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Enterprise software | Progiciel | Enterprise software, also known as Enterprise Application software (EAS), is computer software used to satisfy the needs of an organization rather than individual users. Such organizations include businesses, schools, interest-based user groups, clubs, charities, and governments. Enterprise software is an integral part of a (computer-based) information system; a collection of such software is called an enterprise system. | Un progiciel (mot-valise, contraction de duit, fessionnel et lo), un logiciel professionnel standard ou parfois paquet logiciel (de l'anglais ) est un terme commercial qui désigne un logiciel applicatif généraliste aux multiples fonctions, composé d'un ensemble de programmes paramétrables et destiné à être utilisé par une large clientèle. Un progiciel est une sorte de « couteau suisse » du logiciel, vendu en volume : plusieurs usages dans un même logiciel. Le mot a été lancé en 1973 et désigne à l'origine des logiciels produits de manière industrielle et distribués sur les. La production de ces logiciels est principalement réalisée par des multinationales de l'industrie du logiciel telles que Microsoft, Oracle, IBM, SAP par exemple. | [
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George H. W. Bush | George H. W. Bush | George Herbert Walker Bush (June 12, 1924November 30, 2018) was an American politician and businessman who served as the 41st president of the United States from 1989 to 1993. A member of the Republican Party, Bush also served in the U.S. House of Representatives, as U.S. Ambassador to the United Nations, as Director of Central Intelligence, and as the 43rd vice president. | George Herbert Walker Bush, né le à Milton (Massachusetts) et mort le à Houston (Texas), est un homme d'État américain. Membre du Parti républicain, il est vice-président des États-Unis de 1981 à 1989 et président du pays de 1989 à 1993. | [
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Filename extension | Extension de nom de fichier | A filename extension is an identifier specified as a suffix to the name of a computer file. The extension indicates a characteristic of the file contents or its intended use. A filename extension is typically delimited from the filename with a full stop (period), but in some systems it is separated with spaces. | En informatique, une extension de nom de fichier (ou simplement extension de fichier, voire extension) est un suffixe de nom de fichier fait pour identifier son format. Ainsi, on dira qu'un fichier nommé codice_1 a l'extension codice_2 (ou simplement codice_3). Ainsi la notion d'extension se spécifie-t-elle à minima par l'adoption conventionnelle d'un caractère dit séparateur (le point dans l'exemple précédent), suivi d'une chaîne (éventuellement vide) libre composée de caractères tirés d'une liste excluant le séparateur d'extension lui-même et les caractères interdits par le système de fichiers (et éventuellement de leur position dans la chaîne, comme l'antislash interdit partout et l'espace interdit en début et fin dans Windows). Le séparateur fait partie de l'extension. L'extension fait partie du nom de fichier. Le caractère retenu comme pouvant jouer le rôle de séparateur d'extension peut être présent plusieurs fois (éventuellement successives) dans le nom de fichier, seule sa dernière occurrence est le séparateur. | [
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Diego Velázquez | Diego Vélasquez | Diego Rodríguez de Silva y Velázquez (baptized June 6, 1599August 6, 1660) was a Spanish painter, the leading artist in the court of King Philip IV and of the Spanish Golden Age. He was an individualistic artist of the contemporary Baroque period. He began to paint in a precise tenebrist style, later developing a freer manner characterized by bold brushwork. In addition to numerous renditions of scenes of historical and cultural significance, he painted scores of portraits of the Spanish royal family and commoners, culminating in his masterpiece "Las Meninas" (1656). | Diego Rodríguez de Silva y Velázquez, dit Diego Velázquez, ou Diego Vélasquez en français, né puis baptisé à Séville le et mort à Madrid le, est un peintre baroque espagnol. | [
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Computer port (hardware) | Port matériel | In computer hardware, a port serves as an interface between the computer and other computers or peripheral devices. In computer terms, a port generally refers to the part of a computing device available for connection to peripherals such as input and output devices. Computer ports have many uses, to connect a monitor, webcam, speakers, or other peripheral devices. On the physical layer, a computer port is a specialized outlet on a piece of equipment to which a plug or cable connects. Electronically, the several conductors where the port and cable contacts connect, provide a method to transfer signals between devices. | Un port matériel (aussi appelé prise) est conçu pour brancher un certain type de périphérique, soit directement, soit au moyen d'un câble. Il est soumis à des normes aussi bien sur ses caractéristiques physiques (forme, considérations électriques ou optiques) que logiques (à quoi sert chaque quel fil/patte/connecteur, que signifie tel ou tel signal en entrée, en sortie). | [
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Port (computer networking) | Port (logiciel) | In computer networking, a port is a communication endpoint. At the software level, within an operating system, a port is a logical construct that identifies a specific process or a type of network service. Ports are identified for each protocol and address combination by 16-bit unsigned numbers, commonly known as the port number. The most common protocols that use port numbers are the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and the User Datagram Protocol (UDP). | Dans la suite des protocoles Internet et correspondant à la couche de transport du modèle OSI, la notion de port logiciel permet, sur un ordinateur donné, de distinguer différents interlocuteurs. Ces interlocuteurs sont des programmes informatiques qui, selon les cas, écoutent ou émettent des informations sur ces ports. Un port est distingué par son numéro. | [
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Saint-Denis, Seine-Saint-Denis | Saint-Denis (Seine-Saint-Denis) | Saint-Denis (, ) is a commune in the northern suburbs of Paris, France. It is located from the centre of Paris. Saint-Denis is a subprefecture () of the department of Seine-Saint-Denis, being the seat of the arrondissement of Saint-Denis. | Saint-Denis (, ) est une commune française limitrophe de Paris, située au nord de la capitale, dans le département de la Seine-Saint-Denis, dont elle est sous-préfecture, en région Île-de-France. | [
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Week | Semaine | A week is a time unit equal to seven days. It is the standard time period used for cycles of rest days in most parts of the world, mostly alongside—although not strictly part of—the Gregorian calendar. | Une semaine (du latin "septimana" : « semaine ») est une période de sept jours consécutifs. L'adjectif français correspondant est « hebdomadaire » du latin "hebdomadarius" signifiant « celui qui est de semaine, semainier », latinisation du mot grec "ἑβδομάς." Substantivé (utilisé comme nom), le mot désigne une publication paraissant chaque semaine. | [
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Day | Jour | A day is approximately the period of time during which the Earth completes one rotation around its axis. A solar day is the length of time which elapses between the Sun reaching its highest point in the sky two consecutive times. Days on other planets are defined similarly and vary in length due to differing rotation periods, that of Mars being slightly longer and sometimes called a sol. | Le jour ou la journée est l'intervalle de temps qui sépare le lever du coucher du Soleil. Le jour est précédé par l'aube le matin et laisse place au crépuscule le soir. Son début (par rapport à minuit heure locale) et sa durée dépendent de l'époque de l'année et de la latitude ; ainsi, le jour peut durer six mois aux pôles terrestres. | [
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Pacifism | Pacifisme | Pacifism is opposition to war, militarism or violence. The word "pacifism" was coined by the French peace campaigner Émile Arnaud (1864–1921) and adopted by other peace activists at the tenth Universal Peace Congress in Glasgow in 1901. A related term is "ahimsa" (to do no harm), which is a core philosophy in Indian Religions such as Hinduism, Buddhism, and Jainism. While modern connotations are recent, having been explicated since the 19th century, ancient references abound. | Le pacifisme possède deux acceptions possibles incluant l'action des partisans de la paix, ou une doctrine de la non-violence. Bien que reliés, les deux concepts se distinguent du point de vue de la théorie et de la pratique. Le pacifisme est la doctrine et l'action des partisans de la paix ou du rétablissement de la paix. Les socialistes d'avant 1914 (Jean Jaurès), les Zimmerwaldiens durant la Première Guerre mondiale, les opposants aux guerres coloniales ou les partisans de la paix professent un pacifisme qui n'est pas toujours assimilable à la non-violence. La vision du pacifisme associé à une personne refusant le recours à toutes formes de violence est par contre beaucoup plus répandue. | [
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Lie algebra | Algèbre de Lie | In mathematics, a Lie algebra (pronounced "Lee") is a vector space formula_1 together with an operation called the Lie bracket, an alternating bilinear map formula_2, that satisfies the Jacobi identity. The vector space formula_1 together with this operation is a non-associative algebra, meaning that the Lie bracket is not necessarily associative. | En mathématiques, une algèbre de Lie, nommée en l'honneur du mathématicien Sophus Lie, est un espace vectoriel qui est muni d'un crochet de Lie, c'est-à-dire d'une loi de composition interne bilinéaire, antisymétrique et qui vérifie la relation de Jacobi. Une algèbre de Lie est un cas particulier d'algèbre sur un corps. | [
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West Bank | Cisjordanie | The West Bank ( ';'or "") is a landlocked territory near the Mediterranean coast of Western Asia, bordered by Jordan to the east and by the Green Line separating it and Israel on the south, west and north. The West Bank also contains a significant section of the western Dead Sea shore. The "West Bank" was the name given to the territory that was captured by Jordan in the aftermath of the 1948 Arab–Israeli War, and subsequently annexed in 1950, until 1967 when it was occupied by Israel during the 1967 Six-Day War. | La Cisjordanie, à laquelle Israël fait référence en tant que Judée-Samarie ( hébreu : יהודה ושומרון, translit. "Yehuda VeShomron", aussi par l'acronyme יו"ש, translit. "Yosh"), est un territoire limité au nord, à l'ouest et au sud par la ligne d'armistice de la guerre israélo-arabe de 1948-1949 et à l'est par le Jourdain et la mer Morte qui font frontière avec la Jordanie. Le territoire couvre une surface de et est majoritairement peuplé de Palestiniens. | [
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Sodomy | Sodomie | Sodomy () or buggery (British English) is generally anal or oral sex between people or sexual activity between a person and a non-human animal (bestiality), but it may also mean any non-procreative sexual activity. Originally, the term "sodomy", which is derived from the story of Sodom and Gomorrah in the Book of Genesis, was commonly restricted to anal sex. Sodomy laws in many countries criminalized the behavior. In the Western world, many of these laws have been overturned or are not routinely enforced. | La sodomie est un rapport sexuel qui consiste en une pénétration de l'anus du ou de la partenaire, généralement avec le pénis ou à l'aide d'un objet remplaçant le pénis, comme un godemichet. | [
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Engineering | Ingénierie | Engineering is the use of scientific principles to design and build machines, structures, and other items, including bridges, tunnels, roads, vehicles, and buildings. The discipline of engineering encompasses a broad range of more specialized fields of engineering, each with a more specific emphasis on particular areas of applied mathematics, applied science, and types of application. See glossary of engineering. | L'ingénierie est l'ensemble des fonctions qui mènent de la conception et des études, de l'achat et du contrôle de fabrication des équipements, à la construction et à la mise en service d'une installation technique ou industrielle. Par extension, le terme est aussi souvent utilisé dans d'autres domaines : on parle par exemple d'ingénierie informatique. | [
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Sextant | Sextant | A sextant is a doubly reflecting navigation instrument that measures the angular distance between two visible objects. The primary use of a sextant is to measure the angle between an astronomical object and the horizon for the purposes of celestial navigation. | Un sextant est un instrument de navigation à réflexion servant à mesurer la distance angulaire entre deux points aussi bien verticalement que horizontalement. Il est utilisé principalement pour faire le point hors de vue de terre en relevant la hauteur angulaire d’un astre au-dessus de l’horizon (voir l’article : navigation astronomique). Un usage courant du sextant est de relever la hauteur angulaire du soleil à midi, ce qui permet de déterminer la latitude du point de l'observation à l'aide d'une table de déclinaison du soleil. On peut aussi l'utiliser en navigation côtière pour calculer la distance à un amer, ou l'angle horizontal entre deux points remarquables. Le sextant est toujours utilisé dans l’aéronautique, la marine, les raids terrestres, etc., bien que son usage se restreigne en raison du développement des systèmes de positionnement par satellites, il n'en demeure pas moins un moyen fiable dont le navigateur devra savoir faire bon usage (sa présence demeure obligatoire à bord des navires marchands). | [
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Ethnography | Ethnographie | Ethnography (from Greek "ethnos" "folk, people, nation" and "grapho" "I write") is a branch of anthropology and the systematic study of individual cultures. In contrast with ethnology, ethnography explores cultural phenomena from the point of view of the subject of the study. Ethnography is also a type of social research involving the examination of the behaviour of the participants in a given social situation and understanding the group members' own interpretation of such behaviour. | L’ethnographie est le domaine des sciences sociales qui étudie sur le terrain la culture et le mode de vie de peuples ou milieux sociaux donnés. Cette étude était autrefois cantonnée aux populations dites alors « primitives ». Par la suite son champ s'est étendu à tout peuple ou milieu : l'ethnographie peut par exemple étudier le milieu "geek", la pratique de la recherche mathématique, ou encore les jeunes ados néerlandais d'aujourd'hui. | [
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
LORAN | LORAN | LORAN, short for long range navigation, was a hyperbolic radio navigation system developed in the United States during World War II. It was similar to the UK's Gee system but operated at lower frequencies in order to provide an improved range up to with an accuracy of tens of miles. It was first used for ship convoys crossing the Atlantic Ocean, and then by long-range patrol aircraft, but found its main use on the ships and aircraft operating in the Pacific theater during World War II. | Le LORAN (LOng RAnge Navigation) est un système de radionavigation utilisant les ondes d'émetteurs terrestres fixes pour établir une position. | [
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Salvatore Quasimodo | Salvatore Quasimodo | Salvatore Quasimodo (; August 20, 1901 – June 14, 1968) was a Sicilian novelist and poet. In 1959 he won the Nobel Prize in Literature "for his lyrical poetry, which with classical fire expresses the tragic experience of life in our own times". Along with Giuseppe Ungaretti and Eugenio Montale, he is one of the foremost Italian poets of the 20th century. | Salvatore Quasimodo (né le à Modica, dans la Province de Raguse, en Sicile - mort le à Naples) est un écrivain et poète italien du. Il est lauréat du prix Nobel de littérature en 1959. | [
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Nicolas-Louis de Lacaille | Nicolas-Louis de Lacaille | Abbé Nicolas-Louis de Lacaille, formerly sometimes spelled de la Caille, (; 15 March 1713 – 21 March 1762) was a French astronomer and geodesist who named 14 out of the 88 constellations. From 1750 to 1754 he studied the sky at the Cape of Good Hope in present-day South Africa. Lacaille observed over 10,000 stars using just a half-inch refractor. | L’abbé Nicolas-Louis de Lacaille, aussi écrit La Caille, né le à Rumigny et mort le à Paris, est l'un des principaux astronomes français du, membre de l'Académie royale des sciences. | [
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Thorgal | Thorgal | Thorgal is a Polish-Belgian fantasy comic book series by the Belgian writer Jean Van Hamme and the Polish graphic artist Grzegorz Rosiński. It combines several themes and legends, ranging from Norse mythology and Atlantean fantasy to science fiction, and such genres as dark drama, horror and adventure stories. | Thorgal est une série de bande dessinée belge d'heroic fantasy, sur fond de mythologie scandinave, créée par Jean Van Hamme au scénario et Grzegorz Rosiński au dessin, débutée en mars 1977 dans "Le Journal de Tintin", puis éditée en album par les Éditions du Lombard. | [
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Cognitive science | Sciences cognitives | Cognitive science is the interdisciplinary, scientific study of the mind and its processes. It examines the nature, the tasks, and the functions of cognition (in a broad sense). Cognitive scientists study intelligence and behavior, with a focus on how nervous systems represent, process, and transform information. Mental faculties of concern to cognitive scientists include language, perception, memory, attention, reasoning, and emotion; to understand these faculties, cognitive scientists borrow from fields such as linguistics, psychology, artificial intelligence, philosophy, neuroscience, and anthropology. The typical analysis of cognitive science spans many levels of organization, from learning and decision to logic and planning; from neural circuitry to modular brain organization.One of the fundamental concepts of cognitive science is that "thinking can best be understood in terms of representational structures in the mind and computational procedures that operate on those structures." | Les sciences cognitives constituent une discipline scientifique ayant pour objet la description, l'explication, et le cas échéant la simulation des mécanismes de la pensée humaine, animale ou artificielle, et plus généralement de tout système complexe de traitement de l'information capable d'acquérir, conserver, utiliser et transmettre des connaissances. Les sciences cognitives reposent sur l'étude et la modélisation de phénomènes aussi divers que la perception, l'intelligence, le langage, la mémoire, l'attention, le raisonnement, les émotions, l'esprit ou même la conscience. Les sciences cognitives utilisent conjointement des données issues des six sous-disciplines qui la composent : les neurosciences, la linguistique computationnelle, l'anthropologie cognitive, la psychologie cognitive, la philosophie de la cognition et l'intelligence artificielle. Nées dans les années 1950 aux États-Unis dans le cadre des progrès sur l'intelligence artificielle financées par la recherche militaire et particulièrement DARPA, les sciences cognitives recoupent les enjeux liés à la cognition artificielle et à la cognition naturelle. | [
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Ptolemy | Claude Ptolémée | Claudius Ptolemy (;, "Klaúdios Ptolemaîos" ; ; ) was a Greek mathematician, astronomer, geographer and astrologer. He lived in the city of Alexandria in the Roman province of Egypt under the rule of the Roman Empire, had a Latin name (which several historians have taken to imply he was also a Roman citizen), cited Greek philosophers, and used Babylonian observations and Babylonian lunar theory. The 14th century astronomer Theodore Meliteniotes gave his birthplace as the prominent Greek city Ptolemais Hermiou () in the Thebaid (). This attestation is quite late, however, and there is no other evidence to confirm or contradict it. He died in Alexandria around 168. | Claude Ptolémée (en grec ancien "Claúdios Ptolemaîos", en latin '), communément appelé Ptolémée"' (Ptolémaïs de Thébaïde (Haute-Égypte), né vers 100 - mort vers 168 à Canope, est un astronome et astrologue grec qui vécut à Alexandrie (Égypte). Il est également l’un des précurseurs de la géographie. Sa vie est mal connue. Son cognomen "Ptolemæus" semble indiquer des origines gréco-égyptiennes, et son nomen "Claudius" une citoyenneté romaine. Son prænomen est inconnu. | [
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Jean Van Hamme | Jean Van Hamme | Jean, Ridder Van Hamme (born 16 January 1939) is a Belgian novelist and comic book writer. He has written scripts for a number of Belgian/French comic series, including "Histoire sans héros", "Thorgal", "XIII" and "Largo Winch". | Jean Van Hamme, né le à Bruxelles, est un romancier et scénariste belge de bande dessinée et de téléfilms. Il est surtout connu pour avoir créé et scénarisé les aventures de trois personnages de la bande dessinée belge, "Thorgal" (1977), "XIII" (1984) et "Largo Winch" (1990). | [
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Academy Awards | Oscars du cinéma | The Academy Awards, popularly known as the Oscars, are awards for artistic and technical merit in the film industry. Given annually by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS), the awards are an international recognition of excellence in cinematic achievements, as assessed by the Academy's voting membership. The various category winners are awarded a copy of a golden statuette, officially called the "Academy Award of Merit", although more commonly referred to by its nickname, the "Oscar". The statuette depicts a knight rendered in the Art Deco style. | Les Oscars du cinéma ("") sont des récompenses cinématographiques américaines décernées chaque année depuis 1929 à Los Angeles et destinées à saluer l'excellence des productions américaines et internationales du cinéma. L'attribution de ces distinctions dans les domaines choisis pour représenter les métiers de la création cinématographique (réalisation, interprétation, scénario, technique) est organisée, gérée et dirigée par l'association professionnelle. | [
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Jola people | Diolas | The Jola or Diola (endonym: Ajamat) are an ethnic group found in Senegal, the Gambia, and Guinea-Bissau. Most Jola live in small villages scattered throughout Senegal, especially in the Lower Casamance region. The main dialect of the Jola language, Fogni, is one of the six national languages of Senegal. | Les Diolas sont un peuple d'Afrique de l'Ouest établi sur un territoire qui s'étend sur la Gambie, le sud du Sénégal (en Casamance) et la Guinée-Bissau. Composés de plusieurs sous-groupes, leur identité est caractérisée par l'usage des langues diola et leur histoire marquée par leurs contacts avec les empires coloniaux britannique, français et portugais auquel il faut ajouter le rayonnement des Vénitiens qui sont les premiers Occidentaux à avoir abordé cette région en 1456. | [
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Jeremiah (comics) | Jeremiah (bande dessinée) | Jeremiah is a Belgian science fiction comic book series by Hermann Huppen. "Jeremiah" was created in 1979 for the German magazine "Zack", and had a premiere in Sarajevo based "Strip art" magazine, since the editor of this magazine, Ervin Rustemagic, was also Hermann's manager. It has also been serialized in the French-language "Métal Hurlant" and "Spirou" magazine; as well as the Serbian magazines "Stripoteka" and "Politikin Zabavnik". Currently, there are 34 volumes and one "Special Edition" in French and Dutch. | Jeremiah est une série de bande dessinée de science-fiction post-apocalyptique créée par l’auteur Hermann, éditée en album en chez Fleurus. | [
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Davos | Davos | Davos (, ; ; ; archaic ) is an Alpine town, and a municipality in the Prättigau/Davos Region in the canton of Graubünden, Switzerland. It has a permanent population of (). Davos is located on the river Landwasser, in the Rhaetian Alps, between the Plessur and Albula Range at above sea level. | Davos (, walser dialecte local : "Tafaas",,, désuet) est une commune du canton des Grisons, située dans la haute vallée de la rivière Landwasser dans la région de Prättigau/Davos, dans l'est de la Suisse. La ville est connue pour accueillir chaque année le forum économique mondial ("World Economic Forum", WEF), réunion des dirigeants de la planète et des élites économiques. Davos est aussi connue en tant que station de sports d'hiver, et organise des événements tels que la Coupe Spengler en hockey sur glace, à laquelle l'équipe locale, le HC Davos participe. | [
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Floppy disk | Disquette | A floppy disk, also known as a floppy, diskette, or simply disk, is a type of disk storage composed of a disk of thin and flexible magnetic storage medium, sealed in a rectangular plastic enclosure lined with fabric that removes dust particles. Floppy disks are read and written by a floppy disk drive (FDD). | Une disquette est un support de stockage de données informatiques amovible. La disquette est aussi appelée disque souple ("" en anglais) en raison de la souplesse des premières générations () et par opposition au disque dur. | [
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Ufology | Ufologie | Ufology () is the investigation of unidentified flying objects (UFOs) by people who believe that they may be of extraordinary origins (most famously, extraterrestrial alien visitors). While there are instances of government, private, and fringe science investigations of UFOs, ufology is regarded by skeptics and science educators as a canonical example of pseudoscience. | L’ufologie (dénommée « ovniologie » ou « ovnilogie » par l'Office québécois de la langue française) est une discipline qui consiste à recueillir, analyser et interpréter les données se rapportant aux phénomènes des objets volants non identifiés (ovnis), par exemple des photographies, des témoignages ou des traces au sol. | [
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Denis Diderot | Denis Diderot | Denis Diderot (; 5 October 171331 July 1784) was a French philosopher, art critic, and writer, best known for serving as co-founder, chief editor, and contributor to the "Encyclopédie" along with Jean le Rond d'Alembert. He was a prominent figure during the Age of Enlightenment. | Denis Diderot, né le à Langres et mort le à Paris, est un écrivain, philosophe et encyclopédiste français des Lumières, à la fois romancier, dramaturge, conteur, essayiste, dialoguiste, critique d'art, critique littéraire et traducteur. | [
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René Descartes | René Descartes | René Descartes ( or ; ; Renatus Cartesius; "Cartesian", ; 31 March 1596 – 11 February 1650) was a French philosopher, mathematician, and scientist. A native of the Kingdom of France, he spent about 20 years (1629–1649) of his life in the Dutch Republic after serving for a while in the Dutch States Army of Maurice of Nassau, Prince of Orange and the Stadtholder of the United Provinces. One of the most notable intellectual figures of the Dutch Golden Age, Descartes is also widely regarded as one of the founders of modern philosophy. | René Descartes, né le à La Haye-en-Touraine (aujourd'hui Descartes) et mort le à Stockholm, est un mathématicien, physicien et philosophe français. | [
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Ralph 124C 41+ | Ralph 124C 41+ | Ralph 124C 41 +, by Hugo Gernsback, is an early science fiction novel, written as a twelve-part serial in "Modern Electrics" magazine, which Gernsback edited, beginning in April 1911. It was compiled into novel/book form in 1925. While it pioneered many ideas found in later science fiction, it has been critically panned for its "inept writing". The title itself is a play on words ( 1 2 4 C 4 1 + ), meaning "One to foresee for one another". In the introduction to the first volume of "Science-Fiction Plus", dated March 1953, Gernsback called for patent reform to give science fiction authors the right to create patents for ideas without having patent models because many of their ideas predated the technical progress needed to develop specifications for their ideas. The introduction referenced the numerous prescient technologies described throughout "Ralph 124C 41+". | Ralph 124C 41+ est un roman de science-fiction, publié en 1911 par Hugo Gernsback. Il s'agit d'un roman précurseur de ce qui n'est pas encore de la scientifiction et encore moins de la science-fiction. | [
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The Drowned World | Le Monde englouti (J. G. Ballard) | The Drowned World is a 1962 science fiction novel by British writer J. G. Ballard. The novel depicts a post-apocalyptic future in which global warming has caused the majority of the Earth to become uninhabitable. The story follows a team of scientists researching ongoing environmental developments in a flooded, abandoned London. The novel is an expansion of a novella of the same title first published in "Science Fiction Adventures" magazine in January 1962, Vol. 4, No. 24. | Le Monde englouti (titre original : "The Drowned World") est un roman de science-fiction, écrit en 1962 par James G. Ballard (Royaume-Uni). Ce livre a été publié pour la première fois en France en 1964 aux éditions Denoël avec une traduction de Marie-France Desmoulin. Une nouvelle traduction a été réalisée par Michel Pagel en 2008. | [
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Star Maker | Créateur d'étoiles | Star Maker is a science fiction novel by British writer Olaf Stapledon, published in 1937. The book describes a history of life in the universe, dwarfing in scale Stapledon's previous book, "Last and First Men" (1930), a history of the human species over two billion years. "Star Maker" tackles philosophical themes such as the essence of life, of birth, decay and death, and the relationship between creation and creator. A pervading theme is that of progressive unity within and between different civilizations. Some of the elements and themes briefly discussed prefigure later fiction concerning genetic engineering and alien life forms. Sir Arthur C. Clarke considered "Star Maker" to be "probably the most powerful work of imagination ever written", and Brian W. Aldiss called it "the one great grey holy book of science fiction". | Créateur d’étoiles (titre original : ) est un roman de science-fiction, écrit par Olaf Stapledon (Royaume-Uni) et publié en 1937 par Methuen Publishing Ltd. | [
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The Blue Peril | Le Péril bleu | The Blue Peril (English translation of the French title, Le Péril Bleu) is a 1910 French science fiction novel by Maurice Renard. It was translated into English by Brian Stableford in 2010, and is considered by many to be Renard's masterpiece, with at least one critic exclaiming it "still reads as well as when it was originally published." While a science fiction story, it also combines elements of the detective and horror genres. It features invisible sentient creatures living high in Earth's atmosphere who fish for men the way we do fish, and study the specimens they catch. | Le Péril bleu est un roman de science-fiction de Maurice Renard, publié en 1910, qui mêle aussi intrigue policière et satire, dans un environnement bourgeois. | [
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Fencing | Escrime | Fencing is a group of three related combat sports. The three disciplines in modern fencing are the foil, the épée, and the sabre (also "saber"); winning points are made through the weapon's contact with an opponent. A fourth discipline, singlestick, appeared in the 1904 Olympics but was dropped after that, and is not a part of modern fencing. Fencing was one of the first sports to be played in the Olympics. Based on the traditional skills of swordsmanship, the modern sport arose at the end of the 19th century, with the Italian school having modified the historical European martial art of classical fencing, and the French school later refining the Italian system. There are three forms of modern fencing, each of which uses a different kind of weapon and has different rules; thus the sport itself is divided into three competitive scenes: foil, épée, and sabre. Most competitive fencers choose to specialize in one weapon only. | L’escrime est un sport de combat. Il s’agit de l’art de toucher un adversaire avec la pointe ou le tranchant (estoc et taille) d’une arme blanche sur les parties valables sans être touché. | [
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Miguel de Cervantes | Miguel de Cervantes | Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra, also Cervantes, (; 29 September 1547 (assumed)22 April 1616 NS) was a Spanish writer widely regarded as the greatest writer in the Spanish language, and one of the world's pre-eminent novelists. He is best known for "Don Quixote", a classic of Western Literature, published in two parts between 1605 and 1615, sometimes considered the first modern novel, and the most influential work of fiction ever written. | Miguel de Cervantes francisé en Miguel de Cervantès (de son nom complet Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra ), né le à Alcalá de Henares et enterré le à Madrid, est un romancier, poète et dramaturge espagnol. Il est célèbre pour son roman "L’Ingénieux Hidalgo Don Quichotte de la Manche", publié en 1605 et reconnu comme le premier roman moderne. | [
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Hothouse (novel) | Le Monde vert | Hothouse is a 1962 science fiction novel by British writer Brian Aldiss, composed of five novelettes that were originally serialised in "The Magazine of Fantasy & Science Fiction" in 1961. In the US, an abridged version was published as The Long Afternoon of Earth; the full version was not published there until 1976. | Le Monde vert (titre original : "") est un roman de science-fiction, publié en 1962 par Brian Aldiss (Royaume-Uni). Il est composé, à l'origine, de cinq nouvelles qui ont collectivement obtenu le prix Hugo de la meilleure nouvelle courte en 1962. | [
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André Malraux | André Malraux | Georges André Malraux (, ; 3 November 1901 – 23 November 1976) was a French novelist, art theorist, and Minister of Cultural Affairs. Malraux's novel "La Condition Humaine" (Man's Fate) (1933) won the Prix Goncourt. He was appointed by President Charles de Gaulle as Minister of Information (1945–46) and subsequently as France's first Minister of Cultural Affairs during de Gaulle's presidency (1959–1969). | André Malraux, né le dans le de Paris et mort le à Créteil (Val-de-Marne), est un écrivain, aventurier, homme politique et intellectuel français. | [
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
The Time Machine | La Machine à explorer le temps | The Time Machine is a science fiction novella by H. G. Wells, published in 1895 and written as a frame narrative. The work is generally credited with the popularization of the concept of time travel by using a vehicle or device to travel purposely and selectively forward or backward through time. The term "time machine", coined by Wells, is now almost universally used to refer to such a vehicle or device. | La Machine à explorer le temps (titre original : "") est un roman de science-fiction, écrit en 1895 par H. G. Wells (Royaume-Uni). Il est considéré comme un classique du genre sur le voyage dans le temps. | [
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Inverted World | Le Monde inverti | Inverted World ("The Inverted World" in some editions) is a 1974 science fiction novel by British writer Christopher Priest, expanded from a short story by the same name included in "New Writings in SF 22" (1973). In 2010, it was included in the SF Masterworks collection. | Le Monde inverti (titre original : "") est un roman de science-fiction écrit par le romancier britannique Christopher Priest et publié en 1974. | [
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The Dreaming Jewels | Cristal qui songe | The Dreaming Jewels, also known as The Synthetic Man, is a science fiction novel by American writer Theodore Sturgeon. It was his first published novel. | Cristal qui songe (titre original : ') est un roman de science-fiction de l'écrivain américain Theodore Sturgeon paru initialement en 1950 dans le magazine américain '. | [
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R.U.R. | R. U. R. | R.U.R. is a 1920 science fiction play by the Czech writer Karel Čapek. "R.U.R." stands for "Rossumovi Univerzální Roboti" (Rossum's Universal Robots). The English phrase "Rossum's Universal Robots" has been used as a subtitle. It premiered on 25 January 1921 and introduced the word "robot" to the English language and to science fiction as a whole. | R. U. R. ("Rossum's Universal Robots", sous-titre en anglais du livre tchèque "Rossumovi univerzální roboti") est une pièce de théâtre de science-fiction, écrite en 1920 par Karel Čapek, mise en scène à Prague en 1921 et jouée à New York en 1922. C'est dans cette pièce que l'auteur utilisa le mot "robot" pour la première fois, bien que ce soit son frère Josef qui l'ait inventé à partir du tchèque "robota" qui signifie « corvée » – rob veut dire « esclave » en slave ancien, aujourd'hui encore "rabotat" veut dire « travailler » en russe et "robotnik" signifie « ouvrier » en slovaque et en polonais. "Robot" supplanta immédiatement le terme "automaton" utilisé par l'auteur dans la courte pièce "Opilec" de 1917. | [
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A Case of Conscience | Un cas de conscience | A Case of Conscience is a science fiction novel by American writer James Blish, first published in 1958. It is the story of a Jesuit who investigates an alien race that has no religion yet has a perfect, innate sense of morality, a situation which conflicts with Catholic teaching. The story was originally published as a novella in 1953, and later extended to novel-length, of which the first part is the original novella. The novel is the first part of Blish's thematic "After Such Knowledge" trilogy: it thus follows "Doctor Mirabilis" and both "Black Easter" and "The Day After Judgment" (two novellas that Blish viewed as together forming the third volume of the trilogy). | Un cas de conscience (titre original : "A Case of Conscience") est un roman de science-fiction, écrit par James Blish, publié aux États-Unis en 1958. | [
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Stand on Zanzibar | Tous à Zanzibar | Stand on Zanzibar is a dystopian New Wave science fiction novel written by John Brunner and first published in 1968. The book won a Hugo Award for Best Novel at the 27th World Science Fiction Convention in 1969, as well as the 1969 BSFA Award and the 1973 Prix Tour-Apollo Award. | Tous à Zanzibar (titre original : "") est un roman de science-fiction, écrit en 1968 par l'écrivain britannique John Brunner. L'édition française, dans une traduction de Didier Pemerle, est parue en 1972. | [
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Commonwealth of Nations | Commonwealth | The Commonwealth of Nations, generally known simply as the Commonwealth, is a political association of 54 member states, nearly all former territories of the British Empire. The chief institutions of the organisation are the Commonwealth Secretariat, which focuses on intergovernmental aspects, and the Commonwealth Foundation, which focuses on non-governmental relations between member states. | Le Commonwealth ou Commonwealth of Nations (littéralement, la ) est une organisation intergouvernementale composée de 54 États membres qui sont presque tous d'anciens territoires de l'Empire britannique. | [
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Niourk | Niourk | Niourk (published 1957) is a science fiction novel by the French writer Stefan Wul. It first appeared as one of the Fleuve Noir "Anticipation" novels, a series published in France since 1951 which reflected the authors' attitudes towards the supposed post war rise of a "technocracy" in the country. | Niourk est un roman de science-fiction de Stefan Wul, publié en 1957 dans la collection « Anticipation » des éditions Fleuve Noir. | [
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Jean-Claude Mézières | Jean-Claude Mézières | Jean-Claude Mézières (; born 23 September 1938) is a French comic strip artist and illustrator. Born and raised in Paris, he was introduced to drawing by his older brother and influenced by comics artists such as Hergé, Andre Franquin and Morris and later by Jijé and Jack Davis. Educated at the Institut des Arts Appliqués, upon graduation he worked as an illustrator for books and magazines as well as in advertising. A lifelong interest in the Wild West led him to travel to the United States in 1965 in search of adventure as a cowboy, an experience that would prove influential on his later work. | Jean-Claude Mézières, ou au début de sa carrière JC Mézi, né le à Saint-Mandé, est un dessinateur français de bande dessinée. Il est le père de la série de science-fiction "Valérian et Laureline", avec un ami d'enfance, Pierre Christin (scénariste), et sa sœur, Évelyne Tranlé (coloriste). | [
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Journey to the Center of the Earth | Voyage au centre de la Terre | Journey to the Center of the Earth (), also translated with the variant titles A Journey to the Centre of the Earth and A Journey to the Interior of the Earth), is a classic science fiction novel by Jules Verne. It was first published in 1864, then reissued in 1867 with a moderately revised and expanded text. Professor Otto Lidenbrock is the tale's central figure, an eccentric German scientist who believes there are volcanic tubes that reach to the very center of the Earth. He, his nephew Axel, and their Icelandic guide Hans rappel into Iceland's celebrated inactive volcano Snæfellsjökull, then contend with many dangers, including cave-ins, subpolar tornadoes, an underground ocean, and living prehistoric monsters from the Mesozoic and Cenozoic eras. (The 1867 revised text inserted additional prehistoric material in Chaps. 37–39.) Eventually the three explorers are spewed back to the surface by an active volcano, Stromboli, in southern Italy. | Voyage au centre de la Terre est un roman d'aventures, écrit en 1864 par Jules Verne. Il fut publié en édition originale in-18 le, puis en grand in-octavo le. Le texte de 1867 comporte deux chapitres de plus (45 au lieu de 43) que celui de 1864. "Voyage au centre de la Terre" est le troisième roman d'aventure que publie Jules Verne après "Cinq Semaines en ballon " paru en 1863. | [
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H. G. Wells | H. G. Wells | Herbert George Wells (21 September 1866 – 13 August 1946) was an English writer. Prolific in many genres, he wrote dozens of novels, short stories, and works of social commentary, history, satire, biography and autobiography. His work also included two books on recreational war games. Wells is now best remembered for his science fiction novels and is often called the "father of science fiction", along with Jules Verne and the publisher Hugo Gernsback. | Herbert George Wells, plus connu sous la signature H. G. Wells, né le à Bromley dans le Kent (Royaume-Uni) et mort le à Londres, est un écrivain britannique surtout connu aujourd'hui pour ses romans de science-fiction. Il fut cependant également l'auteur de nombreux romans de satire sociale, d'œuvres de prospective, de réflexions politiques et sociales ainsi que d'ouvrages de vulgarisation touchant aussi bien à la biologie, à l'histoire qu'aux questions sociales. Il est considéré comme le père de la science-fiction contemporaine. | [
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Iraq disarmament crisis | Mission des Nations unies en Irak | The Iraq disarmament crisis was claimed as one of primary issues that led to the multinational invasion of Iraq on 20 March 2003. Since the 1980s, Iraq was widely assumed to have been producing and extensively running the programs of biological, chemical and nuclear weapons. Iraq made extensive use of chemical weapons during the Iran–Iraq War in the 1980s, including against its own Kurdish population. France and the Soviet Union assisted Iraq in the development of its nuclear program, but its primary facility was destroyed by Israel in 1981 in a surprise air strike. | Sous la pression des États-Unis, le Conseil de sécurité de l'ONU a voté le à l'unanimité une résolution demandant le désarmement de l'Irak. | [
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Nathalie Baye | Nathalie Baye | Nathalie Marie Andrée Baye (born 6 July 1948) is a French film, television and stage actress. She began her career in 1970 and has appeared in more than 80 films. A ten-time César Award nominee, her four wins were for "Every Man for Himself" (1980), "Strange Affair" (1981), "La Balance" (1982), and "The Young Lieutenant" (2005). In 2009, she was made a Chevalier of the Legion of Honour. Her other films include "Day for Night" (1973), "Catch Me If You Can" (2002), "Tell No One" (2006) and "The Assistant" (2015). | Nathalie Baye, née le à Mainneville (Eure), est une actrice française. Elle a obtenu quatre César : deux fois celui de la meilleure actrice dans un second rôle, pour "Sauve qui peut (la vie)" (1981) et "Une étrange affaire" (1982), et deux fois celui de la meilleure actrice, pour "La Balance" (1983) et "Le Petit Lieutenant" (2006). | [
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Valérian and Laureline | Valérian et Laureline | Valérian and Laureline (), also known as Valérian: Spatio-Temporal Agent () or just Valérian, is a French science fiction comics series, created by writer Pierre Christin and artist Jean-Claude Mézières. First published in "Pilote" magazine in 1967, the final installment was published in 2010. All of the "Valérian" stories have been collected in comic album format, comprising some twenty-one volumes plus a short story collection and an encyclopaedia. | Valérian, agent spatio-temporel est une série de bandes dessinées de science-fiction réalisée par le scénariste Pierre Christin, le dessinateur Jean-Claude Mézières et la coloriste Évelyne Tranlé. Elle est publiée pour la première fois en 1967 dans "Pilote" et éditée en album chez Dargaud à partir de 1970. Pour le quarantième anniversaire de sa création, en 2007, la série est rebaptisée Valérian et Laureline. | [
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Group of Seven | Groupe des sept (économie) | The Group of Seven (G7) is an international intergovernmental economic organization consisting of the seven major countries: Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, the United Kingdom and the United States, which are the largest IMF-advanced economies in the world. | Le Groupe des sept (G7) est un groupe de discussion et de partenariat économique de sept pays réputés en 1975 pour être les plus grandes puissances avancées du monde qui détiennent environ les 2/3 de la richesse nette mondiale puis 45 % en 2019 : Allemagne, Canada, États-Unis, France, Italie, Japon et Royaume-Uni. Le groupe rassemble 7 des 10 pays avec le plus important PIB du monde, avec l’absence de la Chine qui occupe le 2 rang. | [
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Pilote | Pilote (périodique) | Pilote () was a French comic magazine published from 1959 to 1989. Showcasing most of the major French or Belgian comics talents of its day the magazine introduced major series such as "Astérix", "Barbe-Rouge", "Blueberry", "Achille Talon", and "Valérian et Laureline". Major comics writers like René Goscinny, Jean-Michel Charlier, Greg, Pierre Christin and Jacques Lob were featured in the magazine, as were artists such as Jijé, Morris, Albert Uderzo, Jean (Mœbius) Giraud, Enki Bilal, Jean-Claude Mézières, Jacques Tardi, Philippe Druillet, Marcel Gotlib, Alexis, and Annie Goetzinger. | Pilote est un magazine hebdomadaire de bande dessinée français publié d' à. Dans ses premières années, c'est un magazine jeunesse diversifié qui, outre de la bande dessinée, publie des nouvelles, romans, jeux, blagues et reportages en tous genres. La bande dessinée prend cependant une place de plus en plus importante au milieu des années 1960 et occupe plus de 80 % du périodique dès la fin de la décennie. | [
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Frankenstein | Frankenstein ou le Prométhée moderne | Frankenstein; or, The Modern Prometheus is an 1818 novel written by English author Mary Shelley (1797–1851) that tells the story of Victor Frankenstein, a young scientist who creates a hideous sapient creature in an unorthodox scientific experiment. Shelley started writing the story when she was 18, and the first edition was published anonymously in London on 1 January 1818, when she was 20. Her name first appeared in the second edition published in Paris in 1821. | Frankenstein ou le Prométhée moderne () est un roman épistolaire publié anonymement le par Mary Shelley, et traduit pour la première fois en français par Jules Saladin, en 1821. Il relate la création par un jeune savant suisse, Victor Frankenstein, d'un être vivant assemblé avec des parties de chairs mortes. Horrifié par l'aspect hideux de l'être auquel il a donné la vie, Frankenstein abandonne son « monstre ». Mais ce dernier, doué d'intelligence, se venge par la suite d'avoir été rejeté par son créateur et persécuté par la société. | [
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Darker Than You Think | Plus noir que vous ne pensez | Darker Than You Think is a science fantasy novel by American writer Jack Williamson. Originally a novelette, it was expanded into novel length and published by Fantasy Press in 1948. The short version was published in "Unknown" in 1940. It was reprinted by UK-based Orion Books in 2003 as volume 38 of their Fantasy Masterworks series. | Plus noir que vous ne pensez (titre original : "Darker Than You Think") est un roman fantastique de Jack Williamson, publié pour la première fois aux États-Unis sous forme de nouvelle dans le magazine "Unknown" en 1940. | [
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The Beast that Shouted Love at the Heart of the World (short story) | La Bête qui criait amour au cœur du monde | "The Beast that Shouted Love at the Heart of the World" is a 1968 science fiction short story by American writer Harlan Ellison. It won the Hugo Award for Best Short Story in 1969. | La Bête qui criait amour au cœur du monde (titre original : "The Beast That Shouted Love at the Heart of the World") est une nouvelle de science-fiction, écrite par Harlan Ellison, pièce maîtresse du recueil du même nom publié en 1968. | [
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Amtor | Cycle de Vénus | The Amtor or Venus Series is a science fantasy series consisting of four novels and one novelette written by American author Edgar Rice Burroughs. Most of the stories were first serialized in "Argosy", an American pulp magazine. It is sometimes known as the Carson Napier of Venus Series, after its main character, Carson Napier. Napier attempted a solo voyage to Mars, but, because of mistaken navigational calculations, he finds himself heading toward the planet Venus instead. The novels, part of the Sword and Planet subgenre of science fiction, follow earthman Napier's fantastic adventures after he crash-lands on Venus, called Amtor by its human-like inhabitants. Unlike Barsoom, the desert planet of Mars, these stories are set upon a waterworld like Earth. Most of the events of the series take place on the island of Vepaja, the kingdom of Korva on the island of Anlap, and the city-states of Havatoo and Kormor on the tropical continent north of Vepaja. | Le cycle de Vénus (titre original : "Amtor") est une série littéraire de science-fiction d'Edgar Rice Burroughs, aussi connu sous le nom de "cycle de Carson Napier". | [
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Andromeda (novel) | La Nébuleuse d'Andromède (roman) | Andromeda Nebula (, "Tumannost' Andromedy") is a science fiction novel by the Soviet writer and paleontologist Ivan Yefremov, written and published in 1957. It was translated into English as Andromeda: A Space-Age Tale by George Hanna. | La Nébuleuse d'Andromède est un roman de science-fiction, écrit par Ivan Efremov (URSS) et publié en 1957. Dans ce roman, l'auteur nous présente sa vision de l'avenir de l'humanité. « Notre superbe écrivain I. Efremov a tenté le premier de décrire la société communiste dans sa réalité la plus concrète. Le monde de "La Nébuleuse d'Andromède" est merveilleux. » (Evguéni Brandis). | [
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The Left Hand of Darkness | La Main gauche de la nuit | The Left Hand of Darkness is a science fiction novel by U.S. writer Ursula K. Le Guin. Published in 1969, it became immensely popular, and established Le Guin's status as a major author of science fiction. The novel is set in the fictional Hainish universe as part of the "Hainish Cycle", a series of novels and short stories by Le Guin, which she introduced in the 1964 short story "The Dowry of the Angyar". It was fourth in sequence of writing among the Hainish novels, preceded by "City of Illusions", and followed by "The Word for World Is Forest". | La Main gauche de la nuit (titre original : "") est un roman de science-fiction, écrit en 1969 par Ursula K. Le Guin (États-Unis). Il fait partie d'un cycle intitulé le "Cycle de l'Ekumen", qui comporte six autres romans. La même année est publiée une nouvelle, "Le Roi de Nivôse" se situant sur la même planète. | [
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Évian-les-Bains | Évian-les-Bains | Évian-les-Bains (), or simply Évian (,, or ), is a commune in the northern part of the Haute-Savoie department in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region in south-eastern France. | Évian-les-Bains, simplement appelée Évian, est une commune française de Haute-Savoie en région Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes, chef-lieu du canton d'Évian-les-Bains et ville centre de la communauté de communes Pays d'Évian Vallée d'Abondance, située sur les bords du lac Léman. Évian est surtout connue comme ville thermale et son eau minérale Évian, exploitée par la Société anonyme des eaux minérales d’Évian, filiale du groupe Danone. | [
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The Wanderer (Leiber novel) | Le Vagabond (roman) | The Wanderer is a science fiction novel by American writer Fritz Leiber, published as a paperback original by Ballantine Books in 1964. It won the 1965 Hugo Award for Best Novel. | Le Vagabond (titre original : "The Wanderer") est un roman de science-fiction, écrit par Fritz Leiber, paru aux États-Unis en 1964 et en France en 1969. Le titre original en langue anglaise signifie « celui qui erre ». | [
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We (novel) | Nous autres | We () is a dystopian novel by Russian writer Yevgeny Zamyatin, written 1920–1921. The novel was first published as an English translation by Gregory Zilboorg in 1924 by E. P. Dutton in New York. The novel describes a world of harmony and conformity within a united totalitarian state. George Orwell claimed that Aldous Huxley's 1931 "Brave New World" must be partly derived from "We", but Huxley denied it. | Nous autres (titre original : "") est un roman de science-fiction satirique écrit en 1920 par l'auteur russe Ievgueni Zamiatine. Le roman est réédité en français en 2017 sous le titre Nous par les éditions Actes Sud dans la collection Exofictions. | [
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Cat's Cradle | Le Berceau du chat | Cat's Cradle is a satirical postmodern novel, with science fiction elements, by American writer Kurt Vonnegut. Vonnegut's fourth novel, it was first published in 1963, exploring and satirizing issues of science, technology, the purpose of religion, and the arms race, often through the use of black humor. After turning down his original thesis in 1947, the University of Chicago awarded Vonnegut his master's degree in anthropology in 1971 for "Cat's Cradle". | Le Berceau du chat (titre original en anglais : "") est un roman de science-fiction de l'écrivain américain Kurt Vonnegut, publié en 1963. Ce livre est un hommage à la stupidité et la naïveté humaine. | [
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Ubik | Ubik | Ubik ( ) is a 1969 science fiction novel by American writer Philip K. Dick. The story is set in a future 1992 where psychic powers are common and utilized in corporate espionage, while intricate technologies allow recently deceased people to be maintained in a lengthy state of hibernation. It follows Joe Chip, a technician at a psychic agency who, after an assassination attempt, begins to experience strange alterations in reality that can be temporarily reversed by a mysterious store-bought substance called Ubik. | Ubik (titre original "Ubik") est un roman de Philip K. Dick, écrit en 1966, publié aux États-Unis en 1969 et en France en 1970 dans une traduction d'Alain Dorémieux. | [
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Lord of Light | Seigneur de lumière | Lord of Light (1967) is a science fantasy novel by American author Roger Zelazny. It was awarded the 1968 Hugo Award for Best Novel, and nominated for a Nebula Award in the same category. Two chapters from the novel were published as novelettes in the "Magazine of Fantasy and Science Fiction" – "Dawn" in April 1967, and "Death and the Executioner" in June 1967. | Seigneur de lumière (titre original : "Lord of Light") est un roman de science-fiction, écrit en 1967 par Roger Zelazny. | [
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The World Inside | Les Monades urbaines | The World Inside is a science fiction novel by American writer Robert Silverberg, published in 1971. The novel originally appeared as a series of shorter works in 1970 and 1971, all but one published in "Galaxy", including the Hugo nominated novella "The World Outside". "The World Inside" was nominated for a Hugo Award in 1972, although Silverberg declined the nomination. | Les Monades urbaines (titre original : "The World Inside") est un roman d'anticipation (science-fiction) écrit par Robert Silverberg (États-Unis) et publié en 1971. Quatre des sept nouvelles qui composent le roman sont initialement parues dans la revue américaine "Galaxy Science Fiction" à partir de. | [
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Chord (peer-to-peer) | Chord | In computing, Chord is a protocol and algorithm for a peer-to-peer distributed hash table. A distributed hash table stores key-value pairs by assigning keys to different computers (known as "nodes"); a node will store the values for all the keys for which it is responsible. Chord specifies how keys are assigned to nodes, and how a node can discover the value for a given key by first locating the node responsible for that key. | Chord est un réseau de recouvrement de type table de hachage distribuée pour les réseaux pair à pair (P2P). Chord est une des premières tables de hachage distribuées, parmi CAN, Tapestry et Pastry. Chord a été présenté en 2001 par Ion Stoica, Robert Tappan Morris, David Karger, Frans Kaashoek, et Hari Balakrishnan, et a été développé au MIT. | [
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The Martian Chronicles | Chroniques martiennes | The Martian Chronicles is a 1950 science fiction short story fixup by American writer Ray Bradbury, which chronicles the colonization of Mars by humans fleeing from a troubled and eventually atomically devastated Earth, and the conflict between aboriginal Martians and the new colonists. The book lies somewhere in between a short story collection and an episodic novel, containing stories originally published in the late 1940s in science fiction magazines. The stories were loosely woven together with a series of short, interstitial vignettes for publication. | Chroniques martiennes (titre original : "") est un recueil de nouvelles de science-fiction de l'auteur américain Ray Bradbury, publié pour la première fois aux États-Unis en 1950 chez Doubleday. | [
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Distributed hash table | Table de hachage distribuée | A distributed hash table (DHT) is a distributed system that provides a lookup service similar to a hash table: key-value pairs are stored in a DHT, and any participating node can efficiently retrieve the value associated with a given key. The main advantage of a DHT is that nodes can be added or removed with minimum work around re-distributing keys. "Keys" are unique identifiers which map to particular "values", which in turn can be anything from addresses, to documents, to arbitrary data. Responsibility for maintaining the mapping from keys to values is distributed among the nodes, in such a way that a change in the set of participants causes a minimal amount of disruption. This allows a DHT to scale to extremely large numbers of nodes and to handle continual node arrivals, departures, and failures. | Une table de hachage distribuée (ou DHT pour "Distributed Hash Table"), est une technologie permettant la mise en place d’une table de hachage dans un système réparti. Une table de hachage est une structure de données de type "(clé, valeur)". Chaque donnée est associée à une clé et est distribuée sur le réseau. Les tables de hachage permettent de répartir le stockage de données sur l’ensemble des nœuds du réseau, chaque nœud étant responsable d’une partie des données. Les tables de hachage distribuées fournissent un algorithme pour retrouver le nœud responsable de la donnée et sa valeur à partir de la clé. | [
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Stranger in a Strange Land | En terre étrangère (roman) | Stranger in a Strange Land is a 1961 science fiction novel by American author Robert A. Heinlein. It tells the story of Valentine Michael Smith, a human who comes to Earth in early adulthood after being born on the planet Mars and raised by Martians, and explores his interaction with and eventual transformation of Terran culture. | En terre étrangère (titre original : "") est un roman de science-fiction américain écrit par Robert A. Heinlein et publié en 1961. Il a été récompensé par le prix Hugo du meilleur roman 1962. | [
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The World of Null-A | Le Monde des non-A | The World of Null-A, sometimes written The World of Ā, is a 1948 science fiction novel by Canadian American writer A. E. van Vogt. It was originally published as a three-part serial in 1945 in Astounding Stories. It incorporates concepts from the General Semantics of Alfred Korzybski. The name Ā refers to non-Aristotelian logic. | Le Monde des non-A (titre original : "The World of Null-A"), publié en français sous le titre Le Monde des Ā ("The World of Ā") est un roman de science-fiction écrit par A. E. van Vogt et publié en 1945, traduit en français en 1953 par Boris Vian. | [
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City (novel) | Demain les chiens | City is a 1952 science fiction fix-up novel by American writer Clifford D. Simak. The original version consists of eight linked short stories, all originally published between 1944 and 1951, along with brief "notes" on each of the stories. These notes were specially written for the book, and serve as a bridging story of their own. The book was reprinted as ACE #D-283 in 1958, cover illustration by Ed Valigursky. | Demain les chiens (titre original : "City") est un recueil de nouvelles de science-fiction, écrites par Clifford D. Simak, qui forment une œuvre romanesque cohérente. Le recueil est présenté comme une suite de contes que se racontent les chiens. Ces contes sont classés chronologiquement et commentés par des exégètes — eux-mêmes chiens — qui émettent des hypothèses philologiques sur leur véracité. Le recueil a été publié en 1952 aux États-Unis et immédiatement traduit en français par Jean Rosenthal pour le "Club français du livre". Une nouvelle traduction française par Pierre-Paul Durastanti est parue en 2013 aux éditions J'ai lu. | [
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The Lost World (Doyle novel) | Le Monde perdu (Arthur Conan Doyle) | The Lost World is a science fiction novel by British writer Arthur Conan Doyle, published in 1912, concerning an expedition to a plateau in the Amazon basin of South America where prehistoric animals still survive. It was originally published serially in the "Strand Magazine" and illustrated by New-Zealand-born artist Harry Rountree during the months of April–November 1912. The character of Professor Challenger was introduced in this book. The novel also describes a war between indigenous people and a vicious tribe of ape-like creatures. | Le Monde perdu ("") est un roman d'aventures et de fantastique de Sir Arthur Conan Doyle paru en 1912. C'est le premier volet de la série des aventures du Professeur Challenger qui comprend cinq romans. | [
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Brave New World | Le Meilleur des mondes | Brave New World is a dystopian novel by British author Aldous Huxley, written in 1931 and published in 1932. Largely set in a futuristic World State, whose citizens are environmentally engineered into an intelligence-based social hierarchy, the novel anticipates huge scientific advancements in reproductive technology, sleep-learning, psychological manipulation and classical conditioning that are combined to make a dystopian society which is challenged by only a single individual: the story's protagonist. Huxley followed this book with a reassessment in essay form, "Brave New World Revisited" (1958), and with his final novel, "Island" (1962), the utopian counterpart. The novel is often compared to George Orwell's "Nineteen Eighty-Four" (1949). | Le Meilleur des mondes ("") est un roman d'anticipation dystopique, écrit en 1931 par Aldous Huxley. Il paraît en 1932. Huxley le rédige en quatre mois, à Sanary-sur-Mer, dans le sud de la France. Vingt-cinq ans plus tard, Huxley publie un essai consacré à ce livre, "Retour au meilleur des mondes", insistant notamment sur les évolutions du monde qu'il perçoit comme allant dangereusement vers le monde décrit dans son ouvrage. Le titre original du roman, "Brave New World", provient de "La Tempête" de William Shakespeare,. John, le « Sauvage », reprend souvent cette phrase dans le roman (chap. 8, 11, 15). Dans la pièce de Shakespeare, la phrase est ironique et la traduction française de Jules Castier reprend la même ironie, mais en référence à la littérature française : le « meilleur des mondes possibles » du "Candide" de Voltaire. | [
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Router (computing) | Routeur | A router is a networking device that forwards data packets between computer networks. Routers perform the traffic directing functions on the Internet. Data sent through the internet, such as a web page or email, is in the form of data packets. A packet is typically forwarded from one router to another router through the networks that constitute an internetwork (e.g. the Internet) until it reaches its destination node. | Un routeur est un équipement réseau informatique assurant le routage des paquets. Son rôle est de faire transiter des paquets d'une interface réseau vers une autre, au mieux, selon un ensemble de règles. Il y a habituellement confusion entre routeur et relais, car dans les réseaux Ethernet les routeurs opèrent au niveau de la couche 3 du modèle OSI. | [
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Three Mile Island accident | Accident nucléaire de Three Mile Island | The Three Mile Island accident was a partial meltdown of reactor number 2 of Three Mile Island Nuclear Generating Station (TMI-2) in Dauphin County, Pennsylvania, near Harrisburg, and subsequent radiation leak that occurred on March 28, 1979. It is the most significant accident in U.S. commercial nuclear power plant history. On the seven-point International Nuclear Event Scale, the incident was rated a five as an "accident with wider consequences". | L'accident nucléaire de Three Mile Island s'est produit le dans la centrale nucléaire de Three Mile Island (). L'île est située sur la rivière Susquehanna, près de Harrisburg, dans l'État de Pennsylvanie aux États-Unis. À la suite d'une chaîne d'événements accidentels, le cœur du réacteur de la centrale de Three Mile Island (TMI-2) a en partie fondu, entraînant le relâchement dans l'environnement d'une faible quantité de radioactivité. | [
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Pepsi | Pepsi | Pepsi is a carbonated soft drink manufactured by PepsiCo. Originally created and developed in 1893 by Caleb Bradham and introduced as Brad's Drink, it was renamed as Pepsi-Cola in 1898, and then shortened to Pepsi in 1961. | Pepsi, anciennement Pepsi-Cola, est une boisson gazeuse, créée à New Bern, État de Caroline du Nord, États-Unis. Elle est commercialisée par la société PepsiCo. | [
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Toni Morrison | Toni Morrison | Chloe Anthony Wofford Morrison (born Chloe Ardelia Wofford; February 18, 1931 – August 5, 2019), known as Toni Morrison, was an American novelist, essayist, book editor, and college professor. Her first novel, "The Bluest Eye", was published in 1970. The critically acclaimed "Song of Solomon" (1977) brought her national attention and won the National Book Critics Circle Award. In 1988, Morrison won the Pulitzer Prize for "Beloved" (1987); she gained worldwide recognition when she was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1993. | Chloe Ardelia Wofford Morrison connue sous le nom de Toni Morrison, née le à Lorain dans l'Ohio et morte à New York le, est une romancière, essayiste, critique littéraire, dramaturge, librettiste, professeure de littérature et éditrice américaine. Elle est lauréate du prix Pulitzer en 1988 et du prix Nobel de littérature en 1993. Elle est à ce jour la huitième femme et le second auteur afro-américain après Derek Walcott à avoir reçu cette distinction. | [
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Somme (river) | Somme (fleuve) | The Somme (,, ) is a river in Picardy, northern France. The name "Somme" comes from a Celtic word meaning "tranquility". The department Somme was named after this river. | La Somme est un fleuve du nord de la France, en région Hauts-de-France, qui traverse les deux départements de l'Aisne et de la Somme. Il donne son nom à ce dernier. | [
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Hans Blix | Hans Blix | Hans Martin Blix (; born 28 June 1928) is a Swedish diplomat and politician for the Liberal People's Party. He was Swedish Minister for Foreign Affairs (1978–1979) and later became the head of the International Atomic Energy Agency. As such, Blix was the first Western representative to inspect the consequences of the Chernobyl disaster in the Soviet Union on site, and led the agency response to them. Blix was also the head of the United Nations Monitoring, Verification and Inspection Commission from March 2000 to June 2003, when he was succeeded by Dimitris Perrikos. In 2002, the commission began searching Iraq for weapons of mass destruction, ultimately finding none. In February 2010, Blix became head of the United Arab Emirates' advisory board for its nuclear power program. He is the former president of the World Federation of United Nations Associations. | Hans Martin Blix, né le à Uppsala (Suède) est un diplomate et homme politique suédois et un haut fonctionnaire international. | [
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Mohamed ElBaradei | Mohamed el-Baradei | Mohamed Mustafa ElBaradei (, ; born 17 June 1942) is an Egyptian law scholar and diplomat who served as Vice-President of Egypt on an interim basis from 14 July 2013 until his resignation on 14 August 2013. | Mohamed el-Baradei (), né le au Caire (Égypte), est un diplomate et homme d'État égyptien. Directeur général de l'Agence internationale de l'énergie atomique (AIEA) de 1997 à 2009, il reçoit le prix Nobel de la paix en 2005 conjointement avec l'organisation qu'il dirige. | [
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Somme (department) | Somme (département) | Somme () is a department of France, located in the north of the country and named after the Somme river. It is part of the Hauts-de-France region. | La Somme est un département français situé dans la région Hauts-de-France. Son nom provient de la Somme, le principal fleuve à traverser son territoire. Formant auparavant, avec l'Aisne et l'Oise, l'ancienne région Picardie, il constitue donc, depuis 2016, avec quatre autres départements (l'Aisne, le Nord, l'Oise et le Pas-de-Calais), la région Hauts-de-France. | [
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Arthropod | Arthropodes | An arthropod (, from Greek "arthron", "joint" and "pous", "foot" (gen. ποδός)) is an invertebrate animal having an exoskeleton, a segmented body, and paired jointed appendages. Arthropods form the phylum Euarthropoda, which includes insects, arachnids, myriapods, and crustaceans. The term Arthropoda as originally proposed refers to a proposed grouping of Euarthropods and the phylum Onychophora. | Les Arthropodes (Arthropoda) — du grec "arthron" « articulation » et "podos" « pied », aussi appelés « articulés » — sont un embranchement d'animaux protostomiens dont le plan d'organisation est caractérisé par un corps segmenté. Ils sont formés de métamères hétéronomes munis chacun d'une paire d'appendices articulés et recouvert d'une cuticule ou d'une carapace rigide, qui constitue leur exosquelette, dans la plupart des cas constitué de chitine. Leur mue permet, en changeant périodiquement leur squelette externe, de grandir en taille (mue de croissance) ou d'acquérir de nouveaux organes, voire de changer de forme (mue de métamorphose). Ils seraient apparus il y a 543 millions d'années (543 Ma). | [
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René Girard | René Girard | René Noël Théophile Girard (; ; 25 December 1923 – 4 November 2015) was a French historian, literary critic, and philosopher of social science whose work belongs to the tradition of anthropological philosophy. Girard was the author of nearly thirty books, with his writings spanning many academic domains. Although the reception of his work is different in each of these areas, there is a growing body of secondary literature on his work and his influence on disciplines such as literary criticism, critical theory, anthropology, theology, psychology, mythology, sociology, economics, cultural studies, and philosophy. | René Girard, né le à Avignon et mort le à Stanford, est un anthropologue, historien et philosophe français. Ancien élève de l'École des chartes, il part faire son doctorat aux États-Unis où il passera toute sa carrière. Il y enseigne d'abord la littérature. Il est professeur à l'université Johns-Hopkins de 1957 à 1980, puis à l'université Stanford de 1980 à 1995. | [
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Vivendi | Vivendi | Vivendi SA, formerly Vivendi Universal SA, is a French mass media conglomerate headquartered in Paris. The company has activities in music, television, film, video games, book publishing, telecommunications, tickets and video hosting services. | Vivendi est un groupe français spécialisé dans les contenus, les médias, et la communication. Présent dans plus de 100 pays et coté à la Bourse de Paris où il appartient à l'indice CAC 40, le groupe est actif dans l'univers des contenus, des médias et de la communication. Il concentre ses activités autour du groupe Universal Music Group, du groupe de télévision payante Groupe Canal+ et d'Havas, ainsi que de l'édition avec Editis depuis 2019. | [
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Gérard Depardieu | Gérard Depardieu | Gérard Xavier Marcel Depardieu (,, ; born 27 December 1948), CQ is a French actor. He has received acclaim for his performances in "The Last Metro" (1980), for which he won the César Award for Best Actor, in "Police" (1985), for which he won the Volpi Cup for Best Actor, "Jean de Florette" (1986), and "Cyrano de Bergerac" (1990), winning the Cannes Film Festival for Best Actor, his second César Award for Best Actor, and his first Academy Award nomination for Best Actor. He co-starred in Peter Weir's comedy "Green Card" (1990), winning a Golden Globe Award and later acted in many big budget Hollywood movies including Ridley Scott's "" (1992), Kenneth Branagh's "Hamlet" (1996), Randall Wallace's "The Man in the Iron Mask" (1998), and Ang Lee's "Life of Pi" (2012). He is a Chevalier of the Légion d'honneur and Chevalier of the Ordre national du Mérite. He was granted citizenship of Russia in January 2013 (officially adopted name in ), and became a cultural ambassador of Montenegro during the same month. | Gérard Depardieu, né le à Châteauroux, est un acteur, chanteur, réalisateur, producteur de cinéma, de télévision et de théâtre français. Il est aussi viticulteur et homme d'affaires. Il détient également la nationalité russe depuis 2013. | [
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1 | 1 (nombre) | 1 (one, also called unit, and unity) is a number, and a numerical digit used to represent that number in numerals. It represents a single entity, the unit of counting or measurement. For example, a line segment of "unit length" is a line segment of length 1. 1 is the smallest positive integer. It is also sometimes considered the first of the infinite sequence of natural numbers, followed by 2, although by other definitions 1 is the second natural number, following 0. | Le nombre 1 (un) est l'entier naturel représentant une entité seule. « Un » fait quelquefois référence à l'unité, et « unitaire » est quelquefois utilisé comme un adjectif dans ce sens (par exemple, un segment de longueur unitaire est un segment de longueur 1). | [
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0 | Zéro | 0 (zero) is a number, and the numerical digit used to represent that number in numerals. It fulfills a central role in mathematics as the additive identity of the integers, real numbers, and many other algebraic structures. As a digit, 0 is used as a placeholder in place value systems. Names for the number 0 in English include zero, nought (UK), naught (US) (), nil, or—in contexts where at least one adjacent digit distinguishes it from the letter "O"—oh or o (). Informal or slang terms for zero include zilch and zip. "Ought" and "aught" (), as well as "cipher", have also been used historically. | Zéro est un chiffre et un nombre. Son nom a été emprunté en 1485 à l’italien "zero", contraction de "zefiro", issu du latin médiéval "zephirum", qui représente une transcription de l’arabe "ṣĭfr", le vide. Le zéro est noté sous forme d’une figure fermée simple : 0. | [
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Perfect number | Nombre parfait | In number theory, a perfect number is a positive integer that is equal to the sum of its positive divisors, excluding the number itself. For instance, 6 has divisors 1, 2 and 3 (excluding itself), and 1 + 2 + 3 = 6, so 6 is a perfect number. | En arithmétique, un nombre parfait est un entier naturel égal à la moitié de la somme de ses diviseurs ou encore à la somme de ses diviseurs stricts. Plus formellement, un nombre parfait "n" est un entier tel que σ("n") = 2"n" où σ("n") est la somme des diviseurs positifs de "n". Ainsi 6 est un nombre parfait car ses diviseurs entiers sont 1, 2, 3 et 6, et il vérifie bien 2 × 6 = 12 = 1 + 2 + 3 + 6, ou encore 6 = 1 + 2 + 3. | [
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Neon | Néon | Neon is a chemical element with the symbol Ne and atomic number 10. It is a noble gas. Neon is a colorless, odorless, inert monatomic gas under standard conditions, with about two-thirds the density of air. It was discovered (along with krypton and xenon) in 1898 as one of the three residual rare inert elements remaining in dry air, after nitrogen, oxygen, argon and carbon dioxide were removed. Neon was the second of these three rare gases to be discovered and was immediately recognized as a new element from its bright red emission spectrum. The name neon is derived from the Greek word,, neuter singular form of ("neos"), meaning new. Neon is chemically inert, and no uncharged neon compounds are known. The compounds of neon currently known include ionic molecules, molecules held together by van der Waals forces and clathrates. | Le néon est l'élément chimique de numéro atomique 10, de symbole Ne. Son nom est tiré du grec (néos), en français. | [
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Sodium | Sodium | Sodium is a chemical element with the symbol Na (from Latin "natrium") and atomic number 11. It is a soft, silvery-white, highly reactive metal. Sodium is an alkali metal, being in group 1 of the periodic table. Its only stable isotope is Na. The free metal does not occur in nature, and must be prepared from compounds. Sodium is the sixth most abundant element in the Earth's crust and exists in numerous minerals such as feldspars, sodalite, and rock salt (NaCl). Many salts of sodium are highly water-soluble: sodium ions have been leached by the action of water from the Earth's minerals over eons, and thus sodium and chlorine are the most common dissolved elements by weight in the oceans. | Le sodium est l'élément chimique de numéro atomique 11, de symbole Na (du latin "natrium"). Le corps simple sodium est un métal mou, de couleur argentée et très réactif, qui fait partie des métaux alcalins. On ne rencontre pas le sodium sous cette forme dans la nature, mais il est très abondant sous la forme de composés chimiques, notamment dans le sel de cuisine. | [
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Fluorine | Fluor | Fluorine is a chemical element with the symbol F and atomic number 9. It is the lightest halogen and exists as a highly toxic pale yellow diatomic gas at standard conditions. As the most electronegative element, it is extremely reactive, as it reacts with all other elements, except for argon, neon, and helium. | Le fluor est l'élément chimique de numéro atomique 9, de symbole F. C'est le premier élément du groupe des halogènes. Le corps simple correspondant est le difluor (constitué de molécules F), souvent appelé simplement fluor. | [
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Quentin Tarantino | Quentin Tarantino | Quentin Jerome Tarantino (; born March 27, 1963) is an American filmmaker and actor. His films are characterized by nonlinear storylines, aestheticization of violence, extended scenes of dialogue, ensemble casts, references to popular culture and a wide variety of other films, soundtracks primarily containing songs and score pieces from the 1960s to the 1980s, alternate history, and features of neo-noir film. | Quentin Jerome Tarantino (, ), né le à Knoxville dans le Tennessee, est un réalisateur, scénariste, producteur et acteur américain. | [
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Beryllium | Béryllium | Beryllium is a chemical element with the symbol Be and atomic number 4. It is a relatively rare element in the universe, usually occurring as a product of the spallation of larger atomic nuclei that have collided with cosmic rays. Within the cores of stars, beryllium is depleted as it is fused into heavier elements. It is a divalent element which occurs naturally only in combination with other elements in minerals. Notable gemstones which contain beryllium include beryl (aquamarine, emerald) and chrysoberyl. As a free element it is a steel-gray, strong, lightweight and brittle alkaline earth metal. | Le béryllium est un élément chimique de symbole "Be" et de numéro atomique 4. Dans le tableau périodique, il est le premier représentant des métaux alcalino-terreux. Le nom béryllium vient du grec ("beryllos") qui désignait l'aigue-marine ou l'émeraude. | [
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Lithium | Lithium | Lithium (from ) is a chemical element with the symbol Li and atomic number 3. It is a soft, silvery-white alkali metal. Under standard conditions, it is the lightest metal and the lightest solid element. Like all alkali metals, lithium is highly reactive and flammable, and must be stored in mineral oil. When cut, it exhibits a metallic luster, but moist air corrodes it quickly to a dull silvery gray, then black tarnish. It never occurs freely in nature, but only in (usually ionic) compounds, such as pegmatitic minerals, which were once the main source of lithium. Due to its solubility as an ion, it is present in ocean water and is commonly obtained from brines. Lithium metal is isolated electrolytically from a mixture of lithium chloride and potassium chloride. | Le lithium est l'élément chimique de numéro atomique 3, de symbole Li. C'est un métal alcalin, situé dans le premier groupe du tableau périodique des éléments. | [
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Scandium | Scandium | Scandium is a chemical element with the symbol Sc and atomic number 21. A silvery-white metallic d-block element, it has historically been classified as a rare-earth element, together with yttrium and the lanthanides. It was discovered in 1879 by spectral analysis of the minerals euxenite and gadolinite from Scandinavia. | Le scandium est l'élément chimique de numéro atomique 21, de symbole Sc. C'est un métal de transition mou, d'aspect blanc argenté. On trouve du scandium dans quelques rares minéraux en provenance de Scandinavie. Il est classé avec l'yttrium et les lanthanides dans les terres rares. | [
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Potassium | Potassium | Potassium is a chemical element with the symbol K (from Neo-Latin "kalium") and atomic number19. Potassium is a silvery-white metal that is soft enough to be cut with a knife with little force. Potassium metal reacts rapidly with atmospheric oxygen to form flaky white potassium peroxide in only seconds of exposure. It was first isolated from potash, the ashes of plants, from which its name derives. In the periodic table, potassium is one of the alkali metals, all of which have a single valence electron in the outer electron shell, that is easily removed to create an ion with a positive charge – a cation, that combines with anions to form salts. Potassium in nature occurs only in ionic salts. Elemental potassium reacts vigorously with water, generating sufficient heat to ignite hydrogen emitted in the reaction, and burning with a lilac-colored flame. It is found dissolved in sea water (which is 0.04% potassium by weight), and occurs in many minerals such as orthoclase, a common constituent of granites and other igneous rocks. | Le potassium est l'élément chimique de numéro atomique 19, de symbole K (du latin "kalium"). C’est un métal alcalin mou, d’aspect blanc métallique, légèrement bleuté, que l’on trouve naturellement lié à d’autres éléments dans l’eau de mer et dans de nombreux minéraux. Il s’oxyde rapidement au contact de l’air et réagit violemment avec l’eau. Il ressemble chimiquement au sodium. | [
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Magnesium | Magnésium | Magnesium is a chemical element with the symbol Mg and atomic number 12. It is a shiny gray solid which bears a close physical resemblance to the other five elements in the second column (group 2, or alkaline earth metals) of the periodic table: all group 2 elements have the same electron configuration in the outer electron shell and a similar crystal structure. | Le magnésium est l'élément chimique de numéro atomique 12, de symbole Mg. Le magnésium est un métal alcalino-terreux. Le magnésium est le neuvième élément le plus abondant de l'univers. Il est produit dans de grandes étoiles vieillissantes de l'addition séquentielle de trois noyaux d'hélium à un noyau carboné. Lorsque de telles étoiles explosent en tant que supernovas, une grande partie du magnésium est expulsé dans le milieu interstellaire où il peut se recycler dans de nouveaux systèmes stellaires. Le magnésium est le huitième élément le plus abondant de la croûte terrestre et le quatrième élément le plus commun de la Terre (après le fer, l'oxygène et le silicium), constituant 13 % de la masse de la planète et une grande partie du manteau de la planète. C'est le troisième élément le plus abondant dissous dans l'eau de mer, après le sodium et le chlore. | [
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