurs ensembles de lancement, des moyens logistiques et des installations, et permet la mise en œuvre des mesures de sauvegarde. Il peut également inclure des installations destinées à la fabrication du lanceur comme au Centre spatial guyanais (Kourou) ou sa remise en condition comme au Centre spatial Kennedy. | [
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Golan Heights | Plateau du Golan | The Golan Heights ( or, ), or simply the Golan, is a region in the Levant, spanning about. The region defined as the Golan Heights differs between disciplines: as a geological and biogeographical region, the Golan Heights is a basaltic plateau bordered by the Yarmouk River in the south, the Sea of Galilee and Hula Valley in the west, the Anti-Lebanon with Mount Hermon in the north and Wadi Raqqad in the east. As a geopolitical region, the Golan Heights is the area captured from Syria and occupied by Israel during the 1967 Six-Day War, territory which has been administered as part of Israel since 1981. This region includes the western two-thirds of the geological Golan Heights and the Israeli-occupied part of Mount Hermon. | Le plateau ouest du Golan, hauteurs du Golan, sous-district de Golan ou ouest Golan (en arabe, ', en hébreu, '), est un territoire administré par Israël depuis de la guerre des Six Jours en 1967 puis annexé unilatéralement en 1981. | [
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Paramecium | Paramécie | Paramecium (also Paramoecium,,,, ) is a genus of unicellular ciliates, commonly studied as a representative of the ciliate group. "Paramecia" are widespread in freshwater, brackish, and marine environments and are often very abundant in stagnant basins and ponds. Because some species are readily cultivated and easily induced to conjugate and divide, it has been widely used in classrooms and laboratories to study biological processes. Its usefulness as a model organism has caused one ciliate researcher to characterize it as the "white rat" of the phylum Ciliophora. | La Paramécie, Paramecium, est un genre d'organismes eucaryotes unicellulaires (cellule ayant un noyau et des organites), ou protistes, dont certaines espèces (en particulier "P. caudatum") sont couramment utilisées comme organisme modèle dans les laboratoires de microbiologie. Elles font partie de l'embranchement des ciliés, dans la division des alvéolés. | [
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Weather balloon | Ballon-sonde | A weather or sounding balloon is a balloon (specifically a type of high-altitude balloon) that carries instruments aloft to send back information on atmospheric pressure, temperature, humidity and wind speed by means of a small, expendable measuring device called a radiosonde. To obtain wind data, they can be tracked by radar, radio direction finding, or navigation systems (such as the satellite-based Global Positioning System, GPS). Balloons meant to stay at a constant altitude for long periods of time are known as transosondes. Weather balloons that do not carry an instrument pack are used to determine upper-level winds and the height of cloud layers. For such balloons, a theodolite or total station is used to track the balloon's azimuth and elevation, which are then converted to estimated wind speed and direction and/or cloud height, as applicable. | Un ballon-sonde est un ballon à gaz utilisé dans les domaines de la météorologie et de l'astronautique. Il s'agit d'un ballon libre non habité, utilisé pour faire des mesures locales dans l'atmosphère grâce à un certain nombre d'instruments mis à bord dans une nacelle appelée radiosonde, ainsi que d'un réflecteur radar ou d'un système de radiolocalisation pour le suivre et donc déterminer la vitesse des vents. Le ballon-sonde a été inventé par Gustave Hermite en 1892. | [
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G20 | Groupe des vingt | The G20 (or Group of Twenty) is an international forum for the governments and central bank governors from 19 countries and the European Union (EU). Founded in 1999 with the aim to discuss policy pertaining to the promotion of international financial stability, the G20 has expanded its agenda since 2008 and heads of government or heads of state, as well as finance ministers and foreign ministers, have periodically conferred at summits ever since. It seeks to address issues that go beyond the responsibilities of any one organization. | Le Groupe des vingt (G20) est un groupe composé de dix-neuf pays et de l'Union européenne dont les ministres, les chefs des banques centrales et les chefs d'État se réunissent annuellement. Il a été créé en 1999, après la succession de crises financières dans les années 1990. Il vise à favoriser la concertation internationale, en intégrant le principe d'un dialogue élargi tenant compte du poids économique croissant pris par un certain nombre de pays. Le G20 représente 85 % du commerce mondial, les deux tiers de la population mondiale et plus de 90 % du produit mondial brut (somme des PIB de tous les pays du monde). Le, pour la première fois de son histoire, les chefs d'État ou de gouvernement se sont réunis. Le G20 se décline sous trois formes : les G20 regroupant des chefs d'État et de gouvernement, les G20 finance regroupant les ministres des finances et les gouverneurs des banques centrales et, depuis les 20-, des G20 sociaux, réunissant les ministres de l'emploi. | [
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Diphthong | Diphtongue | A diphthong ( or ; from Greek:, "diphthongos", literally "double sound" or "double tone"; from "δΐς" " ̈twice" and "φθόγγος" "sound"), also known as a gliding vowel, is a combination of two adjacent vowel sounds within the same syllable. Technically, a diphthong is a vowel with two different targets: that is, the tongue (and/or other parts of the speech apparatus) moves during the pronunciation of the vowel. In most varieties of English, the phrase "no highway cowboys" has five distinct diphthongs, one in every syllable. | Une diphtongue est un type de voyelle dont le point d'articulation et le timbre varient lors de son émission entre une position de départ et une position d'arrivée. | [
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Film producer | Producteur de cinéma | A film producer is a person who oversees film production. Either employed by a production company or working independently, producers plan and coordinate various aspects of film production, such as selecting the script; coordinating writing, directing, and editing; and arranging financing. | Le producteur de cinéma (appelé le producteur délégué) est le chef de l'entreprise de production de films, qu'il possède, et qui fabrique et exploite des œuvres cinématographiques. | [
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Anne, Queen of Great Britain | Anne (reine de Grande-Bretagne) | Anne (6 February 1665 – 1 August 1714) was Queen of England, Scotland and Ireland between 8 March 1702 and 1 May 1707. On 1 May 1707, under the Acts of Union, the kingdoms of England and Scotland united as a single sovereign state known as Great Britain. She continued to reign as Queen of Great Britain and Ireland until her death in 1714. | Anne, née à Londres le et décédée dans la même ville le est reine d'Angleterre, d'Écosse et d'Irlande du à l'entrée en vigueur des Actes d'Union, le. À partir de cette date, l'Angleterre et l'Écosse forment un royaume unique, la Grande-Bretagne, dont Anne est la première reine jusqu'à sa mort. | [
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Brest, Belarus | Brest (Biélorussie) | Brest (, ;, ; ; ; ; ), formerly Brest-Litovsk (; ; ), Brest-on-the-Bug (), is a city (population 350,616 in 2019) in Belarus at the border with Poland opposite the Polish city of Terespol, where the Bug and Mukhavets rivers meet. It is the capital city of the Brest Region. | Brest (en, en ), anciennement Brest-Litovsk (en, 1596-1921) puis Brest-sur-le-Boug (1921-1939), est une ville de Biélorussie et la capitale administrative de la voblast de Brest. | [
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YUV | YUV | YUV is a color encoding system typically used as part of a color image pipeline. It encodes a color image or video taking human perception into account, allowing reduced bandwidth for chrominance components, thereby typically enabling transmission errors or compression artifacts to be more efficiently masked by the human perception than using a "direct" RGB-representation. Other color encodings have similar properties, and the main reason to implement or investigate properties of Y′UV would be for interfacing with analog or digital television or photographic equipment that conforms to certain Y′UV standards. | Le modèle YUV ou plus précisément Y'UV définit un espace colorimétrique en trois composantes. La première, Y', représente la "luma" (à ne pas confondre avec la luminance relative notée Y, le symbole prime de Y' indiquant une correction gamma) et les deux autres, U et V, représentent la chrominance. Y'UV est utilisé dans le système de diffusion télévisuelle PAL. Le NTSC utilise l'espace Y'IQ. Le système SÉCAM utilise quant à lui l'espace colorimétrique Y'DbDr, dérivé de Y'UV. | [
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The Widow of Saint-Pierre | La Veuve de Saint-Pierre | The Widow of Saint-Pierre () is a 2000 Canadian-French film by Patrice Leconte with Juliette Binoche, Daniel Auteuil and Emir Kusturica. Loosely inspired by an actual case, it tells the story of a disillusioned army officer whose love for his wife in her efforts to save a convicted murderer leads him to disobey orders. | La Veuve de Saint-Pierre est un film français réalisé par Patrice Leconte, sorti en 2000. Le scénario repose sur l'histoire vraie d'un meurtre qui fut commis à Saint-Pierre-et-Miquelon au, mais un décalage chronologique situe les scènes du film plus tôt, alors que Napoléon III arrive au pouvoir. L'un des thèmes principaux est la peine de mort et la réhabilitation. Le décor épuré, les paysages enneigés, les silences renforcent l'effet dramatique. | [
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Praetorian Guard | Garde prétorienne | The Praetorian Guard (Latin: "cohortes praetoriae") was an elite unit of the Imperial Roman army whose members served as personal bodyguards and intelligence for the Roman emperors. During the era of the Roman Republic, the Praetorians served as a small escort force for high-ranking officials such as senators or provincial governors like procurators, and also serving as bodyguards for high-ranking officers within the Roman legions. With the republic's transition into the Roman Empire, however, the first emperor, Augustus, founded the Guard as his personal security detail. Although they continued to serve in this capacity for roughly three centuries, the Guard became notable for its intrigue and interference in Roman politics, to the point of overthrowing emperors and proclaiming their successors. In 312, the Guard was disbanded by Constantine the Great, as he oversaw the destruction of their barracks at the Castra Praetoria. | Dans l'Antiquité romaine, la garde prétorienne était une unité de l'armée romaine constituée de soldats d'élite initialement recrutés en Italie. Ces unités tirent leur origine du petit groupe d’hommes dont s’entouraient les magistrats républicains connus sous le nom de préteurs et leur nom du camp des légions romaines où était dressée la tente du commandant de la légion, le prétoire (latin : "prætorium"), quand ils partaient en campagne. C'est l'une des unités militaires les plus célèbres de l'histoire romaine. | [
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Carlos (singer) | Carlos (chanteur) | Carlos (born Yvan-Chrysostome Dolto; February 20, 1943 — January 17, 2008) was a French singer, entertainer and actor. He is sometimes called Jean-Christophe Doltovitch. | Carlos, à l'état civil Yvan-Chrysostome Dolto, né le dans le de Paris et mort le à Clichy, est un chanteur, acteur et fantaisiste français. | [
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Raymond Kopa | Raymond Kopa | Raymond Kopa (; birth name Raymond Kopaszewski; 13 October 1931 – 3 March 2017) was a French footballer, integral to the French national team of the 1950s. At club level he was part of the legendary Real Madrid team of the 1950s, winning three European Cups. | Raymond Kopaszewski, dit Raymond Kopa, né le à Nœux-les-Mines (Pas-de-Calais) et mort le à Angers (Maine-et-Loire), est un footballeur international français qui évolue principalement au poste de milieu offensif du début des années 1950 jusqu'à la fin des années 1960. | [
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Florianópolis | Florianópolis | Florianópolis () is the capital and second largest city of the state of Santa Catarina, in the South region of Brazil. The city encompasses Santa Catarina Island and surrounding small islands, as well as part of the mainland. It has a population of 477,798, according to the 2016 IBGE (Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics) population estimate, the second most populous city in the state (after Joinville), and the 47th in Brazil. The metropolitan area has an estimated population of 1,111,702, the 21st largest in the country. The city is known for having the country's third highest Human Development Index score among all Brazilian cities (0.847). | Florianópolis est une ville brésilienne, capitale de l'État de Santa Catarina depuis 1823, située sur l'île de Santa Catarina. Florianópolis est une destination touristique renommée du sud du Brésil, notamment en raison de ses nombreuses plages. Il s'agit de l'une des villes brésiliennes les plus réputées pour sa qualité de vie parmi les capitales d'État du Brésil, notamment au regard du développement humain et de la sécurité. Florianópolis est l'un des centres économiques de la région Sud avec Curitiba, Porto Alegre et Joinville. Bien qu'étant la capitale de l'État de Santa Catarina, il ne s'agit que de la deuxième ville pour ce qui est de la population, après Joinville. | [
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Harlem | Harlem | Harlem is a neighborhood in the northern section of the New York City borough of Manhattan. It is bounded roughly by Frederick Douglass Boulevard, St. Nicholas Avenue, and Morningside Park on the west; the Harlem River and 155th Street on the north; Fifth Avenue on the east; and Central Park North on the south. The greater Harlem area encompasses several other neighborhoods and extends west to the Hudson River, north to 155th Street, east to the East River, and south to Martin Luther King, Jr., Boulevard, Central Park, and East 96th Street. | Harlem est un quartier du nord de l'arrondissement de Manhattan à New York, aux États-Unis. Il se situe entre le nord de la rue et Washington Heights. Toutefois, l'espace est officieusement délimité par la rue au sud et par la rue au nord. Harlem a joué un rôle majeur tout au long de l'histoire de New York : au début du, le mouvement de la Renaissance de Harlem fit de New York le principal foyer de la culture afro-américaine ; par la suite, le quartier devint l'un des centres de la lutte pour l'égalité des droits civiques, étant donné que Harlem a longtemps été et demeure encore aujourd'hui un lieu où se concentrent les Afro-Américains. | [
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Stefan Banach | Stefan Banach | Stefan Banach ( ; 30 March 1892 – 31 August 1945) was a Polish mathematician who is generally considered one of the world's most important and influential 20th-century mathematicians. He was the founder of modern functional analysis, and an original member of the Lwów School of Mathematics. His major work was the 1932 book, "Théorie des opérations linéaires" (Theory of Linear Operations), the first monograph on the general theory of functional analysis. | Stefan Banach ( en polonais ; 1892-1945) est un mathématicien polonais. Ses travaux ont surtout porté sur l'analyse fonctionnelle dont il est l'un des fondateurs. | [
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Niccolò Fontana Tartaglia | Niccolò Fontana Tartaglia | Niccolò Fontana Tartaglia (; 1499/1500, Brescia – 13 December 1557, Venice) was an Italian mathematician, engineer (designing fortifications), a surveyor (of topography, seeking the best means of defense or offense) and a bookkeeper from the then-Republic of Venice (now part of Italy). He published many books, including the first Italian translations of Archimedes and Euclid, and an acclaimed compilation of mathematics. Tartaglia was the first to apply mathematics to the investigation of the paths of cannonballs, known as ballistics, in his "Nova Scientia" ("A New Science"); his work was later partially validated and partially superseded by Galileo's studies on falling bodies. He also published a treatise on retrieving sunken ships. | Niccolò Fontana dit Tartaglia (« Le Bègue »), né à Brescia en 1499 et mort à Venise le, est un mathématicien italien. | [
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Progressive education | Éducation nouvelle | Progressive education is a pedagogical movement that began in the late nineteenth century; it has persisted in various forms to the present. The term "progressive" was engaged to distinguish this education from the traditional Euro-American curricula of the 19th century, which was rooted in classical preparation for the university and strongly differentiated by social class. By contrast, progressive education finds its roots in modern experience. Most progressive education programs have these qualities in common: | L'éducation nouvelle est un courant pédagogique qui défend le principe d'une participation active des individus à leur propre formation. Elle déclare que l'apprentissage, avant d'être une accumulation de connaissances, doit être un facteur de progrès global de la personne. Pour cela, il faut partir de ses centres d'intérêt et s'efforcer de susciter l'esprit d'exploration et de coopération : c'est le principe des méthodes actives. Elle prône une éducation globale, accordant une importance égale aux différents domaines éducatifs : intellectuels et artistiques, mais également physiques, manuels et sociaux. L'apprentissage de la vie sociale est considéré comme essentiel. | [
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Jean-Claude Carrière | Jean-Claude Carrière | Jean-Claude Carrière (; born 17 September 1931) is a French novelist, screenwriter, actor, and Academy Award honoree. He was an alumnus of the École normale supérieure de Saint-Cloud and was president of La Fémis, the French state film school. Carrière was a frequent collaborator with Luis Buñuel on the screenplays of Buñuel's late French films. | Jean-Claude Carrière, né le à Colombières-sur-Orb, dans l'Hérault, est un écrivain, scénariste, parolier et metteur en scène français, également acteur à l'occasion. Lui-même se définit comme un. Se partageant entre le cinéma, le théâtre et la littérature, travaillant souvent sur des adaptations, tant pour le théâtre que pour le cinéma ou la télévision, il rencontre très fréquemment un succès critique et public. | [
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County | Comitat | A county is a geographical region of a country used for administrative or other purposes, in certain modern nations. The term is derived from the Old French or denoting a jurisdiction under the sovereignty of a count (earl) or a viscount. The modern French is, and its equivalents in other languages are,,,,,,, etc. (compare,,, ). | Le comitat est la dénomination française des divisions administratives territoriales de certains pays d'Europe centrale, notamment : Ce mot correspond à l'allemand "Gespanschaft" et au latin "comitatus" qui a également donné le mot comté en français. | [
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Meenakshi Temple | Temple de Mînâkshî | Meenakshi Temple (also referred to as Meenakshi Amman Temple or Meenakshi Sundareshwarar Temple also spelled as Meenatchi Temple), is a historic Hindu temple located on the southern bank of the Vaigai River in the temple city of Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India. It is dedicated to Meenakshi, a form of Parvati, and her consort, "Sundareshwar", a form of Shiva. The temple is at the center of the ancient temple city of Madurai mentioned in the Tamil Sangam literature, with the goddess temple mentioned in 6th century CE texts. | Le Temple de Mînâkshî est un temple hindou de style dravidien situé à Madurai dans le Tamil Nadu, en Inde. Il est un des chefs-d'œuvre de l'architecture dravidienne et l'un des temples en activité les plus importants de l'Inde. Il est consacré à Mînâkshî, un avatar de la déesse hindoue Pârvatî, l'épouse de Shiva, ainsi qu'à Shiva, sous sa forme Sundareshvara (le beau seigneur). Il comporte deux sanctuaires, un pour chacun des deux dieux. Il compte parmi les lieux saints de l'Inde les plus fréquentés et attire des pèlerins qui viennent s'y marier ou s'y purifier. | [
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Zagreb | Zagreb | Zagreb (; ) is the capital and the largest city of Croatia. It is located in the northwest of the country, along the Sava river, at the southern slopes of the Medvednica mountain. Zagreb lies at an elevation of approximately above sea level. The estimated population of the city in 2018 was 820,678. The population of the Zagreb urban agglomeration is 1,086,528, approximately a quarter of the total population of Croatia. | Zagreb ( ; ; ; anciennement nommée en ) est la capitale de la Croatie. Au recensement de 2011, la ville compte habitants, tandis que le comitat compte, dont 93,14 % de Croates. La région de Zagreb compte. | [
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UEFA Intertoto Cup | Coupe Intertoto | The UEFA Intertoto Cup (abbreviated as UI Cup), originally called the International Football Cup, was a summer football competition for European clubs that had not qualified for one of the major UEFA competitions, the Champions League, the UEFA Cup and until 1999, the Cup Winners' Cup. The competition was discontinued after the 2008 tournament. Teams who originally would have entered the Intertoto Cup now directly enter the qualifying stages of the UEFA Europa League from this point. | La Coupe Intertoto est une ancienne compétition de football qui avait lieu en été, entre les meilleurs clubs européens non qualifiés ni pour la Ligue des champions ni pour la Coupe UEFA. | [
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Gerolamo Cardano | Jérôme Cardan | Gerolamo (or Girolamo, or Geronimo) Cardano (; ; ; 24 September 1501 – 21 September 1576) was an Italian polymath, whose interests and proficiencies ranged from being a mathematician, physician, biologist, physicist, chemist, astrologer, astronomer, philosopher, writer, and gambler. He was one of the most influential mathematicians of the Renaissance, and was one of the key figures in the foundation of probability and the earliest introducer of the binomial coefficients and the binomial theorem in the Western world. He wrote more than 200 works on science. | Jérôme Cardan (Pavie, - Rome, ) (en italien : Gerolamo Cardano ou Girolamo Cardano, en latin : Hieronymus Cardanus), est un mathématicien, un philosophe, un astrologue, un inventeur et un médecin italien. | [
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Giallo | Giallo | Giallo (; plural gialli) is the Italian term designating mystery fiction. The word "giallo" is Italian for yellow. The term derives from a series of cheap paperback mystery novels with yellow covers that were popular in Italy. | Le giallo ( « jaune », au pluriel gialli ) est un genre de film d'exploitation principalement italien à la frontière du cinéma policier, du cinéma d'horreur et de l'érotisme qui a connu son heure de gloire dans les années 1960 à 1980. | [
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Disaster film | Film catastrophe | A disaster film or disaster movie is a film genre that has an impending or ongoing disaster as its subject and primary plot device. Such disasters include natural disasters such as floods, earthquakes, tsunamis or asteroid collisions, accidents such as shipwrecks or airplane crashes, or calamities like worldwide disease pandemics. A subgenre of action films, these films usually feature some degree of build-up, the disaster itself, and sometimes the aftermath, usually from the point of view of specific individual characters or their families or portraying the survival tactics of different people. | Un film catastrophe est un genre cinématographique à suspense, dont l'intrigue met en scène une catastrophe naturelle (tremblement de terre, raz-de-marée, chute de météorites, etc.) ou technologique (explosion nucléaire, crash aérien, naufrage, incendie, etc.) et les conséquences qui en découlent. | [
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Central and Eastern Europe | Pays de l'Europe centrale et orientale | Central and Eastern Europe is a term encompassing the countries in Central Europe (the Visegrád Group), the Baltics, Eastern Europe, and Southeast Europe (the Balkans), usually meaning former communist states from the Eastern Bloc (Warsaw Pact) in Europe. Scholarly literature often uses the abbreviations CEE or CEEC for this term. The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) also uses the term "Central and Eastern European Countries (CEECs)" for a group comprising some of these countries. | Depuis les années 1990, la plupart des pays européens dont la majeure partie du territoire s'étend à l'est du de longitude Est sont parfois collectivement désignés sous l'appellation de pays de l'Europe centrale et orientale (PECO). Toutefois, la Suède, la Finlande, la Grèce et Chypre ne sont pas considérés dans cet ensemble malgré leur situation géographique, cette notion étant généralement réservée aux anciens pays du bloc de l'Est et aux États européens issus de la dislocation de l'URSS comme les pays baltes, ainsi que de la Tchécoslovaquie et de la Yougoslavie. | [
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Pomerania | Poméranie | Pomerania (; German, Low German and North Germanic languages: "Pommern"; Kashubian: "Pòmòrskô") is a historical region on the southern shore of the Baltic Sea in Central Europe, split between Poland and Germany. The largest Pomeranian city is Gdańsk followed by Szczecin, both located in Poland. | La Poméranie (en ; en ) est une région côtière au sud de la mer Baltique dans le nord-ouest de la Pologne et le nord-est de l'Allemagne. Elle comprend les estuaires de la Vistule et de l'Oder atteignant la rivière Recknitz à l'ouest et s'étend sur environ à l'intérieur des terres. La limite orientale fait l'objet de plusieurs interprétations dans la terminologie polonaise et allemande : en Pologne, la Poméranie orientale ("Pomorze Gdańskie") correspond au territoire le long de la baie de Gdańsk jusqu’à la Pomésanie sur la rive droite de la Vistule, alors que les termes allemands de la Poméranie antérieure et postérieure se réfèrent à l'ancienne duché de Poméranie et à la province de Poméranie au sein de l'État de Prusse. | [
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Actin | Actine | Actin is a family of globular multi-functional proteins that form microfilaments. It is found in essentially all eukaryotic cells (the only known exception being nematode sperm), where it may be present at a concentration of over 100 μM; its mass is roughly 42-kDa, with a diameter of 4 to 7 nm. | L'actine est une protéine bi-globulaire de de diamètre qui joue un rôle important dans l'architecture et les mouvements cellulaires. Elle est présente dans toutes les cellules du corps (c’est une protéine ubiquitaire), et spécialement dans les cellules musculaires. Elle peut représenter jusqu'à 15 % de la masse totale protéique des cellules. Cette protéine a été hautement conservée lors de l'évolution des eucaryotes, puisque l'identité entre un isotype d'actine humaine et l'actine de levure "(S. cerevisiae)" est supérieure à 90 %. La plupart des cellules eucaryotes possèdent de nombreux gènes d'actine codant des protéines légèrement différentes. | [
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Politics of Russia | Politique en Russie | The politics of Russia take place in the framework of the federal semi-presidential republic of Russia. According to the Constitution of Russia, the President of Russia is head of state, and of a multi-party system with executive power exercised by the government, headed by the Prime Minister, who is appointed by the President with the parliament's approval. Legislative power is vested in the two houses of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation, while the President and the government issue numerous legally binding by-laws. | La Russie est une république fédérale. Le chef de l’État s'appelle le président et est élu au suffrage universel direct pour un mandat de 6 ans, renouvelable une seule fois consécutive. Le pouvoir législatif est représenté par l'Assemblée fédérale composée de la Douma () ou, plus précisément, "Douma d'État", formée par élus au suffrage universel direct pour et du Conseil de la Fédération (), formé de des Sujets de la Fédération (collectivités locales), appelés souvent « sénateurs ». | [
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Peafowl | Paon | Peafowl is a common name for three bird species in the genera "Pavo" and "Afropavo" of the family Phasianidae, the pheasants and their allies. Male peafowl are referred to as peacocks, and female peafowl as peahens, though peafowl of either sex are often referred to colloquially as "peacocks". | Paon [] est un nom vernaculaire ambigu désignant certains oiseaux appartenant à plusieurs espèces et sous-espèces de la famille des phasianidés, classés dans les genres "Pavo" et "Afropavo". Les paons sont donc proches des faisans et des pintades. Leur plumage remarquable est la raison de leur popularité dans la culture et les arts. | [
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3 Juno | (3) Junon | 3 Juno is a large asteroid in the asteroid belt. Juno was the third asteroid discovered, in 1804, by German astronomer Karl Harding. It is the 11th-largest asteroid, and one of the two largest stony (S-type) asteroids, along with 15 Eunomia. It is estimated to contain 1% of the total mass of the asteroid belt. | (3) Junon (désignation internationale ', du latin ') est l'un des principaux astéroïdes de la ceinture principale et le deuxième plus massif de sa classe spectrale S. À sa découverte le par l'astronome Karl Ludwig Harding, il devint la troisième planète mineure connue après Cérès et Pallas. Il tire son nom de Junon, la femme de Jupiter dans la mythologie romaine. | [
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Orlando Bloom | Orlando Bloom | Orlando Jonathan Blanchard Copeland Bloom (born 13 January 1977) is an English actor. He made his breakthrough as the character Legolas in "The Lord of the Rings" film series, a role he reprised in "The Hobbit" film series. He gained further acclaim by appearing in epic fantasy, historical, and adventure films, most notably as Will Turner in the "Pirates of the Caribbean" film series. | Orlando Bloom est un acteur britannique né le à Canterbury, dans le Kent. Révélé au début des années 2000 pour ses rôles dans deux grandes séries cinématographiques à succès du cinéma hollywoodien - "Le Seigneur des anneaux" (2001-2003) et "Pirates des Caraïbes" (2003-2007) - ses blockbusters suivants seront moins bien reçus par la critique - "Troie" (2004), "Kingdom of Heaven" (2005), "Les Trois Mousquetaires" (2011) - tout comme ses projets plus classiques - "Rencontres à Elizabethtown" (2005), "Main Street" (2010), et la coproduction internationale "Zulu" (2013). | [
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Michael Porter | Michael Porter | Michael Eugene Porter (born May 23, 1947) is an American academic known for his theories on economics, business strategy, and social causes. He is the Bishop William Lawrence University Professor at Harvard Business School, and he was one of the founders of the consulting firm The Monitor Group (now part of Deloitte) and FSG, a social impact consultancy. He is credited for creating Porter's five forces analysis, which is instrumental in business strategy development today. | Michael Porter, né le à Ann Arbor dans le Michigan, est professeur de stratégie d'entreprise à l'Université Harvard et consultant d'entreprise. | [
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Lift (force) | Portance (aérodynamique) | A fluid flowing around the surface of an object exerts a force on it. Lift is the component of this force that is perpendicular to the oncoming flow direction. It contrasts with the drag force, which is the component of the force parallel to the flow direction. Lift conventionally acts in an upward direction in order to counter the force of gravity, but it can act in any direction at right angles to the flow. | La portance aérodynamique est la composante de la force subie par un corps en mouvement dans un fluide qui s'exerce perpendiculairement à la direction du mouvement (au vent relatif). Cela concerne les aérodynes (engins plus denses que l'air). | [
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Japanese writing system | Écritures du japonais | The modern Japanese writing system uses a combination of logographic kanji, which are adopted Chinese characters, and syllabic kana. Kana itself consists of a pair of syllabaries: hiragana, used primarily for native or naturalised Japanese words and grammatical elements, and katakana, used primarily for foreign words and names, loanwords, onomatopoeia, scientific names, and sometimes for emphasis. Almost all written Japanese sentences contain a mixture of kanji and kana. Because of this mixture of scripts, in addition to a large inventory of kanji characters, the Japanese writing system is often considered to be one of the most complicated in use anywhere in the world. | Les types d'écritures du japonais sont composés de systèmes graphiques : Contrairement à la langue chinoise qui connaît des tons, la langue japonaise est atone, et la compilation des "kanji" donna lieu à de nombreux homophones. Seule l'écriture fait foi. De ce fait, on ne pourrait pas envisager, aujourd'hui, d'abolir les "kanji" pour instaurer une écriture purement phonétique. Mais la langue reste évolutive, et les moyens contemporains de communication ne sont pas entravés au Japon. Au contraire, les "kanji" ont des avantages : ce sont des condensés d'information. | [
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Erlangen | Erlangen | Erlangen (; East Franconian: "Erlang") is a Middle Franconian city in Bavaria, Germany. It is the seat of the administrative district Erlangen-Höchstadt (former administrative district Erlangen) and with 113,758 inhabitants (as of 30 June 2019) it is the smallest of the eight major cities in Bavaria. The number of inhabitants exceeded the threshold of 100,000 in 1974, making Erlangen a major city. | Erlangen (Erlangue en français) est une ville d'Allemagne, dans la région de la Moyenne-Franconie (Mittelfranken), située au nord de l'État libre de la Bavière (Bayern), à une vingtaine de kilomètres au nord-ouest de Nuremberg. Avec plus de, c'est la plus petite des huit grandes villes ("Großstädte" : plus de ) de la Bavière, et l'une des plus petites d'Allemagne ( des 81 grandes villes allemandes en 2005). Renommée pour son université (université Friedrich-Alexander d'Erlangen-Nuremberg) et sa médecine, c'est aussi l'un des principaux sièges de l'entreprise Siemens AG. Le groupe français Areva, dont une partie est issue de Siemens, y a une présence croissante. | [
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11727,
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5550,
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King County, Washington | Comté de King (Washington) | King County is a county located in the U.S. state of Washington. The population was 2,252,782 in the 2019 census estimate, making it the most populous county in Washington, and the 12th-most populous in the United States. The county seat is Seattle, also the state's most populous city. | Le comté de King (anglais : "King County") est un des 39 comtés de l'État américain de Washington. Son siège est Seattle. Selon le recensement de 2018, sa population est de. | [
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University of Washington | Université de Washington | The University of Washington (UW, simply Washington, or informally U-Dub) is a public research university in Seattle, Washington. Founded in 1861, Washington was first established in downtown Seattle approximately a decade after the city's founding to aid its economic development. Today, the university's 703-acre main Seattle campus is in the University District above the Montlake Cut, within the urban Puget Sound region of the Pacific Northwest. The university has additional campuses in Tacoma and Bothell. Overall, UW encompasses over 500 buildings and over 20 million gross square footage of space, including one of the largest library systems in the world with over 26 university libraries, as well as the UW Tower, lecture halls, art centers, museums, laboratories, stadiums, and conference centers. The university offers bachelor's, master's, and doctoral degrees through 140 departments in various colleges and schools, sees about 46,000 in total student enrollment every year, and functions on a quarter system. | L’université de Washington (, UW), surnommée "U-Dub" par ses étudiants, est une grande université publique de recherche située dans l'État de Washington. Le campus principal se trouve à Seattle, et ses deux autres campus sont situés à Tacoma et Bothell. | [
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Adenosine diphosphate | Adénosine diphosphate | Adenosine diphosphate (ADP), also known as adenosine pyrophosphate (APP), is an important organic compound in metabolism and is essential to the flow of energy in living cells. ADP consists of three important structural components: a sugar backbone attached to adenine and two phosphate groups bonded to the 5 carbon atom of ribose. The diphosphate group of ADP is attached to the 5’ carbon of the sugar backbone, while the adenosine attaches to the 1’ carbon. | L'adénosine diphosphate ou ADP est un nucléotide. C'est un ester de l'acide phosphorique et du nucléoside adénosine. L'ADP est constituée d'un groupe pyrophosphate, d'un sucre pentose, le ribose, et de l'adénine, une base nucléique. | [
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Giovanni Gabrieli | Giovanni Gabrieli | Giovanni Gabrieli (c. 1554/1557 – 12 August 1612) was an Italian composer and organist. He was one of the most influential musicians of his time, and represents the culmination of the style of the Venetian School, at the time of the shift from Renaissance to Baroque idioms. | Giovanni Gabrieli (ou Gabrielli), né en 1557 à Venise et mort dans la même ville le, est un compositeur et organiste italien de la fin du faisant partie de l'école vénitienne. | [
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Desilu Productions | Desilu Productions | Desilu Productions () was an American television production company founded and co-owned by husband and wife Desi Arnaz and Lucille Ball. The company is best known for shows such as "I Love Lucy", "The Lucy Show", "The Untouchables" and "". Until 1962, Desilu was the second-largest independent television production company in the United States, behind MCA's Revue Studios, until MCA bought Universal Pictures and Desilu became and remained the number-one independent production company, until being sold in 1968. | Desilu Productions est une société de production de télévision américaine créée en 1951 par les comédiens Desi Arnaz et Lucille Ball (d'où son nom "Desi Lu"). Desilu a produit de nombreuses séries télévisées à succès telles que "I Love Lucy" (1951-1957), "Les Incorruptibles" (1959-1963), et les premières saisons de "The Andy Griffith Show", "Star Trek", "Mannix" et "Mission impossible". | [
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Anaphase | Anaphase | Anaphase (from the Greek ἀνά, "up" and φάσις, "stage"), is the stage of mitosis after the process of metaphase, when replicated chromosomes are split and the newly-copied chromosomes (daughter chromatids) are moved to opposite poles of the cell. Chromosomes also reach their overall maximum condensation in late anaphase, to help chromosome segregation and the re-formation of the nucleus. | L'anaphase est une phase très rapide de la méiose et de la mitose où les chromatides sœurs (durant la mitose ou la méiose II) ou les chromosomes homologues (durant la méiose I) se séparent et migrent vers les pôles opposés de la cellule. | [
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ISO 14000 | Série des normes ISO 14000 | ISO 14000 is a family of standards related to environmental management that exists to help organizations (a) minimize how their operations (processes, etc.) negatively affect the environment (i.e. cause adverse changes to air, water, or land); (b) comply with applicable laws, regulations, and other environmentally oriented requirements; and (c) continually improve in the above. | La série des normes ISO 14000 désigne l'ensemble des normes qui concernent le management environnemental. La norme ISO 14050 donne comme définition du système de management environnemental (SME) : "Composante du système de management global qui inclut la structure organisationnelle, les activités de planification, les responsabilités, les pratiques, les procédures, les procédés et les ressources pour établir, mettre en œuvre, réaliser, passer en revue et maintenir la politique environnementale (§2.1.)." | [
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Unserdeutsch | Unserdeutsch | Unserdeutsch ("Our German"), or Rabaul Creole German, is a German-based creole language that originated in Papua New Guinea as a lingua franca. The substrate language is assumed to be Tok Pisin (another Germanic creole now official in Papua New Guinea, based on English which is also official), while the majority of the lexicon is from German. German was the language of instruction in Catholic mission schools, which is where the language originated, and children residing in a German-run orphanage later used the language regularly outside of their classrooms. The language developed into a first language for some when these children had families of their own. Oral stories tell a version that Unserdeutsch originated by children sharing stories where they used German vocabulary with Tok Pisin grammar, this change in language is referred to as relexification. | L'unserdeutsch (ce qui signifie « notre allemand »), ou créole germanique de Rabaul (en allemand "Unserdeutsch" ; aussi connu comme "Rabaul Creole German"), est un créole à base lexicale allemande parlé en Papouasie-Nouvelle-Guinée. | [
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Competitive advantage | Avantage compétitif | In business, a competitive advantage is the attribute that allows an organization to outperform its competitors. A competitive advantage may include access to natural resources, such as high-grade ores or a low-cost power source, highly skilled labor, geographic location, high entry barriers, and access to new technology. | Un avantage compétitif ou concurrentiel est tout ce qui permet à une entreprise de surpasser ses concurrents. Il est en cela différent du facteur clé de succès qui est commun à toutes les entreprises présentes sur le marché. | [
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Pelotas | Pelotas | Pelotas () is a Brazilian city and municipality ("município"), the third most populous in the southern state of Rio Grande do Sul. Pelotas is located 270 km (168 mi) from Porto Alegre, the capital city of the state, and 130 km (80.8 mi) from the Uruguayan border. The Lagoa dos Patos lies to the east and the São Gonçalo Channel lies to the south, separating Pelotas from the city of Rio Grande. | Pelotas est une ville brésilienne du Sud-Est de l'État du Rio Grande do Sul, faisant partie de la microrégion de Pelotas et située à 246 km au sud-ouest de Porto Alegre, capitale de l'État. L'accès s'y fait par les BR-116 et BR-392/471. | [
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Hermann Obrist | Hermann Obrist | Hermann Obrist (23 May 1862 at Kilchberg (near Zürich), Switzerland – 26 February 1927, Munich, Germany) was a Swiss sculptor of the Jugendstil and Art Nouveau movement. He studied Botany and History in his youth; the influence of those subjects is detected in his later work in the field of applied arts. As a teacher, Hermann Obrist exerted a seminal influence on the rise and subsequent development of Jugendstil in Germany. | Hermann Obrist, né à Kilchberg (Zurich) le et mort le à Munich, est un sculpteur et designer suisse qui passa en partie sa vie à Munich et qui eut une influence décisive sur l'émergence du mouvement Jugendstil. | [
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Rule of tincture | Règle de contrariété des couleurs | The most basic rule of heraldic design is the rule of tincture: "metal should not be put on metal, nor colour on colour" (Humphrey Llwyd, 1568). This means that or and argent (gold and silver, represented by yellow and white) may not be placed on each other; nor may any of the "colours" (i.e. azure, gules, sable, vert and purpure, along with some other rarer examples) be placed on another colour. Heraldic furs (i.e. ermine, vair and their variants) as well as "proper" (a charge coloured as it normally is in nature – although that may be as defined by heralds) are exempt from the rule of tincture. The rule seems to have operated from the inception of the age of heraldry, i.e. about 1200–1215, but seemingly was never written down. It was rather deduced by later commentators as a rule which must have existed, based on the evidence it produced. Although the vast majority of coats of arms ever used across the whole of Europe follow the rule, a very few coats which contravened the rule were borne in the mediaeval era by certain families or corporate bodies for many centuries without effective censure by the heraldic authorities. The reason for the original contraventions and for the toleration of them is unknown, although in the case of the arms of the Kingdom of Jerusalem clearly extreme high status was involved. | En héraldique, la répartition des couleurs en trois groupes (métaux, émaux, fourrures) n'est pas formelle, mais correspond bien au souci « technique » de lisibilité, exprimé par la règle de contrariété des couleurs, qui s'exprime ainsi : | [
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Polytechnique Montréal | Polytechnique Montréal | The Polytechnique Montréal () (previously École Polytechnique de Montréal; ) is an engineering school affiliated with the Université de Montréal in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. It ranks first in Canada for the scope of its engineering research. It is occasionally referred to as Montreal Polytechnic, although in Quebec English its French name is more commonly used. The school offers graduate and postgraduate training, and is very active in research. Following tradition, new Bachelors of Engineering (B.Eng) graduating from the École Polytechnique receive an Iron Ring, during the Canadian Ritual of the Calling of an Engineer ceremony. | Polytechnique Montréal (officiellement "École Polytechnique de Montréal") est un établissement d'enseignement supérieur d'ingénierie affilié à l'Université de Montréal, situé à Montréal (Québec) et fondé en 1873. En plus de ses programmes de baccalauréat, Polytechnique Montréal offre une formation aux cycles supérieurs et est une des plus importantes institutions de recherche en génie au Canada. | [
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Italian Communist Party | Parti communiste italien | The Italian Communist Party (, PCI) was a communist political party in Italy. The PCI was founded as the Communist Party of Italy on 21 January 1921 in Livorno by seceding from the Italian Socialist Party (PSI). Amadeo Bordiga and Antonio Gramsci led the split. Outlawed during the Fascist regime, the party played a major role in the Italian resistance movement. It changed its name in 1943 to PCI and became the second largest political party of Italy after World War II, attracting the support of about a third of the vote share during the 1970s. At the time, it was the largest communist party in the West, with peak support reaching 2.3 million members, in 1947, and peak share being 34.4% of the vote (12.6 million votes) in the 1976 general election. | Le Parti communiste italien (PCI) était un parti politique italien, issu d'une scission de l'aile gauche du Parti socialiste italien au congrès de Livourne le. La nouvelle formation, initialement dirigée par Amadeo Bordiga, puis, de 1924 à 1927, par le philosophe marxiste Antonio Gramsci, prit le nom de Parti communiste d'Italie (section de l'Internationale communiste). Le, il fut dissout par un décret du gouvernement de Mussolini. | [
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Emmy Noether | Emmy Noether | Amalie Emmy Noether (; 23 March 1882 – 14 April 1935) was a German mathematician who made important contributions to abstract algebra and theoretical physics. She invariably used the name "Emmy Noether" in her life and publications. She was described by Pavel Alexandrov, Albert Einstein, Jean Dieudonné, Hermann Weyl and Norbert Wiener as the most important woman in the history of mathematics. As one of the leading mathematicians of her time, she developed the theories of rings, fields, and algebras. In physics, Noether's theorem explains the connection between symmetry and conservation laws. | Amalie Emmy Noether ( – ) est une mathématicienne allemande spécialiste d'algèbre abstraite et de physique théorique. Considérée par Albert Einstein comme, elle a révolutionné les théories des anneaux, des corps et des algèbres. En physique, le théorème de Noether explique le lien fondamental entre la symétrie et les lois de conservation et est considéré comme aussi important que la théorie de la relativité. | [
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Ayreon | Ayreon | Ayreon is a musical project by Dutch songwriter, singer, multi-instrumentalist musician and record producer Arjen Anthony Lucassen. Ayreon's music is described as progressive rock, progressive metal and power metal sometimes combined with genres such as folk, electronica, experimental and classical music. The majority of Ayreon's albums are dubbed "rock operas" (or "metal operas") because the albums contain complex storylines featuring a host of characters, usually with each one being represented by a unique vocalist. | Ayreon est un groupe d'opéra metal et rock progressif néerlandais, originaire de Waalwijk, Brabant-Septentrional. Il est formé en 1995 par le multi-instrumentiste Arjen Anthony Lucassen. | [
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Jakarta Tower | Menara Jakarta | The Jakarta Tower ("Menara Jakarta") is a partly built tower in Jakarta, Indonesia. If completed, it will stand tall up to the antenna and would be the tallest freestanding tower in the Southern Hemisphere. Located in Kemayoran, Central Jakarta, work was initially started in 1997, but was halted by the Asian economic crisis. As of 2015, the project is still on hold. | La Menara Jakarta est un gratte-ciel en construction dans le centre de Jakarta en Indonésie. Une fois achevé, elle atteindra de haut (avec son antenne). Elle dépassera alors la tour du CN au Canada. | [
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Belo Horizonte | Belo Horizonte | Belo Horizonte (, ; "Beautiful Horizon") is the sixth-largest city in Brazil, with a population of approximately 2.5 million. It is the thirteenth-largest city in South America and the eighteenth-largest in the Americas. The metropolis is anchor to the Belo Horizonte metropolitan area, ranked as the third most populous metropolitan area in Brazil and the seventeenth most populous in the Americas. Belo Horizonte is the capital of the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil's second most populous state. It is the first planned modern city in Brazil. | Belo Horizonte ( [ˈbɛlu oɾiˈzõtʃi]) est la plus grande ville et la capitale de l'État de Minas Gerais. Conçue en 1894 par les architectes Aarão Reis et Francisco Bicalho, elle fut inaugurée en 1897. Le nom de la ville est souvent abrégé en BH par les Brésiliens. | [
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Antimicrobial resistance | Résistance aux antibiotiques | Antimicrobial resistance (AMR or AR) is the ability of a microbe to resist the effects of medication that once could successfully treat the microbe. The term antibiotic resistance (AR or ABR) is a subset of AMR, as it applies only to bacteria becoming resistant to antibiotics. Resistant microbes are more difficult to treat, requiring alternative medications or higher doses of antimicrobials. These approaches may be more expensive, more toxic or both. Microbes resistant to multiple antimicrobials are called multidrug resistant (MDR). Those considered extensively drug resistant (XDR) or totally drug-resistant (TDR) are sometimes called "superbugs". | La résistance aux antibiotiques ou antibiorésistance est la capacité d'un micro-organisme à résister aux effets des antibiotiques. C'est l'une des formes de la pharmacorésistance. | [
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Basal lamina | Lame basale | The basal lamina is a layer of extracellular matrix secreted by the epithelial cells, on which the epithelium sits. It is often incorrectly referred to as the basement membrane, though it does constitute a portion of the basement membrane. The basal lamina is visible only with the electron microscope, where it appears as an electron-dense layer that is 20–100 nm thick (with some exceptions that are thicker, such as basal lamina in lung alveoli and renal glomeruli). | La lame basale est un assemblage de protéines et glycoprotéines extracellulaires sur lequel reposent les cellules épithéliales et aussi les cellules musculaires. Elle permet l'adhérence de la cellule épithéliale au tissu conjonctif sous-jacent et constitue une interface majeure entre les cellules du tissu épithélial et l'intérieur de l'organisme, pour la régulation et la diffusion des nutriments. Elle a aussi un rôle dans la survie, la prolifération et la différenciation des cellules des différents tissus épithéliaux. Les molécules constitutives de la lame basale sont sécrétées par les cellules épithéliales. L'épaisseur de ce réseau extracellulaire est typiquement de l'ordre de, avec certaines pouvant atteindre. Il n'est visible qu'en microscopie électronique. Elle constitue, avec la lame réticulaire, la membrane basale. | [
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The Hobbit | Le Hobbit | The Hobbit, or There and Back Again is a children's fantasy novel by English author J. R. R. Tolkien. It was published on 21 September 1937 to wide critical acclaim, being nominated for the Carnegie Medal and awarded a prize from the "New York Herald Tribune" for best juvenile fiction. The book remains popular and is recognized as a classic in children's literature. | Le Hobbit ("") ou Bilbo le Hobbit est un roman de "fantasy" de l’écrivain britannique. Il narre les aventures du hobbit Bilbo (ou Bilbon), entraîné malgré lui par le magicien Gandalf et une compagnie de treize nains dans leur voyage vers la Montagne Solitaire, à la recherche du trésor gardé par le dragon Smaug. | [
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Pirelli | Pirelli | Pirelli & C. S.p.A. is an Italian multinational company based in Milan, Italy, listed on the Milan Stock Exchange since 1922, with a temporary privatization period by the consortium led by the Chinese state-owned enterprise ChemChina. The company is the 5th-largest tyre manufacturer behind Bridgestone, Michelin, Goodyear and Continental, and is focused on the consumer business (tyres for cars, motorcycles and bicycles). It is present in Europe, the Asia-Pacific, Latin America, North America and ex-USSR, operating commercially in over 160 countries. It has 19 manufacturing sites in 13 countries and a network of around 14,600 distributors and retailers. | Pirelli & C. S.p.A. () est un groupe italien spécialisé dans la production de pneumatiques filiale de ChemChina. Pirelli est le cinquième producteur mondial, via sa filiale Pirelli Tyre dont il est l'actionnaire unique. Le président directeur général de Pirelli est aujourd'hui Marco Tronchetti Provera. | [
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Eni | Eni | Eni S.p.A. () is an Italian multinational oil and gas company headquartered in Rome. Considered one of the seven "Supermajor" oil companies in the world, it has operations in 66 countries with a market capitalization of US$55.61 billion, as of 31 December 2019. The Italian government owns a 30.303% golden share in the company, 3.934% held through the state treasury and 26.369% through the Cassa Depositi e Prestiti. The company is a component of the Euro Stoxx 50 stock market index. | Eni (anciennement le sigle de l'italien, pour société nationale italienne des hydrocarbures) est une société italienne privée d'hydrocarbures créée en 1953 sous la présidence d’Enrico Mattei. Elle a été privatisée en 1998. L’État italien conserve une minorité du capital (environ 30 %). | [
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Pensées | Pensées | The Pensées ("Thoughts") is a collection of fragments written by the French 17th-century philosopher and mathematician Blaise Pascal. Pascal's religious conversion led him into a life of asceticism, and the "Pensées" was in many ways his life's work. It represented Pascal's defense of the Christian religion, and the concept of "Pascal's wager" stems from a portion of this work. | Les Pensées de Blaise Pascal, mélange de réflexions et de notes de lecture, sont rassemblées dans des papiers retrouvés après sa mort. Cette œuvre posthume est principalement une apologétique, c'est-à-dire une défense de la religion chrétienne contre les sceptiques et les libres penseurs. | [
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Loïc Wacquant | Loïc Wacquant | Loïc Wacquant (; born 1960) is a sociologist and social anthropologist, specializing in urban sociology, urban poverty, racial inequality, the body, social theory and ethnography. | Loïc Wacquant, né à Montpellier le, est un sociologue français qui exerce aux États-Unis à l'université de Californie à Berkeley. | [
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Brian Jones | Brian Jones (musicien) | Lewis Brian Hopkins Jones (28 February 1942 – 3 July 1969) was an English musician and composer, best known as the founder and original leader of the Rolling Stones. Initially a slide guitarist, Jones would go on to play a wide variety of instruments on Rolling Stones recordings and in concerts, such as rhythm and lead guitar, sitar, dulcimer, various keyboard instruments such as piano and mellotron, marimba, wind instruments such as harmonica, recorder, saxophone, as well as drums, vocals and numerous others. | Lewis Brian Hopkins Jones, dit Brian Jones, né le à Cheltenham (Gloucestershire) et mort le à Hartfield (Sussex de l'Est), est un musicien multi-instrumentiste britannique. | [
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Berserker | Berserk | In the Old Norse written corpus, berserkers were those who were said to have fought in a trance-like fury, a characteristic which later gave rise to the modern English word "berserk" (meaning "furiously violent or out of control"). Berserkers are attested to in numerous Old Norse sources. | Le berserker (en vieux norrois "berserkr", pluriel "berserkir") désigne un guerrier-fauve qui entre dans une fureur sacrée (en vieux norrois "berserksgangr", « marche, allure du guerrier-fauve ») le rendant surpuissant et capable des plus invraisemblables exploits. | [
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Senedd Cymru – Welsh Parliament | Parlement gallois | Senedd Cymru (), or the Welsh Parliament in English, also referred to as "the Senedd", is the democratically elected, devolved, unicameral legislature of Wales. It represents the interests of the people of Wales, makes laws for Wales, agrees taxes and holds the Welsh Government to account. As a bilingual institution, both Welsh and English are the official languages of its business. From its creation in 1999 until May 2020, the Senedd was known as the National Assembly for Wales (). | Le Parlement gallois ("Welsh Parliament" en anglais et "Senedd Cymru" en gallois), abrégé en Senedd, est l’assemblée parlementaire monocamérale britannique agissant à l’échelle du pays de Galles dans le cadre d’une dévolution propre organisée par Westminster. Il est investi du pouvoir de légiférer dans certaines matières, de fixer le montant de l’impôt et de contrôler l’action du Gouvernement gallois, dont les membres sont nommés par le premier ministre en son sein. | [
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Phyteuma orbiculare | Raiponce orbiculaire | Phyteuma orbiculare, common name round-headed rampion or Pride of Sussex, is a herbaceous perennial plant of the genus "Phyteuma" belonging to the family Campanulaceae. | La Raiponce orbiculaire "(Phyteuma orbiculare)" est une plante herbacée vivace de la famille des Campanulacées appartenant au genre "Phyteuma". Cette plante aux fleurs violacées mesure de 20 à de haut. On la trouve notamment en haute montagne (), dans des prairies sèches, sur des sols calcaires. | [
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Party of European Socialists | Parti socialiste européen | The Party of European Socialists (PES) is a social-democratic European political party. The PES comprises national-level political parties from all member states of the European Union (EU) plus Norway and the United Kingdom. This includes major parties such as the Italian Democratic Party, the British Labour Party, the French Socialist Party, Social Democratic Party of Germany and the Spanish Socialist Workers' Party. Parties from a number of other European countries and from the Mediterranean region are also admitted to the PES as associate or observer parties. Most member, associate and observer parties are members of the wider Progressive Alliance or Socialist International. | Le Parti socialiste européen (PSE) est un parti politique européen regroupant les partis socialistes, sociaux-démocrates et travaillistes d'Europe. Son groupe politique est le deuxième en taille au Parlement européen après les élections de 2019 ( en ). Selon la tradition européenne, il peut participer à des majorités de circonstance avec le Parti vert européen et le Parti de la gauche européenne, comme avec le Parti populaire européen et Renew Europe. Le PSE est lié à l'Internationale socialiste. | [
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Central Station (film) | Central do Brasil | Central Station () is a 1998 Brazilian–French drama film directed by Walter Salles, starring Fernanda Montenegro and Vinícius de Oliveira. The screenplay, adapted by João Emanuel Carneiro and Marcos Bernstein from a story by its director Walter Salles, tells the story of a young boy's friendship with a jaded middle-aged woman. Montenegro's performance earned her international critical acclaim and a nomination for the Academy Award for Best Actress, while the film got a nomination for Best Foreign Language Film. | Central do Brasil est un film franco-brésilien réalisé par Walter Salles sorti en 1998. Avec ce film, ce réalisateur issu du cinéma publicitaire et du cinéma documentaire a obtenu l'Ours d'or à Berlin et son interprète principale Fernanda Montenegro le prix de la meilleure actrice. | [
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Elba | Île d'Elbe | Elba (, ; ; Ancient Greek: Αἰθαλία, "Aithalia") is a Mediterranean island in Tuscany, Italy, from the coastal town of Piombino on the Italian mainland, and the largest island of the Tuscan Archipelago. It is also part of the Arcipelago Toscano National Park, and the third largest island in Italy, after Sicily and Sardinia. It is located in the Tyrrhenian Sea about east of the French island of Corsica. | Lîle d'Elbe (en ) est la plus grande île de l'archipel toscan avec de superficie et la troisième de l'Italie. Elle est située entre la Corse, distante de cinquante kilomètres, et la Toscane, en mer Tyrrhénienne. Elle est séparée de la péninsule italienne par le canal de Piombino, large d'une dizaine de kilomètres. C'est un site protégé par un parc national (le parc national de l'archipel toscan), qui inclut aussi les six autres îles de l'archipel. | [
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Planning | Planification | Planning is the process of thinking about the activities required to achieve a desired goal. It is the first and foremost activity to achieve desired results. It involves the creation and maintenance of a plan, such as psychological aspects that require conceptual skills. There are even a couple of tests to measure someone’s capability of planning well. As such, planning is a fundamental property of intelligent behavior. An important further meaning, often just called "planning" is the legal context of permitted building developments. | La planification est un processus qui fixe (pour un individu, une entreprise, une institution, une collectivité territoriale ou un État), après études et réflexion prospective, les objectifs à atteindre, les moyens nécessaires, les étapes de réalisation et les méthodes de suivi de celle-ci. | [
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European People's Party | Parti populaire européen | The European People's Party (EPP) is a European political party with Christian-democratic, conservative and liberal-conservative member parties. A transnational organisation, it is composed of other political parties, not individuals. Founded by primarily Christian-democratic parties in 1976, it has since broadened its membership to include liberal-conservative parties and parties with other centre-right political perspectives. On 20 November 2019 the party elected as its President the former Prime Minister of Poland and President of the European Council, Donald Tusk. | Le Parti populaire européen (PPE/EPP) est un parti politique européen, regroupant à l'échelle du continent un ensemble de partis de droite et de centre droit d'inspiration démocrate chrétienne et libérale-conservatrice, disposant d'un groupe au Parlement européen et à l'Assemblée parlementaire du Conseil de l'Europe. | [
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Digestion | Digestion | Digestion is the breakdown of large insoluble food molecules into small water-soluble food molecules so that they can be absorbed into the watery blood plasma. In certain organisms, these smaller substances are absorbed through the small intestine into the blood stream. Digestion is a form of catabolism that is often divided into two processes based on how food is broken down: mechanical and chemical digestion. The term mechanical digestion refers to the physical breakdown of large pieces of food into smaller pieces which can subsequently be accessed by digestive enzymes. In chemical digestion, enzymes break down food into the small molecules the body can use. | La digestion est un mode de transformation mécanique et chimique des aliments en nutriments assimilables ou non par l'organisme. Par définition, la digestion est un processus présent chez tous les organismes hétérotrophes. Cette digestion se réalise dans un système digestif qui peut correspondre à une simple vacuole digestive d'une eubactérie, ou se spécialiser comme c'est le cas des mammifères ruminants (vache, etc.). La digestion peut aussi se définir comme étant la simplification moléculaire c’est-à-dire la transformation des macromolécules (molécules de grandes tailles) en micromolécules. | [
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Nanjing Massacre | Massacre de Nankin | The Nanjing Massacre or the Rape of Nanjing, alternately written as the Nanking Massacre or the Rape of Nanking, was an episode of mass murder and mass rape committed by Imperial Japanese troops against the residents of Nanjing (Nanking), then the capital of China, during the Second Sino-Japanese War. | Le massacre de Nankin (), également appelé sac de Nankin ou viol de Nankin, est un évènement de la guerre sino-japonaise qui a eu lieu à partir de, après la bataille de Nankin. Pendant les six semaines que dure le massacre de Nankin, des centaines de milliers de civils et de soldats désarmés sont assassinés et entre et et enfants sont violés par les soldats de l'Armée impériale japonaise. | [
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Battle of Bir Hakeim | Bataille de Bir Hakeim | The Battle of Bir Hakeim () took place at Bir Hakeim, an oasis in the Libyan desert south and west of Tobruk, during the Battle of Gazala (26 May – 21 June 1942). The 1st Free French Brigade ( Marie-Pierre Kœnig) defended the position from against much larger Axis forces of ("Generaloberst" Erwin Rommel). The captured Tobruk ten days later but the delay imposed on the Axis offensive by the defence of the fortress influenced the cancellation of Operation Herkules, the plan for an Axis invasion of Malta. Rommel continued to advance and invaded Egypt, slowed by British delaying actions until the First Battle of El Alamein in July, where the Axis advance was stopped. Both sides used the battle for propaganda, Winston Churchill renamed the Free French as the Fighting French and Hitler called the French the second best fighters after the Germans. | La bataille de Bir Hakeim, du nom d'un au milieu du désert de Libye, au sud de Tobrouk, est une bataille de la Seconde Guerre mondiale, qui s'est déroulée du au durant la guerre du désert. | [
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Wall Street Crash of 1929 | Krach de 1929 | The Wall Street Crash of 1929, also known as the Great Crash, was a major American stock market crash that occurred in the fall of 1929. It started in September and ended late in October, when share prices on the New York Stock Exchange collapsed. | Le krach de 1929 est une crise boursière qui se déroula à la Bourse de New York entre le jeudi et le mardi. Cet événement, le plus célèbre de l'histoire boursière, marque le début de la Grande Dépression, la plus grande crise économique du. Les jours-clés du krach ont hérité de surnoms distincts : le est appelé « jeudi noir », le est le « lundi noir », et le est le « mardi noir », dates-clés de l'histoire boursière. Conséquence directe, aux États-Unis, le chômage et la pauvreté explosent pendant la Grande Dépression et poussent quelques années plus tard à une réforme agressive des marchés financiers. | [
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Theatrical style | Genre théâtral | There are four basic theatrical forms either defined, implied, or derived by or from Aristotle: Tragedy; Comedy; Melodrama; and Drama. Any number of styles can be used to convey these forms. | Le genre théâtral désigne à la fois un type de littérature et permet de classer les spectacles en fonction de leur style ou de leur appartenance à un mouvement littéraire. | [
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Second Sino-Japanese War | Guerre sino-japonaise (1937-1945) | The Second Sino-Japanese War was a military conflict that was primarily waged between the Republic of China and the Empire of Japan from July 7, 1937, to September 2, 1945. The start of the war is typically considered to be the Marco Polo Bridge Incident in 1937, in which a dispute between Japanese and Chinese troops escalated into a full-scale invasion. Some sources in the modern People's Republic of China date the beginning of the war to the Japanese invasion of Manchuria in 1931. In China, it is known as the War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression (). | La seconde guerre sino-japonaise est un conflit militaire qui dura de 1937 à 1945, et débuta à la suite de l'invasion de la partie orientale de la Chine par l’Armée impériale japonaise. Six ans après l’invasion de la Mandchourie, l’empire du Japon poursuivait sa politique expansionniste en Chine. Optimistes sur leurs chances de terminer rapidement le conflit, les Japonais allèrent jusqu’à envisager, dans les premières semaines, de gagner la guerre en trois mois : malgré les victoires initiales du Japon, la guerre dura huit ans, l’empire se trouvant contraint de gérer un territoire très vaste et non stabilisé. | [
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Atlantic mackerel | Maquereau commun | The Atlantic mackerel ("Scomber scombrus"), also known as Boston mackerel, Norwegian mackerel, Scottish mackerel or just mackerel, is a species of mackerel found in the temperate waters of the Mediterranean Sea, the Black Sea, and the northern Atlantic Ocean, where it is extremely common and occurs in huge shoals in the pelagic zone down to about. It spends the warmer months close to shore and near the ocean surface, appearing along the coast in spring and departing with the arrival of colder weather in the fall and winter months. During the fall and winter, it migrates out into deeper and more southern water, seeking warmer temperatures. | Le Maquereau ("Scomber scombrus"), maquereau bleu ou maquereau commun est un poisson téléostéen de haute mer, apprécié pour sa chair et faisant l'objet d'une pêche industrielle. | [
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James Francis Edward Stuart | Jacques François Stuart | James Francis Edward Stuart (10 June 16881 January 1766), nicknamed The Old Pretender by Whigs, was the son of King James II and VII of England, Scotland and Ireland, and his second wife, Mary of Modena. He was Prince of Wales from July 1688 until, just months after his birth, his Catholic father was deposed and exiled in the Glorious Revolution of 1688. James II's Protestant elder daughter (the prince's half-sister), Mary II, and her husband, William III, became co-monarchs and the Bill of Rights 1689 and Act of Settlement 1701 excluded Catholics from the English then, subsequently, the British throne. | Jacques François Édouard Stuart, dit le « chevalier de Saint-George » (, palais St. James de Londres – 1766, palais Balestra, Rome), fut prince de Galles de 1688 à 1689. Il est le fils du roi Jacques II d'Angleterre et d'Irlande et VII d'Écosse (1633-1701) et de sa, la princesse Marie de Modène (1658-1718). | [
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Cherenkov radiation | Effet Vavilov-Tcherenkov | Cherenkov radiation (; Russian: Черенков) is electromagnetic radiation emitted when a charged particle (such as an electron) passes through a dielectric medium at a speed greater than the phase velocity of light in that medium. A classic example of Cherenkov radiation is the characteristic blue glow of an underwater nuclear reactor. The phenomenon is named for Soviet physicist Pavel Cherenkov, who shared the 1958 Nobel Prize in Physics for its discovery. | L'effet Vavilov-Tcherenkov est un phénomène similaire à une onde de choc, produisant un flash de lumière lorsqu'une particule chargée se déplace dans un milieu diélectrique avec une vitesse supérieure à la vitesse de la lumière dans ce milieu (la vitesse de la lumière dans le vide étant toujours supérieure à celle de la particule). | [
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Dag Hammarskjöld | Dag Hammarskjöld | Dag Hjalmar Agne Carl Hammarskjöld (, ; 29 July 1905 – 18 September 1961) was a Swedish economist and diplomat who served as the second Secretary-General of the United Nations. Hammarskjöld still remains the youngest person to have held the post, being only 47 years old when he was appointed in 1953. His second term was cut short when he died in the crash of his DC-6 airplane in Northern Rhodesia while en route to cease-fire negotiations during the Congo Crisis. He is the only person to be awarded a Nobel Peace Prize posthumously. | Dag Hammarskjöld (Dag Hjalmar Agne Carl Hammarskjöld), né le à Jönköping en Suède et mort dans un accident d'avion le, en Rhodésie du Nord (l'actuelle Zambie), est un diplomate suédois, qui fut secrétaire général des Nations unies de 1953 à 1961. Le prix Nobel de la paix lui fut décerné l'année de sa mort, à titre posthume. | [
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