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Battle of Grunwald | Bataille de Grunwald | The Battle of Grunwald, Battle of Žalgiris or First Battle of Tannenberg was fought on 15 July 1410 during the Polish–Lithuanian–Teutonic War. The alliance of the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, led respectively by King Władysław II Jagiełło (Jogaila) and Grand Duke Vytautas, decisively defeated the German–Prussian Teutonic Knights, led by Grand Master Ulrich von Jungingen. Most of the Teutonic Knights' leadership were killed or taken prisoner. Although defeated, the Teutonic Knights withstood the siege of their fortress in Marienburg (Malbork) and suffered minimal territorial losses at the Peace of Thorn (1411) (Toruń), with other territorial disputes continuing until the Peace of Melno in 1422. The knights, however, would never recover their former power, and the financial burden of war reparations caused internal conflicts and an economic downturn in the lands under their control. The battle shifted the balance of power in Central and Eastern Europe and marked the rise of the Polish–Lithuanian union as the dominant political and military force in the region. | La bataille de Grunwald ou première bataille de Tannenberg eut lieu le dans le cadre de la guerre du royaume de Pologne-Lituanie contre l'ordre Teutonique. L'alliance du royaume de Pologne et du grand-duché de Lituanie, menés respectivement par le roi Ladislas II Jagellon (Władysław Jagiełło) et le grand-duc Vytautas (Witold), écrasa les chevaliers teutoniques commandés par le grand-maître Ulrich von Jungingen. La plupart des commandants teutoniques furent soit tués soit capturés. Malgré la défaite, les chevaliers teutoniques parviennent à résister au siège de Marienbourg et les pertes territoriales lors de la paix de Toruń (1411) sont limitées. Les disputes territoriales continuèrent jusqu'à la signature de la paix du lac de Melno en 1422. Cependant, l'ordre Teutonique ne se relèvera jamais de cette défaite et le fardeau financier des indemnités de guerre entraîna des tensions internes et une crise économique sur ses terres. La bataille marque un basculement significatif des pouvoirs en Europe orientale et permet à l'union de Pologne-Lituanie de devenir la puissance politique et militaire dominante dans la région. | [
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Monster's Ball | À l'ombre de la haine | Monster's Ball is a 2001 American romantic drama film directed by Marc Forster and written by Milo Addica and Will Rokos, who also appear in the film. It stars Halle Berry, Billy Bob Thornton, Heath Ledger, and Peter Boyle, with Sean Combs, Mos Def, and Coronji Calhoun in supporting roles. Thornton portrays a widowed corrections officer who begins a relationship with a woman (Berry), unaware that she is the widow of a man (Combs) he executed. | À l'ombre de la haine ("") ou Le Bal du Monstre au Québec est un film américain réalisé par Marc Forster et sorti en 2001. | [
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Eye for an eye | Loi du talion | "An eye for an eye" () or the law of retaliation () is the principle that a person who has injured another person is to be penalized to a similar degree, and the person inflicting such punishment should be the injured party. In softer interpretations, it means the victim receives the [estimated] value of the injury in compensation. The intent behind the principle was to "restrict" compensation to the value of the loss. | La loi du talion, une des lois les plus anciennes, consiste en la réciprocité du crime et de la peine. Cette loi est souvent symbolisée par l’expression « Œil pour œil, dent pour dent ». | [
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Ousia | Ousia | Ousia (; ) is an important philosophical and theological term, originally used in ancient Greek philosophy, then later in Christian theology. It was used by various ancient Greek philosophers, like Plato and Aristotle, as a primary designation for philosophical concepts of "essence" or "substance". In contemporary philosophy, it is analogous to English concepts of "being" and "ontic". In Christian theology, the concept of θεία ουσία ("divine essence") is one of the most important doctrinal concepts, central to the development of trinitarian doctrine. | L’ousia (en grec : οὐσία, participe substantivé au féminin singulier du verbe εἶναι, "einai", « être » ) est un concept philosophique et théologique qui se traduit par « substance » ou « essence ». | [
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Mechatronics | Mécatronique | Mechatronics, which is also called mechatronic engineering, is a multidisciplinary branch of engineering that focuses on the engineering of both electrical and mechanical systems, and also includes a combination of robotics, electronics, computer, telecommunications, systems, control, and product engineering. As technology advances over time, various subfields of engineering have succeeded in both adapting and multiplying. The intention of mechatronics is to produce a design solution that unifies each of these various subfields. Originally, the field of mechatronics was intended to be nothing more than a combination of mechanics and electronics, hence the name being a portmanteau of mechanics and electronics; however, as the complexity of technical systems continued to evolve, the definition had been broadened to include more technical areas. | La mécatronique est la combinaison synergique et systémique de la mécanique, de l'électronique, de l'automatique et de l'informatique en temps réel. L'intérêt de ce domaine d'ingénierie interdisciplinaire est de concevoir des systèmes automatiques puissants et de permettre le contrôle de systèmes complexes. | [
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Hip bone | Os coxal | The hip bone (os coxae, innominate bone, pelvic bone or coxal bone) is a large irregular bone, constricted in the center and expanded above and below. In some vertebrates (including humans before puberty) it is composed of three parts: the ilium, ischium, and the pubis. | Il y a deux os coxaux (coxal = relatif à la hanche) l'os coxal droit et l'os coxal gauche. Ils sont également appelés os iliaques. Avec le sacrum et le coccyx ils constituent le bassin, ou ceinture pelvienne. | [
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Self-organization | Auto-organisation | Self-organization, also called (in the social sciences) spontaneous order, is a process where some form of overall order arises from local interactions between parts of an initially disordered system. The process can be spontaneous when sufficient energy is available, not needing control by any external agent. It is often triggered by seemingly random fluctuations, amplified by positive feedback. The resulting organization is wholly decentralized, distributed over all the components of the system. As such, the organization is typically robust and able to survive or self-repair substantial perturbation. Chaos theory discusses self-organization in terms of islands of predictability in a sea of chaotic unpredictability. | L'auto-organisation est un phénomène par lequel un système s'organise lui-même. Les systèmes physiques, biologiques ou écologiques, sociaux, ont tendance à s'organiser d'eux-mêmes. Il s'agit soit de l'organisation initiale du système lors de son émergence spontanée, soit lorsque le système existe déjà de l'apparition d'une organisation plus ou complexe. | [
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Determinant | Déterminant (mathématiques) | In linear algebra, the determinant is a scalar value that can be computed from the elements of a square matrix and encodes certain properties of the linear transformation described by the matrix. The determinant of a matrix is denoted,, or. Geometrically, it can be viewed as the volume scaling factor of the linear transformation described by the matrix. This is also the signed volume of the "n"-dimensional parallelepiped spanned by the column or row vectors of the matrix. The determinant is positive or negative according to whether the linear mapping preserves or reverses the orientation of "n"-space. | En mathématiques, le déterminant fut initialement introduit en algèbre, pour résoudre un système d'équations linéaires comportant autant d'équations que d'inconnues. Il se révèle être un outil très puissant dans de nombreux domaines. Il intervient ainsi dans l'étude des endomorphismes, la recherche de leurs valeurs propres, les propriétés d’indépendance linéaire de certaines familles de vecteurs, mais aussi dans le calcul différentiel, par exemple dans la formule de changement de variables dans les intégrales multiples. | [
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Ska-P | Ska-P | Ska-P () is a Spanish ska punk band formed in 1994 in Vallecas, a district of Madrid, by a group of friends from Madrid, Navarre and Euskadi | Ska-P est un groupe de ska punk espagnol, originaire du quartier de Vallecas, à Madrid. Il est formé en 1994 autour d'un groupe d'amis dont Pulpul et certains des membres actuels comme le bassiste Julio et le claviériste Kogote. Le groupe se fait connaître par ses revendications ouvertes contre les injustices politiques et sociales, aux accents révolutionnaires, dénonçant entre autres la pauvreté, la globalisation, l'impérialisme américain, la religion, la corruption politique, la guerre, la violence animale, le racisme, la monarchie espagnole ou encore militant pour la légalisation du cannabis. | [
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Larsa | Larsa | Larsa (Sumerian logogram: 𒌓𒀕𒆠 UD.UNUG, read "Larsam") was an important city state of ancient Sumer, the center of the cult of the sun god Utu. It lies some southeast of Uruk in Iraq's Dhi Qar Governorate, near the east bank of the Shatt-en-Nil canal at the site of the modern settlement Tell as-Senkereh or Sankarah. | Larsa (ou Larag ou Larak), qui est appelé aujourd'hui Tell Senkerah (en arabe : tall sankara, ) en Irak, était une cité de Mésopotamie, capitale d'un royaume amorrite. Elle est située à quelque au sud-est des ruines d'Uruk. Larsa est mentionnée dans des inscriptions sumériennes antérieures au règne de Ur-Gur, entre 2700 et, qui construisit et restaura la ziggourat d'É-babbar, le temple de Shamash. Elle est parfois identifiée à la ville biblique d'Ellasar. | [
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Hammurabi | Hammurabi | Hammurabi () was the sixth king of the First Babylonian dynasty of the Amorite tribe, reigning from c. 1792 BC to c. 1750 BC (according to the Middle Chronology). He was preceded by his father, Sin-Muballit, who abdicated due to failing health. During his reign, he conquered Elam and the city-states of Larsa, Eshnunna, and Mari. He ousted Ishme-Dagan I, the king of Assyria, and forced his son Mut-Ashkur to pay tribute, bringing almost all of Mesopotamia under Babylonian rule. | Hammurabi ou Hammourabi, né vers 1810 av. J.-C. à Babylone et mort vers 1750 av. J.-C. dans la même ville, est le sixième roi de Babylone de la première dynastie babylonienne, régnant de 1792 av. J.-C. à sa mort. Il succède à son père, Sin-muballit, qui avait abdiqué en raison de sa santé défaillante. Grâce à de nombreuses campagnes militaires, il étend le contrôle de Babylone sur la Mésopotamie, achevant les conquêtes de Sumer et d'Akkad. Son règne est l'un des plus longs de l'antiquité du Proche-Orient et l'un des plus prestigieux par l'ampleur de son œuvre politique et législative. Il est particulièrement connu pour avoir écrit le Code de Hammurabi, l'un des textes de lois les plus anciens jamais retrouvés. | [
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My Lai Massacre | Massacre de Mỹ Lai | The Mỹ Lai Massacre (; ) was the Vietnam War mass murder of unarmed South Vietnamese civilians by U.S. troops in Sơn Tịnh District, South Vietnam, on 16 March 1968. Between 347 and 504 unarmed people were killed by U.S. Army soldiers from Company C, 1st Battalion, 20th Infantry Regiment and Company B, 4th Battalion, 3rd Infantry Regiment, 11th Brigade, 23rd (Americal) Infantry Division. Victims included men, women, children, and infants. Some of the women were gang-raped and their bodies mutilated, as were children as young as 12. Twenty-six soldiers were charged with criminal offenses, but only Lieutenant William Calley Jr., a platoon leader in C Company, was convicted. Found guilty of killing 22 villagers, he was originally given a life sentence, but served only three and a half years under house arrest. | Le massacre de Mỹ Lai (en,, en ) est un crime de guerre américain qui a fait entre 347 et 504 morts civils dans la république du Viêt Nam (Viêt Nam du Sud), le. Il est commis par des soldats de l'armée de terre américaine : la compagnie C (« Charlie »), bataillon, régiment d'infanterie, brigade, division d'infanterie (« Americal »). Les victimes sont des hommes, des femmes, des enfants et des nourrissons. Certaines femmes sont violées en groupe et leurs corps mutilés. | [
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Glacier | Glacier | A glacier ( or ) is a persistent body of dense ice that is constantly moving under its own weight. A glacier forms where the accumulation of snow exceeds its ablation (melting and sublimation) over many years, often centuries. Glaciers slowly deform and flow under stresses induced by their weight, creating crevasses, seracs, and other distinguishing features. They also abrade rock and debris from their substrate to create landforms such as cirques and moraines. Glaciers form only on land and are distinct from the much thinner sea ice and lake ice that form on the surface of bodies of water. | Un glacier est une masse de glace plus ou moins étendue qui se forme par le tassement de couches de neige accumulées. Écrasée sous son propre poids, la neige expulse progressivement l'air qu'elle contient, se soude en une masse compacte et se transforme en glace. | [
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Charles Lanrezac | Charles Lanrezac | Charles Lanrezac (31 July 1852 – 18 January 1925) was a French general, formerly a distinguished staff college lecturer, who commanded the French Fifth Army at the outbreak of the First World War. | Charles Louis Marie Lanrezac, né le à Pointe-à-Pitre et mort le à Neuilly-sur-Seine, est un général français qui s'est notamment illustré lors de la phase initiale de la Première Guerre mondiale, comme commandant la française. Il dirige les batailles de Charleroi et de Guise. Des résultats de cette dernière découleront une grande partie des conditions du succès de la bataille de la Marne. | [
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Jeanne Mance | Jeanne Mance | Jeanne Mance (November 12, 1606 – June 18, 1673) was a French nurse and settler of New France. She arrived in New France two years after the Ursuline nuns came to Quebec. Among the founders of Montreal in 1642, she established its first hospital, the Hôtel-Dieu de Montréal, in 1645. She returned twice to France to seek financial support for the hospital. After providing most of the care directly for years, in 1657 she recruited three sisters of the Religieuses hospitalières de Saint-Joseph, and continued to direct operations of the hospital. | Jeanne Mance, née le à Langres (Haute-Marne, France) et morte le à Montréal (Québec, Canada), est une pionnière de la Nouvelle-France. Elle est considérée comme cofondatrice de Montréal, où elle a fondé puis dirigé l’Hôtel-Dieu. Elle est la première infirmière laïque au Canada. Elle est reconnue comme vénérable par l'Église catholique et peut être fêtée le 18 juin. | [
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John Fahey (musician) | John Fahey | John Aloysius Fahey ( ; February 28, 1939 – February 22, 2001) was an American fingerstyle guitarist and composer who played the steel-string acoustic guitar as a solo instrument. His style has been enormously influential and has been described as the foundation of American Primitive Guitar, a term borrowed from painting and referring mainly to the self-taught nature of the music and its minimalist style. Fahey borrowed from the folk and blues traditions in American roots music, having compiled many forgotten early recordings in these genres. He would later incorporate 20th-century classical, Portuguese, Brazilian, and Indian influences into his work. | John Fahey ( - ) est un guitariste et compositeur américain. Il a enregistré au début de sa carrière sous le nom de Blind Thomas. | [
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Gascon language | Gascon | Gascon (, ) is a dialect of Occitan, considered by some linguists to be a separate language. It is mostly spoken in Gascony and Béarn in southwestern France (in parts of the following French "départements": Pyrénées-Atlantiques, Hautes-Pyrénées, Landes, Gers, Gironde, Lot-et-Garonne, Haute-Garonne, and Ariège) and in the Aran Valley of Catalonia. | Le gascon est la variété de l'occitan propre au « triangle dit aquitain ». Sa genèse et les caractéristiques de son système vocalique et consonantique ainsi que celles de sa morphologie verbale, le font parfois considérer comme une langue spécifique. Il est plus généralement considéré comme un dialecte de l'occitan. | [
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Sarracenia | Sarracénie | Sarracenia ( or ) is a genus comprising 8 to 11 species of North American pitcher plants, commonly called trumpet pitchers. The genus belongs to the family Sarraceniaceae, which also contain the closely allied genera "Darlingtonia" and "Heliamphora". | Les Sarracénies ou Sarracènes (le genre "Sarracenia") sont des plantes originaires du sud-est des États-Unis et du Canada, de la famille des Sarracéniacées. Ce sont des « carnivores à pièges passifs » (sans mouvement mécanique). Ces pièges sont des feuilles modifiées en forme d'urne et protégées par une coiffe, sauf chez "Sarracenia psittacina" chez qui elle a disparu par soudure de ses bords. Le nom de la plante fait référence à Michel Sarrazin, chirurgien, médecin et naturaliste en Nouvelle-France. | [
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Rotoscoping | Rotoscopie | Rotoscoping is an animation technique that animators use to trace over motion picture footage, frame by frame, to produce realistic action. Originally, animators projected photographed live-action movie images onto a glass panel and traced over the image. This projection equipment is referred to as a "rotoscope", developed by Polish-American animator Max Fleischer. This device was eventually replaced by computers, but the process is still called rotoscoping. | La rotoscopie est une technique cinématographique qui consiste à relever image par image les contours d'une figure filmée en prise de vue réelle pour en transcrire la forme et les actions dans un film d'animation. Ce procédé permet de reproduire avec réalisme la dynamique des mouvements des sujets filmés. | [
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Chroma key | Incrustation | Chroma key compositing, or chroma keying, is a visual-effects and post-production technique for compositing (layering) two images or video streams together based on colour hues (chroma range). The technique has been used in many fields to remove a background from the subject of a photo or video – particularly the newscasting, motion picture, and video game industries. A colour range in the foreground footage is made transparent, allowing separately filmed background footage or a static image to be inserted into the scene. The chroma keying technique is commonly used in video production and post-production. This technique is also referred to as colour keying, colour-separation overlay (CSO; primarily by the BBC), or by various terms for specific colour-related variants such as green screen, blue screen and magic pink; chroma keying can be done with backgrounds of any colour that are uniform and distinct, but green and blue backgrounds are more commonly used because they differ most distinctly in hue from human skin colours. No part of the subject being filmed or photographed may duplicate the colour used as the backing, otherwise, the part may be erroneously identified as part of the backing. | L'incrustation est une technique d'effets visuels dans le domaine du cinéma, de la télévision et de la photo. Cela consiste à intégrer dans une même image des objets filmés séparément ou des objets créés par ordinateur. | [
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Wasserbillig | Wasserbillig | Wasserbillig () is a town in the commune of Mertert, in eastern Luxembourg., Wasserbillig has 2,186 inhabitants, which makes it the largest town in Mertert. Wasserbillig is the administrative seat of the commune of Mertert. | Wasserbillig (en ) est une section et le chef-lieu de la commune luxembourgeoise de Mertert située dans le canton de Grevenmacher. | [
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James V of Scotland | Jacques V | James V (10 April 1512 – 14 December 1542) was King of Scotland from 9 September 1513 until his death, which followed the Scottish defeat at the Battle of Solway Moss. His only surviving legitimate child, Mary, Queen of Scots, succeeded him when she was just six days old. | Jacques V ("Seumas" V en écossais ou "James" V en anglais), né le à Linlithgow, mort le au palais de Falkland, était le fils de Jacques IV d'Écosse et de Marguerite Tudor. Il régna sur l'Écosse de 1513 à 1542 et fut, avec son père, l’un des derniers rois d'Écosse dont le gaélique écossais était la langue maternelle. | [
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Symptom | Symptôme | A symptom (from Greek σύμπτωμα, "accident, misfortune, that which befalls", from συμπίπτω, "I befall", from συν- "together, with" and πίπτω, "I fall") is a departure from normal function or feeling which is apparent to a patient, reflecting the presence of an unusual state, or of a disease. A symptom can be subjective or objective. Tiredness is a subjective symptom whereas cough or fever are objective symptoms. In contrast to a symptom, a sign is a clue to a disease elicited by an examiner or a doctor. For example, paresthesia is a symptom (only the person experiencing it can directly observe their own tingling feeling), whereas erythema is a sign (anyone can confirm that the skin is redder than usual). Symptoms and signs are often nonspecific, but often combinations of them are at least suggestive of certain diagnoses, helping to narrow down what may be wrong. In other cases they are specific even to the point of being pathognomonic. | En médecine, un symptôme (du grec συμπίπτω, « rencontrer ») ou signe fonctionnel est un signe qui représente une manifestation d'une maladie, tel qu'exprimé et ressenti par un patient. En général, pour une pathologie donnée, les symptômes sont multiples, et parfois il peut ne pas y avoir de symptôme (la maladie ou le malade est dit dans ce cas asymptomatique) ou peu de symptômes (maladie ou malade paucisymptomatique). Inversement, un même symptôme peut très souvent être attribué à différentes maladies : on ne peut donc en général pas conclure automatiquement qu'un symptôme (par exemple, le mal de gorge) est dû à une maladie donnée (par exemple, la grippe) ; ce serait commettre le sophisme de l'affirmation du conséquent. | [
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Philosophy of history | Philosophie de l'histoire | Philosophy of history is the philosophical study of history and its discipline. The term was coined by French philosopher Voltaire. | La philosophie de l'histoire est la branche de la philosophie traitant du sens et des finalités du devenir historique. Elle regroupe l'ensemble des approches, se succédant de l'Antiquité à l'époque contemporaine, tendant à affirmer que l'histoire n'est pas le fruit du hasard, de l'imprévu, voire du chaos, mais qu'elle obéit à un dessein en suivant un parcours (cyclique ou linéaire). Dans une perspective chronologique, on peut globalement distinguer cinq étapes. | [
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Sarracenia purpurea | Sarracénie pourpre | Sarracenia purpurea, commonly known as the purple pitcher plant, northern pitcher plant, turtle socks, or side-saddle flower, is a carnivorous plant in the family Sarraceniaceae. | La Sarracénie pourpre "(Sarracenia purpurea)" est une plante herbacée carnivore de la famille des sarracéniacées. Elle est l'emblème floral de la province de Terre-Neuve-et-Labrador. Cette plante du genre "Sarracenia" est facilement reconnaissable à ses feuilles refermées sur elles-mêmes, ouvertes vers le ciel et normalement remplies d'eau. Sa couleur est souvent très rouge, tirant sur le bordeaux lorsqu'elle pousse dans un endroit bien ensoleillé. Il existe toutefois, comme chez les autres espèces de "Sarracenia", des formes entièrement vertes dites « "heterophylla" ». | [
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John Fante | John Fante | John Fante (April 8, 1909 – May 8, 1983) was an American novelist, short story writer and screenwriter. He is best known for his semi-autobiographical novel "Ask the Dust" (1939) about the life of a struggling writer, Arturo Bandini, in Depression-era Los Angeles. It is widely considered the great Los Angeles novel and is one in a series of four, published between 1938 and 1985, that are now collectively called "The Bandini Quartet". "Ask the Dust" was adapted into a film made in 2006, starring Colin Farrell. In his lifetime, Fante published five novels, one novella, and a short story collection. Additional works, including two novels, two novellas, and two short story collections, were published posthumously. His screenwriting credits include, most notably, "Full of Life" (1956), based on his 1952 novel by that name, "Jeanne Eagels" (1957), and the 1962 films "Walk on the Wild Side" and "The Reluctant Saint". | John Fante, né le à Denver (Colorado) et mort le à Los Angeles (Californie), est un romancier, nouvelliste et scénariste américain. | [
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Charles Bukowski | Charles Bukowski | Henry Charles Bukowski (born Heinrich Karl Bukowski; August 16, 1920 – March 9, 1994) was a German-American poet, novelist, and short story writer. | Henry Charles Bukowski, né Heinrich Karl Bukowski le à Andernach en Allemagne et mort le à Los Angeles aux États-Unis, est un écrivain américain d'origine allemande, auteur de romans, de nouvelles et de poésie. Il est connu sous ses pseudonymes divers : Hank, Buk, Henry Chinaski, ce dernier étant celui de son "alter ego" dans ses nombreux romans autobiographiques. Il est l'auteur, en prose comme en vers, d'une œuvre poétique considérable. | [
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Matte painting | Matte painting | A matte painting is a painted representation of a landscape, set, or distant location that allows filmmakers to create the illusion of an environment that is not present at the filming location. Historically, matte painters and film technicians have used various techniques to combine a matte-painted image with live-action footage. At its best, depending on the skill levels of the artists and technicians, the effect is "seamless" and creates environments that would otherwise be impossible or expensive to film. In the scenes the painting part is static and movements are integrated on it. | Le ou peinture sur cache est un procédé cinématographique qui consiste à peindre un élément de décor sur une plaque de verre en y laissant des espaces vides, que l'on place devant la caméra qui filme une scène réelle vue à travers ces espaces vides. | [
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Die Toten Hosen | Die Toten Hosen | Die Toten Hosen (literally "The Dead Trousers", figuratively "dead boring" or "brewer's droop") is a German punk rock band from Düsseldorf. | Die Toten Hosen, est un groupe de punk rock allemand constitué autour du leader Campino. Originaire de Düsseldorf, ce groupe est avec Die Ärzte, l'un des groupes allemands les plus populaires. Il fait même partie du faible nombre de groupes allemands ayant réussi à s'exporter. Après avoir parcouru presque toute l'Amérique du Sud, ils commencent à se faire connaître dans certains pays d'Asie. Ils ont collaboré avec de nombreux musiciens. Les groupes se rapprochant musicalement le plus des Toten Hosen sont Die Ärzte et Wizo. | [
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The Wild Wild West | Les Mystères de l'Ouest | The Wild Wild West is an American western espionage and science fiction television series that ran on the CBS television network for four seasons from September 17, 1965 to April 11, 1969. Two satirical comedy television films were made with the original cast in 1979 and 1980, and the series was adapted for a theatrical film in 1999. | Les Mystères de l'Ouest ("The Wild Wild West") est une série télévisée américaine en 104 épisodes de 50 minutes (dont 28, pour la première saison, en noir et blanc) créée par Michael Garrison et diffusée entre le et le sur le réseau CBS. | [
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Adrienne Clarkson | Adrienne Clarkson | Adrienne Louise Clarkson (; "née" Poy; born February 10, 1939) is a Hong Kong-born Canadian journalist and stateswoman who served as Governor General of Canada, the 26th since Canadian Confederation. | Adrienne Clarkson, née Poy ( ; hakka : "Ńg Pên-kî") le à Hong Kong, est la vingt-sixième gouverneure générale du Canada, en fonction du au. Elle est la deuxième femme après Jeanne Sauvé à occuper la fonction. | [
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Vlaams Belang | Vlaams Belang | Vlaams Belang (, "Flemish Interest", VB) is a right-wing populist, Flemish nationalist political party in the Flemish Region and Brussels Capital Region of Belgium. | Le Vlaams Belang (« Intérêt flamand »), nommé Vlaams Blok (« Bloc flamand ») jusqu'au, est un parti politique belge d'extrême droite prônant le nationalisme flamand et l'indépendance de la Flandre. | [
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Politics of New Caledonia | Politique en Nouvelle-Calédonie | New Caledonia is a French sui generis collectivity with a system of government based on parliamentarism and representative democracy. The President of the Government is the head of government, and there is a multi-party system, with Executive power being exercised by the government. Legislative power is vested in both the government and the Congress of New Caledonia. The judiciary is independent of the executive and the legislature. | En Nouvelle-Calédonie le clivage politique traditionnel est celui qui oppose les courants indépendantistes de gauche aux courants loyalistes de droite. Ce paysage se diversifie au fur et à mesure que l'enjeu est, plus que le statut de l'île, sa gestion. | [
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Autodesk Softimage | Autodesk Softimage | Autodesk Softimage, or simply Softimage () is a discontinued 3D computer graphics application, for producing 3D computer graphics, 3D modeling, and computer animation. Now owned by Autodesk and formerly titled Softimage|XSI, the software has been predominantly used in the film, video game, and advertising industries for creating computer generated characters, objects, and environments. | Softimage|XSI est un logiciel de modélisation, d'animation et de rendu 3D professionnel conçu à Montréal, où la compagnie du même nom fut fondée en 1986 par Daniel Langlois. | [
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Corporate finance | Finance d'entreprise | Corporate finance is the area of finance that deals with sources of funding, the capital structure of corporations, the actions that managers take to increase the value of the firm to the shareholders, and the tools and analysis used to allocate financial resources. The primary goal of corporate finance is to maximize or increase shareholder value. | La finance d'entreprise ou gestion financière, est le champ de la finance relatif aux décisions financières des entreprises. Son objet essentiel est l’analyse et la « "maximisation de la valeur de la firme pour ses actionnaires envisagée sur une longue période" ». En termes plus précis, l'enjeu consiste à optimiser la valeur de la séquence des profits monétaires futurs (relativement à un horizon de référence) sous la contrainte de la limitation des risques courus. Elle est, aux côtés de la finance publique et de la finance privée, l’un des trois grands domaines de la finance. Historiquement sa pratique est étroitement associée au recours au financement bancaire et de plus en plus à celui du financement de marché. | [
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Acne | Acné | Acne, also known as acne vulgaris, is a long-term skin disease that occurs when dead skin cells and oil from the skin clog hair follicles. Typical features of the condition include blackheads or whiteheads, pimples, oily skin, and possible scarring. It primarily affects skin with a relatively high number of oil glands, including the face, upper part of the chest, and back. The resulting appearance can lead to anxiety, reduced self-esteem, and, in extreme cases, depression or thoughts of suicide. Genetics is the primary cause of acne in 80% of cases. The role of diet and cigarette smoking in the condition is unclear, and neither cleanliness nor exposure to sunlight appears to play a part. In both sexes, hormones called androgens appear to be part of the underlying mechanism, by causing increased production of sebum. Another common factor is the excessive growth of the bacterium "Cutibacterium acnes", which is present on the skin. Treatments for acne are available, including lifestyle changes, medications, and medical procedures. Eating fewer simple carbohydrates such as sugar may minimize the condition. Treatments applied directly to the affected skin, such as azelaic acid, benzoyl peroxide, and salicylic acid, are commonly used. Antibiotics and retinoids are available in formulations that are applied to the skin and taken by mouth for the treatment of acne. However, resistance to antibiotics may develop as a result of antibiotic therapy. Several types of birth control pills help against acne in women. Medical professionals typically reserve isotretinoin pills for severe acne, due to greater potential side effects. Early and aggressive treatment of acne is advocated by some in the medical community to decrease the overall long-term impact on individuals. In 2015, acne affected approximately 633million people globally, making it the eighth-most common disease worldwide. Acne commonly occurs in adolescence and affects an estimated 80–90% of teenagers in the Western world. Some rural societies report lower rates of acne than industrialized ones. Children and adults may also be affected before and after puberty. Although acne becomes less common in adulthood, it persists in nearly half of affected people into their twenties and thirties, and a smaller group continues to have difficulties in their forties. | L' est une maladie dermatologique courante et chronique du "système pilosébacé" (qui comprend le follicule pileux, la tige pilaire et la glande sébacée sécrétant le sébum, à la racine du poil). | [
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Tromsø | Tromsø | Tromsø (, ; ; ;, ) is a municipality in Troms og Finnmark county, Norway. The administrative centre of the municipality is the city of Tromsø. | Tromsø ("Romsa" en same du Nord et "Tromssa" en kvène) est une ville du Nord de la Norvège. Située dans le comté de Troms, au nord du cercle polaire arctique, elle a une superficie de et comptait au, ce qui en fait la huitième ville du pays. Elle est surnommée « le Paris du Nord » (« "Nordens Paris" » en norvégien) et est la ville de plus de la plus septentrionale du monde. | [
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Oresteia | Orestie | The Oresteia () is a trilogy of Greek tragedies written by Aeschylus in the 5th century BC, concerning the murder of Agamemnon by Clytemnestra, the murder of Clytemnestra by Orestes, the trial of Orestes, the end of the curse on the House of Atreus and the pacification of the Erinyes. The trilogy—consisting of "Agamemnon" (), "The Libation Bearers" (), and "The Eumenides" ()—also shows how the Greek gods interacted with the characters and influenced their decisions pertaining to events and disputes. The only extant example of an ancient Greek theatre trilogy, the "Oresteia" won first prize at the Dionysia festival in 458 BC. The principal themes of the trilogy include the contrast between revenge and justice, as well as the transition from personal vendetta to organized litigation. "Oresteia" originally included a satyr play, "Proteus" (), following the tragic trilogy, but all except a single line of "Proteus" has been lost. | L’Orestie (en grec ) est une trilogie dramatique d'Eschyle représentée en 458 av. J.-C. aux Grandes Dionysies d'Athènes, où elle remporte le premier prix. Elle est composée de trois tragédies centrées sur la geste des Atrides : "Agamemnon" (), "Les Choéphores" ( ou ) et "Les Euménides" () ; un drame satyrique intitulé "Protée" (aujourd'hui perdu) la complétait. Œuvre testament d'Eschyle, c'est la seule trilogie liée du théâtre athénien qui ait été conservée. | [
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Tokyo | Tokyo | Tokyo (; Japanese:, "Tōkyō" ), officially, is the capital and most populous prefecture of Japan. Located at the head of Tokyo Bay, the prefecture forms part of the Kantō region on the central Pacific coast of Japan's main island, Honshu. Tokyo is the political and economic center of the country, as well as the seat of the Emperor of Japan and the national government. In 2019, the prefecture had an estimated population of 13,929,280. The Greater Tokyo Area is the most populous metropolitan area in the world, with more than 37.4 million residents as of 2018. | , anciennement, officiellement la, est "de facto" la capitale actuelle du Japon. Elle est la plus peuplée des préfectures du Japon, avec plus de "intra-muros" en 2018 et dans l'agglomération, et forme l'aire urbaine la plus peuplée au monde. Située sur la côte est de l'île principale de l'archipel japonais, Honshū, Tokyo est l'une des quarante-sept préfectures du Japon. Principal centre politique de l'archipel depuis le, la ville accueille la plupart des institutions du pays : la résidence principale de l'empereur du Japon, du Premier ministre, le siège de la Diète (le parlement japonais), du Cabinet, les ministères qui le constituent ainsi que toutes les ambassades étrangères. | [
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Kirkjubæjarklaustur | Kirkjubæjarklaustur | Kirkjubæjarklaustur (Icelandic for "church farm cloister", pronounced ; often referred to locally as just Klaustur) is a village in the south of Iceland on the hringvegur (road no. 1 or Ring Road) between Vík í Mýrdal and Höfn. It is part of the municipality of Skaftárhreppur and has about 500 inhabitants. | Kirkjubæjarklaustur, parfois abrégé en Klaustur, est une localité islandaise de la municipalité de Skaftárhreppur située au sud de l'île, dans la région de Suðurland. En 2011, le village comptait 120 habitants. | [
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Vík í Mýrdal | Vík í Mýrdal | The village of Vík (; or Vík í Mýrdal in full) is the southernmost village in Iceland, located on the main ring road around the island, around by road southeast of Reykjavík. | Vík í Mýrdal ou Vík est une localité située sur la côte sud de l'Islande. En 2011, on comptait 291 habitants. Le village est un centre de service et de commerce pour les habitants des environs, étant donné qu'il s'agit de la seule localité dans un rayon de. La capitale Reykjavik est située à. | [
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De Stijl | De Stijl | De Stijl (; ), Dutch for "The Style", also known as Neoplasticism, was a Dutch art movement founded in 1917 in Leiden. De Stijl consisted of artists and architects. In a narrower sense, the term "De Stijl" is used to refer to a body of work from 1917 to 1931 founded in the Netherlands. Proponents of De Stijl advocated pure abstraction and universality by a reduction to the essentials of form and colour; they simplified visual compositions to vertical and horizontal, using only black, white and primary colors. | De Stijl (néerlandais : [], « le style ») est un mouvement artistique des Pays-Bas, fondé en 1917 par Theo van Doesburg, qui publie d' à une revue d'art, "De Stijl", organe de diffusion des idées néoplasticiennes de Piet Mondrian et des membres du groupe "de Stijl". Ces peintres, architectes, sculpteurs et poètes ont profondément influencé l'architecture du, en particulier le Bauhaus et ensuite le style international. | [
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No Silver Bullet | Pas de balle en argent | "No Silver Bullet – Essence and Accident in Software Engineering" is a widely discussed paper on software engineering written by Turing Award winner Fred Brooks in 1986. Brooks argues that "there is no single development, in either technology or management technique, which by itself promises even one order of magnitude [tenfold] improvement within a decade in productivity, in reliability, in simplicity." He also states that "we cannot expect ever to see two-fold gains every two years" in software development, as there is in hardware development (Moore's law). | « Pas de balle en argent » (traduction littérale de « "No Silver Bullet" », et dont le sens est « pas de baguette magique » ) est une expression introduite en génie logiciel dans les années 1980 par Frederick Brooks lorsqu'il a publié "No Silver Bullet — Essence and Accidents of Software Engineering". Brooks désigne ainsi l'ensemble des « techniques miracles » censées permettre magiquement d'augmenter la productivité des programmeurs et de diminuer la quantité de bugs dans les programmes produits, et ainsi de tuer le monstre redouté, le dépassement des délais, lors de la réalisation des projets informatiques. | [
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Drilling | Perçage | Drilling is a cutting process that uses a drill bit to cut a hole of circular cross-section in solid materials. The drill bit is usually a rotary cutting tool, often multi-point. The bit is pressed against the work-piece and rotated at rates from hundreds to thousands of revolutions per minute. This forces the cutting edge against the work-piece, cutting off chips (swarf) from the hole as it is drilled. | Le perçage est un usinage consistant à faire un trou dans une pièce. Ce trou peut traverser la pièce de part en part ou bien ne pas déboucher. On parle alors de trou borgne. | [
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When Time Ran Out | Le Jour de la fin du monde | When Time Ran Out... is a 1980 American disaster film directed by James Goldstone and starring Paul Newman, Jacqueline Bisset, William Holden, James Franciscus, Ernest Borgnine, Red Buttons, Burgess Meredith, Valentina Cortese, Veronica Hamel, Pat Morita, Edward Albert and Barbara Carrera. | Le Jour de la fin du monde ("When Time Ran Out...") est un film américain réalisé par James Goldstone, sorti en 1980. | [
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Frangula alnus | Bourdaine | Frangula alnus, commonly known as alder buckthorn, glossy buckthorn, or breaking buckthorn, is a tall deciduous shrub in the family Rhamnaceae. Unlike other "buckthorns", alder buckthorn does not have thorns. It is native to Europe, northernmost Africa, and western Asia, from Ireland and Great Britain north to the 68th parallel in Scandinavia, east to central Siberia and Xinjiang in western China, and south to northern Morocco, Turkey, and the Alborz in Iran and Caucasus Mountains; in the northwest of its range (Ireland, Scotland), it is rare and scattered. It is also introduced and naturalised in eastern North America. | La Bourdaine ou Bourgène (Frangula alnus) est un arbuste de la famille des Rhamnacées qui pousse en milieu généralement très humide et dont l'écorce est utilisée comme purgatif. | [
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Gold plating | Plaqué or | Gold plating is a method of depositing a thin layer of gold onto the surface of another metal, most often copper or silver (to make silver-gilt), by chemical or electrochemical plating. This article covers plating methods used in the modern electronics industry; for more traditional methods, often used for much larger objects, see gilding. | Le plaqué or est un procédé de recouvrement d'une matière (métal ou plastique par exemple) par une fine couche d'or. | [
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Army of the Rhine (1791–1795) | Armée du Rhin (Révolution française) | The Army of the Rhine ("Armée du Rhin") was formed in December 1791, for the purpose of bringing the French Revolution to the German states along the Rhine River. During its first year in action (1792), under command of Adam Philippe Custine, the Army of the Rhine participated in several victories, including Mainz, Frankfurt and Speyer. Subsequently, the army underwent several reorganizations and merged with the Army of the Moselle to form the Army of the Rhine and Moselle on 20 April 1795. | L'armée du Rhin est une unité militaire française créée le pendant la Révolution française. Destinée à opérer aux alentours du Rhin elle est dissoute définitivement le. | [
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Brooks's law | Loi de Brooks | Brooks's law is an observation about software project management according to which "adding manpower to a late software project makes it later". It was coined by Fred Brooks in his 1975 book "The Mythical Man-Month". According to Brooks, there is an incremental person who, when added to a project, makes it take more, not less time. | La loi de Brooks — d'après Frederick Brooks — est une prédiction sur la productivité des projets informatiques : (formulation originale : " « Adding manpower to a late software project makes it later »"). | [
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Feedback | Rétroaction | Feedback occurs when outputs of a system are routed back as inputs as part of a chain of cause-and-effect that forms a circuit or loop. The system can then be said to "feed back" into itself. The notion of cause-and-effect has to be handled carefully when applied to feedback systems: | La rétroaction (en anglais ) est l’action "en retour" d’un effet sur sa propre origine : la séquence de causes et d'effets forme donc une boucle dite "boucle de rétroaction". | [
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101 Dalmatians (1996 film) | Les 101 Dalmatiens (film, 1996) | 101 Dalmatians is a 1996 American live-action comedy adventure film based on Walt Disney's animated 1961 movie adaptation of Dodie Smith's 1956 novel "The Hundred and One Dalmatians." Directed by Stephen Herek and co-produced by John Hughes and Ricardo Mestres, it stars Glenn Close, Jeff Daniels, Joely Richardson, Joan Plowright, Hugh Laurie, Mark Williams and Tim McInnerny. Unlike the 1961 film, none of the animals have speaking voices in this version. | Les 101 Dalmatiens ("") est un film américain de Stephen Herek sorti en 1996. C'est l'adaptation en film live du long métrage d'animation "Les 101 Dalmatiens" (1961) de Walt Disney Pictures. | [
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Josef Mengele | Josef Mengele | Josef Mengele (; 16 March 19117 February 1979), also known as the Angel of Death (German: Todesengel) was a German "Schutzstaffel" (SS) officer and physician during World War II. He is mainly remembered for his actions at the Auschwitz concentration camp, where he performed deadly experiments on prisoners, and was a member of the team of doctors who selected victims to be killed in the gas chambers and was one of the doctors who administered the gas. With Red Army troops sweeping through Poland, Mengele was transferred from Auschwitz to the Gross-Rosen concentration camp on 17 January 1945, just 10 days before the arrival of the Soviet forces at Auschwitz. | Josef Mengele [ˈjoːzɛf ˈmɛŋələ], né le à Guntzbourg et mort le à Bertioga, est un officier allemand de la (SS), criminel de guerre qui exerça comme médecin dans le camp d'extermination d'Auschwitz durant la Seconde Guerre mondiale. Maillon actif de la Shoah, il y participa à la sélection des déportés voués à un gazage immédiat et réalisa diverses expérimentations « médicales » meurtrières sur de nombreux détenus. Après la guerre, il s'enfuit en Amérique du Sud où il mourut en 1979 sans jamais avoir été jugé pour ses actes. | [
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French Penal Code of 1810 | Code pénal de 1810 | The Penal Code of 1810 was a code of criminal laws created under Napoleon, replacing the French Penal Code of 1791. Among other things, this code reinstated a life imprisonment punishment, as well as branding. These had been abolished in the French Penal Code of 1791. Issued on June 3, 1810, it stayed in use until March 1, 1994 when it was replaced by the Code pénal. | Le Code pénal de 1810 a été mis en place par Napoléon Bonaparte le et a été d’abord publié en reprenant le titre du code pénal de 1791 qu'il remplaçait, puis aussitôt renommé. Ce nouveau code, promulgué le, ré-introduit notamment la prison à perpétuité et la marque au fer rouge, qui avaient été abolis par le code pénal de 1791. | [
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Barfly (film) | Barfly | Barfly is a 1987 American comedy drama film directed by Barbet Schroeder and starring Mickey Rourke and Faye Dunaway. The film is a semi-autobiography of poet/author Charles Bukowski during the time he spent drinking heavily in Los Angeles, and it presents Bukowski's alter ego Henry Chinaski. The screenplay, written by Bukowski, was commissioned by the French film director Barbet Schroeder, and it was published (with illustrations by the author) in 1984, when film production was still pending. | Barfly est un film américain réalisé par Barbet Schroeder sorti en 1987. Le film est une semi-autobiographie de l'auteur-poète Charles Bukowski durant son passage à Los Angeles où il buvait beaucoup. Il fait d'ailleurs une apparition dans le film. | [
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Affirmative action | Discrimination positive | Affirmative action originally refers to a set of policies and practices preventing discrimination based on race, creed, color and national origins, now often refers policies positively supporting members of disadvantaged or underrepresented groups that have previously suffered discrimination in areas such as education, employment and housing. Historically and internationally, support for affirmative action has sought to achieve goals such as bridging inequalities in employment and pay, increasing access to education, promoting diversity, and redressing apparent past wrongs, harms, or hindrances. | La discrimination positive (terme considéré comme impropre par le GDT) ou action positive ou dédiscrimination ou mesures correctrices d'inégalités est le fait de de façon temporaire, en vue de rétablir l'égalité des chances. Les discriminations contre lesquelles il s'agirait de lutter, et qui entraînent un traitement inégalitaire, peuvent être de nature raciales ou être fondées sur le sexe, la religion, l'âge, le handicap ou encore le statut social. Son application entraîne des débats : revendications de mesures analogues de la part d'autres groupes discriminés pouvant exprimer un sentiment d'injustice, caractère légal ou constitutionnel des mesures mises en œuvre, contradiction entre égalité des chances et égalité devant la loi, ou existence éventuelle d'effets pervers de telles politiques, ses opposants parlant de mesures stigmatisantes. | [
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Comedian | Humoriste | A comedian or comic is a person who seeks to entertain an audience by making them laugh. This might be through jokes or amusing situations, or acting foolish (as in slapstick) or employing prop comedy. A comedian who addresses an audience directly is called a stand-up comedian. | Un humoriste est un auteur dont la production intellectuelle, écrite ou visuelle, contient et manifeste de l'humour, c'est-à-dire une certaine forme d'esprit, à la fois joyeux et satirique, caractérisée par un aspect vivace et piquant, voire sombre. | [
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The Young Ones (TV series) | Les Branchés débranchés | The Young Ones is a British sitcom written by Rik Mayall, Ben Elton, and Lise Mayer, starring Adrian Edmondson, Mayall, Nigel Planer, Christopher Ryan, and Alexei Sayle, and broadcast on BBC Two for two series, first shown in 1982 and 1984. The show focused on the lives of four students and their landlord's family on different plots that often included anarchic, offbeat humour. The show often included slapstick gags, visual humour and surreal jokes sometimes acted out by puppets, with each episode also featuring a notable selection of guest stars and a musical number from one of the noted performers during the programme's broadcast period. | Les Branchés débranchés ("The Young Ones") est une série télévisée britannique, en 12 épisodes de 35 minutes, créée par Ben Elton, Rik Mayall et Lise Mayer et diffusée entre le et le sur le réseau BBC Two. En France, la série a été diffusée à partir de 1985 sur Canal+, puis rediffusée en 2015 sur Énorme TV. | [
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Guy Verhofstadt | Guy Verhofstadt | Guy Maurice Marie Louise Verhofstadt (; ; born 11 April 1953) is a Belgian politician who was the Leader of the Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe from 2009 to 2019, and has been a Member of the European Parliament (MEP) from Belgium since 2009. He was the 47th Prime Minister of Belgium from 1999 to 2008, Deputy Prime Minister of Belgium from 1985 to 1992 and Minister of Budget from 1985 to 1992. He was a Member of the Chamber of Representatives from 1985 to 2009. | Guy Verhofstadt (, ), né le à Termonde, est un homme d'État belge, Premier ministre du Royaume de Belgique de 1999 à 2008. Ministre d'État belge, il est membre de l'Open Vld de tendance libérale. | [
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The Scorpion King | Le Roi Scorpion | The Scorpion King is a 2002 American historical fantasy action film directed by Chuck Russell, starring Dwayne "The Rock" Johnson, Kelly Hu, Grant Heslov, and Michael Clarke Duncan. It is a prequel of "The Mummy" franchise, which acts as a prologue as it takes place before the events of "The Mummy" and tells the story of Mathayus and his rise to become the legendary Scorpion King. The film marks Johnson's first lead role. | Le Roi Scorpion (titre original : "") est un film d'aventure américano-germano-belge réalisé par Chuck Russell et sorti en 2002. Il retrace l'histoire du Roi Scorpion rencontré dans "Le Retour de la momie," et est donc une préquelle du film avec Brendan Fraser et Rachel Weisz. | [
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Ed Wood | Ed Wood | Edward Davis Wood Jr. (October 10, 1924 – December 10, 1978) was an American filmmaker, actor, and author. In the 1950s, Wood directed several low-budget science fiction, crime and horror films, notably "Glen or Glenda" (1953), "Jail Bait" (1954), "Bride of the Monster" (1955), "Plan 9 from Outer Space" (1959), "Night of the Ghouls" (1959) and "The Sinister Urge" (1960). In the 1960s and 1970s, he moved towards sexploitation and pornographic films, and wrote over 80 pulp crime, horror and sex novels. Notable for their campy aesthetics, technical errors, unsophisticated special effects, ill-fitting stock footage, eccentric casts, idiosyncratic stories, and non sequitur dialogue, Wood's films remained largely obscure until he was posthumously awarded a Golden Turkey Award for Worst Director of All Time in 1980, renewing public interest in his life and work. | Edward Davis « Ed » Wood Junior est un réalisateur, acteur, producteur, scénariste et monteur américain né le à Poughkeepsie dans l'État de New York et mort d'une crise cardiaque le à Hollywood en Californie. | [
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Stock valuation | Évaluation du prix d'une action | In financial markets, stock valuation is the method of calculating theoretical values of companies and their stocks. The main use of these methods is to predict future market prices, or more generally, potential market prices, and thus to profit from price movement – stocks that are judged "undervalued" (with respect to their theoretical value) are bought, while stocks that are judged "overvalued" are sold, in the expectation that undervalued stocks will overall rise in value, while overvalued stocks will generally decrease in value. | L'évaluation d'action est ici l'estimation, à partir de critères qui se veulent objectifs, de la valeur de marché potentielle d'une action. Évaluer la valeur d'une action se pose dans des termes très différents suivant que l'on s'intéresse à un portefeuille financier ou au contrôle d'une entreprise. | [
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Welcome to Collinwood | Bienvenue à Collinwood | Welcome to Collinwood is a 2002 American caper comedy film written and directed by Anthony and Joe Russo and starring William H. Macy, Isaiah Washington, Sam Rockwell, Michael Jeter, Luis Guzmán, Patricia Clarkson, Andrew Davoli, George Clooney, Jennifer Esposito, and Gabrielle Union. The screenplay concerns a group of small-time thieves and misfits from the Collinwood neighborhood of Cleveland, who attempt to carry out a major theft from a jeweller's apartment safe. It is a remake of the Oscar-nominated 1958 Italian film "I soliti ignoti" by Mario Monicelli. It is the final film featuring Michael Jeter to be released during his lifetime. | Bienvenue à Collinwood ("") est un film germano-américain réalisé par Anthony et Joe Russo et sorti en 2002. C'est un "remake" du film italien "Le pigeon" ("I Soliti ignoti") de Mario Monicelli, sorti en 1958. | [
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Blood Bowl | Blood Bowl | Blood Bowl is a fantasy football game created by Jervis Johnson for the British games company Games Workshop as a parody of American Football. The game was first released in 1986 and has been re-released in new editions since. "Blood Bowl" is set in an alternate version of the "Warhammer Fantasy" setting, populated by traditional fantasy elements such as human warriors, goblins, dwarves, elves, orcs and trolls. | Blood Bowl est un jeu de football américain fantastique, à la fois jeu de figurines et jeu de société, créé par Jervis Johnson en 1987. L'action se situe dans l'univers de Warhammer Fantasy Battle, un monde médiéval fantastique imaginé par la compagnie Games Workshop. Le jeu a connu trois éditions commerciales qui se distinguent par des règles de jeu révisées. Une communauté active est présente sur Internet et les concepteurs publient régulièrement des mises à jour améliorant les règles du jeu. | [
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Sean Penn | Sean Penn | Sean Justin Penn (born August 17, 1960) is an American actor, director, and filmmaker. He has won two Academy Awards, for his roles in the mystery drama "Mystic River" (2003) and the biopic "Milk" (2008). | Sean Penn est un acteur, réalisateur, scénariste et producteur américain, né le à Santa Monica (Californie). Célèbre pour ses talents d'acteur, il choisit des scénarios souvent engagés qui le mènent à jouer des personnages divers : un père atteint d'une déficience intellectuelle dans "Sam, je suis Sam", un agent des services de renseignement dans "L'Interprète", un homme en attente d'une greffe cardiaque dans "21 Grammes", un guitariste comique dans "Accords et Désaccords", un père en détresse dans "Mystic River" et un homme politique gay dans "Harvey Milk". Ces deux derniers films lui ont chacun permis d'obtenir l'Oscar du meilleur acteur. | [
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Mwotlap language | Mwotlap | Mwotlap (pronounced ; formerly known as "Motlav") is an Oceanic language spoken by about 2,100 people in Vanuatu. The majority of speakers are found on the island of Motalava in the Banks Islands, with smaller communities in the islands of Ra (or "Aya") and Vanua Lava, as well as migrant groups in the two main cities of the country, Santo and Port Vila. | Le mwotlap ("M̄otlap", prononcé [], anciennement connu comme "motlav") est une langue de tradition orale parlée au Vanuatu par environ personnes en 2010. Plus précisément, ses locuteurs habitent essentiellement dans une petite île officiellement connue sous le nom de Mota Lava, dans l’archipel des îles Banks, dans le nord du pays. | [
250004,
250054,
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Charites | Charites | In Greek mythology, a Charis (;, ) or Grace is one of three or more minor goddesses of charm, beauty, nature, human creativity, and fertility, together known as the Charites ( ) or Graces. The usual roster, as given in Hesiod, is Aglaea ("Shining"), Euphrosyne ("Joy"), and Thalia ("Blooming"). Hesiod states that Aglaea is the youngest of this group and the wife of Hephaestus. In Roman mythology they were known as the, the "Graces". In some variants, Charis was one of the Charites, who was equated with Aglaea rather than a singular form of the name, as she too is referred to as the wife of Hephaestus. | Dans la mythologie grecque, les Charites (en grec ancien ), assimilées aux Grâces par les Romains, sont des déesses personnifiant la vie dans toute sa plénitude, et plus spécifiquement la séduction, la beauté, la nature, la créativité humaine et la fécondité. Selon Hésiode et Pindare, elles sont les filles de Zeus et d'Eurynomé (ou d'Eunomie). Certaines traditions tardives en font plutôt les filles d'Hélios (le Soleil) et d'Églé, ou de Dionysos et d'Aphrodite (ou d'Héra). | [
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That's My Bush! | Bush Président | That's My Bush! is an American sitcom that aired on Comedy Central from April 4 to May 23, 2001. The show was created by Trey Parker and Matt Stone, best known for creating "South Park". | Bush Président "(That's My Bush!)" est une série télévisée américaine, en 8 épisodes de 25 minutes, créée par Trey Parker et Matt Stone et diffusée entre le 4 avril et le sur le réseau Comedy Central. | [
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Option (finance) | Option | In finance, an option is a contract which gives the buyer (the owner or holder of the option) the right, but not the obligation, to buy or sell an underlying asset or instrument at a specified strike price prior to or on a specified date, depending on the form of the option. The strike price may be set by reference to the spot price (market price) of the underlying security or commodity on the day an option is taken out, or it may be fixed at a discount or at a premium. The seller has the corresponding obligation to fulfill the transaction – to sell or buy – if the buyer (owner) "exercises" the option. An option that conveys to the owner the right to buy at a specific price is referred to as a call; an option that conveys the right of the owner to sell at a specific price is referred to as a put. Both are commonly traded, but the call option is more frequently discussed. | En finance, une option est un produit dérivé qui établit un contrat entre un acheteur et un vendeur. L'acheteur de l'option obtient le droit, et non pas l'obligation, d'acheter ("call") ou de vendre ("put") un actif sous-jacent à un prix fixé à l'avance ("strike"), pendant un temps donné ou à une date fixée. Ce contrat peut se faire dans une optique de spéculation sur le prix futur de l'actif sous-jacent, ou d'assurance contre une évolution défavorable de ce prix. L'actif sous-jacent peut par exemple être une action, une obligation, un taux de change entre deux devises, une matière première ou encore un contrat à terme sur n'importe lequel de ces produits. | [
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Auverland | Auverland | Auverland ("Société nouvelle des automobiles Auverland"), now grouped with Panhard, is a French manufacturer of Jeep-like four-wheel-drive and armoured fighting vehicles. It bought Panhard from Peugeot in April 2005, and in a reverse takeover the combined company now uses the better known Panhard name. | Auverland est une entreprise de fabrication de véhicules militaires protégés et tout-terrain disparue et dont les actifs ont été repris en 2001 par la société SNNA devenue Panhard General Defense. | [
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Rahu | Râhu | Rāhu (Sanskrit: राहु)() is one of the nine major astronomical bodies (navagraha) in Indian texts. Unlike the other seven, Rahu is a shadow entity, one that causes eclipses and is the king of meteors. Rahu represents the ascension of the moon in its precessional orbit around the earth. | Râhu est le démon de l'éclipse dans l'hindouisme; il est décrit comme l'un des Navagraha (un des éléments célestes) dans l'astronomie védique et est associé à Ketu. Un des autres noms de Râhu est Bhayanaka. | [
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Solenoid valve | Électrovanne | A solenoid valve is an electromechanically operated valve. Solenoid valves differ in the characteristics of the electric current they use, the strength of the magnetic field they generate, the mechanism they use to regulate the fluid, and the type and characteristics of fluid they control. The mechanism varies from linear action, plunger-type actuators to pivoted-armature actuators and rocker actuators. The valve can use a two-port design to regulate a flow or use a three or more port design to switch flows between ports. Multiple solenoid valves can be placed together on a manifold. | Une électrovanne ou électrovalve est une vanne commandée électriquement. Grâce à cet organe, il est possible d'agir sur le débit d'un fluide dans un circuit par un signal électrique. | [
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Uterus | Utérus | The uterus (from Latin "uterus", plural "uteri") or womb () is a major female hormone-responsive secondary sex organ of the reproductive system in humans and most other mammals. In the human, the lower end of the uterus, the cervix, opens into the vagina, while the upper end, the fundus, is connected to the fallopian tubes. It is within the uterus that the fetus develops during gestation. In the human embryo, the uterus develops from the paramesonephric ducts which fuse into the single organ known as a simplex uterus. The uterus has different forms in many other animals and in some it exists as two separate uteri known as a duplex uterus. | L'utérus est un organe appartenant à l'appareil reproducteur féminin et de la plupart des mammifères. C'est une poche dont l'intérieur est très vascularisé, qui ouvre vers le col utérin à l'extérieur et qui du côté postérieur, vers l'abdomen, possède deux parties séparées appelées cornes () qui débouchent sur les trompes de Fallope conduisant aux ovaires. Ces cornes et le corps proprement dit de l'utérus sont plus ou moins marqués selon les espèces. Il est innervé somatiquement par les branches L5-S1-S2, sympathiquement par T12-L1-L2 et para-sympathiquement par le plexus sacral. | [
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Organized crime | Crime organisé | Organized crime is a category of transnational, national, or local groupings of highly centralized enterprises run by criminals to engage in illegal activity, most commonly for profit. Some criminal organizations, such as terrorist groups, are politically motivated. Sometimes criminal organizations force people to do business with them, such as when a gang extorts money from shopkeepers for "protection". Gangs may become disciplined enough to be considered "organized". A criminal organization or gang can also be referred to as a mafia, mob, ring, or syndicate; the network, subculture and community of criminals may be referred to as the underworld. European sociologists (e.g. Diego Gambetta) define a “mafia” as a type of organized crime group that specializes in the supply of extra-legal protection and quasi law enforcement. Gambetta's classic work on the original “Mafia”, or the Sicilian Mafia, generates an economic study of the mafia, which exerts great influence on studies of the Russian mafia, the Chinese triads, Hong Kong mafia and the Japanese yakuza. | Le crime organisé est une structure humaine relativement stable de plusieurs personnes respectant les ordres d'un chef ou d'un comité de direction pour faire des profits illicites par des méthodes et dans des domaines prohibés. | [
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Uluru | Uluru | Uluru (, Pitjantjatjara:'/ˈʊ.lʊ.ɻʊ/), also known as Ayers Rock (, like "airs") and officially gazetted as UluruAyers Rock, is a large sandstone rock formation in the southern part of the Northern Territory in central Australia. It lies south west of the nearest large town, Alice Springs. | Uluru, aussi connu sous le nom d’, est un inselberg en grès situé dans le Territoire du Nord, au centre de l'île principale de l'Australie. Il s'élève à au-dessus de la plaine. C'est un lieu sacré pour les peuples aborigènes Pitjantjatjara et Yankunytjatjara, à la base duquel ils pratiquent parfois des rituels et réalisent des peintures rupestres d'une grande importance culturelle. Ceci combiné à ses singularités géologiques et hydrologiques, ainsi qu'aux remarquables teintes qu'il peut prendre, en particulier au coucher du soleil, en a fait un des emblèmes de l'Australie, depuis sa découverte par les Occidentaux en 1873. | [
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Shawinigan | Shawinigan | Shawinigan is a city located on the Saint-Maurice River in the Mauricie area in Quebec, Canada. It had a population of 50,060 as of the Canada 2011 Census. | Shawinigan (API: ) est une ville du Québec (Canada), située en Mauricie. Elle compte en 2016. Désignée cité de l'énergie en vertu de son histoire hydroélectrique et industrielle, elle se trouve dans un environnement naturel composé de nombreuses forêts, rivières et lacs. | [
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Sam Bockarie | Sam Bockarie | Samuel Sam Bockarie, widely known as Mosquito (2 October 1964 – 5 May 2003), was a Sierra Leonean politician and army commander who served as a leader of the Revolutionary United Front (RUF). Bockarie was infamous during the Sierra Leone Civil War for his brutal tactics, which included amputation, mutilation, and rape. He earned the nickname "Mosquito" for his ability to attack when his enemies were off-guard mainly during the night. During his service in the RUF, he befriended future Liberian president Charles Taylor, and RUF commander Foday Sankoh. When Sankoh was imprisoned from March 1997 until April 1999, Bockarie served as commander of the RUF in his place. | Sam Bockarie, né en 1963 dans l'est de la Sierra Leone et décédé officiellement le au Liberia, a été l'un des principaux responsables du Revolutionary United Front (RUF) avec Foday Sankoh, durant la guerre civile de Sierra Leone. Il fut inculpé par le Tribunal spécial pour la Sierra Leone (TSSL) pour de nombreux crimes de guerre et crimes contre l'humanité. | [
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Peter Chung | Peter Chung | Peter Chung (born April 19, 1961) is a Korean American animator. He is best known for his unique style of animation, as the creator and director of "Æon Flux" and "". | Peter Chung (en coréen, hangeul : 정근식 ; romanisation révisée : Jeong Geon-Sik) est un réalisateur de films d'animation sud-coréen né le à Séoul. Il a étudié l'animation à CalArts. | [
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Ray Charles | Ray Charles | Ray Charles Robinson (September 23, 1930 – June 10, 2004) was an American singer, songwriter, pianist, and composer. Among friends and fellow musicians he preferred being called "Brother Ray." He was often referred to as "The Genius." Charles was blinded during childhood due to glaucoma. | Ray Charles, pseudonyme de Raymond Charles Robinson, né le à Albany (Géorgie) et mort le à Beverly Hills (Californie), est un chanteur, compositeur, arrangeur et pianiste américain. Figure majeure de la musique afro-américaine, il aborda de nombreux genres musicaux durant sa carrière de plus de cinquante ans : le jazz, le gospel, le blues, la country ou encore le rhythm and blues. Il est en outre fréquemment considéré comme l'un des pionniers de la soul avec Sam Cooke et Solomon Burke. | [
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Three Men and a Cradle | Trois hommes et un couffin | Three Men and a Cradle () is a 1985 French comedy film by Coline Serreau. The film was remade in Hollywood as "Three Men and a Baby" in 1987 which was subsequently remade into six Indian movies in five different languages. | Trois hommes et un couffin (typographié "3 hommes et un couffin" sur l'affiche du film) est un film français réalisé par Coline Serreau, sorti en 1985. | [
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Key lime | Citrus aurantiifolia | The Key lime ("Citrus" × "aurantiifolia") is a citrus hybrid ("C. micrantha" x "C. medica") with a spherical fruit, in diameter. The Key lime is usually picked while it is still green, but it becomes yellow when ripe. | Citrus aurantiifolia est un petit arbre de la famille des Rutacées. Il est appelé limettier, limettier mexicain, lime acide, limettier des Antilles, Key Lime ou encore citronnier gallet, son fruit a pour nom usuel : petit citron vert, citron Gallet, ou lime. | [
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Bill Plympton | Bill Plympton | Bill Plympton (born April 30, 1946) is an American animator, graphic designer, cartoonist, and filmmaker best known for his 1987 Academy Awards-nominated animated short "Your Face" and his series of shorts "Guard Dog", "Guide Dog", "Hot Dog", and "Horn Dog". | Bill Plympton est un dessinateur de bande dessinée et un réalisateur de films d'animation américain né le à Portland (Oregon) États-Unis. | [
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Gospel music | Gospel | Gospel music is a genre of Christian music. The creation, performance, significance, and even the definition of gospel music varies according to culture and social context. Gospel music is composed and performed for many purposes, including aesthetic pleasure, religious or ceremonial purposes, and as an entertainment product for the marketplace. Gospel music usually has dominant vocals (often with strong use of harmony) with Christian lyrics. Gospel music can be traced to the early 17th century, with roots in the black oral tradition. Hymns and sacred songs were often repeated in a call and response fashion. Most of the churches relied on hand clapping and foot stomping as rhythmic accompaniment. Most of the singing was done a cappella. The first published use of the term "gospel song" probably appeared in 1874. The original gospel songs were written and composed by authors such as George F. Root, Philip Bliss, Charles H. Gabriel, William Howard Doane, and Fanny Crosby. Gospel music publishing houses emerged. The advent of radio in the 1920s greatly increased the audience for gospel music. Following World War II, gospel music moved into major auditoriums, and gospel music concerts became quite elaborate. | Le gospel est un genre de musique chrétienne avec des dominantes vocales qui varient selon la culture. Il s'est développé en même temps que le blues primitif. Les artistes modernes de gospel ont aussi intégré des éléments de musique soul. L'origine de ce style provient des afro-américains chrétiens évangéliques, suivant les negro spirituals. | [
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Tampon | Tampon hygiénique | A tampon is a feminine hygiene product designed to absorb the menstrual flow by insertion into the vagina during menstruation. Once inserted correctly a tampon is held in place by the vagina and expands as it soaks up menstrual blood. The majority of tampons sold are made of rayon, or a blend of rayon and cotton. Tampons are available in several absorbency ratings. | Un tampon hygiénique, ou tampon périodique, est un dispositif absorbant habituellement jetable, le plus souvent en viscose parfois agrémenté d'un voile de coton, inséré dans le vagin comme protection hygiénique afin d'absorber le sang pendant les menstruations. | [
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Joseph Saidu Momoh | Joseph Saidu Momoh | Major General Joseph Saidu Momoh, OOR, OBE (January 26, 1937 – August 3, 2003) served as President of Sierra Leone from November 1985 to April 29, 1992. | Le général Joseph Momoh (né le à, mort le en Guinée) fut président de la République de Sierra Leone de novembre 1985 au. | [
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Canadian National Railway | Canadien National | The Canadian National Railway () is a Canadian Class I freight railway headquartered in Montreal, Quebec, that serves Canada and the Midwestern and Southern United States. | Canadian National Railway Company (ou Compagnie des Chemins de fer nationaux du Canada) est, avec le Canadien Pacifique, l'une des deux grandes compagnies de chemin de fer du Canada (sigles AAR: CN, CNA et CNIS). Son réseau, par suite de l'absorption de diverses compagnies américaines (notamment Illinois central et Wisconsin Central), s'étend largement aux États-Unis. Il fait partie des sept compagnies de classe 1 en Amérique du Nord. | [
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Caipirinha | Caïpirinha | Caipirinha () is Brazil's national cocktail, made with cachaça (sugarcane hard liquor), sugar, and lime. Cachaça, also known as "caninha", or any of a multitude of traditional names, is Brazil's most common distilled alcoholic beverage. Although rum and cachaça are made from sugarcane-derived products, in cachaça, alcohol results from fermentation of fresh sugarcane juice, then it is distilled, while rum is usually made from refinery by-products such as molasses. | La caïpirinha (prononcer « caïpirigna » : "la petite caïpira (rustique)") est un cocktail brésilien préparé à base de cachaça, de sucre de canne et de citron vert. Créé par les paysans dont il tirerait l'origine de son nom ("caïpira" signifierait péquenaud en portugais), ce cocktail est très populaire et largement consommé dans les restaurants, bars et boîtes de nuit. | [
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All People's Congress | Congrès de tout le peuple | The All People's Congress (APC) is one of the two major political parties in Sierra Leone, the other being the Sierra Leone People's Party (SLPP). The APC is the main opposition party in Sierra Leone since April 4, 2018 when Julius Maada Bio of the SLPP won the 2018 presidential elections, though it maintains a majority in parliament. | Le Congrès de tout le peuple ("All People’s Congress", APC) est un parti politique sierra-léonais fondé en 1960. C'est l'une des deux formations politiques les plus importantes du pays. | [
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Sergei Bondarchuk | Sergueï Bondartchouk | Sergei Fedorovich Bondarchuk (; ; Ukrainian: Сергі́й Фе́дорович Бондарчу́к, "Serhiy Fedorovych Bondarchuk"; 25 September 192020 October 1994) was a Soviet and Russian actor, film director, and screenwriter who was one of the leading figures of Russian cinema of the 1950s, 1960s and 70s. He is known for his sweeping period dramas including the internationally acclaimed 4-part adaptation of Leo Tolstoy's "War and Peace" and the Napoleonic War epic "Waterloo". | Sergueï Bondartchouk (en, "Sergueï Fiodorovitch Bondartchouk"), né le à Bilozerka (aujourd'hui en Ukraine) et décédé le à Moscou (Russie), est un cinéaste et comédien soviétique et russe, d'origine bulgare et ukrainienne. Il est l'un des réalisateurs majeurs du cinéma russe et soviétique. Son monumental "Guerre et Paix" (Oscar du meilleur film étranger 1968) représente, du point de vue international, la synthèse du langage cinématographique du. Son influence a été considérable. | [
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War and Peace (film series) | Guerre et Paix (série de films) | War and Peace (, trans. Voyna i mir) is a 1966–67 Soviet war drama film co-written and directed by Sergei Bondarchuk and a film adaptation of Leo Tolstoy's 1869 novel "War and Peace". The film, released in four installments throughout 1966 and 1967, starred Bondarchuk in the leading role of Pierre Bezukhov, alongside Vyacheslav Tikhonov and Ludmila Savelyeva, who depicted Prince Andrei Bolkonsky and Natasha Rostova. | Guerre et paix (en ) est une adaptation cinématographique russe du roman de Léon Tolstoï réalisée par Sergueï Bondartchouk, composée de quatre parties sorties entre 1966 et 1967. Avec un budget de roubles soviétiques en 1967 () c'est le film le plus cher jamais réalisé en URSS. Le film est réparti en deux volumes comportant chacun deux parties (pour un total de quatre partie, à l'instar du roman de Tolstoï). La version actuellement visible en France dure 7 heures 10 (4 heures pour le premier volume, 3 heures 10 pour le second). | [
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Marthe Richard | Marthe Richard | Marthe Richard, née "Betenfeld" (15 August 1889, in Blâmont – 9 February 1982) was a prostitute and spy. She later became a politician and worked towards the closing of brothels in France in 1946. | Marthe Richer, dite Marthe Richard, née Betenfeld le à Blâmont (Meurthe-et-Moselle) et morte le à Paris, est une prostituée, aviatrice, espionne et femme politique française. | [
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George Soros | George Soros | George Soros, (born Schwartz György; August 12, 1930) is a Hungarian-American billionaire investor and philanthropist., he had a net worth of $8 billion, having donated more than $32 billion to his philanthropic agency, the Open Society Foundations. | George Soros, né György Schwartz le à Budapest, ou György Soros (, ), est un financier milliardaire américain d'origine hongroise. | [
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Triangle inequality | Inégalité triangulaire | In mathematics, the triangle inequality states that for any triangle, the sum of the lengths of any two sides must be greater than or equal to the length of the remaining side. This statement permits the inclusion of degenerate triangles, but some authors, especially those writing about elementary geometry, will exclude this possibility, thus leaving out the possibility of equality. If,, and are the lengths of the sides of the triangle, with no side being greater than, then the triangle inequality states that with equality only in the degenerate case of a triangle with zero area. In Euclidean geometry and some other geometries, the triangle inequality is a theorem about distances, and it is written using vectors and vector lengths (norms): where the length of the third side has been replaced by the vector sum. When and are real numbers, they can be viewed as vectors in, and the triangle inequality expresses a relationship between absolute values. | En géométrie, l'inégalité triangulaire est le fait que, dans un triangle, la longueur d'un côté est inférieure à la somme des longueurs des deux autres côtés. Cette inégalité est bien sûr intuitive au point d'être évidente. Dans la vie ordinaire, comme dans la géométrie euclidienne, cela se traduit par le fait que "la ligne droite est le plus court chemin" : le plus court chemin d'un point A à un point B est d'y aller tout droit, sans passer par un troisième point C qui ne serait pas sur la ligne droite. | [
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Feminine hygiene | Protection hygiénique | Feminine hygiene products are personal care products used during menstruation, vaginal discharge, and other bodily functions related to the vulva and vagina. Those products that are used during menstruation may also be called menstrual hygiene products. Products used may include sanitary napkins (American English) or sanitary towels (British English), tampons, pantyliners, menstrual cups, and period panties. Feminine hygiene products also include products meant to cleanse the vulva or vagina, such as douches, feminine wipes, and soap. | Le terme de protection hygiénique ou protection périodique désigne l'ensemble des dispositifs amovibles utilisés afin d'éviter des épanchements sanguins extérieurs, principalement lors des menstruations. Ces protections peuvent être internes (insérées dans le vagin) ou externes (placées contre la vulve), et jetables ou réutilisables. | [
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Jean-de-Dieu Soult | Jean-de-Dieu Soult | Marshal General Jean-de-Dieu Soult, 1st Duke of Dalmatia, (; 29 March 1769 – 26 November 1851) was a French general and statesman, named Marshal of the Empire in 1804 and often called Marshal Soult. Soult was one of only six officers in French history to receive the distinction of Marshal General of France. The Duke also served three times as President of the Council of Ministers, or Prime Minister of France. | Jean-de-Dieu Soult, duc de Dalmatie, né le à Saint-Amans-la-Bastide, aujourd'hui Saint-Amans-Soult (Tarn), où il est mort le, est un militaire et homme d'État français. | [
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Dividend | Dividende | A dividend is a distribution of profits by a corporation to its shareholders. When a corporation earns a profit or surplus, it is able to pay a proportion of the profit as a dividend to shareholders. Any amount not distributed is taken to be re-invested in the business (called retained earnings). The current year profit as well as the retained earnings of previous years are available for distribution; a corporation usually is prohibited from paying a dividend out of its capital. Distribution to shareholders may be in cash (usually a deposit into a bank account) or, if the corporation has a dividend reinvestment plan, the amount can be paid by the issue of further shares or by share repurchase. In some cases, the distribution may be of assets. | Un dividende est un versement d'une entreprise à ses actionnaires. Ce sont les actionnaires, réunis en assemblée générale, qui décident du versement si l'entreprise détient une trésorerie suffisante. | [
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Travelling salesman problem | Problème du voyageur de commerce | The travelling salesman problem (also called the travelling salesperson problem or TSP) asks the following question: "Given a list of cities and the distances between each pair of cities, what is the shortest possible route that visits each city and returns to the origin city?" It is an NP-hard problem in combinatorial optimization, important in theoretical computer science and operations research. | En informatique, le problème du voyageur de commerce, ou problème du commis voyageur, est un problème d'optimisation qui, étant donné une liste de villes, et des distances entre toutes les paires de villes, détermine un plus court chemin qui visite chaque ville une et une seule fois et qui termine dans la ville de départ. | [
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Growth–share matrix | Matrice BCG | The growth–share matrix (aka the product portfolio matrix, Boston Box, BCG-matrix, Boston matrix, Boston Consulting Group analysis, portfolio diagram) is a chart that was created by Bruce D. Henderson for the Boston Consulting Group in 1970 to help corporations to analyze their business units, that is, their product lines. This helps the company allocate resources and is used as an analytical tool in brand marketing, product management, strategic management, and portfolio analysis. Some analysis of market performance by firms using its principles has called its usefulness into question. | La matrice BCG (Boston Consulting Group, fin des années 1960) est un outil d'analyse stratégique inventé par Bruce Henderson. Utilisé en stratégie d'entreprise, elle permet de justifier des choix d'allocation de ressources entre les différentes activités d'une entreprise diversifiée, présente sur plusieurs domaines d'activité stratégique (DAS en français, SBU - "Strategic Business Unit" - en anglais). | [
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
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