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Argon
|
Argon
|
Argon is a chemical element with the symbol Ar and atomic number 18. It is in group 18 of the periodic table and is a noble gas. Argon is the third-most abundant gas in the Earth's atmosphere, at 0.934% (9340 ppmv). It is more than twice as abundant as water vapor (which averages about 4000 ppmv, but varies greatly), 23 times as abundant as carbon dioxide (400 ppmv), and more than 500 times as abundant as neon (18 ppmv). Argon is the most abundant noble gas in Earth's crust, comprising 0.00015% of the crust.
|
L'argon est l'élément chimique de numéro atomique 18 et de symbole Ar. Il appartient au groupe 18 du tableau périodique et fait partie de la famille des gaz nobles, également appelés « gaz rares », qui regroupe également l'hélium, le néon, le krypton, le xénon et le radon. L'argon est le le plus abondant de l'atmosphère terrestre, avec une fraction massique de 1,288 %, correspondant à une fraction volumique de 0,934 % (soit ), et est le gaz noble le plus abondant de l'écorce terrestre, dont il représente. L'argon de l'atmosphère terrestre est presque entièrement constitué, nucléide radiogénique provenant de la désintégration du potassium 40, tandis que l'argon observé dans l'univers est essentiellement constitué, produit par nucléosynthèse stellaire dans les supernovae.
|
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Calcium
|
Calcium
|
Calcium is a chemical element with the symbol Ca and atomic number 20. As an alkaline earth metal, calcium is a reactive metal that forms a dark oxide-nitride layer when exposed to air. Its physical and chemical properties are most similar to its heavier homologues strontium and barium. It is the fifth most abundant element in Earth's crust and the third most abundant metal, after iron and aluminium. The most common calcium compound on Earth is calcium carbonate, found in limestone and the fossilised remnants of early sea life; gypsum, anhydrite, fluorite, and apatite are also sources of calcium. The name derives from Latin "calx" "lime", which was obtained from heating limestone.
|
Le calcium est l'élément chimique de numéro atomique 20, de symbole Ca. C'est un métal alcalino-terreux gris-blanc et assez dur. Il n'existe pas à l'état de corps pur dans la nature. C'est le cinquième élément le plus abondant de la croûte terrestre (plus de 3 %). Il est vital pour de nombreuses espèces : formation des os, des dents et des coquilles (il compose 1 à 2 % du poids du corps humain d'un adulte). Le calcium joue également un rôle très important en physiologie cellulaire, tout en étant un poison cellulaire au-delà d'une certaine dose.
|
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Sulfur
|
Soufre
|
Sulfur (in British English, sulphur) is a chemical element with the symbol S and atomic number 16. It is abundant, multivalent, and nonmetallic. Under normal conditions, sulfur atoms form cyclic octatomic molecules with a chemical formula S. Elemental sulfur is a bright yellow, crystalline solid at room temperature.
|
Le soufre est l'élément chimique de numéro atomique 16, de symbole S. C'est un membre du groupe des chalcogènes. C'est un non-métal multivalent abondant, insipide, et insoluble dans l'eau. Le soufre est surtout connu sous la forme de cristaux jaunes et se trouve dans beaucoup de minéraux (sulfure et sulfate) et même sous forme native, particulièrement dans les régions volcaniques. L'essentiel du soufre exploité est cependant d'origine sédimentaire.
|
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Vanadium
|
Vanadium
|
Vanadium is a chemical element with the symbol V and atomic number 23. It is a hard, silvery-grey, malleable transition metal. The elemental metal is rarely found in nature, but once isolated artificially, the formation of an oxide layer (passivation) somewhat stabilizes the free metal against further oxidation.
|
Le vanadium est l'élément chimique de numéro atomique 23, de symbole V. C'est un métal rare, dur et ductile que l'on trouve dans certains minerais. Il est principalement utilisé dans les alliages.
|
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Boron
|
Bore
|
Boron is a chemical element with the symbol B and atomic number 5. Produced entirely by cosmic ray spallation and supernovae and not by stellar nucleosynthesis, it is a low-abundance element in the Solar System and in the Earth's crust. Boron is concentrated on Earth by the water-solubility of its more common naturally occurring compounds, the borate minerals. These are mined industrially as evaporites, such as borax and kernite. The largest known boron deposits are in Turkey, the largest producer of boron minerals.
|
Le bore est l'élément chimique de numéro atomique 5, de symbole B. C'est la tête de file du groupe 13 du tableau périodique.
|
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Iron
|
Fer
|
Iron () is a chemical element with symbol Fe (from ) and atomic number 26. It is a metal that belongs to the first transition series and group 8 of the periodic table. It is by mass the most common element on Earth, forming much of Earth's outer and inner core. It is the fourth most common element in the Earth's crust.
|
Le fer est l'élément chimique de numéro atomique 26, de symbole Fe. Le corps simple est le métal et le matériau ferromagnétique le plus courant dans la vie quotidienne, le plus souvent sous forme d'alliages divers. Le fer pur est un métal de transition ductile, mais l'adjonction de très faibles quantités d'éléments d'additions modifie considérablement ses propriétés mécaniques. Allié au carbone et avec d'autres éléments d'additions il forme les aciers, dont la sensibilité aux traitements thermomécaniques permet de diversifier encore plus les propriétés du matériau.
|
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Chromium
|
Chrome
|
Chromium is a chemical element with the symbol Cr and atomic number 24. It is the first element in group 6. It is a steely-grey, lustrous, hard and brittle transition metal. Chromium is the main additive in stainless steel, to which it adds anti-corrosive properties. Chromium is also highly valued as a metal that is able to be highly polished while resisting tarnishing. Polished chromium reflects almost 70% of the visible spectrum, with almost 90% of infrared light being reflected. The name of the element is derived from the Greek word χρῶμα, "chrōma", meaning color, because many chromium compounds are intensely colored.
|
Le chrome est l'élément chimique de numéro atomique 24, de symbole Cr. Le corps simple est un métal de transition.
|
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2
] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Germanium
|
Germanium
|
Germanium is a chemical element with the symbol Ge and atomic number 32. It is a lustrous, hard-brittle, grayish-white metalloid in the carbon group, chemically similar to its group neighbours silicon and tin. Pure germanium is a semiconductor with an appearance similar to elemental silicon. Like silicon, germanium naturally reacts and forms complexes with oxygen in nature.
|
Le germanium est l'élément chimique de numéro atomique 32, de symbole Ge. Il appartient au groupe 14 du tableau périodique.
|
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Krypton
|
Krypton
|
Krypton (from "the hidden one") is a chemical element with the symbol Kr and atomic number 36. It is a colorless, odorless, tasteless noble gas that occurs in trace amounts in the atmosphere and is often used with other rare gases in fluorescent lamps. With rare exceptions, krypton is chemically inert.
|
Le krypton est l'élément chimique de numéro atomique 36, de symbole Kr. C'est un gaz noble, inodore et incolore, découvert par William Ramsay et Morris Travers le en réalisant une distillation de l'air liquide. Étymologiquement, le nom de « krypton » dérive du grec ancien () signifiant « "caché" ».
|
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Rubidium
|
Rubidium
|
"Rubidium" is a chemical element with the symbol Rb and atomic number 37. Rubidium is a very soft, silvery-white metal in the alkali metal group. Rubidium metal shares similarities to potassium metal and caesium metal in physical appearance, softness and conductivity. Rubidium cannot be stored under atmospheric oxygen, as a highly exothermic reaction will ensue, sometimes even resulting in the metal catching fire.
|
Le rubidium est l'élément chimique de numéro atomique 37, de symbole Rb. C'est un métal alcalin, mou et argenté, dont la température de fusion n'est que de. Il peut être maintenu liquide à température ambiante grâce au phénomène de surfusion, comme le césium et le gallium.
|
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Gallium
|
Gallium
|
Gallium is a chemical element with the symbol Ga and atomic number 31. Elemental gallium is a soft, silvery blue metal at standard temperature and pressure; however in its liquid state it becomes silvery white. If too much force is applied, the gallium may fracture conchoidally. It is in group 13 of the periodic table, and thus has similarities to the other metals of the group, aluminium, indium, and thallium. Gallium does not occur as a free element in nature, but as gallium(III) compounds in trace amounts in zinc ores and in bauxite. Elemental gallium is a liquid at temperatures greater than, above room temperature, but below the normal human body temperature of. Hence, the metal will melt in a person's hands.
|
Le gallium est l'élément chimique de numéro atomique 31, de symbole Ga. Il appartient au groupe 13 du tableau périodique ainsi qu'à la famille des métaux pauvres.
|
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Melun
|
Melun
|
Melun () is a commune in the Seine-et-Marne department in the Île-de-France region in north-central France. It is a southeastern suburb of Paris 41.4 km (25.7 miles) from the centre of Paris. Melun is the prefecture of the Seine-et-Marne, and the seat of an "arrondissement". Its inhabitants are called "Melunais".
|
Melun (prononcé : ) est une commune française située dans le département de Seine-et-Marne en région Île-de-France. Elle est le siège de la préfecture et la troisième ville la plus peuplée du département après Chelles et Meaux et avant Pontault-Combault.
|
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Aluminium
|
Aluminium
|
Aluminium (aluminum in American and Canadian English) is a chemical element with the symbol Al and atomic number 13. It is a silvery-white, soft, non-magnetic and ductile metal in the boron group. By mass, aluminium makes up about 8% of the Earth's crust, where it is the third most abundant element (after oxygen and silicon) and also the most abundant metal. Occurrence of aluminium decreases in the Earth's mantle below, however. The chief ore of aluminium is bauxite. Aluminium metal is highly reactive, such that native specimens are rare and limited to extreme reducing environments. Instead, it is found combined in over 270 different minerals.
|
L'aluminium est l'élément chimique de numéro atomique 13, de symbole Al. Il appartient au groupe 13 du tableau périodique ainsi qu'à la famille des métaux pauvres.
|
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Strontium
|
Strontium
|
Strontium is the chemical element with the symbol Sr and atomic number 38. An alkaline earth metal, strontium is a soft silver-white yellowish metallic element that is highly chemically reactive. The metal forms a dark oxide layer when it is exposed to air. Strontium has physical and chemical properties similar to those of its two vertical neighbors in the periodic table, calcium and barium. It occurs naturally mainly in the minerals celestine and strontianite, and is mostly mined from these.
|
Le strontium est l'élément chimique de numéro atomique 38, de symbole Sr. Le strontium, comme le calcium, est un alcalino-terreux. Il est mou, malléable, gris-jaune. Au contact avec l'air, il forme un film d'oxyde protecteur (passivation). Il s'enflamme et brûle facilement dans l'air et réagit avec l'eau.
|
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Ruthenium
|
Ruthénium
|
Ruthenium is a chemical element with the symbol Ru and atomic number 44. It is a rare transition metal belonging to the platinum group of the periodic table. Like the other metals of the platinum group, ruthenium is inert to most other chemicals. Russian-born scientist of Baltic-German ancestry Karl Ernst Claus discovered the element in 1844 at Kazan State University and named ruthenium in honor of Russia (Ruthenia is the Latin name of Rus). Ruthenium is usually found as a minor component of platinum ores; the annual production has risen from about 19 tonnes in 2009 to some 35.5 tonnes in 2017. Most ruthenium produced is used in wear-resistant electrical contacts and thick-film resistors. A minor application for ruthenium is in platinum alloys and as a chemistry catalyst. A new application of ruthenium is as the capping layer for extreme ultraviolet photomasks. Ruthenium is generally found in ores with the other platinum group metals in the Ural Mountains and in North and South America. Small but commercially important quantities are also found in pentlandite extracted from Sudbury, Ontario and in pyroxenite deposits in South Africa.
|
Le ruthénium est l'élément chimique de numéro atomique 44, de symbole Ru. Le ruthénium fait partie du groupe du platine, un sous-groupe de métaux de transition. Le corps simple ruthénium est un métal dur et cassant à température ambiante.
|
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Zirconium
|
Zirconium
|
Zirconium is a chemical element with the symbol Zr and atomic number 40. The name "zirconium" is taken from the name of the mineral zircon (the word is related to Persian "zargun" (zircon; "zar-gun", "gold-like" or "as gold")), the most important source of zirconium. It is a lustrous, grey-white, strong transition metal that closely resembles hafnium and, to a lesser extent, titanium. Zirconium is mainly used as a refractory and opacifier, although small amounts are used as an alloying agent for its strong resistance to corrosion. Zirconium forms a variety of inorganic and organometallic compounds such as zirconium dioxide and zirconocene dichloride, respectively. Five isotopes occur naturally, three of which are stable. Zirconium compounds have no known biological role.
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Le zirconium est l'élément chimique de numéro atomique 40, de symbole Zr. Il a été découvert par Martin Heinrich Klaproth à Berlin, qui l'a extrait du zircon en 1789 sous forme d'oxyde. Mais ce n'est qu'en 1824, que Jöns Jacob Berzelius l'a isolé sous forme de métal à Stockholm, en Suède. En 1999 est retrouvé en Australie un fin morceau de cristal de zircon de 4,4 milliards d'années d'âge : hormis certains fragments de météorites, c'est le plus vieil objet terrestre connu.
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Rhodium
|
Rhodium
|
Rhodium is a chemical element with the symbol Rh and atomic number 45. It is a rare, silvery-white, hard, corrosion-resistant, and chemically inert transition metal. It is a noble metal and a member of the platinum group. It has only one naturally occurring isotope, Rh. Naturally occurring rhodium is usually found as free metal, as an alloy with similar metals, and rarely as a chemical compound in minerals such as bowieite and rhodplumsite. It is one of the rarest and most valuable precious metals.
|
Le rhodium est l’élément chimique de numéro atomique 45 et de symbole Rh. Le corps simple « rhodium » est un métal dur et cassant de la catégorie des platinoïdes légers.
|
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Bromine
|
Brome
|
Bromine is a chemical element with symbol Br and atomic number 35. It is the third-lightest halogen, and is a fuming red-brown liquid at room temperature that evaporates readily to form a similarly coloured gas. Its properties are thus intermediate between those of chlorine and iodine. Isolated independently by two chemists, Carl Jacob Löwig (in 1825) and Antoine Jérôme Balard (in 1826), its name was derived from the Ancient Greek βρῶμος ("stench"), referencing its sharp and disagreeable smell.
|
Le brome est l'élément chimique de numéro atomique 35, de symbole Br. C'est un membre de la famille des halogènes. Son nom dérive du grec, en raison de son odeur piquante.
|
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Tin
|
Étain
|
Tin is a chemical element with the symbol Sn (from ) and atomic number 50. Tin is a silvery metal that characteristically has a faint yellow hue. Tin, like indium, is soft enough to be cut without much force. When a bar of tin is bent, the so-called “tin cry” can be heard as a result of sliding tin crystals reforming; this trait is shared by indium, cadmium, and frozen mercury. Pure tin after solidifying keeps a mirror-like appearance similar to most metals. However, in most tin alloys (such as pewter), the metal solidifies with a dull gray color. Tin is a post-transition metal in group 14 of the periodic table of elements. It is obtained chiefly from the mineral cassiterite, which contains stannic oxide, SnO. Tin shows a chemical similarity to both of its neighbors in group 14, germanium and lead, and has two main oxidation states, +2 and the slightly more stable +4. Tin is the 49th most abundant element on Earth and has, with 10 stable isotopes, the largest number of stable isotopes in the periodic table, thanks to its magic number of protons. It has two main allotropes: at room temperature, the stable allotrope is β-tin, a silvery-white, malleable metal, but at low temperatures, it transforms into the less dense grey α-tin, which has the diamond cubic structure. Metallic tin does not easily oxidize in air.
|
L'étain est l'élément chimique de numéro atomique 50, de symbole Sn (du latin ""). C'est un métal pauvre du groupe 14 du tableau périodique. Il existe dix isotopes stables de l'étain, principalement ceux de masses 120, 118 et 116.
|
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4,
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4552,
2
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[
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339,
25,
446,
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437,
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82,
45773,
5,
2
] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Manganese
|
Manganèse
|
Manganese is a chemical element with the symbol Mn and atomic number 25. It is not found as a free element in nature; it is often found in minerals in combination with iron. Manganese is a transition metal with a multifaceted array of industrial alloy uses, particularly in stainless steels.
|
Le manganèse est l'élément chimique de numéro atomique 25, de symbole Mn. Le corps simple est un métal de transition.
|
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Tellurium
|
Tellure
|
Tellurium is a chemical element with the symbol Te and atomic number 52. It is a brittle, mildly toxic, rare, silver-white metalloid. Tellurium is chemically related to selenium and sulfur, all three of which are chalcogens. It is occasionally found in native form as elemental crystals. Tellurium is far more common in the Universe as a whole than on Earth. Its extreme rarity in the Earth's crust, comparable to that of platinum, is due partly to its formation of a volatile hydride that caused tellurium to be lost to space as a gas during the hot nebular formation of Earth, and partly to tellurium's low affinity for oxygen, which causes it to bind preferentially to other chalcophiles in dense minerals that sink into the core.
|
Le tellure est l'élément chimique de numéro atomique 52, de symbole Te. Ce quatrième élément du est considéré comme un métalloïde du groupe des chalcogènes.
|
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Niobium
|
Niobium
|
Niobium, also known as columbium, is a chemical element with the symbol Nb (formerly Cb) and atomic number 41. Niobium is a light grey, crystalline, and ductile transition metal. Pure niobium has a hardness similar to that of pure titanium, and it has similar ductility to iron. Niobium oxidizes in the earth's atmosphere very slowly, hence its application in jewelry as a hypoallergenic alternative to nickel. Niobium is often found in the minerals pyrochlore and columbite, hence the former name "columbium". Its name comes from Greek mythology, specifically Niobe, who was the daughter of Tantalus, the namesake of tantalum. The name reflects the great similarity between the two elements in their physical and chemical properties, making them difficult to distinguish.
|
Le niobium est l'élément chimique de numéro atomique 41, de symbole Nb. Le corps simple est un métal de transition gris, rare, relativement mou et ductile.
|
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Technetium
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Technétium
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Technetium is a chemical element with the symbol Tc and atomic number 43. It is the lightest element whose isotopes are all radioactive; none are stable other than the fully ionized state of Tc. Nearly all available technetium is produced as a synthetic element, and only about 18,000 tons are estimated to exist at any given time in the Earth's crust. Naturally occurring technetium is a spontaneous fission product in uranium ore and thorium ore, the most common source, or the product of neutron capture in molybdenum ores. This silvery gray, crystalline transition metal lies between manganese and rhenium in group 7 of the periodic table, and its chemical properties are intermediate between those of these two adjacent elements. The most common naturally occurring isotope is Tc.
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Le technétium est l'élément chimique de numéro atomique 43, de symbole Tc. Le technétium est l'élément le plus léger ne possédant pas d'isotope stable. Les propriétés chimiques de ce métal de transition radioactif de couleur gris métallique, rarement présent dans la nature, sont intermédiaires entre celles du rhénium et du manganèse. Son nom provient du grec, "", qui signifie « artificiel » : il a été le premier élément chimique produit artificiellement. Le technétium est aussi le plus léger des éléments découverts par création artificielle.
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Palladium
|
Palladium
|
Palladium is a chemical element with the symbol Pd and atomic number 46. It is a rare and lustrous silvery-white metal discovered in 1803 by the English chemist William Hyde Wollaston. He named it after the asteroid Pallas, which was itself named after the epithet of the Greek goddess Athena, acquired by her when she slew Pallas. Palladium, platinum, rhodium, ruthenium, iridium and osmium form a group of elements referred to as the platinum group metals (PGMs). They have similar chemical properties, but palladium has the lowest melting point and is the least dense of them.
|
Le palladium est l'élément chimique de numéro atomique 46, de symbole Pd. Le palladium fait partie du groupe du platine. Le corps simple palladium, platinoïde léger et rare, est parfois considéré comme un métal noble, pour les applications des métaux précieux.
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Zinc
|
Zinc
|
Zinc is a chemical element with the symbol Zn and atomic number 30. Zinc is a slightly brittle metal at room temperature and has a blue-silvery appearance when oxidation is removed. It is the first element in group 12 of the periodic table. In some respects, zinc is chemically similar to magnesium: both elements exhibit only one normal oxidation state (+2), and the Zn and Mg ions are of similar size. Zinc is the 24th most abundant element in Earth's crust and has five stable isotopes. The most common zinc ore is sphalerite (zinc blende), a zinc sulfide mineral. The largest workable lodes are in Australia, Asia, and the United States. Zinc is refined by froth flotation of the ore, roasting, and final extraction using electricity (electrowinning).
|
Le zinc (prononciation /zɛ̃g/ en France, /zɛ̃k/ au Canada, /zɛ̃/ en Suisse) est l'élément chimique de numéro atomique 30 et de symbole Zn. Le corps simple zinc est un métal.
|
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Silver
|
Argent
|
Silver is a chemical element with the symbol Ag (from the Latin "", derived from the Proto-Indo-European "h2erǵ": "shiny" or "white") and atomic number 47. A soft, white, lustrous transition metal, it exhibits the highest electrical conductivity, thermal conductivity, and reflectivity of any metal. The metal is found in the Earth's crust in the pure, free elemental form ("native silver"), as an alloy with gold and other metals, and in minerals such as argentite and chlorargyrite. Most silver is produced as a byproduct of copper, gold, lead, and zinc refining.
|
L'argent est l'élément chimique de numéro atomique 47, de symbole Ag. Entre le cuivre et l'or, l'argent appartient à la colonne de la classification périodique appelée "colonne des métaux à frapper". Ce sont en effet les trois métaux, peu ou pas oxydable à l'air, utilisés pour frapper la monaie. Le terme "argent" s'est imposé dans la langue française pour parler de l'argent monétaire car il était plus rare que le cuivre mais moins que l'or, ce dernier n'étant pas assez abondant pour que tout le monde puisse avoir de "l'argent".
|
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Iodine
|
Iode
|
Iodine is a chemical element with the symbol I and atomic number 53. The heaviest of the stable halogens, it exists as a lustrous, purple-black non-metallic solid at standard conditions that melts to form a deep violet liquid at 114 degrees Celsius, and boils to a violet gas at 184 degrees Celsius. However, it sublimes easily with gentle heat, resulting in a widespread misconception even taught in some science textbooks that it does not melt. The element was discovered by the French chemist Bernard Courtois in 1811. It was named two years later by Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac, after the Greek "ἰώδης" "violet-coloured".
|
L'iode est l'élément chimique de numéro atomique 53, de symbole I. C'est un membre de la famille des halogènes. Il s'agit d'un élément relativement rare dans le milieu naturel, arrivant dans l'écorce terrestre. Comme les autres halogènes, on le trouve essentiellement sous forme diatomique, correspondant au diiode, solide gris métallique aux vapeurs violettes appelé communément « iode » par abus de langage. Son nom vient du grec ἰώδης signifiant « couleur de la violette ». Il a été nommé ainsi par Gay-Lussac à la suite de la découverte en 1811 par le chimiste Bernard Courtois d'une substance alors inconnue issue d'algues destinées à la production de salpêtre lors des guerres napoléoniennes.
|
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Potentilla
|
Potentille
|
Potentilla is a genus containing over 300 species of annual, biennial and perennial herbaceous flowering plants in the rose family, Rosaceae. They are usually called cinquefoils in English. "Potentilla" are generally only found throughout the northern continents of the world (holarctic), though some may even be found in montane biomes of the New Guinea Highlands. Several other cinquefoils formerly included here are now separated in distinct genera - notably the popular garden shrub "P. fruticosa", now "Dasiphora fruticosa".
|
Les potentilles, (genre "Potentilla", de "potentia", la puissance), sont des plantes herbacées pérennes ou arbustives de la famille des rosacées. Les fleurs sont à 5 verticilles, solitaires ou en grappes de couleur généralement jaune mais certaines espèces ont des fleurs blanches, roses ou brun-pourpre. Elles ont de nombreuses étamines (>10). Les fruits sont des akènes. Ce genre compte environ 500 espèces dans les régions tempérées.
|
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Mesosphere
|
Mésosphère
|
The mesosphere (; from Greek "mesos", "middle") is the third layer of the atmosphere, directly above the stratosphere and directly below the thermosphere. In the mesosphere, temperature decreases as altitude increases. This characteristic is used to define its limits: it begins at the top of the stratosphere (sometimes called the stratopause), and ends at the mesopause, which is the coldest part of Earth's atmosphere with temperatures below. The exact upper and lower boundaries of the mesosphere vary with latitude and with season (higher in winter and at the tropics, lower in summer and at the poles), but the lower boundary is usually located at altitudes from above the Earth's surface and the upper boundary (the mesopause) is usually around.
|
La mésosphère est la couche de l'atmosphère terrestre comprise entre la stratosphère (au-dessous) et la thermosphère (au-dessus). Sa limite inférieure, la stratopause, se situe à une altitude d'environ et sa limite supérieure, la mésopause, vers.
|
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Thermosphere
|
Thermosphère
|
The thermosphere is the layer in the Earth's atmosphere directly above the mesosphere and below the exosphere. Within this layer of the atmosphere, ultraviolet radiation causes photoionization/photodissociation of molecules, creating ions in the ionosphere. Taking its name from the Greek θερμός (pronounced "thermos") meaning heat, the thermosphere begins at about 80 km (50 mi) above sea level. At these high altitudes, the residual atmospheric gases sort into strata according to molecular mass (see turbosphere). Thermospheric temperatures increase with altitude due to absorption of highly energetic solar radiation. Temperatures are highly dependent on solar activity, and can rise to 1,700 °C (3,100 °F) or more. Radiation causes the atmosphere particles in this layer to become electrically charged (see ionosphere), enabling radio waves to be refracted and thus be received beyond the horizon. In the exosphere, beginning at about 600 km (375 mi) above sea level, the atmosphere turns into space, although by the judicial criteria set for the definition of the Kármán line, the thermosphere itself is part of space.
|
La thermosphère est la couche de l'atmosphère terrestre comprise entre la mésosphère (au-dessous) et l'exosphère (au-dessus). Sa limite inférieure, la mésopause, se situe à une altitude d'environ et sa limite supérieure, la thermopause, entre 500 et. C'est notamment au sein de la thermosphère qu'orbite la station spatiale internationale.
|
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Troposphere
|
Troposphère
|
The troposphere is the lowest layer of Earth's atmosphere, and is also where nearly all weather conditions take place. It contains 75% of the atmosphere's mass and 99% of the total mass of water vapour and aerosols. The average height of the troposphere is in the tropics, in the middle latitudes, and in the polar regions in winter. The total average height of the troposphere is 13 km.
|
La troposphère est la couche de l'atmosphère terrestre comprise entre la surface du globe et la stratosphère. Sa limite supérieure, la tropopause, se situe à une altitude d'environ selon la latitude et la saison. La troposphère est plus épaisse à l'équateur qu'aux pôles. En moyenne, la température diminue avec l'altitude, à peu près de tous les.
|
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Exosphere
|
Exosphère
|
The exosphere ( "outside, external, beyond", "sphere") is a thin, atmosphere-like volume surrounding a planet or natural satellite where molecules are gravitationally bound to that body, but where the density is too low for them to behave as a gas by colliding with each other. In the case of bodies with substantial atmospheres, such as Earth's atmosphere, the exosphere is the uppermost layer, where the atmosphere thins out and merges with interplanetary space. It is located directly above the thermosphere. Very little is known about it due to lack of research. Mercury, the Moon and three Galilean satellites of Jupiter have surface boundary exospheres, which are exospheres without a denser atmosphere underneath. The gases that can be found in the Earth's exosphere are mostly hydrogen and carbon dioxide.
|
L'exosphère est la couche la plus externe de l'atmosphère d'un corps céleste. Cette couche s'étend théoriquement à l'infini. Il suffit donc de définir l'altitude à laquelle elle commence, appelée thermopause ou exobase. L'exosphère se définit comme la région de l'atmosphère où la densité de particules est assez faible pour que l'effet des collisions entre particules soit négligeable en comparaison de l'effet de leur cinétique.
|
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Absolute value
|
Valeur absolue
|
In mathematics, the absolute value or modulus of a real number, denoted, is the non-negative value of without regard to its sign. Namely, if is positive, and if is negative (in which case is positive), and. For example, the absolute value of 3 is 3, and the absolute value of −3 is also 3. The absolute value of a number may be thought of as its distance from zero.
|
En mathématiques, la valeur absolue (parfois appelée module, c'est-à-dire ) d'un nombre réel est sa valeur numérique sans tenir compte de son signe. On peut la comprendre comme sa distance de zéro ; ou comme sa valeur quantitative, à laquelle le signe ajoute une idée de polarité ou de sens (comme le sens d'un vecteur). Par exemple, la valeur absolue de –4 est 4 et celle de +4 est 4. Pour éviter d'écrire « la valeur absolue de... », on utilise la notation |...|. Ainsi, on écrit : |–4| = |+4| = 4. En programmation informatique, l'identificateur utilisé pour désigner la valeur absolue est usuellement.
|
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[
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2
] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Xenon
|
Xénon
|
Xenon is a chemical poo Xenon is used in flash lamps and arc lamps, and as a general anesthetic. The first excimer laser design used a xenon dimer molecule (Xe) as the lasing medium, and the earliest laser designs used xenon flash lamps as pumps. Xenon is used to search for hypothetical weakly interacting massive particles and as the propellant for ion thrusters in spacecraft.
|
Le xénon est l'élément chimique de numéro atomique 54, de symbole Xe. C'est un gaz noble, inodore et incolore. Dans une lampe à décharge, il émet une lumière bleue.
|
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Q.E.D.
|
CQFD (mathématiques)
|
Q.E.D. or QED (sometimes italicized ()) is an initialism of the Latin phrase "", literally meaning "what was to be shown". Traditionally, the abbreviation is placed at the end of a mathematical proof or philosophical argument in print publications to indicate that the proof or the argument is complete, and hence is used with the meaning "thus it has been demonstrated".
|
CQFD, également écrit C. Q. F. D. ou c.q.f.d., est l'abréviation de « ce qu'il fallait démontrer ». Elle se place à la fin d'une démonstration mathématique pour indiquer que le résultat attendu a été démontré. L'expression équivalente en latin est QED, « "quod erat demonstrandum" », elle-même traduite de l'expression grecque ("hóper édei deîxai"). De nombreux documents utilisent maintenant, plutôt que cette abréviation, des symboles variés pour marquer visuellement la fin d'une démonstration, par exemple le carré blanc □.
|
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Polynomial
|
Polynôme
|
In mathematics, a polynomial is an expression consisting of variables (also called indeterminates) and coefficients, that involves only the operations of addition, subtraction, multiplication, and non-negative integer exponents of variables. An example of a polynomial of a single indeterminate,, is. An example in three variables is.
|
En mathématiques, un polynôme est une expression formée uniquement de produits et de sommes de constantes et d'indéterminées, habituellement notées "X", "Y", "Z"... Ces objets sont largement utilisés en pratique, ne serait-ce que parce qu'ils donnent localement une valeur approchée de toute fonction dérivable (voir développement limité) et permettent de représenter des formes lisses (voir l'article courbe de Bézier, décrivant un cas particulier de fonction polynomiale).
|
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Square root
|
Racine carrée
|
In mathematics, a square root of a number is a number such that ; in other words, a number whose "square" (the result of multiplying the number by itself, or ⋅ ) is. For example, 4 and −4 are square roots of 16 because. Every nonnegative real number has a unique nonnegative square root, called the "principal square root", which is denoted by, where the symbol is called the "radical sign" or "radix". For example, the principal square root of 9 is 3, which is denoted by, because and 3 is nonnegative. The term (or number) whose square root is being considered is known as the "radicand". The radicand is the number or expression underneath the radical sign, in this example 9.
|
En mathématiques élémentaires, la racine carrée d'un nombre réel positif est l'unique réel positif qui, lorsqu'il est multiplié par lui-même, donne, c'est-à-dire le nombre positif dont le carré vaut. On le note ou. Dans cette expression, est appelé le radicande et le signe formula_4 est appelé le radical. La fonction qui, à tout réel positif, associe sa racine carrée s'appelle la fonction racine carrée.
|
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Environmentalism
|
Écologisme
|
Environmentalism or environmental rights is a broad philosophy, ideology, and social movement regarding concerns for environmental protection and improvement of the health of the environment, particularly as the measure for this health seeks to incorporate the impact of changes to the environment on humans, animals, plants and non-living matter. While environmentalism focuses more on the environmental and nature-related aspects of green ideology and politics, ecology combines the ideology of social ecology and environmentalism.
|
L'écologisme, ou environnementalisme, est à la fois un courant de pensée (idéologie ou philosophie), un corpus de valeurs et de propositions incluant notamment celles du mouvement environnemental. L'orientation de l'activité politique ou parapolitique vise au respect, à la protection, la préservation ou la restauration de l'environnement dans une forme très poussée. James Lovelock, père de la théorie Gaïa, est l'un des représentants les plus célèbres de cette doctrine.
|
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Floor and ceiling functions
|
Partie entière et partie fractionnaire
|
In mathematics and computer science, the floor function is the function that takes as input a real number formula_1 and gives as output the greatest integer less than or equal to formula_1, denoted formula_3. Similarly, the ceiling function maps formula_1 to the least integer greater than or equal to formula_1, denoted formula_6.
|
En mathématiques et en informatique, la partie entière par défaut, ou partie entière inférieure, en général abrégé en partie entière tout court, d'un nombre réel formula_1 est l'unique entier relatif formula_2 (positif, négatif ou nul) tel que formula_3. On démontre son existence et son unicité par analyse-synthèse : formula_2 est le plus grand entier inférieur ou égal à formula_1 (ce que l'on peut prendre comme définition équivalente de la partie entière de formula_1, voir ci-dessous), son existence étant garantie par la propriété d'Archimède.
|
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Lighthouse of Alexandria
|
Phare d'Alexandrie
|
The Lighthouse of Alexandria, sometimes called the Pharos of Alexandria (; Ancient Greek: ὁ Φάρος τῆς Ἀλεξανδρείας, contemporary Koine ), was a lighthouse built by the Ptolemaic Kingdom, during the reign of Ptolemy II Philadelphus (280–247 BC), which has been estimated to be at least in overall height. One of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World, for many centuries it was one of the tallest man-made structures in the world.
|
Le phare d'Alexandrie (du grec ancien ) était un phare situé à Alexandrie, en Égypte. Il était considéré dans l'Antiquité comme la septième des Sept Merveilles du monde. Il a servi de guide aux marins pendant près de dix-sept siècles (du au ). Sa construction aurait débuté entre 299 et 289 avant notre ère (la date exacte est inconnue) et duré une quinzaine d'années. Les travaux ont commencé sous le règne de mais il meurt avant la fin du chantier qui est achevé sous le règne de son fils.
|
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Jacques Brel
|
Jacques Brel
|
Jacques Romain Georges Brel ( ; 8 April 1929 – 9 October 1978) was a Belgian singer, songwriter, poet, actor and director who composed and performed literate, thoughtful, and theatrical songs that generated a large, devoted following—initially in Belgium and France, later throughout the world. He is considered a master of the modern chanson. Although he recorded most of his songs in French and occasionally in Dutch, he became an influence on English-speaking songwriters and performers, such as Scott Walker, David Bowie, Alex Harvey, Marc Almond and Rod McKuen. English translations of his songs were recorded by many performers, including: Bowie; Walker, Ray Charles; Judy Collins; John Denver; The Kingston Trio; Nina Simone; Shirley Bassey; Frank Sinatra and Andy Williams.
|
Jacques Brel, né le à Schaerbeek (Belgique) et mort le à Bobigny (France), est un auteur-compositeur-interprète, poète, acteur et réalisateur belge.
|
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[
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2
] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Arsenic
|
Arsenic
|
Arsenic is a chemical element with the symbol As and atomic number 33. Arsenic occurs in many minerals, usually in combination with sulfur and metals, but also as a pure elemental crystal. Arsenic is a metalloid. It has various allotropes, but only the gray form, which has a metallic appearance, is important to industry.
|
L'arsenic est l'élément chimique de numéro atomique 33, noté par le symbole As. Le corps simple correspondant est un solide cristallin argenté.
|
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Romain Gary
|
Romain Gary
|
Romain Gary (; 2 December 1980), born Roman Kacew (also known by the pen name Émile Ajar), was a French novelist, diplomat, film director, and World War II aviator of Jewish origin. He is the only author to have won the Prix Goncourt under two names.
|
Romain Gary, né Roman Kacew le ( dans le calendrier julien), à Vilna dans l'Empire russe (actuelle Vilnius en Lituanie) et mort le à Paris, est un aviateur, militaire, résistant, diplomate, romancier, scénariste et réalisateur français, de langues française et anglaise.
|
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Simone de Beauvoir
|
Simone de Beauvoir
|
Simone Lucie Ernestine Marie Bertrand de Beauvoir (, ; ; 9 January 1908 – 14 April 1986) was a French writer, intellectual, existentialist philosopher, political activist, feminist and social theorist. Though she did not consider herself a philosopher, she had a significant influence on both feminist existentialism and feminist theory.
|
Simone de Beauvoir, née le dans le de Paris, ville où elle est morte le, est une philosophe, romancière, mémorialiste et essayiste française.
|
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[
250008,
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6973,
432,
1651,
12897,
82,
34666,
4435,
72358,
5,
2
] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
P-adic number
|
Nombre p-adique
|
In mathematics, the -adic number system for any prime number extends the ordinary arithmetic of the rational numbers in a different way from the extension of the rational number system to the real and complex number systems. The extension is achieved by an alternative interpretation of the concept of "closeness" or absolute value. In particular, two -adic numbers are considered to be close when their difference is divisible by a high power of : the higher the power, the closer they are. This property enables -adic numbers to encode congruence information in a way that turns out to have powerful applications in number theory – including, for example, in the famous proof of Fermat's Last Theorem by Andrew Wiles.
|
En mathématiques, et plus particulièrement en théorie des nombres, pour un nombre premier fixé, les nombres -adiques forment une extension particulière du corps formula_1 des nombres rationnels, découverte par Kurt Hensel en 1897.
|
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Black Death
|
Peste noire
|
The Black Death, also known as the Pestilence and the Great Mortality, was the most fatal pandemic recorded in human history, resulting in the deaths of up to <ref name="ABC/Reuters"> people in Eurasia and North Africa, peaking in Europe from 1347 to 1351. Plague, the disease caused by the bacterium "Yersinia pestis", was the cause; "Y. pestis" infection most commonly results in bubonic plague, but can cause septicaemic or pneumonic plagues.
|
La peste noire ou mort noire est le nom donné par les historiens modernes à une pandémie de peste, principalement la peste bubonique, ayant sévi au Moyen Âge, au milieu du. Cette pandémie a touché l'Eurasie, l'Afrique du Nord et peut-être l'Afrique subsaharienne. Elle n'est ni la première ni la dernière pandémie de peste, mais elle est la seule à porter ce nom. En revanche, c'est la première pandémie à avoir été bien décrite par les chroniqueurs contemporains.
|
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La Hague site
|
Usine de retraitement de la Hague
|
The La Hague site is a nuclear fuel reprocessing plant at La Hague on the Cotentin Peninsula in northern France, with the Manche storage centre bordering on it. Operated by Orano, formerly AREVA, and prior to that COGEMA ("Compagnie générale des matières atomiques"), La Hague has nearly half of the world's light water reactor spent nuclear fuel reprocessing capacity. It has been in operation since 1976, and has a capacity of about 1700 tonnes per year. It extracts plutonium which is then recycled into MOX fuel at the Marcoule site.
|
L’usine de retraitement de la Hague — souvent nommée simplement « La Hague » — est un centre de traitement du combustible nucléaire usé dans lequel on traite le combustible nucléaire provenant des réacteurs nucléaires de France et une partie de celui provenant des réacteurs d'Allemagne, de Belgique, de Suisse, des Pays-Bas et du Japon, pour en séparer certains éléments radioactifs.
|
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Sébastien Japrisot
|
Sébastien Japrisot
|
Sébastien Japrisot (4 July 1931 – 4 March 2003) was a French author, screenwriter and film director. His pseudonym was an anagram of Jean-Baptiste Rossi, his real name. Renowned for subverting the rules of the crime genre, Japrisot broke down the established formulas "into their component pieces to re-combine them in original and paradoxical ways." Some critics argue that though Japrisot's work may lack the explicit experimental element present in the novels of some of his contemporaries, it shows influences of structuralist theories and the unorthodox techniques of the New Novelists.
|
Jean-Baptiste Rossi, plus connu sous son nom de plume (et anagramme) Sébastien Japrisot, est un romancier, scénariste, traducteur, réalisateur et parolier français né le à Marseille et mort le à Vichy.
|
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2
] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Iodine pit
|
Empoisonnement au xénon
|
The iodine pit, also called the iodine hole or xenon pit, is a temporary disabling of a nuclear reactor due to buildup of short-lived nuclear poisons in the reactor core. The main isotope responsible is Xe, mainly produced by natural decay of I. I is a weak neutron absorber, while Xe is the strongest known neutron absorber. When Xe builds up in the fuel rods of a reactor, it significantly lowers their reactivity, by absorbing a significant amount of the neutrons that provide the nuclear reaction.
|
Dans un réacteur nucléaire, l'empoisonnement au xénon est le phénomène de production et d'accumulation du xénon 135, un puissant absorbeur de neutron, étouffant la réaction nucléaire d'un réacteur à l'arrêt, ou provoquant des oscillations de puissance dans les réacteurs de grande taille.
|
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Nicolas Boileau-Despréaux
|
Nicolas Boileau
|
Nicolas Boileau-Despréaux (; 1 November 1636 – 13 March 1711), often known simply as Boileau (, ), was a French poet and critic. He did much to reform the prevailing form of French poetry, in the same way that Blaise Pascal did to reform the prose. He was greatly influenced by Horace.
|
Nicolas Boileau, dit Boileau-Despréaux, est un homme de lettres français du Grand Siècle, né le à Paris et mort dans la même ville le. Poète, traducteur, polémiste et théoricien de la littérature, il fut considéré en son temps et par la postérité comme le législateur ou le « Régent du Parnasse » pour son « intransigeance passionnée ». Admirateur et ami de Molière pendant dix ans, familier de Furetière et de Chapelle, il fut dans le dernier quart du siècle le collègue et interlocuteur privilégié de Racine.
|
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Internet culture
|
Cyberculture
|
Internet culture, or cyberculture, is a culture that has emerged, or is emerging, from the use of computer networks for communication, entertainment, and business. Internet culture is also the study of various social phenomena associated with the Internet and other new forms of the network communication. Examples of these new forms of network communication include, online communities, online multi-player gaming, wearable computing, social gaming, social media, mobile apps, augmented reality, and texting as well as issues related to identity, privacy, and network formation.
|
Apparu au début des années 1990, le terme cyberculture désigne à la fois un certain nombre de productions culturelles et un nouveau rapport à la culture en général, notamment par les internautes. Les cybercultures succèdent à un certain nombre d'autres "cybertermes" dont elle est censée faire l'addition, tels que cyberpunk, cyberespace, etc. et qui ont pour origine lointaine la cybernétique.
|
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Scurvy
|
Scorbut
|
Scurvy is a disease resulting from a lack of vitamin C (ascorbic acid). Early symptoms of deficiency include weakness, feeling tired and sore arms and legs. Without treatment, decreased red blood cells, gum disease, changes to hair, and bleeding from the skin may occur. As scurvy worsens there can be poor wound healing, personality changes, and finally death from infection or bleeding. It takes at least a month of little to no vitamin C in the diet before symptoms occur. In modern times, scurvy occurs most commonly in people with mental disorders, unusual eating habits, alcoholism, and older people who live alone. Other risk factors include intestinal malabsorption and dialysis. While many animals produce their own vitamin C, humans and a few others do not. Vitamin C is required to make the building blocks for collagen. Diagnosis is typically based on physical signs, X-rays, and improvement after treatment. Treatment is with vitamin C supplements taken by mouth. Improvement often begins in a few days with complete recovery in a few weeks. Sources of vitamin C in the diet include citrus fruit and a number of vegetables (such as red peppers, broccoli, and potatoes). Cooking often decreases vitamin C in foods. Scurvy is rare compared to other nutritional deficiencies. It occurs more often in the developing world in association with malnutrition. Rates among refugees are reported at 5 to 45 percent. Scurvy was described as early as the time of ancient Egypt. It was a limiting factor in long-distance sea travel, often killing large numbers of people. During the Age of Sail, it was assumed that 50 percent of the sailors would die of scurvy on a given trip. A Scottish surgeon in the Royal Navy, James Lind, is generally credited with proving that scurvy can be successfully treated with citrus fruit in 1753. Nonetheless, it would be 1795 before health reformers such as Gilbert Blane persuaded the British Royal Navy to routinely give lemon juice to its sailors.
|
Le scorbut (prononciation en France, au Québec) est une maladie due à une carence en vitamine C (acide ascorbique) qui se traduit chez l'être humain, dans sa forme grave, par un déchaussement des dents et la purulence des gencives, des hémorragies, puis la mort.
|
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[
250008,
636,
28780,
8789,
15,
3454,
157,
13700,
1363,
22,
9942,
4,
531,
130586,
16,
437,
773,
80947,
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253,
773,
517,
3956,
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313,
15,
11,
104024,
237,
10517,
964,
944,
16,
569,
40,
1152,
112061,
19998,
96,
25,
10122,
104329,
4,
807,
57,
13822,
17202,
4,
366,
51,
27441,
18391,
7,
5911,
224,
8,
16037,
82,
21,
7398,
202,
6620,
224,
9226,
318,
3132,
4,
224,
35709,
4514,
219,
124308,
4,
22790,
21,
17904,
5,
2
] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Body mass index
|
Indice de masse corporelle
|
Body mass index (BMI) is a value derived from the mass (weight) and height of a person. The BMI is defined as the body mass divided by the square of the body height, and is universally expressed in units of kg/m, resulting from mass in kilograms and height in metres.
|
L’indice de masse corporelle ou IMC (en anglais,'ou "BMI") est une grandeur qui permet d'estimer la corpulence d’une personne. Inventé au milieu du par Adolphe Quetelet, mathématicien belge et l'un des fondateurs de la statistique moderne, cet indice est appelé aussi l'indice de Quetelet.
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Maurice Blanchot
|
Maurice Blanchot
|
Maurice Blanchot (; ; 22 September 1907 – 20 February 2003) was a French writer, philosopher, and literary theorist. His work had a strong influence on post-structuralist philosophers such as Gilles Deleuze, Michel Foucault, Jacques Derrida, and Jean-Luc Nancy.
|
Maurice Blanchot est un romancier, critique littéraire et philosophe français, né le 22 septembre 1907 au hameau de Quain, dans la commune de Devrouze en Saône-et-Loire, mort le au Mesnil-Saint-Denis, Yvelines.
|
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John Brunner (novelist)
|
John Brunner
|
John Kilian Houston Brunner (24 September 1934 – 25 August 1995) was a British author of science fiction novels and stories. His 1968 novel "Stand on Zanzibar", about an overpopulated world, won the 1969 Hugo Award for best science fiction novel, and the BSFA award the same year. "The Jagged Orbit" won the BSFA award in 1970.
|
John Kilian Houston Brunner, né le à Wallingford en Angleterre et mort le à Glasgow en Écosse, est un écrivain britannique de science-fiction.
|
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Geochemistry
|
Géochimie
|
Geochemistry is the science that uses the tools and principles of chemistry to explain the mechanisms behind major geological systems such as the Earth's crust and its oceans. The realm of geochemistry extends beyond the Earth, encompassing the entire Solar System, and has made important contributions to the understanding of a number of processes including mantle convection, the formation of planets and the origins of granite and basalt.
|
La géochimie applique les outils et concepts de la chimie à l'étude de la Terre et des sédiments. Dans une certaine mesure, des échantillons sont accessibles à l'investigation chimique. En ce qui concerne la Terre, cette discipline a pour objectif la connaissance des cycles par lesquels la plupart des éléments chimiques sont conduits alternativement en surface et en profondeur au sein de la Terre. Liée à la cosmochimie, elle s'intéresse aux processus de formation planétaires et intraplanétaires, notamment par l'étude des météorites. S'agissant du sédiment, la géochimie étudie les phénomènes chimiques qui se déroulent de l'interface eau-sédiment à la profondeur du sédiment lui-même.
|
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201411,
2
] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
About Schmidt
|
Monsieur Schmidt
|
About Schmidt is a 2002 American comedy-drama film written and directed by Alexander Payne, produced by Michael Besman, Harry Gittes and Rachael Horovitz, co-written by Jim Taylor with music by Rolfe Kent and starring Jack Nicholson in the title role. The film also stars Hope Davis, Dermot Mulroney and Kathy Bates. It is very loosely based on the 1996 novel of the same title by Louis Begley. "About Schmidt" was theatrically released on December 13, 2002 by New Line Cinema. The film was both a commercial and a critical success and it earned $105,834,556 on a $30 million budget. "About Schmidt" was released on DVD and VHS formats. It was released on Blu-ray for the first time on February 3, 2015.
|
Monsieur Schmidt ("About Schmidt") est un film américain d'Alexander Payne, sorti en 2002. Il s'agit d'une adaptation cinématographique du roman du même nom de Louis Begley.
|
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2
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[
250008,
185830,
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24988,
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18939,
437,
51,
1346,
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104,
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57543,
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2
] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Equation
|
Équation
|
In mathematics, an equation is a statement that asserts the equality of two expressions. The word "equation" and its cognates in other languages may have subtly different meanings; for example, in French an "équation" is defined as containing one or more variables, while in English any equality is an equation.
|
Une équation est, en mathématiques, une relation (en général une égalité) contenant une ou plusieurs variables. "Résoudre" l'équation consiste à déterminer les valeurs que peut prendre la variable pour rendre l'égalité vraie. La variable est aussi appelée "inconnue" et les valeurs pour lesquelles l'égalité est vérifiée "solutions". À la différence d'une identité, une équation est une égalité qui n'est pas nécessairement vraie pour toutes les valeurs possibles que peut prendre la variable.
|
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Jacques-Bénigne Bossuet
|
Jacques-Bénigne Bossuet
|
Jacques-Bénigne Lignel Bossuet (; 27 September 1627 – 12 April 1704) was a French bishop and theologian, renowned for his sermons and other addresses. He has been considered by many to be one of the most brilliant orators of all time and a masterly French stylist.
|
Jacques-Bénigne Bossuet (surnommé parfois l'« Aigle de Meaux »), né le à Dijon et décédé le à Paris, est un homme d'Église, évêque, prédicateur et écrivain français.
|
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Patriot Games
|
Jeux de guerre (roman)
|
Patriot Games is a thriller novel, written by Tom Clancy and published in July 1987. It is the indirect sequel to "Without Remorse", and is chronologically the first book featuring Jack Ryan, the main character in most of Clancy’s novels. The novel focuses on Ryan being the target of Irish terrorist group Ulster Liberation Army for thwarting their kidnapping attempt on the Prince and Princess of Wales in London. It debuted at number one on the New York Times bestseller list. A film adaptation, starring Harrison Ford as Ryan, premiered on June 5, 1992.
|
Jeux de guerre ("Patriot Games") est un roman policier, appartenant au genre du techno-thriller, de Tom Clancy, paru en 1987. Il met en scène le personnage de Jack Ryan.
|
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The Hunt for Red October
|
Octobre rouge (roman)
|
The Hunt for Red October is the debut novel by Tom Clancy, first published on October 1, 1984 by the Naval Institute Press. It depicts Soviet submarine captain Marko Ramius as he seemingly goes rogue with his country's cutting-edge ballistic missile submarine "Red October", and marks the first appearance of Clancy's most popular fictional character Jack Ryan, an analyst working for the Central Intelligence Agency, as he must prove his theory that Ramius had intended to defect to the United States. The book was loosely inspired by the mutiny on the Soviet frigate "Storozhevoy" in 1975.
|
Octobre rouge (titre original : "The Hunt for Red October") est un roman d'espionnage, doublé d'un techno-thriller, de l'écrivain américain Tom Clancy paru en 1984, inspiré de la mutinerie du Storojevoï. Il s'agit d'un des romans de la saga Ryan.
|
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The Cardinal of the Kremlin
|
Le Cardinal du Kremlin
|
The Cardinal of the Kremlin is an espionage thriller novel, written by Tom Clancy and released on May 20, 1988. A direct sequel to "The Hunt for Red October" (1984), it features CIA analyst Jack Ryan as he extracts CARDINAL, the agency's highest placed agent in the Soviet government who is being pursued by the KGB, as well as the Soviet intelligence agency's director. The novel also features the Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI), a real-life missile-defense system developed by the United States during that time, and its Russian counterpart. The book debuted at number one on the New York Times bestseller list.
|
Le Cardinal du Kremlin (titre original : "") est un roman d'espionnage, doublé d'un thriller, de Tom Clancy, paru en 1988. Il fait suite au roman "Octobre rouge" du même auteur et a également pour héros le personnage de Jack Ryan.
|
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Without Remorse
|
Sans aucun remords
|
Without Remorse is a thriller novel, written by Tom Clancy and published on August 11, 1993. Set during the Vietnam War, it serves as an origin story of John Clark, one of the recurring characters in the Jack Ryan universe. "Without Remorse" introduces Clark as former Navy SEAL John Kelly, and explains how he changed his name. G.P. Putnam's Sons paid $14 million for the North American rights, a record for a single book. The book debuted at number one on the New York Times bestseller list.
|
Sans aucun remords (titre original : "") est un roman policier, appartenant au genre du techno-thriller, de l'écrivain américain Tom Clancy paru en 1993. Il s'agit du premier titre dans l'ordre chronologique de la saga Ryan qui a pour héros Jack Ryan.
|
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Clear and Present Danger
|
Danger immédiat
|
Clear and Present Danger is a political thriller novel, written by Tom Clancy and published on August 17, 1989. A sequel to "The Cardinal of the Kremlin" (1988), main character Jack Ryan becomes acting Deputy Director of Intelligence in the Central Intelligence Agency, and discovers that he is being kept in the dark by his colleagues who are conducting a covert war against a drug cartel based in Colombia. It debuted at number one on the New York Times bestseller list. A film adaptation, featuring Harrison Ford reprising his role as Ryan, was released on August 3, 1994.
|
Danger immédiat (titre original : "Clear and Present Danger") est un roman d'espionnage, doublé d'un techno-thriller, de l'écrivain américain Tom Clancy paru en 1989. Il s'agit d'un titre de la saga Ryan qui a pour héros Jack Ryan.
|
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Eon (novel)
|
Éon (roman)
|
Eon is a 1985 science fiction novel by Greg Bear. It is the first story written in The Way fictional universe.
|
Éon (titre original : "Eon") est un roman de science-fiction de Greg Bear paru en 1985. Il s'agit du premier tome d'une trilogie comportant également "Éternité" et "Héritage".
|
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Red Storm Rising
|
Tempête rouge
|
Red Storm Rising is a war novel, written by Tom Clancy and co-written with Larry Bond, and released on August 7, 1986. Set in the mid-1980s, it features a Third World War between the North Atlantic Treaty Organization and Warsaw Pact forces, and is unique for depicting the conflict as being fought exclusively with conventional weapons, rather than escalating to the use of weapons of mass destruction or nuclear warfare. It is one of two Clancy novels, including "SSN" (1996), that are not set in the Ryanverse.
|
Tempête rouge (titre original : "Red Storm Rising") est un roman de Tom Clancy paru en 1986. "Tempête rouge" est né de la rencontre entre Tom Clancy et Larry Bond. Ce dernier, créateur d'un jeu en plateau appelé "Harpoon", avait écrit un scénario appelé "Convoy 84" qui décrivait des traversées de convois américains dans l'océan Atlantique, dans l'hypothèse d'une attaque des forces du Pacte de Varsovie contre l'OTAN. "Tempête rouge" se fonde sur ce scénario en lui donnant une dimension plus large.
|
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
René Magritte
|
René Magritte
|
René François Ghislain Magritte (; 21 November 1898 – 15 August 1967) was a Belgian Surrealist artist. He became well known for creating a number of witty and thought-provoking images. Often depicting ordinary objects in an unusual context, his work is known for challenging observers' preconditioned perceptions of reality. His imagery has influenced pop art, minimalist art and conceptual art.
|
René Magritte, né le à Lessines dans le Hainaut (Belgique) et mort à Bruxelles le 15 août 1967, est un peintre surréaliste belge.
|
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Debt of Honor
|
Dette d'honneur
|
Debt of Honor is a techno-thriller novel, written by Tom Clancy and released on August 17, 1994. A direct sequel to "The Sum of All Fears" (1991), Jack Ryan becomes the National Security Advisor when a secret cabal of Japanese industrialists seize control of their country’s government and wage war on the United States. The book debuted at number one on "The New York Times" bestseller list. The novel was later noted as containing plot elements which were similar to the circumstances of the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks and the hijacking of United Airlines Flight 93.
|
Dette d'honneur ("Debt of Honor") est un thriller de Tom Clancy paru en 1994. Il fait partie de la saga Ryan qui a pour héros Jack Ryan, un ancien agent de la CIA.
|
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The Sum of All Fears
|
La Somme de toutes les peurs
|
The Sum of All Fears is a political thriller novel, written by Tom Clancy and released on August 14, 1991. Serving as the sequel to "Clear and Present Danger" (1989), main character Jack Ryan, who is now the Deputy Director of Central Intelligence, tries to stop a crisis concerning the Middle East peace process where Palestinian and former East German terrorists conspire to bring the United States and Soviet Union into nuclear war. It debuted at number one on the "New York Times" bestseller list. A film adaptation, which is a reboot of the Jack Ryan film series and starring Ben Affleck as the younger iteration of the CIA analyst, was released on May 31, 2002.
|
La Somme de toutes les peurs ("") est un roman d'espionnage, doublé d'un techno-thriller, de l'écrivain américain Tom Clancy paru en 1991. Ce titre fait partie de la saga Ryan ayant pour héros Jack Ryan.
|
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Cthulhu
|
Cthulhu
|
Cthulhu is a fictional cosmic entity created by writer H. P. Lovecraft and first introduced in the short story "The Call of Cthulhu", published in the American pulp magazine "Weird Tales" in 1928. Considered a Great Old One within the pantheon of Lovecraftian cosmic entities, the creature has since been featured in numerous popular culture references. Lovecraft depicts it as a gigantic entity worshipped by cultists, in shape like an octopus, a dragon, and a caricature of human form. Its name was given to the Lovecraft-inspired universe where it and its fellow entities existed, the Cthulhu Mythos.
|
Cthulhu () est une monstrueuse entité cosmique inventée par l'écrivain américain Howard Phillips Lovecraft dans sa nouvelle "L'Appel de Cthulhu", publiée dans le pulp "Weird Tales" en 1928.
|
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Executive Orders
|
Sur ordre
|
Executive Orders is a techno-thriller novel, written by Tom Clancy and released on July 1, 1996. It picks up immediately where the final events of "Debt of Honor" (1994) left off, and features now-U.S. President Jack Ryan as he tries to deal with foreign and domestic threats. The book is dedicated to former U.S. President Ronald Reagan, who helped launch Clancy's worldwide success as a novelist. The book debuted at number one on the New York Times bestseller list.
|
Sur ordre ("Executive Orders") est un thriller de Tom Clancy paru en 1996. Ce roman, suite directe de "Dette d'honneur", fait partie de la saga Ryan ayant pour héros Jack Ryan.
|
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Alien Resurrection
|
Alien, la résurrection
|
Alien Resurrection is a 1997 American science fiction horror film directed by Jean-Pierre Jeunet, written by Joss Whedon, and starring Sigourney Weaver and Winona Ryder. It is the fourth installment of the "Alien" film series and the final installment in the main series. It was filmed at the 20th Century Fox studios in Los Angeles, California.
|
Alien, la résurrection ("Alien: Resurrection") est un film de science-fiction horrifique américain réalisé par Jean-Pierre Jeunet, sorti en 1997. C’est le quatrième film de la saga "Alien".
|
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Terry Gilliam
|
Terry Gilliam
|
Terrence Vance Gilliam (; born 22 November 1940) is an American-born British screenwriter, film director, animator, actor, comedian and former member of the Monty Python comedy troupe.
|
Terry Gilliam, né le à Medicine Lake (Minnesota), est un réalisateur de cinéma, scénariste, acteur, et dessinateur. Révélé en tant que membre des "Monty Python", il a ensuite poursuivi une carrière de cinéaste à part entière. Il a été naturalisé britannique en 1968, avant de renoncer à la nationalité américaine en.
|
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John Wyndham
|
John Wyndham
|
John Wyndham Parkes Lucas Beynon Harris (; 10 July 1903 – 11 March 1969) was an English science fiction writer best known for his works published under the pen name John Wyndham, although he also used other combinations of his names, such as John Beynon and Lucas Parkes. Some of his works were set in post-apocalyptic landscapes. His best known works include "The Day of the Triffids" (1951) and "The Midwich Cuckoos" (1957), the latter filmed twice as "Village of the Damned".
|
John Wyndham Parkes Lucas Beynon Harris, né le à dans le Warwickshire et mort le à Londres, est un écrivain de science-fiction britannique.
|
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Arthur C. Clarke
|
Arthur C. Clarke
|
Sir Arthur Charles Clarke (16 December 1917 – 19 March 2008) was a British science fiction writer, science writer and futurist, inventor, undersea explorer, and television series host.
|
Arthur Charles Clarke, ou Arthur C. Clarke, né le à Minehead dans le Somerset au Royaume-Uni et mort le à Colombo au Sri Lanka, est un écrivain de science-fiction, écrivain scientifique, futurologue, présentateur télé, explorateur sous-marin et inventeur britannique.
|
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Brazil (1985 film)
|
Brazil (film, 1985)
|
Brazil is a 1985 dark dystopian science fiction film directed by Terry Gilliam and written by Gilliam, Charles McKeown, and Tom Stoppard. The film stars Jonathan Pryce and features Robert De Niro, Kim Greist, Michael Palin, Katherine Helmond, Bob Hoskins and Ian Holm.
|
Brazil est un film de science-fiction dystopique britannico-américain réalisé par Terry Gilliam, écrit par ce dernier avec Charles McKeown et Tom Stoppard et sorti en 1985.
|
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Joseph Kasa-Vubu
|
Joseph Kasa-Vubu
|
Joseph Kasa-Vubu, alternatively Joseph Kasavubu, ("c." 1917 – 24 March 1969) was a Congolese politician who served as the first President of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (then Republic of the Congo) from 1960 until 1965.
|
Joseph Kasa-Vubu, né vers 1917 et mort le, est le premier président de la République du Congo-Léopoldville de 1960 à 1965.
|
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Monty Python's The Meaning of Life
|
Monty Python : Le Sens de la vie
|
Monty Python's The Meaning of Life, also known simply as The Meaning of Life, is a 1983 British musical sketch comedy film written and performed by the Monty Python troupe, directed by Terry Jones. It was the last film to feature all six Python members before Graham Chapman died in 1989.
|
Monty Python : Le Sens de la vie ("") est un film britannique réalisé par Terry Jones, sorti en 1983. Ce film a obtenu le grand prix spécial au Festival de Cannes en 1983.
|
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Ecological land classification
|
Classification écologique des terres
|
Ecological land classification is a cartographical delineation or regionalisation of distinct ecological areas, identified by their geology, topography, soils, vegetation, climate conditions, living species, habitats, water resources, and sometimes also anthropic factors. These factors control and influence biotic composition and ecological processes.
|
La classification écologique des terres ("ecological land classification" en anglais) est définie comme étant un outil de management permettant de délimiter et de classer des aires écologiques distinctes en fonction de leur géologie, de leur relief, de leurs sols, de leur végétation, de leurs conditions climatiques, de leurs espèces sauvages, de leurs ressources en eau et de leur anthropisation.
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
André Breton
|
André Breton
|
André Robert Breton (; 18 February 1896 – 28 September 1966) was a French writer and poet. He is known best as the co-founder, leader, principal theorist and chief apologist of Surrealism. His writings include the first "Surrealist Manifesto" ("Manifeste du surréalisme") of 1924, in which he defined surrealism as "pure psychic automatism".
|
André Breton, né à Tinchebray dans l'Orne le et mort à Paris le, est un poète et écrivain français, principal animateur et théoricien du surréalisme.
|
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Biogeographic realm
|
Écozone
|
A biogeographic realm or ecozone is the broadest biogeographic division of Earth's land surface, based on distributional patterns of terrestrial organisms. They are subdivided into ecoregions, which are classified based on their biomes or habitat types.
|
Une écozone est définie comme étant une partie de la surface terrestre représentative d'une unité écologique à grande échelle, caractérisée par des facteurs abiotiques (non vivants) et biotiques (vivants) particuliers.
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Monty Python
|
Monty Python
|
Monty Python (also collectively known as the Pythons) were a British surreal comedy troupe who created the sketch comedy television show "Monty Python's Flying Circus", which first aired on the BBC in 1969. Forty-five episodes were made over four series. The Python phenomenon developed from the television series into something larger in scope and impact, including touring stage shows, films, albums, books and musicals. The Pythons' influence on comedy has been compared to the Beatles' influence on music. Regarded as an enduring icon of 1970s pop culture, their sketch show has been referred to as being “an important moment in the evolution of television comedy".
|
Monty Python est le nom d'une troupe d'humoristes rendue célèbre initialement grâce à sa première création, la série télévisée "Monty Python's Flying Circus" dont la diffusion commença à la BBC le et qui se poursuivit durant 45 épisodes jusqu'au. La troupe était composée de six membres : Graham Chapman, John Cleese, Eric Idle, Michael Palin, Terry Jones et Terry Gilliam. La majorité des membres du groupe sont anglais sauf pour Terry Gilliam qui vient des États-Unis et Terry Jones qui est d'origine galloise.
|
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Aliens (film)
|
Aliens, le retour
|
Aliens is a 1986 American science fiction action film written and directed by James Cameron, produced by Gale Anne Hurd and starring Sigourney Weaver. It is the second installment of the "Alien" franchise. The film follows Weaver's character Ellen Ripley as she returns to the moon where her crew encountered the hostile Alien creature, this time accompanied by a unit of space marines. Additional roles are played by Carrie Henn, Michael Biehn, Paul Reiser, Lance Henriksen, Jenette Goldstein, William Hope, Al Matthews, and Bill Paxton.
|
"Aliens, le retour ()" est un film américain de science-fiction coécrit et réalisé par James Cameron, sorti en 1986. Deuxième volet de la saga "Alien", ce film est la suite d’"Alien, le huitième passager" (1979) et met en scène l'actrice Sigourney Weaver qui reprend son rôle d'Ellen Ripley, ainsi que les acteurs Michael Biehn, Bill Paxton, Lance Henriksen et Carrie Henn.
|
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Greenland
|
Groenland
|
Greenland (, ;, ) is the world's largest island, located between the Arctic and Atlantic oceans, east of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago. It is an autonomous territory within the Kingdom of Denmark. Though physiographically a part of the continent of North America, Greenland has been politically and culturally associated with Europe (specifically Norway and Denmark, the colonial powers, as well as the nearby island of Iceland) for more than a millennium. The majority of its residents are Inuit, whose ancestors migrated from Alaska through Northern Canada, gradually settling across the island by the 13th century.
|
Le Groenland (en groenlandais : ', ) est un pays constitutif du royaume du Danemark et un territoire d'outre-mer associé à l'Union européenne, situé entre les océans Arctique et Atlantique, à l'est de l'archipel Arctique, au nord-est de l'Amérique du Nord. Bien qu'appartenant physiographiquement au continent nord-américain, le Groenland a été politiquement et culturellement associé à l'Europe pendant plus d'un millénaire. Le Groenland est la deuxième plus grande île du monde. Plus des trois quarts de son territoire sont couverts par la seule calotte glaciaire contemporaine en dehors de l'Antarctique. Avec une population de au, il est le le moins densément peuplé au monde.
|
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Fana (Sufism)
|
Fana (islam)
|
Fanaa ( "") in Sufism is the "passing away" or "annihilation" (of the self). Fana means "to die before one dies", a concept highlighted by famous notable Muslim saints such as Rumi and later by Sultan Bahoo. Fana represents a breaking down of the individual ego and a recognition of the fundamental unity of God, creation, and the individual self. Persons having entered this enlightened state obtain awareness of the intrinsic unity (Tawhid) between Allah and all that exists, including the individual's mind. It is coupled conceptually with baqaa, subsistence, which is the state of pure consciousness of and abidance in God.
|
Le fanâ’ (arabe :فَناء [fanā'], littéralement "anéantissement ; évanouissement") est un terme soufi du vocabulaire de l’islam. Il désigne l'élévation de l'esprit dans la contemplation des choses divines, qui détache une personne des objets sensibles jusqu’à ce que s’anéantissent ses attributs humains au profit des attributs divins. Le fanâ' est un concept élaboré par les théologiens soufis pour échapper à toute idée de fusion mystique entre l'homme et Dieu qui serait condamnée par les ulémas sunnites. Cet état est généralement suivi par celui du baqa’ (« existence », « subsistance ») qui permet au disciple d’intégrer son état d'éveil tout en l’harmonisant avec les contingences spatio-temporelles, les affaires du « bas-monde ».
|
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Imamate in Shia doctrine
|
Imamat
|
In Shia Islam, the Imamah () is a doctrine which asserts that certain individuals from the lineage of the Islamic prophet Muhammad are to be accepted as leaders and guides of the ummah after the death of the Muhammad. Imamah further says that Imams possess divine knowledge and authority (Ismah) as well as being part of the Ahl al-Bayt, the family of Muhammad. These Imams have the role of providing commentary and interpretation of the Quran as well as guidance.
|
L'imamat (arabe : إِمامة [imāma], "imamat") est le système de direction spirituelle et politique par les imams chiites. L'imamat est un concept très large qui englobe à la fois le sens de l'autorité spirituelle, "marja'iyyat", et celui d'autorité politique. Après la mort du Prophète, l'Imam est chargé d'enseigner aux hommes les sens du Coran, les réalités de la religion et les pratiques sociales, et d'être leur directeur dans tous les domaines.
|
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Henri Becquerel
|
Henri Becquerel
|
Antoine Henri Becquerel (; ; 15 December 1852 – 25 August 1908) was a French engineer, physicist, scientist, Nobel laureate, and the first person to discover evidence of radioactivity. For work in this field he, along with Marie Skłodowska-Curie (Marie Curie) and Pierre Curie, received the 1903 Nobel Prize in Physics. The SI unit for radioactivity, the becquerel (Bq), is named after him.
|
Antoine Henri Becquerel, né le à Paris et mort le au Croisic, est un physicien français. Il est lauréat de la moitié du prix Nobel de physique de 1903 (partagé avec Marie Curie et son mari Pierre Curie).
|
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[
250008,
180611,
80640,
873,
238,
944,
7962,
4,
18673,
95,
253,
7270,
82,
17904,
95,
531,
24727,
164,
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437,
21,
119857,
257,
8,
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170826,
115,
22135,
34676,
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85701,
8,
106355,
15,
56160,
17995,
1609,
24479,
17065,
478,
82,
775,
5786,
58807,
17065,
478,
194,
2
] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Gamma function
|
Fonction gamma
|
In mathematics, the gamma function (represented by formula_1 the capital letter gamma from the Greek alphabet) is one commonly used extension of the factorial function to complex numbers. The gamma function is defined for all complex numbers except the non-positive integers. For any positive integer formula_2
|
En mathématiques, la fonction gamma (notée par la lettre grecque ) est une fonction complexe, considérée également comme une fonction spéciale. Elle prolonge la fonction factorielle à l'ensemble des nombres complexes (à l'exception des entiers négatifs) : on a pour tout entier :.
|
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MVS
|
Multiple Virtual Storage
|
Multiple Virtual Storage, more commonly called MVS, was the most commonly used operating system on the System/370 and System/390 IBM mainframe computers. IBM developed MVS, along with OS/VS1 and SVS, as a successor to OS/360. It is unrelated to IBM's other mainframe operating system lines, e.g., VSE, VM, TPF.
|
Multiple Virtual Storage (MVS) est le système d'exploitation des gros ordinateurs (« "mainframes" ») d'IBM. MVS a été lancé en 1974 par IBM. Le but était de fournir un système très fiable pour supporter de gros environnements de production. Il est destiné aux grosses machines du constructeur IBM (machines à technologie CMOS de la série 360 / 370 de nos jours appelée zSeries).
|
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[
250008,
19335,
8705,
73303,
208071,
15,
61922,
294,
16,
437,
95,
31164,
104,
25,
157215,
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194,
2
] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Becquerel
|
Becquerel
|
The becquerel (; symbol: Bq) is the SI derived unit of radioactivity. One becquerel is defined as the activity of a quantity of radioactive material in which one nucleus decays per second. For applications relating to human health this is a small quantity, and SI multiples of the unit are commonly used.
|
Le becquerel (symbole : Bq) est l'unité dérivée du Système international d'unités (SI) pour l'activité d'une certaine quantité de matière radioactive, c'est-à-dire le nombre de désintégrations qui s'y produisent par seconde. Il est homogène à l'inverse de la seconde (s). On utilise aussi différents multiples et sous-multiples, et notamment le gigabecquerel ( = ).
|
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Logarithm
|
Logarithme
|
In mathematics, the logarithm is the inverse function to exponentiation. That means the logarithm of a given number is the exponent to which another fixed number, the "base", must be raised, to produce that number. In the simplest case, the logarithm counts the number of occurrences of the same factor in repeated multiplication; e.g., since, the "logarithm base " of is, or. The logarithm of to "base" is denoted as, or without parentheses,, or even without the explicit base,, when no confusion is possible, or when the base does not matter such as in big O notation.
|
En mathématiques, le logarithme de base "b" d'un nombre réel strictement positif est la puissance à laquelle il faut élever la base "b" pour obtenir ce nombre. Par exemple, le logarithme de 1000 en base 10 est 3, car 1000 = 10×10×10 = 10. Le logarithme de "x" en base "b" est noté log("x"). Ainsi log(1000) = 3.
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Anders Celsius
|
Anders Celsius
|
Anders Celsius (, 27 November 170125 April 1744) was a Swedish astronomer, physicist and mathematician. He was professor of astronomy at Uppsala University from 1730 to 1744, but traveled from 1732 to 1735 visiting notable observatories in Germany, Italy and France. He founded the Uppsala Astronomical Observatory in 1741, and in 1742 proposed (an inverted form of) the Centigrade temperature scale which was later renamed Celsius in his honor.
|
Anders Celsius est un savant suédois né à Uppsala le et mort de la tuberculose dans la même ville le. Il fut professeur d'astronomie à l'université d'Uppsala (fondée en 1477). Il est surtout connu du grand public pour être à l'origine d'une échelle relative des températures dont l'unité, le degré Celsius (°C), honore son nom.
|
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2
] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Gray (unit)
|
Gray (unité)
|
The gray (symbol: Gy) is a derived unit of ionizing radiation dose in the International System of Units (SI). It is defined as the absorption of one joule of radiation energy per kilogram of matter.
|
Le gray (symbole Gy) est l'unité dérivée de dose absorbée du Système international (SI) d'unités. Un gray représente l'énergie d'un rayonnement ionisant apportant une énergie d' à un milieu homogène d'une masse d'. :
|
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Chinese language
|
Langues chinoises
|
Chinese ( or especially though not exclusively for written Chinese: ) is a family of East Asian analytic languages that form the Sinitic branch of the Sino-Tibetan languages. Chinese languages are spoken by the ethnic Han Chinese majority and many minority ethnic groups in China. About 1.2 billion people (around 16% of the world's population) speak some form of Chinese as their first language.
|
Les langues chinoises () ou langues sinitiques, souvent désignées dans leur ensemble sous le nom de « chinois » (中文, zhōngwén), appartiennent à la famille des langues sino-tibétaines.
|
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Paul Bourget
|
Paul Bourget
|
Paul Charles Joseph Bourget (; 2 September 185225 December 1935) was a French novelist and critic. He was nominated for the Nobel Prize in Literature five times.
|
Paul Bourget, né le à Amiens et mort le à Paris, est un écrivain et essayiste français, membre de l'Académie française.
|
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Obesity
|
Obésité
|
Obesity is a medical condition in which excess body fat has accumulated to an extent that it may have a negative effect on health. People are generally considered obese when their body mass index (BMI), a measurement obtained by dividing a person's weight by the square of the person's height, is over ; the range is defined as overweight. Some East Asian countries use lower values. Obesity increases the likelihood of various diseases and conditions, particularly cardiovascular diseases, type 2 diabetes, obstructive sleep apnea, certain types of cancer, osteoarthritis, and depression. Obesity is most commonly caused by a combination of excessive food intake, lack of physical activity, and genetic susceptibility. A few cases are caused primarily by genes, endocrine disorders, medications, or mental disorder. The view that obese people eat little yet gain weight due to a slow metabolism is not medically supported. On average, obese people have a greater energy expenditure than their normal counterparts due to the energy required to maintain an increased body mass. Obesity is mostly preventable through a combination of social changes and personal choices. Changes to diet and exercising are the main treatments. Diet quality can be improved by reducing the consumption of energy-dense foods, such as those high in fat or sugars, and by increasing the intake of dietary fiber. Medications can be used, along with a suitable diet, to reduce appetite or decrease fat absorption. If diet, exercise, and medication are not effective, a gastric balloon or surgery may be performed to reduce stomach volume or length of the intestines, leading to feeling full earlier or a reduced ability to absorb nutrients from food. Obesity is a leading preventable cause of death worldwide, with increasing rates in adults and children. In 2015, 600 million adults (12%) and 100 million children were obese in 195 countries. Obesity is more common in women than men. Authorities view it as one of the most serious public health problems of the 21st century. Obesity is stigmatized in much of the modern world (particularly in the Western world), though it was seen as a symbol of wealth and fertility at other times in history and still is in some parts of the world. In 2013, several medical societies, including the American Medical Association and the American Heart Association, classified obesity as a disease.
|
L’obésité résulte du fait d'ingérer plus de substances caloriques que l'organisme n'en dépense sur le long terme, ce qui conduit à une augmentation de la masse adipeuse et à un « excès de poids pour une stature donnée ». Elle est évaluée au moyen de l'indice de masse corporelle (IMC), à partir duquel l'Organisation mondiale de la santé (OMS) a défini des seuils de surcharge pondérale, correspondant à un IMC compris entre, d'obésité, correspondant à un IMC entre, et d’obésité massive lorsque l'IMC dépasse 40. Statistiquement, un simple surpoids (surcharge pondérale) n'est pas source de maladies particulières, mais peut être un facteur d'aggravation d'une maladie, alors que l'obésité, en plus de son retentissement social et psychologique, est directement associée à des maladies, reflétant notamment l'excès de risque de diabète de type 2 et de maladie cardiovasculaire.
|
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Mysticism
|
Mystique
|
Mysticism is the practice of religious ecstasies (religious experiences during alternate states of consciousness), together with whatever ideologies, ethics, rites, myths, legends, and magic may be related to them. It may also refer to the attainment of insight in ultimate or hidden truths, and to human transformation supported by various practices and experiences.
|
La mystique ou le mysticisme est ce qui a trait aux mystères, aux choses cachées ou secrètes. Le terme relève principalement du domaine religieux, et sert à qualifier ou à désigner des expériences spirituelles de l'ordre du contact ou de la communication avec une réalité transcendante non discernable par le sens commun.
|
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Steven Spielberg
|
Steven Spielberg
|
Steven Allan Spielberg (; born December 18, 1946) is an American film director, producer, and screenwriter. He is considered one of the founding pioneers of the New Hollywood era and one of the most popular directors and producers in film history. Spielberg started in Hollywood directing television and several minor theatrical releases. He became a household name as the director of "Jaws" (1975), which was critically and commercially successful and is considered the first summer blockbuster. His subsequent releases focused typically on science fiction/adventure films such as "Close Encounters of the Third Kind" (1977), "Raiders of the Lost Ark" (1981), "E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial" (1982), and "Jurassic Park" (1993), which became archetypes of modern Hollywood escapist filmmaking.
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Steven Spielberg est un réalisateur, scénariste et producteur de cinéma américain, né le à Cincinnati (Ohio). Issu de la deuxième génération du Nouvel Hollywood dans les années 1970, il réalise le premier de l'histoire du cinéma, "Les Dents de la mer" (1975). Il enchaîne ensuite les succès internationaux : "E.T., l'extra-terrestre" (1982), la série "Indiana Jones" (1981-2008), "Jurassic Park" (1993), "La Liste de Schindler" (1993), "Il faut sauver le soldat Ryan" (1998), "Ready Player One" (2018), tout en développant ses activités de gestionnaire. Fondateur de la société de production Amblin Entertainment et cofondateur du studio DreamWorks SKG, il produit de nombreux films à grand succès ("Poltergeist", "Gremlins", "Retour vers le futur", "Qui veut la peau de Roger Rabbit", la trilogie "Men in Black" ou encore "Transformers"). Il a également financé et distribué des œuvres plus exigeantes ou moins grand public telles que "Lettres d'Iwo Jima" de Clint Eastwood, "American Beauty" de Sam Mendes et "Hollywood Ending" de Woody Allen.
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Les Chouans
|
Les Chouans
|
Les Chouans (, "The Chouans") is an 1829 novel by French novelist and playwright Honoré de Balzac (1799–1850) and included in the "Scènes de la vie militaire" section of his novel sequence "La Comédie humaine". Set in the French region of Brittany, the novel combines military history with a love story between the aristocratic Marie de Verneuil and the Chouan royalist Alphonse de Montauran. It takes place during the 1799 post-war uprising in Fougères.
|
Les Chouans est un roman d’Honoré de Balzac publié en 1829 chez Urbain Canel. Commencé à l’automne 1828 et presque terminé à Fougères, dans la maison du général Gilbert de Pommereul, qui fut l’hôte de Balzac et demeura toujours son ami, le roman eut d’abord pour titre "Le Gars", puis "Les Chouans ou la Bretagne il y a trente ans", avant de devenir provisoirement "Le Dernier Chouan". La première édition en 1829 chez Urbain portait finalement le titre "Le Dernier Chouan ou la Bretagne en 1800", une référence au "Dernier des Mohicans" de James Fenimore Cooper, paru trois ans avant. En 1834, aux éditions Vimont, le titre changea encore pour "Les Chouans ou la Bretagne en 1799". Dans l’édition Furne de 1845, "Les Chouans" paraît dans le tome de "La Comédie humaine" dans la section "Scènes de la vie militaire".
|
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Alien (film)
|
Alien (film)
|
Alien is a 1979 science-fiction horror film directed by Ridley Scott and written by Dan O'Bannon. Based on a story by O'Bannon and Ronald Shusett, it follows the crew of the commercial space tug "Nostromo", who encounter the eponymous Alien, a deadly and aggressive extraterrestrial set loose on the ship. The film stars Tom Skerritt, Sigourney Weaver, Veronica Cartwright, Harry Dean Stanton, John Hurt, Ian Holm, and Yaphet Kotto. It was produced by Gordon Carroll, David Giler, and Walter Hill through their company Brandywine Productions, and was distributed by 20th Century Fox. Giler and Hill revised and made additions to the script; Shusett was executive producer. The Alien and its accompanying artifacts were designed by the Swiss artist H. R. Giger, while concept artists Ron Cobb and Chris Foss designed the more human settings.
|
Alien, le huitième passager ("") est un film de science-fiction américain réalisé par Ridley Scott, écrit par Dan O'Bannon et sorti en 1979. Il fait partie de la saga "Alien", dont il est l'opus initial.
|
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