StivenLancheros/all_datasets_wikis · Datasets at Hugging Face

src_title stringlengths 1 140 ⌀	tgt_title stringlengths 1 140 ⌀	src_summary stringlengths 41 2.74k ⌀	tgt_summary stringlengths 41 2.64k ⌀	input_ids sequence	attention_mask sequence	labels sequence	text stringlengths 946 37.7k ⌀	summary stringlengths 29 3.02k ⌀	gem_id stringlengths 10 19 ⌀	gem_parent_id stringlengths 10 19 ⌀	id stringlengths 1 7 ⌀	src_document sequence
D'Ieteren	D'Ieteren	D'Ieteren SA () is a company, based in Belgium that is engaged in automobile distribution and vehicle glass repair and replacement (VGRR).	D’Ieteren, fondé en 1805, est un groupe belge actif dans la distribution automobile et la réparation et le remplacement de vitres automobiles.	[ 250004, 250054, 391, 25, 568, 126, 3683, 83, 10, 21115, 111, 11374, 47, 70, 2926, 1419, 14037, 297, 23, 543, 8194, 5, 391, 25, 568, 126, 3683, 4396, 15917, 1636, 51669, 4, 21679, 4, 27230, 85, 4, 503, 257, 4, 81201, 4, 67796, 4293, 4, 208683, 4, 57279, 34499, 136, 99705, 117001, 36880, 199458, 5, 12628, 1900, 15, 14889, 5, 205480, 6, 157272, 16, 51339, 7, 80939, 47589, 121461, 136, 91995, 674, 5, 116, 4, 10700, 90356, 7, 136, 382, 4, 10715, 14288, 131, 7, 4, 71702, 1379, 423, 12921, 8796, 7, 26719, 3980, 134974, 4, 4396, 134974, 136, 115527, 27287, 4, 21265, 59463, 23, 2273, 76726, 5, 581, 391, 25, 568, 126, 3683, 200569, 26859, 23, 70, 953, 927, 142642, 3229, 442, 509, 14037, 297, 390, 31347, 53865, 177149, 56, 33876, 9, 11670, 66, 391, 25, 568, 126, 3683, 5, 581, 14380, 26859, 47, 142901, 2258, 337, 34204, 99, 70, 86595, 111, 70, 387, 927, 142642, 4, 678, 36049, 8035, 31255, 297, 5, 147466, 4, 442, 109133, 3934, 70, 10, 89845, 38526, 136, 24927, 214, 111, 2258, 7, 136, 118149, 7, 5, 360, 31100, 10, 35142, 509, 91, 173964, 390, 7948, 391, 25, 568, 126, 3683, 7440, 1272, 70, 14380, 2806, 6, 93457, 51669, 7, 1379, 86872, 5, 27985, 80723, 98, 10, 31461, 53, 98, 70, 127067, 5609, 111, 80781, 7, 23, 18374, 111, 450, 6602, 136, 390, 45604, 2258, 7, 3542, 50419, 9966, 1295, 442, 5, 8622, 509, 2843, 142, 106689, 47, 6, 93457, 83112, 13, 402, 25306, 4, 1284, 2684, 111, 70, 21950, 645, 70, 11737, 24941, 111, 8, 23662, 7, 21449, 1295, 70, 51669, 8063, 5, 581, 31461, 53, 509, 54324, 47, 51669, 23, 19340, 136, 83, 18925, 51529, 23113, 538, 237, 44, 119516, 80781, 7, 740, 391, 25, 568, 126, 3683, 25, 7, 2258, 129264, 8063, 71064, 71, 23, 36327, 5, 581, 14380, 24927, 7, 136, 15917, 1636, 3789, 30482, 111, 70, 51669, 21115, 12, 21679, 4, 159, 145688, 4, 27230, 85, 4, 67796, 4293, 4, 136, 208683, 4, 237, 5299, 237, 99705, 38742, 5, 391, 25, 568, 126, 3683, 163629, 71, 12628, 1900, 23, 55482, 12628, 1900, 51339, 7, 80939, 47589, 121461, 136, 91995, 674, 5, 581, 14380, 160404, 7, 23, 14713, 136, 30089, 1379, 70, 8796, 123055, 44, 21851, 134974, 58, 136, 44, 38115, 134974, 58, 15, 568, 107, 1760, 4, 14098, 117604, 4, 164111, 247, 23, 23924, 21629, 15, 441, 98516, 4, 14098, 46684, 16, 237, 44, 5464, 7510, 1486, 830, 23, 28173, 1379, 70, 8796, 9351, 44, 670, 25, 104207, 33, 58, 136, 23, 2356, 138059, 1379, 70, 8796, 9351, 44, 294, 266, 927, 619, 37700, 740, 10660, 163629, 71, 101828, 1336, 86, 23, 6360, 2 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	[ 250008, 391, 26, 568, 126, 3683, 4, 9896, 446, 22, 543, 8194, 4, 437, 51, 37769, 70200, 6, 126907, 807, 21, 113068, 153532, 82, 21, 201778, 82, 95, 14194, 23935, 674, 8, 279, 32778, 153532, 7, 5, 2 ]	null	null	null	null	null	null
D. H. Lawrence	D. H. Lawrence	David Herbert Lawrence (11 September 1885 – 2 March 1930) was an English writer and poet. His collected works represent, among other things, an extended reflection upon the dehumanising effects of modernity and industrialisation. Lawrence's writing explores issues such as sexuality, emotional health, vitality, spontaneity, and instinct.	David Herbert Lawrence, plus connu comme D. H. Lawrence, ( à Eastwood au Royaume-Uni - à Vence en France) est un écrivain britannique. Auteur de nouvelles, romans, poèmes, pièces de théâtre, essais, livres de voyage, traductions et lettres, il est célèbre notamment pour son roman "L’Amant de lady Chatterley".	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Hard disk drive	Disque dur	A hard disk drive (HDD), hard disk, hard drive, or fixed disk is an electro-mechanical data storage device that uses magnetic storage to store and retrieve digital data using one or more rigid rapidly rotating platters coated with magnetic material. The platters are paired with magnetic heads, usually arranged on a moving actuator arm, which read and write data to the platter surfaces. Data is accessed in a random-access manner, meaning that individual blocks of data can be stored and retrieved in any order. HDDs are a type of non-volatile storage, retaining stored data even when powered off.	Un disque dur (parfois abrégé DD ; en anglais, hard disk drive, HD ou HDD) est une mémoire de masse à disque tournant magnétique utilisée principalement dans les ordinateurs, mais également dans des baladeurs numériques, des caméscopes, des lecteurs/enregistreurs de DVD de salon, des consoles de jeux vidéo	[ 250004, 250054, 581, 5117, 36049, 90540, 7941, 28338, 22648, 4, 70, 14877, 28338, 132096, 4, 6544, 48398, 23, 44321, 237, 10, 82761, 111, 70, 90540, 136786, 26959, 15012, 5426, 5, 1650, 509, 189275, 70, 13267, 111, 6626, 57646, 9, 7, 29367, 142336, 22230, 136, 4343, 71, 43606, 19879, 37195, 9, 3137, 124850, 6896, 5, 6873, 31534, 61028, 7, 16, 98, 10, 177261, 111, 836, 28338, 7, 5, 581, 14877, 1902, 10, 11001, 16294, 678, 6626, 12301, 64, 434, 18781, 10336, 7, 4, 1632, 1257, 136, 1632, 7565, 4, 450, 109133, 15044, 124001, 538, 36880, 10, 80836, 111, 7007, 23962, 136, 79259, 538, 1295, 1632, 5423, 111, 7007, 23962, 47, 10, 17932, 5423, 5, 360, 38576, 4, 70, 90540, 14877, 509, 1601, 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Deir el-Medina	Deir el-Médineh	Deir el-Medina (), or Dayr al-Madīnah, is an ancient Egyptian village which was home to the artisans who worked on the tombs in the Valley of the Kings during the 18th to 20th dynasties of the New Kingdom of Egypt (ca. 1550–1080 BCE) The settlement's ancient name was "Set maat" "The Place of Truth", and the workmen who lived there were called "Servants in the Place of Truth". During the Christian era, the temple of Hathor was converted into a church from which the Egyptian Arabic name "Deir el-Medina" ("the monastery of the town") is derived.	Deir el-Médineh (ou "Deir al-Médîna") est le nom arabe d'un village de l'Égypte antique où résidait la confrérie des artisans chargés de construire les tombeaux et les temples funéraires des pharaons et de leurs proches durant le Nouvel Empire (de la à la ). Le village se situe sur le chemin qui mène du Ramesséum à la vallée des Reines.	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Denmark	Danemark	Denmark (, ), officially the Kingdom of Denmark, is a Nordic country in Northern Europe. Denmark proper, which is the southernmost of the Scandinavian countries, consists of a peninsula, Jutland, and an archipelago of 443 named islands, with the largest being Zealand, Funen and the North Jutlandic Island. The islands are characterised by flat, arable land and sandy coasts, low elevation and a temperate climate. The southernmost of the Scandinavian nations, Denmark lies southwest of Sweden and south of Norway, and is bordered to the south by Germany. The Kingdom of Denmark is constitutionally a unitary state comprising Denmark proper and the two autonomous territories in the North Atlantic Ocean: the Faroe Islands and Greenland. Denmark has a total area of, land area of, and the total area including Greenland and the Faroe Islands is, and a population of 5.8 million in Denmark proper ().	Le Danemark, en forme longue le royaume de Danemark ou le royaume du Danemark (en et "), est un pays souverain d’Europe du Nord et de Scandinavie, dont le territoire métropolitain est situé au sud de la Norvège, de laquelle il est séparé par le Skagerrak ; au sud-sud-ouest de la Suède, le Kattégat faisant office de frontière naturelle avec cette dernière ; et au nord de l'Allemagne, seul pays avec lequel il partage une frontière terrestre. Sa capitale est Copenhague.	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Dublin	Dublin	Dublin (, ; ) is the capital and largest city of Ireland. Situated on a bay on the east coast, at the mouth of the River Liffey, it lies within the province of Leinster. It is bordered on the south by the Dublin Mountains, a part of the Wicklow Mountains range. It has an urban area population of 1,173,179, while the population of the Dublin Region (formerly County Dublin) was 1,347,359. The population of the Greater Dublin Area was 1,904,806 per the 2016 census.	Dublin ( ;'' ) est la plus grande ville de l'île d'Irlande et de l'État d'Irlande, dont elle est la capitale (Belfast étant la capitale de l'Irlande du Nord). La ville est située à proximité du point central de la côte orientale de l'île et au centre du comté de Dublin. Dublin est la plus grande ville d'Irlande en importance et en nombre d’habitants depuis le haut Moyen Âge. Elle est aujourd’hui classée à la soixante-sixième place dans l’index des places financières mondiales et a un des plus forts taux de développement parmi les capitales européennes. Dublin est le centre historique, politique, artistique, culturel, économique et industriel de l’Irlande.	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Linux distribution	Distribution Linux	A Linux distribution (often abbreviated as distro) is an operating system made from a software collection that is based upon the Linux kernel and, often, a package management system. Linux users usually obtain their operating system by downloading one of the Linux distributions, which are available for a wide variety of systems ranging from embedded devices (for example, OpenWrt) and personal computers (for example, Linux Mint) to powerful supercomputers (for example, Rocks Cluster Distribution).	Une distribution Linux, appelée aussi distribution GNU/Linux pour faire référence aux logiciels du projet GNU, est un ensemble cohérent de logiciels, la plupart étant des logiciels libres, assemblés autour du noyau Linux.	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Keep	Donjon	A keep (from the Middle English "kype") is a type of fortified tower built within castles during the Middle Ages by European nobility. Scholars have debated the scope of the word "keep", but usually consider it to refer to large towers in castles that were fortified residences, used as a refuge of last resort should the rest of the castle fall to an adversary. The first keeps were made of timber and formed a key part of the motte-and-bailey castles that emerged in Normandy and Anjou during the 10th century; the design spread to England, south Italy and Sicily. As a result of the Norman invasion of 1066, use spread into Wales during the second half of the 11th century and into Ireland in the 1170s. The Anglo-Normans and French rulers began to build stone keeps during the 10th and 11th centuries; these included Norman keeps, with a square or rectangular design, and circular shell keeps. Stone keeps carried considerable political as well as military importance and could take up to a decade or more to build.	Le donjon est la tour la plus haute d'un château fort au Moyen Âge, destinée à servir à la fois de point d'observation, de poste de tir et de dernier refuge si le reste de la fortification vient à être prise par un ennemi. Cette tour, ou ce bâtiment fortifié, sert aussi en général de résidence au seigneur du château.	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Law	Droit	Law is commonly understood as a system of rules that are created and enforced through social or governmental institutions to regulate conduct, although its precise definition is a matter of longstanding debate. It has been variously described as a science and the art of justice. State-enforced laws can be made by a collective legislature or by a single legislator, resulting in statutes, by the executive through decrees and regulations, or established by judges through precedent, normally in common law jurisdictions. Private individuals can create legally binding contracts, including arbitration agreements that may elect to accept alternative arbitration to the normal court process. The formation of laws themselves may be influenced by a constitution, written or tacit, and the rights encoded therein. The law shapes politics, economics, history and society in various ways and serves as a mediator of relations between people.	Le droit est défini comme, ou de façon plus complète. Ces règles, appelées règles de droit, sont abstraites et obligatoires et indiquent ce qui « doit être fait ». Ces règles juridiques peuvent trouver leur source dans une source normative « supérieure », extérieure, transcendante, comme le droit naturel, ou découlent de normes intrinsèques. Dans ce second cas, les règles sont issues d'usages constatés et acceptés (droit coutumier) ou sont édictées et consacrées par un chargé de régir l'organisation et le déroulement des relations sociales (droit écrit).	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Dow Jones Industrial Average	Dow Jones Industrial Average	The Dow Jones Industrial Average (DJIA), Dow Jones, or simply the Dow (), is a stock market index that measures the stock performance of 30 large companies listed on stock exchanges in the United States. Although it is one of the most commonly followed equity indices, many consider the Dow to be an inadequate representation of the overall U.S. stock market compared to broader market indices such as the S&P 500 Index or Russell 3000 because it only includes 30 large cap companies, is not weighted by market capitalization, and does not use a weighted arithmetic mean..	Le Dow Jones Industrial Average (abrégé en DJIA et souvent raccourci en Dow Jones) est le plus vieil indice des bourses de New York et le plus vieil indice boursier du monde. Cet indice est la propriété de Dow Jones Indexes, une coentreprise détenue à 90 % par CME Group et à 10 % par Dow Jones and Company.	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David Lynch	David Lynch	David Keith Lynch (born January 20, 1946) is an American filmmaker, painter, musician, singer, sound designer, photographer, and actor. He is best known for writing and directing films such as "Eraserhead" (1977), "The Elephant Man" (1980), "Blue Velvet" (1986), and "Mulholland Drive" (2001), which are often regarded by critics as among the best films of their times, and for his television series "Twin Peaks" (1990–1991, 2017). These works led to him being labeled "the first popular Surrealist" by film critic Pauline Kael. A recipient of an Academy Honorary Award in 2019, he has received three Academy Award nominations for Best Director, and has won the César Award for Best Foreign Film twice, as well as the Palme d'Or at the Cannes Film Festival and a Golden Lion award for lifetime achievement at the Venice Film Festival. He has been described by "The Guardian" as "the most important director of this era", while AllMovie called him "the Renaissance man of modern American filmmaking".	David Lynch est un cinéaste, scénariste, photographe, musicien et peintre américain né le à Missoula (Montana). Il est l'auteur de 10 longs-métrages, sortis entre 1977 et 2006. Nommé aux Oscars du cinéma comme meilleur réalisateur pour "Elephant Man" (1980), "Blue Velvet" (1986) et "Mulholland Drive" (2001), il a reçu la Palme d'or au Festival de Cannes en 1990 et un Lion d'or d'honneur à la Mostra de Venise en 2006.	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Dune (novel)	Dune (roman)	Dune is a 1965 science fiction novel by American author Frank Herbert, originally published as two separate serials in "Analog" magazine. It tied with Roger Zelazny's "This Immortal" for the Hugo Award in 1966, and it won the inaugural Nebula Award for Best Novel. It is the first installment of the "Dune" saga, and in 2003 was cited as the world's best-selling science fiction novel.	Dune (titre original : "Dune") est un roman de science-fiction de l'écrivain Frank Herbert, publié aux États-Unis en 1965. Il s'agit du premier roman du "cycle de Dune".	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Universal Declaration of Human Rights	Déclaration universelle des droits de l'homme	The Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) is a historic document that was adopted by the United Nations General Assembly at its third session on 10 December 1948 as Resolution 217 at the Palais de Chaillot in Paris, France. Of the then 58 members of the United Nations, 48 voted in favour, none against, eight abstained, and two did not vote.	La Déclaration universelle des droits de l'homme (DUDH) est adoptée par l’Assemblée générale des Nations unies le à Paris au palais de Chaillot par la résolution 217 (III) A. Elle précise les droits fondamentaux de l'homme. Sans véritable portée juridique en tant que tel, ce texte est une proclamation de droits, par conséquent il n'a qu'une valeur déclarative.	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Dolmen	Dolmen	A dolmen () is a type of single-chamber megalithic tomb, usually consisting of two or more vertical megaliths supporting a large flat horizontal capstone or "table". Most date from the early Neolithic (40003000 BC) and were sometimes covered with earth or smaller stones to form a tumulus. Small pad-stones may be wedged between the cap and supporting stones to achieve a level appearance. In many instances, the covering has weathered away, leaving only the stone "skeleton" of the mound intact.	Un dolmen est une construction mégalithique préhistorique constituée d'une ou plusieurs grosses dalles de couverture (tables) posées sur des pierres verticales qui lui servent de pieds (les orthostates). Le tout était originellement recouvert, maintenu et protégé par un amas de pierres et de terre nommé tumulus. Les dolmens sont généralement interprétés comme des tombes à chambre, des monuments funéraires ayant abrité des sépultures collectives.	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Dance	Danse	Dance is a performing art form consisting of purposefully selected sequences of human movement. This movement has aesthetic and symbolic value, and is acknowledged as dance by performers and observers within a particular culture. Dance can be categorized and described by its choreography, by its repertoire of movements, or by its historical period or place of origin.	La danse est l'art de mouvoir le corps humain constitué d'une suite de mouvements ordonnés, souvent rythmés par de la musique.	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Dominica	Dominique (pays)	Dominica ( or ; ; Island Carib: ), officially the Commonwealth of Dominica, is an island country in the Caribbean. The capital, Roseau, is located on the western side of the island. It is geographically situated as part of the Leeward Islands chain in the Lesser Antilles archipelago in the Caribbean Sea. The island is located near Guadeloupe to the northwest and Martinique to the south-southeast. Its area is, and the highest point is Morne Diablotins, at in elevation. The population was 71,293 at the 2011 census.	La Dominique (en anglais '), en forme longue le Commonwealth de Dominique"', est un pays et une île de l'archipel des Caraïbes, située entre les îles françaises des Saintes et de Marie-Galante (deux dépendances de la Guadeloupe) au nord, et de la Martinique, au sud. Son nom précolombien est "Wai'tu kubuli", qui signifie « Son corps est grand ».	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Dennis Tito	Dennis Tito	Dennis Anthony Tito (born August 8, 1940) is an American engineer and entrepreneur, most widely known as the first space tourist to fund his own trip into space. In mid-2001, he spent nearly eight days in orbit as a crew member of ISS EP-1, a visiting mission to the International Space Station. This mission was launched by the spacecraft Soyuz TM-32, and was landed by Soyuz TM-31.	Dennis Tito est un homme d'affaires californien d'origine italienne et un millionnaire américain, né le à New York, connu pour avoir été le premier « touriste de l'espace ».	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Doctrine	Doctrine	Doctrine (from, meaning "teaching" or "instruction") is a codification of beliefs or a body of teachings or instructions, taught principles or positions, as the essence of teachings in a given branch of knowledge or in a belief system. The etymological Greek analogue is "catechism".	Une doctrine (mot attesté en 1160, du latin "doctrina", « enseignement », « théorie », « méthode », « doctrine ») est un ensemble global de conceptions d'ordre théorique enseignées comme vraies par un auteur ou un groupe d'auteurs.	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Drawing	Dessin	Drawing is a form of visual art in which a person uses various drawing instruments to mark paper or another two-dimensional medium. Instruments include graphite pencils, pen and ink, various kinds of paints, inked brushes, colored pencils, crayons, charcoal, chalk, pastels, various kinds of erasers, markers, styluses, and various metals (such as silverpoint). Digital drawing is the act of using a computer to draw. Common methods of digital drawing include a stylus or finger on a touchscreen device, stylus- or finger-to-touchpad, or in some cases, a mouse. There are many digital art programs and devices.	Le dessin est une technique de représentation visuelle sur un support plat. Le terme « dessin » désigne à la fois l'action de dessiner, l'ouvrage graphique qui en résulte, et la forme d'un objet quelconque.	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Duke Reid	Duke Reid	Arthur "Duke" Reid CD (21 July 1915 – 1 January 1975) was a Jamaican record producer, DJ and label owner.	Arthur "Duke" Reid, surnommé Trojan, né en 1915 dans la Paroisse de Portland (Jamaïque) et mort en 1975, est un producteur de musique jamaïcain.	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Hilbert space	Espace de Hilbert	The mathematical concept of a Hilbert space, named after David Hilbert, generalizes the notion of Euclidean space. It extends the methods of vector algebra and calculus from the two-dimensional Euclidean plane and three-dimensional space to spaces with any finite or infinite number of dimensions. A Hilbert space is an abstract vector space possessing the structure of an inner product that allows length and angle to be measured. Furthermore, Hilbert spaces are complete: there are enough limits in the space to allow the techniques of calculus to be used.	En mathématiques, un espace de Hilbert est un espace vectoriel réel (resp. complexe) muni d'un (resp. hermitien), qui permet de mesurer des longueurs et des angles et de définir une orthogonalité. De plus, un espace de Hilbert est complet, ce qui permet d'y appliquer des techniques d'analyse. Ces espaces doivent leur nom au mathématicien allemand David Hilbert.	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Disc jockey	Disc jockey	A disc jockey, more commonly abbreviated as DJ, is a person who plays recorded music for an audience. Most common types of DJs include radio DJs, club DJs, who perform at a nightclub or music festival, mobile DJs, who are hired to perform at public and private events (weddings, parties, festivals), and turntablists who use record players, usually turntables, to manipulate sounds on phonograph records. Originally, the "disc" in "disc jockey" referred to vinyl records, but nowadays DJ is used as an all-encompassing term to also describe persons who mix music from other recording media such as cassettes, CDs or digital audio files on a CDJ, controller, or even a laptop. DJs may adopt the title "DJ" in front of their real names, adopted pseudonyms, or stage names.	Un (, ) ou (), est un animateur qui sélectionne, diffuse et mixe de la musique à destination d'un public, que ce soit pour une émission radiophonique, dans une discothèque ou à l'occasion d'un événement spécifique.	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Dictionary	Dictionnaire	A dictionary is a listing of words in one or more specific languages, often arranged alphabetically (or by radical and stroke for ideographic languages), which may include information on definitions, usage, etymologies, pronunciations, translation, etc. or a book of words in one language with their equivalents in another, sometimes known as a lexicon. It is a lexicographical reference that shows inter-relationships among the data.	Un dictionnaire est un ouvrage de référence contenant un ensemble des mots d’une langue ou d’un domaine d’activité généralement présentés par ordre alphabétique et fournissant pour chacun une définition, une explication ou une correspondance (synonyme, antonyme, cooccurrence, traduction, étymologie).	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E3	Electronic Entertainment Expo	E3, also known as the Electronic Entertainment Expo, is a trade event for the video game industry. The Entertainment Software Association (ESA) organizes and presents E3, which many developers, publishers, hardware and accessory manufacturers use to introduce and advertise upcoming games and game-related merchandise to retailers and to members of the press. E3 includes an exhibition floor for developers, publishers, and manufacturers to showcase titles and products for sale in the upcoming year. Before and during the event, publishers and hardware manufacturers usually hold press conferences to announce new games and products.	L’ (en français : « Expo de divertissements électroniques »), plus connu sous le nom de E3 ou E, est l'un des plus grands salons internationaux du jeu vidéo et des loisirs interactifs. À la suite d'une refonte du salon, après l'édition 2006, son nom avait été modifié pour devenir l'E3 Media and Business Summit lors des éditions 2007 et 2008.	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Autonomous communities of Spain	Communautés autonomes d'Espagne	In Spain, an autonomous community () is a first-level political and administrative division, created in accordance with the Spanish constitution of 1978, with the aim of guaranteeing limited autonomy of the nationalities and regions that make up Spain.	Les communautés autonomes (, abrégé en "CC.AA.") sont le premier niveau de subdivision territoriale du royaume d'Espagne. Au nombre de 17, auxquelles il faut ajouter les villes autonomes de Ceuta et Melilla, elles bénéficient toutes d'un régime d'autonomie interne.	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Eraserhead	Eraserhead	Eraserhead is a 1977 American experimental body horror film written, directed, produced, and edited by David Lynch. The film's score and sound design were also created by Lynch, with pieces by a variety of other musicians also featured. Shot in black and white, "Eraserhead" is Lynch's first feature-length effort following several short films. Starring Jack Nance, Charlotte Stewart, Jeanne Bates, Judith Anna Roberts, Laurel Near, and Jack Fisk, it tells the story of a man who is left to care for his grossly deformed child in a desolate industrial landscape.	Eraserhead est un film américain en noir et blanc écrit, réalisé et produit par David Lynch, sorti en 1977. Ce premier long métrage du cinéaste découle d’un scénario de 22 pages qualifié par son auteur d’. Fidèle collaborateur de David Lynch à la suite du film, l’acteur Jack Nance ("Dune, Blue Velvet, Sailor et Lula, Mystères à Twin Peaks, Lost Highway") tient le rôle d’Henry, personnage principal.	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Ancient Egyptian deities	Divinités égyptiennes	Ancient Egyptian deities are the gods and goddesses worshipped in ancient Egypt. The beliefs and rituals surrounding these gods formed the core of ancient Egyptian religion, which emerged sometime in prehistory. Deities represented natural forces and phenomena, and the Egyptians supported and appeased them through offerings and rituals so that these forces would continue to function according to "maat", or divine order. After the founding of the Egyptian state around 3100 BC, the authority to perform these tasks was controlled by the pharaoh, who claimed to be the gods' representative and managed the temples where the rituals were carried out.	Les dieux et déesses de l’Égypte antique représentent une foule considérable de plus d'un millier de puissances surnaturelles ; divinités cosmogoniques, divinités provinciales, divinités locales, divinités funéraires, personnification de phénomènes naturels ou de concepts abstraits, ancêtres déifiés, démons, génies, divinités étrangères importées, etc. Le terme égyptien pour dieu est "netjer" et son plus ancien hiéroglyphe représente vraisemblablement un mat enveloppé de bandelettes de tissu. Pour désigner le concept de la divinité, les glyphes alternatifs sont le faucon sur un perchoir et un personnage accroupi. D'autres termes existent pour désigner une divinité, tel "baou" ou "sekhem" mais leur diffusion a été de moindre importance.	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Douglas MacArthur	Douglas MacArthur	General of the Army Douglas MacArthur (26 January 18805 April 1964) was an American five-star general and Field Marshal of the Philippine Army. He was Chief of Staff of the United States Army during the 1930s and played a prominent role in the Pacific theater during World War II. He received the Medal of Honor for his service in the Philippines campaign, which made him and his father Arthur MacArthur Jr. the first father and son to be awarded the medal. He was one of only five to rise to the rank of General of the Army in the US Army, and the only one conferred the rank of field marshal in the Philippine Army.	Douglas MacArthur, né le à Little Rock en Arkansas et mort le à Washington, DC, est un général américain et "field marshal" philippin. Il fut le chef d'état-major de l'armée américaine durant les années 1930 et joua un rôle prépondérant sur le théâtre Pacifique de la Seconde Guerre mondiale. Il reçut la "Medal of Honor" pour son service durant la campagne des Philippines. Il fait partie des cinq personnes ayant atteint le grade de général de l'Armée dans l'armée américaine et le seul à avoir été "field marshall" de l'armée des Philippines.	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Emperor of Japan	Empereur du Japon	The Emperor of Japan is the head of the Imperial Family and the head of state of Japan. Under the 1947 constitution, he is defined as "the symbol of the State and of the unity of the people." Historically, he is also the highest authority of the Shinto religion. In Japanese, the Emperor is called, literally "heavenly sovereign".	L' est le chef de l'État japonais "de facto". Selon la Constitution promulguée en 1947 lors de l'occupation ayant suivi la Seconde Guerre mondiale, il a en réalité un rôle uniquement symbolique et détient sa fonction du peuple japonais.	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Esperanto	Espéranto	Esperanto () is the most widely spoken constructed international auxiliary language. It was created by Polish ophthalmologist L. L. Zamenhof in 1887. Zamenhof first described the language in "The International Language", which he published in five languages under the pseudonym "Doktoro Esperanto". (This book is often nicknamed in Esperanto as "la Unua Libro" i.e. "The First Book".) The word "esperanto" translates into English as "one who hopes".	L’espéranto est une langue construite internationale utilisée comme langue véhiculaire par des personnes provenant d’au moins 120 pays à travers le monde, y compris comme langue maternelle. N’étant la langue officielle d’aucun État, l'espéranto permet d'établir un pont neutre entre cultures ; certains locuteurs nomment « Espérantie » la zone linguistique formée des lieux géographiques où ils se trouvent. Nécessitant un court apprentissage pour être utilisable, l'espéranto est ainsi présenté comme solution efficace et économiquement équitable au problème de communication entre personnes de langues maternelles différentes.	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Enron	Enron	Enron Corporation was an American energy, commodities, and services company based in Houston, Texas. It was founded in 1985 as a merger between Houston Natural Gas and InterNorth, both relatively small regional companies. Before its bankruptcy on December 3, 2001, Enron employed approximately 29,000 staff and was a major electricity, natural gas, communications and pulp and paper company, with claimed revenues of nearly $101 billion during 2000. "Fortune" named Enron "America's Most Innovative Company" for six consecutive years.	Enron était une entreprise américaine du secteur de l'énergie, qui fut l'une des plus importantes entreprises américaines par sa capitalisation boursière.	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Eukaryote	Eukaryota	Eukaryotes () are organisms whose cells have a nucleus enclosed within membranes, unlike prokaryotes (Bacteria and Archaea), which have no membrane-bound organelles. Eukaryotes belong to the domain Eukaryota or Eukarya. Their name comes from the Greek εὖ ("eu", "well" or "good") and κάρυον ("karyon", "nut" or "kernel"). Eukaryotic cells typically contain other membrane-bound organelles such as mitochondria and the Golgi apparatus, and in addition, some cells of plants and algae contain chloroplasts. Unlike unicellular archaea and bacteria, eukaryotes may also be multicellular and include organisms consisting of many cell types forming different kinds of tissue. Animals and plants are the most familiar eukaryotes.	Les Eucaryotes (Eukaryota) sont un domaine regroupant tous les organismes, unicellulaires ou multicellulaires, qui se caractérisent par la présence d'un noyau et généralement d'organites spécialisés dans la respiration, en particulier mitochondries chez les aérobies mais aussi hydrogénosomes chez certains anaérobies. On le distingue des deux autres domaines que sont les Eubacteria et des Archaea.	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Essive case	Essif	The essive case, or similaris case (abbreviated ) is one example of a grammatical case, an inflectional morphological process by which a form is altered or marked to indicate its grammatical function. The essive case on a noun can express it as a definite period of time during which something happens or during which a continuous action was completed. It can also denote a form as a temporary location, state of being, or character in which the subject was at a given time. The latter meaning is often referred to as the equivalent of the English phrase "as a ___".	En linguistique, l’essif est un cas grammatical exprimant un état ou une qualité. Il peut s'exprimer en français au moyen des locutions comme "en tant que", "en qualité de" ou "comme". Dans d’autres langues - en particulier le finnois et l’estonien -, il s’exprime au moyen d'un suffixe spécifique qui est ajouté au mot de base en finnois, et à la forme du génitif en estonien :	[ 250004, 250054, 360, 21079, 4745, 4, 442, 83, 94419, 390, 154107, 44, 9, 76, 64, 9, 5424, 58, 15, 112, 96819, 98, 70, 2244, 8420, 182, 432, 299, 16, 47, 70, 36418, 111, 70, 110, 309, 5, 36836, 111, 70, 198, 29888, 7225, 100, 48502, 151138, 20028, 4, 13312, 136, 112474, 3229, 9844, 96276, 83, 2843, 173676, 23, 21079, 4745, 5, 360, 21079, 4745, 4, 70, 198, 29888, 7225, 83, 121392, 538, 149133, 64807, 237, 142, 10332, 7001, 45023, 7225, 4, 10, 7225, 450, 4, 23, 3060, 3917, 4, 117414, 7, 5623, 118, 289, 31913, 5, 33306, 4, 23, 70, 13379, 46876, 4, 70, 7225, 1556, 72856, 70, 144732, 111, 6863, 5623, 118, 289, 91084, 5, 581, 7225, 64457, 205794, 8, 157, 1636, 10, 11341, 450, 83, 142458, 53, 707, 23, 92768, 297, 47, 15549, 5, 31384, 188347, 125195, 7, 112033, 73, 70, 198, 29888, 23, 6863, 142, 45964, 7001, 45023, 91084, 4, 49903, 12, 44, 257, 5368, 58, 83, 44, 265, 55462, 740, 4263, 70, 23, 90, 29888, 3542, 11814, 4, 44, 17144, 3031, 93, 830, 442, 2806, 157167, 1495, 70, 103488, 1295, 16454, 70, 15122, 7, 4, 6044, 237, 23, 70, 53133, 707, 23, 70, 80583, 15, 4390, 70, 5368, 194, 14847, 16188, 214, 9844, 450, 53418, 218500, 15549, 117249, 4, 70, 198, 29888, 7225, 831, 17914, 67, 70, 169424, 111, 30700, 117249, 4, 3853, 6626, 11651, 4, 129927, 214, 44, 32554, 7, 740, 9925, 831, 186, 51592, 23, 70, 25632, 27781, 12, 581, 27781, 36917, 58755, 1636, 70, 9433, 390, 3129, 16188, 214, 111, 70, 198, 29888, 7225, 831, 186, 51592, 237, 105233, 6626, 129927, 214, 44, 32554, 7, 58, 12, 1632, 2773, 136, 1632, 6, 163085, 6635, 5, 581, 44, 99736, 6635, 58, 82761, 111, 70, 91084, 22, 40899, 71, 390, 16188, 214, 111, 70, 198, 29888, 7225, 98, 70, 21079, 4745, 2565, 100, 44, 1409, 34, 1212, 58, 15, 11, 2986, 16, 30482, 10, 149067, 19, 17721, 70, 21778, 1399, 4126, 11341, 111, 70, 28368, 4, 237, 111937, 13, 99, 70, 1733, 111, 59038, 4, 136, 70, 8561, 11341, 111, 28368, 4, 237, 959, 111937, 13, 237, 442, 83, 5036, 21778, 1399, 4126, 707, 99, 70, 1733, 111, 70, 3095, 111, 116483, 5, 360, 116342, 19, 4, 442, 83, 94419, 390, 154107, 44, 9, 76, 58, 47, 70, 38240, 4935, 36418, 5, 7880, 214, 111, 70, 7225, 23, 116342, 19, 8, 157, 1636, 70, 177399, 23, 3129, 70, 28368, 27992, 7, 5, 581, 198, 29888, 7225, 83, 11814, 100, 114141, 214, 44, 61340, 7, 111, 8035, 58, 1284, 959, 111, 44, 372, 277, 214, 830, 3129, 83, 64457, 94419, 390, 70, 3900, 143, 4935, 7225, 4, 70, 88, 45023, 7225, 4, 707, 70, 27154, 4935, 7225, 5, 2 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	[ 250008, 357, 147158, 20873, 4, 96, 26, 90, 47022, 437, 51, 4611, 122092, 11, 70760, 93752, 660, 51, 80701, 628, 773, 21164, 5, 891, 4372, 91, 25, 194174, 22, 43054, 531, 60100, 224, 7001, 34, 5256, 3739, 44, 33, 7837, 41, 830, 44, 33, 21164, 8, 58, 628, 44, 277, 282, 740, 12612, 104, 26, 19988, 79897, 7, 20, 22, 46211, 95, 2270, 157, 164, 82, 96, 26, 525, 4370, 33, 20, 4, 211, 91, 26, 3355, 114654, 531, 60100, 104, 25, 309, 133784, 4878, 108290, 569, 437, 183031, 531, 2080, 8, 3647, 22, 2270, 157, 164, 4, 82, 253, 21, 13822, 115, 45447, 93, 7737, 22, 13124, 93, 33, 152, 2 ]	null	null	null	null	null	null
Rocket propellant	Ergol	Rocket propellant is the reaction mass of a rocket. This reaction mass is ejected at the highest achievable velocity from a rocket engine to produce thrust. The energy required can either come from the propellants themselves, as with a chemical rocket, or from an external source, as with ion engines.	Un ergol, dans le domaine de l'astronautique, est une substance homogène employée seule ou en association avec d'autres substances et destinée à fournir de l'énergie. Les ergols sont les produits initiaux, séparés, utilisés dans un système propulsif à réaction. Ils sont constitués d'éléments oxydants (comburant) et réducteurs (carburant ou combustible).	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Spanish language	Espagnol	Spanish (), or Castilian (, ), is a Romance language that originated in the Iberian Peninsula and today is a global language with more than 483 million native speakers, mainly in Spain and the Americas. It is the world's second-most spoken native language, after Mandarin Chinese, and the world's fourth-most spoken language, after English, Mandarin Chinese and Hindi.	L’espagnol (en espagnol '), ou le castillan (en espagnol '), est une langue romane parlée en Espagne et dans de nombreux pays d'Amérique et d'autres territoires dans le monde associés à un moment de leur histoire à l'Empire espagnol.	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Local extinction	Espèce extirpée	Local extinction or extirpation is the condition of a species (or other taxon) that ceases to exist in the chosen geographic area of study, though it still exists elsewhere. Local extinctions are contrasted with global extinctions.	En biologie et écologie, une espèce extirpée est une espèce qui n'existe plus à un endroit ou dans un pays, mais que l'on peut retrouver dans d'autres régions du monde. On parle d'extinction locale.	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Dreamcast	Dreamcast	The is a home video game console released by Sega on November 27, 1998 in Japan, September 9, 1999 in North America, and October 14, 1999 in Europe. It was the first in the sixth generation of video game consoles, preceding Sony's PlayStation 2, Nintendo's GameCube and Microsoft's Xbox. The Dreamcast was Sega's final home console, marking the end of the company's 18 years in the console market.	La est une console de jeux vidéo développée par Sega, et le successeur de la Saturn. Commercialisée dès novembre 1998 au Japon, elle est la première console de sixième génération présente sur le marché, avant ses concurrentes. Son nom est composé des mots'(rêve) et'(de "" : diffuser). Elle a été connue pendant son développement sous les noms "Blackbelt", "Dural" et "Katana".	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Europe	Europe	Europe is a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere. It comprises the westernmost part of Eurasia and is bordered by the Arctic Ocean to the north, the Atlantic Ocean to the west, the Mediterranean Sea to the south, and Asia to the east. Europe is commonly considered to be separated from Asia by the watershed of the Ural Mountains, the Ural River, the Caspian Sea, the Greater Caucasus, the Black Sea, and the waterways of the Turkish Straits. Although much of this border is over land, Europe is generally accorded the status of a full continent because of its great physical size and the weight of history and tradition.	L’Europe est considérée conventionnellement comme un continent, délimité à l’ouest par l’océan Atlantique et la mer de Norvège, et au nord par l’océan Arctique. Sa limite méridionale est marquée par le détroit de Gibraltar qui la sépare de l'Afrique, tandis que les détroits respectivement du Bosphore et des Dardanelles marquent sa frontière avec l'Asie du Sud-Ouest. Sa limite à l'est, fixée par Pierre le Grand aux monts Oural, au fleuve Oural et au Caucase est la limité traditionnellement retenue, mais reste, faute de séparation claire et précise, l'objet de controverses selon lesquelles un certain nombre de pays sont ou ne sont pas à inclure dans le continent européen. Géographiquement, ce peut être considéré aussi comme une partie des supercontinents de l'Eurasie et de l'Afro-Eurasie.	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Set (mathematics)	Ensemble	In mathematics, a set is a well-defined collection of distinct objects, considered as an object in its own right. The arrangement of the objects in the set does not matter. For example, the numbers 2, 4, and 6 are distinct objects when considered separately, but when they are considered collectively they form a single set of size three, written as, which could also be written as.	En mathématiques, un ensemble désigne "intuitivement" une collection d’objets (les éléments de l'ensemble), « une multitude qui peut être comprise comme un tout » (au sens d"'omnis").	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Euro	Euro	The euro (sign: €; code: EUR) is the official currency of 19 of the member states of the European Union. This group of states is known as the eurozone or euro area, and counts about 343 million citizens. The euro, which is divided into 100 cents, is the second-largest and second-most traded currency in the foreign exchange market after the United States dollar.	L'euro (€) est la monnaie unique de l'union économique et monétaire, formée au sein de l'Union européenne ; elle est commune à dix-neuf États membres de l'Union européenne qui forment ainsi la zone euro.	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Estonian language	Estonien	Estonian ( ) is a Uralic language of the Finnic branch spoken in Estonia. It is the official language of Estonia, spoken natively by about 1.1 million people; 922,000 people in Estonia and 160,000 outside Estonia. It is a Southern Finnic language and is the second-most-spoken language among all the Finnic languages.	L’estonien est une langue appartenant à la branche fennique de la famille des langues ouraliennes. Il est étroitement apparenté au finnois et plus lointainement au hongrois. Il est parlé par environ, dont la très grande majorité () habite en Estonie.	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Émile Benveniste	Émile Benveniste	Émile Benveniste (; 27 May 1902 – 3 October 1976) was a French structural linguist and semiotician. He is best known for his work on Indo-European languages and his critical reformulation of the linguistic paradigm established by Ferdinand de Saussure.	Émile Benveniste (prononciation : /bɛ̃venist/) est un linguiste français né à Alep (Syrie) le, et mort à Versailles le. Né Ezra Benveniste, il a été naturalisé français en 1924. Il s'est illustré par ses travaux tant dans le domaine de la grammaire comparée des langues indo-européennes que dans celui de la linguistique générale.	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Sustainable development	Développement durable	Sustainable development is the organizing principle for meeting human development goals while simultaneously sustaining the ability of natural systems to provide the natural resources and ecosystem services on which the economy and society depends. The desired result is a state of society where living conditions and resources are used to continue to meet human needs without undermining the integrity and stability of the natural system. Sustainable development can be defined as development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. While the modern concept of sustainable development is derived mostly from the 1987 Brundtland Report, it is also rooted in earlier ideas about sustainable forest management and twentieth-century environmental concerns. As the concept developed, it has shifted its focus more towards the economic development, social development and environmental protection for future generations. It has been suggested that "the term'sustainability' should be viewed as humanity's target goal of human-ecosystem equilibrium, while'sustainable development' refers to the holistic approach and temporal processes that lead us to the end point of sustainability". Modern economies are endeavoring to reconcile ambitious economic development and obligations of preserving natural resources and ecosystems, as the two are usually seen as of conflicting nature. Instead of holding climate change commitments and other sustainability measures as a remedy to economic development, turning and leveraging them into market opportunities will do greater good. The economic development brought by such organized principles and practices in an economy is called Managed Sustainable Development (MSD).	Le développement durable (, parfois traduit par "développement soutenable") est une conception de la croissance économique qui s'inscrit dans une perspective de long terme et qui intègre les contraintes liées à l'environnement et au fonctionnement de la société. Selon la définition donnée dans le rapport de la Commission mondiale sur l'environnement et le développement de l'Organisation des Nations unies, dit rapport Brundtland, où cette expression est apparue pour la première fois en 1987,.	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Musical ensemble	Ensemble musical	A musical ensemble, also known as a music group or musical group, is a group of people who perform instrumental or vocal music, with the ensemble typically known by a distinct name. Some music ensembles consist solely of instruments, such as the jazz quartet or the orchestra. Some music ensembles consist solely of singers, such as choirs and doo wop groups. In both popular music and classical music, there are ensembles in which both instrumentalists and singers perform, such as the rock band or the Baroque chamber group for basso continuo (harpsichord and cello) and one or more singers. In classical music, trios or quartets either blend the sounds of musical instrument families (such as piano, strings, and wind instruments) or group together instruments from the same instrument family, such as string ensembles (e.g., string quartet) or wind ensembles (e.g., wind quintet). Some ensembles blend the sounds of a variety of instrument families, such as the orchestra, which uses a string section, brass instruments, woodwinds and percussion instruments, or the concert band, which uses brass, woodwinds and percussion.	Un ensemble musical est un groupe de musiciens habitués à pratiquer ensemble, en amateur ou professionnellement. Par exemple, en musique classique, un quatuor à cordes constitue un « ensemble de solistes » — comprenant les premier et deuxième violons, l'alto et le violoncelle — tandis qu'une chorale à quatre voix constitue un « ensemble de pupitres » — comprenant le pupitre des sopranos, celui des altos, celui des ténors et celui des basses.	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Endangered species	Espèce en danger	An endangered species is a species that is very likely to become extinct in the near future, either worldwide or in a particular political jurisdiction. Endangered species may be at risk due to factors such as habitat loss, poaching and invasive species. The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List lists the global conservation status of many species, and various other agencies assess the status of species within particular areas. Many nations have laws that protect conservation-reliant species which, for example, forbid hunting, restrict land development, or create protected areas. Some endangered species are the target of extensive conservation efforts such as captive breeding and habitat restoration.	En biologie et écologie, l'expression « espèce en danger » s'applique à toute espèce risquant de disparaître à court ou moyen terme. Selon le congrès mondial de l'UICN de septembre 2016,, ce qu'un article du 10 août, dans la revue "Nature" traduit sous le titre « Les ravages des fusils, des filets et des bulldozers » aussi qualifiés de grands tueurs parmi les facteurs de régression de animales et végétales évaluées et classées en 2016 comme menacées ou quasi menacées de disparition sur la liste rouge de l'UICN.	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Vector space	Espace vectoriel	A vector space (also called a linear space) is a collection of objects called vectors, which may be added together and multiplied ("scaled") by numbers, called "scalars". Scalars are often taken to be real numbers, but there are also vector spaces with scalar multiplication by complex numbers, rational numbers, or generally any field. The operations of vector addition and scalar multiplication must satisfy certain requirements, called "axioms", listed below, in. For specifying that the scalars are real or complex numbers, the terms real vector space and complex vector space are often used.	En mathématiques, plus précisément en algèbre linéaire, un espace vectoriel est un ensemble d'objets, appelés vecteurs, que l'on peut additionner entre eux, et que l'on peut multiplier par un scalaire (pour les étirer ou les rétrécir). En d'autres termes, c'est un ensemble muni d'une structure permettant d'effectuer des combinaisons linéaires. Les scalaires sont généralement des nombres réels ou des nombres complexes, ou alors pris dans n'importe quel corps.	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Edgar Rice Burroughs	Edgar Rice Burroughs	Edgar Rice Burroughs (September 1, 1875 – March 19, 1950) was an American speculative fiction writer, best known for his prolific output in the adventure, science fiction and fantasy genres. Among his most well-known creations include Tarzan of the Apes, Lord of the Jungle, John Carter of Mars and Carson Napier of Venus.	Edgar Rice Burroughs, né à Chicago le et mort à Los Angeles le, est un romancier américain, créateur de "Tarzan", l'homme-singe, l'un des personnages de fiction les plus connus au monde et de "John Carter", l'un des premiers héros de science fiction. Il est également l'auteur de plusieurs séries de science-fiction et de romans policiers.	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Placentalia	Placentalia	Placentalia is one of the three extant subdivisions of the class of animals Mammalia; the other two are Monotremata and Marsupialia. The placentals are partly distinguished from other mammals in that the fetus is carried in the uterus of its mother to a relatively late stage of development. The name is something of a misnomer considering that marsupials also nourish their fetuses via a placenta, though for a relatively briefer period, giving birth to less developed young who are then kept for a period in the mother's pouch.	Les placentaires (Placentalia) forment une infra-classe très diversifiée de mammifères thériens caractérisés par le fait qu'ils accouchent des juvéniles par contraste avec les marsupiaux qui accouchent de larves ou les monotrèmes qui pondent des œufs. Cela est rendu possible par la présence d'un placenta, plus développé et plus complexe que chez les marsupiaux, ce qui leur a donné leur nom. Leur apparition remonterait à environ 150 millions d'années d'après l'horloge moléculaire.	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Ethernet	Ethernet	Ethernet () is a family of computer networking technologies commonly used in local area networks (LAN), metropolitan area networks (MAN) and wide area networks (WAN). It was commercially introduced in 1980 and first standardized in 1983 as IEEE 802.3. Ethernet has since retained a good deal of backward compatibility and has been refined to support higher bit rates, a greater number of nodes, and longer link distances. Over time, Ethernet has largely replaced competing wired LAN technologies such as Token Ring, FDDI and ARCNET.	Ethernet est un protocole de réseau local à commutation de paquets. C'est une norme internationale : "ISO/IEC 802-3". Depuis les années 1990, on utilise très fréquemment Ethernet sur paires torsadées pour la connexion des postes clients, et des versions sur fibre optique pour le cœur du réseau. Cette configuration a largement supplanté d'autres standards comme le, FDDI et ARCNET. Depuis quelques années, les variantes sans fil d'Ethernet (normes IEEE 802.11, dites « Wi-Fi ») ont connu un fort succès, aussi bien pour les installations personnelles que professionnelles.	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GNU Emacs	GNU Emacs	GNU Emacs is free and open source text editor. It was created by GNU Project founder Richard Stallman. In common with other varieties of Emacs, GNU Emacs is extensible using a Turing complete programming language. GNU Emacs has been called "the most powerful text editor available today". With proper support from the underlying system, GNU Emacs is able to display files in multiple character sets, and has been able to simultaneously display most human languages since at least 1999. Throughout its history, GNU Emacs has been a central component of the GNU project, and a flagship of the free software movement. GNU Emacs is sometimes abbreviated as GNUMACS, especially to differentiate it from other EMACS variants. The tag line for GNU Emacs is "the extensible self-documenting text editor".	GNU Emacs est l’une des deux versions les plus populaires de l’éditeur de texte Emacs (l’autre version est XEmacs). Ces deux versions sont majoritairement compatibles et ont de très nombreux points communs, décrits dans l’article Emacs.	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Enki Bilal	Enki Bilal	Enki Bilal (born Enis Bilalović;, ; born October 7, 1951) is a French comic book creator, comics artist and film director.	Enes Bilal, dit Enki Bilal, est auteur de bande dessinée et réalisateur français, né le à Belgrade en Yougoslavie (actuellement en Serbie).	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Greenhouse effect	Effet de serre	The greenhouse effect is the process by which radiation from a planet's atmosphere warms the planet's surface to a temperature above what it would be without this atmosphere.	L’effet de serre est un processus naturel résultant de l’influence de l'atmosphère sur les différents flux thermiques contribuant aux températures au sol d'une planète. La prise en compte de ce mécanisme est nécessaire pour expliquer les températures observées à la surface de la Terre et de Vénus. Dans le système solaire, l'essentiel de l'énergie thermique reçue par une planète provient du rayonnement solaire et, en l’absence d'atmosphère, une planète rayonne idéalement comme un corps noir, l'atmosphère d'une planète absorbe et réfléchit une partie de ces rayonnements modifiant ainsi l'équilibre thermique. Ainsi l'atmosphère isole la Terre du vide spatial comme une serre isole les plantes de l'air extérieur.	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Regular expression	Expression régulière	A regular expression (shortened as regex or regexp; also referred to as rational expression) is a sequence of characters that define a "search pattern". Usually such patterns are used by string searching algorithms for "find" or "find and replace" operations on strings, or for input validation. It is a technique developed in theoretical computer science and formal language theory.	En informatique, une expression régulière ou expression rationnelle ou expression normale ou motif, est une chaîne de caractères, qui décrit, selon une syntaxe précise, un ensemble de chaînes de caractères possibles. Les expressions régulières sont également appelées regex (un mot-valise formé depuis l'anglais ""). Les expressions rationnelles sont issues des théories mathématiques des langages formels des années 1940. Leur capacité à décrire avec concision des "ensembles réguliers" explique qu’elles se retrouvent dans plusieurs domaines scientifiques dans les années d’après-guerre et justifie leur adoption en informatique. Les expressions régulières sont aujourd’hui utilisées pour programmer des logiciels avec des fonctionnalités de lecture, de contrôle, de modification, et d'analyse de textes ainsi que dans la manipulation des langues formelles que sont les langages informatiques.	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Examples of differential equations	Exemples d'équations différentielles	Differential equations arise in many problems in physics, engineering, and other sciences. The following examples show how to solve differential equations in a few simple cases when an exact solution exists.	Cet article présente quelques exemples d'équations différentielles. Les équations différentielles sont utilisées pour résoudre des problèmes en physique, en ingénierie et dans plusieurs autres sciences.	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Species	Espèce	In biology, a species () is the basic unit of classification and a taxonomic rank of an organism, as well as a unit of biodiversity. A species is often defined as the largest group of organisms in which any two individuals of the appropriate sexes or mating types can produce fertile offspring, typically by sexual reproduction. Other ways of defining species include their karyotype, DNA sequence, morphology, behaviour or ecological niche. In addition, paleontologists use the concept of the chronospecies since fossil reproduction cannot be examined. The total number of species is estimated to be between 8 and 8.7 million. However the vast majority of them are not studied or documented and it may take over 1000 years to fully catalogue them all.	Dans les sciences du vivant, l’espèce (du latin "", « type » ou « apparence ») est le taxon de base de la systématique. Il existe plus d'une vingtaine de définitions de l'espèce dans la littérature scientifique. La définition la plus communément admise est celle du concept biologique énoncé par Ernst Mayr en 1942 : une espèce est une population ou un ensemble de populations dont les individus peuvent effectivement ou potentiellement se reproduire entre eux et engendrer une descendance viable et féconde, dans des conditions naturelles. Ainsi, l'espèce est la plus grande unité de population au sein de laquelle le flux génétique est possible et les individus d'une même espèce sont donc génétiquement isolés d'autres ensembles équivalents du point de vue reproductif.	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Estonia	Estonie	Estonia ( ), officially the Republic of Estonia (), is a country on the eastern coast of the Baltic Sea in Northern Europe. It is bordered to the north by the Gulf of Finland across from Finland, to the west by the Baltic Sea across from Sweden, to the south by Latvia (343 km), and to the east by Lake Peipus and Russia (338.6 km). The territory of Estonia consists of the mainland and of 2,222 islands in the Baltic Sea, covering a total area of, water, land area, and is influenced by a humid continental climate. The official language of the country, Estonian, is the second-most-spoken Finnic language.	L'Estonie, en forme longue la République d'Estonie ( et ), est un pays d'Europe du Nord. Le pays partage ses frontières avec la Russie sur son flanc est et avec la Lettonie au sud. La mer Baltique s'ouvre à l'ouest, tandis que le golfe de Finlande, où se trouve la capitale Tallinn, constitue une délimitation naturelle au nord avec la Finlande. L'Estonie est traditionnellement regroupée avec ses voisins méridionaux, la Lettonie et la Lituanie, dans un ensemble géopolitique nommé pays baltes. Néanmoins, depuis l'indépendance de l'Union soviétique en 1991, le pays cherche à être reconnu comme un pays nordique proche de la Finlande, avec lequel sa population partage une grande partie de ses racines et sa culture.	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Edgar Allan Poe	Edgar Allan Poe	Edgar Allan Poe (; born Edgar Poe; January 19, 1809 – October 7, 1849) was an American writer, poet, editor, and literary critic. Poe is best known for his poetry and short stories, particularly his tales of mystery and the macabre. He is widely regarded as a central figure of Romanticism in the United States and of American literature as a whole, and he was one of the country's earliest practitioners of the short story. He is also generally considered the inventor of the detective fiction genre and is further credited with contributing to the emerging genre of science fiction. Poe was the first well-known American writer to earn a living through writing alone, resulting in a financially difficult life and career.	Edgar Allan Poe, né le à Boston et mort à Baltimore le, est un poète, romancier, nouvelliste, critique littéraire, dramaturge et éditeur américain, ainsi que l'une des principales figures du romantisme américain. Connu surtout pour ses contes il a donné à la nouvelle ses lettres de noblesse et est considéré comme l’inventeur du roman policier. Nombre de ses récits préfigurent les genres de la science-fiction et du fantastique.	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Natural environment	Environnement	The natural environment encompasses all living and non-living things occurring naturally, meaning in this case not artificial. The term is most often applied to the Earth or some parts of Earth. This environment encompasses the interaction of all living species, climate, weather and natural resources that affect human survival and economic activity. The concept of the "natural environment" can be distinguished as components:	L'environnement est « l'ensemble des éléments (biotiques ou abiotiques) qui entourent un individu ou une espèce et dont certains contribuent directement à subvenir à ses besoins », ou encore comme « l'ensemble des conditions naturelles (physiques, chimiques, biologiques) et culturelles (sociologiques) susceptibles d’agir sur les organismes vivants et les activités humaines ».	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Far-right politics	Extrême droite	Far-right politics, also referred to as the extreme right or right-wing extremism, are politics further on the right of the left–right political spectrum than the standard political right, particularly in terms of extreme nationalism, nativist ideologies and authoritarian tendencies.	Le terme extrême droite est employé pour classer des mouvements, des organisations et des partis politiques historiquement disposés à l'extrême droite des hémicycles parlementaires. La question de sa délimitation suscite le débat, surtout celle de ses « invariants », mais plusieurs usages en sont distingués.	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Émile Durkheim	Émile Durkheim	David Émile Durkheim ( ; 15 April 1858 – 15 November 1917) was a French sociologist. He formally established the academic discipline of sociology and—with Karl Marx and Max Weber —is commonly cited as the principal architect of modern social science.	David Émile Durkheim, né le à Épinal et mort le à Paris, est un sociologue français considéré comme l'un des fondateurs de la sociologie moderne.	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Fiji	Fidji	Fiji ( ; ; Fiji Hindi: फ़िजी, "Fijī"), officially the Republic of Fiji, is an island country in Melanesia, part of Oceania in the South Pacific Ocean about northeast of New Zealand's North Island. Its closest neighbours are Vanuatu to the west, New Caledonia to the southwest, New Zealand's Kermadec Islands to the southeast, Tonga to the east, the Samoas and France's Wallis and Futuna to the northeast, and Tuvalu to the north. Fiji consists of an archipelago of more than 330 islands—of which about 110 are permanently inhabited—and more than 500 islets, amounting to a total land area of about. The most outlying island is Ono-i-Lau. The two major islands, Viti Levu and Vanua Levu, account for 87% of the total population of. The capital, Suva, on Viti Levu, serves as the country's principal cruise-ship port. About three-quarters of Fijians live on Viti Levu's coasts, either in Suva or in smaller urban centres such as Nadi—where tourism is the major local industry—or Lautoka, where the sugar-cane industry is paramount. Due to its terrain, the interior of Viti Levu is sparsely inhabited.	Les Fidji ou les îles Fidji, en forme longue la république des Fidji (en fidjien et, en anglais et, en hindi des Fidji, et, ), est un pays d'Océanie situé dans l'Ouest de l'océan Pacifique sud. L'archipel, qui fait partie de la Mélanésie, se trouve à à l'ouest-nord-ouest des Tonga, à au sud-ouest de Wallis-et-Futuna et à au sud des Tuvalu.	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Flail (weapon)	Fléau d'armes	A flail is a weapon consisting of a striking head attached to a handle by a flexible rope, strap, or chain. The chief tactical virtue of the flail was its capacity to strike around a defender's shield or parry. Its chief liability was a lack of precision and the difficulty of using it in close combat, or closely ranked formations.	Le fléau d'armes est une arme blanche contondante utilisée au Moyen Âge européen. Bien qu'il désigne un objet bien spécifique, de nombreuses inexactitudes qui se sont perpétuées au fil du temps ont conduit à une confusion avec des armes proches.	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Fortran	Fortran	Fortran (; formerly FORTRAN, derived from "Formula Translation") is a general-purpose, compiled imperative programming language that is especially suited to numeric computation and scientific computing.	Fortran ("") est un langage de programmation utilisé principalement pour le calcul scientifique. Inventé en 1954, c'est le plus ancien langage de programmation de haut niveau, suivi notamment par Lisp (1958), Algol (1958) et COBOL (1959). Le nombre de bibliothèques scientifiques écrites en Fortran et les efforts continus consacrés aux compilateurs pour exploiter au fil des décennies les nouvelles possibilités des calculateurs (vectorisation, coprocesseurs, parallélisme) ont maintenu l'usage de ce langage, non sans d'importantes évolutions.	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Domestication	Domestication	Domestication is a sustained multi-generational relationship in which one group of organisms assumes a significant degree of influence over the reproduction and care of another group to secure a more predictable supply of resources from that second group.	La domestication d'une espèce, animale ou végétale, est l'acquisition, la perte ou le développement de caractères morphologiques, physiologiques ou comportementaux nouveaux et héréditaires, résultant d’une interaction prolongée, d'un contrôle voire d'une sélection délibérée de la part des communautés humaines. Elle se traduit par une modification plus ou moins profonde du patrimoine génétique de l'espèce, voire la formation d'une espèce génétiquement disjointe (non interféconde avec l'espèce originelle).	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Internet service provider	Fournisseur d'accès à Internet	An Internet service provider (ISP) is an organization that provides services for accessing, using, or participating in the Internet. Internet service providers can be organized in various forms, such as commercial, community-owned, non-profit, or otherwise privately owned.	Un fournisseur d'accès à Internet ou FAI (aussi appelé fournisseur de service Internet ou FSI) est un organisme (généralement une entreprise mais parfois aussi une association) offrant une connexion à Internet, le réseau informatique mondial.	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Finland	Finlande	Finland ( ;, ), officially the Republic of Finland (, ), is a country located in the Nordic region of Europe. Bounded by the Baltic Sea to its southwest, the Gulf of Bothnia on the west, and the Gulf of Finland on the south, it shares land borders with Sweden to the west, Russia to the east, and Norway to the north. Helsinki, the capital of Finland, and Tampere are largest cities and urban areas in the whole country.	La Finlande ( ; ), en forme longue la république de Finlande ( ; ), est un pays d'Europe du Nord, membre de l'Union européenne depuis 1995.	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Ferdinand de Saussure	Ferdinand de Saussure	Ferdinand de Saussure (; ; 26 November 1857 – 22 February 1913) was a Swiss linguist and semiotician. His ideas laid a foundation for many significant developments in both linguistics and semiology in the 20th century. He is widely considered one of the founders of 20th-century linguistics and one of two major founders (together with Charles Sanders Peirce) of semiotics/semiology.	Ferdinand de Saussure, né à Genève le et mort à Vufflens-le-Château le, est un linguiste suisse. Reconnu comme le précurseur du structuralisme en linguistique, il s'est aussi distingué par ses travaux sur les langues indo-européennes.	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Franche-Comté	Franche-Comté	Franche-Comté (,, ; Frainc-Comtou: "Fraintche-Comtè"; ; ; ; all ) is a cultural and historical region of eastern France. It is composed of the modern departments of Doubs, Jura, Haute-Saône and the Territoire de Belfort. In 2016, its population was 1,180,397.	La Franche-Comté ( ) est une région culturelle et historique de l'Est de la France métropolitaine qui correspond approximativement à l'ancien comté de Bourgogne (aussi appelée "Franche Comté de Bourgogne"). Elle est appelée "Fraintche-Comtè" en franc-comtois et "Franche-Comtât" en arpitan, les deux langues comtoises traditionnelles.	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Federal Bureau of Investigation	Federal Bureau of Investigation	The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) is the domestic intelligence and security service of the United States and its principal federal law enforcement agency. Operating under the jurisdiction of the United States Department of Justice, the FBI is also a member of the U.S. Intelligence Community and reports to both the Attorney General and the Director of National Intelligence. A leading U.S. counter-terrorism, counterintelligence, and criminal investigative organization, the FBI has jurisdiction over violations of more than 200 categories of federal crimes.	Le'(qui est littéralement traduit par « Bureau fédéral d'enquête »), ou très couramment nommé par son sigle'() est, aux États-Unis, le principal service fédéral de et un service de renseignement intérieur. En 2010, la juridiction du FBI recouvre plus de deux cents catégories de crimes fédéraux, faisant du FBI l'organisme d'enquête majeur du gouvernement américain. Ses attributions incluent l'antiterrorisme, le contre-espionnage, le crime informatique et la médecine légale. Établi en 1908, comme (, littéralement « Bureau d'enquête »), ce service est rebaptisé en 1935. Son siège est situé à Washington, et ses bureaux sont disséminés dans plus de quatre cents villes américaines, et cinquante ambassades dans le monde.	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Felidae	Felidae	Felidae is a family of mammals in the order Carnivora, colloquially referred to as cats, and constitutes a clade. A member of this family is also called a felid. The term "cat" refers both to felids in general and specifically to the domestic cat ("Felis catus").	Les Félidés (Felidae) ou Félins sont une famille de mammifères placentaires de l'ordre des carnivores et du sous-ordre des féliformes. Si on exclut le taxon fossile des Proailurinae, qui ne possède qu'un seul et unique genre connu, on y distingue trois sous-familles : les « petits félins » (Felinae), les « grands félins » (Pantherinae) et les félins dit « à dents de sabre » (Machairodontinae), aujourd'hui éteints. Parmi leurs traits caractéristiques figurent leur tête ronde au crâne raccourci, leur mâchoire dotée d’environ trente dents, et leurs griffes rétractiles, exception faite du chat viverrin et du chat à tête plate (semi-rétractiles) et du guépard (non rétractiles). Les félins sont digitigrades, c’est-à-dire qu’ils marchent en appuyant sur leurs doigts (la plante du pied ne se pose pas sur le sol).	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2002 Cannes Film Festival	Festival de Cannes 2002	The 55th Cannes Film Festival started on 15 May and ran until 26 May 2002. The Palme d'Or went to the Polish-French-German-British co-produced film "The Pianist" directed by Roman Polanski.	La du Festival de Cannes a lieu du 15 au. La maîtresse de cérémonie est l'actrice française Virginie Ledoyen.	[ 250004, 250054, 581, 25632, 3395, 3542, 6, 140545, 297, 237, 70, 29629, 53, 100, 70, 60213, 54180, 111, 70, 5726, 90512, 51620, 1830, 12, 581, 25632, 3395, 3542, 6, 140545, 297, 237, 70, 29629, 53, 111, 70, 5726, 992, 8759, 25500, 180358, 12, 581, 25632, 3395, 3542, 6, 140545, 297, 237, 70, 29629, 53, 111, 70, 2079, 733, 21673, 2320, 136, 16610, 54180, 130412, 12, 581, 25632, 3395, 3542, 6, 140545, 297, 237, 70, 29629, 53, 111, 70, 5726, 44813, 104, 25, 19060, 12, 581, 25632, 60213, 54180, 98438, 71, 100, 70, 39287, 13, 104, 25, 19060, 12, 581, 25632, 54180, 3542, 133291, 100, 70, 130412, 111, 992, 8759, 25500, 180358, 12, 581, 25632, 54180, 3542, 133291, 47, 186, 49119, 297, 1810, 111, 130412, 12, 581, 25632, 16610, 54180, 3542, 133291, 100, 70, 130412, 111, 2079, 733, 21673, 2320, 12, 581, 25632, 16610, 54180, 98438, 71, 100, 70, 82990, 3847, 39287, 13, 104, 25, 19060, 12, 581, 25632, 54180, 3542, 49119, 297, 100, 70, 6478, 271, 8357, 180423, 7, 25, 58417, 15, 8894, 13, 10232, 16182, 8, 21, 26315, 20873, 2077, 106594, 1346, 130412, 82990, 1346, 130412, 25132, 180975, 7, 581, 25632, 54180, 3542, 49119, 297, 100, 70, 5726, 31068, 7, 25, 19953, 54350, 15, 96010, 8433, 1212, 224, 18436, 11, 39998, 16034, 2077, 581, 25632, 54180, 136, 3395, 75204, 70, 5726, 90512, 132216, 70318, 7, 12, 992, 8759, 25500, 180358, 2079, 733, 21673, 2320, 43114, 44813, 82990, 3847, 7, 581, 33428, 141, 113501, 3847, 8129, 509, 47, 765, 2809, 34658, 23, 34578, 4, 1284, 509, 53017, 6259, 390, 70, 1810, 70751, 111, 70, 77648, 6661, 5550, 5, 581, 5808, 1314, 111, 70, 5726, 8395, 6, 93457, 71, 10, 115944, 111, 37195, 43032, 4, 26719, 622, 720, 18860, 7, 66965, 136, 74279, 144898, 11, 4, 47, 39544, 59671, 111, 70, 77488, 76456, 66139, 3129, 1902, 2809, 30957, 297, 23, 70, 34578, 130412, 4, 24, 110987, 12, 44, 144890, 1272, 13, 4, 8414, 5, 121219, 7, 830, 44, 2729, 47901, 115, 10761, 830, 44, 5267, 694, 23, 24531, 830, 44, 3957, 65056, 4221, 10519, 1314, 830, 44, 3957, 221479, 111, 62468, 830, 44, 147547, 109727, 830, 136, 44, 12647, 4240, 236, 740, 44, 147547, 109727, 58, 509, 24036, 16711, 4935, 538, 43374, 71, 70, 159690, 111, 70, 34578, 39287, 13, 104, 25, 19060, 5, 32983, 108057, 17304, 2319, 13105, 241, 10591, 33, 21533, 29629, 53, 60992, 111, 70, 116233, 54530, 23, 70, 123789, 111, 8357, 180423, 7, 25, 58417, 54530, 23, 70, 123789, 111, 31068, 7, 25, 19953, 54350, 56187, 87696, 115065, 56645, 1606, 2 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	[ 250008, 239, 115, 8129, 8, 113501, 10, 23414, 115, 423, 531, 5, 239, 166905, 2619, 8, 238886, 437, 96, 25, 2263, 19077, 72358, 89253, 478, 636, 246, 12222, 5, 2 ]	null	null	null	null	null	null
François Bayrou	François Bayrou	François Bayrou (, born 25 May 1951) is a French centrist politician and the president of the Democratic Movement (MoDem), who was a candidate in the 2002, 2007 and 2012 French presidential elections.	François Bayrou ( ), né le à Bordères (Basses-Pyrénées), est un essayiste et homme politique français. Ministre de l'Éducation nationale sous trois gouvernements de droite de 1993 à 1997, il est également député des Pyrénées-Atlantiques entre 1986 et 2012, président du conseil général des Pyrénées-Atlantiques de 1992 à 2001, député européen de 1999 à 2002 et maire de Pau depuis 2014.	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Frank Herbert	Frank Herbert	Franklin Patrick Herbert Jr. (October 8, 1920 – February 11, 1986) was an American science-fiction author best known for the 1965 novel "Dune" and its five sequels. Though he became famous for his novels, he also wrote short stories and worked as a newspaper journalist, photographer, book reviewer, ecological consultant, and lecturer.	Frank Herbert, né Frank Patrick Herbert, Jr. le à Tacoma dans l'État de Washington et mort le à Madison dans le Wisconsin, est un écrivain américain, auteur de romans de science-fiction.	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Ford Motor Company	Ford	Ford Motor Company, commonly known as Ford, is an American multinational automaker that has its main headquarters in Dearborn, Michigan, a suburb of Detroit. It was founded by Henry Ford and incorporated on June 16, 1903. The company sells automobiles and commercial vehicles under the Ford brand, and most luxury cars under the Lincoln brand. Ford also owns Brazilian SUV manufacturer Troller, an 8% stake in Aston Martin of the United Kingdom and a 32% stake in Jiangling Motors. It also has joint-ventures in China (Changan Ford), Taiwan (Ford Lio Ho), Thailand (AutoAlliance Thailand), Turkey (Ford Otosan), and Russia (Ford Sollers). The company is listed on the New York Stock Exchange and is controlled by the Ford family; they have minority ownership but the majority of the voting power.	Ford (officiellement Ford Motor Company ou FMC) est un constructeur automobile américain, basé à Dearborn, une banlieue de la ville de Détroit, dans le Michigan.	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Frans Eemil Sillanpää	Frans Emil Sillanpää	Frans Eemil Sillanpää () (16 September 1888 – 3 June 1964) was one of the most famous Finnish writers and in 1939 became the first Finnish writer to be awarded the Nobel Prize for literature "for his deep understanding of his country's peasantry and the exquisite art with which he has portrayed their way of life and their relationship with Nature".	Frans Emil Sillanpää (né le à Hämeenkyrö, Finlande - mort le à Helsinki) est un écrivain finlandais, romancier et nouvelliste, adepte du néo-réalisme psychologique. Ses principaux romans, "Sainte Misère" (1919) et "Silja ou Une brève destinée (1931)", évoquent la guerre civile finlandaise.	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Public holidays in Japan	Fêtes et jours fériés au Japon	Prior to Japan's adoption of the Gregorian calendar in 1873, the dates of holidays were based on the traditional Chinese lunisolar calendar. Thus, New Year's Day, for example, was celebrated at the beginning of spring, as it is in modern China, Korea, and Vietnam. Japan has 16 national, government-recognized holidays.	Le Japon est un des pays au monde à posséder le plus de fêtes (') et de jours fériés (). Ils proviennent pour la plupart des rites des deux grandes croyances japonaises que sont le shintoïsme et le bouddhisme au Japon.	[ 250004, 250054, 581, 15889, 65006, 7, 23, 780, 1104, 151159, 3542, 237, 28960, 7, 5, 360, 66044, 47, 70, 77253, 65006, 7, 145870, 36917, 4, 24233, 47353, 111, 204657, 707, 931, 474, 592, 62548, 47, 70, 109343, 14449, 621, 2843, 191607, 237, 15889, 65006, 7, 23, 70, 6602, 23, 3129, 1836, 74918, 5, 8622, 765, 2809, 37195, 110527, 7, 111, 6044, 65006, 7, 16792, 70, 39864, 1363, 111, 70, 16934, 62827, 36293, 12, 67053, 214, 23, 88922, 15758, 29479, 297, 70, 32506, 68318, 12353, 4, 3129, 109133, 10, 14012, 111, 15889, 65006, 7, 47, 68318, 23, 12989, 47, 113054, 10, 4989, 14000, 5, 360, 65942, 70, 23295, 49814, 7525, 69376, 634, 10013, 4, 10, 3525, 15889, 65006, 4, 23, 3687, 111, 15497, 26976, 10013, 98, 7071, 30777, 136, 47, 25813, 15497, 26976, 10013, 47, 4347, 1398, 32255, 65572, 34739, 21543, 23, 25499, 360, 27580, 70, 13038, 111, 70615, 1484, 7, 68872, 47, 15190, 47, 70, 148926, 87939, 98, 8055, 534, 4, 7103, 120806, 214, 390, 70, 148926, 165548, 13, 7687, 5, 1650, 83, 179140, 47, 60754, 13, 678, 70, 10529, 8129, 166021, 1733, 4, 68772, 148926, 3395, 142, 54591, 47, 77947, 15758, 25, 7, 101120, 7, 5, 1301, 5361, 70767, 100, 70, 11075, 79428, 152150, 7, 4, 70, 11075, 112474, 100, 82485, 10013, 4, 39170, 10013, 4, 136, 71175, 10013, 3542, 109133, 47, 20414, 24645, 20414, 744, 4, 136, 8055, 209, 107013, 538, 5, 17106, 70, 152150, 7, 136, 1720, 538, 11368, 4439, 1305, 5416, 297, 24189, 64371, 4743, 47, 70, 8244, 74116, 8363, 115203, 21068, 4, 70, 27759, 11341, 71, 98, 7071, 106, 4, 11075, 450, 442, 2806, 31358, 903, 15549, 23, 3687, 100, 11075, 136, 137447, 142, 10, 25965, 674, 47, 70, 152150, 136, 1720, 538, 39, 18695, 25132, 1215, 162, 30891, 25515, 47, 3249, 10, 42518, 214, 15549, 47, 70, 65006, 23, 64371, 5, 2 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	[ 250008, 636, 26962, 437, 51, 224, 19859, 531, 11146, 253, 160, 48326, 820, 95, 1001, 8, 68120, 7, 15, 25, 16, 82, 8, 16183, 116826, 14, 2246, 15, 194, 42187, 502, 89663, 578, 21, 93877, 224, 12296, 90, 224, 7821, 9255, 13081, 53, 60502, 33050, 1606, 90, 41, 2045, 95, 100484, 188, 9392, 12746, 82, 95, 337, 1674, 5471, 5071, 531, 26962, 5, 2 ]	null	null	null	null	null	null
Potassium ferricyanide	Ferricyanure de potassium	Potassium ferricyanide is the chemical compound with the formula K[Fe(CN)]. This bright red salt contains the octahedrally coordinated [Fe(CN)] ion. It is soluble in water and its solution shows some green-yellow fluorescence. It was discovered in 1822 by Leopold Gmelin, and was initially used in the production of ultramarine dyes.	Le ferricyanure de potassium () aussi connu comme prussiate rouge, rouge de Prusse, ou hexacyanoferrate (III) de potassium, est un composé de coordination stable à la température et à la pression qui forme des cristaux rouge rubis.	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Trifunctional hypothesis	Fonctions tripartites indo-européennes	The trifunctional hypothesis of prehistoric Proto-Indo-European society postulates a tripartite ideology (""idéologie tripartite"") reflected in the existence of three classes or castes—priests, warriors, and commoners (farmers or tradesmen)—corresponding to the three functions of the sacral, the martial and the economic, respectively. The trifunctional thesis is primarily associated with the French mythographer Georges Dumézil, who proposed it in 1929 in the book "Flamen-Brahman", and later in "Mitra-Varuna".	La tripartition, ou les fonctions tripartites indo-européennes, est une thèse formulée par Georges Dumézil à partir de la mythologie comparée. Selon lui, les sociétés d'origine indo-européenne organisent l'activité humaine en trois fonctions, correspondant aux domaines religieux, guerrier et économique, qui sont exercées comme des pouvoirs séparés et hiérarchisés.	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François Bourgeon	François Bourgeon	François Bourgeon (born July 5, 1945, Paris) is a French comics artist. He is author of several noted Franco-Belgian comics album series.	François Bourgeon, né le à Paris, est un scénariste et dessinateur de bande dessinée français. Il est l'auteur d'œuvres renommées comme "Les Passagers du vent", "Les Compagnons du crépuscule" et "Le Cycle de Cyann" qui lui ont valu plusieurs prix et distinctions.	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Fanzine	Fanzine	A fanzine (blend of "fan" and "magazine" or "-zine") is a non-professional and non-official publication produced by enthusiasts of a particular cultural phenomenon (such as a literary or musical genre) for the pleasure of others who share their interest. The term was coined in an October 1940 science fiction fanzine by Russ Chauvenet and first popularized within science fiction fandom, and from there it was adopted by other communities.	Un fanzine (contraction de l'expression anglaise « fanatic magazine ») est une publication, imprimée ou en ligne, périodique ou non, institutionnellement indépendante, créée et réalisée par des amateurs passionnés pour d'autres passionnés.	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Fête de la Musique	Fête de la musique	The Fête de la Musique, also known in English as Music Day, Make Music Day or World Music Day, is an annual music celebration that takes place on 21 June. On Music Day the citizens of a city or country are allowed and urged to play music outside in their neighborhoods or in public spaces and parks. Free concerts are also organized, where musicians play for fun and not for payment.	La Fête de la musique a lieu à travers le monde le 21 juin (date qui coïncide le plus souvent avec le premier jour de l'été dans l'hémisphère nord), principalement le soir et la nuit jusqu'au lendemain matin. Elle est actuellement célébrée dans une centaine de pays. Divers festivals de musique locaux qui se déroulaient ce jour de solstice participent aujourd’hui à cette fête populaire.	[ 250004, 250054, 360, 18374, 26771, 4, 204990, 22964, 474, 126, 100512, 31068, 111, 13703, 136, 67022, 99, 70, 185236, 111, 105141, 99, 21763, 15786, 25, 7, 50336, 5, 1529, 190659, 1919, 44961, 17514, 47, 70, 24668, 41361, 136, 6863, 28, 137089, 12, 44, 2347, 19612, 219743, 136, 70, 20428, 110, 136913, 740, 14847, 764, 134053, 4, 23, 10, 24427, 35187, 98, 70, 15380, 62122, 7, 111, 70, 92265, 4, 450, 43606, 19879, 3395, 4, 1632, 27150, 3445, 1810, 111, 6626, 4, 112730, 10, 24668, 13984, 4, 764, 80723, 47, 48869, 111, 10, 3917, 47, 19095, 3395, 1810, 98, 70, 48800, 7, 5, 1650, 5117, 34739, 3687, 23, 24427, 23, 7270, 237, 70, 563, 691, 67, 8, 21, 66702, 944, 5, 78650, 16792, 4, 70, 8395, 1556, 24209, 142, 21640, 6, 88322, 13450, 6431, 4, 176016, 71, 98, 70, 5701, 5155, 23, 1286, 3501, 10044, 162708, 23, 5390, 76726, 4, 26719, 9098, 4, 5596, 4, 102126, 4, 98848, 4, 200955, 4, 49002, 4, 28173, 4, 32969, 4, 30089, 4, 167844, 4, 82167, 4, 25730, 4, 70, 14098, 46684, 4, 70, 17274, 4, 136, 15758, 5, 563, 691, 67, 8, 21, 66702, 944, 25, 7, 60042, 83, 47, 125568, 19612, 23, 6626, 48322, 12, 262, 61518, 2685, 8035, 10, 21334, 6, 217784, 390, 70, 4537, 3835, 1672, 70, 23718, 111, 19612, 390, 79775, 7, 23, 3835, 58555, 7103, 70, 115723, 21974, 4, 110, 3075, 185190, 7, 7464, 59911, 136, 831, 22304, 3060, 137633, 9035, 47, 186, 69871, 57415, 47, 47143, 9803, 136, 226347, 19612, 1810, 111, 2363, 1911, 7, 15490, 41928, 42179, 47691, 5, 3293, 26950, 450, 70, 479, 17928, 54889, 111, 35206, 23, 9942, 831, 7464, 100, 34833, 79165, 4, 94407, 4, 707, 137633, 9035, 47, 20600, 2499, 18215, 76407, 23, 70, 48800, 5, 9578, 11777, 76726, 42938, 13, 23, 563, 691, 67, 8, 21, 66702, 944, 136, 645, 75534, 162708, 42938, 13, 36880, 70, 8999, 5, 360, 70, 14098, 46684, 75447, 4, 2685, 621, 15751, 162708, 42938, 214, 5, 581, 69236, 111, 563, 691, 67, 8, 21, 66702, 944, 4, 707, 26176, 13703, 10013, 4, 83, 47, 22691, 137107, 111, 4092, 20428, 7, 87420, 70, 5155, 5, 16934, 58555, 621, 14799, 58838, 678, 6867, 19612, 136, 24844, 31667, 19612, 20662, 107893, 5, 2 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	[ 250008, 239, 563, 691, 67, 8, 21, 72905, 10, 23414, 253, 37317, 95, 11146, 95, 952, 55713, 15, 17489, 569, 552, 89303, 104024, 95, 1001, 29239, 1609, 95, 9882, 11992, 8, 96, 25, 53484, 807, 96, 25, 16828, 2179, 11727, 10389, 10761, 247, 177526, 95, 44856, 82, 21, 56392, 19269, 25, 916, 196945, 37187, 5, 14663, 437, 120478, 22090, 446, 149194, 13, 807, 773, 21126, 16182, 8, 19859, 5, 74802, 8395, 7, 8, 72905, 140926, 569, 40, 3402, 516, 202, 33971, 405, 11992, 8, 86203, 24494, 80508, 660, 30639, 26, 12522, 253, 3393, 68120, 128950, 5, 2 ]	null	null	null	null	null	null
Diplôme d'Ingénieur	Formation d'ingénieurs en France	The Diplôme d'Ingénieur (, often abbreviated as "Dipl. Ing.") is a postgraduate degree in engineering "(see Engineer's Degrees in Europe)" usually awarded by the French Grandes Écoles in engineering. It is generally obtained after five to seven years of studies after the French Baccalauréat.	Cet article décrit les différentes études menant au titre d'ingénieur en France. Au, il y a 205 écoles d'ingénieurs françaises accréditées par la CTI à délivrer un diplôme d'ingénieur.	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Freenet	Freenet	Freenet is a peer-to-peer platform for censorship-resistant communication. It uses a decentralized distributed data store to keep and deliver information, and has a suite of free software for publishing and communicating on the Web without fear of censorship.<ref name="Peers in a Client/Server World, 2005">Taylor, Ian J. "From P2P to Web Services and Grids: Peers in a Client/Server World". London: Springer, 2005. Both Freenet and some of its associated tools were originally designed by Ian Clarke, who defined Freenet's goal as providing freedom of speech on the Internet with strong anonymity protection.	Freenet est un réseau informatique anonyme et distribué construit sur l'Internet. Il vise à permettre une liberté d'expression et d'information totale fondée sur la sécurité de l'anonymat, et permet donc à chacun de lire comme de publier du contenu. Il offre la plupart des services actuels d'Internet (courriel, Web, forums, etc.).	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First-person shooter	Jeu de tir à la première personne	First-person shooter (FPS) is a video game genre centered on gun and other weapon-based combat in a first-person perspective; that is, the player experiences the action through the eyes of the protagonist. The genre shares common traits with other shooter games, which in turn makes it fall under the heading action game. Since the genre's inception, advanced 3D and pseudo-3D graphics have challenged hardware development, and multiplayer gaming has been integral.	Le jeu de tir à la première personne (en anglais FPS pour "First-person shooter") ou en vue subjective, aussi appelé Doom-like est un genre de jeu vidéo de tir fondé sur des combats en vision subjective (« à la première personne »), c'est-à-dire que le joueur voit l'action à travers les yeux du protagoniste.	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Finnish language	Finnois	Finnish, whose endonym is'( or') is a Uralic language of the Finnic branch spoken by the majority of the population in Finland and by ethnic Finns outside Finland. Finnish, along with Swedish, is an official language of Finland; Finnish is also an official minority language in Sweden. In Sweden, both Standard Finnish and Meänkieli, its own language or a dialect of Finnish, are spoken. The Kven language, a dialect of Finnish or even a distinct language, is spoken in Northern Norway by a minority group of Finnish descent. The status of Kven and Meänkieli is debated.	Le finnois ou suomi (en finnois : ) est une langue finno-ougrienne, de la branche fennique de la famille des langues ouraliennes, utilisant l'alphabet latin.	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Ariane (rocket family)	Ariane (fusée)	Ariane is a series of a European civilian expendable launch vehicles for space launch use. The name comes from the French spelling of the mythological character Ariadne. France first proposed the Ariane project and it was officially agreed upon at the end of 1973 after discussions between France, Germany and the UK. The project was Western Europe's second attempt to develop its own launcher following the unsuccessful Europa project. The Ariane project was code-named L3S (the French abbreviation for third-generation substitution launcher).	Ariane est le nom générique d'une famille de lanceurs civils européens de satellites. Le programme Ariane est lancé en 1973 par l'Agence spatiale européenne afin de donner les moyens à l'Europe de mettre en orbite ses satellites sans dépendre des autres puissances spatiales. Ce projet avait été précédé d'un échec avec la fusée Europa. La première version, Ariane 1, effectue son vol inaugural depuis la base de Kourou (Guyane française) le. Elle est rapidement remplacée par des versions plus puissantes, Ariane 2, Ariane 3 et Ariane 4 qui effectuent leur premier vol respectivement en 1986, 1984 et 1988. Pour faire face à l'augmentation de la masse des satellites, le lanceur est complètement refondu, donnant naissance à la version Ariane 5 capable de placer maintenant plus de en orbite de transfert géostationnaire. Son premier vol a eu lieu en 1996.	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1965 French presidential election	Élection présidentielle française de 1965	The 1965 French presidential election, held on 5 December and 19 December, was the first direct presidential election in the Fifth Republic and the first since the Second Republic in 1848. It had been widely expected that incumbent president Charles de Gaulle would be re-elected, but the election was notable for the unexpectedly strong performance of his left-wing challenger François Mitterrand.	L'élection présidentielle française de 1965, deuxième élection présidentielle de la, se tient les 5 et pour élire le président de la République française pour un mandat de sept ans.	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International Monetary Fund	Fonds monétaire international	The International Monetary Fund (IMF) is an international organization headquartered in Washington, D.C., consisting of 189 countries working to foster global monetary cooperation, secure financial stability, facilitate international trade, promote high employment and sustainable economic growth, and reduce poverty around the world while periodically depending on the World Bank for its resources. Formed in 1944 at the Bretton Woods Conference primarily by the ideas of Harry Dexter White and John Maynard Keynes, it came into formal existence in 1945 with 29 member countries and the goal of reconstructing the international payment system. It now plays a central role in the management of balance of payments difficulties and international financial crises. Countries contribute funds to a pool through a quota system from which countries experiencing balance of payments problems can borrow money., the fund had XDR 477 billion (about US$667 billion).	Le Fonds monétaire international ou FMI (en anglais, "International Monetary Fund" ou "IMF") est une institution internationale regroupant, dont le but est de.	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Christian fundamentalism	Fondamentalisme chrétien	Christian fundamentalism began in the late 19th and early 20th centuries among British and American Protestants as a reaction to theological liberalism and cultural modernism. Fundamentalists argued that 19th-century modernist theologians had misinterpreted or rejected certain doctrines, especially biblical inerrancy, which they considered the fundamentals of the Christian faith. Fundamentalists are almost always described as having a literal interpretation of the Bible. A few scholars label Catholics who reject modern theology in favor of more traditional doctrines fundamentalists. Scholars debate how much the terms "evangelical" and "fundamentalist" are synonymous. In keeping with traditional Christian doctrines concerning biblical interpretation, the role of Jesus in the Bible, and the role of the church in society, fundamentalists usually believe in a core of Christian beliefs which include the historical accuracy of the Bible and all of the events which are recorded in it as well as the Second Coming of Jesus Christ.	Le fondamentalisme chrétien est une position religieuse qui soutient une interprétation stricte et littéraliste de textes sacrés, qui est surtout présente dans le protestantisme. Le terme « fondamentalisme » en lui-même signifie, en général, une adhésion rigide aux principes fondamentaux d’un domaine quelconque.	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Fascism	Fascisme	Fascism () is a form of far-right, authoritarian ultranationalism characterized by dictatorial power, forcible suppression of opposition, as well as strong regimentation of society and of the economy which came to prominence in early 20th-century Europe. The first fascist movements emerged in Italy during World War I, before spreading to other European countries. Opposed to liberalism, Marxism, and anarchism, fascism is placed on the far right within the traditional left–right spectrum.	Le fascisme est un système politique autoritaire qui associe populisme, nationalisme et totalitarisme au nom d'un idéal collectif suprême. Mouvement révolutionnaire, il s'oppose frontalement à la démocratie parlementaire et au libéralisme traditionnel, et remet en cause l'individualisme codifié par la pensée philosophique des Lumières. Issu de diverses composantes de la philosophie européenne du, le fascisme a trouvé dans les circonstances économiques et historiques de l'après-première guerre mondiale le contexte qui lui a permis d'accéder au pouvoir, d'abord en Italie dans les années 1920 avec Mussolini, puis sous une variante accentuée, militariste, en Allemagne dans les années 1930 avec le nazisme et Hitler.	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Noncommutative geometry	Géométrie non commutative	Noncommutative geometry (NCG) is a branch of mathematics concerned with a geometric approach to noncommutative algebras, and with the construction of "spaces" that are locally presented by noncommutative algebras of functions (possibly in some generalized sense). A noncommutative algebra is an associative algebra in which the multiplication is not commutative, that is, for which formula_1 does not always equal formula_2; or more generally an algebraic structure in which one of the principal binary operations is not commutative; one also allows additional structures, e.g. topology or norm, to be possibly carried by the noncommutative algebra of functions.	La géométrie non commutative, développée par Alain Connes, est un type de géométrie algébrique distincte de la géométrie algébrique telle qu'on l'entend habituellement (celle développée par Alexandre Grothendieck), car s'intéressant à des objets non commutatifs.	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Florida	Floride	Florida (, ) is a state located in the southeastern region of the United States. With a population of over 21 million, Florida is the third-most populous and the 22nd-most extensive of the 50 United States. The state is bordered to the west by the Gulf of Mexico, to the northwest by Alabama, to the north by Georgia, to the east by the Atlantic Ocean, and to the south by the Straits of Florida. The state's capital is Tallahassee and its most populous municipality is Jacksonville. The Miami metropolitan area, with a population of almost 6.2 million, is the most populous urban area in Florida and the seventh-most populous in the United States. Other urban areas in the state with a population of more than one million are Tampa Bay, Orlando, and Jacksonville. Florida's $1.0 trillion economy is the fourth-largest of any U.S. state, and if it were a country, Florida would be the 16th-largest economy in the world.	La Floride (en ; en ) est un État américain situé dans le sud-est des États-Unis, sur la côte dite du Golfe. Elle est bordée à l’ouest par le golfe du Mexique, au nord par l'Alabama et la Géorgie et à l’est par l’océan Atlantique. Avec plus de d'habitants en 2019, il s'agit du troisième État le plus peuplé du pays (après la Californie et le Texas). Avec une superficie de, la Floride se classe au des États américains. Sa capitale politique est Tallahassee, mais l'agglomération la plus peuplée est Miami, qui compte plus de d'habitants (estimations de 2017).	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National Rally (France)	Rassemblement national	The National Rally (, ; RN), until June 2018 known as the National Front (, ; FN), is a right-wing populist and nationalist political party in France. Although most political commentators place the RN on the far-right, other sources suggest that the party's position on the political spectrum has become more difficult to define clearly. Owing to the French electoral system, the party's representation in public office has been limited despite its significant share of the vote. Its major policies include opposition to French membership in NATO, European Union, the Schengen Area, and the eurozone. As an anti-European Union party, the National Rally has opposed the European Union since its creation. The party also supports economic interventionism, protectionism, a zero tolerance approach to law and order, and is opposed to immigration, advocating significant cuts to legal immigration.	Le Rassemblement national (RN), dénommé Front national (FN) jusqu'en 2018, est un parti politique français d'extrême droite fondé en 1972 à l'initiative d'Ordre nouveau. Il est présidé par Jean-Marie Le Pen de sa création à 2011, puis par sa fille Marine Le Pen.	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François Mitterrand	François Mitterrand	François Maurice Adrien Marie Mitterrand (26 October 1916 – 8 January 1996) was a French statesman who served as President of France from 1981 to 1995, the longest time in office in the history of France. As First Secretary of the Socialist Party, he was the first left-wing politician to assume the presidency under the Fifth Republic.	François Mitterrand, né le à Jarnac (Charente) et mort le à Paris (arrondissement), est un homme d'État français, président de la République du au.	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2002 French presidential election	Élection présidentielle française de 2002	The 2002 French presidential election consisted of a first round election on 21 April 2002, and a runoff election between the top two candidates (Jacques Chirac and Jean-Marie Le Pen) on 5 May 2002. This presidential contest attracted a greater than usual amount of international attention because of far-right candidate Le Pen's unexpected appearance in the runoff election.	L'élection présidentielle française de 2002 a pourvu à l'élection, au suffrage universel et au scrutin uninominal majoritaire à deux tours, du président de la République française pour le premier mandat quinquennal de l'histoire. C'est la huitième élection présidentielle de la et la septième au suffrage universel direct. Le scrutin se tient les et.	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Geometry	Géométrie	Geometry (from the ; "geo-" "earth", "-metron" "measurement") is a branch of mathematics concerned with questions of shape, size, relative position of figures, and the properties of space. A mathematician who works in the field of geometry is called a geometer.	La géométrie est à l'origine la branche des mathématiques étudiant les figures du plan et de l'espace (géométrie euclidienne). Depuis la fin du, la géométrie étudie également les figures appartenant à d'autres types d'espaces (géométrie projective, géométrie non euclidienne, par exemple).	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1995 French presidential election	Élection présidentielle française de 1995	Presidential elections in France to elect the fifth president of the French Fifth Republic took place on 23 April and 7 May 1995.	L'élection présidentielle française de 1995 est la septième élection présidentielle à se tenir sous le régime de la Cinquième République, et la sixième au suffrage universel direct depuis la réforme constitutionnelle de 1962. Les premier et second tour sont respectivement organisés les 23 avril et.	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GNU Compiler Collection	GNU Compiler Collection	The GNU Compiler Collection (GCC) is a compiler system produced by the GNU Project supporting various programming languages. GCC is a key component of the GNU toolchain and the standard compiler for most projects related to GNU and Linux, including the Linux kernel. The Free Software Foundation (FSF) distributes GCC under the GNU General Public License (GNU GPL). GCC has played an important role in the growth of free software, as both a tool and an example.	, abrégé en GCC, est un ensemble de compilateurs créés par le projet GNU. GCC est un logiciel libre capable de compiler divers langages de programmation, dont C, C++, Objective-C, Java, Ada et Fortran.	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GNU	GNU	GNU () is an operating system and an extensive collection of computer software. GNU is composed wholly of free software, most of which is licensed under the GNU Project's own General Public License (GPL).	GNU est un système d’exploitation libre créé en 1983 par Richard Stallman, maintenu par le projet GNU. Il reprend les concepts et le fonctionnement d’UNIX.	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Cannes Film Festival	Festival de Cannes	The Cannes Festival (; ), until 2003 called the International Film Festival (') and known in English as the Cannes Film Festival, is an annual film festival held in Cannes, France, which previews new films of all genres, including documentaries from all around the world. Founded in 1946, the invitation-only festival is held annually (usually in May) at the Palais des Festivals et des Congrès.	Le Festival de Cannes est un festival de cinéma international se déroulant chaque année en mai à Cannes (Alpes-Maritimes, France) durant douze jours. Il a été fondé le d'après une idée de Philippe Erlanger – qui lui vint dans le wagon-lit lors de son retour de la Mostra de Venise en 1938. Cette première date, fixée au, fut malheureusement annulée pour cause de déclaration de guerre. Projet repris par Jean Zay, ministre de l'Éducation nationale et des Beaux-arts du Front populaire et Albert Sarraut, ministre de l’intérieur.	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D'Ieteren

D'Ieteren SA () is a company, based in Belgium that is engaged in automobile distribution and vehicle glass repair and replacement (VGRR).

D’Ieteren, fondé en 1805, est un groupe belge actif dans la distribution automobile et la réparation et le remplacement de vitres automobiles.

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D. H. Lawrence

David Herbert Lawrence (11 September 1885 – 2 March 1930) was an English writer and poet. His collected works represent, among other things, an extended reflection upon the dehumanising effects of modernity and industrialisation. Lawrence's writing explores issues such as sexuality, emotional health, vitality, spontaneity, and instinct.

David Herbert Lawrence, plus connu comme D. H. Lawrence, ( à Eastwood au Royaume-Uni - à Vence en France) est un écrivain britannique. Auteur de nouvelles, romans, poèmes, pièces de théâtre, essais, livres de voyage, traductions et lettres, il est célèbre notamment pour son roman "L’Amant de lady Chatterley".

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Hard disk drive

Disque dur

A hard disk drive (HDD), hard disk, hard drive, or fixed disk is an electro-mechanical data storage device that uses magnetic storage to store and retrieve digital data using one or more rigid rapidly rotating platters coated with magnetic material. The platters are paired with magnetic heads, usually arranged on a moving actuator arm, which read and write data to the platter surfaces. Data is accessed in a random-access manner, meaning that individual blocks of data can be stored and retrieved in any order. HDDs are a type of non-volatile storage, retaining stored data even when powered off.

Un disque dur (parfois abrégé DD ; en anglais, hard disk drive, HD ou HDD) est une mémoire de masse à disque tournant magnétique utilisée principalement dans les ordinateurs, mais également dans des baladeurs numériques, des caméscopes, des lecteurs/enregistreurs de DVD de salon, des consoles de jeux vidéo

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Deir el-Medina

Deir el-Médineh

Deir el-Medina (), or Dayr al-Madīnah, is an ancient Egyptian village which was home to the artisans who worked on the tombs in the Valley of the Kings during the 18th to 20th dynasties of the New Kingdom of Egypt (ca. 1550–1080 BCE) The settlement's ancient name was "Set maat" "The Place of Truth", and the workmen who lived there were called "Servants in the Place of Truth". During the Christian era, the temple of Hathor was converted into a church from which the Egyptian Arabic name "Deir el-Medina" ("the monastery of the town") is derived.

Deir el-Médineh (ou "Deir al-Médîna") est le nom arabe d'un village de l'Égypte antique où résidait la confrérie des artisans chargés de construire les tombeaux et les temples funéraires des pharaons et de leurs proches durant le Nouvel Empire (de la à la ). Le village se situe sur le chemin qui mène du Ramesséum à la vallée des Reines.

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Denmark

Danemark

Denmark (, ), officially the Kingdom of Denmark, is a Nordic country in Northern Europe. Denmark proper, which is the southernmost of the Scandinavian countries, consists of a peninsula, Jutland, and an archipelago of 443 named islands, with the largest being Zealand, Funen and the North Jutlandic Island. The islands are characterised by flat, arable land and sandy coasts, low elevation and a temperate climate. The southernmost of the Scandinavian nations, Denmark lies southwest of Sweden and south of Norway, and is bordered to the south by Germany. The Kingdom of Denmark is constitutionally a unitary state comprising Denmark proper and the two autonomous territories in the North Atlantic Ocean: the Faroe Islands and Greenland. Denmark has a total area of, land area of, and the total area including Greenland and the Faroe Islands is, and a population of 5.8 million in Denmark proper ().

Le Danemark, en forme longue le royaume de Danemark ou le royaume du Danemark (en et "), est un pays souverain d’Europe du Nord et de Scandinavie, dont le territoire métropolitain est situé au sud de la Norvège, de laquelle il est séparé par le Skagerrak ; au sud-sud-ouest de la Suède, le Kattégat faisant office de frontière naturelle avec cette dernière ; et au nord de l'Allemagne, seul pays avec lequel il partage une frontière terrestre. Sa capitale est Copenhague.

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Dublin

Dublin (, ; ) is the capital and largest city of Ireland. Situated on a bay on the east coast, at the mouth of the River Liffey, it lies within the province of Leinster. It is bordered on the south by the Dublin Mountains, a part of the Wicklow Mountains range. It has an urban area population of 1,173,179, while the population of the Dublin Region (formerly County Dublin) was 1,347,359. The population of the Greater Dublin Area was 1,904,806 per the 2016 census.

Dublin ( ;'' ) est la plus grande ville de l'île d'Irlande et de l'État d'Irlande, dont elle est la capitale (Belfast étant la capitale de l'Irlande du Nord). La ville est située à proximité du point central de la côte orientale de l'île et au centre du comté de Dublin. Dublin est la plus grande ville d'Irlande en importance et en nombre d’habitants depuis le haut Moyen Âge. Elle est aujourd’hui classée à la soixante-sixième place dans l’index des places financières mondiales et a un des plus forts taux de développement parmi les capitales européennes. Dublin est le centre historique, politique, artistique, culturel, économique et industriel de l’Irlande.

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null

Linux distribution

Distribution Linux

A Linux distribution (often abbreviated as distro) is an operating system made from a software collection that is based upon the Linux kernel and, often, a package management system. Linux users usually obtain their operating system by downloading one of the Linux distributions, which are available for a wide variety of systems ranging from embedded devices (for example, OpenWrt) and personal computers (for example, Linux Mint) to powerful supercomputers (for example, Rocks Cluster Distribution).

Une distribution Linux, appelée aussi distribution GNU/Linux pour faire référence aux logiciels du projet GNU, est un ensemble cohérent de logiciels, la plupart étant des logiciels libres, assemblés autour du noyau Linux.

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Keep

Donjon

A keep (from the Middle English "kype") is a type of fortified tower built within castles during the Middle Ages by European nobility. Scholars have debated the scope of the word "keep", but usually consider it to refer to large towers in castles that were fortified residences, used as a refuge of last resort should the rest of the castle fall to an adversary. The first keeps were made of timber and formed a key part of the motte-and-bailey castles that emerged in Normandy and Anjou during the 10th century; the design spread to England, south Italy and Sicily. As a result of the Norman invasion of 1066, use spread into Wales during the second half of the 11th century and into Ireland in the 1170s. The Anglo-Normans and French rulers began to build stone keeps during the 10th and 11th centuries; these included Norman keeps, with a square or rectangular design, and circular shell keeps. Stone keeps carried considerable political as well as military importance and could take up to a decade or more to build.

Le donjon est la tour la plus haute d'un château fort au Moyen Âge, destinée à servir à la fois de point d'observation, de poste de tir et de dernier refuge si le reste de la fortification vient à être prise par un ennemi. Cette tour, ou ce bâtiment fortifié, sert aussi en général de résidence au seigneur du château.

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Law

Droit

Law is commonly understood as a system of rules that are created and enforced through social or governmental institutions to regulate conduct, although its precise definition is a matter of longstanding debate. It has been variously described as a science and the art of justice. State-enforced laws can be made by a collective legislature or by a single legislator, resulting in statutes, by the executive through decrees and regulations, or established by judges through precedent, normally in common law jurisdictions. Private individuals can create legally binding contracts, including arbitration agreements that may elect to accept alternative arbitration to the normal court process. The formation of laws themselves may be influenced by a constitution, written or tacit, and the rights encoded therein. The law shapes politics, economics, history and society in various ways and serves as a mediator of relations between people.

Le droit est défini comme, ou de façon plus complète. Ces règles, appelées règles de droit, sont abstraites et obligatoires et indiquent ce qui « doit être fait ». Ces règles juridiques peuvent trouver leur source dans une source normative « supérieure », extérieure, transcendante, comme le droit naturel, ou découlent de normes intrinsèques. Dans ce second cas, les règles sont issues d'usages constatés et acceptés (droit coutumier) ou sont édictées et consacrées par un chargé de régir l'organisation et le déroulement des relations sociales (droit écrit).

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Dow Jones Industrial Average

The Dow Jones Industrial Average (DJIA), Dow Jones, or simply the Dow (), is a stock market index that measures the stock performance of 30 large companies listed on stock exchanges in the United States. Although it is one of the most commonly followed equity indices, many consider the Dow to be an inadequate representation of the overall U.S. stock market compared to broader market indices such as the S&P 500 Index or Russell 3000 because it only includes 30 large cap companies, is not weighted by market capitalization, and does not use a weighted arithmetic mean..

Le Dow Jones Industrial Average (abrégé en DJIA et souvent raccourci en Dow Jones) est le plus vieil indice des bourses de New York et le plus vieil indice boursier du monde. Cet indice est la propriété de Dow Jones Indexes, une coentreprise détenue à 90 % par CME Group et à 10 % par Dow Jones and Company.

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David Lynch

David Keith Lynch (born January 20, 1946) is an American filmmaker, painter, musician, singer, sound designer, photographer, and actor. He is best known for writing and directing films such as "Eraserhead" (1977), "The Elephant Man" (1980), "Blue Velvet" (1986), and "Mulholland Drive" (2001), which are often regarded by critics as among the best films of their times, and for his television series "Twin Peaks" (1990–1991, 2017). These works led to him being labeled "the first popular Surrealist" by film critic Pauline Kael. A recipient of an Academy Honorary Award in 2019, he has received three Academy Award nominations for Best Director, and has won the César Award for Best Foreign Film twice, as well as the Palme d'Or at the Cannes Film Festival and a Golden Lion award for lifetime achievement at the Venice Film Festival. He has been described by "The Guardian" as "the most important director of this era", while AllMovie called him "the Renaissance man of modern American filmmaking".

David Lynch est un cinéaste, scénariste, photographe, musicien et peintre américain né le à Missoula (Montana). Il est l'auteur de 10 longs-métrages, sortis entre 1977 et 2006. Nommé aux Oscars du cinéma comme meilleur réalisateur pour "Elephant Man" (1980), "Blue Velvet" (1986) et "Mulholland Drive" (2001), il a reçu la Palme d'or au Festival de Cannes en 1990 et un Lion d'or d'honneur à la Mostra de Venise en 2006.

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Dune (novel)

Dune (roman)

Dune is a 1965 science fiction novel by American author Frank Herbert, originally published as two separate serials in "Analog" magazine. It tied with Roger Zelazny's "This Immortal" for the Hugo Award in 1966, and it won the inaugural Nebula Award for Best Novel. It is the first installment of the "Dune" saga, and in 2003 was cited as the world's best-selling science fiction novel.

Dune (titre original : "Dune") est un roman de science-fiction de l'écrivain Frank Herbert, publié aux États-Unis en 1965. Il s'agit du premier roman du "cycle de Dune".

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null

Universal Declaration of Human Rights

Déclaration universelle des droits de l'homme

The Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) is a historic document that was adopted by the United Nations General Assembly at its third session on 10 December 1948 as Resolution 217 at the Palais de Chaillot in Paris, France. Of the then 58 members of the United Nations, 48 voted in favour, none against, eight abstained, and two did not vote.

La Déclaration universelle des droits de l'homme (DUDH) est adoptée par l’Assemblée générale des Nations unies le à Paris au palais de Chaillot par la résolution 217 (III) A. Elle précise les droits fondamentaux de l'homme. Sans véritable portée juridique en tant que tel, ce texte est une proclamation de droits, par conséquent il n'a qu'une valeur déclarative.

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Dolmen

A dolmen () is a type of single-chamber megalithic tomb, usually consisting of two or more vertical megaliths supporting a large flat horizontal capstone or "table". Most date from the early Neolithic (40003000 BC) and were sometimes covered with earth or smaller stones to form a tumulus. Small pad-stones may be wedged between the cap and supporting stones to achieve a level appearance. In many instances, the covering has weathered away, leaving only the stone "skeleton" of the mound intact.

Un dolmen est une construction mégalithique préhistorique constituée d'une ou plusieurs grosses dalles de couverture (tables) posées sur des pierres verticales qui lui servent de pieds (les orthostates). Le tout était originellement recouvert, maintenu et protégé par un amas de pierres et de terre nommé tumulus. Les dolmens sont généralement interprétés comme des tombes à chambre, des monuments funéraires ayant abrité des sépultures collectives.

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Dance

Danse

Dance is a performing art form consisting of purposefully selected sequences of human movement. This movement has aesthetic and symbolic value, and is acknowledged as dance by performers and observers within a particular culture. Dance can be categorized and described by its choreography, by its repertoire of movements, or by its historical period or place of origin.

La danse est l'art de mouvoir le corps humain constitué d'une suite de mouvements ordonnés, souvent rythmés par de la musique.

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Dominica

Dominique (pays)

Dominica ( or ; ; Island Carib: ), officially the Commonwealth of Dominica, is an island country in the Caribbean. The capital, Roseau, is located on the western side of the island. It is geographically situated as part of the Leeward Islands chain in the Lesser Antilles archipelago in the Caribbean Sea. The island is located near Guadeloupe to the northwest and Martinique to the south-southeast. Its area is, and the highest point is Morne Diablotins, at in elevation. The population was 71,293 at the 2011 census.

La Dominique (en anglais '), en forme longue le Commonwealth de Dominique"', est un pays et une île de l'archipel des Caraïbes, située entre les îles françaises des Saintes et de Marie-Galante (deux dépendances de la Guadeloupe) au nord, et de la Martinique, au sud. Son nom précolombien est "Wai'tu kubuli", qui signifie « Son corps est grand ».

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Dennis Tito

Dennis Anthony Tito (born August 8, 1940) is an American engineer and entrepreneur, most widely known as the first space tourist to fund his own trip into space. In mid-2001, he spent nearly eight days in orbit as a crew member of ISS EP-1, a visiting mission to the International Space Station. This mission was launched by the spacecraft Soyuz TM-32, and was landed by Soyuz TM-31.

Dennis Tito est un homme d'affaires californien d'origine italienne et un millionnaire américain, né le à New York, connu pour avoir été le premier « touriste de l'espace ».

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Doctrine

Doctrine (from, meaning "teaching" or "instruction") is a codification of beliefs or a body of teachings or instructions, taught principles or positions, as the essence of teachings in a given branch of knowledge or in a belief system. The etymological Greek analogue is "catechism".

Une doctrine (mot attesté en 1160, du latin "doctrina", « enseignement », « théorie », « méthode », « doctrine ») est un ensemble global de conceptions d'ordre théorique enseignées comme vraies par un auteur ou un groupe d'auteurs.

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Drawing

Dessin

Drawing is a form of visual art in which a person uses various drawing instruments to mark paper or another two-dimensional medium. Instruments include graphite pencils, pen and ink, various kinds of paints, inked brushes, colored pencils, crayons, charcoal, chalk, pastels, various kinds of erasers, markers, styluses, and various metals (such as silverpoint). Digital drawing is the act of using a computer to draw. Common methods of digital drawing include a stylus or finger on a touchscreen device, stylus- or finger-to-touchpad, or in some cases, a mouse. There are many digital art programs and devices.

Le dessin est une technique de représentation visuelle sur un support plat. Le terme « dessin » désigne à la fois l'action de dessiner, l'ouvrage graphique qui en résulte, et la forme d'un objet quelconque.

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Duke Reid

Arthur "Duke" Reid CD (21 July 1915 – 1 January 1975) was a Jamaican record producer, DJ and label owner.

Arthur "Duke" Reid, surnommé Trojan, né en 1915 dans la Paroisse de Portland (Jamaïque) et mort en 1975, est un producteur de musique jamaïcain.

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null

Hilbert space

Espace de Hilbert

The mathematical concept of a Hilbert space, named after David Hilbert, generalizes the notion of Euclidean space. It extends the methods of vector algebra and calculus from the two-dimensional Euclidean plane and three-dimensional space to spaces with any finite or infinite number of dimensions. A Hilbert space is an abstract vector space possessing the structure of an inner product that allows length and angle to be measured. Furthermore, Hilbert spaces are complete: there are enough limits in the space to allow the techniques of calculus to be used.

En mathématiques, un espace de Hilbert est un espace vectoriel réel (resp. complexe) muni d'un (resp. hermitien), qui permet de mesurer des longueurs et des angles et de définir une orthogonalité. De plus, un espace de Hilbert est complet, ce qui permet d'y appliquer des techniques d'analyse. Ces espaces doivent leur nom au mathématicien allemand David Hilbert.

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Disc jockey

A disc jockey, more commonly abbreviated as DJ, is a person who plays recorded music for an audience. Most common types of DJs include radio DJs, club DJs, who perform at a nightclub or music festival, mobile DJs, who are hired to perform at public and private events (weddings, parties, festivals), and turntablists who use record players, usually turntables, to manipulate sounds on phonograph records. Originally, the "disc" in "disc jockey" referred to vinyl records, but nowadays DJ is used as an all-encompassing term to also describe persons who mix music from other recording media such as cassettes, CDs or digital audio files on a CDJ, controller, or even a laptop. DJs may adopt the title "DJ" in front of their real names, adopted pseudonyms, or stage names.

Un (, ) ou (), est un animateur qui sélectionne, diffuse et mixe de la musique à destination d'un public, que ce soit pour une émission radiophonique, dans une discothèque ou à l'occasion d'un événement spécifique.

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Dictionary

Dictionnaire

A dictionary is a listing of words in one or more specific languages, often arranged alphabetically (or by radical and stroke for ideographic languages), which may include information on definitions, usage, etymologies, pronunciations, translation, etc. or a book of words in one language with their equivalents in another, sometimes known as a lexicon. It is a lexicographical reference that shows inter-relationships among the data.

Un dictionnaire est un ouvrage de référence contenant un ensemble des mots d’une langue ou d’un domaine d’activité généralement présentés par ordre alphabétique et fournissant pour chacun une définition, une explication ou une correspondance (synonyme, antonyme, cooccurrence, traduction, étymologie).

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E3

Electronic Entertainment Expo

E3, also known as the Electronic Entertainment Expo, is a trade event for the video game industry. The Entertainment Software Association (ESA) organizes and presents E3, which many developers, publishers, hardware and accessory manufacturers use to introduce and advertise upcoming games and game-related merchandise to retailers and to members of the press. E3 includes an exhibition floor for developers, publishers, and manufacturers to showcase titles and products for sale in the upcoming year. Before and during the event, publishers and hardware manufacturers usually hold press conferences to announce new games and products.

L’ (en français : « Expo de divertissements électroniques »), plus connu sous le nom de E3 ou E, est l'un des plus grands salons internationaux du jeu vidéo et des loisirs interactifs. À la suite d'une refonte du salon, après l'édition 2006, son nom avait été modifié pour devenir l'E3 Media and Business Summit lors des éditions 2007 et 2008.

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Autonomous communities of Spain

Communautés autonomes d'Espagne

In Spain, an autonomous community () is a first-level political and administrative division, created in accordance with the Spanish constitution of 1978, with the aim of guaranteeing limited autonomy of the nationalities and regions that make up Spain.

Les communautés autonomes (, abrégé en "CC.AA.") sont le premier niveau de subdivision territoriale du royaume d'Espagne. Au nombre de 17, auxquelles il faut ajouter les villes autonomes de Ceuta et Melilla, elles bénéficient toutes d'un régime d'autonomie interne.

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Eraserhead

Eraserhead is a 1977 American experimental body horror film written, directed, produced, and edited by David Lynch. The film's score and sound design were also created by Lynch, with pieces by a variety of other musicians also featured. Shot in black and white, "Eraserhead" is Lynch's first feature-length effort following several short films. Starring Jack Nance, Charlotte Stewart, Jeanne Bates, Judith Anna Roberts, Laurel Near, and Jack Fisk, it tells the story of a man who is left to care for his grossly deformed child in a desolate industrial landscape.

Eraserhead est un film américain en noir et blanc écrit, réalisé et produit par David Lynch, sorti en 1977. Ce premier long métrage du cinéaste découle d’un scénario de 22 pages qualifié par son auteur d’. Fidèle collaborateur de David Lynch à la suite du film, l’acteur Jack Nance ("Dune, Blue Velvet, Sailor et Lula, Mystères à Twin Peaks, Lost Highway") tient le rôle d’Henry, personnage principal.

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Ancient Egyptian deities

Divinités égyptiennes

Ancient Egyptian deities are the gods and goddesses worshipped in ancient Egypt. The beliefs and rituals surrounding these gods formed the core of ancient Egyptian religion, which emerged sometime in prehistory. Deities represented natural forces and phenomena, and the Egyptians supported and appeased them through offerings and rituals so that these forces would continue to function according to "maat", or divine order. After the founding of the Egyptian state around 3100 BC, the authority to perform these tasks was controlled by the pharaoh, who claimed to be the gods' representative and managed the temples where the rituals were carried out.

Les dieux et déesses de l’Égypte antique représentent une foule considérable de plus d'un millier de puissances surnaturelles ; divinités cosmogoniques, divinités provinciales, divinités locales, divinités funéraires, personnification de phénomènes naturels ou de concepts abstraits, ancêtres déifiés, démons, génies, divinités étrangères importées, etc. Le terme égyptien pour dieu est "netjer" et son plus ancien hiéroglyphe représente vraisemblablement un mat enveloppé de bandelettes de tissu. Pour désigner le concept de la divinité, les glyphes alternatifs sont le faucon sur un perchoir et un personnage accroupi. D'autres termes existent pour désigner une divinité, tel "baou" ou "sekhem" mais leur diffusion a été de moindre importance.

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Douglas MacArthur

General of the Army Douglas MacArthur (26 January 18805 April 1964) was an American five-star general and Field Marshal of the Philippine Army. He was Chief of Staff of the United States Army during the 1930s and played a prominent role in the Pacific theater during World War II. He received the Medal of Honor for his service in the Philippines campaign, which made him and his father Arthur MacArthur Jr. the first father and son to be awarded the medal. He was one of only five to rise to the rank of General of the Army in the US Army, and the only one conferred the rank of field marshal in the Philippine Army.

Douglas MacArthur, né le à Little Rock en Arkansas et mort le à Washington, DC, est un général américain et "field marshal" philippin. Il fut le chef d'état-major de l'armée américaine durant les années 1930 et joua un rôle prépondérant sur le théâtre Pacifique de la Seconde Guerre mondiale. Il reçut la "Medal of Honor" pour son service durant la campagne des Philippines. Il fait partie des cinq personnes ayant atteint le grade de général de l'Armée dans l'armée américaine et le seul à avoir été "field marshall" de l'armée des Philippines.

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Emperor of Japan

Empereur du Japon

The Emperor of Japan is the head of the Imperial Family and the head of state of Japan. Under the 1947 constitution, he is defined as "the symbol of the State and of the unity of the people." Historically, he is also the highest authority of the Shinto religion. In Japanese, the Emperor is called, literally "heavenly sovereign".

L' est le chef de l'État japonais "de facto". Selon la Constitution promulguée en 1947 lors de l'occupation ayant suivi la Seconde Guerre mondiale, il a en réalité un rôle uniquement symbolique et détient sa fonction du peuple japonais.

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Esperanto

Espéranto

Esperanto () is the most widely spoken constructed international auxiliary language. It was created by Polish ophthalmologist L. L. Zamenhof in 1887. Zamenhof first described the language in "The International Language", which he published in five languages under the pseudonym "Doktoro Esperanto". (This book is often nicknamed in Esperanto as "la Unua Libro" i.e. "The First Book".) The word "esperanto" translates into English as "one who hopes".

L’espéranto est une langue construite internationale utilisée comme langue véhiculaire par des personnes provenant d’au moins 120 pays à travers le monde, y compris comme langue maternelle. N’étant la langue officielle d’aucun État, l'espéranto permet d'établir un pont neutre entre cultures ; certains locuteurs nomment « Espérantie » la zone linguistique formée des lieux géographiques où ils se trouvent. Nécessitant un court apprentissage pour être utilisable, l'espéranto est ainsi présenté comme solution efficace et économiquement équitable au problème de communication entre personnes de langues maternelles différentes.

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null

Enron

Enron Corporation was an American energy, commodities, and services company based in Houston, Texas. It was founded in 1985 as a merger between Houston Natural Gas and InterNorth, both relatively small regional companies. Before its bankruptcy on December 3, 2001, Enron employed approximately 29,000 staff and was a major electricity, natural gas, communications and pulp and paper company, with claimed revenues of nearly $101 billion during 2000. "Fortune" named Enron "America's Most Innovative Company" for six consecutive years.

Enron était une entreprise américaine du secteur de l'énergie, qui fut l'une des plus importantes entreprises américaines par sa capitalisation boursière.

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null

Eukaryote

Eukaryota

Eukaryotes () are organisms whose cells have a nucleus enclosed within membranes, unlike prokaryotes (Bacteria and Archaea), which have no membrane-bound organelles. Eukaryotes belong to the domain Eukaryota or Eukarya. Their name comes from the Greek εὖ ("eu", "well" or "good") and κάρυον ("karyon", "nut" or "kernel"). Eukaryotic cells typically contain other membrane-bound organelles such as mitochondria and the Golgi apparatus, and in addition, some cells of plants and algae contain chloroplasts. Unlike unicellular archaea and bacteria, eukaryotes may also be multicellular and include organisms consisting of many cell types forming different kinds of tissue. Animals and plants are the most familiar eukaryotes.

Les Eucaryotes (Eukaryota) sont un domaine regroupant tous les organismes, unicellulaires ou multicellulaires, qui se caractérisent par la présence d'un noyau et généralement d'organites spécialisés dans la respiration, en particulier mitochondries chez les aérobies mais aussi hydrogénosomes chez certains anaérobies. On le distingue des deux autres domaines que sont les Eubacteria et des Archaea.

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Essive case

Essif

The essive case, or similaris case (abbreviated ) is one example of a grammatical case, an inflectional morphological process by which a form is altered or marked to indicate its grammatical function. The essive case on a noun can express it as a definite period of time during which something happens or during which a continuous action was completed. It can also denote a form as a temporary location, state of being, or character in which the subject was at a given time. The latter meaning is often referred to as the equivalent of the English phrase "as a ___".

En linguistique, l’essif est un cas grammatical exprimant un état ou une qualité. Il peut s'exprimer en français au moyen des locutions comme "en tant que", "en qualité de" ou "comme". Dans d’autres langues - en particulier le finnois et l’estonien -, il s’exprime au moyen d'un suffixe spécifique qui est ajouté au mot de base en finnois, et à la forme du génitif en estonien :

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Rocket propellant

Ergol

Rocket propellant is the reaction mass of a rocket. This reaction mass is ejected at the highest achievable velocity from a rocket engine to produce thrust. The energy required can either come from the propellants themselves, as with a chemical rocket, or from an external source, as with ion engines.

Un ergol, dans le domaine de l'astronautique, est une substance homogène employée seule ou en association avec d'autres substances et destinée à fournir de l'énergie. Les ergols sont les produits initiaux, séparés, utilisés dans un système propulsif à réaction. Ils sont constitués d'éléments oxydants (comburant) et réducteurs (carburant ou combustible).

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Spanish language

Espagnol

Spanish (), or Castilian (, ), is a Romance language that originated in the Iberian Peninsula and today is a global language with more than 483 million native speakers, mainly in Spain and the Americas. It is the world's second-most spoken native language, after Mandarin Chinese, and the world's fourth-most spoken language, after English, Mandarin Chinese and Hindi.

L’espagnol (en espagnol '), ou le castillan (en espagnol '), est une langue romane parlée en Espagne et dans de nombreux pays d'Amérique et d'autres territoires dans le monde associés à un moment de leur histoire à l'Empire espagnol.

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Local extinction

Espèce extirpée

Local extinction or extirpation is the condition of a species (or other taxon) that ceases to exist in the chosen geographic area of study, though it still exists elsewhere. Local extinctions are contrasted with global extinctions.

En biologie et écologie, une espèce extirpée est une espèce qui n'existe plus à un endroit ou dans un pays, mais que l'on peut retrouver dans d'autres régions du monde. On parle d'extinction locale.

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Dreamcast

The is a home video game console released by Sega on November 27, 1998 in Japan, September 9, 1999 in North America, and October 14, 1999 in Europe. It was the first in the sixth generation of video game consoles, preceding Sony's PlayStation 2, Nintendo's GameCube and Microsoft's Xbox. The Dreamcast was Sega's final home console, marking the end of the company's 18 years in the console market.

La est une console de jeux vidéo développée par Sega, et le successeur de la Saturn. Commercialisée dès novembre 1998 au Japon, elle est la première console de sixième génération présente sur le marché, avant ses concurrentes. Son nom est composé des mots'(rêve) et'(de "" : diffuser). Elle a été connue pendant son développement sous les noms "Blackbelt", "Dural" et "Katana".

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Europe

Europe is a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere. It comprises the westernmost part of Eurasia and is bordered by the Arctic Ocean to the north, the Atlantic Ocean to the west, the Mediterranean Sea to the south, and Asia to the east. Europe is commonly considered to be separated from Asia by the watershed of the Ural Mountains, the Ural River, the Caspian Sea, the Greater Caucasus, the Black Sea, and the waterways of the Turkish Straits. Although much of this border is over land, Europe is generally accorded the status of a full continent because of its great physical size and the weight of history and tradition.

L’Europe est considérée conventionnellement comme un continent, délimité à l’ouest par l’océan Atlantique et la mer de Norvège, et au nord par l’océan Arctique. Sa limite méridionale est marquée par le détroit de Gibraltar qui la sépare de l'Afrique, tandis que les détroits respectivement du Bosphore et des Dardanelles marquent sa frontière avec l'Asie du Sud-Ouest. Sa limite à l'est, fixée par Pierre le Grand aux monts Oural, au fleuve Oural et au Caucase est la limité traditionnellement retenue, mais reste, faute de séparation claire et précise, l'objet de controverses selon lesquelles un certain nombre de pays sont ou ne sont pas à inclure dans le continent européen. Géographiquement, ce peut être considéré aussi comme une partie des supercontinents de l'Eurasie et de l'Afro-Eurasie.

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null

Set (mathematics)

Ensemble

In mathematics, a set is a well-defined collection of distinct objects, considered as an object in its own right. The arrangement of the objects in the set does not matter. For example, the numbers 2, 4, and 6 are distinct objects when considered separately, but when they are considered collectively they form a single set of size three, written as, which could also be written as.

En mathématiques, un ensemble désigne "intuitivement" une collection d’objets (les éléments de l'ensemble), « une multitude qui peut être comprise comme un tout » (au sens d"'omnis").

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null

Euro

The euro (sign: €; code: EUR) is the official currency of 19 of the member states of the European Union. This group of states is known as the eurozone or euro area, and counts about 343 million citizens. The euro, which is divided into 100 cents, is the second-largest and second-most traded currency in the foreign exchange market after the United States dollar.

L'euro (€) est la monnaie unique de l'union économique et monétaire, formée au sein de l'Union européenne ; elle est commune à dix-neuf États membres de l'Union européenne qui forment ainsi la zone euro.

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Estonian language

Estonien

Estonian ( ) is a Uralic language of the Finnic branch spoken in Estonia. It is the official language of Estonia, spoken natively by about 1.1 million people; 922,000 people in Estonia and 160,000 outside Estonia. It is a Southern Finnic language and is the second-most-spoken language among all the Finnic languages.

L’estonien est une langue appartenant à la branche fennique de la famille des langues ouraliennes. Il est étroitement apparenté au finnois et plus lointainement au hongrois. Il est parlé par environ, dont la très grande majorité () habite en Estonie.

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Émile Benveniste

Émile Benveniste (; 27 May 1902 – 3 October 1976) was a French structural linguist and semiotician. He is best known for his work on Indo-European languages and his critical reformulation of the linguistic paradigm established by Ferdinand de Saussure.

Émile Benveniste (prononciation : /bɛ̃venist/) est un linguiste français né à Alep (Syrie) le, et mort à Versailles le. Né Ezra Benveniste, il a été naturalisé français en 1924. Il s'est illustré par ses travaux tant dans le domaine de la grammaire comparée des langues indo-européennes que dans celui de la linguistique générale.

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Sustainable development

Développement durable

Sustainable development is the organizing principle for meeting human development goals while simultaneously sustaining the ability of natural systems to provide the natural resources and ecosystem services on which the economy and society depends. The desired result is a state of society where living conditions and resources are used to continue to meet human needs without undermining the integrity and stability of the natural system. Sustainable development can be defined as development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. While the modern concept of sustainable development is derived mostly from the 1987 Brundtland Report, it is also rooted in earlier ideas about sustainable forest management and twentieth-century environmental concerns. As the concept developed, it has shifted its focus more towards the economic development, social development and environmental protection for future generations. It has been suggested that "the term'sustainability' should be viewed as humanity's target goal of human-ecosystem equilibrium, while'sustainable development' refers to the holistic approach and temporal processes that lead us to the end point of sustainability". Modern economies are endeavoring to reconcile ambitious economic development and obligations of preserving natural resources and ecosystems, as the two are usually seen as of conflicting nature. Instead of holding climate change commitments and other sustainability measures as a remedy to economic development, turning and leveraging them into market opportunities will do greater good. The economic development brought by such organized principles and practices in an economy is called Managed Sustainable Development (MSD).

Le développement durable (, parfois traduit par "développement soutenable") est une conception de la croissance économique qui s'inscrit dans une perspective de long terme et qui intègre les contraintes liées à l'environnement et au fonctionnement de la société. Selon la définition donnée dans le rapport de la Commission mondiale sur l'environnement et le développement de l'Organisation des Nations unies, dit rapport Brundtland, où cette expression est apparue pour la première fois en 1987,.

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Musical ensemble

Ensemble musical

A musical ensemble, also known as a music group or musical group, is a group of people who perform instrumental or vocal music, with the ensemble typically known by a distinct name. Some music ensembles consist solely of instruments, such as the jazz quartet or the orchestra. Some music ensembles consist solely of singers, such as choirs and doo wop groups. In both popular music and classical music, there are ensembles in which both instrumentalists and singers perform, such as the rock band or the Baroque chamber group for basso continuo (harpsichord and cello) and one or more singers. In classical music, trios or quartets either blend the sounds of musical instrument families (such as piano, strings, and wind instruments) or group together instruments from the same instrument family, such as string ensembles (e.g., string quartet) or wind ensembles (e.g., wind quintet). Some ensembles blend the sounds of a variety of instrument families, such as the orchestra, which uses a string section, brass instruments, woodwinds and percussion instruments, or the concert band, which uses brass, woodwinds and percussion.

Un ensemble musical est un groupe de musiciens habitués à pratiquer ensemble, en amateur ou professionnellement. Par exemple, en musique classique, un quatuor à cordes constitue un « ensemble de solistes » — comprenant les premier et deuxième violons, l'alto et le violoncelle — tandis qu'une chorale à quatre voix constitue un « ensemble de pupitres » — comprenant le pupitre des sopranos, celui des altos, celui des ténors et celui des basses.

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Endangered species

Espèce en danger

An endangered species is a species that is very likely to become extinct in the near future, either worldwide or in a particular political jurisdiction. Endangered species may be at risk due to factors such as habitat loss, poaching and invasive species. The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List lists the global conservation status of many species, and various other agencies assess the status of species within particular areas. Many nations have laws that protect conservation-reliant species which, for example, forbid hunting, restrict land development, or create protected areas. Some endangered species are the target of extensive conservation efforts such as captive breeding and habitat restoration.

En biologie et écologie, l'expression « espèce en danger » s'applique à toute espèce risquant de disparaître à court ou moyen terme. Selon le congrès mondial de l'UICN de septembre 2016,, ce qu'un article du 10 août, dans la revue "Nature" traduit sous le titre « Les ravages des fusils, des filets et des bulldozers » aussi qualifiés de grands tueurs parmi les facteurs de régression de animales et végétales évaluées et classées en 2016 comme menacées ou quasi menacées de disparition sur la liste rouge de l'UICN.

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null

Vector space

Espace vectoriel

A vector space (also called a linear space) is a collection of objects called vectors, which may be added together and multiplied ("scaled") by numbers, called "scalars". Scalars are often taken to be real numbers, but there are also vector spaces with scalar multiplication by complex numbers, rational numbers, or generally any field. The operations of vector addition and scalar multiplication must satisfy certain requirements, called "axioms", listed below, in. For specifying that the scalars are real or complex numbers, the terms real vector space and complex vector space are often used.

En mathématiques, plus précisément en algèbre linéaire, un espace vectoriel est un ensemble d'objets, appelés vecteurs, que l'on peut additionner entre eux, et que l'on peut multiplier par un scalaire (pour les étirer ou les rétrécir). En d'autres termes, c'est un ensemble muni d'une structure permettant d'effectuer des combinaisons linéaires. Les scalaires sont généralement des nombres réels ou des nombres complexes, ou alors pris dans n'importe quel corps.

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Edgar Rice Burroughs

Edgar Rice Burroughs (September 1, 1875 – March 19, 1950) was an American speculative fiction writer, best known for his prolific output in the adventure, science fiction and fantasy genres. Among his most well-known creations include Tarzan of the Apes, Lord of the Jungle, John Carter of Mars and Carson Napier of Venus.

Edgar Rice Burroughs, né à Chicago le et mort à Los Angeles le, est un romancier américain, créateur de "Tarzan", l'homme-singe, l'un des personnages de fiction les plus connus au monde et de "John Carter", l'un des premiers héros de science fiction. Il est également l'auteur de plusieurs séries de science-fiction et de romans policiers.

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null

Placentalia

Placentalia is one of the three extant subdivisions of the class of animals Mammalia; the other two are Monotremata and Marsupialia. The placentals are partly distinguished from other mammals in that the fetus is carried in the uterus of its mother to a relatively late stage of development. The name is something of a misnomer considering that marsupials also nourish their fetuses via a placenta, though for a relatively briefer period, giving birth to less developed young who are then kept for a period in the mother's pouch.

Les placentaires (Placentalia) forment une infra-classe très diversifiée de mammifères thériens caractérisés par le fait qu'ils accouchent des juvéniles par contraste avec les marsupiaux qui accouchent de larves ou les monotrèmes qui pondent des œufs. Cela est rendu possible par la présence d'un placenta, plus développé et plus complexe que chez les marsupiaux, ce qui leur a donné leur nom. Leur apparition remonterait à environ 150 millions d'années d'après l'horloge moléculaire.

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null

Ethernet

Ethernet () is a family of computer networking technologies commonly used in local area networks (LAN), metropolitan area networks (MAN) and wide area networks (WAN). It was commercially introduced in 1980 and first standardized in 1983 as IEEE 802.3. Ethernet has since retained a good deal of backward compatibility and has been refined to support higher bit rates, a greater number of nodes, and longer link distances. Over time, Ethernet has largely replaced competing wired LAN technologies such as Token Ring, FDDI and ARCNET.

Ethernet est un protocole de réseau local à commutation de paquets. C'est une norme internationale : "ISO/IEC 802-3". Depuis les années 1990, on utilise très fréquemment Ethernet sur paires torsadées pour la connexion des postes clients, et des versions sur fibre optique pour le cœur du réseau. Cette configuration a largement supplanté d'autres standards comme le, FDDI et ARCNET. Depuis quelques années, les variantes sans fil d'Ethernet (normes IEEE 802.11, dites « Wi-Fi ») ont connu un fort succès, aussi bien pour les installations personnelles que professionnelles.

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GNU Emacs

GNU Emacs is free and open source text editor. It was created by GNU Project founder Richard Stallman. In common with other varieties of Emacs, GNU Emacs is extensible using a Turing complete programming language. GNU Emacs has been called "the most powerful text editor available today". With proper support from the underlying system, GNU Emacs is able to display files in multiple character sets, and has been able to simultaneously display most human languages since at least 1999. Throughout its history, GNU Emacs has been a central component of the GNU project, and a flagship of the free software movement. GNU Emacs is sometimes abbreviated as GNUMACS, especially to differentiate it from other EMACS variants. The tag line for GNU Emacs is "the extensible self-documenting text editor".

GNU Emacs est l’une des deux versions les plus populaires de l’éditeur de texte Emacs (l’autre version est XEmacs). Ces deux versions sont majoritairement compatibles et ont de très nombreux points communs, décrits dans l’article Emacs.

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Enki Bilal

Enki Bilal (born Enis Bilalović;, ; born October 7, 1951) is a French comic book creator, comics artist and film director.

Enes Bilal, dit Enki Bilal, est auteur de bande dessinée et réalisateur français, né le à Belgrade en Yougoslavie (actuellement en Serbie).

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Greenhouse effect

Effet de serre

The greenhouse effect is the process by which radiation from a planet's atmosphere warms the planet's surface to a temperature above what it would be without this atmosphere.

L’effet de serre est un processus naturel résultant de l’influence de l'atmosphère sur les différents flux thermiques contribuant aux températures au sol d'une planète. La prise en compte de ce mécanisme est nécessaire pour expliquer les températures observées à la surface de la Terre et de Vénus. Dans le système solaire, l'essentiel de l'énergie thermique reçue par une planète provient du rayonnement solaire et, en l’absence d'atmosphère, une planète rayonne idéalement comme un corps noir, l'atmosphère d'une planète absorbe et réfléchit une partie de ces rayonnements modifiant ainsi l'équilibre thermique. Ainsi l'atmosphère isole la Terre du vide spatial comme une serre isole les plantes de l'air extérieur.

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null

Regular expression

Expression régulière

A regular expression (shortened as regex or regexp; also referred to as rational expression) is a sequence of characters that define a "search pattern". Usually such patterns are used by string searching algorithms for "find" or "find and replace" operations on strings, or for input validation. It is a technique developed in theoretical computer science and formal language theory.

En informatique, une expression régulière ou expression rationnelle ou expression normale ou motif, est une chaîne de caractères, qui décrit, selon une syntaxe précise, un ensemble de chaînes de caractères possibles. Les expressions régulières sont également appelées regex (un mot-valise formé depuis l'anglais ""). Les expressions rationnelles sont issues des théories mathématiques des langages formels des années 1940. Leur capacité à décrire avec concision des "ensembles réguliers" explique qu’elles se retrouvent dans plusieurs domaines scientifiques dans les années d’après-guerre et justifie leur adoption en informatique. Les expressions régulières sont aujourd’hui utilisées pour programmer des logiciels avec des fonctionnalités de lecture, de contrôle, de modification, et d'analyse de textes ainsi que dans la manipulation des langues formelles que sont les langages informatiques.

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null

Examples of differential equations

Exemples d'équations différentielles

Differential equations arise in many problems in physics, engineering, and other sciences. The following examples show how to solve differential equations in a few simple cases when an exact solution exists.

Cet article présente quelques exemples d'équations différentielles. Les équations différentielles sont utilisées pour résoudre des problèmes en physique, en ingénierie et dans plusieurs autres sciences.

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null

Species

Espèce

In biology, a species () is the basic unit of classification and a taxonomic rank of an organism, as well as a unit of biodiversity. A species is often defined as the largest group of organisms in which any two individuals of the appropriate sexes or mating types can produce fertile offspring, typically by sexual reproduction. Other ways of defining species include their karyotype, DNA sequence, morphology, behaviour or ecological niche. In addition, paleontologists use the concept of the chronospecies since fossil reproduction cannot be examined. The total number of species is estimated to be between 8 and 8.7 million. However the vast majority of them are not studied or documented and it may take over 1000 years to fully catalogue them all.

Dans les sciences du vivant, l’espèce (du latin "", « type » ou « apparence ») est le taxon de base de la systématique. Il existe plus d'une vingtaine de définitions de l'espèce dans la littérature scientifique. La définition la plus communément admise est celle du concept biologique énoncé par Ernst Mayr en 1942 : une espèce est une population ou un ensemble de populations dont les individus peuvent effectivement ou potentiellement se reproduire entre eux et engendrer une descendance viable et féconde, dans des conditions naturelles. Ainsi, l'espèce est la plus grande unité de population au sein de laquelle le flux génétique est possible et les individus d'une même espèce sont donc génétiquement isolés d'autres ensembles équivalents du point de vue reproductif.

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Estonia

Estonie

Estonia ( ), officially the Republic of Estonia (), is a country on the eastern coast of the Baltic Sea in Northern Europe. It is bordered to the north by the Gulf of Finland across from Finland, to the west by the Baltic Sea across from Sweden, to the south by Latvia (343 km), and to the east by Lake Peipus and Russia (338.6 km). The territory of Estonia consists of the mainland and of 2,222 islands in the Baltic Sea, covering a total area of, water, land area, and is influenced by a humid continental climate. The official language of the country, Estonian, is the second-most-spoken Finnic language.

L'Estonie, en forme longue la République d'Estonie ( et ), est un pays d'Europe du Nord. Le pays partage ses frontières avec la Russie sur son flanc est et avec la Lettonie au sud. La mer Baltique s'ouvre à l'ouest, tandis que le golfe de Finlande, où se trouve la capitale Tallinn, constitue une délimitation naturelle au nord avec la Finlande. L'Estonie est traditionnellement regroupée avec ses voisins méridionaux, la Lettonie et la Lituanie, dans un ensemble géopolitique nommé pays baltes. Néanmoins, depuis l'indépendance de l'Union soviétique en 1991, le pays cherche à être reconnu comme un pays nordique proche de la Finlande, avec lequel sa population partage une grande partie de ses racines et sa culture.

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Edgar Allan Poe

Edgar Allan Poe (; born Edgar Poe; January 19, 1809 – October 7, 1849) was an American writer, poet, editor, and literary critic. Poe is best known for his poetry and short stories, particularly his tales of mystery and the macabre. He is widely regarded as a central figure of Romanticism in the United States and of American literature as a whole, and he was one of the country's earliest practitioners of the short story. He is also generally considered the inventor of the detective fiction genre and is further credited with contributing to the emerging genre of science fiction. Poe was the first well-known American writer to earn a living through writing alone, resulting in a financially difficult life and career.

Edgar Allan Poe, né le à Boston et mort à Baltimore le, est un poète, romancier, nouvelliste, critique littéraire, dramaturge et éditeur américain, ainsi que l'une des principales figures du romantisme américain. Connu surtout pour ses contes il a donné à la nouvelle ses lettres de noblesse et est considéré comme l’inventeur du roman policier. Nombre de ses récits préfigurent les genres de la science-fiction et du fantastique.

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Natural environment

Environnement

The natural environment encompasses all living and non-living things occurring naturally, meaning in this case not artificial. The term is most often applied to the Earth or some parts of Earth. This environment encompasses the interaction of all living species, climate, weather and natural resources that affect human survival and economic activity. The concept of the "natural environment" can be distinguished as components:

L'environnement est « l'ensemble des éléments (biotiques ou abiotiques) qui entourent un individu ou une espèce et dont certains contribuent directement à subvenir à ses besoins », ou encore comme « l'ensemble des conditions naturelles (physiques, chimiques, biologiques) et culturelles (sociologiques) susceptibles d’agir sur les organismes vivants et les activités humaines ».

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Far-right politics

Extrême droite

Far-right politics, also referred to as the extreme right or right-wing extremism, are politics further on the right of the left–right political spectrum than the standard political right, particularly in terms of extreme nationalism, nativist ideologies and authoritarian tendencies.

Le terme extrême droite est employé pour classer des mouvements, des organisations et des partis politiques historiquement disposés à l'extrême droite des hémicycles parlementaires. La question de sa délimitation suscite le débat, surtout celle de ses « invariants », mais plusieurs usages en sont distingués.

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Émile Durkheim

David Émile Durkheim ( ; 15 April 1858 – 15 November 1917) was a French sociologist. He formally established the academic discipline of sociology and—with Karl Marx and Max Weber —is commonly cited as the principal architect of modern social science.

David Émile Durkheim, né le à Épinal et mort le à Paris, est un sociologue français considéré comme l'un des fondateurs de la sociologie moderne.

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Fiji

Fidji

Fiji ( ; ; Fiji Hindi: फ़िजी, "Fijī"), officially the Republic of Fiji, is an island country in Melanesia, part of Oceania in the South Pacific Ocean about northeast of New Zealand's North Island. Its closest neighbours are Vanuatu to the west, New Caledonia to the southwest, New Zealand's Kermadec Islands to the southeast, Tonga to the east, the Samoas and France's Wallis and Futuna to the northeast, and Tuvalu to the north. Fiji consists of an archipelago of more than 330 islands—of which about 110 are permanently inhabited—and more than 500 islets, amounting to a total land area of about. The most outlying island is Ono-i-Lau. The two major islands, Viti Levu and Vanua Levu, account for 87% of the total population of. The capital, Suva, on Viti Levu, serves as the country's principal cruise-ship port. About three-quarters of Fijians live on Viti Levu's coasts, either in Suva or in smaller urban centres such as Nadi—where tourism is the major local industry—or Lautoka, where the sugar-cane industry is paramount. Due to its terrain, the interior of Viti Levu is sparsely inhabited.

Les Fidji ou les îles Fidji, en forme longue la république des Fidji (en fidjien et, en anglais et, en hindi des Fidji, et, ), est un pays d'Océanie situé dans l'Ouest de l'océan Pacifique sud. L'archipel, qui fait partie de la Mélanésie, se trouve à à l'ouest-nord-ouest des Tonga, à au sud-ouest de Wallis-et-Futuna et à au sud des Tuvalu.

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Flail (weapon)

Fléau d'armes

A flail is a weapon consisting of a striking head attached to a handle by a flexible rope, strap, or chain. The chief tactical virtue of the flail was its capacity to strike around a defender's shield or parry. Its chief liability was a lack of precision and the difficulty of using it in close combat, or closely ranked formations.

Le fléau d'armes est une arme blanche contondante utilisée au Moyen Âge européen. Bien qu'il désigne un objet bien spécifique, de nombreuses inexactitudes qui se sont perpétuées au fil du temps ont conduit à une confusion avec des armes proches.

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null

Fortran

Fortran (; formerly FORTRAN, derived from "Formula Translation") is a general-purpose, compiled imperative programming language that is especially suited to numeric computation and scientific computing.

Fortran ("") est un langage de programmation utilisé principalement pour le calcul scientifique. Inventé en 1954, c'est le plus ancien langage de programmation de haut niveau, suivi notamment par Lisp (1958), Algol (1958) et COBOL (1959). Le nombre de bibliothèques scientifiques écrites en Fortran et les efforts continus consacrés aux compilateurs pour exploiter au fil des décennies les nouvelles possibilités des calculateurs (vectorisation, coprocesseurs, parallélisme) ont maintenu l'usage de ce langage, non sans d'importantes évolutions.

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Domestication

Domestication is a sustained multi-generational relationship in which one group of organisms assumes a significant degree of influence over the reproduction and care of another group to secure a more predictable supply of resources from that second group.

La domestication d'une espèce, animale ou végétale, est l'acquisition, la perte ou le développement de caractères morphologiques, physiologiques ou comportementaux nouveaux et héréditaires, résultant d’une interaction prolongée, d'un contrôle voire d'une sélection délibérée de la part des communautés humaines. Elle se traduit par une modification plus ou moins profonde du patrimoine génétique de l'espèce, voire la formation d'une espèce génétiquement disjointe (non interféconde avec l'espèce originelle).

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Internet service provider

Fournisseur d'accès à Internet

An Internet service provider (ISP) is an organization that provides services for accessing, using, or participating in the Internet. Internet service providers can be organized in various forms, such as commercial, community-owned, non-profit, or otherwise privately owned.

Un fournisseur d'accès à Internet ou FAI (aussi appelé fournisseur de service Internet ou FSI) est un organisme (généralement une entreprise mais parfois aussi une association) offrant une connexion à Internet, le réseau informatique mondial.

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Finland

Finlande

Finland ( ;, ), officially the Republic of Finland (, ), is a country located in the Nordic region of Europe. Bounded by the Baltic Sea to its southwest, the Gulf of Bothnia on the west, and the Gulf of Finland on the south, it shares land borders with Sweden to the west, Russia to the east, and Norway to the north. Helsinki, the capital of Finland, and Tampere are largest cities and urban areas in the whole country.

La Finlande ( ; ), en forme longue la république de Finlande ( ; ), est un pays d'Europe du Nord, membre de l'Union européenne depuis 1995.

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Ferdinand de Saussure

Ferdinand de Saussure (; ; 26 November 1857 – 22 February 1913) was a Swiss linguist and semiotician. His ideas laid a foundation for many significant developments in both linguistics and semiology in the 20th century. He is widely considered one of the founders of 20th-century linguistics and one of two major founders (together with Charles Sanders Peirce) of semiotics/semiology.

Ferdinand de Saussure, né à Genève le et mort à Vufflens-le-Château le, est un linguiste suisse. Reconnu comme le précurseur du structuralisme en linguistique, il s'est aussi distingué par ses travaux sur les langues indo-européennes.

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Franche-Comté

Franche-Comté (,, ; Frainc-Comtou: "Fraintche-Comtè"; ; ; ; all ) is a cultural and historical region of eastern France. It is composed of the modern departments of Doubs, Jura, Haute-Saône and the Territoire de Belfort. In 2016, its population was 1,180,397.

La Franche-Comté ( ) est une région culturelle et historique de l'Est de la France métropolitaine qui correspond approximativement à l'ancien comté de Bourgogne (aussi appelée "Franche Comté de Bourgogne"). Elle est appelée "Fraintche-Comtè" en franc-comtois et "Franche-Comtât" en arpitan, les deux langues comtoises traditionnelles.

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null

Federal Bureau of Investigation

The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) is the domestic intelligence and security service of the United States and its principal federal law enforcement agency. Operating under the jurisdiction of the United States Department of Justice, the FBI is also a member of the U.S. Intelligence Community and reports to both the Attorney General and the Director of National Intelligence. A leading U.S. counter-terrorism, counterintelligence, and criminal investigative organization, the FBI has jurisdiction over violations of more than 200 categories of federal crimes.

Le'(qui est littéralement traduit par « Bureau fédéral d'enquête »), ou très couramment nommé par son sigle'() est, aux États-Unis, le principal service fédéral de et un service de renseignement intérieur. En 2010, la juridiction du FBI recouvre plus de deux cents catégories de crimes fédéraux, faisant du FBI l'organisme d'enquête majeur du gouvernement américain. Ses attributions incluent l'antiterrorisme, le contre-espionnage, le crime informatique et la médecine légale. Établi en 1908, comme (, littéralement « Bureau d'enquête »), ce service est rebaptisé en 1935. Son siège est situé à Washington, et ses bureaux sont disséminés dans plus de quatre cents villes américaines, et cinquante ambassades dans le monde.

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Felidae

Felidae is a family of mammals in the order Carnivora, colloquially referred to as cats, and constitutes a clade. A member of this family is also called a felid. The term "cat" refers both to felids in general and specifically to the domestic cat ("Felis catus").

Les Félidés (Felidae) ou Félins sont une famille de mammifères placentaires de l'ordre des carnivores et du sous-ordre des féliformes. Si on exclut le taxon fossile des Proailurinae, qui ne possède qu'un seul et unique genre connu, on y distingue trois sous-familles : les « petits félins » (Felinae), les « grands félins » (Pantherinae) et les félins dit « à dents de sabre » (Machairodontinae), aujourd'hui éteints. Parmi leurs traits caractéristiques figurent leur tête ronde au crâne raccourci, leur mâchoire dotée d’environ trente dents, et leurs griffes rétractiles, exception faite du chat viverrin et du chat à tête plate (semi-rétractiles) et du guépard (non rétractiles). Les félins sont digitigrades, c’est-à-dire qu’ils marchent en appuyant sur leurs doigts (la plante du pied ne se pose pas sur le sol).

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2002 Cannes Film Festival

Festival de Cannes 2002

The 55th Cannes Film Festival started on 15 May and ran until 26 May 2002. The Palme d'Or went to the Polish-French-German-British co-produced film "The Pianist" directed by Roman Polanski.

La du Festival de Cannes a lieu du 15 au. La maîtresse de cérémonie est l'actrice française Virginie Ledoyen.

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François Bayrou

François Bayrou (, born 25 May 1951) is a French centrist politician and the president of the Democratic Movement (MoDem), who was a candidate in the 2002, 2007 and 2012 French presidential elections.

François Bayrou ( ), né le à Bordères (Basses-Pyrénées), est un essayiste et homme politique français. Ministre de l'Éducation nationale sous trois gouvernements de droite de 1993 à 1997, il est également député des Pyrénées-Atlantiques entre 1986 et 2012, président du conseil général des Pyrénées-Atlantiques de 1992 à 2001, député européen de 1999 à 2002 et maire de Pau depuis 2014.

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Frank Herbert

Franklin Patrick Herbert Jr. (October 8, 1920 – February 11, 1986) was an American science-fiction author best known for the 1965 novel "Dune" and its five sequels. Though he became famous for his novels, he also wrote short stories and worked as a newspaper journalist, photographer, book reviewer, ecological consultant, and lecturer.

Frank Herbert, né Frank Patrick Herbert, Jr. le à Tacoma dans l'État de Washington et mort le à Madison dans le Wisconsin, est un écrivain américain, auteur de romans de science-fiction.

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Ford Motor Company

Ford

Ford Motor Company, commonly known as Ford, is an American multinational automaker that has its main headquarters in Dearborn, Michigan, a suburb of Detroit. It was founded by Henry Ford and incorporated on June 16, 1903. The company sells automobiles and commercial vehicles under the Ford brand, and most luxury cars under the Lincoln brand. Ford also owns Brazilian SUV manufacturer Troller, an 8% stake in Aston Martin of the United Kingdom and a 32% stake in Jiangling Motors. It also has joint-ventures in China (Changan Ford), Taiwan (Ford Lio Ho), Thailand (AutoAlliance Thailand), Turkey (Ford Otosan), and Russia (Ford Sollers). The company is listed on the New York Stock Exchange and is controlled by the Ford family; they have minority ownership but the majority of the voting power.

Ford (officiellement Ford Motor Company ou FMC) est un constructeur automobile américain, basé à Dearborn, une banlieue de la ville de Détroit, dans le Michigan.

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Frans Eemil Sillanpää

Frans Emil Sillanpää

Frans Eemil Sillanpää () (16 September 1888 – 3 June 1964) was one of the most famous Finnish writers and in 1939 became the first Finnish writer to be awarded the Nobel Prize for literature "for his deep understanding of his country's peasantry and the exquisite art with which he has portrayed their way of life and their relationship with Nature".

Frans Emil Sillanpää (né le à Hämeenkyrö, Finlande - mort le à Helsinki) est un écrivain finlandais, romancier et nouvelliste, adepte du néo-réalisme psychologique. Ses principaux romans, "Sainte Misère" (1919) et "Silja ou Une brève destinée (1931)", évoquent la guerre civile finlandaise.

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Public holidays in Japan

Fêtes et jours fériés au Japon

Prior to Japan's adoption of the Gregorian calendar in 1873, the dates of holidays were based on the traditional Chinese lunisolar calendar. Thus, New Year's Day, for example, was celebrated at the beginning of spring, as it is in modern China, Korea, and Vietnam. Japan has 16 national, government-recognized holidays.

Le Japon est un des pays au monde à posséder le plus de fêtes (') et de jours fériés (). Ils proviennent pour la plupart des rites des deux grandes croyances japonaises que sont le shintoïsme et le bouddhisme au Japon.

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Potassium ferricyanide

Ferricyanure de potassium

Potassium ferricyanide is the chemical compound with the formula K[Fe(CN)]. This bright red salt contains the octahedrally coordinated [Fe(CN)] ion. It is soluble in water and its solution shows some green-yellow fluorescence. It was discovered in 1822 by Leopold Gmelin, and was initially used in the production of ultramarine dyes.

Le ferricyanure de potassium () aussi connu comme prussiate rouge, rouge de Prusse, ou hexacyanoferrate (III) de potassium, est un composé de coordination stable à la température et à la pression qui forme des cristaux rouge rubis.

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Trifunctional hypothesis

Fonctions tripartites indo-européennes

The trifunctional hypothesis of prehistoric Proto-Indo-European society postulates a tripartite ideology (""idéologie tripartite"") reflected in the existence of three classes or castes—priests, warriors, and commoners (farmers or tradesmen)—corresponding to the three functions of the sacral, the martial and the economic, respectively. The trifunctional thesis is primarily associated with the French mythographer Georges Dumézil, who proposed it in 1929 in the book "Flamen-Brahman", and later in "Mitra-Varuna".

La tripartition, ou les fonctions tripartites indo-européennes, est une thèse formulée par Georges Dumézil à partir de la mythologie comparée. Selon lui, les sociétés d'origine indo-européenne organisent l'activité humaine en trois fonctions, correspondant aux domaines religieux, guerrier et économique, qui sont exercées comme des pouvoirs séparés et hiérarchisés.

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François Bourgeon

François Bourgeon (born July 5, 1945, Paris) is a French comics artist. He is author of several noted Franco-Belgian comics album series.

François Bourgeon, né le à Paris, est un scénariste et dessinateur de bande dessinée français. Il est l'auteur d'œuvres renommées comme "Les Passagers du vent", "Les Compagnons du crépuscule" et "Le Cycle de Cyann" qui lui ont valu plusieurs prix et distinctions.

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Fanzine

A fanzine (blend of "fan" and "magazine" or "-zine") is a non-professional and non-official publication produced by enthusiasts of a particular cultural phenomenon (such as a literary or musical genre) for the pleasure of others who share their interest. The term was coined in an October 1940 science fiction fanzine by Russ Chauvenet and first popularized within science fiction fandom, and from there it was adopted by other communities.

Un fanzine (contraction de l'expression anglaise « fanatic magazine ») est une publication, imprimée ou en ligne, périodique ou non, institutionnellement indépendante, créée et réalisée par des amateurs passionnés pour d'autres passionnés.

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Fête de la Musique

Fête de la musique

The Fête de la Musique, also known in English as Music Day, Make Music Day or World Music Day, is an annual music celebration that takes place on 21 June. On Music Day the citizens of a city or country are allowed and urged to play music outside in their neighborhoods or in public spaces and parks. Free concerts are also organized, where musicians play for fun and not for payment.

La Fête de la musique a lieu à travers le monde le 21 juin (date qui coïncide le plus souvent avec le premier jour de l'été dans l'hémisphère nord), principalement le soir et la nuit jusqu'au lendemain matin. Elle est actuellement célébrée dans une centaine de pays. Divers festivals de musique locaux qui se déroulaient ce jour de solstice participent aujourd’hui à cette fête populaire.

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Diplôme d'Ingénieur

Formation d'ingénieurs en France

The Diplôme d'Ingénieur (, often abbreviated as "Dipl. Ing.") is a postgraduate degree in engineering "(see Engineer's Degrees in Europe)" usually awarded by the French Grandes Écoles in engineering. It is generally obtained after five to seven years of studies after the French Baccalauréat.

Cet article décrit les différentes études menant au titre d'ingénieur en France. Au, il y a 205 écoles d'ingénieurs françaises accréditées par la CTI à délivrer un diplôme d'ingénieur.

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Freenet

Freenet is a peer-to-peer platform for censorship-resistant communication. It uses a decentralized distributed data store to keep and deliver information, and has a suite of free software for publishing and communicating on the Web without fear of censorship.<ref name="Peers in a Client/Server World, 2005">Taylor, Ian J. "From P2P to Web Services and Grids: Peers in a Client/Server World". London: Springer, 2005. Both Freenet and some of its associated tools were originally designed by Ian Clarke, who defined Freenet's goal as providing freedom of speech on the Internet with strong anonymity protection.

Freenet est un réseau informatique anonyme et distribué construit sur l'Internet. Il vise à permettre une liberté d'expression et d'information totale fondée sur la sécurité de l'anonymat, et permet donc à chacun de lire comme de publier du contenu. Il offre la plupart des services actuels d'Internet (courriel, Web, forums, etc.).

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First-person shooter

Jeu de tir à la première personne

First-person shooter (FPS) is a video game genre centered on gun and other weapon-based combat in a first-person perspective; that is, the player experiences the action through the eyes of the protagonist. The genre shares common traits with other shooter games, which in turn makes it fall under the heading action game. Since the genre's inception, advanced 3D and pseudo-3D graphics have challenged hardware development, and multiplayer gaming has been integral.

Le jeu de tir à la première personne (en anglais FPS pour "First-person shooter") ou en vue subjective, aussi appelé Doom-like est un genre de jeu vidéo de tir fondé sur des combats en vision subjective (« à la première personne »), c'est-à-dire que le joueur voit l'action à travers les yeux du protagoniste.

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Finnish language

Finnois

Finnish, whose endonym is'( or') is a Uralic language of the Finnic branch spoken by the majority of the population in Finland and by ethnic Finns outside Finland. Finnish, along with Swedish, is an official language of Finland; Finnish is also an official minority language in Sweden. In Sweden, both Standard Finnish and Meänkieli, its own language or a dialect of Finnish, are spoken. The Kven language, a dialect of Finnish or even a distinct language, is spoken in Northern Norway by a minority group of Finnish descent. The status of Kven and Meänkieli is debated.

Le finnois ou suomi (en finnois : ) est une langue finno-ougrienne, de la branche fennique de la famille des langues ouraliennes, utilisant l'alphabet latin.

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Ariane (rocket family)

Ariane (fusée)

Ariane is a series of a European civilian expendable launch vehicles for space launch use. The name comes from the French spelling of the mythological character Ariadne. France first proposed the Ariane project and it was officially agreed upon at the end of 1973 after discussions between France, Germany and the UK. The project was Western Europe's second attempt to develop its own launcher following the unsuccessful Europa project. The Ariane project was code-named L3S (the French abbreviation for third-generation substitution launcher).

Ariane est le nom générique d'une famille de lanceurs civils européens de satellites. Le programme Ariane est lancé en 1973 par l'Agence spatiale européenne afin de donner les moyens à l'Europe de mettre en orbite ses satellites sans dépendre des autres puissances spatiales. Ce projet avait été précédé d'un échec avec la fusée Europa. La première version, Ariane 1, effectue son vol inaugural depuis la base de Kourou (Guyane française) le. Elle est rapidement remplacée par des versions plus puissantes, Ariane 2, Ariane 3 et Ariane 4 qui effectuent leur premier vol respectivement en 1986, 1984 et 1988. Pour faire face à l'augmentation de la masse des satellites, le lanceur est complètement refondu, donnant naissance à la version Ariane 5 capable de placer maintenant plus de en orbite de transfert géostationnaire. Son premier vol a eu lieu en 1996.

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1965 French presidential election

Élection présidentielle française de 1965

The 1965 French presidential election, held on 5 December and 19 December, was the first direct presidential election in the Fifth Republic and the first since the Second Republic in 1848. It had been widely expected that incumbent president Charles de Gaulle would be re-elected, but the election was notable for the unexpectedly strong performance of his left-wing challenger François Mitterrand.

L'élection présidentielle française de 1965, deuxième élection présidentielle de la, se tient les 5 et pour élire le président de la République française pour un mandat de sept ans.

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null

International Monetary Fund

Fonds monétaire international

The International Monetary Fund (IMF) is an international organization headquartered in Washington, D.C., consisting of 189 countries working to foster global monetary cooperation, secure financial stability, facilitate international trade, promote high employment and sustainable economic growth, and reduce poverty around the world while periodically depending on the World Bank for its resources. Formed in 1944 at the Bretton Woods Conference primarily by the ideas of Harry Dexter White and John Maynard Keynes, it came into formal existence in 1945 with 29 member countries and the goal of reconstructing the international payment system. It now plays a central role in the management of balance of payments difficulties and international financial crises. Countries contribute funds to a pool through a quota system from which countries experiencing balance of payments problems can borrow money., the fund had XDR 477 billion (about US$667 billion).

Le Fonds monétaire international ou FMI (en anglais, "International Monetary Fund" ou "IMF") est une institution internationale regroupant, dont le but est de.

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Christian fundamentalism

Fondamentalisme chrétien

Christian fundamentalism began in the late 19th and early 20th centuries among British and American Protestants as a reaction to theological liberalism and cultural modernism. Fundamentalists argued that 19th-century modernist theologians had misinterpreted or rejected certain doctrines, especially biblical inerrancy, which they considered the fundamentals of the Christian faith. Fundamentalists are almost always described as having a literal interpretation of the Bible. A few scholars label Catholics who reject modern theology in favor of more traditional doctrines fundamentalists. Scholars debate how much the terms "evangelical" and "fundamentalist" are synonymous. In keeping with traditional Christian doctrines concerning biblical interpretation, the role of Jesus in the Bible, and the role of the church in society, fundamentalists usually believe in a core of Christian beliefs which include the historical accuracy of the Bible and all of the events which are recorded in it as well as the Second Coming of Jesus Christ.

Le fondamentalisme chrétien est une position religieuse qui soutient une interprétation stricte et littéraliste de textes sacrés, qui est surtout présente dans le protestantisme. Le terme « fondamentalisme » en lui-même signifie, en général, une adhésion rigide aux principes fondamentaux d’un domaine quelconque.

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Fascism

Fascisme

Fascism () is a form of far-right, authoritarian ultranationalism characterized by dictatorial power, forcible suppression of opposition, as well as strong regimentation of society and of the economy which came to prominence in early 20th-century Europe. The first fascist movements emerged in Italy during World War I, before spreading to other European countries. Opposed to liberalism, Marxism, and anarchism, fascism is placed on the far right within the traditional left–right spectrum.

Le fascisme est un système politique autoritaire qui associe populisme, nationalisme et totalitarisme au nom d'un idéal collectif suprême. Mouvement révolutionnaire, il s'oppose frontalement à la démocratie parlementaire et au libéralisme traditionnel, et remet en cause l'individualisme codifié par la pensée philosophique des Lumières. Issu de diverses composantes de la philosophie européenne du, le fascisme a trouvé dans les circonstances économiques et historiques de l'après-première guerre mondiale le contexte qui lui a permis d'accéder au pouvoir, d'abord en Italie dans les années 1920 avec Mussolini, puis sous une variante accentuée, militariste, en Allemagne dans les années 1930 avec le nazisme et Hitler.

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null

Noncommutative geometry

Géométrie non commutative

Noncommutative geometry (NCG) is a branch of mathematics concerned with a geometric approach to noncommutative algebras, and with the construction of "spaces" that are locally presented by noncommutative algebras of functions (possibly in some generalized sense). A noncommutative algebra is an associative algebra in which the multiplication is not commutative, that is, for which formula_1 does not always equal formula_2; or more generally an algebraic structure in which one of the principal binary operations is not commutative; one also allows additional structures, e.g. topology or norm, to be possibly carried by the noncommutative algebra of functions.

La géométrie non commutative, développée par Alain Connes, est un type de géométrie algébrique distincte de la géométrie algébrique telle qu'on l'entend habituellement (celle développée par Alexandre Grothendieck), car s'intéressant à des objets non commutatifs.

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null

Florida

Floride

Florida (, ) is a state located in the southeastern region of the United States. With a population of over 21 million, Florida is the third-most populous and the 22nd-most extensive of the 50 United States. The state is bordered to the west by the Gulf of Mexico, to the northwest by Alabama, to the north by Georgia, to the east by the Atlantic Ocean, and to the south by the Straits of Florida. The state's capital is Tallahassee and its most populous municipality is Jacksonville. The Miami metropolitan area, with a population of almost 6.2 million, is the most populous urban area in Florida and the seventh-most populous in the United States. Other urban areas in the state with a population of more than one million are Tampa Bay, Orlando, and Jacksonville. Florida's $1.0 trillion economy is the fourth-largest of any U.S. state, and if it were a country, Florida would be the 16th-largest economy in the world.

La Floride (en ; en ) est un État américain situé dans le sud-est des États-Unis, sur la côte dite du Golfe. Elle est bordée à l’ouest par le golfe du Mexique, au nord par l'Alabama et la Géorgie et à l’est par l’océan Atlantique. Avec plus de d'habitants en 2019, il s'agit du troisième État le plus peuplé du pays (après la Californie et le Texas). Avec une superficie de, la Floride se classe au des États américains. Sa capitale politique est Tallahassee, mais l'agglomération la plus peuplée est Miami, qui compte plus de d'habitants (estimations de 2017).

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National Rally (France)

Rassemblement national

The National Rally (, ; RN), until June 2018 known as the National Front (, ; FN), is a right-wing populist and nationalist political party in France. Although most political commentators place the RN on the far-right, other sources suggest that the party's position on the political spectrum has become more difficult to define clearly. Owing to the French electoral system, the party's representation in public office has been limited despite its significant share of the vote. Its major policies include opposition to French membership in NATO, European Union, the Schengen Area, and the eurozone. As an anti-European Union party, the National Rally has opposed the European Union since its creation. The party also supports economic interventionism, protectionism, a zero tolerance approach to law and order, and is opposed to immigration, advocating significant cuts to legal immigration.

Le Rassemblement national (RN), dénommé Front national (FN) jusqu'en 2018, est un parti politique français d'extrême droite fondé en 1972 à l'initiative d'Ordre nouveau. Il est présidé par Jean-Marie Le Pen de sa création à 2011, puis par sa fille Marine Le Pen.

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François Mitterrand

François Maurice Adrien Marie Mitterrand (26 October 1916 – 8 January 1996) was a French statesman who served as President of France from 1981 to 1995, the longest time in office in the history of France. As First Secretary of the Socialist Party, he was the first left-wing politician to assume the presidency under the Fifth Republic.

François Mitterrand, né le à Jarnac (Charente) et mort le à Paris (arrondissement), est un homme d'État français, président de la République du au.

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2002 French presidential election

Élection présidentielle française de 2002

The 2002 French presidential election consisted of a first round election on 21 April 2002, and a runoff election between the top two candidates (Jacques Chirac and Jean-Marie Le Pen) on 5 May 2002. This presidential contest attracted a greater than usual amount of international attention because of far-right candidate Le Pen's unexpected appearance in the runoff election.

L'élection présidentielle française de 2002 a pourvu à l'élection, au suffrage universel et au scrutin uninominal majoritaire à deux tours, du président de la République française pour le premier mandat quinquennal de l'histoire. C'est la huitième élection présidentielle de la et la septième au suffrage universel direct. Le scrutin se tient les et.

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null

Geometry

Géométrie

Geometry (from the ; "geo-" "earth", "-metron" "measurement") is a branch of mathematics concerned with questions of shape, size, relative position of figures, and the properties of space. A mathematician who works in the field of geometry is called a geometer.

La géométrie est à l'origine la branche des mathématiques étudiant les figures du plan et de l'espace (géométrie euclidienne). Depuis la fin du, la géométrie étudie également les figures appartenant à d'autres types d'espaces (géométrie projective, géométrie non euclidienne, par exemple).

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null

1995 French presidential election

Élection présidentielle française de 1995

Presidential elections in France to elect the fifth president of the French Fifth Republic took place on 23 April and 7 May 1995.

L'élection présidentielle française de 1995 est la septième élection présidentielle à se tenir sous le régime de la Cinquième République, et la sixième au suffrage universel direct depuis la réforme constitutionnelle de 1962. Les premier et second tour sont respectivement organisés les 23 avril et.

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null

GNU Compiler Collection

The GNU Compiler Collection (GCC) is a compiler system produced by the GNU Project supporting various programming languages. GCC is a key component of the GNU toolchain and the standard compiler for most projects related to GNU and Linux, including the Linux kernel. The Free Software Foundation (FSF) distributes GCC under the GNU General Public License (GNU GPL). GCC has played an important role in the growth of free software, as both a tool and an example.

, abrégé en GCC, est un ensemble de compilateurs créés par le projet GNU. GCC est un logiciel libre capable de compiler divers langages de programmation, dont C, C++, Objective-C, Java, Ada et Fortran.

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null

GNU

GNU () is an operating system and an extensive collection of computer software. GNU is composed wholly of free software, most of which is licensed under the GNU Project's own General Public License (GPL).

GNU est un système d’exploitation libre créé en 1983 par Richard Stallman, maintenu par le projet GNU. Il reprend les concepts et le fonctionnement d’UNIX.

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Cannes Film Festival

Festival de Cannes

The Cannes Festival (; ), until 2003 called the International Film Festival (') and known in English as the Cannes Film Festival, is an annual film festival held in Cannes, France, which previews new films of all genres, including documentaries from all around the world. Founded in 1946, the invitation-only festival is held annually (usually in May) at the Palais des Festivals et des Congrès.

Le Festival de Cannes est un festival de cinéma international se déroulant chaque année en mai à Cannes (Alpes-Maritimes, France) durant douze jours. Il a été fondé le d'après une idée de Philippe Erlanger – qui lui vint dans le wagon-lit lors de son retour de la Mostra de Venise en 1938. Cette première date, fixée au, fut malheureusement annulée pour cause de déclaration de guerre. Projet repris par Jean Zay, ministre de l'Éducation nationale et des Beaux-arts du Front populaire et Albert Sarraut, ministre de l’intérieur.

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