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Lysimachia nummularia | Lysimaque nummulaire | Lysimachia nummularia (syn. "Lysimachia zawadzkii" Wiesner) is a species of flowering plant in the family Primulaceae. Its common names include moneywort, creeping jenny, herb twopence and twopenny grass. | La Lysimaque nummulaire "(Lysimachia nummularia)" ou Herbe aux écus est une plante herbacée vivace de la famille des Primulacées selon la classification classique et la (ou des Myrsinacées selon la et la ). Son habitat se situe dans les forêts humides. | [
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Cartesianism | Cartésianisme | The Cartesian Method is the philosophical and scientific system of René Descartes and its subsequent development by other seventeenth century thinkers, most notably François Poullain de la Barre, Nicolas Malebranche and Baruch Spinoza. Descartes is often regarded as the first thinker to emphasize the use of reason to develop the natural sciences. For him, the philosophy was a thinking system that embodied all knowledge, and expressed it in this way: | Le cartésianisme est un courant philosophique qui se réclame des principes et des thèses de la pensée de René Descartes (1596-1650). | [
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Lathyrus tuberosus | Gesse tubéreuse | Lathyrus tuberosus (also known as the tuberous pea, tuberous vetchling, earthnut pea, aardaker, or tine-tare) is a small, climbing perennial plant, native in moist temperate parts of Europe and Western Asia. The plant is a trailer or weak climber, supported by tendrils, growing to 1.2 m tall. The leaves are pinnate, with two leaflets and a branched twining tendril at the apex of the petiole. Its flowers are hermaphroditic, pollinated by bees. The plants can also spread vegetatively from the root system. | Lathyrus tuberosus, la gesse tubéreuse, est une espèce de plantes herbacées vivaces de la famille des "Fabaceae" (de la sous-famille des "Faboideae" selon la classification phylogénétique). Cette espèce était autrefois cultivée pour ses tubercules comestibles. | [
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Alpilles | Massif des Alpilles | The Chaîne des Alpilles is a small range of low mountains in Provence, southern France, located about south of Avignon. | Le massif des Alpilles est un massif montagneux de faible altitude, au paysage original de roches blanches calcaires, situé au nord-ouest du département français des Bouches-du-Rhône. Il s'étend d'ouest en est entre Tarascon et Orgon sur une superficie de, et sur seize communes, bien que très partiellement pour Tarascon et Saint-Martin-de-Crau. Environ vivent dans les Alpilles. Depuis le, les collectivités locales sont associées au sein du parc naturel régional des Alpilles. | [
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Conservative Party of Canada | Parti conservateur du Canada | The Conservative Party of Canada (), colloquially known as the Tories, is a federal political party in Canada. It was formed in 2003 from the multiple right-wing parties which had existed in Canada for over a century, historically grouped into two camps, "Red Tories" and "Blue Tories". The party sits at the centre-right to the right-wing of the Canadian political spectrum, with the Liberal Party of Canada positioned centre to centre-left. Like their federal Liberal rivals, the party is defined as a "big tent", welcoming a broad variety of members. The party's leader is Andrew Scheer, who serves as Leader of the Official Opposition until his announcement of resignation on 12 December 2019. | Le Parti conservateur du Canada (, abrégé en PCC) est un parti politique canadien, créé en décembre 2003 de la fusion de l'Alliance canadienne et du Parti progressiste-conservateur. | [
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Bloc Québécois | Bloc québécois | The Bloc Québécois (BQ), (, "Quebecer Bloc") is a federal political party in Canada devoted to Quebec nationalism and the promotion of Quebec sovereignty. The Bloc was formed by Members of Parliament (MPs) who defected from the federal Progressive Conservative Party and Liberal Party during the collapse of the Meech Lake Accord. Founder Lucien Bouchard was a cabinet minister in the federal Progressive Conservative government of Brian Mulroney. | Le Bloc québécois est un parti politique fédéral du Canada fondé en 1991. Parti indépendantiste et social-démocrate, il est implanté exclusivement au Québec et s'est donné pour mission de mettre en place les conditions nécessaires à la réalisation de la souveraineté du Québec. Ainsi, il souhaite défendre les intérêts des Québécois au parlement canadien tout en faisant la promotion de l'indépendance. | [
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Salvia | Sauge | Salvia is the largest genus of plants in the mint family, Lamiaceae, with nearly 1000 species of shrubs, herbaceous perennials, and annuals. Within the Lamiaceae, "Salvia" is part of the tribe Mentheae within the subfamily Nepetoideae. One of several genera commonly referred to as sage, it includes the widely produced herb used in cooking, "Salvia officinalis" (common sage, or just "sage"). | Les sauges forment le genre Salvia. Ce sont des plantes de la famille des Lamiacées qui comprend plus de 900 espèces, annuelles, bisannuelles, vivaces ou arbustives. Une dizaine de sauges sont indigènes en Europe, par exemple la sauge des prés. | [
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Alstroemeria | Alstroemeria | Alstroemeria (), commonly called the Peruvian lily or lily of the Incas, is a genus of flowering plants in the family Alstroemeriaceae. They are all native to South America although some have become naturalized in the United States, Mexico, Australia, New Zealand, Madeira and the Canary Islands. Almost all of the species are restricted to one of two distinct centers of diversity, one in central Chile, the other in eastern Brazil. Species of "Alstroemeria" from Chile are winter-growing plants while those of Brazil are summer-growing. All are long-lived perennials except "A. graminea", a diminutive annual from the Atacama Desert of Chile. | Alstroemeria est un genre de plantes, les alstrœmères ou alstrœméries, à fleurs vivaces, à racines tubéreuses, de la famille des "Liliaceae", ou des "Alstroemeriaceae" selon la classification phylogénétique. Également surnommé « lis des Incas » ou « lis du Pérou ». Originaire d'Amérique du Sud, le genre comprend une cinquantaine d'espèces. Les principales cultivées sont : | [
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Electronic portfolio | EPortfolio | An electronic portfolio (also known as a digital portfolio, online portfolio, e-portfolio, e-folio, or eFolio) is a collection of electronic evidence assembled and managed by a user, usually on the Web. Such electronic evidence may include input text, electronic files, images, multimedia, blog entries, and hyperlinks. E-portfolios are both demonstrations of the user's abilities and platforms for self-expression. If they are online, users can maintain them dynamically over time. | Le ePortfolio (ou e-Portfolio, i-portfolio, portfolio numérique, portfolio électronique) est un ensemble de preuves de compétences, sous forme numérique et généralement sur le web, résultant d'une démarche consistant à réfléchir sur ses projets (sociaux, professionnels) et définir quelles parties de ces projets communiquer à quels publics, et de quelles façons. Cette démarche peut être utilisée par les professionnels, les enseignants, les élèves, les parents ou autres personnes engagées dans une démarche de formation tout au long de la vie, dans le but de communiquer sur son profil ou garder des traces d'apprentissages. | [
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Blood vessel | Vaisseau sanguin | The blood vessels are the components of the circulatory system that transport blood throughout the human body. These vessels transport blood cells, nutrients, and oxygen to the tissues of the body. They also take waste and carbon dioxide away from the tissues. Blood vessels are needed to sustain life, because all of the body's tissues rely on their functionality. | En anatomie, les vaisseaux sanguins sont des conduits qui transportent le sang dans l'organisme. Les cinq grands types de vaisseaux sanguins sont les artères (qui transportent le sang du cœur vers les organes), les artérioles, les capillaires (qui permettent la diffusion des gaz et des nutriments entre le sang et les tissus), les veinules et les veines (qui transportent le sang des organes vers le cœur). L'ensemble de ces vaisseaux sanguins forme le système ou réseau vasculaire sanguin. Les vaisseaux lymphatiques composant le système lymphatique et les vaisseaux sanguins forment le système vasculaire qui, avec le cœur, constituent l'appareil cardiovasculaire. | [
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Heaven (2002 film) | Heaven (film, 2002) | Heaven is a 2002 romantic thriller film directed by Tom Tykwer, starring Cate Blanchett and Giovanni Ribisi. Co-screenwriter Krzysztof Kieślowski intended for it to be the first part of a trilogy (the second being "Hell" and the third titled "Purgatory"), but Kieślowski died before he could complete the project. The film is an international co-production among producers based in Germany, France, Italy, the United States, and the United Kingdom. The dialogue is in Italian and English. | Heaven est un film dramatique germano-américain réalisé en 2002 par Tom Tykwer. Il est le premier volet d'une trilogie de Krzysztof Kieślowski, mort en 1996. C'est le premier film anglophone, avec une grande partie italophone néanmoins, de Tom Tykwer. | [
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Tachycardia | Tachycardie | Tachycardia, also called tachyarrhythmia, is a heart rate that exceeds the normal resting rate. In general, a resting heart rate over 100 beats per minute is accepted as tachycardia in adults. Heart rates above the resting rate may be normal (such as with exercise) or abnormal (such as with electrical problems within the heart). | La tachycardie (du grec ancien / = rapide, et / = cœur) correspond à un rythme cardiaque plus rapide que la normale. | [
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Bleeding | Hémorragie | Bleeding, also known as a hemorrhage, haemorrhage, or simply blood loss, is blood escaping from the circulatory system from damaged blood vessels. Bleeding can occur internally, or externally either through a natural opening such as the mouth, nose, ear, urethra, vagina or anus, or through a wound in the skin. Hypovolemia is a massive decrease in blood volume, and death by excessive loss of blood is referred to as exsanguination. Typically, a healthy person can endure a loss of 10–15% of the total blood volume without serious medical difficulties (by comparison, blood donation typically takes 8–10% of the donor's blood volume). The stopping or controlling of bleeding is called hemostasis and is an important part of both first aid and surgery. The use of cyanoacrylate glue to prevent bleeding and seal battle wounds was designed and first used in the Vietnam War. Today many medical treatments use a medical version of "super glue" instead of using traditional stitches used for small wounds that need to be closed at the skin level. | Une hémorragie (du latin "haemorrhagia") est un saignement, un écoulement du sang en dehors de son circuit naturel constitué par le cœur et les vaisseaux sanguins (veines et artères). | [
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Ursulines | Ordre de Sainte-Ursule | The Ursulines, also known as the Order of Saint Ursula (Post-nominals: OSU), is an enclosed religious order of consecrated women that branched off from the Angelines, also known as the Company of Saint Ursula, in 1572. Like the Angelines, they trace their origins to their foundress Saint Angela Merici and place themselves under the patronage of Saint Ursula. While the Ursulines took up a monastic way of life under the Rule of Saint Augustine, the Angelines operate as a secular institute. The largest group within the Ursulines is the Ursulines of the Roman Union. | L’ordre de Sainte-Ursule est un ordre religieux catholique fondé en à Brescia en Lombardie (Italie) par sainte Angèle Mérici (1474-1540). Il se consacre principalement à l'éducation des filles ainsi qu'aux soins des malades et des nécessiteux dans de nombreuses maisons qui en vinrent à être appelées "couvents des Ursulines". | [
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Eric Voegelin | Eric Voegelin | Eric Voegelin (born Erich Hermann Wilhelm Vögelin, ; 1901–1985) was a German-American political philosopher. He was born in Cologne, and educated in political science at the University of Vienna where he became an associate professor of political science in its law faculty. In 1938 he and his wife fled from the Nazi forces which had entered Vienna. They emigrated to the United States, where they became citizens in 1944. He spent most of his academic career at Louisiana State University, the University of Munich and the Hoover Institution of Stanford University. | Eric Voegelin, né le à Cologne en Empire allemand et mort le à Stanford, est un philosophe américain d'origine autrichienne, spécialiste de philosophie politique. | [
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Sudden Impact | Le Retour de l'inspecteur Harry | Sudden Impact is a 1983 American action thriller film and the fourth and penultimate film in the "Dirty Harry" series, directed by Clint Eastwood (making it the only "Dirty Harry" film to be directed by Eastwood himself), and starring Eastwood and Sondra Locke. The film tells the story of a gang rape victim (Locke) who decides to seek revenge on the rapists ten years after the attack by killing them one by one. Inspector Callahan (Eastwood), famous for his unconventional and often brutal crime-fighting tactics is tasked with tracking down the serial killer. As Callahan investigates the killings, he becomes romantically entangled with the woman, not knowing that she is responsible for the murders. | Le Retour de l'inspecteur Harry ("Sudden Impact") est un film américain de Clint Eastwood, sorti en 1983. C'est le de la saga "L'Inspecteur Harry". | [
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Oscar Temaru | Oscar Temaru | Oscar Manutahi Temaru (born November 1, 1944) is a French politician. He has been President of French Polynesia ("président de la Polynésie française"), an overseas collectivity of France, on five occasions: in 2004, from 2005 to 2006, from 2007 to 2008, in 2009, and from 2011 to 2013 and mayor of Faa'a since 1983. | Oscar Manutahi Temaru, né le dans la commune de Faʻaʻā, à Tahiti, est un homme politique français de Polynésie française. | [
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Atari Jaguar | Jaguar (console de jeux vidéo) | The Atari Jaguar is a home video game console that was developed by Atari Corporation and originally released in North America in November 1993. | La Jaguar est une console de jeux vidéo de salon à cartouches datant de 1993, disposant d'une ludothèque limitée, et qui n'a pas connu un grand succès malgré sa technologie innovante. C’est l'avant-dernière console produite par Atari Corporation. | [
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Oxygen therapy | Oxygénothérapie normobare | Oxygen therapy, also known as supplemental oxygen, is the use of oxygen as a medical treatment. This can include for low blood oxygen, carbon monoxide toxicity, cluster headaches, and to maintain enough oxygen while inhaled anesthetics are given. Long-term oxygen is often useful in people with chronically low oxygen such as from severe COPD or cystic fibrosis. Oxygen can be given in a number of ways including nasal cannula, face mask, and inside a hyperbaric chamber. Oxygen is required for normal cell metabolism. Excessively high concentrations can cause oxygen toxicity such as lung damage or result in respiratory failure in those who are predisposed. Higher oxygen concentrations also increase the risk of fires, particularly while smoking, and without humidification can also dry out the nose. The target oxygen saturation recommended depends on the condition being treated. In most conditions a saturation of 94–96% is recommended, while in those at risk of carbon dioxide retention saturations of 88–92% are preferred, and in those with carbon monoxide toxicity or cardiac arrest they should be as high as possible. Air is typically 21% oxygen by volume while oxygen therapy increases this by some amount up to 100%. The use of oxygen in medicine became common around 1917. It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines. The cost of home oxygen is about US$150 a month in Brazil and US$400 a month in the United States. Home oxygen can be provided either by oxygen tanks or an oxygen concentrator. Oxygen is believed to be the most common treatment given in hospitals in the developed world. | L’oxygénothérapie est le fait d'apporter un supplément de dioxygène à un patient. On la dit « "normobare" » par opposition à l'oxygénation hyperbare qui se pratique en caisson hyperbare. | [
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The Hound of the Baskervilles (1959 film) | Le Chien des Baskerville (film, 1959) | The Hound of the Baskervilles is a 1959 British gothic horror mystery film directed by Terence Fisher and produced by Hammer Film Productions. It is based on the 1902 novel of the same title by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle. It stars Peter Cushing as Sherlock Holmes, Sir Christopher Lee as Sir Henry Baskerville and André Morell as Doctor Watson. It is the first film adaptation of the novel to be filmed in colour. | Le Chien des Baskerville (""), est un film britannique réalisé par Terence Fisher, sorti en 1959. C'est la première adaptation cinématographique en couleur du roman éponyme de Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, publié en 1901, et l'une des plus célèbres productions des studios de la Hammer. | [
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Bitola | Bitola | Bitola (; ) is a city in the southwestern part of North Macedonia. It is located in the southern part of the Pelagonia valley, surrounded by the Baba, Nidže and Kajmakčalan mountain ranges, north of the Medžitlija-Níki border crossing with Greece. The city stands at an important junction connecting the south of the Adriatic Sea region with the Aegean Sea and Central Europe, and is an administrative, cultural, industrial, commercial, and educational centre. It has been known since the Ottoman period as "The City of The Consuls", since many European countries had consulates in Bitola. | Bitola (en, prononcé ; en ; en ) est une municipalité et une ville du sud-ouest de la Macédoine du Nord. La municipalité comptait en 2002 et couvre. La ville en elle-même comptait alors, le reste de la population étant réparti dans les villages alentour. | [
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Hippogriff | Hippogriffe | In Ancient Greek folklore, the hippogriff, or sometimes spelled hippogryph (), is a legendary creature which has the front half of an eagle and the hind half of a horse. | Un hippogriffe est une créature imaginaire hybride, d'apparence mi-cheval et mi-aigle, qui ressemble à un cheval ailé avec la tête et les membres antérieurs d'un aigle. Sa figure est peut-être issue du bestiaire fabuleux des Perses et de leur Simurgh, au travers du griffon. | [
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Analogue electronics | Électronique analogique | Analogue electronics () are electronic systems with a continuously variable signal, in contrast to digital electronics where signals usually take only two levels. The term "analogue" describes the proportional relationship between a signal and a voltage or current that represents the signal. The word analogue is derived from the Greek word (analogos) meaning "proportional". | L'électronique analogique est la discipline traitant des systèmes électroniques sur des grandeurs (tension, courant, charge) à variation continue. Elle diffère de l'électronique numérique dans laquelle ces dernières sont quantifiées. On emploie le terme « analogique » car les grandeurs électriques utilisées sont à l'image du signal à traiter (analogues). | [
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
That '70s Show | That '70s Show | That '70s Show is an American television period sitcom that originally aired on Fox from August 23, 1998, to May 18, 2006. The series focuses on the lives of a group of six teenage friends living in fictional Point Place, Wisconsin, from May 17, 1976, to December 31, 1979. | En France, la série a été diffusée à partir du sur Jimmy, puis sur France 2, Comédie!, NRJ 12, MTV et sur Game One. Au Québec, elle a été diffusée à partir du sur VRAK.TV. | [
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The Nest (2002 film) | Nid de guêpes (film) | The Nest (2002), also known as Nid de guêpes, is a French action/thriller movie, co-written and directed by Florent Emilio Siri. The literal translation of the French title is "Wasp's Nest." The film is quasi-remake of the 1976 film, "Assault on Precinct 13," which in turn was inspired by 1959's "Rio Bravo." | Nid de guêpes est un film d'action français réalisé par Florent-Emilio Siri, produit en 2001, sorti au cinéma le. | [
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Dardanelles | Dardanelles | The Dardanelles (;, ), also known from Classical Antiquity as the Hellespont (; ), is a narrow, natural strait and internationally significant waterway in northwestern Turkey that forms part of the continental boundary between Europe and Asia, and separates Asian Turkey from European Turkey. One of the world's narrowest straits used for international navigation, the Dardanelles connects the Sea of Marmara with the Aegean and Mediterranean Seas, while also allowing passage to the Black Sea by extension via the Bosphorus. The Dardanelles is long, and wide, averaging deep with a maximum depth of at its narrowest point abreast the city of Çanakkale. | Les Dardanelles ou détroit des Dardanelles ("Çanakkale boğazı" en turc, de "Çanakkale", le « castel (Kale) aux poteries (Çanak) ») est un passage maritime reliant la mer Égée à la mer de Marmara. | [
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Airway management | Libération des voies aériennes | Airway management includes a set of maneuvers and medical procedures performed to prevent and relieve airway obstruction. This ensures an open pathway for gas exchange between a patient's lungs and the atmosphere. This is accomplished by either clearing a previously obstructed airway; or by preventing airway obstruction in cases such as anaphylaxis, the obtunded patient, or medical sedation. Airway obstruction can be caused by the tongue, foreign objects, the tissues of the airway itself, and bodily fluids such as blood and gastric contents (aspiration). | Les voies aériennes peuvent être obstruées accidentellement, gênant ou empêchant le passage de l'air. Il faut alors libérer le passage de l'air, « assurer la perméabilité des voies aériennes supérieures », pour permettre la ventilation spontanée ou la ventilation artificielle. C'est la libération des voies aériennes (LVA). On parle aussi de contrôle des voies aériennes. | [
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The Hound of the Baskervilles | Le Chien des Baskerville | The Hound of the Baskervilles is the third of the four crime novels written by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle featuring the detective Sherlock Holmes. Originally serialised in "The Strand Magazine" from August 1901 to April 1902, it is set largely on Dartmoor in Devon in England's West Country and tells the story of an attempted murder inspired by the legend of a fearsome, diabolical hound of supernatural origin. Sherlock Holmes and his companion Dr. Watson investigate the case. This was the first appearance of Holmes since his apparent death in "The Final Problem", and the success of "The Hound of the Baskervilles" led to the character's eventual revival. | Le Chien des Baskerville ("") est un roman policier anglais de Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, publié pour la première fois dans "The Strand Magazine" en 1901 et 1902. | [
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Trial balance | Balance comptable | A trial balance is a list of all the general ledger accounts (both revenue and capital) contained in the ledger of a business. This list will contain the name of each nominal ledger account and the value of that nominal ledger balance. Each nominal ledger account will hold either a debit balance or a credit balance. The debit balance values will be listed in the debit column of the trial balance and the credit value balance will be listed in the credit column. The trading profit and loss statement and balance sheet and other financial reports can then be produced using the ledger accounts listed on the same balance. | La balance comptable est un état d'une période, établi à partir de la liste de tous les comptes du grand-livre, le grand journal de l'entreprise (qu'ils soient de bilan ou de gestion) et regroupant tous les totaux (ou masses) en débit et crédit de ces comptes et par différence tous les soldes débiteurs et créditeurs. | [
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The Great Gatsby (1974 film) | Gatsby le Magnifique (film, 1974) | The Great Gatsby is a 1974 American romantic drama film based on F. Scott Fitzgerald's 1925 novel of the same name. It was directed by Jack Clayton and produced by David Merrick from a screenplay by Francis Ford Coppola. The film stars Robert Redford in the title role of Jay Gatsby, along with Mia Farrow, Sam Waterston, Bruce Dern, Karen Black, Scott Wilson and Lois Chiles, with Howard Da Silva (who previously appeared in the 1949 version), Roberts Blossom and Edward Herrmann. | Gatsby le Magnifique (titre original "") est un drame psychologique américain, inspiré du roman du même nom de F. Scott Fitzgerald (publié en 1925), réalisé par Jack Clayton et sorti en 1974. | [
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Spinal cord | Moelle spinale | The spinal cord is a long, thin, tubular structure made up of nervous tissue, which extends from the medulla oblongata in the brainstem to the lumbar region of the vertebral column. It encloses the central canal of the spinal cord, which contains cerebrospinal fluid. The brain and spinal cord together make up the central nervous system (CNS). In humans, the spinal cord begins at the occipital bone, passing through the foramen magnum and entering the spinal canal at the beginning of the cervical vertebrae. The spinal cord extends down to between the first and second lumbar vertebrae, where it ends. The enclosing bony vertebral column protects the relatively shorter spinal cord. It is around in men and around long in women. The diameter of the spinal cord ranges from in the cervical and lumbar regions to in the thoracic area. | La moelle spinale (selon la nouvelle nomenclature), ou moelle épinière (dans l’ancienne nomenclature), désigne la partie du système nerveux central qui prolonge la moelle allongée appartenant au tronc cérébral. Elle est contenue dans le canal rachidien (canal formé par la juxtaposition des foramens intervertébraux), qui la soutient et la protège. | [
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Peritonitis | Péritonite | Peritonitis is inflammation of the peritoneum, the lining of the inner wall of the abdomen and cover of the abdominal organs. Symptoms may include severe pain, swelling of the abdomen, fever, or weight loss. One part or the entire abdomen may be tender. Complications may include shock and acute respiratory distress syndrome. Causes include perforation of the intestinal tract, pancreatitis, pelvic inflammatory disease, stomach ulcer, cirrhosis, or a ruptured appendix. Risk factors include ascites and peritoneal dialysis. Diagnosis is generally based on examination, blood tests, and medical imaging. Treatment often includes antibiotics, intravenous fluids, pain medication, and surgery. Other measures may include a nasogastric tube or blood transfusion. Without treatment death may occur within a few days. Approximately 7.5% of people have appendicitis at some point in time. About 20% of people with cirrhosis who are hospitalized have peritonitis. | La péritonite est l’inflammation du péritoine. La péritonite est une infection assez grave qui peut déboucher sur la mort si elle n’est pas traitée, car la surface péritonéale est interne ; les conséquences locales et générales sont donc très rapides. L’infection provient d’une suppuration ou d’une perforation du tube digestif permettant à des bactéries d’atteindre le péritoine. En fonction des moyens locaux et généraux de défense, trois évolutions sont possibles : la guérison, l’abcès ou la péritonite. | [
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Merge sort | Tri fusion | In computer science, merge sort (also commonly spelled mergesort) is an efficient, general-purpose, comparison-based sorting algorithm. Most implementations produce a stable sort, which means that the order of equal elements is the same in the input and output. Merge sort is a divide and conquer algorithm that was invented by John von Neumann in 1945. A detailed description and analysis of bottom-up mergesort appeared in a report by Goldstine and von Neumann as early as 1948. | En informatique, le tri fusion est un algorithme de tri par comparaison stable. Sa complexité temporelle pour une entrée de taille "n" est de l'ordre de "n" log "n", ce qui est asymptotiquement optimal. Ce tri est basé sur la technique algorithmique diviser pour régner. L'opération principale de l'algorithme est la "fusion", qui consiste à réunir deux listes triées en une seule. L'efficacité de l'algorithme vient du fait que deux listes triées peuvent être fusionnées en temps linéaire. | [
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Phimosis | Phimosis | Phimosis is a condition in which the foreskin of the penis cannot be pulled back past the glans. A balloon-like swelling under the foreskin may occur with urination. In teenagers and adults, it may result in pain during an erection, but is otherwise not painful. Those affected are at greater risk of inflammation of the glans, known as balanitis, and other complications. | Le phimosis est une affection du pénis ou du clitoris. Lors de l'érection, le prépuce du pénis ou le capuchon du clitoris ne peut se rétracter derrière le gland du pénis ou du clitoris. Le phimosis peut notamment être causé par une étroitesse du prépuce ou du capuchon, des lésions provoquées par des décalotages forcés, une infection, une tumeur ou un diabète. | [
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Thor | Thor | In Germanic mythology, Thor (; from, runic "þur") is a hammer-wielding god associated with thunder, lightning, storms, sacred groves and trees, strength, the protection of mankind and also hallowing and fertility. Besides Old Norse "Þórr", extensions of the god occur in Old English as and in Old High German as (runic ). All forms of the deity stem from a Common Germanic (meaning "thunder"). | Thor est le dieu du Tonnerre dans la mythologie nordique. Il est l'un des principaux dieux du panthéon nordique, et fut vénéré dans l'ensemble du monde germanique. On trouve ainsi différentes formes et graphies de son nom selon les régions : Þórr ou Þunarr en vieux norrois, Þunor en anglo-saxon, Þonar en frison occidental, Donar en vieux haut-allemand, du proto-germanique "*þunraR" qui signifie « tonnerre ». Initialement, Thor est le « Tonnerre », un attribut du Ciel-Père. | [
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Conan the Destroyer | Conan le Destructeur | Conan the Destroyer is a 1984 American epic sword and sorcery film directed by Richard Fleischer from a screenplay by Stanley Mann and a story by Roy Thomas and Gerry Conway. Based on the character Conan the Barbarian created by Robert E. Howard, it is the sequel to "Conan the Barbarian" (1982). The film stars Arnold Schwarzenegger and Mako reprising their roles as Conan and Akiro, the Wizard of the Mounds, respectively. The cast also includes Grace Jones, Wilt Chamberlain, Tracey Walter, and Olivia d'Abo. | Conan le Destructeur ("") est un film américain réalisé par Richard Fleischer, sorti en 1984. C'est la suite de Conan le Barbare ("Conan the Barbarian") réalisé par John Milius en 1982. | [
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Lighthouse | Phare | A lighthouse is a tower, building, or another type of structure designed to emit light from a system of lamps and lenses and to serve as a navigational aid for maritime pilots at sea or on inland waterways. Lighthouses mark dangerous coastlines, hazardous shoals, reefs, rocks, and safe entries to harbors; they also assist in aerial navigation. Once widely used, the number of operational lighthouses has declined due to the expense of maintenance and has become uneconomical since the advent of cheaper and often much more effective electronic navigational systems. | Un phare est un système de signalisation employé, soit dans le domaine maritime (phare maritime), soit dans le domaine aéronautique (phare aéronautique). | [
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Fresnel lens | Lentille de Fresnel | A Fresnel lens (, or ) is a type of composite compact lens originally developed by French physicist Augustin-Jean Fresnel (1788–1827) for lighthouses. It has been called "the invention that saved a million ships." | La lentille de Fresnel, ou lentille à échelons, est un type de lentille inventé par Augustin Fresnel en 1822 pour remplacer les miroirs utilisés dans l'éclairage des phares de signalisation marine qui absorbaient jusqu'à 50 % du flux lumineux. C'est une lentille plan-convexe découpée de sections annulaires concentriques optimisées pour alléger l'élément. | [
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Rectum | Rectum | The rectum is the final straight portion of the large intestine in humans and some other mammals, and the gut in others. The adult human rectum is about long, and begins at the rectosigmoid junction, the end of the sigmoid colon, at the level of the third sacral vertebra or the sacral promontory depending upon what definition is used. Its caliber is similar to that of the sigmoid colon at its commencement, but it is dilated near its termination, forming the rectal ampulla. It terminates at the level of the anorectal ring (the level of the puborectalis sling) or the dentate line, again depending upon which definition is used. In humans, the rectum is followed by the anal canal which is about long, before the gastrointestinal tract terminates at the anal verge. The word rectum comes from the Latin " ", meaning "straight intestine". | Le rectum est le dernier segment du tube digestif reliant le côlon sigmoïde à l'anus. Il est composé de deux parties distinctes : l'ampoule rectale qui permet le stockage des matières fécales en attente de la défécation (réservoir), et le canal anal qui permet la continence. | [
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Leg | Membre inférieur (anatomie humaine) | A leg is a weight-bearing and locomotive anatomical structure, usually having a columnar shape. During locomotion, legs function as "extensible struts". The combination of movements at all joints can be modeled as a single, linear element capable of changing length and rotating about an omnidirectional "hip" joint. | Les membres inférieurs chez l'Homme sont les membres de la locomotion, permettant aux humains de se soutenir et de se déplacer d'un endroit à un autre en marchant. | [
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Foreskin | Prépuce | The foreskin is the double-layered fold of smooth muscle tissue, blood vessels, neurons, skin, and mucous membrane part of the penis that covers and protects the glans penis and the urinary meatus. It is also described as the prepuce, a technically broader term that also includes the clitoral hood in women, to which the foreskin is embryonically homologous. The highly innervated mucocutaneous zone of the penis occurs near the tip of the foreskin. The foreskin is mobile, fairly stretchable, and acts as a natural lubricant. | Le prépuce est le repli circulaire de peau mobile et coulissant qui couvre plus ou moins le gland du pénis à l’état de flaccidité, et qui se rétracte en érection. Son ablation, la circoncision, est une intervention chirurgicale qui concerne 30% de la population masculine ; hors cure de pathologies, elle est considérée par certains organismes médicaux soit comme une atteinte à l'intégrité physique soit comme un acte de prophylaxie. Il est l'homologue du capuchon du clitoris. | [
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Defecation | Défécation | Defecation is the final act of digestion, by which organisms eliminate solid, semisolid, or liquid waste material from the digestive tract via the anus. | La défécation est l’expulsion des matières fécales par l'anus. Cet acte essentiel est tabou dans de nombreuses cultures car très intime. Il s'effectue de différentes façons : en s'accroupissant ou s'asseyant, en utilisant ou non des toilettes. L'acte peut aussi s'avérer involontaire suite à des dysfonctionnements intestinaux. | [
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Thigh | Cuisse | In human anatomy, the thigh is the area between the hip (pelvis) and the knee. Anatomically, it is part of the lower limb. | Chez les animaux, la cuisse désigne le segment supérieur du membre inférieur ou le haut de la patte, articulée à la hanche, souvent plus musculeux ou plus épais. Mais la cuisse du poulet, de l'humain, du cheval, du mouton (gigot), d'un bovin (culotte), d'un porc (jambon) d'un caprin ou d'un cervidé (cuissot) diffèrent notablement par leurs formes et aspects extérieurs. La fonction des cuisses est essentiellement locomotrice. L'adjectif en rapport est "fémoral" (ou "crural" en ancienne nomenclature). | [
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Poultry | Volaille | Poultry () are domesticated birds kept by humans for their eggs, their meat or their feathers. These birds are most typically members of the superorder Galloanserae (fowl), especially the order Galliformes (which includes chickens, quails, and turkeys). | Une volaille est un oiseau domestique, appartenant généralement aux gallinacés ou aux palmipèdes, élevé pour sa chair, ses œufs, ses plumes. L'échelle d'élevage des volailles va de l'intensif industriel spécialisé pouvant regrouper des centaines de milliers d'individu à l'élevage paysan, fermier ou familial des quelques oiseaux rustiques. | [
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Chicken as food | Poulet | Chicken is the most common type of poultry in the world. Owing to the relative ease and low cost of raising them in comparison to animals such as cattle or hogs, chickens have become prevalent throughout the cuisine of cultures around the world, and their meat has been variously adapted to regional tastes. | Un poulet est une jeune volaille, mâle ou femelle, de la sous-espèce "Gallus gallus domesticus", élevée pour sa chair. S'il s'agit du même animal, les conditions de production des poulets de chair diffèrent de celles des poules pondeuses qui sont élevées pour leurs œufs. Par exemple le rythme de croissance des poules pondeuses est bien moins important que celui des poulets de chair. | [
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Epirus | Épire | Epirus () is a geographical and historical region in southeastern Europe, now shared between Greece and Albania. It lies between the Pindus Mountains and the Ionian Sea, stretching from the Bay of Vlorë and the Acroceraunian mountains in the north to the Ambracian Gulf and the ruined Roman city of Nicopolis in the south. It is currently divided between the region of Epirus in northwestern Greece and the counties of Gjirokastër, Vlorë, and Berat in southern Albania. The largest city in Epirus is Ioannina, seat of the region of Epirus, with Gjirokastër the largest city in the Albanian part of Epirus. | L’Épire (en grec :,, en aroumain Ipirlu) est une région historique et montagneuse des Balkans, partagée entre la Grèce et l’Albanie. Épire signifie « continent » en grec car c'était la langue internationale à cette époque. | [
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Airbus A310 | Airbus A310 | The Airbus A310 is a wide-body airliner developed and manufactured by Airbus, then a consortium of European aerospace manufacturers. Airbus had demand for an aircraft smaller than the A300, the first Twinjet wide-body. On 7 July 1978, the A310 (initially the A300B10) was launched with orders from Swissair and Lufthansa. On 3 April 1982, the first prototype conducted its maiden flight and it received its type certification on 11 March 1983. Keeping the same eight-abreast cross-section, the A310 is shorter than the initial A300 variants, and has a smaller wing, down from. The A310 introduced a two-crew glass cockpit, later adopted for the A300-600 with a common type rating. It was powered by the same General Electric CF6-80 or Pratt & Whitney JT9D then PW4000 turbofans. It can seat 220 passengers in two classes, or 240 in all-economy, and can fly up to. It has overwing exits between the two main front and rear door pairs. In April 1983, the aircraft entered revenue service with Swissair and competed with the Boeing 767-200, introduced six months before. Its longer range and ETOPS regulations allowed it to be operated transatlantic flights. Until the last delivery in June 1998, 255 aircraft were produced, as it was succeeded by the larger Airbus A330-200. | LAirbus A310 est un modèle d'avion de ligne long courrier biréacteur à fuselage large construit par Airbus de 1982 à 1998 sur la base de l'Airbus A300. Il est similaire au Boeing 767. | [
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Abbey of Saint Wandrille | Abbaye Saint-Wandrille de Fontenelle | Fontenelle Abbey or the Abbey of St Wandrille is a Benedictine monastery in the commune of Saint-Wandrille-Rançon. It was founded in 649 near Caudebec-en-Caux in Seine-Maritime, Normandy, France. | L’abbaye Saint-Wandrille, anciennement abbaye de Fontenelle, est une abbaye bénédictine de la congrégation de Solesmes située sur la commune de Rives-en-Seine, ancienne commune de Saint-Wandrille-Rançon, dans le département de la Seine-Maritime, en Normandie (France). Fondée en 649, l'abbaye a connu une longue histoire marquée par trois grandes périodes de saccages et de destructions : celles liées aux incursions des Vikings, puis celles engendrées par les guerres de Religion, et enfin celles consécutives à la Révolution française. C'est encore aujourd'hui une abbaye de moines bénédictins. | [
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Svedberg | Svedberg | A Svedberg unit (symbol S, sometimes Sv) is a non-SI metric unit for sedimentation coefficient. The Svedberg unit (S) offers a measure of a particle's size based on its sedimentation rate under acceleration, i.e. how fast a particle of given size and shape'settles' to the bottom of a solution. The Svedberg is a measure of time, defined as exactly 10 seconds (100 fs). | Le Svedberg, de symbole S, est une unité de mesure du taux de sédimentation. Elle fut nommée ainsi en l'honneur du chimiste et physicien suédois Theodor Svedberg (1884-1971), lauréat du prix Nobel de chimie en 1926 pour ses travaux en chimie des colloïdes et son invention de l'ultracentrifugeuse. | [
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Baker's yeast | Levure de boulanger | Baker's yeast is the common name for the strains of yeast commonly used in baking bread and bakery products, serving as a leavening agent which causes the bread to "rise" (expand and become lighter and softer) by converting the fermentable sugars present in the dough into carbon dioxide and ethanol. Baker's yeast is of the species "Saccharomyces cerevisiae", and is the same species (but a different strain) as the kind commonly used in alcoholic fermentation, which is called brewer's yeast. Baker's yeast is also a single-cell microorganism found on and around the human body. | La levure de boulanger est une levure obtenue à partir de différentes souches de "Saccharomyces cerevisiae" seules ou en mélange, utilisée pour obtenir une fermentation du pain lors du processus de panification. Elle est traditionnellement commercialisée sous forme de cubes pressés, de granules déshydratées ou moins couramment sous forme liquide. | [
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Appendicitis | Appendicite | Appendicitis is inflammation of the appendix. Symptoms commonly include right lower abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, and decreased appetite. However, approximately 40% of people do not have these typical symptoms. Severe complications of a ruptured appendix include widespread, painful inflammation of the inner lining of the abdominal wall and sepsis. Appendicitis is caused by a blockage of the hollow portion of the appendix. This is most commonly due to a calcified "stone" made of feces. Inflamed lymphoid tissue from a viral infection, parasites, gallstone, or tumors may also cause the blockage. This blockage leads to increased pressures in the appendix, decreased blood flow to the tissues of the appendix, and bacterial growth inside the appendix causing inflammation. The combination of inflammation, reduced blood flow to the appendix and distention of the appendix causes tissue injury and tissue death. If this process is left untreated, the appendix may burst, releasing bacteria into the abdominal cavity, leading to increased complications. The diagnosis of appendicitis is largely based on the person's signs and symptoms. In cases where the diagnosis is unclear, close observation, medical imaging, and laboratory tests can be helpful. The two most common imaging tests used are an ultrasound and computed tomography (CT scan). CT scan has been shown to be more accurate than ultrasound in detecting acute appendicitis. However, ultrasound may be preferred as the first imaging test in children and pregnant women because of the risks associated with radiation exposure from CT scans. The standard treatment for acute appendicitis is surgical removal of the appendix. This may be done by an open incision in the abdomen (laparotomy) or through a few smaller incisions with the help of cameras (laparoscopy). Surgery decreases the risk of side effects or death associated with rupture of the appendix. Antibiotics may be equally effective in certain cases of non-ruptured appendicitis. It is one of the most common and significant causes of severe abdominal pain that comes on quickly. In 2015 about 11.6 million cases of appendicitis occurred which resulted in about 50,100 deaths. In the United States, appendicitis is the most common cause of sudden abdominal pain requiring surgery. Each year in the United States, more than 300,000 people with appendicitis have their appendix surgically removed. Reginald Fitz is credited with being the first person to describe the condition in 1886. | L'appendicite est une inflammation aiguë de l’appendice iléo-cæcal. L'appendicite peut survenir à tout âge mais surtout avant. Non traitée, elle peut être mortelle, principalement par péritonite et sepsis ; elle requiert donc une appendicectomie en urgence. | [
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François Pérusse | François Pérusse | François Pérusse (born October 8, 1960) is a Québécois comedian and musician famous for his radio sketches featuring puns and absurd humour. His best-known sketches are from the series "Les 2 minutes du peuple" ("The Peoples' 2 Minutes"). He’s put online on a regular basis, some new stuff on is YouTube channel named : LeFrancoisPerusse. | François Pérusse, né le à Québec, est un humoriste et chanteur québécois. Il est notamment célèbre pour ses sketches humoristiques et radiophoniques où il manie le non-sens et les jeux de mots. Ses sketches les plus connus sont ceux de la série "Les 2 Minutes du peuple", dont le sens comique repose principalement sur des voix passées à des vitesses plus ou moins accélérées, des enchaînements de calembours, de courtes parodies et des chansons. | [
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Buddy Holly | Buddy Holly | Charles Hardin Holley (September 7, 1936 – February 3, 1959), known professionally as Buddy Holly, was an American musician and singer-songwriter who was a central and pioneering figure of mid-1950s rock and roll. He was born in Lubbock, Texas, to a musical family during the Great Depression, and learned to play guitar and sing alongside his siblings. His style was influenced by gospel music, country music, and rhythm and blues acts, which he performed in Lubbock with his friends from high school. | Buddy Holly, de son vrai nom Charles Hardin Holley, né le à Lubbock, au Texas, et mort le à Clear Lake, dans l'Iowa, est un chanteur, guitariste et compositeur de rock 'n' roll. | [
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Modernity | Modernité | Modernity, a topic in the humanities and social sciences, is both a historical period (the modern era), as well as the ensemble of particular socio-cultural norms, attitudes and practices that arose in the wake of the Renaissancein the "Age of Reason" of 17th-century thought and the 18th-century "Enlightenment". Some commentators consider the era of modernity to have ended by 1930, with World War II in 1945, or the 1980s or 1990s; the following era is called postmodernity. The term "contemporary history" is also used to refer to the post-1945 timeframe, without assigning it to either the modern or postmodern era. (Thus "modern" may be used as a name of a particular era in the past, as opposed to meaning "the current era".) | La modernité est un concept désignant l’idée d'agir en conformité avec son temps et non plus en fonction de valeurs, considérées de facto comme "dépassées". Les philosophes, anthropologues et sociologues traitent principalement de ce concept mais aussi les historiens, quand ils qualifient de "moderne" une des époques qu'ils étudient. Si bien que l'adjectif "moderne" est entré dans le langage usuel. | [
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Daniel Defoe | Daniel Defoe | Daniel Defoe (; c. 1660 – 24 April 1731), born Daniel Foe, was an English trader, writer, journalist, pamphleteer and spy. He is most famous for his novel "Robinson Crusoe", published in 1719, which is claimed to be second only to the Bible in its number of translations. He has been seen as one of the earliest proponents of the English novel, and helped to popularise the form in Britain with others such as Aphra Behn and Samuel Richardson. Defoe wrote many political tracts and was often in trouble with the authorities, and spent a period in prison. Intellectuals and political leaders paid attention to his fresh ideas and sometimes consulted with him. | Daniel Defoe, de son vrai nom Daniel Foe, est un aventurier, commerçant, agent politique et écrivain anglais, né vers à Londres et mort le dans la Cité de Londres. Il est notamment connu pour être l’auteur de "Robinson Crusoé" et de "Heurs et Malheurs de la fameuse Moll Flanders". | [
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Africa Cup of Nations | Coupe d'Afrique des nations de football | The CAF Africa Cup of Nations, officially CAN (), also referred to as AFCON, or Total Africa Cup of Nations after its headline sponsor, is the main international men’s association football competition in Africa. It is sanctioned by the Confederation of African Football (CAF) and was first held in 1957. Since 1968, it has been held every two years. The title holders at the time of a FIFA Confederations Cup qualify for that competition. | La Coupe d'Afrique des nations, officiellement Coupe d'Afrique des nations Total (nom lié au sponsor) et parfois abrégée en CAN, est la plus importante compétition africaine de football entre nations. Créé en 1957, organisée par la Confédération africaine de football (CAF) tous les deux ans. | [
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The Great Dictator | Le Dictateur | The Great Dictator is a 1940 American political satire comedy-drama film written, directed, produced, scored by, and starring British comedian Charlie Chaplin, following the tradition of many of his other films. Having been the only Hollywood filmmaker to continue to make silent films well into the period of sound films, Chaplin made this his first true sound film. | Le Dictateur ("") est un film américain satirique réalisé par Charlie Chaplin en 1940, dont c'est le premier film parlant. | [
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Presburger arithmetic | Arithmétique de Presburger | Presburger arithmetic is the first-order theory of the natural numbers with addition, named in honor of Mojżesz Presburger, who introduced it in 1929. The signature of Presburger arithmetic contains only the addition operation and equality, omitting the multiplication operation entirely. The axioms include a schema of induction. | En logique mathématique, l'arithmétique de Presburger est la théorie du premier ordre des nombres entiers naturels munis de l'addition. Elle a été introduite en 1929 par Mojżesz Presburger. Il s'agit de l'arithmétique de Peano "sans la multiplication", c’est-à-dire avec seulement l'addition, en plus du zéro et de l'opération successeur. Contrairement à l'arithmétique de Peano, l'arithmétique de Presburger est décidable. Cela signifie qu'il existe un algorithme qui détermine si un énoncé du langage de l'arithmétique de Presburger est démontrable à partir des axiomes de l'arithmétique de Presburger. | [
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Coq | Coq (logiciel) | Coq is an interactive theorem prover first released in 1989. It allows for the expression of mathematical assertions, mechanically checks proofs of these assertions, helps to find formal proofs, and extracts a certified program from the constructive proof of its formal specification. Coq works within the theory of the calculus of inductive constructions, a derivative of the calculus of constructions. Coq is not an automated theorem prover but includes automatic theorem proving tactics (procedures) and various decision procedures. | Coq est un assistant de preuve utilisant le langage Gallina, développé par l'équipe PI.R2 de l’Inria au sein du laboratoire PPS du CNRS et en partenariat avec l'École polytechnique, le CNAM, l'Université Paris Diderot et l'Université Paris-Sud (et antérieurement l'École normale supérieure de Lyon). | [
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Anime music video | Anime music video | An anime music video (AMV), known in wasei-eigo as MAD (music anime douga), is a fan-made music video consisting of clips from one or more Japanese animated shows or movies set to an audio track, often songs or promotional trailer audio. The term is generally specific to Japanese anime, however, it can occasionally include American animation footage or video game footage. AMVs are not official music videos released by the musicians, they are fan compositions which synchronize edited video clips with an audio track. AMVs are most commonly posted and distributed over the Internet through AnimeMusicVideos.org or YouTube. Anime conventions frequently run AMV contests who usually show the finalists/winner's AMVs. | Un anime music video (terme anglais signifiant « vidéoclip d’"anime" » et abrégé AMV) est une œuvre vidéo réalisée à partir d'extraits d’"anime" (et, dans une moindre mesure, de dessin animé au sens large, de jeu vidéo ou de scène de film). La bande son d'un AMV est généralement une musique sans rapport avec le monde de l'animation. La partie vidéo est composée de séquences extraites d'une ou plusieurs œuvres animées (scènes tristes ou épiques en fonction de la musique choisie par son créateur) et montées en synchronisation avec la musique afin de produire l'équivalent d'un vidéoclip classique. La création d'AMV ("AMV-making" dans le jargon) est l'art de combiner l'animation et la musique. | [
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Baseball | Baseball | Baseball is a bat-and-ball game played between two opposing teams who take turns batting and fielding. The game proceeds when a player on the fielding team, called the pitcher, throws a ball which a player on the batting team tries to hit with a bat. The objective of the offensive team (batting team) is to hit the ball into the field of play, allowing its players to run the bases, having them advance counter-clockwise around four bases to score what are called "runs". The objective of the defensive team (fielding team) is to prevent batters from becoming runners, and to prevent runners' advance around the bases. A run is scored when a runner legally advances around the bases in order and touches home plate (the place where the player started as a batter). The team that scores the most runs by the end of the game is the winner. | Le baseball ( ) est un sport collectif dérivé des mêmes racines que le cricket, qui se pratique sur un terrain de gazon et de sable. Il se joue avec des battes pour frapper une balle lancée, et des gants pour rattraper la balle. Les origines du baseball prêtent à controverse, mais il est indiscutable que les premières règles modernes (les « "" ») ont été codifiées aux États-Unis en 1845. Les racines européennes du jeu, longtemps négligées par les autorités américaines afin de faire du baseball un sport typiquement américain, sont connues de longue date par les historiens américains du sport. La récente mise en lumière d'une description d'un match joué en 1755 dans le Surrey (Angleterre) va dans ce sens. | [
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Gödel's completeness theorem | Théorème de complétude de Gödel | Gödel's completeness theorem is a fundamental theorem in mathematical logic that establishes a correspondence between semantic truth and syntactic provability in first-order logic. It makes a close link between model theory that deals with what is true in different models, and proof theory that studies what can be formally proven in particular formal systems. | En logique mathématique, le théorème de complétude du calcul des prédicats du premier ordre dresse une correspondance entre la sémantique et les démonstrations d'un système de déduction en logique du premier ordre. | [
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Lattice (group) | Réseau (géométrie) | In geometry and group theory, a lattice in formula_1 is a subgroup of the additive group formula_1 which is isomorphic to the additive group formula_3, and which spans the real vector space formula_1. In other words, for any basis of formula_1, the subgroup of all linear combinations with integer coefficients of the basis vectors forms a lattice. A lattice may be viewed as a regular tiling of a space by a primitive cell. | En mathématiques, un réseau d'un espace (vectoriel) euclidien est un sous-groupe discret de l’espace, de rang fini "n". Par exemple, les vecteurs de R à coordonnées entières dans une base forment un réseau de R. Cette notion permet de décrire mathématiquement des maillages, comme celui correspondant à la figure 1. | [
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Association for Computing Machinery | Association for Computing Machinery | The Association for Computing Machinery (ACM) is a US-based international learned society for computing. It was founded in 1947, and is the world's largest scientific and educational computing society. The ACM is a non-profit professional membership group, claiming nearly 100,000 student and professional members. Its headquarters are in New York City. | L'ACM (en anglais « », littéralement « association pour les machines de calcul ») est une association internationale à but non lucratif fondée en 1947, la première à être vouée à l'informatique. | [
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Béla Fleck and the Flecktones | Béla Fleck and the Flecktones | Béla Fleck and the Flecktones is an American band that combines jazz and bluegrass music. The band's name is a play on 1960s rock band Dick Dale and the Del-Tones. | Béla Fleck and the Flecktones est un groupe de jazz fusion américain mêlant le jazz, la musique country et le bluegrass. | [
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Circulatory system | Système circulatoire | The circulatory system, also called the cardiovascular system or the vascular system, is an organ system that permits blood to circulate and transport nutrients (such as amino acids and electrolytes), oxygen, carbon dioxide, hormones, and blood cells to and from the cells in the body to provide nourishment and help in fighting diseases, stabilize temperature and pH, and maintain homeostasis. | En biologie, un est un système d'organes en circuit permettant le déplacement de fluides dans un organisme. Le système circulatoire a pour rôle d'assurer le transport et l'échange interne des ressources (notamment les nutriments et le dioxygène) vers les cellules de l'organisme ainsi que de se charger de la collecte des déchets, par exemple du dioxyde de carbone. L'expression « système circulatoire » est très souvent utilisée pour définir le système de la circulation sanguine, mais il existe aussi un système circulatoire de la sève chez les végétaux, ou encore un système circulatoire de l'hémolymphe chez les insectes. | [
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Gland, Switzerland | Gland (Vaud) | Gland is a municipality in the district of Nyon in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland. The city also is home to the IUCN and WWF headquarters. | Gland ( ) est une ville et une commune suisse du canton de Vaud, située dans le district de Nyon. | [
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Hạ Long Bay | Baie d'Hạ Long | Hạ Long Bay (, ) is a UNESCO World Heritage Site and popular travel destination in Quảng Ninh Province, Vietnam. The name Hạ Long means "descending dragon". Administratively, the bay belongs to Hạ Long city, Cẩm Phả city, and is a part of Vân Đồn District. The bay features thousands of limestone karsts and isles in various shapes and sizes. Ha Long Bay is a center of a larger zone which includes Bai Tu Long Bay to the northeast, and Cát Bà Island to the southwest. These larger zones share a similar geological, geographical, geomorphological, climate, and cultural characters. | La baie d'Ha Long, baie d'Halong ou baie d'Along ("Vịnh Hạ Long" « descente du dragon » en vietnamien ou "Ha Long Bay" en anglais) est une vaste baie naturelle d'eau marine de plus de (, le plus grand karst marin du monde) située entre Hạ Long et le parc national de Cat Ba de l’île de Cat Ba, dans le golfe du Tonkin de la mer de Chine méridionale, de la province de Quảng Ninh au nord du Vietnam, à la frontière chinoise du Dongnan Qiuling, à à l'est de la capitale Hanoï. Ses de côte littorale, son panorama marin naturel préservé spectaculaire et exceptionnel de karstiques calcaires immergées, et la richesse biologique de son écosystème tropical lui valent d'être inscrite sur la liste du Patrimoine mondial de l'UNESCO depuis le (avec une extension en 2000). Ce site du club des plus belles baies du monde, élu en 2011 une des sept nouvelles merveilles de la nature, est une des plus importantes destinations de tourisme au Vietnam et de tourisme du monde avec 2,5 millions de visiteurs annuels en 2015. | [
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Coffeeshop (Netherlands) | Coffee shop (cannabis) | In the Netherlands, coffeeshops are establishments where the sale of cannabis for personal consumption by the public is tolerated by the local authorities. | Un coffee shop est, aux Pays-Bas, un endroit où l'on peut acheter et consommer du cannabis — sous certaines conditions strictes. Les "coffee shops" sont officiellement tolérés dans le royaume depuis 1976, à la suite du "rapport Baan" publié en 1972. Depuis la loi « Damoclès » datant d', les bourgmestres peuvent faire fermer les "coffee shops" au motif de nuisances ou d'infraction à la loi sur l'opium. | [
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Lucius Junius Gallio Annaeanus | Gallion | Lucius Junius Gallio Annaeanus or Gallio was a Roman senator and brother of the famous writer Seneca. He is best known for his impartial judgment of a legal case involving Paul the Apostle in Corinth. | Lucius Iunius Gallio Annaeanus (appelé couramment Gallion) est un homme politique du de l'Empire romain. Il était le frère aîné de Sénèque le Jeune, qui lui a dédié plusieurs œuvres. Il fut proconsul d'Achaïe vers 52 ; les Actes des Apôtres mentionnent que saint Paul fut amené devant son tribunal. | [
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Ellwangen | Ellwangen (Jagst) | Ellwangen an der Jagst, officially Ellwangen (Jagst), in common use simply Ellwangen is a town in the district of Ostalbkreis in the east of Baden-Württemberg in Germany. It is situated about north of Aalen. | Ellwangen (Jagst) est une ville d'Allemagne, située dans le Land de Bade-Wurtemberg. Elle est située sur les rives de la Jagst. | [
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Galleon | Galion | Galleons were large, multi-decked sailing ships first used as armed cargo carriers by European states from the 16th to 18th centuries during the age of sail and were the principal fleet units drafted for use as warships until the Anglo-Dutch Wars of the mid-1600s. Galleons generally carried three or more masts with a lateen fore-and-aft rig on the rear masts, were carvel built with a prominent squared off raised stern, and used square-rigged sail plans on their fore-mast and main-masts. | Un galion est un grand navire à voiles armé, naviguant en escorte, destiné aux échanges avec les colonies européennes entre le et le. | [
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Roman Catholic Diocese of Langres | Diocèse de Langres | The Roman Catholic Diocese of Langres (Latin: "Dioecesis Lingonensis"; French: "Diocèse de Langres") is a Roman Catholic diocese comprising the "département" of Haute-Marne in France. The diocese is now a suffragan in ecclesiastical province of the Archdiocese of Reims, having been a suffragan of Lyon until 2002. The current Bishop is Joseph Marie Edouard de Metz-Noblat, who succeeded Bishop Philippe Jean Marie Joseph Gueneley on 21 January 2014. The diocese covers a territory of 6,250 km and its estimated catholic population is 140,000. | Le diocèse de Langres (en latin : ') est une église particulière de l'Église catholique en France. Érigé au, il est un des diocèses historiques de Champagne et de Bourgogne. Entre 1790 et 1801, Langres fut le siège épiscopal du diocèse du département de la Haute-Marne, un des de l'Église constitutionnelle créés par la constitution civile du clergé. Supprimé en 1801, il est rétabli dès 1822. Depuis, il couvre le département de la Haute-Marne. | [
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Death row | Couloir de la mort | Death row is a place in a prison that houses inmates awaiting execution after being convicted of a capital crime. The term is also used figuratively to describe the state of awaiting execution ("being on death row"), even in places where no special facility or separate unit for condemned inmates exists. In the United States, after a person is found guilty of a capital offense in death penalty states, the judge will give the jury the option of imposing a death sentence or life imprisonment without the possibility of parole. It is then up to a jury to decide whether to give the death sentence; this usually has to be a unanimous decision. If the jury agrees on death, the defendant will remain on death row during appeal and habeas corpus procedures, which may continue for several years. | Le couloir de la mort est la traduction de l'expression américaine "Death Row", qui désigne le régime de haute sécurité d'incarcération des prisonniers ayant été condamnés à la peine de mort. | [
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Mediterranean Games | Jeux méditerranéens | The Mediterranean Games is a multi-sport games held usually every four years, between nations around or very close to the Mediterranean Sea, where Europe, Africa, and Asia meet. The games are under the auspices of the International Committee of Mediterranean Games (CIJM). | Les Jeux méditerranéens (JM) sont des compétitions multisports où se rencontrent des sportifs des pays du bassin méditerranéen. La première édition de ces Jeux a eu lieu en 1951. Ils sont organisés par le Comité international des Jeux méditerranéens (CIJM) et se déroulent tous les 4 ans, l'année suivant les Jeux olympiques d'été. Ils rassemblent actuellement 24 pays : 19 ayant un littoral méditerranéen et cinq considérés comme méditerranéens, le Portugal, la Serbie, l'Andorre, la Macédoine du Nord et Saint-Marin (enclavé dans l'Italie) | [
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Legionnaires' disease | Légionellose | Legionnaires' disease, also known as legionellosis, is a form of atypical pneumonia caused by any type of "Legionella" bacteria. Signs and symptoms include cough, shortness of breath, high fever, muscle pains, and headaches. Nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea may also occur. This often begins 2–10 days after exposure. The bacterium is found naturally in fresh water. It can contaminate hot water tanks, hot tubs, and cooling towers of large air conditioners. It is usually spread by breathing in mist that contains the bacteria. It can also occur when contaminated water is aspirated. It typically does not spread directly between people, and most people who are exposed do not become infected. Risk factors for infection include older age, a history of smoking, chronic lung disease, and poor immune function. Those with severe pneumonia and those with pneumonia and a recent travel history should be tested for the disease. Diagnosis is by a urinary antigen test and sputum culture. No vaccine is available. Prevention depends on good maintenance of water systems. Treatment of Legionnaires' disease is with antibiotics. Recommended agents include fluoroquinolones, azithromycin, or doxycycline. Hospitalization is often required. About 10% of those who are infected die. The number of cases that occur globally is not known. Legionnaires' disease is the cause of an estimated 2–9% of pneumonia cases that are acquired outside of a hospital. An estimated 8,000–18,000 cases a year in the United States require hospitalization. Outbreaks of disease account for a minority of cases. While it can occur any time of the year, it is more common in the summer and fall. The disease is named after the outbreak where it was first identified, at a 1976 American Legion convention in Philadelphia. | La est une maladie infectieuse due à une bactérie d'origine hydro-tellurique de la famille des "" (Brenner 1979) dont la plus connue est "Legionella pneumophila". La bactérie se développe dans les réseaux d'eau douce naturels ou artificiels et dans un milieu organique favorable à leur développement (stations thermales, climatiseurs) riche en fer, zinc, aluminium. | [
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Debt | Dette | Debt is an obligation that requires one party, the debtor, to pay money or other agreed-upon value to another party, the creditor. Debt is a deferred payment, or series of payments, which differentiates it from an immediate purchase. The debt may be owed by sovereign state or country, local government, company, or an individual. Commercial debt is generally subject to contractual terms regarding the amount and timing of repayments of principal and interest. Loans, bonds, notes, and mortgages are all types of debt. The term can also be used metaphorically to cover moral obligations and other interactions not based on economic value. For example, in Western cultures, a person who has been helped by a second person is sometimes said to owe a "debt of gratitude" to the second person. | La dette (du latin "debeo" signifiant « devoir, ce que l'on doit à quelqu'un ») est un devoir (en droit, une obligation) d'une personne (le débiteur) envers une autre (le créancier). Juridiquement, c'est la face « passive » de l'obligation par rapport à la créance qui est le droit d'exiger la prestation. | [
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Provision (accounting) | Provision | In financial accounting, a provision is an account which records a present liability of an entity. The recording of the liability in the entity's balance sheet is matched to an appropriate expense account in the entity's income statement. The preceding is correct in IFRS. In U.S. GAAP, a provision is an expense. Thus, "Provision for Income Taxes" is an expense in U.S. GAAP but a liability in IFRS. | En comptabilité, une provision est un passif dont l'échéance ou le montant n'est pas fixé de façon précise. Les provisions reflètent des charges probables (et pas seulement éventuelles) qu'il convient de rattacher à l'exercice comptable au cours duquel elles sont apparues afin de dégager un résultat aussi fidèle que possible (principe de prudence). Les définitions s'appliquent au niveau local et selon les normes internationales (IAS 37). Les provisions représentent une perte ou un gain probable non définitif, mais on peut aussi estimer cette perte ou ce gain puisque ces charges ne sont pas éventuelles (incertaines). | [
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Capon | Chapon | A capon (from ) is a cockerel (rooster) that has been castrated or neutered, either physically or chemically, to improve the quality of its flesh for food, and, in some countries like Spain, fattened by forced feeding. | Un chapon est un coq de l'espèce "Gallus gallus domesticus" qui a été castré afin d'atteindre une plus grande tendreté et une plus grande masse. Sa peau est fine et nacrée. | [
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Creative accounting | Comptabilité créative | Creative accounting is a euphemism referring to accounting practices that may follow the letter of the rules of standard accounting practices, but deviate from the spirit of those rules with questionable accounting ethics—specifically distorting results in favor of the "preparers", or the firm that hired the accountant. They are characterized by excessive complication and the use of novel ways of characterizing income, assets, or liabilities and the intent to influence readers towards the interpretations desired by the authors. The terms "innovative" or "aggressive" are also sometimes used. Another common synonym is "cooking the books". Creative accounting is oftentimes used in tandem with outright financial fraud (including securities fraud), and lines between the two are blurred. Creative accounting practices are known since ancient times and appear world-wide in various forms. The term as generally understood refers to systematic misrepresentation of the true income and assets of corporations or other organizations. "Creative accounting" has been at the root of a number of accounting scandals, and many proposals for accounting reform—usually centering on an updated analysis of capital and factors of production that would correctly reflect how value is added. | La comptabilité créative ou encore « créativité comptable » désigne, de façon allusive, l'ensemble des techniques utilisées en comptabilité par une entreprise pour modifier, légalement ou non, la présentation de ses comptes dans un sens plus favorable à ses attentes et à rassurer le public. Souvent la comptabilité créative s'assimile à de la fraude fiscale. | [
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Goose | Oie | A goose (plural geese) is a bird of any of several waterfowl species in the family Anatidae. This group comprises the genera "Anser" (the grey geese), "Branta" (the black geese), and "Chen" (which includes the white geese), the latter being commonly placed within the genus "Anser". Some other birds, mostly related to the shelducks, have "goose" as part of their names. More distantly related members of the family Anatidae are swans, most of which are larger than true geese, and ducks, which are smaller. | Oie est un nom vernaculaire ambigu en français. Les oies forment un groupe d'oiseaux appartenant à la famille des anatidés parmi laquelle on trouve aussi les cygnes et les canards. Le terme « oie » ne désigne pas spécifiquement les espèces du genre "Anser", ni même les espèces de la sous-famille des "Anserinae". Ainsi on qualifie volontiers les "Anserinae", que ce soit les bernaches et les céréopses, d'oies mais aussi les ouettes regroupées au sein des "Tadorninae". Ce sont des oiseaux aquatiques assez grands, apparentés aux canards (plus petits) et aux cygnes (plus grands). On distingue aussi les oies sauvages et les oies domestiques. Les oies cacardent. | [
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Infibulation | Infibulation | Infibulation is the ritual removal of the external female genitalia and the suturing of the vulva, a practice found mainly in northeastern Africa, particularly in Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Somalia, and Sudan. The World Health Organization refers to the procedure as Type III female genital mutilation. Infibulation can also refer to placing a clasp through the foreskin in men. | L’infibulation (dérivé de fibule, agrafe) est une mutilation génitale consistant en une suture de la majeure partie des grandes ou des petites lèvres de la vulve, ne laissant qu’une petite ouverture pour que l’urine et les menstruations puissent s’écouler. Elle est habituellement pratiquée sur une adolescente prépubère dans le but de lui empêcher tout rapport sexuel vaginal. | [
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Turkey (bird) | Dinde | The turkey is a large bird in the genus Meleagris, which is native to the Americas. The genus has two extant species: the wild turkey of North America and the ocellated turkey. Males of both turkey species have a distinctive fleshy wattle or protuberance that hangs from the top of the beak (called a snood). They are among the largest birds in their ranges. As with many galliformes, the male is larger and much more colorful than the female. The earliest turkeys evolved in North America over 20 million years ago, and they share a recent common ancestor with grouse, pheasants, and other fowl. | Meleagris est un genre d'oiseaux gallinacés de la famille des Phasianidae et de la sous-famille des Meleagridinae. Le mâle est appelé dindon, la femelle dinde et le petit porte le nom de dindonneau. Ce sont des oiseaux de basse-cour élevés pour leur chair. La dinde glougloute. | [
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Radioisotope thermoelectric generator | Générateur thermoélectrique à radioisotope | A radioisotope thermoelectric generator (RTG, RITEG) is an electricity generating device that uses an array of thermocouples to convert the heat released by the decay of a suitable radioactive material into electricity by the Seebeck effect. This generator has no moving parts. | Un générateur thermoélectrique à radioisotope (en abrégé GTR ; en anglais, RTG) est un générateur électrique nucléaire de conception simple, produisant de l'électricité à partir de la chaleur résultant de la désintégration radioactive de matériaux riches en un ou plusieurs radioisotopes, généralement du sous forme de dioxyde de plutonium. Aujourd'hui, la chaleur est convertie en électricité par effet Seebeck à travers des couples thermoélectriques : les générateurs produits au siècle dernier utilisaient des matériaux silicium-germanium, ceux produits actuellement mettent en œuvre plutôt des jonctions PbTe/TAGS, avec une efficacité énergétique n'atteignant jamais 10 %. Pour améliorer ces performances, les recherches actuelles s'orientent vers des convertisseurs thermoïoniques et des générateurs Stirling à radioisotope, susceptibles de multiplier le rendement global par quatre. | [
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Castration | Castration | Castration (also known as orchiectomy or orchidectomy) is any action, surgical, chemical, or otherwise, by which an individual loses use of the testicles: the male gonad. Surgical castration is bilateral orchidectomy (excision of both testes), and chemical castration uses pharmaceutical drugs to deactivate the testes. Castration causes sterilization (preventing the castrated person or animal from reproducing); it also greatly reduces the production of certain hormones, such as testosterone. Surgical castration in animals is often called neutering. | La castration est l'annihilation (avec ou sans ablation) des organes reproducteurs de végétaux ou d'animaux, humains compris. Dans le cas des humains, la castration est considérée comme une mutilation génitale et est illégale dans la plupart des pays du monde. On la distingue de l'ablation chirurgicale des testicules et des ovaires qui peut être nécessaire pour des raisons thérapeutiques et de la castration chimique. La castration concerne dans le règne animal l'ablation des testicules (chez les mâles) et l'ablation des ovaires (chez les femelles), l'ablation de la verge étant appelée pénectomie et clitoridectomie pour le clitoris. L'ablation de la verge et des testicules est une émasculation. | [
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Puberty | Puberté | Puberty is the process of physical changes through which a child's body matures into an adult body capable of sexual reproduction. It is initiated by hormonal signals from the brain to the gonads: the ovaries in a girl, the testes in a boy. In response to the signals, the gonads produce hormones that stimulate libido and the growth, function, and transformation of the brain, bones, muscle, blood, skin, hair, breasts, and sex organs. Physical growth—height and weight—accelerates in the first half of puberty and is completed when an adult body has been developed. Until the maturation of their reproductive capabilities, the pre-pubertal physical differences between boys and girls are the external sex organs. | La puberté est une étape du développement qui est atteinte lorsque les organes de la reproduction sont fonctionnels. Chez l'humain, elle désigne la transition de l'enfance à l'adulte. Elle se signale notamment par une croissance rapide due aux hormones de croissance et le développement des caractères sexuels primaires et secondaires dû aux hormones sexuelles, avec de notables changements comportementaux notamment un besoin accru de sommeil lié à un décalage de libération de la mélatonine. | [
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Birching | Verges (instrument) | Birching is a form of corporal punishment with a birch rod, typically applied to the recipient's bare buttocks, although occasionally to the back and/or shoulders. | Les verges sont un instrument traditionnel de châtiment corporel, formées d'un faisceau de badines souples (généralement, de bouleau) liées entre elles. Elles étaient appliquées sur la peau nue, notamment pour administrer une fessée. | [
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Rosa Luxemburg | Rosa Luxemburg | Rosa Luxemburg (; ; also "Rozalia Luxenburg"; 5 March 1871 – 15 January 1919) was a Polish Marxist, philosopher, economist, anti-war activist and revolutionary socialist who became a naturalized German citizen at the age of 28. Successively, she was a member of the Social Democracy of the Kingdom of Poland and Lithuania (SDKPiL), the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD), the Independent Social Democratic Party (USPD) and the Communist Party of Germany (KPD). | Rosa Luxemburg (souvent retranscrit en français Rosa Luxembourg, en polonais Róża Luksemburg ), née le à Zamość dans l'Empire russe (actuelle Pologne) et morte assassinée le à Berlin en Allemagne, est une militante socialiste et communiste, et une théoricienne marxiste. | [
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Salamander | Caudata | Salamanders are a group of amphibians typically characterized by a lizard-like appearance, with slender bodies, blunt snouts, short limbs projecting at right angles to the body, and the presence of a tail in both larvae and adults. All present-day salamander families are grouped together under the order Urodela. Salamander diversity is highest in the Northern Hemisphere and most species are found in the Holarctic ecozone, with some species present in the Neotropical zone. | Les Urodèles (Caudata ou Urodela) forment un ordre d'amphibiens qui gardent une queue à l'état adulte, à la différence des anoures (comme les grenouilles et les crapauds) et des gymnophiones. | [
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Castrato | Castrat | A castrato (Italian, plural: "castrati") is a type of classical male singing voice equivalent to that of a soprano, mezzo-soprano, or contralto. The voice is produced by castration of the singer before puberty, or it occurs in one who, due to an endocrinological condition, never reaches sexual maturity. | Un castrat est un chanteur de sexe masculin ayant subi la castration avant sa puberté, dans le but de conserver le registre aigu de sa voix enfantine, tout en bénéficiant du volume sonore produit par la capacité thoracique d'un adulte. Le phénomène musical des castrats apparaît dans la deuxième moitié du en Occident. Il se développe principalement en Italie et disparaît entre la fin du et le début du. Les historiens rapportent que les meilleurs castrats pouvaient rivaliser en puissance, technique et hauteur avec une petite trompette. Le mot désigne également le type de voix obtenu au moyen de cette opération. | [
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Cardiopulmonary resuscitation | Réanimation cardiopulmonaire | Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) is an emergency procedure that combines chest compressions often with artificial ventilation in an effort to manually preserve intact brain function until further measures are taken to restore spontaneous blood circulation and breathing in a person who is in cardiac arrest. It is recommended in those who are unresponsive with no breathing or abnormal breathing, for example, agonal respirations. | La réanimation cardiopulmonaire (RCP) ou réanimation cardiorespiratoire (RCR) (en anglais, "Cardiopulmonary resuscitation" ou "CPR") est un ensemble de manœuvres destinées à assurer une oxygénation des organes lorsque la victime a cessé de respirer, est en arrêt circulatoire, et est en état d'inconscience. | [
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Manu Chao | Manu Chao | Manu Chao (; born José-Manuel Thomas Arthur Chao, June 21, 1961) is a French musician of Spanish descent. He sings in French, Spanish, English, Italian, Arabic, Catalan, Galician, Portuguese, Greek and occasionally in other languages. Chao began his musical career in Paris, busking and playing with groups such as Hot Pants and Los Carayos, which combined a variety of languages and musical styles. With friends and his brother Antoine Chao, he founded the band Mano Negra in 1987, achieving considerable success, particularly in Europe. He became a solo artist after its breakup in 1995, and since then tours regularly with his live band, Radio Bemba. | Manu Chao (, ), de son nom complet José Manuel Tomás Arturo Chao, né le à Paris, est un auteur-compositeur-interprète, chanteur et musicien français d'origine espagnole. | [
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Electric chair | Chaise électrique | Execution by electrocution, performed using an electric chair, is a method of execution originating in (and almost exclusively employed in) the United States in which the condemned person is strapped to a specially built wooden chair and electrocuted through electrodes fastened on the head and leg. This execution method, conceived in 1881 by a Buffalo, New York dentist named Alfred P. Southwick, was developed throughout the 1880s as a "humane alternative" to hanging, and first used in 1890. This execution method has been used in the United States and, for several decades, in the Philippines. While death was originally theorized to result from damage to the brain, it was eventually shown in 1899 that it primarily results from ventricular fibrillation and eventual cardiac arrest. | La chaise électrique est un instrument d'application de la peine de mort par électrocution, inventé et utilisé aux États-Unis (et aussi aux Philippines par le passé). Elle a été mise au point à la fin des années 1880 par Harold P. Brown et Alfred P. Southwick, dentiste américain, sur la demande de Thomas Edison (afin de discréditer le courant alternatif par rapport au continu), alors que les États-Unis cherchaient une alternative moins cruelle et plus efficace à la pendaison. | [
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James Joyce | James Joyce | James Augustine Aloysius Joyce (2 February 1882 – 13 January 1941) was an Irish novelist, short story writer, poet, teacher, and literary critic. He contributed to the modernist avant-garde and is regarded as one of the most influential and important authors of the 20th century. Joyce is best known for "Ulysses" (1922), a landmark work in which the episodes of Homer's "Odyssey" are paralleled in a variety of literary styles, most famously stream of consciousness. Other well-known works are the short-story collection "Dubliners" (1914), and the novels "A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man" (1916) and "Finnegans Wake" (1939). His other writings include three books of poetry, a play, his published letters and occasional journalism. | James Joyce, de son nom de naissance James Augustine Aloysius Joyce ( à Dublin – à Zurich), est un romancier et poète irlandais, considéré comme l'un des écrivains les plus influents du. Ses œuvres majeures sont un recueil de nouvelles, intitulé "Les Gens de Dublin" (1914), et des romans tels que "Portrait de l'artiste en jeune homme" (1916), "Ulysse" (1922), et "Finnegans Wake" (1939). | [
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Fornication | Fornication | Fornication is generally consensual sexual intercourse between two people not married to each other. When one of the partners having consensual sexual intercourse is a married person, it is described as adultery. | La fornication est un rapport sexuel consenti entre un homme et une femme libres de tout lien ou empêchement, c’est-à-dire non mariés, ni liés par des vœux de religion, ni parents. Cette pratique est considérée comme un péché de la chair, par le christianisme, le judaïsme et l’islam. | [
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Alenia Aeronautica | Alenia Aeronautica | Alenia Aeronautica was an Italian aerospace company. Its subsidiaries included Alenia Aermacchi and "Alenia Aeronavali"; Alenia Aeronautica was also the part-owner of ATR, a joint venture with European Aeronautic Defence and Space Company (EADS). | Alenia Aeronautica (nommée Alenia jusqu'en 2002) était une société du groupe Finmeccanica (Leonardo à partir de 2016) qui s'occupait de la conception, de la réalisation, de la transformation et de l'assistance d'une vaste gamme d'avions et de systèmes aéronautiques civils et militaires. Son siège est à Turin, en Italie. | [
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