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StivenLancheros
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all_datasets_wikis

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Modern language
Langue vivante
A modern language is any human language that is currently in use. The term is used in language education to distinguish between languages which are used for day-to-day communication (such as French and German) and dead classical languages such as Latin and Classical Chinese, which are studied for their cultural or linguistic value. SIL Ethnologue defines a living language as "one that has at least one speaker for whom it is their first language" (see also Language § Linguistic diversity).
Une langue est vivante lorsqu'elle est parlée actuellement par des locuteurs qui l'utilisent spontanément pour la communication interpersonnelle. Le terme s'oppose à celui de langue morte.
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J. Michael Straczynski
Joseph Michael Straczynski
Joseph Michael Straczynski (; born July 17, 1954) is an American television and film screenwriter, producer and director, and comic book writer. He is the founder of Studio JMS and is best known as the creator of the science fiction television series "Babylon 5" (1993–1998) and its spinoff "Crusade" (1999), as well as the series "Jeremiah" (2002–2004) and "Sense8" (2015–2018).
Joseph Michael Straczynski est un auteur et producteur américain. Il a écrit des scénarios pour des dessins animés, des séries télévisées et des comics, ainsi que des nouvelles et des romans. Il est connu pour être l'auteur, producteur exécutif et principal scénariste de la série de science-fiction "Babylon 5", dont il avait composé l'ensemble de l'histoire avant le début de la première saison.
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Lion (heraldry)
Lion (héraldique)
The lion is a common charge in heraldry. It traditionally symbolises courage, nobility, royalty, strength, stateliness and valour, because historically the lion has been regarded as the "king of beasts". The lion also carries Judeo-Christian symbolism. The Lion of Judah stands in the coat of arms of Jerusalem. Similar-looking lions can be found elsewhere, such as in the coat of arms of the Swedish royal House of Bjelbo, from there in turn derived into the coat of arms of Finland, formerly belonging to Sweden.
En héraldique, le lion et le léopard désignent le même animal, mais avec une position de tête différente. La position du corps n'influe pas sur le nom, mais les deux « jumeaux » ont des positions préférées : ainsi le lion est "« rampant »" (debout), le léopard est "« passant »" (allongé). La queue du lion est traditionnellement tournée vers l'intérieur, celle du léopard vers l'extérieur, le léopard est moins barbu que le lion... mais il semble que tout cela ne soit que coquetterie d'illustrateurs.
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Einstein notation
Convention de sommation d'Einstein
In mathematics, especially in applications of linear algebra to physics, the Einstein notation or Einstein summation convention is a notational convention that implies summation over a set of indexed terms in a formula, thus achieving notational brevity. As part of mathematics it is a notational subset of Ricci calculus; however, it is often used in applications in physics that do not distinguish between tangent and cotangent spaces. It was introduced to physics by Albert Einstein in 1916.
En mathématiques et plus spécialement dans les applications de l'algèbre linéaire en physique, la convention de sommation d'Einstein ou notation d'Einstein est un raccourci de notation utile pour la manipulation des équations concernant des coordonnées.
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Relativism
Relativisme
Relativism is the idea that views are relative to differences in perception and consideration. There are a variety of different interpretations of the concept. The major categories of relativism vary in their degree of scope and controversy. "Moral relativism" encompasses the differences in moral judgments among people and cultures. "Truth relativism" is the doctrine that there are no absolute truths, i.e., that truth is always relative to some particular frame of reference, such as a language or a culture (cultural relativism). "Skeptical relativism" is that because our perceptions are always relative to some frame of reference, absolute truths are not accessible to us. "Descriptive relativism" seeks to describe the differences among cultures and people without evaluation, while normative relativism evaluates the morality or truthfulness of views within a given framework.
Le relativisme est un « mouvement de pensée qui traverse les siècles depuis l'Antiquité gréco-romaine », pour désigner un ensemble de doctrines variées qui ont pour point commun de défendre la thèse selon laquelle le sens et la valeur des croyances et des comportements humains n’ont pas de références absolues qui seraient transcendantes. Le succès du relativisme culturel à partir de la seconde moitié du, et à visée politique dans les années 1980, en Occident, a assuré la primauté et même l’exclusivité à ce sens du mot. Les idéologues anti-relativisme ont, eux aussi, souvent usé du terme « relativisme » de façon laxiste parce qu'il se rattache à l’historicisme, un des traits « le plus accusé de notre temps ».
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Ivan Turgenev
Ivan Tourgueniev
Ivan Sergeyevich Turgenev (; ; September 3, 1883) was a Russian novelist, short story writer, poet, playwright, translator and popularizer of Russian literature in the West.
Ivan Sergueïevitch Tourgueniev (en, ) est un écrivain, romancier, nouvelliste et dramaturge russe né le à Orel et mort le à Bougival. Son nom était autrefois orthographié Tourguénieff ou Tourguéneff.
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Nihilism
Nihilisme
Nihilism (; from Latin "nihil", "nothing") is the point of view or belief that all knowledge and values are baseless. Most commonly, nihilism is presented in the form of existential nihilism, which argues that life is without objective meaning, purpose, or intrinsic value. Moral nihilists assert that morality does not exist at all. Nihilism may also take epistemological, ontological, or metaphysical forms, meaning respectively that, in some aspect, knowledge is not possible, or reality does not actually exist.
Le nihilisme (du latin "", « rien »), connu également sous l'appellation « relativisme », peut être compris comme un phénomène propre à l'époque moderne. Il n'y a pas de définition claire et explicite du nihilisme, le terme étant surtout utilisé de manière péjorative afin de discréditer les idées modernes. Ainsi, le nihiliste serait celui qui opère une séparation entre les valeurs et les faits, qui proclamerait l'impossibilité de hiérarchiser les valeurs. Cette position implique l'amoralisme et le scepticisme moral. Le nihilisme reposerait sur la remise en question des causalités, intentionnalités et normativités de l'existence. Cette notion est applicable à différents domaines : politique, littéraire, religieux et philosophique. Le nihilisme est surtout compris comme un phénomène allemand et russe.
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Pafnuty Chebyshev
Pafnouti Tchebychev
Pafnuty Lvovich Chebyshev () ( – ) was a Russian mathematician. His name can be alternatively transliterated as "Chebysheff", Chebychov, "Chebyshov"; or "Tchebychev", "Tchebycheff" (French transcriptions); or "Tschebyschev", "Tschebyschef", "Tschebyscheff" (German transcriptions). "Chebychev", a mixture between English and French transliterations, is sometimes erroneously used.
Pafnouti Lvovitch Tchebychev (en ), né le à Okatovo, près de Borovsk, et décédé le à Saint-Pétersbourg, est un mathématicien russe. Son nom a tout d'abord été transcrit en français "Tchebychef". Il est aussi transcrit "Tschebyschef" ou "Tschebyscheff" (formes allemandes), "Chebyshov" ou "Chebyshev" (formes anglo-saxonnes).
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Car tuning
Tuning
Car tuning is the modification of a car to optimise it for a different set of performance requirements from those it was originally designed to meet. Most commonly this is higher engine performance and dynamic handling characteristics but cars may also be altered to provide better fuel economy, or smoother response. Often, tuning is done at the expense of emissions performance, component reliability and occupant comfort.
Le, ou personnalisation automobile, est l'ensemble des modifications apportées à un véhicule de série (voiture, moto, vélo, scooter, etc.) afin d'améliorer ses performances ou son style, ou simplement de le rendre unique. Au cours des années, une industrie s'est développée autour du, produisant des pièces et des services destinés à cette activité. Certaines compagnies vendent leurs propres véhicules modifiés ; on parle alors de « préparation automobile ».
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The Phenomenology of Spirit
Phénoménologie de l'esprit
The Phenomenology of Spirit () (1807) is Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel's most widely discussed philosophical work; its German title can be translated as either The Phenomenology of Spirit or The Phenomenology of Mind. Hegel described the work as an "exposition of the coming to be of knowledge". This is explicated through a necessary self-origination and dissolution of "the various shapes of spirit as stations on the way through which spirit becomes pure knowledge".
La Phénoménologie de l’Esprit ("") est une œuvre du philosophe Hegel, parue en 1807 au nombre de 750 exemplaires. Le titre de l’édition de 1807 est Système de la science, "Première partie, la Phénoménologie de l’esprit". Un autre intertitre de Hegel est : "Première partie : Science de l’expérience de la conscience". Le dessein de "La Phénoménologie", tel que mentionné dans sa préface, est d'« appréhender et exprimer le vrai non comme substance, mais précisément comme sujet ».
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Panopticon
Panoptique
The panopticon is a type of institutional building and a system of control designed by the English philosopher and social theorist Jeremy Bentham in the 18th century. The concept of the design is to allow all prisoners of an institution to be observed by a single security guard, without the inmates being able to tell whether they are being watched.
Le panoptique est un type d'architecture carcérale imaginée par le philosophe utilitariste Jeremy Bentham et son frère, Samuel Bentham, à la fin du. L'objectif de la structure panoptique est de permettre à un gardien, logé dans une tour centrale, d'observer tous les prisonniers, enfermés dans des cellules individuelles autour de la tour, sans que ceux-ci puissent savoir s'ils sont observés. Ce dispositif devait ainsi donner aux détenus le sentiment d'être surveillés constamment et ce, sans le savoir véritablement, c'est-à-dire à tout moment. Le philosophe et historien Michel Foucault, dans "Surveiller et punir" (1975), en fait le modèle abstrait d'une société disciplinaire, axée sur le contrôle social.
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San Diego
San Diego
San Diego (, ; ) is a city in the U.S. state of California on the coast of the Pacific Ocean, approximately south of Los Angeles and immediately adjacent to the border with Mexico. With an estimated population of 1,423,851 as of July 1, 2019, San Diego is the eighth-largest city in the United States and second-largest in California. It is part of the San Diego–Tijuana conurbation, the second-largest transborder agglomeration between the U.S. and a bordering country after Detroit–Windsor, with a population of 4,922,723 people. The city is known for its mild year-round climate, natural deep-water harbor, extensive beaches, long association with the United States Navy, and recent emergence as a healthcare and biotechnology development center.
San Diego ( ) est une ville des États-Unis, située dans l'État de Californie, sur la côte ouest, près de la frontière avec le Mexique. Avec lors du recensement de 2010, elle se place au huitième rang des villes les plus peuplées du pays et au deuxième rang des villes les plus peuplées de l'État, derrière Los Angeles. L'agglomération de San Diego, Carlsbad et San Marcos, faisant partie de la mégalopole de Californie du Sud, compte en 2010, la des États-Unis. Berceau historique de la Californie, San Diego est connue pour son climat agréable et ses plages ainsi que son port en eaux profondes et son histoire militaire avec la marine des États-Unis qui y dispose de plusieurs bases navales et y stationne l'une des grandes flottes navales du monde.
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Albert Marquet
Albert Marquet
Albert Marquet (27 March 1875 – 14 June 1947) was a French painter, associated with the Fauvist movement. He initially became one of the Fauve painters and a lifelong friend of Henri Matisse. Marquet subsequently painted in a more naturalistic style, primarily landscapes, but also several portraits and, between 1910 and 1914, several female nude paintings.
Albert Marquet est un peintre et dessinateur français né le à Bordeaux et mort le à Paris. Issu d'un milieu modeste, il est encouragé par sa mère à se former à Paris, où il se lie particulièrement avec Henri Matisse. Solidaire du mouvement fauve, il ne se laisse guère influencer par les autres courants du postimpressionnisme et, dès les, rencontre un succès qui lui permet de vivre confortablement de son art. Grand voyageur, il parcourt la France, l'Europe, le Maghreb et jusqu'au Proche-Orient. À partir de 1920, il quitte chaque hiver Paris pour Alger, où il épouse en 1923 Marcelle Martinet (1892-1984), et où il passe la Seconde Guerre mondiale.
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Gnaeus Cornelius Scipio Calvus
Cnaeus Cornelius Scipio Calvus
Gnaeus Cornelius Scipio Calvus (died 211 BC) was a Roman noble, general and statesman during the third century BC. He played a major part in the Second Punic War establishing Roman Rule in the east of the Iberian Peninsula and tying up several Carthaginian armies keeping them from reinforcing Hannibal.
Gnaeus Cornelius Scipio Calvus appartenait à la famille des Scipions, branche de la gens Cornelia. Il est l'oncle de Scipion l'Africain ("Publius Cornelius Scipio Africanus") et est consul en 222, avec Marcus Claudius Marcellus pour collègue. Tous deux dirigent, en tant que consuls, les opérations militaires lors de la dernière année de la guerre contre les Gaulois de Gaule cisalpine. Cornelius Scipion sera notamment l'un des artisans de la prise de Mediolanum, l'actuelle Milan, oppidum principal des Insubres.
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null
null
null
null
null
null
Cytosine
Cytosine
Cytosine (; C) is one of the four main bases found in DNA and RNA, along with adenine, guanine, and thymine (uracil in RNA). It is a pyrimidine derivative, with a heterocyclic aromatic ring and two substituents attached (an amine group at position 4 and a keto group at position 2). The nucleoside of cytosine is cytidine. In Watson-Crick base pairing, it forms three hydrogen bonds with guanine.
La cytosine est une base nucléique, et plus exactement une base pyrimidique (voir aussi ADN et ARN). On la trouve sous forme de nucléotide : dans l'ADN c'est la dCMP pour "désoxycytidine monophosphate" ou "désoxycytidylate", et dans l'ARN la CMP pour "cytidine monophosphate" ou "cytidylate", ainsi que sous forme de nucléoside avec la "désoxycytidine" et la "cytidine". La cytosine s'apparie avec la guanine dans l'ADN comme dans l'ARN et existe sous 3 formes tautomères dont deux stéréoisomères (1H et 3H) et une tautomère avec un groupe fonctionnel différent (2H : oxo- en hydroxy-).
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null
null
null
null
null
null
Uracil
Uracile
Uracil (; U) is one of the four nucleobases in the nucleic acid RNA that are represented by the letters A, G, C and U. The others are adenine (A), cytosine (C), and guanine (G). In RNA, uracil binds to adenine via two hydrogen bonds. In DNA, the uracil nucleobase is replaced by thymine. Uracil is a demethylated form of thymine.
L'uracile (usuellement noté "U") est une base nucléique (base pyrimidique) spécifique à l'ARN. On le trouve dans cet acide nucléique sous forme de nucléoside avec l"uridine" et de nucléotide avec l"uridine monophosphate" ou "uridylate". Alors que dans l'ADN, l'adénine s'apparie avec la thymine (notée "T"), c'est l'uracile qui se lie à l'adénine dans l'ARN, par deux liaisons hydrogène.
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Thymine
Thymine
Thymine (T, Thy) is one of the four nucleobases in the nucleic acid of DNA that are represented by the letters G–C–A–T. The others are adenine, guanine, and cytosine. Thymine is also known as 5-methyluracil, a pyrimidine nucleobase. In RNA, thymine is replaced by the nucleobase uracil. Thymine was first isolated in 1893 by Albrecht Kossel and Albert Neumann from calves' thymus glands, hence its name.
La thymine est une base nucléique (base pyrimidique) entrant dans la constitution des nucléotides, composants de base (ou monomères) des acides nucléiques. On la trouve sous forme de nucléotide uniquement dans l'ADN, c'est la "désoxythymidine monophosphate" ou "désoxythymidylate" et sous forme de nucléoside uniquement dans l'ADN c'est la "désoxythymidine". La thymine s'apparie avec ladénine dans l'ADN et est remplacée par luracile dans l'ARN. Elle existe sous 7 formes tautomères dont 2 stéréoisomères (1,3H et 3,5H) et 5 tautomères avec au moins un groupe fonctionnel différent (7,8H, 3,8H, 5,8H, 5,7H et 3,7H : oxo- en hydroxy-).
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Adenine
Adénine
Adenine (A, Ade) is a nucleobase (a purine derivative). It is one of the four nucleobases in the nucleic acid of DNA that are represented by the letters G–C–A–T. The three others are guanine, cytosine and thymine. Its derivatives have a variety of roles in biochemistry including cellular respiration, in the form of both the energy-rich adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and the cofactors nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD). It also has functions in protein synthesis and as a chemical component of DNA and RNA. The shape of adenine is complementary to either thymine in DNA or uracil in RNA.
L'adénine est un composé organique de formule brute CHN, appartenant à la famille des purines. L'adénine est une molécule hétérocyclique, constitué d'un cycle possédant plusieurs atomes d'azote associés avec des atomes de carbone.
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Ringo Starr
Ringo Starr
Sir Richard Starkey (born 7 July 1940), known professionally as Ringo Starr, is an English musician, singer, songwriter and actor who gained worldwide fame as the drummer for the Beatles. He occasionally sang lead vocals with the group, usually for one song on each album, including "Yellow Submarine", "With a Little Help from My Friends" and their cover of "Act Naturally". He also wrote and sang the Beatles' songs "Don't Pass Me By" and "Octopus's Garden", and is credited as a co-writer of others.
Sir Richard Starkey, mieux connu sous son nom de scène Ringo Starr, est un musicien, chanteur, batteur, auteur-compositeur-interprète et acteur britannique né le à Liverpool.
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Theodor W. Adorno
Theodor W. Adorno
Theodor W. Adorno (; ; born Theodor Ludwig Wiesengrund; September 11, 1903 – August 6, 1969) was a German philosopher, sociologist, psychologist, musicologist, and composer known for his critical theory of society.
Theodor W. Adorno, né Theodor Ludwig Wiesengrund le et mort le, est un philosophe, sociologue, compositeur et musicologue allemand.
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Syphax
Syphax
Syphax was a king of the ancient Numidian tribe Masaesyli of western Numidia during the last quarter of the 3rd century BC. His story is told in Livy's "Ab Urbe Condita" (written c. 27–25 BC).
Syphax (v. 250 – v. ) fut un roi berbère de la Numidie occidentale (d'environ 215 à ), dont la capitale était Siga (actuelle Oulhaça El Gheraba) et Cirta (Constantine) en Algérie. Son histoire est racontée par Tite-Live, dans "Ab Urbe condita libri".
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Monothelitism
Monothélisme
Monothelitism or monotheletism (from Greek μονοθελητισμός "doctrine of one will") is the view that Jesus Christ has two natures but only one will. It is contrary to dyothelitism, the christological doctrine that Jesus Christ has two wills (human and divine) that correspond to his two natures.
Le monothélisme est un courant de pensée du christianisme, développé au dans le but de réunifier l'Église "chalcédonienne" et les Églises des trois conciles, et condamné comme hérésie au troisième concile de Constantinople en 681.
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Angioedema
Œdème de Quincke
Angioedema is an area of swelling of the lower layer of skin and tissue just under the skin or mucous membranes. The swelling may occur in the face, tongue, larynx, abdomen, or arms and legs. Often it is associated with hives, which are swelling within the upper skin. Onset is typically over minutes to hours. The underlying mechanism typically involves histamine or bradykinin. The version related to histamine is due to an allergic reaction to agents such as insect bites, foods, or medications. The version related to bradykinin may occur due to an inherited problem known as C1 esterase inhibitor deficiency, medications known as angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, or a lymphoproliferative disorder. Efforts to protect the airway may include intubation or cricothyroidotomy. Histamine-related angioedema can be treated with antihistamines, corticosteroids, and epinephrine. In those with bradykinin-related disease a C1 esterase inhibitor, ecallantide, or icatibant may be used. Fresh frozen plasma may be used instead. In the United States the disease affects about 100,000 people a year.
L'angioœdème ou angio-œdème, connu aussi sous le nom d’œdème de Quincke et l’ancien terme œdème angioneurotique (en réalité angio-œdème héréditaire), est le gonflement (œdème) rapide de la peau, des muqueuses et des tissus sous-muqueux. En dehors de la forme courante, due à une allergie, il a été observé parmi les effets indésirables de certains médicaments, et notamment les IECA (Inhibiteur de l'enzyme de conversion de l'angiotensine).
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Pyrimidine
Pyrimidine
Pyrimidine is an aromatic heterocyclic organic compound similar to pyridine. One of the three diazines (six-membered heterocyclics with two nitrogen atoms in the ring), it has the nitrogen atoms at positions 1 and 3 in the ring. The other diazines are pyrazine (nitrogen atoms at the 1 and 4 positions) and pyridazine (nitrogen atoms at the 1 and 2 positions). In nucleic acids, three types of nucleobases are pyrimidine derivatives: cytosine (C), thymine (T), and uracil (U).
La pyrimidine (ou 1,3-diazine ) est une molécule azotée hétérocyclique aromatique (CHN) voisine de la pyridine et comportant deux atomes d'azote. Elle est aussi isomère de position de la pyridazine (1,2-diazine) et la pyrazine (1,4-diazine). Dans un sens plus large, ses dérivés à bases pyrimidiques sont aussi appelés pyrimidines. Ils se retrouvent notamment dans les bases nucléiques constituant les molécules d'ADN et d'ARN : cytosine, thymine, uracile.
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Mister Ed
Monsieur Ed, le cheval qui parle
Mister Ed is an American television situation comedy produced by Filmways that aired in syndication from January 5 to July 2, 1961, and then on CBS from October 1, 1961 to February 6, 1966. The show's title character is a talking horse which originally appeared in short stories by Walter R. Brooks.
Monsieur Ed, le cheval qui parle ("Mister Ed") est une série télévisée américaine, en 143 épisodes de 26 minutes, créée par et diffusée entre le et le, tout d'abord en syndication, puis sur le réseau CBS.
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Administrative divisions of Chad
Administration territoriale du Tchad
The administrative divisions of Chad have often changed since 1900, when the territory was first created by France as part of its colonial empire, with the name "Territoire Militaire des pays et protectorats du Tchad". The first subdivision took place in 1910, when 9 circumscriptions were made, named "départements" (departments) in 1935 and "régions" (regions) in 1947. As for the regions, they were further divided in districts.
Le Tchad, indépendant depuis 1960, a longtemps été divisé en 14 préfectures. Puis, en 1999 il est divisé en 28 départements. Enfin, depuis 2008, il est divisé en 23 régions.
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Indulis Emsis
Indulis Emsis
Indulis Emsis (born 2 January 1952 in Salacgriva, Limbaži District) is a Latvian biologist and politician. He was Prime Minister of Latvia for ten months in 2004, the first Green politician to lead a country in the history of the world. He was Speaker of the Saeima, the Latvian parliament from 2006 to 2007. Emsis' political views are described as rather conservative, unusual for members of green parties around the world.
Indulis Emsis, né le à Salacgrīva, alors en Union soviétique, est un homme d'État letton membre du Parti vert de Lettonie (LZP), qui fait partie de l'Union des verts et des paysans (ZZS).
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A. Mark Ratner
Mark Ratner
A. Mark Ratner (born November 1948 in New Jersey, United States) is an American game designer, notable for his work on "Space Marines" and Space Opera.
Mark A. Ratner est le coauteur du jeu de rôle "Space Opera" et de ses suppléments : "Space Marines" et "Ground & Air Equipement". Mark vit à Nashua (New Hampshire, États-Unis) et travaille comme ingénieur dans le génie civil.
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Finnair
Finnair
Finnair (, ) is the flag carrier and largest airline of Finland, with its headquarters in Vantaa on the grounds of Helsinki Airport, its hub. Finnair and its subsidiaries dominate both domestic and international air travel in Finland. Its major shareholder is the government of Finland, which owns 55.8% of the shares. Finnair is a member of the Oneworld airline alliance. In 2017, it transported about 11.9 million passengers to over 100 European, 20 Asian and 7 North American destinations. At the end of 2017, the airline employed 5,918 people.
Finnair (code AITA : AY ; code OACI : FIN) est une compagnie aérienne finlandaise. C'est la compagnie nationale de la République de Finlande, elle opère à partir de l’aéroport d'Helsinki-Vantaa et domine les marchés domestiques et internationaux aériens en Finlande. L'État finlandais possède une part de, étant d’appartenance étrangère. Des actions de Finnair sont cotées à la Bourse des valeurs d’Helsinki. Finnair est une compagnie aérienne membre de l’alliance Oneworld.
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The Picture of Dorian Gray
Le Portrait de Dorian Gray
The Picture of Dorian Gray is a Gothic and philosophical novel by Oscar Wilde, first published complete in the July 1890 issue of "Lippincott's Monthly Magazine". Fearing the story was indecent, the magazine's editor deleted roughly five hundred words before publication without Wilde's knowledge. Despite that censorship, "The Picture of Dorian Gray" offended the moral sensibilities of British book reviewers, some of whom said that Oscar Wilde merited prosecution for violating the laws guarding public morality. In response, Wilde aggressively defended his novel and art in correspondence with the British press, although he personally made excisions of some of the most controversial material when revising and lengthening the story for book publication the following year.
Le Portrait de Dorian Gray ("") est un roman d'Oscar Wilde écrit dans le contexte de l'époque victorienne et publié en 1890, puis révisé en 1891. L'auteur y inclut des thèmes relevant de l'esthétique tels que l'art, la beauté, la jeunesse, la morale et l'hédonisme. C'est un roman fantastique, mais aussi philosophique, qui met en lumière la personnalité équivoque du dandy irlandais ainsi que le courant décadentiste, ce qui a suscité de virulents échanges de lettres entre Wilde et plusieurs journaux très critiques jugeant l'œuvre « répugnante ». Principal représentant du courant de l'esthétisme anglais, Oscar Wilde profite de son roman pour illustrer et discuter les grands concepts de ce courant. On peut voir en Lord Henry l'auteur lui-même, amoureux des mots et dandy hédoniste connu pour ses mœurs légères.
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Church of the Jacobins
Ensemble conventuel des Jacobins
The Church of the Jacobins is a deconsecrated Roman Catholic church located in Toulouse, France. It is a large brick building whose construction started in 1230, and whose architecture influenced the development of the "Gothique méridional" (Southern French Gothic) style. The relics of Thomas Aquinas are housed there. In the two centuries following the dissolution of the Dominican Order at the time of the French Revolution, it served various different purposes before undergoing major restoration in the 20th century. In the early 21st century, it was partially converted into a museum.
Le Couvent des Jacobins de Toulouse, situé dans le centre de la ville, à mi-chemin entre le Capitole et la Garonne, juste en face du lycée Pierre-de-Fermat, est constitué d'une église dite « église des Jacobins », d'un cloître, d'une salle capitulaire, d'un réfectoire et d'une chapelle, la chapelle Saint-Antonin. Il est parfois appelé « ensemble conventuel des Jacobins », appellation qui est aujourd'hui abandonnée. Il a été construit par l'ordre des frères prêcheurs, un ordre mendiant dont le premier couvent de la branche masculine a été fondé en 1215 à Toulouse par Dominique de Guzmán, futur saint Dominique, afin de promouvoir la prédication de l'Évangile et lutter contre l'hérésie cathare. Ces bâtiments entièrement faits de brique sont considérés comme des joyaux de l'art gothique languedocien en matière de construction monastique des et.
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Dictatorship of the proletariat
Dictature du prolétariat
In Marxist philosophy, the dictatorship of the proletariat is a state of affairs in which a proletarian party holds political power. The dictatorship of the proletariat is the intermediate stage between a capitalist economy and a communist economy, whereby the post-revolutionary state seizes the means of production and compels the implementation of direct elections on behalf and within the confines of the ruling proletarian state party. Instituting elected delegates into representative workers' councils that nationalise ownership of the means of production from private to collective ownership. (Though the concept of workers councils originated in Russia) During this phase the administrative organizational structure of the party is to be largely determined by the need for it to govern firmly and wield state power to prevent counterrevolution and to facilitate the transition to a lasting communist society.
La dictature du prolétariat est un concept du marxisme désignant la phase transitoire de la société entre le capitalisme et le communisme.
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Notre-Dame du Taur
Église Notre-Dame du Taur
Notre-Dame du Taur is a Roman Catholic church located in Toulouse, France. According to legend, the edifice was built on the exact spot where the body of Saint Saturnin (Sernin), patron saint of Toulouse, became detached from the bull that dragged the martyr to his death. The church stands in the rue du Taur between the Capitole and the Basilica of St. Sernin. It has been classified as a historic monument since 1840.
L'église Notre-Dame du Taur est un édifice religieux catholique, qui se trouve au rue du Taur, entre la place du Capitole et la basilique Saint-Sernin, au cœur du quartier Arnaud-Bernard, dans le centre-ville de Toulouse. L'église, construite entre le, est un des principaux monuments de l'art gothique méridional. Elle est particulièrement célèbre pour sa haute façade, un clocher-mur qui s'insère dans les constructions de la rue.
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Decapitation
Décapitation
Decapitation is the complete separation of the head () from the body. Such an injury is almost always fatal to humans and animals, since it deprives the brain of oxygenated blood and blood pressure, while all other organs are deprived of the involuntary functions that are needed for the body to function.
La décapitation désigne la séparation de la tête et du corps. Elle peut survenir de manière accidentelle, ou volontaire (exécution). Dans ce second cas, elle est usuellement réalisée à l'aide d’un « tranche-tête » (couteau, épée, sabre, hache ou guillotine). En général, dans les cas de décapitation effectuée à l'épée ou à la hache, le condamné devait au préalable poser la tête sur un. La décapitation peut être également réalisée sur le corps d'un homme mort.
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Hôtel d'Assézat
Hôtel d'Assézat
The Hôtel d'Assézat in Toulouse, France, is a Renaissance "hôtel particulier" ("palace") of the 16th century which houses the Bemberg Foundation, a major art gallery of the city.
Situé à peu de distance de la place Esquirol à Toulouse dans la Haute-Garonne, l'hôtel d'Assézat est un hôtel particulier élevé en 1555-1557 sur les plans de Nicolas Bachelier, le plus grand architecte toulousain de la Renaissance, puis terminé entre 1560 et 1562 par son fils, Dominique Bachelier. Derrière un portail d'entrée monumental se cache la cour intérieure, rénovée en 1993, où se déploient les façades classiques de l'hôtel. Il abrite le musée de la Fondation Bemberg qui y présente ses collections d'art, notamment de peinture, du. Il est classé monument historique depuis 1914.
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Armistead Maupin
Armistead Maupin
Armistead Jones Maupin, Jr. ( ) (born May 13, 1944) is an American writer who wrote "Tales of the City", a series of novels set in San Francisco.
Armistead Jones Maupin Jr., né le à Washington, est un écrivain américain célèbre pour son feuilleton "Tales of the City" dans le journal "San Francisco Chronicle" subséquemment publié en neuf romans sous le titre "Les Chroniques de San Francisco" puis produit pour la télévision, et pour son engagement dans l'acceptation des homosexuels par la société.
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Szczecinek
Szczecinek
Szczecinek ( ; ; ) is a historic city in Middle Pomerania, northwestern Poland, with a population of more than 40,000 (2011). Formerly in the Koszalin Voivodeship (1950–1998), it has been the capital of Szczecinek County in the West Pomeranian Voivodeship since 1999. It is also known as Krono-Zdrój or Kronobyl. It is an important railroad junction, located along the main Poznań - Kolobrzeg line, which crosses less important lines to Chojnice and Słupsk. The city boundaries were expanded in 2009 to include the surrounding villages of Świątki and Trzesieka, a total area of.
Szczecinek (en ) est une ville de la voïvodie de Poméranie occidentale, dans le nord-ouest de la Pologne. Sa population s'élevait à habitants en 2016.
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Docetism
Docétisme
In the history of Christianity, docetism (from the "dokeĩn" "to seem", "dókēsis" "apparition, phantom") is the heterodox doctrine that the phenomenon of Jesus, his historical and bodily existence, and above all the human form of Jesus, was mere semblance without any true reality. Broadly it is taken as the belief that Jesus only seemed to be human, and that his human form was an illusion.
Le docétisme (du grec "dokein", paraître) désigne un ensemble de tendances christologiques du début du christianisme, relevant du courant christologique "sarx" pour lequel le christ "se faisant « chair »" ne signifie pas qu'il "se fait « homme »". Les théologiens docètes interprètent littéralement le verset de l’évangile selon Jean où il est écrit que « la Parole se fit chair ».
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BIOS
BIOS (informatique)
BIOS (pronounced:, ; an acronym for Basic Input/Output System and also known as the System BIOS, ROM BIOS or PC BIOS) is firmware used to perform hardware initialization during the booting process (power-on startup), and to provide runtime services for operating systems and programs. The BIOS firmware comes pre-installed on a personal computer's system board, and it is the first software to run when powered on. The name originates from the Basic Input/Output System used in the CP/M operating system in 1975. The BIOS originally proprietary to the IBM PC has been reverse engineered by companies looking to create compatible systems. The interface of that original system serves as a "de facto" standard.
Le BIOS, de l'anglais (en français : « système élémentaire d'entrée/sortie ») est un ensemble de fonctions, contenu dans la mémoire morte ("ROM") de la carte mère d'un ordinateur, lui permettant d'effectuer des opérations de base, lors de sa mise sous tension. Par exemple l'identification des périphériques d’entrée/sortie connectés et la lecture d'un secteur sur un disque, un CD ou une partie d'une clé USB. Par extension, le terme est souvent utilisé pour décrire l'ensemble du micrologiciel de la carte mère. C'est en quelque sorte le centre de contrôle de la carte mère. Sur les cartes récentes il est remplacé par sa version moderne l'UEFI.
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Quest for Camelot
Excalibur, l'épée magique
Quest for Camelot (released in the United Kingdom as The Magic Sword: Quest for Camelot) is a 1998 American animated musical fantasy film produced by Warner Bros. Feature Animation and directed by Frederik Du Chau and based on the novel "The King's Damosel" by Vera Chapman. Feature the voices of Jessalyn Gilsig, Cary Elwes, Frank Welker, Eric Idle, and Don Rickles. Andrea Corr and Bryan White also do singing vocals for two of the main characters.
Excalibur, l'épée magique ou La Légende de Camelot au Québec ("Quest for Camelot") est un dessin animé américain réalisé en 1998 par Frederik Du Chau de Warner Bros.
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Swap (finance)
Swap (finance)
A swap, in finance, is an agreement between two counterparties to exchange financial instruments or cashflows or payments for a certain time. The instruments can be almost anything but most swaps involve cash based on a notional principal amount.
Le swap (de l'anglais "to swap" : échanger) ou contrat d'échange ou l'échange financier (J.O. du / ) est un produit dérivé financier. Il s'agit d'un contrat d'échange de flux financiers entre deux parties, qui sont généralement des banques ou des institutions financières.
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Toulouse Cathedral
Cathédrale Saint-Étienne de Toulouse
Toulouse Cathedral () is a Roman Catholic church located in the city of Toulouse, France. The cathedral is a national monument, and is the seat of the Archbishop of Toulouse.
La cathédrale Saint-Étienne de Toulouse est une cathédrale catholique romaine du centre historique de Toulouse, dans le département de la Haute-Garonne. Elle a donné son nom au quartier qui l'entoure. On ne connaît pas les origines de la cathédrale. Ses premières traces datent de 1071, quand l'évêque Isarn décida de reconstruire l'édifice, alors en ruine. Son architecture est particulière car elle est composée d'éléments architecturaux de diverses époques. La cathédrale jouxte l'ancien palais épiscopal, aujourd'hui occupé par la préfecture.
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Michel Petrucciani
Michel Petrucciani
Michel Petrucciani (; ; 28 December 1962 – 6 January 1999) was a French jazz pianist. From birth he had osteogenesis imperfecta, a genetic disease that causes brittle bones and, in his case, short stature. He became one of the most accomplished jazz pianists of his generation despite having arms which caused him pain.
Michel Petrucciani, né le à Orange (Vaucluse) et mort le à New York, est un pianiste et compositeur de jazz français.
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Magda Szabó
Magda Szabó
Magda Szabó (October 5, 1917 – November 19, 2007) was a Hungarian novelist. She also wrote dramas, essays, studies, memoirs, and poetry. She is the most translated Hungarian author, with publications in 42 countries and over 30 languages.
Magda Szabó, née le à Debrecen et morte le à Kerepes, est une écrivaine, poétesse, dramaturge, essayiste, docteure en philologie, traductrice et auteure d'ouvrages de littérature d'enfance et de jeunesse hongroise.
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Mendoza Province
Province de Mendoza
The Province of Mendoza () is a province of Argentina, located in the western central part of the country in the Cuyo region. It borders to the north with San Juan, the south with La Pampa and Neuquén, the east with San Luis, and to the west with the republic of Chile; the international limit is marked by the Andes mountain range. Its capital city is the homonymous city of Mendoza.
La province de Mendoza est une province de l'Argentine située à l'ouest du pays. Elle est limitrophe de la province de San Juan au nord, de San Luis à l'est, de La Pampa et Neuquén au sud et du Chili à l'ouest. Elle est typiquement une province andine. Avec les provinces de San Juan et de San Luis, la province de Mendoza fait partie de la région de Cuyo.
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Thaler
Thaler
A thaler () is one of the large silver coins minted in the states and territories of the Holy Roman Empire and the Habsburg monarchy during the Early Modern period. A "thaler" size silver coin has a diameter of about 40 mm and a weight of about 25 to 30 grams, or roughly 1 ounce.
Le thaler (parfois écrit "taler" ou "talir") est une ancienne pièce de monnaie en argent apparue au début du, et qui circule d'abord en Europe puis dans le reste du monde pendant près de quatre cents ans. Sa taille et son poids, relativement importants, varient quelque peu au fil du temps, et sa popularité initiale reste liée, d'une part, au développement des mines d'argent exploitées sur les terres du Saint-Empire romain germanique, et d'autre part, à la puissance de l'Empire colonial espagnol.
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M*A*S*H (film)
MASH (film)
M*A*S*H is a 1970 American black comedy war film directed by Robert Altman and written by Ring Lardner Jr., based on Richard Hooker's 1968 novel "". The picture is the only theatrically released feature film in the "M*A*S*H" franchise, and it became one of the biggest films of the early 1970s for 20th Century Fox.
MASH (parfois emphatisé M*A*S*H) est une comédie satirique américaine réalisée par Robert Altman et sortie en 1970. Les lettres MASH signifient "Mobile Army Surgical Hospital" (unité chirurgicale de campagne) tiré du roman "" de Richard Hooker (nom de plume de l'ancien chirurgien militaire Dr. H. Richard Hornberger). Le film se déroule durant la guerre de Corée.
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Listeria
Listeria
Listeria is a genus of bacteria. Until 1992, 10 species were known, each containing two subspecies. By 2019, 20 species had been identified. The genus received its current name, after the British pioneer of sterile surgery Joseph Lister, in 1940. "Listeria" species are Gram-positive, rod-shaped, and facultatively anaerobic, and do not produce endospores. The major human pathogen in the genus "Listeria" is "L. monocytogenes". It is usually the causative agent of the relatively rare bacterial disease listeriosis, an infection caused by eating food contaminated with the bacteria. Listeriosis can cause serious illness in pregnant women, newborns, adults with weakened immune systems and the elderly, and may cause gastroenteritis in others who have been severely infected.
Listeria est un genre bactérien, qui compte, dont "Listeria monocytogenes", seule pathogène pour les humains où elle provoque la listériose (l'une des zoonoses les plus graves). Les autres espèces comprennent, entre autres, "Listeria innocua", "Listeria ivanovii subsp. ivanovii", "Listeria ivanovii subsp. londoniensis", "Listeria grayi", "Listeria seeligeri," "Listeria welshimeri, Listeria costaricensis, Listeria goaensis" et "Listeria thailandensis".
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Hulagu Khan
Houlagou Khan
Hulagu Khan, also known as Hülegü or Hulegu (; ;, "Hulâgu xân"; Arabic: هولاكو خان/ هَلَاوُن; ; 8 February 1265), was a Mongol ruler who conquered much of Western Asia. Son of Tolui and the Keraite princess Sorghaghtani Beki, he was a grandson of Genghis Khan and brother of Ariq Böke, Möngke Khan, and Kublai Khan.
Houlagou Khan (, qui a comme racine le mot qui signifie « surplus » en mongol médiéval), né vers 1217 à Maragha près de Tabriz, mort le, petit-fils de Gengis Khan et frère de Kubilai Khan, est le fondateur de la dynastie mongole des Houlagides ou Il-khanides, qui gouverne la Perse et l'Irak jusqu'au.
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Ulyanovsk
Oulianovsk
Ulyanovsk is a city and the administrative center of Ulyanovsk Oblast, Russia, located on the Volga River east of Moscow.
Oulianovsk (en ) est une ville de Russie et la capitale administrative de l'oblast d'Oulianovsk. Elle s'appela Simbirsk () jusqu'en 1924, mais fut rebaptisée en l'honneur de Lénine à sa mort, ce dernier y étant né. Sa population s'élevait à habitants en 2018.
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Governance
Gouvernance
Governance comprises all of the processes of governing – whether undertaken by the government of a state, by a market or by a network – over a social system (family, tribe, formal or informal organization, a territory or across territories) and whether through the laws, norms, power or language of an organized society. It relates to "the processes of interaction and decision-making among the actors involved in a collective problem that lead to the creation, reinforcement, or reproduction of social norms and institutions". In lay terms, it could be described as the political processes that exist in and between formal institutions.
La gouvernance est, de façon générale, un concept représentant la manière dont un domaine d’activités est gouverné. La gouvernance renvoie à un système d’entités décisionnelles qui dirige un certain domaine d’activités, autrement dit à un « système de gouvernance », impliquant notamment une structure de gouvernance et un dynamisme de système (processus de gouvernance, activités de gestion, etc).
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Epipactis atrorubens
Épipactis pourpre noirâtre
Epipactis atrorubens, the dark-red helleborine or royal helleborine, is an herbaceous plant in the orchid family, Orchidaceae. As with many other species of orchids, the species is legally protected in some countries. Plantlife designated the dark-red helleborine as the county flower for Banffshire, Scotland.
L'Épipactis pourpre noirâtre (Epipactis atrorubens), synonyme: "E. atropurpurea" Rafin., ou épipactis rouge sombre est une plante herbacée vivace de la famille des "Orchidaceae".
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Basilica of Saint-Sernin, Toulouse
Basilique Saint-Sernin de Toulouse
The Basilica of Saint-Sernin (Occitan: "Basilica de Sant Sarnin") is a church in Toulouse, France, the former abbey church of the Abbey of Saint-Sernin or St Saturnin. Apart from the church, none of the abbey buildings remain. The current church is located on the site of a previous basilica of the 4th century which contained the body of Saint Saturnin or Sernin, the first bishop of Toulouse in c. 250. Constructed in the Romanesque style between about 1080 and 1120, with construction continuing thereafter, Saint-Sernin is the largest remaining Romanesque building in Europe, if not the world. The church is particularly noted for the quality and quantity of its Romanesque sculpture. In 1998 the basilica was added to the UNESCO World Heritage Sites under the description: World Heritage Sites of the Routes of Santiago de Compostela in France.
La basilique Saint-Sernin de Toulouse est un sanctuaire bâti pour abriter les reliques de saint Saturnin, premier évêque de Toulouse, martyrisé en 250. Saint-Sernin est une des plus grandes églises romanes conservées en Europe, avec la cathédrale de Spire, en Allemagne. Elle fut desservie, depuis le au plus tard et jusqu'à la Révolution française, par une communauté canoniale.
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Parc des Princes
Parc des Princes
The Parc des Princes (, literally "Princes’ Park" in English) is an all-seater football stadium in Paris, France. The venue is located in the south-west of the French capital, inside the 16th arrondissement of Paris, in the immediate vicinity of the Stade Jean-Bouin (rugby venue) and within walking distance from the Stade Roland Garros (tennis venue).
Le Parc des Princes est un stade situé au sud-ouest de la ville de Paris, dans le depuis et sur le périphérique parisien dans sa configuration actuelle, depuis près de la commune de Boulogne-Billancourt. Constituant le plus important stade français de à, il est actuellement le cinquième plus grand stade français, mais toujours l'un des plus anciens et des plus connus de la région parisienne.
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Alexander Kerensky
Alexandre Kerenski
Alexander Fyodorovich Kerensky ( ;, ; original spelling: ; – 11 June 1970) was a Russian lawyer and revolutionary who was a key political figure in the Russian Revolution of 1917. After the February Revolution of 1917, he joined the newly formed Russian Provisional Government, first as Minister of Justice, then as Minister of War, and after July as the government's second Minister-Chairman. A leader of the moderate-socialist Trudovik faction of the Socialist Revolutionary Party, he was also vice-chairman of the powerful Petrograd Soviet. On 7 November, his government was overthrown by the Lenin-led Bolsheviks in the October Revolution. He spent the remainder of his life in exile, in Paris and New York City, and worked for the Hoover Institution.
Alexandre Fiodorovitch Kerenski (en ; – ) est un avocat et homme politique russe, membre du Parti socialiste révolutionnaire. Après la révolution de Février, il occupa différents postes ministériels dans les deux premiers gouvernements du prince Gueorgui Lvov, puis prit lui-même la tête du Gouvernement provisoire, avant d'être chassé du pouvoir par les bolcheviks lors de la révolution d'Octobre.
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UEFA Euro 2004
Championnat d'Europe de football 2004
The 2004 UEFA European Football Championship, commonly referred to as UEFA Euro 2004 or simply Euro 2004, was the 12th edition of the UEFA European Championship, a quadrennial football competition contested by the men's national teams of UEFA member associations. The final tournament was hosted for the first time in Portugal, from 12 June to 4 July 2004. A total of thirty-one matches were played in ten venues across eight cities – Aveiro, Braga, Coimbra, Guimarães, Faro/Loulé, Leiria, Lisbon, and Porto.
Il s'agit de la du Championnat d'Europe des nations de football qui se tient tous les quatre ans et est organisé par l'UEFA (association regroupant les fédérations nationales de football d'Europe).
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Excalibur (film)
Excalibur (film)
Excalibur is a 1981 American epic medieval fantasy film directed, produced, and co-written by John Boorman that retells the legend of King Arthur and the knights of the Round Table, based on the 15th-century Arthurian romance "Le Morte d'Arthur" by Thomas Malory. It stars Nigel Terry as Arthur, Nicol Williamson as Merlin, Nicholas Clay as Lancelot, Cherie Lunghi as Guenevere, Helen Mirren as Morgana, Liam Neeson as Gawain, Gabriel Byrne as Uther Pendragon, Corin Redgrave as Gorlois, Duke of Cornwall, and Patrick Stewart as Leondegrance. The film is named after the legendary sword of King Arthur that features prominently in Arthurian literature. The film's soundtrack features the music of Richard Wagner and Carl Orff, along with an original score by Trevor Jones.
Excalibur est un film américano-britannique réalisé par John Boorman et sorti en 1981. Basé sur le livre "Le Morte d'Arthur" (1485) de Thomas Malory, le film raconte la légende du roi Arthur, interprété par Nigel Terry, et de son épée Excalibur, qui donne son titre au film.
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Moral hazard
Aléa moral
In economics, moral hazard occurs when an entity has an incentive to increase its exposure to risk because it does not bear the full costs of that risk. For example, when a corporation is insured, it may take on higher risk knowing that its insurance will pay the associated costs. A moral hazard may occur where the actions of the risk-taking party change to the detriment of the cost-bearing party after a financial transaction has taken place.
L’aléa moral (ou "" en anglais) désigne pour l'économiste Adam Smith un effet pervers qui peut apparaître dans certaines situations de risque, dans une relation entre deux agents ou deux parties contractantes : c'est plus précisément la perspective qu'un agent, isolé d'un risque, se comporte différemment que s'il était totalement lui-même exposé au risque. Ainsi l'actionnaire d'une entreprise n'est pas justiciable si l'entreprise qu'il a financée et dont il tire ensuite bénéfice a un comportement non éthique, voire dommageable pour l'économie, la société ou l'environnement.
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Les Onze Mille Verges
Les Onze Mille Verges
Les Onze Mille Verges ou les Amours d'un hospodar is a pornographic novel by French author Guillaume Apollinaire, published in 1907 over his initials "G.A.". The title contains a play on the Catholic veneration of the "Eleven thousand Virgins" (French: "les onze mille vierges"), the martyred companions of Saint Ursula, replacing the word "vierge" (virgin) with "verge" (rod) due to a slip of the tongue by the protagonist and as an omen of his fate. The use of the word "verge" may also be considered as a pun for it is used as a vulgarism for the male member.
Les Onze Mille Verges ou les Amours d'un hospodar est un roman pornographique de Guillaume Apollinaire (le plus connu de l'auteur), publié en 1907 et simplement signé de ses initiales (« G. A. »).
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Pan flute
Flûte de Pan
Pan Flute (also known as panpipes or syrinx) is a musical instrument based on the principle of the closed tube, consisting of multiple pipes of gradually increasing length (and occasionally girth). Multiple varieties of pan flutes have been popular as folk instruments. The pipes are typically made from bamboo, giant cane, or local reeds. Other materials include wood, plastic, metal and ivory.
La flûte de Pan est un instrument de musique à vent composé d'un ensemble de tuyaux sonores assemblés. Elle appartient au groupe des aérophones, le matériau vibrant produisant le son étant l'air lui-même. Et plus précisément, puisqu'il s'agit d'une flûte, le son (vibration ondulatoire) est obtenu par la rupture d'une lame d'air sur un biseau.
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Medical sign
Signe clinique
A medical sign is an objective indication of a disease, injury, or abnormal physiological state that may be detected during the physical examination of a patient. These signs can be detectable by anyone, e.g. the temperature or blood pressure of the patient, skin that is redder than usual, or a bruise; others may have no meaning to the patient or may even go completely unnoticed. Medical signs assist a healthcare provider to reach an accurate diagnosis.
Un signe clinique ou signe médical est la manifestation d'une maladie, constatée objectivement par un médecin ou tout autre observateur. L'interprétation de cette observation permet au médecin « clinicien » de s'orienter vers un diagnostic. De manière très générale la science des signes constitue la sémiologie.
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History of Toulouse
Histoire de Toulouse
The history of Toulouse, in Midi-Pyrénées, southern France, traces back to ancient times. After Roman rule, the city was ruled by the Visigoths and the Merovingian and Carolingian Franks. Capital of the County of Toulouse during the Middle Ages, today it is the capital of the Midi-Pyrénées region.
Toulouse est une ville d'Occitanie dans le Sud de la France située sur le fleuve Garonne. Le territoire de la ville a été occupé dès le Néolithique, puis au cours de la Protohistoire avant que la ville proprement dite ne soit fondée par les Romains. Elle est ensuite, au fil des siècles occupée par les Wisigoths, puis les Mérovingiens. Sous l'administration carolingienne, Toulouse est placée, dès la fin du, sous le contrôle d'un comte. Elle est ensuite rattachée au royaume de France à la fin du, conséquence indirecte de la croisade contre les Albigeois et de la signature du traité de Meaux-Paris.
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Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor
Ferdinand II (empereur du Saint-Empire)
Ferdinand II (9 July 1578 – 15 February 1637), a member of the House of Habsburg, was Holy Roman Emperor (1619–1637), King of Bohemia (1617–1619, 1620–1637), and King of Hungary (1618–1637). He was the son of Archduke Charles II of Inner Austria, and Maria of Bavaria. His parents were devout Catholics, and in 1590, they sent him to study at the Jesuits' college in Ingolstadt, because they wanted to isolate him from the Lutheran nobles. In July that same year (1590), when Ferdinand was 12 years old, his father died, and he inherited Inner AustriaStyria, Carinthia, Carniola and smaller provinces. His father's older brother, the childless Rudolf II, Holy Roman Emperor, who was the head of the Habsburg family, appointed regents to administer these lands.
Ferdinand II, né le à Graz dans le duché de Styrie et mort le à Vienne en Autriche, est un membre de la maison de Habsbourg. Il est archiduc d'Autriche du à sa mort, roi de Bohême du au puis du à sa mort et roi de Hongrie du à sa mort. Il est couronné empereur du Saint-Empire romain germanique le, sur lequel il a régné du à sa mort. La totalité de son règne est occupée par la guerre de Trente Ans dont il fut un des principaux protagonistes.
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Royal Victorian Order
Ordre royal de Victoria
The Royal Victorian Order () is a dynastic order of knighthood established in 1896 by Queen Victoria. It recognises distinguished personal service to the monarch of the Commonwealth realms, members of the monarch's family, or to any viceroy or senior representative of the monarch. The present monarch, Queen Elizabeth II, is the sovereign of the order, the order's motto is "Victoria", and its official day is 20 June. The order's chapel is the Savoy Chapel in London.
L’ordre royal de Victoria ("Royal Victorian Order") est un ordre honorifique du Royaume-Uni et du Commonwealth établi en 1896 par la reine Victoria.
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Order of St Michael and St George
Ordre de Saint-Michel et Saint-Georges
The Most Distinguished Order of Saint Michael and Saint George is a British order of chivalry founded on 28 April 1818 by George, Prince Regent, later King George IV, while he was acting as regent for his father, King George III.
Le très distingué ordre de Saint-Michel et Saint-Georges ("") est un ordre faisant partie du système honorifique britannique. Il est surtout décerné aux personnes, fonctionnaires britanniques ou non, ayant rendu de grands services aux services diplomatiques britanniques, au Commonwealth ou aux territoires d'outre-mer. Sa devise en latin est "Auspicium Melioris Ævi" ( "jalon pour un âge meilleur").
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Braveheart
Braveheart
Braveheart is a 1995 American epic historical fiction war film directed and co-produced by Mel Gibson, who portrays William Wallace, a late-13th-century Scottish warrior. The film depicts the life of Wallace leading the Scots in the First War of Scottish Independence against King Edward I of England. The film also stars Sophie Marceau, Patrick McGoohan and Catherine McCormack. The story is inspired by Blind Harry's 15th century epic poem "The Actes and Deidis of the Illustre and Vallyeant Campioun Schir William Wallace" and was adapted for the screen by Randall Wallace.
Braveheart ou Cœur vaillant au Québec ("Braveheart)" est un film américain produit, réalisé et interprété par Mel Gibson, sorti en 1995.
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Order of the Bath
Ordre du Bain
The Most Honourable Order of the Bath (formerly the Most Honourable Military Order of the Bath) is a British order of chivalry founded by George I on 18 May 1725. The name derives from the elaborate medieval ceremony for appointing a knight, which involved bathing (as a symbol of purification) as one of its elements. The knights so created were known as ’Knights of the Bath’. George I "erected the Knights of the Bath into a regular Military Order". He did not (as is commonly believed) revive the Order of the Bath, since it had never previously existed as an Order, in the sense of a body of knights who were governed by a set of statutes and whose numbers were replenished when vacancies occurred.
Le Très honorable ordre du Bain (en anglais : "") est le troisième ordre de chevalerie britannique dans l'ordre de préséance. Il est principalement décerné aux militaires ainsi qu'à certains fonctionnaires de haut rang. L'ordre a été fondé par le roi George de Grande-Bretagne, le. Son nom provient de la cérémonie médiévale d'adoubement qui comportait un bain, symbolisant la purification, après lequel il devenait « chevalier du Bain ».
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Thunderheart
Cœur de tonnerre
Thunderheart is a 1992 American contemporary western mystery film directed by Michael Apted from an original screenplay by John Fusco. The film is a loosely based fictional portrayal of events relating to the Wounded Knee incident in 1973, when followers of the American Indian Movement seized the South Dakota town of Wounded Knee in protest against federal government policy regarding Native Americans. Incorporated in the plot is the character of Ray Levoi, played by actor Val Kilmer, as an FBI agent with Sioux heritage investigating a homicide on a Native American reservation. Sam Shepard, Graham Greene, Fred Ward and Sheila Tousey star in principal supporting roles. Also in 1992, Apted had previously directed a documentary surrounding a Native American activist episode involving the murder of FBI agents titled "Incident at Oglala". The documentary depicts the indictment of activist Leonard Peltier during a 1975 shootout on the Pine Ridge Indian Reservation.
Cœur de tonnerre ("") est un film policier américain réalisé par Michael Apted, sorti en 1992. Son scénario est écrit dans le style des romans policiers ethnologiques de Tony Hillerman, lui-même inspiré par l'écrivain australien Arthur Upfield.
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Thunderbirds (TV series)
Les Sentinelles de l'air
Thunderbirds is a British science-fiction television series created by Gerry and Sylvia Anderson, filmed by their production company AP Films (APF) and distributed by ITC Entertainment. It was produced between 1964 and 1966 using a form of electronic marionette puppetry (dubbed "Supermarionation") combined with scale-model special effects sequences. Two series were filmed, comprising a total of thirty-two 50-minute episodes; production ceased following the completion of the second series' sixth episode when Lew Grade, the Andersons' financial backer, failed in his efforts to sell the programme to American network television.
Les Sentinelles de l'air ("Thunderbirds") est une série télévisée britannique en 32 épisodes (2 saisons) de 50 minutes, créée par Sylvia et Gerry Anderson et diffusée entre le et le.
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Lake Retba
Lac Rose
Lac Rose (meaning Pink Lake) lies north of the Cap Vert peninsula of Senegal, some 30 km (18 miles) north-east of the capital, Dakar, in northwest Africa. It is named for its pink waters caused by "Dunaliella salina" algae and is known for its high salt content, up to 40% in some areas.
Le lac Rose, de son vrai nom lac Retba, est l'un des sites les plus visités du Sénégal. Ce lac salé doit sa renommée à la teinte originale et changeante de son eau, mais aussi au rallye Paris-Dakar dont il constituait l’ultime étape.
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Gandhara
Gandhara
Gandhāra was an ancient region in the Peshawar basin in the north-west of the ancient Indian subcontinent, corresponding to present-day north-west Pakistan and north-east Afghanistan. The centre of the region was at the confluence of the Kabul and Swat rivers, bounded by the Sulaiman Mountains on the west and the Indus River on the east. The Safed Koh mountains separated it from the Kohat region to the south. This being the core area of Gandhara, the cultural influence of "Greater Gandhara" extended across the Indus river to the Taxila region and westwards into the Kabul and Bamiyan valleys in Afghanistan, and northwards up to the Karakoram range. During the Achaemenid period and Hellenistic period, its capital city was Pushkalavati (Greek: Πευκελαώτις), modern Charsadda. Later the capital city was moved to Peshawar by the Kushan emperor Kanishka the Great in about 127 AD.
Le Gandhara (en sanskrit ) est le nom antique d'une région située dans le nord-ouest de l'actuel Pakistan. Plus précisément, le bassin de Peshawar, avec une muraille verticale de montagnes sur trois côtés et la vallée de l'Indus sur le quatrième côté. Ses villes principales étaient Purushapura — l'actuelle Peshawar — à l'Ouest, Mardan, au centre, et, sur sa frontière Est, Taxila : trois centres commerciaux de premier plan entre la Chine, l'Inde et l'Occident au début de notre ère. Cette région essentielle au commerce était aussi un riche terroir : il fut occupé par de nombreux envahisseurs étrangers. Les cultures que ceux-ci apportaient se fondaient dans la culture locale composite et tolérante. Ce fut en particulier le cas dans les royaumes indo-grecs ( avant l'ère commune) et dans l'empire kouchan (env. ). Puis le Gandhara traversa des moments plus confus, jusqu'à l’expansion de la religion musulmane avec les Saffarides (861-1003). Peu après, le nom même de « Gandhara » s'appliqua à une autre région.
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China Miéville
China Miéville
China Tom Miéville ( ; born 6 September 1972) is a British urban fantasy fiction author, essayist, comic book writer, socialist political activist and literary critic. He often describes his work as "weird fiction" and is allied to the loosely associated movement of writers called "New Weird".
China Tom Miéville, né le à Norwich en Angleterre, est un auteur de romans qui se joue des genres littéraires : science-fiction, horreur, fantastique, roman noir figurent parmi ceux qu'il a délibérément utilisés et mélangés dans ses œuvres à ce jour. Miéville qualifie son travail de ( en référence à la fiction d'horreur du début du qui mélange pulp et horreur, comme celle de Howard Phillips Lovecraft) et a été rangé par la critique dans un groupe informel d'auteurs nommé, rassemblés par leur volonté de faire sortir la littérature de fantasy des clichés imposés par les successeurs de John Ronald Reuel Tolkien.
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Prunella vulgaris
Brunelle commune
Prunella vulgaris (known as common self-heal, heal-all, woundwort, heart-of-the-earth, carpenter's herb, brownwort and blue curls) is a herbaceous plant in the genus "Prunella".
La Brunelle commune ("Prunella vulgaris" ou "Brunella vulgaris") est une plante herbacée vivace de la famille des Lamiacées. C'est une plante cosmopolite héliophile, qui se plait en bordure de route et de bois, et dans les prés. On la nomme également petite consoude, charbonnière, prunelle, herbe au charpentier et brunette.
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Privet
Troène
A privet is a flowering plant in the genus Ligustrum. The genus contains about 50 species of erect, deciduous or evergreen shrubs, sometimes forming small or medium-sized trees, native to Europe, north Africa, Asia, many introduced and naturalised in Australasia, where only one species extends as a native into Queensland. Some species have become widely naturalized or invasive where introduced. "Privet" was originally the name for the European semi-evergreen shrub "Ligustrum vulgare", and later also for the more reliably evergreen "Ligustrum ovalifolium" used extensively for privacy hedging, though now the name is applied to all members of the genus. The generic name was applied by Pliny the Elder (23–79 CE) to "L. vulgare". It is often suggested that the name "privet" is related to "private", but the OED states that there is no evidence to support this.
Ligustrum (les troènes ou troënes) est un genre de plantes dicotylédones de la famille des "Oleaceae", originaire d'Eurasie et d'Afrique du Nord, qui comprend une cinquantaine d'espèces.
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Transdev
Transdev
Transdev, formerly Veolia Transdev, is a French-based international private public transport operator, with operations in 20 countries as of March 2019.
Transdev est un groupe français multinational de transport. En 2017, Transdev emploie et transporte de passagers au quotidien. En 2017, présent dans, le groupe a réalisé un chiffre d’affaires de d’euros.
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Frederick V of the Palatinate
Frédéric V du Palatinat
Frederick V (; 26 August 1596 – 29 November 1632) was the Elector Palatine of the Rhine in the Holy Roman Empire from 1610 to 1623, and reigned as King of Bohemia from 1619 to 1620. He was forced to abdicate both roles, and the brevity of his reign in Bohemia earned him the derisive sobriquet "the Winter King" (Czech: "Zimní král"; German: "Winterkönig").
Frédéric V de Wittelsbach-Simmern ("Friedrich V."), né le et mort le à Mayence, prince-électeur et comte palatin du Rhin (1610 – 1620), fut élu roi de Bohême en 1619. Vaincu par les troupes impériales en 1620, il fut mis au ban de l'Empire et mourut en exil.
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Neil Gaiman
Neil Gaiman
Neil Richard MacKinnon Gaiman (; born Neil Richard Gaiman, 10 November 1960) is an English author of short fiction, novels, comic books, graphic novels, nonfiction, audio theatre, and films. His works include the comic book series "The Sandman" and novels "Stardust", "American Gods", "Coraline", and "The Graveyard Book". He has won numerous awards, including the Hugo, Nebula, and Bram Stoker awards, as well as the Newbery and Carnegie medals. He is the first author to win both the Newbery and the Carnegie medals for the same work, "The Graveyard Book" (2008). In 2013, "The Ocean at the End of the Lane" was voted Book of the Year in the British National Book Awards.
Neil Gaiman, né le à Portchester en Angleterre, est un auteur britannique de romans et de scénarios de bande dessinée vivant aux États-Unis. Auteur prolifique et polyvalent, il a percé sur la scène de la fantasy anglo-saxonne grâce à sa série "Sandman" publiée par DC comics dans les années 1990.
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Yellow Dog Linux
Yellow Dog Linux
Yellow Dog Linux (YDL) was a free and open-source operating system for high-performance computing on multi-core processor computer architectures. It focuses on GPU systems and computers using the POWER7. YDL was developed by Fixstars (which acquired Terra Soft Solutions, the original developer, from CEO Kai Staats in October 2008). Yellow Dog Linux was first released in the spring of 1999 for the Apple Macintosh PowerPC-based computers. The most recent version, Yellow Dog Linux 7, was released on August 6, 2012. Yellow Dog Linux lent its name to the popular YUM Linux software updater, derived from YDL's YUP (Yellowdog UPdater) and thus called Yellowdog Updater, Modified.
Yellow Dog est une distribution Linux pour les micro-ordinateurs équipés d'un micro-processeur de type PowerPC comme les Macintosh d'Apple d'avant. La version 5.0 est également la première distribution pour la PlayStation 3 de Sony.
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General contractor
Maîtrise d'œuvre
A general contractor, main contractor or prime contractor is responsible for the day-to-day oversight of a construction site, management of vendors and trades, and the communication of information to all involved parties throughout the course of a building project.
La maîtrise d'œuvre ou maître d'œuvre (souvent abrégée MOE ou MŒ ou Moe ou moe) est la personne physique ou morale choisie par le maître d'ouvrage pour la conduite opérationnelle des travaux en matière de coûts, de délais et de choix techniques, le tout conformément à un contrat et un cahier des charges. Un maître d'œuvre ne peut pas effectuer de travaux.
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Pantouflage
Pantouflage
The term pantouflage refers to a practice by which high-level French civil servants, usually former students of the École Polytechnique or the École nationale d'administration, obtain work in private enterprise. In use, the term can be applied to all civil servants, not just those who attain notoriety. In American contexts, this concept is known by economists as a revolving door. The practice is often viewed negatively by the public.
Le terme « pantouflage » désigne de manière familière le fait pour un haut fonctionnaire d'aller travailler dans une entreprise privée.
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Tjörnin
Tjörnin
Tjörnin (, "The Pond") is a small, prominent lake in central Reykjavík, the capital of Iceland. Most visitors to the city pass along its shore, as it is situated in the city centre next to the Reykjavik City Hall and several museums. "Tjörnin" means "the lake" or "the pond".
Le Tjörnin, toponyme islandais signifiant littéralement en français « l'étang », est un petit lac urbain d'Islande situé au milieu de la capitale Reykjavik.
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Isonomia
Isonomie
Isonomia (ἰσονομία "equality of political rights," from the Greek ἴσος "isos", "equal," and νόμος "nomos", "usage, custom, law,") was a word used by ancient Greek writers such as Herodotus and Thucydides to refer to some kind of popular government. It was subsequently eclipsed until brought back into English as isonomy ("equality of law").
L’isonomie (en grec ancien, « règle d'égalité ») est l'égalité civique ou politique apparue lors de la marche d'Athènes vers la démocratie. Elle est au cœur de ce régime politique à venir. On l'interprète aujourd'hui souvent comme égalité de droit ou égalité devant la loi. Dans un sens philosophique, l' est un concept appartenant à la philosophie épicurienne et remontant peut-être à Démocrite ; il définit, dans la théorie atomistique, un caractère des processus atomiques.
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Economy of South Korea
Économie de la Corée du Sud
The economy of South Korea is a highly developed mixed economy dominated by family-owned conglomerates called chaebols. It is the 4th largest GDP in Asia and the 12th largest in the world. South Korea is known for its spectacular rise from one of the poorest countries in the world to a developed, high-income country in just a few generations. This economic growth has been described as the Miracle on the Han River, which has brought South Korea to the ranks of elite countries in the OECD and the G-20. South Korea still remains one of the fastest growing developed countries in the world following the Great Recession. It is included in the group of Next Eleven countries that will dominate the global economy in the middle of the 21st century.
L'économie de la Corée du Sud est un marché, dont le produit intérieur brut nominal était en 2017 le plus élevé au monde avec un montant de plus de milliards de US$.
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Numerical digit
Chiffre
A numerical digit is a single symbol (such as "2" or "5") used alone, or in combinations (such as "25"), to represent numbers (such as the number 25) according to some positional numeral systems. The single digits (as one-digit-numerals) and their combinations (such as "25") are the numerals of the numeral system they belong to. The name "digit" comes from the fact that the ten digits (Latin "digiti" meaning fingers) of the hands correspond to the ten symbols of the common base 10 numeral system, i.e. the decimal (ancient Latin adjective "decem" meaning ten) digits.
Un chiffre est un signe d'écriture utilisé seul ou en combinaison pour représenter des nombres entiers. Dans un système de numération positionnel comme le système décimal, un petit nombre de chiffres suffit pour exprimer n'importe quelle valeur. Le nombre de chiffres du système est la base.
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Tree (set theory)
Arbre (mathématiques)
In set theory, a tree is a partially ordered set ("T", <) such that for each "t" ∈ "T", the set {"s" ∈ "T" : "s" < "t"} is well-ordered by the relation <. Frequently trees are assumed to have only one root (i.e. minimal element), as the typical questions investigated in this field are easily reduced to questions about single-rooted trees.
En mathématiques, un arbre est la donnée d'un ensemble "E" et d'une relation symétrique "R" sur "E" telle que deux points distincts quelconques "x" et "y" de "E" soient reliés par un seul chemin injectif fini, ie "n+1" points "z"...,"z" de "E" distincts vérifiant "x=z", "z""Rz" pour i<n, "z"=y.
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About a Boy (film)
Pour un garçon
About a Boy is a 2002 romantic comedy-drama film directed by Chris Weitz and Paul Weitz and written by them and Peter Hedges. It is an adaptation of the 1998 novel of the same name by Nick Hornby. The film stars Hugh Grant, Nicholas Hoult, Toni Collette, and Rachel Weisz. The film at times uses double voice-over narration, when the audience hears both Will's and Marcus's thoughts.
Pour un garçon ("") est une comédie dramatique franco-germano-britannique-américaine réalisée par Chris Weitz et Paul Weitz, sortie en 2002 et tirée du livre du même titre de Nick Hornby (originellement : "À propos d'un gamin").
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Saeculum obscurum
Pornocratie pontificale
Saeculum obscurum () was a period in the history of the Papacy during the first two-thirds of the 10th century, beginning with the installation of Pope Sergius III in 904 and lasting for sixty years until the death of Pope John XII in 964. During this period, the popes were influenced strongly by a powerful and allegedly corrupt aristocratic family, the Theophylacti, and their relatives.
La pornocratie pontificale, parfois abrégée en pornocratie, est une expression qui désigne, dans l'historiographie traditionnelle, une période particulière de la papauté de 904 à 963. Cette période est qualifiée ainsi par le cardinal Baronius au puis par les historiens allemands du qui utilisent l'expression signifiant littéralement « gouvernement romain des putains ».
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CZ 75
CZ 75
The CZ 75 is a semi-automatic pistol made by Czech firearm manufacturer ČZUB. First introduced in 1975, it is one of the original "wonder nines" and features a staggered-column magazine, all-steel construction, and a hammer forged barrel. It is widely distributed throughout the world and is the most common handgun in the Czech Republic.
Le CZ 75 est un pistolet tchèque produit en 1975 par Česká Zbrojovka pour l'exportation. Reprenant le fonctionnement du browning Hi-Power, c'est une arme qui est réputée pour ses qualités de confort, de précision et de fiabilité. Utilisée par la police tchèque et turque ainsi que par plusieurs services de police américains, l'arme est considérée par certains comme la meilleure arme de combat de sa catégorie. Ce qui lui vaut un certain nombre de clones produits un peu partout dans le monde. Parmi ces dérivées, les Tanfoglio TA 95 italiens et les Jericho 941 israéliens sont les plus diffusés.
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Atopic dermatitis
Dermatite atopique
Atopic dermatitis (AD), also known as atopic eczema, is a long-term type of inflammation of the skin (dermatitis). It results in itchy, red, swollen, and cracked skin. Clear fluid may come from the affected areas, which often thickens over time. While the condition may occur at any age, it typically starts in childhood, with changing severity over the years. In children under one year of age, much of the body may be affected. As children get older, the areas on the insides of the knees and elbows are most commonly affected. In adults, the hands and feet are most commonly affected. Scratching the affected areas worsens the symptoms, and those affected have an increased risk of skin infections. Many people with atopic dermatitis develop hay fever or asthma. The cause is unknown but believed to involve genetics, immune system dysfunction, environmental exposures, and difficulties with the permeability of the skin. If one identical twin is affected, there is an 85% chance the other also has the condition. Those who live in cities and dry climates are more commonly affected. Exposure to certain chemicals or frequent hand washing makes symptoms worse. While emotional stress may make the symptoms worse, it is not a cause. The disorder is not contagious. The diagnosis is typically based on the signs and symptoms. Other diseases that must be excluded before making a diagnosis include contact dermatitis, psoriasis, and seborrheic dermatitis. Treatment involves avoiding things that make the condition worse, daily bathing with application of a moisturising cream afterwards, applying steroid creams when flares occur, and medications to help with itchiness. Things that commonly make it worse include wool clothing, soaps, perfumes, chlorine, dust, and cigarette smoke. Phototherapy may be useful in some people. Steroid pills or creams based on calcineurin inhibitors may occasionally be used if other measures are not effective. Antibiotics (either by mouth or topically) may be needed if a bacterial infection develops. Dietary changes are only needed if food allergies are suspected. Atopic dermatitis affects about 20% of people at some point in their lives. It is more common in younger children. Males and females are equally affected. Many people outgrow the condition. Atopic dermatitis is sometimes called eczema, a term that also refers to a larger group of skin conditions. Other names include "infantile eczema", "flexural eczema", "prurigo Besnier", "allergic eczema", and "neurodermatitis".
La dermatite atopique (ou eczéma atopique, ou dermite du nourrisson, anciennement eczéma constitutionnel) est une maladie touchant la peau et atteignant préférentiellement les enfants, évoluant par poussée, de diagnostic clinique et dont le traitement est symptomatique.
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Efficient-market hypothesis
Hypothèse des marchés financiers efficients
The efficient-market hypothesis (EMH) is a hypothesis in financial economics that states that asset prices reflect all available information. A direct implication is that it is impossible to "beat the market" consistently on a risk-adjusted basis since market prices should only react to new information.
L’« efficience du marché financier » est une expression utilisée pour la première fois par l'économiste Eugene Fama dans un article publié en 1970 et intitulé "Efficient Capital Markets : a Review of Theory and Empirical Works".
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Law of cosines
Loi des cosinus
In trigonometry, the law of cosines (also known as the cosine formula, cosine rule, or al-Kashi's theorem) relates the lengths of the sides of a triangle to the cosine of one of its angles. Using notation as in Fig. 1, the law of cosines states
En mathématiques, la loi des cosinus est un théorème de géométrie couramment utilisé en trigonométrie, qui relie dans un triangle la longueur d'un côté à celles des deux autres et au cosinus de l'angle formé par ces deux côtés. Cette loi s'exprime de façon analogue en géométrie plane, sphérique ou hyperbolique.
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Erich Ludendorff
Erich Ludendorff
Erich Friedrich Wilhelm Ludendorff (9 April 1865 – 20 December 1937) was a German general, politician and military theorist. He first achieved fame during World War I for his central role in the German Army’s victories at Liège and Tannenberg in 1914. Upon his rise to First Quartermaster-general () of the Great General Staff on August 1916, he emerged as the leading policymaker in a military dictatorship that dominated Germany for the remainder of the war. Ultimately, he fell from power in October 1918 after the failure of Germany's Spring Offensive and the Allies' crushing breakthrough at the Hindenburg Line.
Erich Ludendorff, né le à Kruszewnia près de Posen en Prusse et mort le à Tutzing en Bavière, est un militaire et homme politique allemand. Il est général en chef des armées allemandes (la "Deutsches Heer") pendant la Première Guerre mondiale, de 1916 à 1918. Il soutient activement le mouvement national-socialiste dans ses débuts (années 1920), avant de s'opposer à Adolf Hitler, et de se détourner de la politique pour créer, avec sa femme, un mouvement néopaïen.
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Gilles Duceppe
Gilles Duceppe
Gilles Duceppe (; born July 22, 1947) is a Canadian politician, proponent of the Quebec sovereignty movement and former leader of the Bloc Québécois. He was a Member of Parliament in the House of Commons of Canada for over 20 years and has been the leader of the sovereigntist Bloc Québécois for 15 years in three stints: 1996, 1997-2011 and in 2015. He is the son of a well-known Quebec actor, Jean Duceppe. He was Leader of the Official Opposition in the Parliament of Canada from March 17, 1997, to June 1, 1997. He resigned as party leader after the 2011 election, in which he lost his own seat to New Democratic Party (NDP) candidate Hélène Laverdière and his party suffered a heavy defeat; however, he returned four years later to lead the party into the 2015 election. After being defeated in his own riding by Laverdière again, he resigned once more.
Gilles Duceppe, né le à Montréal, est un homme politique québécois. Élu sous la bannière du Bloc québécois en 1990, il est député fédéral de la circonscription de Laurier—Sainte-Marie pendant 21 ans. Il est chef de son parti de 1997 à 2011 en plus d'occuper brièvement le poste de chef de l'Opposition officielle à la Chambre des Communes. Après la défaite du Bloc québécois lors de l'élection de 2011, il se retire momentanément de la vie politique. Il reprend les rênes du parti le, avant de quitter une seconde fois le.
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Abstention
Abstention
Abstention is a term in election procedure for when a participant in a vote either does not go to vote (on election day) or, in parliamentary procedure, is present during the vote, but does not cast a ballot. Abstention must be contrasted with "blank vote", in which a voter casts a ballot willfully made invalid by marking it wrongly or by not marking anything at all. A "blank (or white) voter" has voted, although their vote may be considered a spoilt vote, depending on each legislation, while an abstaining voter hasn't voted. Both forms (abstention and blank vote) may or may not, depending on the circumstances, be considered to be a protest vote (also known as a "blank vote" or "white vote").
Lors d'une élection, d'un référendum ou plus généralement d'une délibération, le comportement d’abstention correspond au fait de ne pas participer au nombre des suffrages exprimés lors d'un vote : les personnes qui s'abstiennent sont qualifiées d'« abstentionnistes ».
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Tunnel
Tunnel
A tunnel is an underground passageway, dug through the surrounding soil/earth/rock and enclosed except for entrance and exit, commonly at each end. A pipeline is not a tunnel, though some recent tunnels have used immersed tube construction techniques rather than traditional tunnel boring methods.
Un tunnel est une galerie souterraine livrant passage à une voie de communication (chemin de fer, canal, route, chemin piétonnier). Sont apparentés aux tunnels par leur mode de construction les grands ouvrages hydrauliques souterrains, tels que les aqueducs, collecteurs et émissaires destinés soit à l'amenée, soit à l'évacuation des eaux des grands centres et certaines conduites établies en liaison avec les barrages et usines hydro-électriques.
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Paul Martin
Paul Martin
Paul Edgar Philippe Martin (born August 28, 1938), also known as Paul Martin Jr., is a Canadian politician who served as the 21st prime minister of Canada from December 12, 2003, to February 6, 2006.
Paul Edgar Philippe Martin, né le à Windsor (Ontario), est un homme d'État canadien, Premier ministre du Canada du au.
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Jack Layton
Jack Layton
John Gilbert "Jack" Layton (July 18, 1950 – August 22, 2011) was a Canadian politician and leader of the Official Opposition. He was leader of the New Democratic Party (NDP) from 2003 to 2011 and previously sat on Toronto City Council, occasionally holding the title of acting mayor or deputy mayor of Toronto during his tenure as city councillor. He was the member of Parliament (MP) for Toronto—Danforth from 2004 until his death.
John Gilbert « Jack » Layton (Montréal, – Toronto, ) est un homme politique canadien. Il dirigeait le Nouveau Parti démocratique du Canada (NPD) de 2003 à sa mort et il était chef de l'opposition officielle à la Chambre des communes du Canada du à sa mort.
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Pandemic
Pandémie
A pandemic (from Greek,, "all" and,, "people") is an epidemic of an infectious disease that has spread across a large region, for instance multiple continents or worldwide, affecting a substantial number of people. A widespread endemic disease with a stable number of infected people is not a pandemic. Widespread endemic diseases with a stable number of infected people such as recurrences of seasonal influenza are generally excluded as they occur simultaneously in large regions of the globe rather than being spread worldwide.
Une pandémie (du grec ancien /, et / ) est une épidémie présente sur une large zone géographique internationale. Dans le sens courant, elle touche une partie particulièrement importante de la population mondiale.
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Recursive language
Langage récursif
In mathematics, logic and computer science, a formal language (a set of finite sequences of symbols taken from a fixed alphabet) is called recursive if it is a recursive subset of the set of all possible finite sequences over the alphabet of the language. Equivalently, a formal language is recursive if there exists a total Turing machine (a Turing machine that halts for every given input) that, when given a finite sequence of symbols as input, accepts it if it belongs to the language and rejects it otherwise. Recursive languages are also called decidable.
En mathématiques, en logique et en informatique, un langage récursif est un type de langage formel qui est aussi appelé "récursif", "décidable", ou "Turing-decidable".
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Silene vulgaris
Silène enflé
Silene vulgaris, the bladder campion or maidenstears, is a plant species of the genus "Silene" of the family "Caryophyllaceae". It is native to Europe, where in some parts it is eaten, but is also widespread in North America, where it is a common wildflower in meadows, open woods, and fields.
Le Silène enflé, Silène commun ou Claquet ("Silene vulgaris") est une plante herbacée vivace de la famille des Caryophyllacées.
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