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Christian Estrosi | Christian Estrosi | Christian Estrosi (born 1 July 1955) is a French sportsman and politician. He is a former professional motorcyclist and politician, a former Minister, a former President of the Regional Council of Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur and the Mayor of Nice. | Christian Estrosi, né le à Nice, est un sportif motocycliste puis homme politique français, du parti Les Républicains. Ancien président du conseil général des Alpes-Maritimes, membre de plusieurs gouvernements, député pour les Alpes-Maritimes, président de la région Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur, il est président de la métropole Nice Côte d'Azur depuis 2012 et maire de Nice de 2008 à 2016 puis à nouveau depuis 2017. | [
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Fish | Poisson | Fish are gill-bearing aquatic craniate animals that lack limbs with digits. They form a sister group to the tunicates, together forming the olfactores. Included in this definition are the living hagfish, lampreys, and cartilaginous and bony fish as well as various extinct related groups. Tetrapods emerged within lobe-finned fishes, so cladistically they are fish as well. However, traditionally fish are rendered paraphyletic by excluding the tetrapods (i.e., the amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals which all descended from within the same ancestry). Because in this manner the term "fish" is defined negatively as a paraphyletic group, it is not considered a formal taxonomic grouping in systematic biology, unless it is used in the cladistic sense, including tetrapods. The traditional term pisces (also ichthyes) is considered a typological, but not a phylogenetic classification. | Les poissons sont des animaux vertébrés aquatiques à branchies, pourvus de nageoires et dont le corps est le plus souvent couvert d'écailles. On les trouve abondamment aussi bien dans les eaux douces que dans les mers : on trouve des espèces depuis les sources de montagnes (omble de fontaine, goujon) jusqu'au plus profond des océans (grandgousier, poisson-ogre). Leur répartition est toutefois très inégale : 50 % des poissons vivraient dans 17 % de la surface des océans (qui sont souvent aussi les plus surexploités). | [
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Henri Emmanuelli | Henri Emmanuelli | Henri Emmanuelli (31 May 1945 – 21 March 2017) was a French politician. A member of the French Socialist Party, he was deputy for Landes from 1978 to 1981, from 1986 to 1997, and from 2000 to 2017. | Henri Emmanuelli, né le à Eaux-Bonnes (Basses-Pyrénées) et mort le à Bayonne (Pyrénées-Atlantiques), est un homme d'État français, membre du Parti socialiste. | [
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Order (biology) | Ordre (biologie) | In biological classification, the order () is What does and does not belong to each order is determined by a taxonomist, as is whether a particular order should be recognized at all. Often there is no exact agreement, with different taxonomists each taking a different position. There are no hard rules that a taxonomist needs to follow in describing or recognizing an order. Some taxa are accepted almost universally, while others are recognised only rarely. | En biologie, l'ordre est le quatrième niveau de classification classique des espèces vivantes (voir systématique). Selon les biologistes Ruggiero (2015), les 7 règnes du vivant sont constitués de 1468 ordres. | [
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Skeleton | Squelette | The skeleton is the body part that provides support, shape and protection to the soft tissues and delicate organs of animals. There are several different skeletal types: the exoskeleton, which is the stable outer shell of an organism, the endoskeleton, which forms the support structure inside the body, the hydroskeleton, a flexible skeleton supported by fluid pressure, and the cytoskeleton present in the cytoplasm of all cells, including bacteria, and archaea. The term comes. | Le squelette (du grec "skeletós", « desséché ») est une charpente animale rigide servant de support pour les muscles et les organes. Cette structure permet à un organisme pluricellulaire de protéger ses organes et de garder une certaine forme malgré la force exercée par la gravité terrestre. Il existe deux principaux types de squelettes : l'exosquelette, à la surface du corps, et l'endosquelette, à l'intérieur du corps. | [
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Laurent Fabius | Laurent Fabius | Laurent Fabius (; born 20 August 1946) is a French politician serving as President of the Constitutional Council since 8 March 2016. A member of the Socialist Party, he previously served as Prime Minister of France from 17 July 1984 to 20 March 1986. Fabius was 37 years old when he was appointed and is, so far, the youngest Prime Minister of the Fifth Republic. | Laurent Fabius, né le à Paris, est un homme d'État français. Membre du Parti socialiste à partir de 1974, il est député de la de la Seine-Maritime de 1978 à 1981. | [
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François Grosdidier | François Grosdidier | François Grosdidier (born February 25, 1961 in Metz) is a member of the Senate of France. He represents the Moselle department, and is a member of The Republicans. | François Grosdidier est un homme politique français, né le à Metz (Moselle). Membre de l’UMP puis de LR, il est député de la circonscription de la Moselle entre 1993 et 2011, et sénateur depuis 2011. Il est candidat aux élections municipales de 2020 à Metz. | [
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MV Erika | Erika (pétrolier) | Erika was a tanker built in 1975 and last chartered by Total-Fina-Elf. It sank off the coast of France in 1999, causing a major environmental disaster. | L’Erika est un pétrolier battant pavillon maltais (pavillon de complaisance) construit en 1975 et affrété par la société Total, qui a fait naufrage le au large de la Bretagne, lors d'un transport de de fioul lourd en provenance de Dunkerque et à destination de Livourne (Italie). | [
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Computer-assisted translation | Traduction assistée par ordinateur | Computer-aided translation (CAT) is the use of software to assist a human translator in the translation process. With CAT tools, the translation is created by a human, and certain aspects of the process is facilitated by software. This is different from machine translation (MT), in which the translation is created by a computer, optionally with some a human intervention, e.g. pre-editing and post-editing. CAT is also referred to as computer-assisted translation, machine-assisted translation (MAT) or machine-aided human translation (MAHT). | La traduction assistée par ordinateur ou TAO (en anglais, "computer-aided translation" ou "CAT") est un domaine qui est à cheval entre la traduction et l’informatique. Elle est un sous-domaine de la traductique, qui regroupe l'ensemble des outils informatiques utilisées par un traducteur (traitement de textes, outils terminologiques, traduction automatique...). | [
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Bayer designation | Désignation de Bayer | A Bayer designation is a stellar designation in which a specific star is identified by a Greek or Latin letter followed by the genitive form of its parent constellation's Latin name. The original list of Bayer designations contained 1,564 stars. The brighter stars were assigned their first systematic names by the German astronomer Johann Bayer in 1603, in his star atlas "Uranometria". Bayer catalogued only a few stars too far south to be seen from Germany, but later astronomers (including Nicolas Louis de Lacaille and Benjamin Apthorp Gould) supplemented Bayer's catalog with entries for southern constellations. | La désignation de Bayer est, en astronomie, une désignation stellaire. Ces désignations ont été introduites par l'astronome Johann Bayer (1572-1625) dans son "", le premier atlas céleste couvrant toute la sphère céleste, paru à Augsbourg en 1603. Elles consistent le plus souvent en une lettre grecque suivie par le génitif du nom de la constellation où l'étoile se trouve. | [
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Lingala | Lingala | Lingala (Ngala) is a Bantu language spoken throughout the northwestern part of the Democratic Republic of the Congo and a large part of the Republic of the Congo. It is spoken to a lesser degree in Angola and the Central African Republic. There are over 70 million lingalophones. | Le lingala est une langue bantoue parlée en République démocratique du Congo et en République du Congo. On compte 15 millions de locuteurs lingalaphones en langue maternelle et une vingtaine de millions de locuteurs toutes catégories. | [
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Sole (foot) | Plante (pied) | The sole is the bottom of the foot. In humans the sole of the foot is anatomically referred to as the plantar aspect. | La plante du pied est sa partie inférieure, qui met en contact le corps avec le sol. Le terme « plantaire » caractérise ce qui est relatif à la face inférieure du pied. | [
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À la claire fontaine | À la claire fontaine | "À la claire fontaine" ("By the clear fountain") is a traditional French song, which has also become very popular in Belgium and in Canada - especially the French-speaking areas such as Québec. | À la claire fontaine est une chanson française traditionnelle qui vient d'un poème anonyme écrit entre les et s. Selon l'ethnomusicologue canadien Marius Barbeau (1883-1969), la chanson aurait été composée par un jongleur du ou du. James Huston (1820-1854), journaliste canadien, écrit que « l'air et les paroles paraissent avoir été composés par un des premiers voyageurs canadiens ». | [
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Mollusca | Mollusca | Mollusca is the second-largest phylum of invertebrate animals after the Arthropoda. The members are known as molluscs or mollusks (). Around 85,000 extant species of molluscs are recognized. The number of fossil species is estimated between 60,000 and 100,000 additional species. The proportion of undescribed species is very high. Many taxa remain poorly studied. | Les mollusques (Mollusca) sont un embranchement d'animaux Lophotrochozoaires. Ce sont des animaux non segmentés, à symétrie bilatérale quelquefois altérée. Leur corps se compose généralement d'une "tête", d'une "masse viscérale", et d'un "pied". La masse viscérale est recouverte en tout ou partie par un "manteau", qui sécrète une "coquille" calcaire. Le système nerveux comprend un double collier périœsophagien. La cavité générale est plus ou moins réduite au péricarde et aux néphridies. L'embranchement des mollusques ("Mollusca") tire son nom du latin "mollis", « mou ». La science consacrée à l'étude des mollusques est la malacologie, de l'équivalent grec "malakia" (μαλάκια), « mou ». | [
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Quantum Leap | Code Quantum | Quantum Leap is an American science-fiction television series created by Donald P. Bellisario, that originally aired on NBC for five seasons, from March 25, 1989, through May 5, 1993. It starred Scott Bakula as Dr. Sam Beckett, a physicist who leaps through spacetime during an experiment in time travel, by temporarily taking the place of other people to correct historical mistakes. Dean Stockwell co-stars as Admiral Al Calavicci, Sam's womanizing, cigar-smoking companion and best friend, who appears to him as a hologram. | Code Quantum ("") est une série télévisée américaine en 91 épisodes de 46 minutes, 2 épisodes de 90 minutes et un pilote de 90 minutes créée par Donald P. Bellisario, diffusée du au sur le réseau NBC. | [
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Alexander Pushkin | Alexandre Pouchkine | Alexander Sergeyevich Pushkin (; ; ) was a Russian poet, playwright, and novelist of the Romantic era who is considered by many to be the greatest Russian poet and the founder of modern Russian literature. | Alexandre Sergueïevitch Pouchkine (en, ) est un poète, dramaturge et romancier russe né à Moscou le et mort à Saint-Pétersbourg le. | [
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Demographics of India | Démographie de l'Inde | India is the second most populated country in the world with nearly a fifth of the world's population. According to population stood at. | L'Inde compte 1,3 milliard d'habitants dont la moitié a moins de 25 ans. En 2016 elle compte 1,26 milliard d'habitants soit 17,5 % de la population mondiale. Elle est le deuxième pays le plus peuplé au monde après la Chine et devrait devenir le plus peuplé vers 2025. Le taux de croissance de sa population était de 1,2 % en 2014. | [
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Politics of India | Politique en Inde | The Politics of India works within the framework of the country's constitution. India is a federal parliamentary democratic republic in which the President of India is the head of state and the Prime Minister of India is the head of government. India follows the dual polity system, i.e. a double government (federal in nature) that consists of the central authority at the centre and states at the periphery. The constitution defines the organisational powers and limitations of both central and state governments, and it is well recognised, rigid and considered supreme; i.e. the laws of the nation must confirm to it. | Lorganisation des institutions politiques de l'Inde découle en grande partie des institutions introduites lors de la colonisation britannique, auxquelles se mêlent des caractéristiques propres. Ainsi, l'Inde est une république fédérale qui combine un système parlementaire fondé sur le suffrage universel et l'existence de droits particuliers pour certaines castes. | [
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Article 9 of the Japanese Constitution | Article 9 de la constitution japonaise | However, Japan maintains "de facto" armed forces, referred to as the Japan Self-Defense Forces, which may have originally been thought of as something akin to what Mahatma Gandhi called the Shanti Sena (soldiers of peace) or a collective security police (peacekeeping) force operating under the United Nations. | L'article 9 de la constitution japonaise, votée le, sous l'occupation américaine, et entrée en vigueur le, postule que le Japon renonce à la guerre. Cet article a fait couler beaucoup d'encre depuis parmi les hommes politiques japonais, les journalistes, et toute la société. | [
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Marc Joulaud | Marc Joulaud | Marc Joulaud (born 3 September 1967 in Mayenne) is a French politician who served as Member of the European Parliament for the West France constituency from 2014 until 2019. He is a member of the French center right party Les Républicains (LR). | Marc Joulaud, né le à Mayenne (Mayenne), est un homme politique français. Il est membre des Républicains, maire de Sablé-sur-Sarthe et député européen de 2014 à 2019. | [
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Maryse Joissains | Maryse Joissains-Masini | Maryse Joissains-Masini (born 15 August 1942), also known as Maryse Charton, is the mayor of Aix-en-Provence. She was also a member of the National Assembly of France. in which she represented the Bouches-du-Rhône department, and is a member of The Republicans party. | Maryse Joissains-Masini, née Maryse Charton le à Toulon, est une avocate et une femme politique française. Membre de l’UDF, de l’UMP puis de LR, elle est députée des Bouches-du-Rhône de 2002 à 2012 et maire d'Aix-en-Provence depuis 2001. | [
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CD-RW | Disque compact réinscriptible | CD-RW (Compact Disc-ReWritable) is a digital optical disc storage format introduced in 1997. A CD-RW compact disc (CD-RWs) can be written, read, erased, and re-written. | Un disque compact réinscriptible (ou CD-RW, pour l'anglais "") est un disque compact, sur lequel on peut écrire et réécrire jusqu'à fois des données informatiques ou audio, cependant les fabricants garantissent souvent entre et écritures. | [
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Alain Joyandet | Alain Joyandet | Alain Joyandet (born 15 January 1954) is a French politician who was appointed Secretary of State for Cooperation and Francophony in the government of François Fillon from 18 March 2008 to July 2010. Prior to that, he was CEO of the Société Nouvelle des Éditions Comtoises (SNEC), a publisher of weekly newspapers and journals. He is a journalist by training. | Alain Joyandet, né le à Dijon, est un entrepreneur et un homme politique français, membre du RPR puis de l'UMP. Industriel et patron de presse locale, il a été secrétaire d'État chargé de la Coopération et de la Francophonie, du au, date à laquelle, mis publiquement en difficulté au sein du gouvernement, il démissionna de son poste. | [
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CD-R | Disque compact enregistrable | CD-R (COMPACT DISC – Recordable) is a digital optical disc storage format. A CD-R disc is a compact disc that can be written once and read arbitrarily many times. | Un disque compact enregistrable (ou CD-R pour Compact Disc Recordable) est un disque compact de taille standard pour un support optique ( de diamètre) qui peut être enregistré sans possibilité réelle de revenir sur les données écrites. Il s'agit d'une technologie intermédiaire entre le CD-ROM non enregistrable et le disque compact réinscriptible (CD-RW). | [
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Yves Jégo | Yves Jégo | Yves Jégo (; born 17 April 1961) is a French politician, "député" for the third constituency of Seine-et-Marne in the National Assembly, and Mayor of Montereau-Fault-Yonne. | Yves Jégo, né le à Besançon, est un homme politique français. Il a notamment été maire de Montereau-Fault-Yonne, président de la communauté de communes des deux fleuves, secrétaire d'État chargé de l'Outre-Mer dans le gouvernement Fillon II, président par intérim de l'UDI, vice-président du Parti radical et député pour la troisième circonscription de Seine-et-Marne. | [
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Rhododendron | Rhododendron | Rhododendron (from Ancient Greek "rhódon" "rose" and "déndron" "tree") is a genus of 1,024 species of woody plants in the heath family (Ericaceae), either evergreen or deciduous, and found mainly in Asia, although it is also widespread throughout the lowland and montane forests of the Pacific Northwest, California, and the highlands of the Appalachian Mountains of North America. It is the national flower of Nepal, as well as, the state flower of Washington and West Virginia in United States, and state tree of Sikkim and Uttarakhand in India. Most species have brightly colored flowers which bloom from late winter through to early summer. | Les rhododendrons ou azalées (Rhododendron) forment un genre de plantes appartenant à la famille des Éricacées. À l'exception des groupes tropicaux "Azaleastrum" et "Vireya", les rhododendrons sont essentiellement rustiques. On les rencontre dans les régions montagneuses, telles que les Alpes, les Pyrénées, le Caucase, les Carpates et l'Himalaya. Beaucoup sont originaires de Chine et du Japon, et beaucoup se sont répandus en Laponie et en Sibérie. Les rhododendrons se rencontrent aussi dans les régions forestières d'Inde et de Birmanie. | [
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L-function | Fonction L | In mathematics, an L"-function is a meromorphic function on the complex plane, associated to one out of several categories of mathematical objects. An L"-series is a Dirichlet series, usually convergent on a half-plane, that may give rise to an "L"-function via analytic continuation. The Riemann zeta function is an example of an "L"-function, and one important result involving "L"-functions is the Riemann hypothesis and its generalization. | En mathématiques, la théorie des fonctions L est devenue une branche très substantielle, et encore largement conjecturelle, de la théorie analytique des nombres contemporaine. On y construit de larges généralisations de la fonction zêta de Riemann et même des séries L pour un caractère de Dirichlet et on y énonce de manière systématique leurs propriétés générales, qui dans la plupart des cas sont encore hors de portée d'une démonstration. | [
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François Hollande | François Hollande | François Gérard Georges Nicolas Hollande (; born 12 August 1954) is a French politician who served as President of France and "ex officio" Co-Prince of Andorra from 2012 to 2017. He previously was First Secretary of the Socialist Party from 1997 to 2008, Mayor of Tulle from 2001 to 2008 and President of the General Council of Corrèze from 2008 to 2012. Hollande also served in the National Assembly twice for the first constituency of Corrèze from 1988 to 1993 and again from 1997 until 2012. | François Hollande, né le à Rouen, est un haut fonctionnaire et homme d'État français. Il est président de la République française du au. | [
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The Kindaichi Case Files | Les Enquêtes de Kindaichi | The series has been adapted by Toei Animation first as a feature film in 1996 and then a 148-episode anime television series broadcast from 1997 to 2000, and there has since been a live-action film, four live-action drama series, three live-action television specials and further animated features for cinema and television. A new anime television series adaptation, titled "The Kindaichi Case Files R (Returns)", began airing on April 5, 2014 and concluded on September 27, 2014. A second season began airing on October 3, 2015. | Une adaptation en série télévisée d'animation produite par le studio Toei Animation a vu le jour entre et. Plusieurs films d'animation, séries live et un film live ont également vu le jour. Une nouvelle série télévisée intitulée "Les Enquêtes de Kindaichi : Le Retour" est diffusée entre avril et au Japon et dans les pays francophones en simulcast sur Anime Digital Network. Une deuxième saison est diffusée entre et. | [
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Dirichlet series | Série de Dirichlet | In mathematics, a Dirichlet series is any series of the form where "s" is complex, and formula_2 is a complex sequence. It is a special case of general Dirichlet series. | En mathématiques, une série de Dirichlet est une série de fonctions définies sur l'ensemble C des nombres complexes, et associée à une suite de nombres complexes de l'une des deux façons suivantes : formula_1. | [
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Bat | Chiroptera | Bats are mammals of the order Chiroptera; with their forelimbs adapted as wings, they are the only mammals capable of true and sustained flight. Bats are more manoeuvrable than birds, flying with their very long spread-out digits covered with a thin membrane or patagium. The smallest bat, and arguably the smallest extant mammal, is Kitti's hog-nosed bat, which is in length, across the wings and in mass. The largest bats are the flying foxes and the giant golden-crowned flying fox, "Acerodon jubatus", which can weigh and have a wingspan of. | Les Chiroptères (Chiroptera), appelés couramment chauves-souris ou chauvesouris, sont un ordre de mammifères placentaires comptant près de, soit un quart des près de 5000 espèces de mammifères connues ; avec 175 genres regroupés en 20 familles. C'est le groupe de mammifères le plus important après celui des rongeurs (Rodentia). Ces animaux nocturnes volants sont souvent capables d'écholocation (capacité surtout développée chez les microchiroptères insectivores ; essentiellement actifs la nuit, ils se dirigent dans l'obscurité en émettant des ultrasons dont ils captent la réflexion, écholocalisant ainsi leurs proies et les obstacles. Les mégachiroptères, quant à eux, se fient plus à leur vue et à leur odorat). | [
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Angoulême | Angoulême | Angoulême (; Poitevin-Saintongeais: "Engoulaeme"; ) is a commune, the capital of the Charente department, in the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region of southwestern France. | Angoulême est une commune du Sud-Ouest de la France, préfecture du département de la Charente, en région Nouvelle-Aquitaine. Ses habitants sont appelés les "Angoumoisins" et ses habitantes les "Angoumoisines". | [
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Modular form | Forme modulaire | In mathematics, a modular form is a (complex) analytic function on the upper half-plane satisfying a certain kind of functional equation with respect to the group action of the modular group, and also satisfying a growth condition. The theory of modular forms therefore belongs to complex analysis but the main importance of the theory has traditionally been in its connections with number theory. Modular forms appear in other areas, such as algebraic topology, sphere packing, and string theory. | En mathématiques, une forme modulaire est une fonction analytique sur le demi-plan de Poincaré satisfaisant à une certaine sorte d'équation fonctionnelle et de condition de croissance. La théorie des formes modulaires est par conséquent dans la lignée de l'analyse complexe mais l'importance principale de la théorie tient dans ses connexions avec la théorie des nombres. | [
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Thionville | Thionville | Thionville (; ; ) is a commune in the northeastern French department of Moselle. The city is located on the left bank of the river Moselle, opposite its suburb Yutz. | Thionville ("Diddenuewen" en luxembourgeois, "Diedenhofen" en allemand ) est une commune française située dans le département de la Moselle en région Grand Est. Ses habitants sont appelés les "Thionvillois" et sont au nombre de en 2016. La ville est, de par ce fait, la seconde du département en termes de population. En 2016, son unité urbaine comptait, et sa zone d'emploi. | [
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Michel Berger | Michel Berger | Michel Berger (born Michel Jean Hamburger; 28 November 1947 – 2 August 1992) was a French singer and songwriter. He was a figure of France's pop music scene for two decades as a singer and as a songwriter for such artists as Françoise Hardy, Johnny Hallyday, and his wife, France Gall. He died of a heart attack at the age of 44. | Michel Hamburger, dit Michel Berger, est un pianiste, auteur-compositeur-interprète, directeur artistique et arrangeur musical français, né le à Neuilly-sur-Seine et mort le à Ramatuelle dans le Var. Il était l'époux de la chanteuse France Gall. | [
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Matthieu Chedid | Matthieu Chedid | Matthieu Chedid (born 21 December 1971), better known by his stage name -M-, is a French rock singer-songwriter and guitar player. He holds the gold place in number of Victoires de la Musique awards, with 13 awards. | Matthieu Chedid, dit M (également typographié -M-), est un auteur-compositeur-interprète, multi-instrumentiste et guitariste français, né le à Boulogne-Billancourt. S'il joue principalement de la guitare sur scène, -M- est aussi multi-instrumentiste en studio, où il assure la quasi-totalité des différentes partitions. Depuis 2018, il est l'artiste le plus récompensé aux Victoires de la musique (13 trophées, à égalité avec Alain Bashung). | [
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Polish language | Polonais | Polish (,,, or simply, ) is a West Slavic language of the Lechitic group. It is spoken primarily in Poland and serves as the native language of the Poles. In addition to being an official language of Poland, it is also used by Polish minorities in other countries. There are over 50 million Polish-language speakers around the world and it is one of the official languages of the European Union. | Le polonais (', ') est une langue indo-européenne appartenant au groupe des langues slaves occidentales. Elle a le statut de langue officielle en Pologne où elle parlée par environ 40 millions de personnes mais elle est également parlée par les minorités polonaises des pays voisins et un important nombre d'émigrés polonais vivant sur presque tous les continents. La langue s’écrit avec l’alphabet latin, certaines lettres étant surmontées de diacritiques. | [
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2
] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Set-theoretic definition of natural numbers | Construction des entiers naturels | In set theory, several ways have been proposed to construct the natural numbers. These include the representation via von Neumann ordinals, commonly employed in axiomatic set theory, and a system based on equinumerosity that was proposed by Gottlob Frege and by Bertrand Russell. | Il existe plusieurs méthodes classiques de construction des entiers naturels mais celle des entiers de von Neumann est souvent regardée comme la plus simple. | [
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Gross fixed capital formation | Formation brute de capital fixe | Gross fixed capital formation (GFCF) is a macroeconomic concept used in official national accounts such as the United Nations System of National Accounts (UNSNA), National Income and Product Accounts (NIPA) and the European System of Accounts (ESA). The concept dates back to the National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) studies of Simon Kuznets of capital formation in the 1930s, and standard measures for it were adopted in the 1950s. Statistically it measures the value of acquisitions of new or existing fixed assets by the business sector, governments and "pure" households (excluding their unincorporated enterprises) "less" disposals of fixed assets. GFCF is a component of the expenditure on gross domestic product (GDP), and thus shows something about how much of the new value added in the economy is invested rather than consumed. | La FBCF, ou formation brute de capital fixe, est l'agrégat qui mesure, en comptabilité nationale, l'investissement (acquisition de biens de production) en capital fixe des différents agents économiques résidents. | [
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Cobra (manga) | Cobra (manga) | The manga was originally serialized in Shueisha's "Weekly Shōnen Jump" from November 1978 to November 1984. Later, Shueisha collected the chapters and published them in 18 "tankōbon" volumes. The "Cobra" manga spawned various sequel manga series, one-shots, a feature-length anime film, two anime seriesa 31-episode series in 1982, and a 13-episode series in 2010, two original video animations (OVAs), audio albums, video games, and other merchandise. In 2010, Alexandre Aja announced the interest in producing a live-action film. | Le personnage a été adapté en dessin animé (une série télévisée et un film d'animation). Depuis 2010, Alexandre Aja, qui a acquis les droits pour adapter Cobra en film, continue à travailler sur le projet. | [
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Captain Tsubasa | Captain Tsubasa | The "Captain Tsubasa" manga series was originally serialized in Shueisha's "Weekly Shōnen Jump" comic book magazine between 1981 and 1988, spanning a total of 37 "tankōbon" volumes. This was followed by numerous sequels. "Captain Tsubasa" and its sequels have sold over 80 million copies worldwide, making it one of the best-selling manga series. The original "Captain Tsubasa" manga series was adapted into a TV animation series, produced by Tsuchida Production, whose first season premiered in Japan on the TV Tokyo network between October 10, 1983 and March 27, 1986. Numerous movies and television series have followed with the latest one airing between April 2, 2018 and April 1, 2019. | , également connu sous le titre Olive et Tom en France, est un manga de Yōichi Takahashi. Il a été prépublié dans le "Weekly Shōnen Jump" entre 1981 et 1988 et a été compilé en un total de 37 volumes. Une suite nommée "Captain Tsubasa - World Youth" a également été prépublié dans le "Weekly Shōnen Jump" entre 1994 et 1997 et a été compilé en un total de 18 volumes. L'intégralité de la version française du manga est éditée par J'ai lu puis par Glénat. | [
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English Channel | Manche (mer) | The English Channel, also called simply the Channel, is an arm of the Atlantic Ocean that separates Southern England from northern France and links to the southern part of the North Sea by the Strait of Dover at its northeastern end. It is the busiest shipping area in the world. | La Manche (en anglais ', en néerlandais ', en breton ', en cornique ', en gallois "", en normand "Maunche") est une mer épicontinentale de l'océan Atlantique, située dans le Nord-Ouest de l'Europe et qui s'étend sur une superficie d'environ et sépare la France du Royaume-Uni ; longue d'environ, large de à son extrémité ouest, de à son extrémité est et profonde de en son point le plus profond avec une valeur moyenne de. La Manche orientale constitue avec sa partie orientale, le pas de Calais, l'une des zones maritimes les plus fréquentées du globe. L'eau de cette zone est, en raison des courants parmi les plus importants au monde, très turbide, tout en restant oxygénée. | [
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Unidentified flying object | Objet volant non identifié | An unidentified flying object (UFO) is any aerial phenomenon that cannot immediately be identified or explained. Most UFOs are identified on investigation as conventional objects or phenomena. The term is widely used for claimed observations of extraterrestrial spacecraft. | Un objet volant non identifié, généralement désigné sous l'acronyme ovni, désigne un phénomène aérien que des témoins affirment avoir observé ou qui a été enregistré par des capteurs (caméra vidéo, appareil photo, radar, etc.) sans avoir pu être identifié mais dont on ne connaît pas l'origine ou la nature exacte et qui, pour certains, restent inexpliqués même après enquête approfondie. | [
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French Fourth Republic | Quatrième République (France) | The French Fourth Republic () was the republican government of France between 1946 and 1958, governed by the fourth republican constitution. It was in many ways a revival of the Third Republic that was in place from 1870 during the Franco-Prussian War to 1940 during World War II, and suffered many of the same problems. France adopted the constitution of the Fourth Republic on 13 October 1946. | La Quatrième République, ou République, est le régime républicain en vigueur en France du au. Elle est instituée après la libération de la France de l'occupation allemande. Malgré la grave crise qu'avait connue la Troisième République au cours des années 1930, elle reste globalement fidèle au modèle de la république parlementaire qui s'était imposé à partir de 1875. | [
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Indochine (band) | Indochine (groupe) | Indochine () is a French pop rock and new wave band formed in Paris in 1981. It became very successful in the Francophonie, Europe and Latin America in the 1980s, with songs like "L'Aventurier" and "Canary Bay". Following the release of several critically acclaimed, but commercially unsuccessful, albums in the 1990s, the group returned to stardom with the release of "Paradize" in 2002. The band has sold over 10 million albums and singles, making them one of the best selling French bands. | Indochine est un groupe de pop rock français. Formé en 1981, le groupe est issu du courant new wave. Révélé par le titre "L’Aventurier" en 1982, le groupe connaît un grand succès dans les années 1980 avec des tubes comme "3 nuits par semaine", "3e sexe", "Tes yeux noirs" ou "Canary Bay". Après quelques albums ayant rencontré un succès moindre et un désintérêt manifeste des médias pour Indochine dans les années 1990, celui-ci retrouve le succès en 2002, avec la sortie de l'album "Paradize" dont est issu le single "J'ai demandé à la lune." | [
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Jean-Christophe Lagarde | Jean-Christophe Lagarde | Jean-Christophe Lagarde (born 24 October 1967 in Châtellerault) is a French politician of the Union of Democrats and Independents (UDI) who has been serving as a member of the National Assembly of France since the 2002 eletions. Since 2014, he has been the 2nd President of UDI. | Jean-Christophe Lagarde, né le à Châtellerault (Vienne), est un homme politique français, maire de Drancy de 2001 à 2017 et député de la de la Seine-Saint-Denis depuis 2002. Soutien de François Bayrou pendant la campagne présidentielle de 2007, il rejoint ensuite le Nouveau Centre, puis fonde, en 2012, le parti de centre-droit Force européenne démocrate. En, il rejoint l'Union des démocrates et indépendants (UDI), lancée par Jean-Louis Borloo. Il est élu président de ce parti le. | [
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Boulogne-sur-Mer | Boulogne-sur-Mer | Boulogne-sur-Mer (; ; ; or "Bononia"), often called just Boulogne (, ), is a coastal city in Northern France. It is a sub-prefecture of the department of Pas-de-Calais. Boulogne lies on the Côte d'Opale, a touristic stretch of French coast on the English Channel between Calais and Normandy, and the most visited location in the region after Lille conurbation. Boulogne is its department's second-largest city after Calais, and the 163rd-largest in France. It is also the country's largest fishing port, specialising in herring. | Boulogne-sur-Mer est une commune française, sous-préfecture du département du Pas-de-Calais en région Hauts-de-France. Ses habitants sont appelés les "Boulonnais". Avec "intra-muros" au dernier recensement en, la ville est la deuxième du département par sa population derrière Calais, et première par sa densité de population. Boulogne-sur-Mer est également le centre d'une agglomération d'environ, soit la aire urbaine la plus peuplée du pays. | [
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Chambéry | Chambéry | Chambéry (,, ; ; ; ) is a city in the department of Savoie, located in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region in eastern France. | Chambéry ( ) est une commune française située dans le département de la Savoie en région Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes. Installée dans les Préalpes du Nord entre les massifs des Bauges et de la Chartreuse, aux confluents de la Leysse et de l'Albanne puis de l'Hyères, la ville est l'actuelle préfecture de la Savoie, ainsi que le siège d'une cour d'appel et d'un archevêché. Avec une population municipale de en 2014, Chambéry se classe au national. | [
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Chalon-sur-Saône | Chalon-sur-Saône | Chalon-sur-Saône () is a commune in the Saône-et-Loire department in the region of Bourgogne-Franche-Comté in eastern France. It is a sub-prefecture of the department. It is the largest city in the department; however, the department capital is the smaller city of Mâcon. | Chalon-sur-Saône ( ) est une commune française située dans le département de Saône-et-Loire en région Bourgogne-Franche-Comté. Avec ses au dernier recensement de,. | [
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Jean Lassalle | Jean Lassalle | Jean Lassalle (; born 3 May 1955) is a French politician serving as an Independent member of the National Assembly since 2002. He was a candidate in the 2017 presidential election under the banner of Résistons! and received 435,301 votes (1.21%). | Jean Lassalle, né le à Lourdios-Ichère (Basses-Pyrénées, aujourd'hui Pyrénées-Atlantiques), est un homme politique français. Il est maire de Lourdios-Ichère de 1977 à 2017 et député depuis 2002. Remarqué pour ses interventions à l'Assemblée nationale, il acquiert une notoriété nationale avec sa grève de la faim pour éviter le départ de la vallée d'Aspe de l’usine Toyal. Candidat à l'élection présidentielle de 2017, il finit en septième position sur onze candidats. | [
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Nathalie Kosciusko-Morizet | Nathalie Kosciusko-Morizet | Nathalie Geneviève Marie Kosciusko-Morizet () (born 14 May 1973 in the 15th arrondissement of Paris), often referred to by her initials NKM, is a French politician. She was deputy of the 4th electoral constituency of Essonne from 2002 to 2017, mayor of Longjumeau from 2008 to 2013, and an unsuccessful mayoral candidate for Paris in the local elections in 2014. | Nathalie Kosciusko-Morizet ( ), souvent désignée par ses initiales NKM, née le à Paris (XV), est une femme politique française. | [
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Holocaust (sacrifice) | Holocauste | A holocaust is a religious animal sacrifice that is completely consumed by fire. The word derives from the Ancient Greek "holokaustos" (ὁλόκαυστος from ὅλος "whole" and καυστός "burnt", with rough breathing), which is used solely for one of the major forms of sacrifice. This form of sacrifice is also known as a burnt offering. | Un holocauste ( ; de "ὅλος", entier + "καύστος", brûlé) est, dans la Grèce antique, un sacrifice où l'offrande est entièrement consumée. | [
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Chartres | Chartres | Chartres () is a commune and capital of the Eure-et-Loir department in France. It is located about southwest of Paris. Chartres is famous world-wide for its cathedral. Mostly constructed between 1193 and 1250, this Gothic cathedral is in an exceptional state of preservation. The majority of the original stained glass windows survive intact, while the architecture has seen only minor changes since the early 13th century. Much of the old town, including the library associated with the School of Chartres, was destroyed by bombs in 1944. | Chartres est une commune française, préfecture du département d'Eure-et-Loir, dans la région Centre-Val de Loire. La ville se situe à environ quatre-vingt-dix kilomètres de Paris (centre). Elle est surnommée. | [
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Pan (genus) | Chimpanzé | The genus Pan consists of two extant species: the common chimpanzee and the bonobo. Taxonomically, these two ape species are collectively termed panins; however, both species are more commonly referred to collectively using the generalized term chimpanzees, or chimps. Together with humans, gorillas, and orangutans they are part of the family Hominidae (the great apes, or "hominids"). Native to sub-Saharan Africa, common chimpanzees and bonobos are currently both found in the Congo jungle, while only the common chimpanzee is also found further north in West Africa. Both species are listed as endangered on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, and in 2017 the Convention on Migratory Species selected the common chimpanzee for special protection. | Les Chimpanzés forment un genre (Pan) de singes appartenant à la famille des hominidés. Ce genre comprend deux espèces : le Chimpanzé commun ("Pan troglodytes") et le Chimpanzé nain, plus connu sous le nom de Bonobo ("Pan paniscus"). Ces hominidés d'Afrique équatoriale sont les animaux génétiquement les plus proches de l'espèce humaine. | [
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Millennium | Millénaire | A millennium (plural millennia or millenniums) is a period of one thousand years, sometimes called a kiloyear. Sometimes, the word is used specifically for periods of a thousand years that begin at the starting point (initial reference point) of the calendar in consideration (typically the year "1") and at later years that are whole number multiples of a thousand years after the start point. The term can also refer to an interval of time beginning on any date. Millennia sometimes have religious or theological implications (see millenarianism). | Un millénaire est une période calendaire de mille années, soit dix siècles. Un calendrier commence toujours à l’an 1. Il n’existe pas d’année zéro dans l’ère chrétienne : c’est l’"Anno Domini" qui définit le point de départ du calendrier grégorien actuel. Ainsi le de ce calendrier commence le de l’an 1, le le et le le. | [
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Historical revisionism | Révisionnisme | In historiography, the term historical revisionism identifies the re-interpretation of an historical account. It usually involves challenging the orthodox (established, accepted or traditional) views held by professional scholars about a historical event or time-span or phenomenon, introducing contrary evidence, or reinterpreting the motivations and decisions of the people involved. The revision of the historical record can reflect new discoveries of fact, evidence, and interpretation, which then results in revised history. In dramatic cases, revisionism involves a reversal of older moral judgments. | Le révisionnisme consiste à tenir une position de "révision". La révision peut être celle d'un objet politique quelconque (doctrine, procès, traité) : la première acception qualifiait de « républicains révisionnistes » les radicaux ayant soutenu le boulangisme, mouvement pour une révision des institutions de la. De même, chez les juifs, le sionisme révisionniste est un mouvement pour la révision du sionisme dans un sens anti-communiste. Furent "révisionnistes" aussi ceux demandant la révision du procès Dreyfus, ou ceux qui, à partir de 1919 en Europe centrale (Allemagne, Hongrie, Italie), réclamaient une révision du traité de Versailles. | [
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Valentine's Day | Saint-Valentin | Valentine's Day, also called Saint Valentine's Day or the Feast of Saint Valentine, is celebrated annually on February 14. It originated as a Western Christian feast day honoring one or two early Christian martyrs named Saint Valentine and is recognized as a significant cultural, religious, and commercial celebration of romance and love in many regions of the world. | Le jour de la Saint-Valentin, le 14 février, est considéré dans de nombreux pays comme la fête des amoureux. Les couples en profitent pour échanger des mots doux et des cadeaux comme preuves d’amour ainsi que des roses rouges qui sont l’emblème de la passion. | [
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Historical negationism | Négationnisme | Historical negationism, also called denialism, is a distortion of the historical record. It is often imprecisely referred to as "historical revisionism", but that term also applies to legitimate academic reinterpretations of the historical record that diverge from previously accepted views. | Le négationnisme consiste en un déni de faits historiques, malgré la présence de preuves flagrantes rapportées par les historiens, et ce à des fins racistes ou politiques. | [
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Jean-Yves Le Drian | Jean-Yves Le Drian | Jean-Yves Le Drian (; born 30 June 1947) is a French politician serving as Minister of Europe and Foreign Affairs since 2017. He previously was Minister of Defence from 2012 to 2017 under President François Hollande. He was nominated by Emmanuel Macron to serve as Foreign Minister in the First Philippe government on 17 May 2017. A former member of the Socialist Party, he has been an Independent since 2018. | Jean-Yves Le Drian, né le à Lorient (Morbihan), est un homme politique français. Membre du Parti socialiste (PS) de 1974 à 2018, il est notamment maire de Lorient de 1981 à 1998, député de 1978 à 1991 et de 1997 à 2007 et président du conseil régional de Bretagne entre 2004 et 2017. | [
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Genocide | Génocide | Genocide is the intentional action to destroy a people—usually defined as an ethnic, national, racial, or religious group—in whole or in part. A term coined by Raphael Lemkin in his 1944 book "Axis Rule in Occupied Europe", the hybrid word "genocide" is a combination of the Greek word "γένος" ("genos", "race, people") and the Latin suffix "-caedo" ("act of killing"). | Un génocide est un crime consistant en l'élimination physique intentionnelle, totale ou partielle, d'un groupe national, ethnique ou religieux, en tant que tel, ce qui veut dire que ses membres sont détruits ou rendus incapables de procréer en raison de leur appartenance au groupe. Le génocide peut être perpétré par divers moyens, le plus répandu et le plus évident étant le meurtre collectif, direct ou indirect. | [
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Tlaxcala City | Tlaxcala | Tlaxcala, officially Tlaxcala de Xicohténcatl (), is the capital city of the Mexican state of Tlaxcala and seat of the municipality of the same name. The city did not exist during the pre Hispanic period but was laid out by the Spanish as a center of evangelization and governance after the Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire. It was designated as a diocese but eventually lost this status to Puebla as its population declined. The city still has many of its old colonial structures including the former Franciscan monastery, as well as newer civic structures such as the Xicohtencatl Theatre. | Tlaxcala officiellement Tlaxcala de Xicoténcatl est la capitale de l'État de Tlaxcala au Mexique, dans la vallée de Puebla. Elle compte habitants (2005). | [
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Jean-Louis Léonard | Jean-Louis Léonard | Jean-Louis Léonard (born 24 July 1950 in Besançon (Doubs) is a French politician and a member of the Union for a Popular Movement (UMP). | Jean-Louis Léonard est un homme politique français, né le à Besançon (Doubs). Il est membre des Républicains après avoir appartenu à l'UMP et au RPR. | [
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Yahoo! Messenger | Yahoo! Messenger | Yahoo! Messenger (sometimes abbreviated Y!M) was an advertisement-supported instant messaging client and associated protocol provided by Yahoo!. Yahoo! Messenger was provided free of charge and could be downloaded and used with a generic "Yahoo ID" which also allowed access to other Yahoo! services, such as Yahoo! Mail. The service also offered VoIP, file transfers, webcam hosting, a text messaging service, and chat rooms in various categories. | Yahoo! Messenger était un système propriétaire de messagerie instantanée, de VoIP et de visioconférence créé par la société Yahoo!. Yahoo! Messenger nécessite un enregistrement préalable auprès de Yahoo pour l'ouverture d'un compte. Il existait un programme pour Windows, Mac OS et Nokia. | [
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Matriarchy | Matriarcat | Matriarchy is a social system in which females (most notably in mammals) hold the primary power positions in roles of political leadership, moral authority, social privilege and control of property. While those definitions apply in general English, definitions specific to the disciplines of anthropology and feminism differ in some respects. Most anthropologists hold that there are no known anthropological societies "that are unambiguously matriarchal", but some authors believe exceptions may exist currently or may have existed in the past. | Le terme de matriarcat a été construit, à la fin du sur le modèle de « patriarcat ». Initialement, « matriarcat » était employé dans le sens de « système de parenté matrilinéaire », tandis que le patriarcat désignait bien, comme l'indiquait son étymologie, un système social dominé par l'autorité masculine, symbolisée par la figure du père. Néanmoins « matriarcat » fut très tôt compris comme le pendant symétrique du « patriarcat », pour désigner un type de société où les femmes détiennent les mêmes rôles institutionnels que les hommes dans les sociétés patriarcales. Il n'existe pas de société humaine connue où le matriarcat, entendu dans ce sens, ait existé. Ce que confirme Heide Goettner-Abendroth qui montre que le matriarcat existe bien mais sans être l'inverse du patriarcat puisqu'il refuse la hiérarchie et l'oppression. | [
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Sergio Leone | Sergio Leone | Sergio Leone (; January 3, 1929 – April 30, 1989) was an Italian film director, producer and screenwriter, credited as the creator of the Spaghetti Western genre and widely regarded as one of the most influential directors in the history of cinema. | <dfn>Sergio Leone</dfn>, né le à Rome où il est mort le, est un réalisateur et scénariste italien. Figure majeure du western spaghetti (qu'il popularise largement, sans toutefois l'inventer, ni adhérer à l'épithète), il réalise les films "Pour une poignée de dollars", "Et pour quelques dollars de plus" et "Le Bon, la Brute et le Truand" qui sont souvent considérés comme des classiques du cinéma, films qui révèlent l'acteur Clint Eastwood et le compositeur Ennio Morricone. Il est également célèbre pour la trilogie "Il était une fois", composée de "Il était une fois dans l'Ouest", "Il était une fois la révolution" et "Il était une fois en Amérique". | [
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Delphi (software) | Delphi (langage) | Delphi is a programming language and an integrated development environment (IDE) for rapid application development of desktop, mobile, web, and console software, currently developed and maintained by Embarcadero Technologies which uses an event-driven paradigm. The language is also called Object Pascal. | Delphi est à la fois un langage de programmation orienté objet et un environnement de développement intégré (EDI) pour ce langage. | [
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Mona Lisa | La Joconde | The Mona Lisa (; or, ) is a half-length portrait painting by the Italian artist Leonardo da Vinci. It is considered an archetypal masterpiece of the Italian Renaissance, and has been described as "the best known, the most visited, the most written about, the most sung about, the most parodied work of art in the world". The painting's novel qualities include the subject's expression, which is frequently described as enigmatic, the monumentality of the composition, the subtle modelling of forms, and the atmospheric illusionism. | La Joconde, ou Portrait de Mona Lisa, est un tableau de l'artiste Léonard de Vinci, réalisé entre 1503 et 1506 ou entre 1513 et 1516, et peut-être jusqu'à 1519 (l'artiste étant mort cette année-là, le ), qui représente un portrait mi-corps, probablement celui de la Florentine Lisa Gherardini, épouse de Francesco del Giocondo. Acquise par, cette peinture à l'huile sur panneau de bois de peuplier de est exposée au musée du Louvre à Paris. "La Joconde" est l'un des rares tableaux attribués de façon certaine à Léonard de Vinci. | [
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Arthur Rimbaud | Arthur Rimbaud | Jean Nicolas Arthur Rimbaud (, ; 20 October 1854 – 10 November 1891) was a French poet and arms dealer known for his influence on modern literature and arts, which prefigured surrealism. Born in Charleville, he started writing at a very young age and excelled as a student, but abandoned his formal education in his teenage years to run away from home to Paris amidst the Franco-Prussian War. During his late adolescence and early adulthood he began the bulk of his literary output, then completely stopped writing at the age of 20, after assembling one of his major works, "Illuminations". | Arthur Rimbaud est un poète français, né le à Charleville et mort le à Marseille. Bien que brève, la densité de son œuvre poétique fait d'Arthur Rimbaud une des figures premières de la littérature française. | [
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Thierry Mariani | Thierry Mariani | Thierry Mariani (born 8 August 1958) is a French politician. He was Secretary of State for Transport for the Minister of Ecology, Sustainable development, Transport and Housing in the François Fillon III government (November 2010–May 2012), and a member of The Republicans, until joining the National Rally's list for the European election in January 2019. | Thierry Mariani, né le à Orange (Vaucluse), est un homme politique français. Il est notamment député de Vaucluse puis des Français de l’étranger entre 1993 et 2017, ainsi que secrétaire d'État puis ministre des Transports de 2010 à 2012. | [
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Moore's law | Loi de Moore | Moore's law is the observation that the number of transistors in a dense integrated circuit (IC) doubles about every two years. Moore's law is an observation and projection of a historical trend. Rather than a law of physics, it is an empirical relationship linked to gains from experience in production. | Les lois de Moore sont des lois empiriques qui ont trait à l'évolution de la puissance de calcul des ordinateurs et de la complexité du matériel informatique. Au sens strict, on ne devrait pas parler de « lois de Moore » mais de « conjectures de Moore » puisque les énoncés de Moore ne sont que des suppositions. | [
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Nadine Morano | Nadine Morano | Nadine Morano (; born 6 November 1963 in Nancy) is a French politician. She served as a member of the National Assembly and as a minister. She serves as a Member of the European Parliament. | Nadine Morano, née le à Nancy (Meurthe-et-Moselle), est une femme politique française. Membre des Républicains (LR), elle est successivement députée (2002-2008), secrétaire d'État chargée de la Famille (2008-2009), puis de la Famille et de la Solidarité (2009-2010), et ministre déléguée auprès du ministre du Travail, chargée de l'Apprentissage et de la Formation professionnelle (2010-2012). Elle est députée européenne depuis 2014. | [
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Hervé Morin | Hervé Morin | Hervé Morin (born 17 August 1961) is a French politician, currently the President of Normandy. Leader of the party The Centrists, he was the Minister of Defence under President Nicolas Sarkozy. | Hervé Morin, né le à Pont-Audemer (Eure), est un homme politique français. Député pour la de l'Eure de 1998 à 2007, il est ministre de la Défense des deux premiers gouvernements François Fillon (2007-2010). Président du parti Nouveau Centre puis Les Centristes, il est élu président du conseil régional de Normandie en 2016. | [
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Leonardo da Vinci | Léonard de Vinci | Leonardo di ser Piero da Vinci (; 14/15 April 14522 May 1519), known as Leonardo da Vinci ( ), was an Italian polymath of the Renaissance whose areas of interest included science and invention, drawing, painting, sculpture, architecture, music, mathematics, engineering, literature, anatomy, geology, astronomy, botany, paleontology, and cartography. He has been variously called the father of palaeontology, ichnology, and architecture, and is widely considered one of the greatest painters of all time (despite perhaps only 15 of his paintings having survived). | Léonard de Vinci (, dit "Leonardo da Vinci"), né le à Vinci (Toscane) et mort le à Amboise (Touraine), est un peintre italien et un homme d'esprit universel, à la fois artiste, organisateur de spectacles et de fêtes, scientifique, ingénieur, inventeur, anatomiste, peintre, sculpteur, architecte, urbaniste, botaniste, musicien, poète, philosophe et écrivain. | [
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Étienne Mourrut | Étienne Mourrut | Étienne Mourrut (4 December <time>1939 - 19 October 2014)</time> was a French politician. A member of the RPR and the UMP, he was deputy of the 2nd District of the Gard between 2002 and 2012 and Mayor of Le Grau-du-Roi between 1983 and 2014. | Étienne Mourrut, né le au Grau-du-Roi (Gard) et mort le à Montpellier, est un homme politique français. Membre du Rassemblement pour la République (RPR) puis de l'Union pour un mouvement populaire (UMP), il est député de la du Gard de 2002 à 2012, et maire du Grau-du-Roi de 1983 à 2014. | [
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Patrick Ollier | Patrick Ollier | Patrick Ollier (born 17 December 1944 in Périgueux, Dordogne) is a French politician. He is the Mayor of Rueil-Malmaison. He was a national assembly deputy from 1988 to 2017, as a member of the UMP. Secondly for Hauts-de-Seine's 7th constituency from 2002 to 2017. He was briefly the President of the National Assembly in 2007. He is the partner of Michèle Alliot-Marie, Minister of Foreign and European Affairs in the government of François Fillon. | Patrick Ollier, né le à Périgueux (Dordogne), est un homme d'État français. Maire de Rueil-Malmaison et député des Hauts-de-Seine, il préside l'Assemblée nationale du 7 mars au, jusqu'au terme de la législature. Le, il est nommé ministre chargé des Relations avec le Parlement, charge qu'il assume jusqu'au. | [
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Calais | Calais | Calais (,,, ; ; ) is a city and major ferry port in northern France in the department of Pas-de-Calais, of which it is a sub-prefecture. Although Calais is by far the largest city in Pas-de-Calais, the department's prefecture is its third-largest city of Arras. The population of the metropolitan area at the 2010 census was 126,395. Calais overlooks the Strait of Dover, the narrowest point in the English Channel, which is only wide here, and is the closest French town to England. The White Cliffs of Dover can easily be seen on a clear day from Calais. Calais is a major port for ferries between France and England, and since 1994, the Channel Tunnel has linked nearby Coquelles to Folkestone by rail. | Calais est une commune française, sous-préfecture du département du Pas-de-Calais en région Hauts-de-France. Ses habitants sont appelés les "Calaisiens". La ville de Calais est la ville la plus peuplée du département, bien qu'elle n'en soit pas le chef-lieu, cette fonction revenant à Arras. Elle en est également l'une des plus étendues (juste derrière la vaste commune d'Oye-Plage). Située face au sud-est de l'Angleterre, son port (premier de France pour le transport de passagers) et le tunnel sous la Manche en font la principale ville française de liaison avec la Grande-Bretagne. | [
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Béziers | Béziers | Béziers (; ) is a town and commune in the Occitanie region of Southern France; it is a subprefecture of the Hérault department. In 2014, it had a population of 75,701. | Béziers est une commune française située dans le département de l'Hérault en région Occitanie, traversée par l'Orb et entourée de vignobles et de la Méditerranée toute proche. Il pourrait s'agir de la plus ancienne ville de France, avant Marseille : de multiples fouilles archéologiques entreprises depuis les années 1980 ont révélé que Béziers fut construite par les Grecs au VIIe siècle av. J.-C.. | [
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Châteaux of the Loire Valley | Châteaux de la Loire | The Châteaux of the Loire Valley (French: "Châteaux de la Loire") are part of the architectural heritage of the historic towns of Amboise, Angers, Blois, Chinon, Montsoreau, Nantes, Orléans, Saumur, and Tours along the Loire River in France. They illustrate Renaissance ideals of design in France. | L'expression châteaux de la Loire regroupe sous une même appellation touristique un ensemble de châteaux français situés dans le Val de Loire. Le territoire connu sous le nom de comté de Tours est âprement disputé entre le et le par la maison féodale blésoise et la maison d'Anjou, conflit qui sera suivi au et par la Première guerre de Cent Ans entre la France et l'Angleterre et entre le et le par la Deuxième guerre de Cent Ans toujours entre la France et l'Angleterre ; ces trois guerres seront à l'origine de la plupart des châteaux du val de Loire actuels. | [
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Dan Simmons | Dan Simmons | Dan Simmons (born April 4, 1948) is an American science fiction and horror writer. He is the author of the Hyperion Cantos and the Ilium/Olympos cycles, among other works which span the science fiction, horror, and fantasy genres, sometimes within a single novel. Simmons' genre-intermingling" Song of Kali" (1985) won the World Fantasy Award. He also writes mysteries and thrillers, some of which feature the continuing character Joe Kurtz. | Dan Simmons, né le à Peoria (Illinois), est un écrivain américain connu principalement pour ses romans de science-fiction, d'horreur et policiers. Ses livres sont publiés dans 27 pays. | [
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2
] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Pi | Pi | The number () is a mathematical constant. It is defined as the ratio of a circle's circumference to its diameter, and it also has various equivalent definitions. It appears in many formulas in all areas of mathematics and physics. It is approximately equal to 3.14159. It has been represented by the Greek letter "" since the mid-18th century, and is spelled out as "pi". It is also referred to as Archimedes' constant. | Pi, appelé parfois constante d’Archimède, est un nombre représenté par la lettre grecque du même nom :. C’est le rapport constant de la circonférence d’un cercle à son diamètre dans un plan euclidien. On peut également le définir comme le rapport de l'aire d'un disque au carré de son rayon. | [
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Jérôme Rivière | Jérôme Rivière | Jérôme Rivière (born 8 July 1964) is a French politician, lawyer and entrepreneur serving as a Member of the European Parliament (MEP) since 2019. A member of the Union for a Popular Movement (UMP) until 2007, he has been a member of the National Rally (RN), previously known as the National Front, since 2017. | Jérôme Rivière, né le à Suresnes, est un homme politique français. De 2002 à 2007, il est député UMP de la circonscription des Alpes-Maritimes. Depuis 2019, il est député européen pour le Rassemblement national et président de la délégation française du groupe Identité et démocratie. | [
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Finite field | Corps fini | In mathematics, a finite field or Galois field (so-named in honor of Évariste Galois) is a field that contains a finite number of elements. As with any field, a finite field is a set on which the operations of multiplication, addition, subtraction and division are defined and satisfy certain basic rules. The most common examples of finite fields are given by the integers mod when is a prime number. | En mathématiques et plus précisément en algèbre, un corps fini est un corps commutatif qui est par ailleurs fini. À isomorphisme près, un corps fini est entièrement déterminé par son cardinal, qui est toujours une puissance d'un nombre premier, ce nombre premier étant sa caractéristique. Pour tout nombre premier "p" et tout entier non nul "n", il existe un corps de cardinal "p", qui se présente comme l'unique extension de degré "n" du corps premier Z/"p"Z. | [
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Blois | Blois | Blois (, ) is a city and the capital of Loir-et-Cher department in central France, situated on the banks of the lower river Loire between Orléans and Tours. | Blois ( ) est une commune française, chef-lieu du département de Loir-et-Cher en région Centre-Val de Loire. Blois est aussi la commune la plus peuplée du département. | [
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Maubeuge | Maubeuge | Maubeuge (historical or ) is a commune in the Nord department in northern France. It is situated on both banks of the Sambre (here canalized), east of Valenciennes and about from the Belgian border. | Maubeuge est une commune française située dans le département du Nord, en région Hauts-de-France. Ses habitants sont appelés les "Maubeugeois". | [
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Bourges | Bourges | Bourges () is a commune in central France on the Yèvre river. It is the capital of the department of Cher, and also was the capital of the former province of Berry. | Bourges ( ) est une commune française, préfecture du département du Cher. Avec en 2016, il s'agit de la commune la plus peuplée du département. Au centre d'une aire urbaine de (la de France), Bourges est la troisième commune la plus peuplée de la région Centre-Val de Loire, après Tours et Orléans, et devant Blois, Châteauroux et Chartres. | [
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Astro Boy | Astro, le petit robot | Astro Boy, known in Japan by its original name, is a Japanese manga series written and illustrated by Osamu Tezuka. It was serialized in Kobunsha's "Shōnen" from 1952 to 1968. The 112 chapters were collected into 23 "tankōbon" volumes by Akita Shoten. English volumes were not available until 2002, when the manga was licensed by Dark Horse. The story follows Astro Boy, an android young boy with human emotions who is created by Umataro Tenma after the death of his son Tobio. Eventually, Astro is sold to a robot circus run by Hamegg, but is saved from his servitude by Professor Ochanomizu. Astro becomes a surrogate son to Ochanomizu who creates a robotic family for Astro and helps him to live a normal life like an average human boy, while accompanying him on adventures. | L'histoire se focalise sur les aventures d'un jeune robot nommé Astro et une sélection de personnages apparaissant tout au long des épisodes. Il est vu par son auteur comme un nouveau "Pinocchio", élevé dans une famille normale, qui fait l'interface entre les cultures des hommes et des machines. | [
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IP address | Adresse IP | An Internet Protocol address (IP address) is a numerical label assigned to each device connected to a computer network that uses the Internet Protocol for communication. An IP address serves two main functions: host or network interface identification and location addressing. | Une adresse IP (avec IP pour ") est un numéro d'identification qui est attribué de façon permanente ou provisoire à chaque périphérique relié à un réseau informatique qui utilise l'. L'adresse IP est à la base du système d'acheminement (le routage) des paquets de données sur Internet. | [
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Colmar | Colmar | Colmar (, ; Alsatian:'; German during 1871–1918 and 1940–1945: ') is a city and commune in the Haut-Rhin department and Grand Est region of north-eastern France. The third-largest commune in Alsace (after Strasbourg and Mulhouse), it is the seat of the prefecture of the Haut-Rhin department and of the subprefecture of the Colmar-Ribeauvillé arrondissement. | Colmar est une commune française du département du Haut-Rhin. Préfecture du département, elle fait partie, depuis le janvier 2016, de la région Grand Est. | [
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Compiègne | Compiègne | Compiègne (; ) is a commune in the Oise department in northern France. It is located on the Oise River. Its inhabitants are called "Compiégnois". | Compiègne [] est une commune française située dans le département de l'Oise, dont elle est l'une des sous-préfectures, en région Hauts-de-France. | [
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Quimper | Quimper | Quimper (, ; ; or ) is a commune and capital of the Finistère department of Brittany in northwestern France. | Quimper est une commune française de la région Bretagne située dans le nord-ouest de la France. La ville est le chef-lieu du département du Finistère, le siège du conseil départemental, ainsi que des deux cantons qui la composent. Elle est également la capitale traditionnelle de la Cornouaille, du Pays Glazik et du Pays de Cornouaille qui compte en 2009, le siège de l'intercommunalité de Quimper Bretagne Occidentale qui compte en 2014, le siège de l'arrondissement de Quimper et enfin le siège du diocèse de Quimper et Léon. Ses habitants sont appelés les "Quimpérois". | [
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Tarbes | Tarbes | Tarbes (; Gascon: "Tarba") is a commune in the Hautes-Pyrénées department in the Occitanie region of southwestern France. It is the capital of Bigorre. It has been a commune since 1790. It was known as "Turba" or "Tarba" in Roman times. Tarbes is part of the historical region of Gascony. | Tarbes ( en français méridional, en standard) est une commune du Sud-Ouest de la France, préfecture du département des Hautes-Pyrénées, en région Occitanie. Elle est située sur l'axe pyrénéen qui va de l'Atlantique à la Méditerranée, non loin de la frontière franco-espagnole. | [
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X (manga) | X (manga) | , also known as X/1999, is a Japanese "shōjo" manga series created by Clamp, a creative team made up by Satsuki Igarashi, Nanase Ohkawa, Tsubaki Nekoi, and Mokona. It premiered in "Monthly Asuka's" May 1992 issue and ran there until the magazine's editors showed concern in the increasingly violent stories. The series went on long-term hiatus in March 2003 and has yet to be concluded. The story takes place at the end of days, in the year 1999. The series follows Kamui Shirō, a young esper who returns home to Tokyo after a 6-year absence to face his destiny as the one who will determine humanity's fate. | , aussi appelé X/1999, est un manga du studio CLAMP. D'abord pré-publié périodiquement dans le magazine Monthly Asuka, il a été traduit en français aux éditions Tonkam. L'œuvre devait totaliser 21 volumes, bien que la série soit actuellement inachevée, au stade de 18 volumes parus et 5 autres chapitres prépubliés. Traduit dans de nombreuses langues, le manga a successivement été adapté en film d'animation puis en série télévisée. | [
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Ségolène Royal | Ségolène Royal | Ségolène Royal (; born 22 September 1953), is a French politician and former Socialist Party candidate for President of the French Republic. | Ségolène Royal, née Marie Ségolène Royal le à Ouakam (Sénégal), est une haute fonctionnaire et femme politique française. Membre du Parti socialiste, conseillère du président François Mitterrand dans les années 1980, elle est ensuite députée pour les Deux-Sèvres et ministre des gouvernements Pierre Bérégovoy et Lionel Jospin. Elle préside le conseil régional de Poitou-Charentes de 2004 à 2014. Elle est de 1978 à 2007 la compagne de François Hollande, avec qui elle a quatre enfants. | [
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