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Karma | Karma | Karma (;, ; ) means action, work or deed; it also refers to the spiritual principle of cause and effect where intent and actions of an individual (cause) influence the future of that individual (effect). Good intent and good deeds contribute to good karma and happier rebirths, while bad intent and bad deeds contribute to bad karma and bad rebirths. | Karma ou karman en sanskrit (noté en devanagari et ) ; de la racine verbale "kṛ", signifie « acte » ou encore « action »), ou "kamma" en pali, est l'action sous toutes ses formes, puis dans un sens plus religieux l'action rituelle. C'est aussi une notion désignant communément le cycle des causes et des conséquences liées à l'existence des êtres sensibles. Il est alors la somme de ce qu'un individu a fait, est en train de faire ou fera. | [
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Arnold Machin | Arnold Machin | Arnold Machin O.B.E., R.A. (; 30 September 1911 – 9 March 1999) was a British artist, sculptor, and coin and postage stamp designer. | Arnold Machin ( à Stoke-on-Trent - à Eccleshall, Staffordshire) était un artiste, sculpteur et dessinateur britannique de pièces de monnaie et de timbres-poste, dont les type "Machin" en usage depuis 1967. | [
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Iris pseudacorus | Iris pseudacorus | Iris pseudacorus, the (yellow flag, yellow iris, or water flag, is a species of flowering plant in the family Iridaceae. It is native to Europe, western Asia and northwest Africa. Its specific epithet, meaning "false acorus", refers to the similarity of its leaves to those of "Acorus calamus" (sweet flag) as they have a prominently veined mid-rib and sword-like shape. However, they are not closely related. | Iris pseudacorus, l'iris des marais, iris faux acore ou iris jaune (ou encore flambe d'eau ou glaies en Saintonge) est une plante herbacée vivace, de marais ou bord de l'eau, de la famille des Iridacées. | [
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Writing system | Système d'écriture | A writing system is a method of visually representing verbal communication. While both writing and speech are useful in conveying messages, writing differs in also being a reliable form of information storage and transfer. Writing systems require shared understanding between writers and readers of the meaning behind the sets of characters that make up a script. Writing is usually recorded onto a durable medium, such as paper or electronic storage, although non-durable methods may also be used, such as writing on a computer display, on a blackboard, in sand, or by skywriting. Reading a text can be accomplished purely in the mind as an internal process, or expressed orally. | Un système d’écriture est un ensemble organisé et plus ou moins standardisé de signes d'écriture permettant la communication des idées. | [
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Boolean satisfiability problem | Problème SAT | In logic and computer science, the Boolean satisfiability problem (sometimes called propositional satisfiability problem and abbreviated SATISFIABILITY, SAT or B-SAT) is the problem of determining if there exists an interpretation that satisfies a given Boolean formula. In other words, it asks whether the variables of a given Boolean formula can be consistently replaced by the values TRUE or FALSE in such a way that the formula evaluates to TRUE. If this is the case, the formula is called "satisfiable". On the other hand, if no such assignment exists, the function expressed by the formula is FALSE for all possible variable assignments and the formula is "unsatisfiable". For example, the formula ""a" AND NOT "b"" is satisfiable because one can find the values "a" = TRUE and "b" = FALSE, which make ("a" AND NOT "b") = TRUE. In contrast, ""a" AND NOT "a"" is unsatisfiable. | En informatique théorique, le problème SAT ou problème de satisfaisabilité booléenne est le problème de décision, qui, étant donné une formule de logique propositionnelle, détermine s'il existe une assignation des variables propositionnelles qui rend la formule vraie. | [
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Château de Suscinio | Château de Suscinio | The Château de Suscinio or de Susinio is a Breton castle, built in the late Middle Ages, to be the residence of the Dukes of Brittany. It is located in the commune of Sarzeau in the département of Morbihan, near the coast of the Atlantic ocean. The spectacular site comprises the moated castle, a ruined chapel, a dovecote, and a few ruined outbuildings. | Le château de Suscinio, résidence des ducs de Bretagne, se dresse au bord de la mer dans la commune de Sarzeau (Morbihan), au cœur de ce qui était autrefois un vaste espace boisé. Construit à la fin du Moyen Âge, il est situé dans la presqu'île de Rhuys, aujourd'hui formé de marais salants et de prairies. Le château s’inscrit dans la lignée des grandes résidences ducales émergeant alors en Bretagne sous l’impulsion de ducs puissants. | [
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Hekla | Hekla | Hekla (), or Hecla, is a stratovolcano in the south of Iceland with a height of. Hekla is one of Iceland's most active volcanoes; over 20 eruptions have occurred in and around the volcano since 874. During the Middle Ages, Europeans called the volcano the "Gateway to Hell". | LHekla est un volcan situé dans le sud de l'Islande, dans les Hautes Terres, et culmine à d'altitude. Il se situe à environ au nord-est du village de Hvolsvöllur. Il est l'un des volcans les plus actifs d'Islande avec plus de 20 éruptions depuis 874. | [
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Landmannalaugar | Landmannalaugar | Landmannalaugar () is a place in the Fjallabak Nature Reserve in the Highlands of Iceland. It is at the edge of Laugahraun lava field, which was formed in an eruption around the year 1477. It is known for its natural geothermal hot springs and surrounding landscape. | Le Landmannalaugar, toponyme islandais signifiant littéralement « les bains chauds des gens du pays », est une région située près du volcan Hekla dans le sud de l'Islande. | [
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Machin series | Type Machin | The Machin series of postage stamps is the main definitive stamp series in the United Kingdom, used since 5 June 1967. It is the second series to figure the image of Elizabeth II, replacing the Wilding series. | Les timbres au type "Machin" sont des timbres-poste d'usage courant britannique à l'effigie de la reine Élisabeth II. Dessinés par Arnold Machin, les premiers timbres sont émis en 1967 et le type est toujours utilisé par la Royal Mail. L'entreprise postale britannique les nomme « "Machin definitive stamps" ». Ils ont remplacé les timbres au type "Wilding". | [
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Radical Reformation | Réforme radicale | The Radical Reformation represented a response to perceived corruption both in the Catholic Church and in the expanding Magisterial Protestant movement led by Martin Luther and many others. Beginning in Germany and Switzerland in the 16th century, the Radical Reformation gave birth to many radical Protestant groups throughout Europe. The term covers radical reformers like Thomas Müntzer (c. 1489–1525) and Andreas Karlstadt (1486–1541), the Zwickau prophets (1521–1522), and Anabaptist groups like the Hutterites (founded c. 1527) and the Mennonites (founded c. 1536). | La Réforme radicale est un mouvement réformateur de nombreux courants chrétiens hétérogènes qui se sont développés en marge de la Réforme protestante. | [
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Jennifer Lopez | Jennifer Lopez | Jennifer Lynn Lopez (born July 24, 1969), also known by her nickname J.Lo, is an American actress, singer, dancer, fashion designer, producer, and businesswoman. In 1991, Lopez began appearing as a Fly Girl dancer on "In Living Color", where she remained a regular until she decided to pursue an acting career in 1993. For her first leading role in the 1997 Selena biopic of the same name, Lopez received a Golden Globe nomination and became the first Latin actress to earn over US$1 million for a film. She went on to star in "Anaconda" (1997) and "Out of Sight" (1998), later establishing herself as the highest-paid Latin actress in Hollywood. | Jennifer Lopez, surnommée J.LO, née le à New York, est une actrice, chanteuse, productrice de musique et danseuse américaine. En 1986, elle joue dans le film'et gagne ensuite en notoriété comme danseuse Fly Girl sur'en 1991. Elle reçoit son premier grand rôle dans deux longs-métrages : le drame musical "Selena" et le film d'aventures "Anaconda, le prédateur", qui sortent tous deux en 1997. Elle publie par la suite son premier album studio, "". | [
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Three Gorges | Trois Gorges | The Three Gorges () are three adjacent gorges along the middle reaches of the Yangtze River, in the hinterland of the People's Republic of China. With a subtropical monsoon climate, they are known for their scenery. The "Three Gorges Scenic Area" is classified as a AAAAA scenic area (the highest level) by the China National Tourism Administration. | Les Trois Gorges, en mandarin ; pinyin : ', ou gorges du Yangzi Jiang, sont un ensemble de gorges de Chine situées sur le cours moyen du Yangzi Jiang, en aval de la ville Chongqing, au sud des monts Daba. Elles commencent dans le Sichuan pour se terminer dans le Hubei. À leur sortie est construit l'immense barrage des Trois-Gorges dont la retenue les a partiellement noyées. | [
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Montreal Metro | Métro de Montréal | The Montreal Metro () is a rubber-tired underground rapid transit system serving Greater Montreal, Quebec, Canada. The metro, operated by the Société de transport de Montréal (STM), was inaugurated on October 14, 1966, during the tenure of Mayor Jean Drapeau. It has expanded since the 1960s from 26 stations on three separate lines to 68 stations on four lines totalling in length, serving the north, east and centre of the Island of Montreal with connections to Longueuil, via the Yellow Line, as well as the suburb of Laval, via the Orange Line. | Le métro de Montréal est un réseau de transport en commun qui dessert l'île de Montréal ainsi que les villes québécoises de Laval et de Longueuil, au Canada. Métro sur pneumatiques entièrement souterrain, il est géré par la Société de transport de Montréal (STM), organe de l'agglomération de Montréal. | [
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Eden: It's an Endless World! | Eden (manga) | Eden: It's an Endless World! is a science fiction manga by Japanese artist Hiroki Endo, published monthly in the Japanese magazine "Monthly Afternoon". It is published in the United States by Dark Horse Comics, in the United Kingdom by Titan Books, and in Germany by Egmont Manga & Anime. Eden is set in the near future, following a pandemic called closure virus which killed 15 percent of the world's population, crippled or disfigured many more, and upset the world's political balance greatly. "Eden" is to some extent based on Gnostic mythology, with some characters, such as Ennoia, being named after Gnostic entities, and other Gnostic influences being seen in the themes of the ongoing story. | Eden, sous-titré It's an Endless World!, est un manga de science-fiction de Hiroki Endo. Il a été pré-publié au Japon dans le magazine "Afternoon" entre 1998 et 2008. Les 126 chapitres qui le composent ont été édités en France en 18 volumes par Panini Comics. "Eden" aborde de nombreux thèmes philosophiques (comme le gnosticisme, le nihilisme, le sens de la vie ou la mort) et se caractérise par un style réaliste qui alterne passages extrêmement violents et chapitres profondément mélancoliques. Il a été élu « meilleur manga de l'année 2007 » par le magazine américain "Wizard". | [
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Spitsbergen | Spitzberg | Spitsbergen (formerly known as West Spitsbergen; Norwegian: "Vest Spitsbergen" or "Vestspitsbergen",, also sometimes spelled Spitzbergen) is the largest and only permanently populated island of the Svalbard archipelago in northern Norway. Constituting the westernmost bulk of the archipelago, it borders the Arctic Ocean, the Norwegian Sea, and the Greenland Sea. Spitsbergen covers an area of, making it the largest island in Norway and the 36th-largest in the world. The administrative centre is Longyearbyen. Other settlements, in addition to research outposts, are the Russian mining community of Barentsburg, the research community of Ny-Ålesund, and the mining outpost of Sveagruva. Spitsbergen was covered in of ice in 1999, which was approximately 58.5% of the island's total area. | Spitzberg, en norvégien, est une île de Norvège située dans le Svalbard, un archipel formant un territoire de ce pays. | [
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Thury, Yonne | Thury (Yonne) | Thury is a commune in the Yonne department in Bourgogne-Franche-Comté in north-central France. Its inhabitants are called Thurycois and Thurycoises. | Thury est une commune française située dans le département de l'Yonne en région Bourgogne-Franche-Comté. Ses habitants sont appelés les "Thurycois". | [
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CSI: Miami | Les Experts : Miami | CSI: Miami (Crime Scene Investigation: Miami) is an American police procedural drama television series that premiered on September 23, 2002, on CBS. Starring David Caruso as Lieutenant Horatio Caine, Emily Procter as Detective Calleigh Duquesne, and Kim Delaney as Lieutenant Megan Donner, the series is the first direct spin-off of "", "transplanting the same template and trickery—gory crimes, procedural plot and dazzling graphics—into [a new city] while retaining the essence of the original idea". | Les Experts : Miami (ou CSI: Miami au Canada) est une série télévisée en coproduction canado-américaine entre Alliance Atlantis et CBS Paramount Television en 232 épisodes de 45 minutes, créée par Ann Donahue, Anthony E. Zuiker et Carol Mendelsohn et diffusée entre le et le sur le réseau CBS et en simultané au Canada sur CTV puis sur CTV Two depuis la neuvième saison. | [
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History of books | Histoire du livre | The history of the book became an acknowledged academic discipline in the 1980s, Contributors to the discipline include specialists from the fields of textual scholarship, codicology, bibliography, philology, palaeography, art history, social history and cultural history. Its key purpose is to demonstrate that the book as an object, not just the text contained within it, is a conduit of interaction between readers and words. | L'histoire du livre est celle d'une suite d'innovations technologiques, commerciales et esthétiques qui ont permis d'améliorer la transmission des idées, l'accès à l'information, la conservation des textes, la portabilité et le coût de production. Cette histoire est intimement liée aux contingences politiques et économiques, à l'histoire des idées et des religions. | [
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Angel wings | Bugne | Angel wings are a traditional sweet crisp pastry made out of dough that has been shaped into thin twisted ribbons, deep-fried and sprinkled with powdered sugar. The cookies, which originated in Ancient Roman cuisine, are found in several traditional European cuisines. Angel wings are known by many other names and have been incorporated into other regional cuisines (such as American cuisine) by immigrant populations. They are most commonly eaten in the period just before Lent, often during Carnival and on Fat Thursday, the last Thursday before Lent – not to be confused with "Fat Tuesday" (Mardi Gras), the day before the start of Lent (Ash Wednesday). There is a tradition in some countries for husbands to give angel wings to their wives on Friday the 13th in order to avoid bad luck. | Les bugnes du Sud-Est sont de petites pâtisseries de la famille des beignets, dont les cousines proches sont les merveilles du Sud-Ouest de la France et en Vallée d'Aoste, sont originellement une spécialité culinaire du duché de Savoie, qui a fini par s'étendre dans toute la zone de locution de l'arpitan, notamment Lyon, le Dauphiné, la Vallée d'Aoste, la Vallée du Rhône et en Franche-Comté (jusqu'au centre-est de la France et dans les vallées francophones transalpines de la Vallée d'Aoste) mais également en Auvergne. | [
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Milice | Milice française | The Milice française (French Militia), generally called the Milice (), was a political paramilitary organization created on 30 January 1943 by the Vichy regime (with German aid) to help fight against the French Resistance during World War II. The Milice's formal head was Prime Minister Pierre Laval, although its Chief of operations and "de facto" leader was Secretary General Joseph Darnand. It participated in summary executions and assassinations, helping to round up Jews and "résistants" in France for deportation. It was the successor to Joseph Darnand's "Service d'ordre légionnaire" (SOL) militia. The Milice was the Vichy regime's most extreme manifestation of fascism. Ultimately, Darnand envisaged the Milice as a fascist single party political movement for the French state. | La Milice française, souvent appelée simplement la Milice, était une organisation politique et paramilitaire française créée le par le régime de Vichy pour lutter contre la Résistance, qualifiée de terroriste. Supplétifs de la Gestapo et des autres forces allemandes, les miliciens participèrent aussi à la traque des Juifs, des réfractaires au STO et de tous les « déviants » dénoncés par le régime de Vichy et les collaborateurs fascistes. C'était aussi la police politique et une force de maintien de l’ordre. | [
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Olympic weightlifting | Haltérophilie | Olympic weightlifting, or Olympic-style weightlifting, often simply referred to as weightlifting, is a sport in which the athlete attempts a maximum-weight single lift of a barbell loaded with weight plates. | L'haltérophilie est un sport consistant à soulever des poids. Dans sa forme moderne, c'est un sport de force nécessitant également maîtrise d'une technique particulière, vitesse, souplesse, coordination et équilibre. | [
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Canadian football | Football canadien | Canadian football () is a sport played in Canada in which two teams of 12 players each compete for territorial control of a field of play long and wide attempting to advance a pointed oval-shaped ball into the opposing team's scoring area (end zone). | Le football canadien est un sport collectif originaire du Canada. Il allie des stratégies complexes et un jeu physique intense. Le but du jeu est de marquer des points en portant un ballon ovale jusqu'à la zone de but adverse au bout du terrain. Le ballon peut être avancé en le portant (une course) ou en le lançant à un coéquipier (une passe). Les points peuvent être marqués de différentes façons comme en franchissant la ligne de but avec le ballon, en lançant la balle à un autre joueur situé de l'autre côté de la ligne de but qui donne 6 points, en plaquant un joueur adverse ayant le ballon dans sa propre zone de but ou en bottant le ballon entre les poteaux du but adverse, ce qui donne 3 points. Le vainqueur est l'équipe ayant marqué le plus de points à la fin du match. | [
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Mihrab | Mihrab | Mihrab (, ', pl. '), "(", ""), is a semicircular niche in the wall of a mosque that indicates the "qibla", that is, the direction of the Kaaba in Mecca and hence the direction that Muslims should face when praying. The wall in which a "mihrab" appears is thus the "qibla wall". | Dans une mosquée, le mihrab ( [miḥrāb], "sanctuaire"), souvent décoré avec deux colonnes et une arcature, est une niche architecturale qui indique la qibla, c'est-à-dire la direction de la kaaba à La Mecque vers où se tournent les musulmans pendant la prière. Il est souvent au milieu du mur de la qibla. | [
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Semipermeable membrane | Membrane hémiperméable | Semipermeable membrane is a type of biological or synthetic, polymeric membrane that will allow certain molecules or ions to pass through it by diffusion—or occasionally by more specialized processes of facilitated diffusion, passive transport or active transport. The rate of passage depends on the pressure, concentration, and temperature of the molecules or solutes on either side, as well as the permeability of the membrane to each solute. Depending on the membrane and the solute, permeability may depend on solute size, solubility, properties, or chemistry. How the membrane is constructed to be selective in its permeability will determine the rate and the permeability. Many natural and synthetic materials thicker than a membrane are also semipermeable. One example of this is the thin film on the inside of the egg. Note that a semipermeable membrane is not the same as a selectively permeable membrane. Semipermeable membrane describes a membrane that allows some particles to pass through (by size), whereas the selectively permeable membrane "chooses" what passes through (size is not a factor). | Le "Petit Larousse 2009", toutefois, ignore le mot « hémiperméable » et définit « semi-perméable » (avec trait d'union) comme se disant d'une membrane ou d'une cloison qui laisse passer le solvant mais non les corps dissous. | [
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Cornelius Nepos | Cornélius Népos | Cornelius Nepos (; c. 110 BC – c. 25 BC) was a Roman biographer. He was born at Hostilia, a village in Cisalpine Gaul not far from Verona. | Cornélius Népos (né vers -100, mort vers -25) est un écrivain latin. Il entretient des relations amicales avec Atticus, une correspondance avec Cicéron et des rapports étroits avec Catulle. | [
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Qibla | Qibla | The qibla (, "direction", transliterations include "qiblah", "qibleh", "kiblah", "kıble", "kibla", or "kiblat") is the direction used by Muslims in various religious contexts, including the salah or ritual prayer. The qibla is the direction of the building "Ka'bah" in the Sacred Mosque, Mecca, Saudi Arabia. Muslims believe this to be a sacred site built by the prophets Abraham and Ishmael. According to Islamic belief, this was ordained by God in the Quran, in chapter Al-Baqarah verses 144, 149, and 150, revealed to Muhammad in the second Hijri year. Prior to this revelation, Muhammad and his followers in Medina faced Jerusalem for prayers. Other than for the ritual prayer, it is also the direction for entering the state of "ihram" for the hajj pilgrimage; where animals are turned into an Islamic slaughter; for the deceased when buried; the recommended direction to make supplications; and the direction to avoid when relieving oneself or spitting. Most mosques contain a "mihrab" or a wall niche which indicates the direction of the qibla. In practice, there are two manners of observing the qibla: "ayn al-ka'bah" (facing the Ka'bah directly) and "jihat al-ka'bah" (facing only in the general direction). Most Islamic scholars believe that the more precise "ayn al-ka'bah" is only required when possible (for example, inside the Sacred Mosque or its surroundings), and otherwise "jihat al-ka'bah" can be used elsewhere. | Qibla, kibla, kiblat ou kiblet en arabe "qibla" (: direction) est la direction vers laquelle doit se tourner le fidèle pour effectuer le rite de la salat. En islam contemporain, il s'agit de l'orthodromie qui joint le lieu de prière à la Kaaba (en arabe: الكعبة), dans la cité de La Mecque. Dans les mosquées, cette orientation est indiquée par le mihrab, une niche souvent encadrée de deux colonnes supportant une arcature. | [
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Osmosis | Osmose | Osmosis () is the spontaneous net movement of solvent molecules through a selectively permeable membrane into a region of higher solute concentration, in the direction that tends to equalize the solute concentrations on the two sides. It may also be used to describe a physical process in which any solvent moves across a selectively permeable membrane (permeable to the solvent, but not the solute) separating two solutions of different concentrations. Osmosis can be made to do work. Osmotic pressure is defined as the external pressure required to be applied so that there is no net movement of solvent across the membrane. Osmotic pressure is a colligative property, meaning that the osmotic pressure depends on the molar concentration of the solute but not on its identity. | Ce phénomène concerne uniquement les échanges entre deux solutions liquides qui ont des concentrations de solutés différentes, séparées par une paroi semi-perméable. L'osmose est le phénomène de diffusion de la matière, caractérisé par le passage de molécules de solvant d'une solution vers une autre à travers la membrane semi-perméable qui sépare ces deux solutions dont les concentrations en soluté sont différentes ; le transfert global de solvant se fait alors de la solution la moins concentrée (milieu hypotonique) vers la solution la plus concentrée (milieu hypertonique) jusqu'à l'équilibre (milieux isotoniques). | [
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West Nile fever | Fièvre du Nil occidental | West Nile fever is an infection by the West Nile virus, which is typically spread by mosquitoes. In about 80% of infections people have few or no symptoms. About 20% of people develop a fever, headache, vomiting, or a rash. In less than 1% of people, encephalitis or meningitis occurs, with associated neck stiffness, confusion, or seizures. Recovery may take weeks to months. The risk of death among those in whom the nervous system is affected is about 10%. West Nile virus (WNV) is usually spread by mosquitoes that become infected when they feed on infected birds, which often carry the disease. Rarely the virus is spread through blood transfusions, organ transplants, or from mother to baby during pregnancy, delivery, or breastfeeding, but it otherwise does not spread directly between people. Risks for severe disease include being over 60 years old and having other health problems. Diagnosis is typically based on symptoms and blood tests. There is no human vaccine. The best way to reduce the risk of infection is to avoid mosquito bites. Mosquito populations may be reduced by eliminating standing pools of water, such as in old tires, buckets, gutters, and swimming pools. When mosquitoes cannot be avoided, mosquito repellent, window screens, and mosquito nets reduce the likelihood of being bitten. There is no specific treatment for the disease; pain medications may reduce symptoms. The virus was discovered in Uganda in 1937, and was first detected in North America in 1999. WNV has occurred in Europe, Africa, Asia, Australia, and North America. In the United States thousands of cases are reported a year, with most occurring in August and September. It can occur in outbreaks of disease. Severe disease may also occur in horses, for which a vaccine is available. A surveillance system in birds is useful for early detection of a potential human outbreak. | La fièvre du Nil occidental est l'infection provoquée par le virus du Nil occidental, généralement propagé par des moustiques. Asymptomatique dans 80 % des cas, l'infection peut cependant provoquer chez l'homme de la fièvre, des céphalées, une asthénie, des nausées, des vomissements, une éruption cutanée (sur le tronc) et une adénopathie (gonflement des ganglions). La forme grave (méningite ou encéphalite résultant d'une complication neuro-invasive) se traduit par de fortes fièvres, une raideur de la nuque, un état de prostration, une faiblesse musculaire, des tremblements, des convulsions, pouvant évoluer en paralysie et coma. Les risques de complications sont accrus au-delà de 60 ans et en cas de problèmes de santé préexistants. Le diagnostic repose généralement sur le tableau clinique confirmé par des tests sanguins. | [
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John Napier | John Napier | John Napier of Merchiston (; 1 February 1550 – 4 April 1617); also signed as Neper, Nepair; nicknamed Marvellous Merchiston) was a Scottish landowner known as a mathematician, physicist, and astronomer. He was the 8th Laird of Merchiston. His Latinized name was Ioannes Neper. | John Napier, parfois francisé en Jean Neper, né le et mort le, est un théologien, physicien, astronome et mathématicien écossais. | [
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Christian anarchism | Anarchisme chrétien | Christian anarchism is a movement in political theology that claims anarchism is inherent in Christianity and the Gospels. It is grounded in the belief that there is only one source of authority to which Christians are ultimately answerable—the authority of God as embodied in the teachings of Jesus. It therefore rejects the idea that human governments have ultimate authority over human societies. Christian anarchists denounce the state, believing it is violent, deceitful and, when glorified, idolatrous. Christian anarchists hold that the "Reign of God" is the proper expression of the relationship between God and humanity. Under the "Reign of God", human relationships would be characterized by divided authority, servant leadership, and universal compassion—not by the hierarchical, authoritarian structures that are normally attributed to religious social order. Most Christian anarchists are pacifists—they reject war and the use of violence. | L'anarchisme chrétien est l'une des variantes de l'anarchisme tel que couramment défini, mais avec des justifications spirituelles, et/ou couplées de spiritualité. | [
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Heinrich von Stephan | Heinrich von Stephan | Ernst Heinrich Wilhelm von Stephan (Born Heinrich Stephan, January 7, 1831 – April 8, 1897) was a general post director for the German Empire who reorganized the German postal service. He was integral in the founding of the Universal Postal Union in 1874, and in 1877 introduced the telephone to Germany. | Heinrich von Stephan, né à Stolp le et mort à Berlin le, a réorganisé le système postal allemand lorsqu'il a été son directeur. Il a été le fondateur de l'Union postale universelle en 1874. Il est le premier secrétaire d'État aux Postes. | [
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Heterosexism | Hétérosexisme | Heterosexism is a system of attitudes, bias, and discrimination in favor of opposite-sex sexuality and relationships. It can include the presumption that other people are heterosexual or that opposite-sex attractions and relationships are the only norm and therefore superior. | L'hétérosexisme est le système normatif de comportements, de représentations et de discriminations favorisant la sexualité et les relations hétérosexuelles. Il peut comprendre la présomption que chacun est hétérosexuel ou bien que l'attirance à l'égard de personnes de l'autre sexe est la seule norme sociale valide et est donc supérieure. | [
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Split, Croatia | Split | Split (, as the English word "split"; ; see other names) is the second-largest city of Croatia and the largest city of the region of Dalmatia, with about 250,000 people living in its urban area. It lies on the eastern shore of the Adriatic Sea and is spread over a central peninsula and its surroundings. An intraregional transport hub and popular tourist destination, the city is linked to the Adriatic islands and the Apennine peninsula. | Split se place au deuxième rang des villes les plus peuplées de Croatie et est le siège du comitat de Split-Dalmatie. Au recensement de 2011, le comitat comptait, la municipalité, dont 96,23 % de Croates et la ville seule comptait. | [
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Cook Islands | Îles Cook | The Cook Islands (Cook Islands Māori: "Kūki 'Āirani") is a self-governing island country in the South Pacific Ocean in free association with New Zealand. It comprises 15 islands whose total land area is. The Cook Islands' Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) covers of ocean. | Les Îles Cook ( ; ) sont un État du Nord-Ouest de l'océan Pacifique sud reconnu par l'Organisation des Nations unies mais non-membre de celle-ci, en libre association avec la Nouvelle-Zélande, à l'instar de Niue. Il s'agit d'une monarchie parlementaire dont le territoire couvre l'archipel éponyme des îles Cook, qui se compose de deux groupes contrastés : les îles méridionales, en anglais, Southern Cook Islands, d'origine volcanique pour la plupart et dont la principale est Rarotonga où se situe la capitale et plus grande ville Avarua, et les îles septentrionales, Northern Cook Islands, qui forment six atolls coralliens. | [
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Elie Wiesel | Elie Wiesel | Elie Wiesel (, born "Eliezer Wiesel" "ʾĔlîʿezer Vîzel"; September 30, 1928 – July 2, 2016) was a Romanian-born American writer, professor, political activist, Nobel laureate, and Holocaust survivor. He authored 57 books, written mostly in French and English, including "Night", a work based on his experiences as a Jewish prisoner in the Auschwitz and Buchenwald concentration camps. | Eliezer Wiesel, dit Elie Wiesel (var. "Élie"), est un écrivain, philosophe et professeur d'université américain contemporain, d'origine roumaine, né le à Sighetu Marmației, en Roumanie, et mort le, à New York. | [
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Functional illiteracy | Illettrisme | Functional illiteracy consist of reading and writing skills that are inadequate "to manage daily living and employment tasks that require reading skills beyond a basic level". Functional illiteracy is contrasted with illiteracy in the strict sense, meaning the inability to read or write simple sentences in any language. | L'illettrisme est l'état d'une personne qui a été instruite (par scolarisation ou un autre moyen) mais qui ne maîtrise pas ou plus la lecture, l'écriture et le calcul. L'illettrisme est une forme particulière de l'analphabétisme. Il relève de l'accès au sens des écrits : le texte que l'illettré ne comprend pas est accessible lorsqu'il est lu. L'illettrisme engendre souvent des problèmes d'employabilité. | [
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Service d'ordre légionnaire | Service d'ordre légionnaire | The Service d'ordre légionnaire (SOL, "Legionary Order Service") was a collaborationist militia created by Joseph Darnand, a far right veteran from the First World War. Too radical even for other supporters of the Vichy regime, it was granted its independence in January 1943, after Operation Torch and the German occupation of the South Zone, until then dubbed "Free Zone" and controlled by Vichy. Pierre Laval himself (supported by Marshal Philippe Pétain) passed the law which accorded the SOL its independence and transformed it into the "Milice", which participated in battles alongside the Nazis against the Resistance and committed numerous war crimes against civilians. After the Liberation, some members of the Milice escaped to Germany, where they joined the ranks of the SS. Those who stayed behind in France faced either drumhead courts-martial, generally followed by summary execution, or simple lynching at the hands of "résistants" and enraged civilians. | Le Service d'ordre légionnaire (SOL) est une organisation politique et paramilitaire de choc du régime de Vichy, pendant la Seconde Guerre mondiale. Créé à l'été 1941, il est l'ancêtre de la Milice française, créée en. | [
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François de Grossouvre | François de Grossouvre | François de Grossouvre (29 March 1918 – 7 April 1994) was a French politician charged in 1981 by newly elected president François Mitterrand with overseeing national security and other sensitive matters, in particular those concerning Lebanon, Syria, Tunisia, Morocco, Gabon, the Persian Gulf countries, Pakistan and the two Koreas. He was also in charge of the French branch of Gladio, NATO's stay-behind paramilitary secret armies during the Cold War. | François Durand de Grossouvre, né le à Vienne (Isère) et mort le à Paris, est un résistant, industriel et haut fonctionnaire français. Il est un proche conseiller du président Mitterrand. Son suicide a été considéré comme un événement politique majeur du second septennat de François Mitterrand. | [
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Myron | Myron (sculpteur) | Myron of Eleutherae (), working c. 480–440 BC, was an Athenian sculptor from the mid-5th century BC. He was born in Eleutherae on the borders of Boeotia and Attica. According to Pliny's Natural History, Ageladas of Argos was his teacher. | Myron (en grec ancien / ), né à Éleuthères en Attique, dans la première moitié du, est l'un des plus célèbres sculpteurs grecs, bronzier. Il est l'auteur de nombreuses statues d'athlètes, la plus connue étant le "Discobole". | [
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Earth: Final Conflict | Invasion planète Terre | Earth: Final Conflict is an American-Canadian science fiction television series based on ideas developed by Gene Roddenberry. The series was produced under the guidance of his widow, Majel Barrett-Roddenberry, who possessed notes kept by Roddenberry that would provide the conceptual basis for the series. It ran for five seasons between October 6, 1997 and May 20, 2002. | Invasion planète Terre ("" ou "EFC") est une série télévisée de science-fiction canadienne en 110 épisodes de 42 minutes, créée après son décès à partir de notes du scénariste et producteur de télévision américain Gene Roddenberry, et diffusée entre le et le. | [
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Shining (Norwegian band) | Shining (groupe norvégien) | Shining (stylized as SHINING) is a Norwegian hard rock band from Oslo. Thirteen musicians have been a part of the band's lineup in its history, with singer, guitarist, saxophonist, and songwriter Jørgen Munkeby as its leading force and only constant member. The band is also called SHINING (NOR) to avoid confusion with the eponymous Swedish black metal band. | Shining est un groupe de metal avant-gardiste norvégien, originaire d'Oslo. Treize musiciens ont fait partie de la formation de ce groupe durant son histoire, avec à sa tête le chanteur, guitariste, saxophoniste, et compositeur Jørgen Munkeby qui en est le seul membre constant. | [
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Milla Jovovich | Milla Jovovich | Milica Bogdanovna Jovovich ( ; born December 17, 1975) is an American actress, model, and musician. Her starring roles in numerous science fiction and action films led the music channel VH1 to deem her the "reigning queen of kick-butt" in 2006. In 2004, "Forbes" determined that she was the highest-paid model in the world. | Mannequin de formation, elle est révélée en tant qu'actrice à la fin des années 1990 dans les premiers rôles féminins de deux grosses productions - "Le Cinquième Élément" (1997) et "Jeanne d'Arc" (1999) - toutes deux écrites et réalisées par son deuxième mari, le réalisateur français Luc Besson. | [
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Mývatn | Mývatn | Mývatn is a shallow lake situated in an area of active volcanism in the north of Iceland, not far from Krafla volcano. It has a high amount of biological activity. By the lake and the surrounding wetlands there is a variety of waterbirds, especially ducks. | Mývatn (« le lac des mouches ») est situé dans le nord de l'Islande dans les environs du volcan Krafla. C'est l'unique endroit habité des hautes terres et ce depuis l'installation des Vikings, entre les. Le lac, troisième étendue d'eau naturelle du pays, reste gelé six mois de l'année. Le nom du lac vient des nuées d'insectes (Chironomidae) dont se nourrissent les canards qui peuplent les bords du lac en été. Le coin est connu des ornithologues pour la quinzaine d'espèces de canards qui y nichent à partir d'avril. La superficie du lac est de. Le lac, le Laxá í Aðaldal et les marais alentour constituent une aire protégée depuis 2004 sous le nom d'aire de conservation de Mývatn-Laxá. | [
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Waffen-SS | Waffen-SS | The Waffen-SS (, "Armed SS") was the military branch of the Nazi Party's SS organisation. Its formations included men from Nazi Germany, along with volunteers and conscripts from both occupied and unoccupied lands. | La Waffen-SS (littéralement « escadron de protection en armes ») était la branche militaire de la (SS), dont elle constitua l'une des composantes les plus importantes avec la SS générale (), le service de sécurité () et les unités à tête de mort (). | [
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Jökulsárlón | Jökulsárlón | Jökulsárlón (; literally "glacial river lagoon") is a large glacial lake in southern part of Vatnajökull National Park, Iceland. Situated at the head of the Breiðamerkurjökull glacier, it developed into a lake after the glacier started receding from the edge of the Atlantic Ocean. The lake has grown since then at varying rates because of melting of the glaciers. It is now away from the ocean's edge and covers an area of about. In 2009 it was reported to be the deepest lake in Iceland, at over, as glacial retreat extended its boundaries. The size of the lake has increased fourfold since the 1970s. It is considered as one of the natural wonders of Iceland. | La Jökulsárlón, toponyme islandais signifiant littéralement en français « lagune du glacier », est le plus connu et le plus grand des lacs proglaciaires en Islande. Il se trouve au sud du glacier Vatnajökull entre le parc national du Vatnajökull et la ville de Höfn. Apparu entre 1934 et 1935, sa superficie est d'environ actuellement. Sa profondeur maximale de lui donne la première place entre les lacs les plus profonds du pays. Près de la Jökulsárlón se trouvent deux autres lacs proglaciaires, la Fjallsárlón et la Breiðárlón. | [
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Jacques Ellul | Jacques Ellul | Jacques Ellul (; ; January 6, 1912 – May 19, 1994) was a French philosopher, sociologist, lay theologian, and professor who was a noted Christian anarchist. Ellul was a longtime Professor of History and the Sociology of Institutions on the Faculty of Law and Economic Sciences at the University of Bordeaux. A prolific writer, he authored more than 60 books and more than 600 articles over his lifetime, many of which discussed propaganda, the impact of technology on society, and the interaction between religion and politics. The dominant theme of his work proved to be the threat to human freedom and religion created by modern technology. Among his most influential books are "The Technological Society" and "". | Jacques Ellul, né le à Bordeaux et mort le à Pessac, est un historien du droit, sociologue et théologien protestant libertaire français. | [
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Skógafoss | Skógafoss | Skógafoss (pronounced ) is a waterfall situated on the Skógá River in the south of Iceland at the cliffs of the former coastline. After the coastline had receded seaward (it is now at a distance of about from Skógar), the former sea cliffs remained, parallel to the coast over hundreds of kilometres, creating together with some mountains a clear border between the coastal lowlands and the Highlands of Iceland. | Skógafoss (Skógá étant le nom de la rivière, signifiant « forêt », et signifiant « la chute d'eau ») est une cascade située sur la rivière Skógá, dans le petit village de Skógar, dans le sud de l'Islande. La rivière Skógá se jette de ses falaises et tombe de 62 mètres en formant une chute d'une largeur de quelque 25 mètres. La chute est l'une des plus célèbres et des plus visitées du pays. | [
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Risk analysis (engineering) | Cindynique | Risk analysis is the science of risks and their probability and evaluation. Probabilistic risk assessment is one analysis strategy usually employed in science and engineering. | La cindynique (du grec κίνδυνος / "kíndunos", danger) regroupe les sciences qui étudient les risques. On l'appelle aussi « science du danger ». Elle s'intéresse plus particulièrement aux risques industriels et plus spécifiquement aux risques majeurs. | [
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Iron maiden | Vierge de fer | The iron maiden is a mythical torture and execution device, consisting of an iron cabinet with a hinged front and spike-covered interior, sufficiently tall to enclose a human being. The first stories citing the iron maiden were composed in the 19th century. The use of iron maidens is a myth that was heightened by the belief that people of the Middle Ages were uncivilized; evidence of their popularity is difficult to prove. | Une vierge de fer, également appelée vierge de Nuremberg, est un instrument de torture ayant la forme d'un sarcophage en fer ou en bois, garni en plusieurs endroits de longues pointes métalliques qui transpercent lentement la victime placée à l'intérieur lorsque son couvercle se referme. | [
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Kyoto Prefecture | Préfecture de Kyoto | Kyoto is the capital and largest city of Kyoto Prefecture, with other major cities including Uji, Kameoka, and Maizuru. Kyoto Prefecture is located on the Sea of Japan coast and extends to the southeast towards the Kii Peninsula, covering territory of the former provinces of Yamashiro, Tamba, and Tango. Kyoto Prefecture is centered on the historic Imperial capital of Kyoto, and is one of Japan's two "prefectures" using the designation "fu" rather than the standard "ken" for prefectures. Kyoto has made Kyoto Prefecture one of the most popular tourism destinations in Japan for national and international tourists, and 21% of the prefecture's land area was designated as Natural Parks. Kyoto Prefecture forms part of the Keihanshin metropolitan area, the second-most-populated populated region in Japan after the Greater Tokyo area and one of the world's most productive regions by GDP. | Kyoto (京都府, "Kyōto-fu") est une préfecture du Japon située sur l'île de Honshū, dans la région du Kansai (Kinki). Sa capitale est Kyoto. | [
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Lakshmi | Lakshmi | In Hinduism, Lakshmi (; Sanskrit:लक्ष्मी, IAST:"lakṣhmī") is the Goddess who leads to one's goal (lakshya in Sanskrit), hence her name Lakshmi. For mankind, 8 types of goals are necessary - Spiritual enlightenment, food, knowledge, resources, progeny, abundance, patience and success, hence there are 8 or Ashta Lakshmis - Aadi Lakshmi, Dhaanya Lakshmi, Vidya Lakshmi, Dhana Lakshmi, Santaana Lakshmi, Gaja Lakshmi, Dhairya Lakshmi and Vijaya Lakshmi. First mentioned in the Śrī Sūkta of the Rigveda. Sri, a honorific term for Lakshmi, represents the material world of the earthly realm as the mother goddess, referred to as Prithvi Mata, and known by her twin identities as Bhu Devi, and sridevi (She is having another form along with these two called as Nila Devi). She is the wife of Vishnu, one of the principal deities of Hinduism and the Supreme Being in the Vaishnavism Tradition. With Parvati and Saraswati, she forms Tridevi, the holy trinity.Lakshmi is also an important deity in Jainism and found in Jain temples. Lakshmi has also been a Goddess of abundance and fortune for Buddhists, and was represented on the oldest surviving stupas and cave temples of Buddhism. In Buddhist sects of Tibet, Nepal and Southeast Asia, Lakshmi Goddess Vasudhara mirrors the characteristics and attributes of the Hindu Goddess Lakshmi with minor iconographic differences. | Dans l'hindouisme, Lakshmi (sanskrit IAST : "lakṣmī" ; ), ou Mahalakshmi, est la déesse de la Fortune, de la prospérité, de la richesse et de l'abondance. Elle est l'épouse de Vishnou. Son origine est associée à la déesse dénommée Sri citée dans le Rig-Véda. | [
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Mount Meru | Mont Meru | Mount Meru (Sanskrit: मेरु), also recognized as Sumeru, Sineru or Mahāmeru, is the sacred five-peaked mountain of Hindu, Jain, and Buddhist cosmology and is considered to be the center of all the physical, metaphysical and spiritual universes. | Le mont Meru est la montagne mythique considérée comme l'axe du monde dans les mythologies persane, bouddhique, jaïne et surtout hindoue. | [
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Kamadeva | Kâma (divinité) | Kamadeva (, ), Kāma or Manmatha is the Hindu god of human love or desire, often portrayed along with his female counterpart Rati. Shri.Kamadeva was son of Lord Vishnu and in some versions he is the son of Lord Bramha. Some narratives also reference Pradyumna, Krishna's son, as a reincarnation of Kamadeva. | Le dieu Kâma (en sanskrit, ; de "kāma", le « désir » et deva « dieu ») est la divinité hindoue du désir, et plus particulièrement du désir amoureux. Comme l'Éros grec, il utilise un arc et des flèches pour répandre l'amour. Il est le fils de Dharma et de Shraddha. Mentionné dans le "Rig-Véda" comme le plus puissant des dieux (mais presque chaque dieu védique est loué comme étant « le plus puissant des dieux »), il symbolise le moteur qui pousse les hommes à la perpétuation de leur espèce. En d'autres termes, il symbolise le désir sexuel ou la libido. Par suite, il régente le samsâra. | [
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Narasimha | Narasimha | Narasimha (Sanskrit: नरसिंह IAST: Narasiṃha, lit. "man-lion") is a fierce avatar of the Hindu god Vishnu, one who incarnates in the form of part lion and part man to destroy evil and end religious persecution and calamity on Earth, thereby restoring Dharma. | Narasimha () est le quatrième avatar de Vishnou, mi-homme, mi-lion. Vishnou prit cette forme pour vaincre le démon Hiranyakashipu qui, à la suite de grandes ascèses, avait obtenu de Brahmâ de ne pouvoir être tué ni par un homme, ni par un dieu, ni par un animal, ni à l'extérieur, ni à l'intérieur, ni au sol, ni en l'air, ni le jour ni la nuit. Sous sa forme composite, Narasimha — Vishnou ni homme ni animal, mais mi-homme mi-animal — le tua en le saisissant au seuil d'une porte (ni à l'intérieur, ni à l'extérieur), au crépuscule (ni le jour ni la nuit) et en le maintenant sur son genou (afin qu'il ne soit ni au sol, ni dans les airs) pour enfin l'étriper, car le démon orgueilleux mettait en doute la puissance de Vishnou. En effet, Hiranyakashipu avait un fils, Prahlada, qui était un fervent dévot de Vishnou ; son père s'efforçait en vain de l'arracher à ce culte : Prahlada ne cédait pas aux menaces de son père démoniaque. Hiranyakashipu, irrité, ordonna de conduire son fils au supplice ; mais Vishnou sortit d'une colonne du palais sous la forme de Narasimha, et tua son adversaire. | [
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Euler–Mascheroni constant | Constante d'Euler-Mascheroni | The Euler–Mascheroni constant (also called Euler's constant) is a mathematical constant recurring in analysis and number theory, usually denoted by the lowercase Greek letter gamma (). | En mathématiques, la constante d'Euler-Mascheroni, ou constante d'Euler, est une constante mathématique, utilisée principalement en théorie des nombres, définie comme la limite de la différence entre la série harmonique et le logarithme naturel. On la note usuellement formula_1 (gamma minuscule). | [
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Zaide | Zaide | Zaide (originally, "Das Serail") is an unfinished German-language opera, K. 344, written by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart in 1780. Emperor Joseph II, in 1778, was in the process of setting up an opera company for the purpose of performing German opera. One condition required of the composer to join this company was that he should write a comic opera. At Salzburg in 1779 Mozart began work on a new opera (now known as "Zaide" although Mozart did not give it such a title). It contains spoken dialogue, which also classifies it as a "Singspiel" (literally, "singing play"). Only the arias and ensembles from the first two acts were composed. Missing are an overture and third act. | Zaide", K. 344 (Zaïde" en français) est un "singspiel" inachevé, en langue allemande de Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, composé en 1780. | [
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Primary energy | Énergie primaire | Primary energy (PE) is an energy form found in nature that has not been subjected to any human engineered conversion process. It is energy contained in raw fuels, and other forms of energy received as input to a system. Primary energy can be non-renewable or renewable. | Une source d’énergie primaire est une forme d’énergie disponible dans la nature avant toute transformation. Si elle n’est pas utilisable directement, elle doit être transformée en une source d’énergie secondaire pour être utilisable et transportable facilement. Dans l'industrie de l'énergie, on distingue la production d'énergie primaire, de son stockage et son transport sous la forme de vecteurs d'énergie et de la consommation d'énergie finale. | [
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Green Lantern | Green Lantern | Green Lantern is the name of several superheroes appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics. They fight evil with the aid of rings that grant them a variety of extraordinary powers, all of which come from imagination and/or emotions. The characters are typically depicted as members of the Green Lantern Corps, an interstellar law enforcement agency. | Green Lantern (« La Lanterne verte ») est une bande dessinée américaine créée en 1940 et publiée par l'éditeur DC Comics. | [
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Húsavík | Húsavík | Húsavík is a town in Norðurþing municipality on the north coast of Iceland on the shores of Skjálfandi bay with 2,307 inhabitants. The most famous landmark of the town is the wooden church Húsavíkurkirkja, built in 1907. Húsavík is served by Húsavík Airport. | Húsavík est une localité islandaise de la municipalité de Norðurþing située au nord de l'île, dans la région de Norðurland eystra. En 2011, la ville comptait. | [
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Linguistic relativity | Hypothèse de Sapir-Whorf | The hypothesis of linguistic relativity, part of relativism, also known as the Sapir–Whorf hypothesis, the Whorf hypothesis, or Whorfianism is a principle claiming that the structure of a language affects its speakers' world view or cognition, and thus people's perceptions are relative to their spoken language. | En linguistique et en anthropologie, l’hypothèse de Sapir-Whorf soutient que les représentations mentales dépendent des catégories linguistiques, autrement dit que la façon dont on perçoit le monde dépend du langage. Cette forme de relativisme culturel et de déterminisme linguistique a été développée par l'anthropologue américain Edward Sapir puis défendue de façon radicale par son élève, Benjamin Lee Whorf. Telle que formulée par ces auteurs, il ne s'agit pas à proprement parler d'une hypothèse scientifique mais plutôt d'une vision générale du rôle du langage dans la pensée que Whorf illustre à travers l'exemple des noms de la neige en esquimau qui disposerait, selon lui, de trois mots pour désigner la neige là où l'anglais n'en aurait qu'un seul ("") si bien que. | [
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Asset pricing | Évaluation financière | In financial economics, asset pricing refers to a formal treatment and development of two main pricing principles, outlined below, together with the resultant models. There have been many models developed for different situations, but correspondingly, these stem from general equilibrium asset pricing or rational asset pricing, the latter corresponding to risk neutral pricing. | L'évaluation financière est l'estimation de la valeur (c'est-à-dire du prix potentiel): Tout placement financier étant fait dans une optique future, les principaux paramètres d’estimation de la valeur du placement sont les gains que l'on attend et les risques que l'on perçoit. | [
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Larry Graham | Larry Graham | Larry Graham Jr. (born August 14, 1946) is an American bassist and singer, both with the psychedelic soul/funk band Sly and the Family Stone, and as the founder and frontman of Graham Central Station. He is credited with the invention of the slapping technique on the electric bass guitar, which radically expanded the tonal palette of the bass, although he himself refers to the technique as "thumpin' and pluckin' ". | Larry Graham, né le à Beaumont dans le Texas, est un chanteur, bassiste et compositeur américain de funk et de pop. On lui doit l'invention de la technique dite du slap (« claquer » en français), qui a permis d'enrichir la palette de sons disponibles sur son instrument de prédilection. Initialement, il l'utilisait pour remplacer le batteur quand celui-ci était absent. | [
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Crypteia | Cryptie | The Crypteia or Krypteia (Greek: κρυπτεία "krupteía" from κρυπτός "kruptós", "hidden, secret") was an ancient Spartan state institution involving young Spartan men. Its goal and nature are still a matter of discussion and debate among historians, but some scholars (such as Henri-Alexandre Wallon) consider the Krypteia to be a kind of secret police and state security force organized by the ruling class of Sparta to patrol the Laconian countryside and to terrorize the helots. Others (including Hermann Köchly and Wilhelm Wachsmuth) believe it to be a form of military training, similar to the Athenian "ephebia". | La cryptie (en grec ancien /, / ou /, formé sur le verbe /, « cacher, se cacher, dissimuler ») est une ancienne institution d'État spartiate impliquant de jeunes hommes spartiates. | [
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4th Infantry Division (United States) | 4e division d'infanterie (États-Unis) | The 4th Infantry Division is a division of the United States Army based at Fort Carson, Colorado. It is composed of a Division Headquarters and Headquarters Battalion, three Brigade Combat Teams (1st Stryker BCT, 2nd Infantry BCT, and 3rd Armored BCT), 4th Combat Aviation Brigade, the 4th Infantry Division Sustainment Brigade, and a Division Artillery. | Surnommée "Ivy", c'est-à-dire "Lierre", jeu de mot sur la prononciation de en anglais, la d'infanterie américaine ( Infantry Division) de l'US Army est créée en et foule le sol de France lors de la Première Guerre mondiale. Réorganisée en 1940, elle gagne le Royaume-Uni en janvier 1944 sous les ordres du général Barton. | [
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Dominique Baudis | Dominique Baudis | Dominique Baudis (; 14 April 1947 – 10 April 2014) was the French Defender of Rights (ombudsman). Formerly a journalist, politician and Mayor of Toulouse, he had been a member of DL and later of the leading centre-right Union for a Popular Movement. | Dominique Baudis, né le à Paris où il est mort le, est un journaliste, écrivain et homme politique français. Il a notamment été journaliste de télévision, puis maire de Toulouse, député, président du conseil régional de Midi-Pyrénées, député européen, puis président du Conseil supérieur de l'audiovisuel (CSA) et Défenseur des droits. | [
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Victorien Sardou | Victorien Sardou | Victorien Sardou (, ; 5 September 18318 November 1908) was a French dramatist. He is best remembered today for his development, along with Eugène Scribe, of the well-made play. He also wrote several plays that were made into popular 19th-century operas such as "La Tosca" (1887) on which Giacomo Puccini's opera "Tosca" (1900) is based, and "Fédora" (1882) and "Madame Sans-Gêne" (1893) that provided the subjects for the lyrical dramas "Fedora" (1898) and "Madame Sans-Gêne" (1915) by Umberto Giordano. | Victorien Sardou, né le à Paris où il est mort le, est un auteur dramatique français, connu également pour ses eaux-fortes médiumniques. Il était grand-croix de la Légion d'honneur (décret du ). | [
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Thuin | Thuin | Thuin () or [twɛ̃]) (Walloon: "Twin") is a Walloon municipality located in the Belgian province of Hainaut. The Thuin municipality includes the old communes of Leers-et-Fosteau, Biesme-sous-Thuin, Ragnies, Biercée, Gozée, Donstiennes, and Thuillies. Thuan is the headquarters of the Fédération Cynologique Internationale (International Canine Association). | Thuin (prononcé ; en wallon "Twin") est une ville francophone de Belgique située en Région wallonne, chef-lieu d'arrondissement en province de Hainaut, au cœur de la Thudinie et au confluent de la Sambre et de la Biesmelle. Elle jouxte les communes de Beaumont, Fontaine-l'Évêque, Ham-sur-Heure-Nalinnes, Lobbes, Merbes-le-Château, Montigny-le-Tilleul et Walcourt. La commune est une capitale de la batellerie puisque bon nombre de propriétaires de péniches en sont originaires et qu'ils choisissent ce lieu de séjour quand sonne l'heure de la retraite. Son beffroi figure au patrimoine mondial de l'UNESCO. C'est également sur le territoire de l'entité, à Gozée, que se situent les vestiges de l'abbaye d'Aulne. | [
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Microbotics | Microrobotique | Microbotics (or microrobotics) is the field of miniature robotics, in particular mobile robots with characteristic dimensions less than 1 mm. The term can also be used for robots capable of handling micrometer size components. | La microrobotique est la branche de la robotique qui étudie la conception de dispositifs robotiques évoluant à l'échelle micrométrique ; du micromètre au millimètre. | [
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Combustion chamber | Chambre de combustion | A combustion chamber is that part of an internal combustion engine (ICE) or a reaction engine in which the fuel/air mix is burned. | Une chambre de combustion est une enceinte capable de résister à de brusques changements de pression et de température, dans laquelle on déclenche volontairement une combustion entre des substances chimiques déterminées. Cette enceinte est conçue pour obtenir, à partir des gaz issus de la combustion, un travail ou une force, avant qu'ils ne soient évacués. | [
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Armant, Egypt | Hermonthis | Armant (Egyptian "jwnj", "jwnj šm'j" "Southern Heliopolis" or "jwnj-mntw" "the Heliopolis of the Nomad": () and known in Koine Greek as Hermonthis (), is a town located about 12 miles south of Thebes. It was an important Middle Kingdom town, which was enlarged during the Eighteenth Dynasty. It is located today in the Luxor Governorate on the west bank of the Nile. | Hermonthis, actuellement Erment, est une ville de Haute-Égypte, dont l'étymologie est clairement associée au dieu Montou. Il y a encore les ruines d'un temple de cette divinité qui peuvent y être visitées. | [
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Madame Bovary | Madame Bovary | Madame Bovary (; ), originally published as Madame Bovary: Provincial Manners ( ), is the debut novel of French writer Gustave Flaubert, published in 1856. The eponymous character lives beyond her means in order to escape the banalities and emptiness of provincial life. | Madame Bovary. Mœurs de province, couramment abrégé en Madame Bovary, est un roman réaliste de Gustave Flaubert paru en 1857 chez Michel Lévy frères, après une préparution en 1856 dans la "Revue de Paris". Il s'agit d'une œuvre majeure de la littérature française et mondiale. L'histoire est celle de l'épouse d'un médecin de province, Emma Bovary, qui lie des relations adultères et vit au-dessus de ses moyens, évite l’ennui, la banalité et la médiocrité de la vie provinciale. | [
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Torture | Torture | Torture (from Latin "tortus": to twist, to torment) is the act of deliberately inflicting severe physical or psychological suffering on someone by another as a punishment or in order to fulfill some desire of the torturer or force some action from the victim. Torture, by definition, is a knowing and intentional act; deeds which unknowingly or negligently inflict suffering or pain, without a specific intent to do so, are not typically considered torture. | La torture est l'utilisation volontaire de la violence pour infliger une forte souffrance à un individu. En droit international coutumier, des éléments clés de la définition de la torture ont fait l'objet de références officielles : en résumé, elle implique « une douleur ou souffrance aiguës, physique ou mentale », infligée « intentionnellement ». La Convention inter-américaine pour la prévention et la répression de la torture en étend la définition aux cas d'« applications de méthodes visant à annuler la personnalité de la victime ou à diminuer sa capacité physique ou mentale, même si ces méthodes et procédés ne causent aucune douleur physique ou angoisse psychique ». La distinction entre « torture » et « peine ou traitement cruel, inhumain ou dégradant » est sujette à débats et à variations selon la jurisprudence et les tribunaux. | [
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Acer monspessulanum | Érable de Montpellier | Acer monspessulanum (Montpellier maple) is a species of maple native to the Mediterranean region from Morocco and Portugal in the west, to Turkey, Syria, Lebanon, and Israel in the east, and north to the Jura Mountains in France and the Eifel in Germany. | Syn. : Acer trilobatum - lambert. L'Érable de Montpellier "(Acer monspessulanum" L.) est un arbre de la famille des "Sapindaceae" (il était autrefois classé le plus souvent dans celle des "Aceraceae"). Il appartient à la section "Monspessulanum" de la classification des érables. | [
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Financial market | Marché financier | A financial market is a market in which people trade financial securities and derivatives at low transaction costs. Some of the securities include stocks and bonds, and precious metals. | Un marché financier est un marché sur lequel des personnes, des sociétés privées et des institutions publiques peuvent négocier des titres financiers, matières premières et autres actifs, à des prix qui reflètent l'offre et la demande. Les titres comprennent des actions et des obligations, ainsi que des produits de base, notamment des métaux précieux ou des produits de base agricoles. | [
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Edgard Varèse | Edgard Varèse | Edgard Victor Achille Charles Varèse (; also spelled Edgar Varèse; December 22, 1883 – November 6, 1965) was a French-born composer who spent the greater part of his career in the United States. | Edgard Varèse ou Edgar Varèse (les deux orthographes ont été utilisées par le compositeur lui-même à différentes époques de sa vie) est un compositeur français naturalisé américain, né à Paris le et mort à New York le. | [
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Canidae | Canidae | Canidae (; from Latin, "canis", "dog") is a biological family of dog-like carnivorans. A member of this family is called a canid. There are three subfamilies found within the canid family, which are the extinct Borophaginae and Hesperocyoninae, and the extant "Caninae". The "Caninae" are known as canines, which includes domestic dogs, wolves, foxes and other extant and extinct species. | Les Canidés (Canidae) forment une famille basale des mammifères caniformes appartenant à l'ordre des Carnivora. Ce sont des mammifères carnassiers aux canines développées et aux molaires nombreuses, dont les griffes ne sont pas rétractiles (contrairement aux Félidés), comme les loups, les chiens, les chacals ou les renards. | [
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Anthropomorphism | Anthropomorphisme | Anthropomorphism is the attribution of human traits, emotions, or intentions to non-human entities. It is considered to be an innate tendency of human psychology. | L’anthropomorphisme est l'attribution de caractéristiques du comportement ou de la morphologie humaine à d'autres entités comme des dieux, des animaux, des objets, des phénomènes, voire des idées. Dérivé du grec ancien / (« être humain »), et / (« forme »), le terme a été crédité au milieu des années 1700.. | [
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Robotics | Robotique | Robotics is an interdisciplinary research area at the interface of computer science and engineering. Robotics involves design, construction, operation, and use of robots. The goal of robotics is to design intelligent machines that can help and assist humans in their day-to-day lives and keep everyone safe. Robotics draws on the achievement of information engineering, computer engineering, mechanical engineering, electronic engineering and others. | La robotique est l'ensemble des techniques permettant la conception et la réalisation de machines automatiques ou de robots. L'ATILF définit le robot de la manière suivante : « Appareil effectuant, grâce à un système de commande automatique à base de micro-processeur, une tâche précise pour laquelle il a été conçu dans le domaine industriel, scientifique, militaire ou domestique ». | [
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Anthroposophy | Anthroposophie | Anthroposophy is a philosophy founded in the early 20th century by the esotericist Rudolf Steiner that postulates the existence of an objective, intellectually comprehensible spiritual world, accessible to human experience. Followers of anthroposophy aim to develop mental faculties of spiritual discovery through a mode of thought independent of sensory experience. They also aim to present their ideas in a manner verifiable by rational discourse and specifically seek a precision and clarity in studying the spiritual world mirroring that obtained by scientists investigating the physical world. | Lanthroposophie est un courant ésotérique créé par l'occultiste autrichien Rudolf Steiner au début du. Ce courant se rattache d'une part à la théosophie de Helena Blavatsky et d'autre part aux courants du rosicrucianisme moderne. On y retrouve des éléments empruntés au bouddhisme, à l'hindouisme, au christianisme. En particulier, de l'hindouisme et du bouddhisme, l'anthroposophie tire sa conception du karma et de la réincarnation ; du christianisme, l'idée du Christ en tant que sauveur du monde. Il prône un nouvel accès au monde spirituel pour l'être humain moderne, à travers des exercices que Rudolf Steiner décrit dans son livre "L'Initiation". Comme tout mouvement ésotérique et religieux, il affirme l'existence d'un monde spirituel qui est à la base du monde matériel et il possède des techniques de méditation et des rituels. | [
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Joel Schumacher | Joel Schumacher | Joel T. Schumacher (; born August 29, 1939) is an American filmmaker. Schumacher rose to fame after directing three hit films: "St. Elmo's Fire" (1985), "The Lost Boys" (1987), and "Flatliners" (1990). He later went on to direct the John Grisham adaptations "The Client" (1994) and "A Time to Kill" (1996). His films "Falling Down" (1993) and "8mm" (1999) competed for Palme d'Or and Golden Bear, respectively. | Joel T. Schumacher, dit Joel Schumacher, né le à New York, dans l'État de New York, aux (États-Unis), est un réalisateur, producteur, scénariste, costumier et acteur américain. | [
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Business telephone system | Autocommutateur téléphonique privé | A business telephone system is a multiline telephone system typically used in business environments, encompassing systems ranging in technology from the key telephone system (KTS) to the private branch exchange (PBX). | Un autocommutateur téléphonique privé est souvent désigné par les anglicismes private automatic branch exchange (PABX) ou private branch exchange (PBX). | [
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Cross-platform software | Logiciel multiplateforme | In computing, cross-platform software (also multi-platform software or platform-independent software) is computer software that is implemented on multiple computing platforms. Cross-platform software may be divided into two types; one requires individual building or compilation for each platform that it supports, and the other one can be directly run on any platform without special preparation, e.g., software written in an interpreted language or pre-compiled portable bytecode for which the interpreters or run-time packages are common or standard components of all platforms. | Un logiciel multiplateforme est un logiciel conçu pour fonctionner sur plusieurs plateformes, c’est-à-dire le couple liant ordinateur et système d’exploitation. | [
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Levity (film) | Le Salut | Levity is a 2003 drama film directed by Ed Solomon starring Billy Bob Thornton, Morgan Freeman, Holly Hunter and Kirsten Dunst. The soundtrack was composed by Mark Oliver Everett of the band Eels. "Levity" was filmed in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. | Levity (Le Salut au Canada) est un film franco-américain réalisé en 2003 par Ed Solomon. Ce film, présenté au Festival du film de Deauville le, est sorti directement en vidéo en France le. | [
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Monsanto | Monsanto | The Monsanto Company () was an American agrochemical and agricultural biotechnology corporation founded in 1901. In 2018, it was acquired by Bayer as part of its crop science division. It was headquartered in Creve Coeur, Missouri. Monsanto developed Roundup, a glyphosate-based herbicide, in the 1970s, and became a major producer of genetically engineered crops. | Monsanto Company était une entreprise américaine spécialisée dans les biotechnologies agricoles, disparue le du fait de son absorption par l'entreprise allemande Bayer. | [
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Battle of Mortemer | Bataille de Mortemer | The Battle of Mortemer was a defeat for Henry I of France when he led an army against his vassal, William the Bastard, Duke of Normandy in 1054. William was eventually to become known as William the Conqueror after his successful invasion and conquest of England. | La bataille de Mortemer est un affrontement militaire survenu sur le territoire de la commune de Mortemer, dans le duché de Normandie, en 1054. Elle vit s'affronter l'armée du roi des Francs Henri Ier et celle de son vassal, Guillaume II, duc de Normandie. Elle se solda par une victoire de l'armée normande. | [
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The Day After Tomorrow | Le Jour d'après (film, 2004) | The Day After Tomorrow is a 2004 American science fiction disaster film co-written, directed, and produced by Roland Emmerich and starring Dennis Quaid, Jake Gyllenhaal, Ian Holm, Emmy Rossum, and Sela Ward. It is based on the book "The Coming Global Superstorm" by Art Bell and Whitley Strieber. The film depicts catastrophic climatic effects following the disruption of the North Atlantic Ocean circulation in a series of extreme weather events that usher in global cooling and lead to a new ice age. | Le Jour d'après ("") est un film catastrophe américain réalisé par Roland Emmerich et sorti en 2004. Le film évoque les aventures du paléoclimatologue Jack Hall (Dennis Quaid) et de ses deux collègues qui effectuent une mission scientifique de routine en Antarctique : le forage de carottes de glace. Cependant, le plateau de glace se détache soudain du reste du continent. | [
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Billy Bob Thornton | Billy Bob Thornton | Billy Bob Thornton (born August 4, 1955) is an American actor, writer, director, and musician. Thornton had his first break when he co-wrote and starred in the 1992 thriller "One False Move", and received international attention after writing, directing, and starring in the independent drama film "Sling Blade" (1996), for which he won an Academy Award for Best Adapted Screenplay and was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Actor. He appeared in several major film roles in the 1990s following "Sling Blade", including Oliver Stone's neo-noir "U Turn" (1997), political drama "Primary Colors" (1998), science fiction disaster film "Armageddon" (1998), the highest-grossing film of that year, and the crime drama "A Simple Plan" (1998), which earned him his third Oscar nomination. | William Robert Thornton connu sous les noms de Billy Bob Thornton et de Billy Thornton, né à Hot Springs dans l'état de l'Arkansas,est un acteur, réalisateur, scénariste et musicien américain. | [
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2
] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Medieval French literature | Littérature française du Moyen Âge | Medieval French literature is, for the purpose of this article, Medieval literature written in Oïl languages (particularly Old French and early Middle French) during the period from the eleventh century to the end of the fifteenth century. | La littérature médiévale en France correspond à des œuvres écrites entre l'an mille et l'an 1500 dans diverses langues issues du latin, langues d'oïl au nord et en langues d'oc au sud. | [
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Rhinoceros | Rhinocéros | A rhinoceros (,, ), commonly abbreviated to rhino, is one of any five extant species of odd-toed ungulates in the family Rhinocerotidae, as well as any of the numerous extinct species therein. Two of the extant species are native to Africa, and three to Southern Asia. The term "rhinoceros" is often more broadly applied to now extinct species of the superfamily Rhinocerotoidea. | Les rhinocéros sont les mammifères périssodactyles appartenant à la famille des rhinocérotidés (Rhinocerotidae). Toutes les espèces de rhinocéros sont actuellement en voie de disparition. | [
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UEFA European Championship | Championnat d'Europe de football | The UEFA European Football Championship, commonly known as the UEFA European Championship and informally as the Euros, is the primary association football competition contested by the senior men's national teams of the members of the Union of European Football Associations (UEFA), determining the continental champion of Europe. Held every four years since 1960, in the even-numbered year between World Cup tournaments, it was originally called the European Nations' Cup, changing to the current name in 1968. Starting with the 1996 tournament, specific championships are often referred to in the form "UEFA Euro [year]"; this format has since been retroactively applied to earlier tournaments. | Le championnat d'Europe de football est une compétition européenne entre les meilleures sélections nationales masculines de football, organisée par l'Union des associations européennes de football (UEFA). Imaginé dès 1927 par Henri Delaunay, il est créé en 1960 sous le nom de Coupe d'Europe des nations et se déroule tous les quatre ans, alternant les années paires avec la Coupe du monde. Il est rebaptisé Championnat d'Europe des nations en 1968, pour marquer l'introduction d'une phase préliminaire par poules, et Euro depuis 1996. | [
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Gossypium arboreum | Cotonnier en arbre | Gossypium arboreum, commonly called tree cotton, is a species of cotton native to India, Pakistan and other tropical and subtropical regions of the Old World. There is evidence of its cultivation as long ago as the Harappan civilization of the Indus Valley for the production of cotton textiles. This species of cotton was also introduced into East Africa and was grown by the Meroe civilization in Nubia. The shrub was included in Linnaeus's "Species Plantarum" published in 1753. The holotype was also supplied by him, which is now in the Linnean Herbarium in the Swedish Museum of Natural History. It is a sister species of "Gossypium herbaceum". | Le cotonnier en arbre "(Gossypium arboreum)" est une espèce de plantes dicotylédones de la famille des "Malvaceae". C'est un arbuste d'environ 2 à 3, 50 m de haut aux feuilles tomenteuses qui pousse en Asie tropicale et sub-tropicale. Les fleurs sont jaunes ou rouges. Il contient du gossypol. | [
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Battle of Tannenberg | Bataille de Tannenberg (1914) | The Battle of Tannenberg was fought between Russia and Germany between 26 and 30 August 1914, the first month of World War I. The battle resulted in the almost complete destruction of the Russian Second Army and the suicide of its commanding general, Alexander Samsonov. A series of follow-up battles (First Masurian Lakes) destroyed most of the First Army as well and kept the Russians off balance until the spring of 1915. The battle is particularly notable for fast rail movements by the Germans, enabling them to concentrate against each of the two Russian armies in turn, and also for the failure of the Russians to encode their radio messages. It brought considerable prestige to Field Marshal Paul von Hindenburg and his rising staff-officer Erich Ludendorff. | La bataille de Tannenberg (aujourd'hui Stębark en Pologne) a lieu du 26 au. Elle voit la victoire décisive de la armée allemande sur la, puis la armée de l'Armée impériale russe. | [
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Stylistic device | Figure de style | In literature and writing, stylistically elements are the use of any of a variety of techniques to give an auxiliary meaning, ideas, or feeling to the literalism or written. | Une figure de style, du latin, est un procédé d’écriture qui s’écarte de l’usage ordinaire de la langue et donne une expressivité particulière au propos. On parle également de figure de rhétorique ou de figure du discours. Si certains auteurs établissent des distinctions dans la portée des deux expressions, l’usage courant en fait des synonymes. | [
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Personality | Personnalité | Personality is defined as the characteristic sets of behaviors, cognitions, and emotional patterns that evolve from biological and environmental factors. While there is no generally agreed upon definition of personality, most theories focus on motivation and psychological interactions with one's environment. Trait-based personality theories, such as those defined by Raymond Cattell, define personality as the traits that predict a person's behavior. On the other hand, more behaviorally-based approaches define personality through learning and habits. Nevertheless, most theories view personality as relatively stable. | La personnalité est une combinaison de caractéristiques émotionnelles, d'attitudes et de comportements d'une personne. Elle suit un parcours déterminé par les idées des siècles qu'elle traverse et encore aujourd'hui il est difficile de trouver un concept plus solidaire des écoles et des attitudes des auteurs qui en font usage. Il existe au moins deux approches différentes de la personnalité : les théories des types et les. | [
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Make (software) | Make | In software development, Make is a build automation tool that automatically builds executable programs and libraries from source code by reading files called Makefiles which specify how to derive the target program. Though integrated development environments and language-specific compiler features can also be used to manage a build process, Make remains widely used, especially in Unix and Unix-like operating systems. | Make est un logiciel qui construit automatiquement des fichiers, souvent exécutables, ou des bibliothèques à partir d'éléments de base tels que du code source. Il utilise des fichiers appelés makefile qui spécifient comment construire les fichiers cibles. À la différence d'un simple script shell, make exécute les commandes seulement si elles sont nécessaires. Le but est d'arriver à un résultat (logiciel compilé ou installé, documentation créée, etc.) sans nécessairement refaire toutes les étapes. make est particulièrement utilisé sur les plateformes UNIX. | [
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Intrauterine device | Dispositif intra-utérin | An intrauterine device (IUD), also known as intrauterine contraceptive device (IUCD or ICD) or coil, is a small, often T-shaped birth control device that is inserted into the uterus to prevent pregnancy. IUDs are one form of long-acting reversible birth control (LARC). One study found that female family planning providers choose LARC methods more often (41.7%) than the general public (12.1%). Among birth control methods, IUDs, along with contraceptive implants, result in the greatest satisfaction among users. IUDs are safe and effective in adolescents as well as those who have not previously had children. Once an IUD is removed, even after long-term use, fertility returns to normal rapidly. Copper devices have a failure rate of about 0.8% while hormonal (levonorgestrel) devices fail about 0.2% of the time within the first year of use. In comparison, male sterilization and male condoms have a failure rate of about 0.15% and 15%, respectively. Copper IUDs can also be used as emergency contraception within 5 days of unprotected sex. Although copper IUDs may increase menstrual bleeding and result in painful cramps, hormonal IUDs may reduce menstrual bleeding or stop menstruation altogether. However, women can have daily spotting for several months and it can take up to three months for there to be a 90% decrease in bleeding. Cramping can be treated with NSAIDs. More serious potential complications include expulsion (2–5%) and rarely perforation of the uterus (less than 0.7%). IUDs do not affect breastfeeding and can be inserted immediately after delivery. They may also be used immediately after an abortion. The use of IUDs has increased within the United States from 0.8% in 1995 to 7.2% from the period of 2006 to 2014. The use of IUDs as a form of birth control dates from the 1800s. A previous model known as the Dalkon shield was associated with an increased risk of pelvic inflammatory disease (PID). However, current models do not affect PID risk in women without sexually transmitted infections during the time of insertion. | Le dispositif intra-utérin (DIU), ou stérilet, est un dispositif contraceptif réversible inventé en 1928 par Ernst Gräfenberg. Il s'agit d'un petit objet actuellement le plus souvent en forme de T, inséré dans l'utérus par le vagin pour prévenir la fécondation et secondairement la nidation. | [
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