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Hungarian language | Hongrois | Hungarian () is a Uralic language spoken in Hungary and parts of several neighbouring countries. It is the official language of Hungary and one of the 24 official languages of the European Union. Outside Hungary it is also spoken by communities of Hungarians in the countries that today make up Slovakia, western Ukraine (Subcarpathia), central and western Romania (Transylvania), northern Serbia (Vojvodina), northern Croatia and northeastern Slovenia (Mur region). | Le hongrois ou la langue hongroise (hongrois : " ) est une langue de la branche finno-ougrienne des langues ouraliennes. Il comporte deux fois plus de locuteurs que toutes les autres langues ouraliennes réunies. Les autres langues finno-ougriennes sont le finnois et l'estonien, ainsi que le khanty (ou « ostiak ») et le mansi (ou « vogoul »). Le hongrois est parlé par environ de personnes, dont vivent en Hongrie. Il existe aussi des communautés magyarophones dans tous les pays voisins de la Hongrie (Roumanie, Slovaquie, Serbie, Ukraine, Autriche, Croatie et Slovénie), ainsi que d'importantes communautés apparues par émigration aux États-Unis, au Canada, en Israël, etc. Les dialectes, ou plutôt les variantes parlées du hongrois, sont très peu différenciés de la langue officielle même si les magyarophones de Moldavie (les Csángós) utilisent quelques mots qui leur sont propres (par exemple « " » à la place de « » [œuf]). Les Hongrois émigrés dans des pays occidentaux ont tendance aussi à ordonner les mots de leurs phrases sur le modèle franco-anglais. | [
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Hydrazine | Hydrazine | Hydrazine is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula. It is a simple pnictogen hydride, and is a colorless and flammable liquid with an ammonia-like odor. | L’hydrazine, de nom officiel diazane, de formule chimique NH et de formule semi-développée HN-NH, est un composé chimique liquide incolore, avec une odeur rappelant celle de l’ammoniac. Elle est miscible à l'eau en toutes proportions. | [
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History of Argentina | Histoire de l'Argentine | The history of Argentina can be divided into four main parts: the pre-Columbian time or early history (up to the sixteenth century), the colonial period (1530–1810), the period of nation-building (1810-1880), and the history of modern Argentina (from around 1880). | L’histoire de l’Argentine est l’historiographie des événements survenus sur l’actuel territoire de la République argentine depuis les premiers peuplements humains jusqu’à nos jours. | [
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Henry Ford | Henry Ford | Henry Ford (July 30, 1863 – April 7, 1947) was an American industrialist and business magnate, founder of the Ford Motor Company and chief developer of the assembly line technique of mass production. By creating the first automobile that middle-class Americans could afford, he converted the automobile from an expensive curiosity into an accessible conveyance that would profoundly impact the landscape of the 20th century. | Henry Ford, né le à Dearborn (Michigan, États-Unis) et mort le dans la même ville, est un industriel américain de la première moitié du et le fondateur du constructeur automobile Ford. Son nom est notamment attaché au fordisme, une méthode industrielle alliant un mode de production en série fondé sur le principe de ligne d’assemblage et un modèle économique ayant recours à des salaires élevés. La mise en place de cette méthode au début des années 1910 révolutionne l’industrie américaine en favorisant une consommation de masse et lui permet de produire à plus de 16 millions d’exemplaires la Ford T ; il devient alors l’une des personnes les plus riches et les plus connues au monde. | [
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Heterodoxy | Hétérodoxie | Heterodoxy in a religious sense means "any opinions or doctrines at variance with an official or orthodox position". Under this definition, heterodoxy is similar to unorthodoxy, while the adjective "heterodox" could be applied to a dissident. | Le terme « hétérodoxe » vient du grec ἕτερος "héteros" (autre) et δόξα "dóxa" (opinion). Au sens littéral, il signifie donc « qui pense d'une autre manière (que la manière habituelle, dominante) ». | [
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History of Japan | Histoire du Japon | The history of Japan covers Japan and its relation to the world. It is characterized by isolationistic, semi-open and expansionistic periods. | L’histoire du Japon commence avec le peuplement d'un groupe d'îles au sud-est de la péninsule coréenne, environ Les premières traces d'industrie, des pierres polies, remontent à. Des poteries, parmi les plus anciennes de l'humanité, sont produites vers avant notre ère lors de la période Jōmon, et comprennent les premières formes d'œuvres artistiques : les "dogū". avant notre ère sont introduites des technologies venant de Chine et de Corée comme la riziculture et la fonte du bronze et du fer. | [
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Heracles | Héraclès | Heracles ( ;, "Hēraklês", Glory/Pride of "Hēra", "Hera"), born Alcaeus (, "Alkaios") () or Alcides (, "Alkeidēs") () was a divine hero in Greek mythology, the son of Zeus and Alcmene, foster son of Amphitryon. He was a great-grandson and half-brother (as they are both sired by the god Zeus) of Perseus. He was the greatest of the Greek heroes, a paragon of masculinity, the ancestor of royal clans who claimed to be Heracleidae (), and a champion of the Olympian order against chthonic monsters. In Rome and the modern West, he is known as Hercules, with whom the later Roman emperors, in particular Commodus and Maximian, often identified themselves. The Romans adopted the Greek version of his life and works essentially unchanged, but added anecdotal detail of their own, some of it linking the hero with the geography of the Central Mediterranean. Details of his cult were adapted to Rome as well. | Héraclès (en grec ancien, signifiant « Gloire d'Héra »), de son premier nom Alcide, fils de Zeus et d’Alcmène, est l'un des héros les plus vénérés de la Grèce antique. La mythologie grecque lui prête un très grand nombre d’aventures qui le voient voyager à travers le monde connu des Doriens puis dans toute la Méditerranée, à partir de l’expansion de la Grande-Grèce, jusqu’aux Enfers. Les plus célèbres de ses exploits sont les douze travaux. Il est mentionné dans la littérature grecque dès Homère. | [
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Humour | Humour | Humour (British English) or humor (American English; see spelling differences) is the tendency of experiences to provoke laughter and provide amusement. The term derives from the humoral medicine of the ancient Greeks, which taught that the balance of fluids in the human body, known as humours (Latin: "humor", "body fluid"), controlled human health and emotion. | L’humour, au sens large, est une forme d'esprit railleuse « qui s'attache à souligner le caractère comique, ridicule, absurde ou insolite de certains aspects de la réalité ». | [
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Egyptian hieroglyphs | Écriture hiéroglyphique égyptienne | Egyptian hieroglyphs were the formal writing system used in Ancient Egypt. Hieroglyphs combined logographic, syllabic and alphabetic elements, with a total of some 1,000 distinct characters. Cursive hieroglyphs were used for religious literature on papyrus and wood. The later hieratic and demotic Egyptian scripts were derived from hieroglyphic writing, as was the Proto-Sinaitic script that later evolved into the Phoenician alphabet. Through the Phoenician alphabet's major child systems, the Greek and Aramaic scripts, the Egyptian hieroglyphic script is ancestral to the majority of scripts in modern use, most prominently the Latin and Cyrillic scripts (through Greek) and the Arabic script and Brahmic family of scripts (through Aramaic). | L’écriture hiéroglyphique égyptienne est un système d'écriture figurative : les qui la composent représentent en effet des objets divers,, tels que des plantes, des figures de dieux, d'humains et d'animaux ("" classification des hiéroglyphes). Les égyptologues y distinguent traditionnellement trois catégories de signes : Apparue à la fin du avant notre ère en Haute-Égypte, l'écriture hiéroglyphique est utilisée jusqu’à l'époque romaine, soit pendant plus de trois mille ans. La connaissance des hiéroglyphes se perd avec la fermeture des lieux de culte dits « païens » par l’empereur vers 380. Si des chercheurs déclarent que des hiéroglyphes auraient été décodés par Ibn Wahshiyah vers le, des Européens s'y sont aventurés au début du (Johan David Åkerblad, Thomas Young), avec des succès incertains, mais il faudra, après la découverte de la pierre de Rosette, le génie de Jean-François Champollion pour briser, après quatorze siècles, ce qui paraissait être « un sceau mis sur les lèvres du désert ». | [
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Heresy | Hérésie | Heresy is any belief or theory that is strongly at variance with established beliefs or customs, in particular the accepted beliefs of a church or religious organization. A heretic is a proponent of such claims or beliefs. Heresy is distinct from both apostasy, which is the explicit renunciation of one's religion, principles or cause, and blasphemy, which is an impious utterance or action concerning God or sacred things. | Dans l’Antiquité, le mot hérésie désignait simplement une école de pensée : le "jardin" d’Épicure était une telle "haíresis". Au fil des conciles qui définirent progressivement les dogmes chrétiens durant le premier millénaire de notre ère, la notion d'« hérésie » fut fréquemment opposée à celle d'« orthodoxie ». Elle acquit une valeur péjorative dans l'historiographie des églises trinitaires (catholique ou orthodoxe), et depuis lors, le mot hérésie désigne avant tout une opinion, doctrine ou dogme considéré comme sortant du cadre de ce qui est généralement admis ou tenu pour acquis dans les domaines de la pensée, de la connaissance, de la religion. Selon Michel Serres, on est toujours l'hérétique de quelqu'un : les trinitaires eux-mêmes sont des « hérétiques » aux yeux des chrétiens anté-chalcédoniens qui ont conservé les doctrines d'avant l'année 451. | [
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Homo erectus | Homo erectus | Homo erectus (meaning 'upright man') is an extinct species of archaic human from the Pleistocene, earliest occurrence about 2 mya, and is one of the first recognisable members of the genus "Homo". "Homo erectus" was the first human ancestor to spread throughout the Old World, having a distribution in Eurasia extending from the Iberian peninsula to Java. First discovered in Asia, Asian populations are referred to as "H. erectus sensu stricto" ("in the strict sense") and those beyond "H. erectus sensu lato" ("in the broad sense"). African populations (including those referred to "H. ergaster") are considered to be the direct ancestors to several human species, such as "H. heidelbergensis" and "H. antecessor", and the former is generally considered to have been the direct ancestor to Neanderthals, Denisovans, and ultimately modern humans. Asian populations of "Homo erectus" are likely ancestral to "Homo floresiensis" and possibly to "Homo luzonensis." As a chronospecies, the time of its disappearance is thus a matter of contention or even convention. There are also several proposed subspecies with varying levels of recognition. The last known record of morphologically recognisable "Homo erectus" are the Solo man specimens from Java, around 117-108,000 years old. | Homo erectus est une espèce éteinte du genre "Homo", dont les fossiles les plus récents ont été trouvés sur le site de Ngandong, à Java, en Indonésie, où ils sont datés d'environ. Le périmètre morphologique, géographique, et temporel de cette espèce varie fortement selon les auteurs. | [
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
History of Christianity | Histoire du christianisme | The history of Christianity concerns the Christian religion, Christendom, and the Church with its various denominations, from the 1st century to the present. | L'histoire du christianisme commence au au sein de la diaspora juive après la crucifixion de Jésus de Nazareth, dont la date probable se situe vers l'année 30. Les premières communautés, qui ne se définissent pas encore comme chrétiennes, sont fondées par plusieurs disciples de Jésus, en particulier dans les villes de Rome, Éphèse, Antioche, Alex mais aussi en Perse et en Éthiopie. Quand il devient une religion admise puis la religion officielle de l'Empire romain au, les premiers conciles définissent peu à peu un ensemble de dogmes. Mais les christologies déclarées hérétiques dans l'Empire ne disparaissent pas pour autant. Parmi elles, l'arianisme et le nestorianisme perdurent pendant plusieurs siècles. | [
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Hermeneutics | Herméneutique | Hermeneutics () is the theory and methodology of interpretation, especially the interpretation of biblical texts, wisdom literature, and philosophical texts. Hermeneutics is more than interpretive principles or methods we resort to when immediate comprehension fails. Rather, hermeneutics is the art of understanding and of making oneself understood. | L'herméneutique (du grec "hermeneutikè", ἑρμηνευτική τέχνη, art d'interpréter, "hermeneuein" signifie d'abord « parler », « s'exprimer » et du nom du dieu grec Hermès, messager des dieux et interprète de leurs ordres) est la théorie de la lecture, de l'explication et de l'interprétation des textes. | [
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Halotolerance | Halotolérance | Halotolerance is the adaptation of living organisms to conditions of high salinity. Halotolerant species tend to live in areas such as hypersaline lakes, coastal dunes, saline deserts, salt marshes, and inland salt seas and springs. Halophiles are organisms that live in highly saline environments, and require the salinity to survive, while halotolerant organisms (belonging to different domains of life) can grow under saline conditions, but do not require elevated concentrations of salt for growth. Halophytes are salt-tolerant higher plants. Halotolerant microorganisms are of considerable biotechnological interest. | Un organisme halotolérant est un organisme capable de s'adapter à de très fortes concentrations en sel. La plupart des halotolérants sont des bactéries et des algues unicellulaires. Ils peuvent s'adapter à ces conditions en fabriquant de petites molécules en très grandes quantités, telles que du glycérol, molécules qui s'accumulent au cœur des cellules. La concentration des molécules dissoutes devient égale à la concentration de chlorure de sodium (NaCl) dans le milieu environnant. L'eau ne s'échappe plus des cellules et les conditions biochimiques ne sont pas inhibées. | [
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Halophile | Halophile | Halophiles, named after the Greek word for "salt-loving", are extremophiles that thrive in high salt concentrations. While most halophiles are classified into the "Archaea" domain, there are also bacterial halophiles and some eukaryotic species, such as the alga "Dunaliella salina" and fungus "Wallemia ichthyophaga". Some well-known species give off a red color from carotenoid compounds, notably bacteriorhodopsin. Halophiles can be found in water bodies with salt concentration five times greater than that of the ocean, such as the Great Salt Lake in Utah, Owens Lake in California, the Dead Sea, and in evaporation ponds. They are theorized to be a possible candidate for extremophiles living in the salty subsurface water ocean of Jupiter's Europa and other similar moons. | Un organisme halophile (du grec" halos", sel et "philein", aimer) est un organisme qui s'accommode ou a besoin de fortes concentrations en sel dans son milieu pour vivre. Les micro-organismes halophiles sont des extrémophiles appartenant aux domaines des archées ou des bactéries, mais des plantes sauvages des régions maritimes (les halophytes) et un grand nombre d'algues sont également halophiles. | [
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Hugh Capet | Hugues Capet | Hugh Capet (c. 939 – 24 October 996) was the King of the Franks from 987 to 996. He is the founder and first king from the House of Capet. The son of the powerful duke Hugh the Great and his wife Hedwige of Saxony, he was elected as the successor of the last Carolingian king, Louis V. Hugh was descended from Charlemagne's sons Louis the Pious and Pepin of Italy through his mother and paternal grandmother, respectively, and was also a nephew of Otto the Great. | Hugues Capet est un roi robertien et le fondateur de la dynastie capétienne. Il est né vers 939-941, probablement à Dourdan, et mort le, probablement au lieu-dit non habité « Les Juifs », près de Prasville. Il a été duc des Francs (960-987), puis roi des Francs (987-996). Fils de Hugues le Grand et de son épouse Hedwige de Saxe, Hugues Capet est l'héritier des puissants Robertiens, une lignée en compétition pour le pouvoir avec la dynastie carolingienne et les grandes familles aristocratiques de Francie aux, mais, par sa grand-mère paternelle Béatrice de Vermandois, il descend également d'un Carolingien, Bernard roi d'Italie, petit-fils de Charlemagne. Hugues Capet est le premier roi à ne plus utiliser le germanique au profit de l'ancien français. | [
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Neanderthal | Homme de Néandertal | Neanderthals (, also Neandertals, "Homo neanderthalensis" or "Homo sapiens neanderthalensis") are an extinct species or subspecies of archaic humans who lived in Eurasia until about 40,000 years ago (40 kya [thousand years ago]). They probably went extinct due to competition with or extermination by immigrating modern humans or due to great climatic change, disease, or a combination of these factors. | L'Homme de Néandertal, ou "Néandertalien", est une espèce éteinte du genre "Homo", qui a vécu en Europe, au Moyen-Orient et en Asie centrale, jusqu'à environ avant le présent. Selon une étude génétique publiée en 2016, il partage avec l'Homme de Denisova un ancêtre commun remontant à environ. Cet ancêtre partage lui-même avec "Homo sapiens" un ancêtre commun remontant à environ. Les plus anciens Néandertaliens fossiles reconnus comme tels sont ceux de la Sima de los Huesos, datés de. | [
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Ille-et-Vilaine | Ille-et-Vilaine | Ille-et-Vilaine (; ) is a department of France, located in the region of Brittany in the northwest of the country. | Le département dIlle-et-Vilaine () est l’un des quatre départements de la région Bretagne. Il porte le dans la numérotation départementale française. Il est situé dans l’est de la région Bretagne et fait partie de la Haute-Bretagne. La population totale, de en, est en augmentation depuis plusieurs décennies. Rennes est le chef-lieu de département et préfecture de la région Bretagne. Le département compte. | [
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Iron Maiden | Iron Maiden | Iron Maiden are an English heavy metal band formed in Leyton, East London, in 1975 by bassist and primary songwriter Steve Harris. The band's discography has grown to 39 albums, including 16 studio albums, 12 live albums, four EPs, and seven compilations. | Iron Maiden est un groupe de heavy metal britannique, originaire de Londres. Le groupe est formé en décembre 1975 par le bassiste Steve Harris, rejoint très rapidement par Dave Murray. Il a été parmi les pionniers de la (« la nouvelle vague de heavy metal britannique »). Iron Maiden représente l'un des plus grands succès commerciaux du heavy metal et a vendu près de 100 millions d'albums. Leur sens de la mélodie et une certaine complexité les rapprochent du metal progressif. | [
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Northern Ireland | Irlande du Nord | Northern Ireland ( ; Ulster-Scots: "") is variously described as a country, province or region which is part of the United Kingdom. Located in the northeast of the island of Ireland, Northern Ireland shares a border to the south and west with the Republic of Ireland. In 2011, its population was 1,810,863, constituting about 30% of the island's total population and about 3% of the UK's population. Established by the Northern Ireland Act 1998 as part of the Good Friday Agreement, the Northern Ireland Assembly (colloquially referred to as Stormont after its location) holds responsibility for a range of devolved policy matters, while other areas are reserved for the British government. Northern Ireland co-operates with the Republic of Ireland in several areas, and the Agreement granted the Republic the ability to "put forward views and proposals" with "determined efforts to resolve disagreements between the two governments". | L’Irlande du Nord ( ; ; ) est l'une des quatre nations constitutives du Royaume-Uni, occupant le nord-est de l'île d'Irlande qu'elle partage avec l'État d'Irlande indépendant. Elle se compose de six des neuf comtés de la province irlandaise d'Ulster. Elle couvre, soit environ un sixième de l'île entière et 5 % du Royaume-Uni. Peuplée de d'après le recensement du Royaume-Uni de 2011, elle représente entre un quart et un tiers de la population de l'île et 3 % de celle du Royaume-Uni. La capitale et plus grande ville d'Irlande du Nord est Belfast. | [
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Isère | Isère (département) | Isère (, ; ; ) is a department in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region in eastern France named after the river Isère. | Le département de l’Isère ( ), "Isara" en arpitan) est un département français de la région Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes et tirant son nom de la rivière Isère, affluent de la rive gauche du Rhône. L'Insee et La Poste lui attribuent le. Sa préfecture est Grenoble. | [
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Indre | Indre (département) | Indre () is a department in central France named after the river Indre. The inhabitants of the department are called "Indriens". Indre is part of the current region of Centre-Val de Loire and is surrounded by the departments of Indre-et-Loire, Loir-et-Cher, Cher, Creuse, Vienne, and Haute-Vienne. The préfecture (capital) is Châteauroux and there are three subpréfectures at Le Blanc, La Châtre and Issoudun. | L'Indre est un département français de la région Centre-Val de Loire qui tire son nom de l'Indre, une rivière qui le traverse. L'Insee et la Poste lui attribuent le numéro de code 36. | [
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Indre-et-Loire | Indre-et-Loire | Indre-et-Loire () is a department in west-central France named after the Indre River and Loire River. In 2016, it had a population of 606,223. Sometimes referred to as Touraine, the name of the historic region, it nowadays is part of the Centre-Val de Loire region. Its prefecture is Tours and subprefectures are Chinon and Loches. Indre-et-Loire is a touristic destination for its numerous monuments that are part of the Châteaux of the Loire Valley. | Le département d'Indre-et-Loire ou parfois Touraine est un département français situé en région Centre-Val de Loire. L'Insee et la Poste lui attribuent le code 37. Peuplé de, sa préfecture est Tours. Le département correspond à l'ancienne province de Touraine. | [
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Industry Standard Architecture | Industry Standard Architecture | Industry Standard Architecture (ISA) is the 16-bit internal bus of IBM PC/AT and similar computers based on the Intel 80286 and its immediate successors during the 1980s. The bus was (largely) backward compatible with the 8-bit bus of the 8088-based IBM PC, including the IBM PC/XT as well as IBM PC compatibles. | L', généralement abrégé en ISA, est un standard de bus informatique interne utilisé pour connecter des cartes d'extension à la carte mère d'un ordinateur. | [
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Homo sapiens | Homo sapiens | Homo sapiens is the only extant human species, all of whose members are of the subspecies "Homo sapiens sapiens". The name is Latin for "wise" "man", and was introduced in 1758 by Carl Linnaeus (who is himself the lectotype for the species). | Homo sapiens, plus communément appelé « Homme moderne », « Homme », « Humain », ou « Être humain », est une espèce de primates originaire d'Afrique qui s'est aujourd'hui répandue et naturalisée sur l'ensemble de la planète hormis l'Antarctique. Il appartient à la famille des hominidés et est le seul représentant actuel du genre "Homo", les autres espèces étant éteintes. Les plus anciens fossiles connus de cette espèce sont datés d'environ. | [
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Musical instrument | Instrument de musique | A musical instrument is a device created or adapted to make musical sounds. In principle, any object that produces sound can be considered a musical instrument—it is through purpose that the object becomes a musical instrument. The history of musical instruments dates to the beginnings of human culture. Early musical instruments may have been used for ritual, such as a horn to signal success on the hunt, or a drum in a religious ceremony. Cultures eventually developed composition and performance of melodies for entertainment. Musical instruments evolved in step with changing applications and technologies. | Un instrument de musique est un objet pouvant produire un son contrôlé par un musicien — que cet objet soit conçu dans cet objectif, ou bien qu'il soit modifié ou écarté de son usage premier. La voix ou les mains, même si elles ne sont pas des objets à proprement parler, sont considérées comme des instruments de musique dès lors qu'elles participent à une œuvre musicale. | [
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Computer science | Informatique | Computer science is the study of computation and information. Computer science deals with theory of computation, algorithms, computational problems and the design of computer systems hardware, software and applications. Computer science addresses both human-made and natural information processes, especially human-made computing systems and machines. According to Peter Denning, the fundamental question underlying computer science is, "What can be (efficiently) automated?" | L'informatique est un domaine d'activité scientifique, technique, et industriel concernant le traitement automatique de l'information par l'exécution de programmes informatiques par des machines : des systèmes embarqués, des ordinateurs, des robots, des automates | [
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IBook | IBook | iBook is a line of laptop computers designed, manufactured, and sold by Apple Computer, Inc. from 1999 to 2006. The line targeted entry-level, consumer and education markets, with lower specifications and prices than the PowerBook, Apple's higher-end line of laptop computers. It was the first mass consumer product to offer Wi-Fi network connectivity, which was then branded by Apple as AirPort. | LiBook est une famille d'ordinateurs portables d'Apple vendus entre 1999 et 2006. Ils étaient destinés au grand public ainsi qu'aux marchés de l'éducation, à un prix et spécification inférieurs aux PowerBooks, les ordinateurs portables haut de gamme d'Apple. | [
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Intel | Intel | Intel Corporation is an American multinational corporation and technology company headquartered in Santa Clara, California, in Silicon Valley. It is the world's largest and highest valued semiconductor chip manufacturer based on revenue, and is the inventor of the x86 series of microprocessors, the processors found in most personal computers (PCs). Intel ranked No. 46 in the 2018 "Fortune" 500 list of the largest United States corporations by total revenue. Intel is incorporated in Delaware. | Intel Corporation est une entreprise américaine fondée le par Gordon Moore, Robert Noyce et Andrew Grove. Elle est le premier fabricant mondial de semi-conducteurs si on se fonde sur le chiffre d'affaires. Elle fabrique des microprocesseurs — c'est d'ailleurs elle qui a créé le premier microprocesseur x86 —, des cartes mères, des mémoires flash et des processeurs graphiques notamment. | [
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IMac | IMac | iMac is a family of all-in-one Macintosh desktop computers designed and built by Apple Inc. It has been the primary part of Apple's consumer desktop offerings since its debut in August 1998, and has evolved through seven distinct forms. | L'iMac est la gamme d’ordinateurs tout-en-un grand public d’Apple depuis 1998. Les premiers modèles, à écran cathodique, ont relancé la marque Apple à la fin des années 1990. Six générations de cet ordinateur de bureau ont été commercialisées en quatorze ans, du premier modèle coloré aux formes rondes, jusqu’au tout-en-un à écran plat 16:9 (27 pouces), aujourd'hui en vente. Les appareils sont animés par les systèmes d'exploitation Apple : Mac OS 9 pour les premières générations, puis MacOS. | [
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IAM (band) | IAM | IAM (pronounced "I am") is a French hip hop band from Marseille, formed in 1989, and composed of Akhenaton (Philippe Fragione), Shurik'n (Geoffroy Mussard), Khéops (Éric Mazel), Imhotep (Pascal Perez), and Kephren (François Mendy). 'IAM' has several meanings, including 'Invasion Arrivée de Mars' ('Invasion from Mars', 'Mars' is frequently used as a metaphor for Marseille in IAM's songs). Another meaning is Imperial Asiatic Man, while AKH often refers to L'homme Impérial Asiatique. | IAM (prononcé en anglais :, ) est un groupe de hip-hop français, originaire de Marseille, dans les Bouches-du-Rhône. Formé en 1988, il se compose d'Akhenaton (Philippe Fragione) et Shurik'n (Geoffroy Mussard) au chant, de Kheops (Éric Mazel), Imhotep (Pascal Perez), Kephren (François Mendy) aux platines, et anciennement de Freeman (Malek Brahimi). | [
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Ikebana | Ikebana | "Kadō" is counted as one of the three classical Japanese arts of refinement, along with "kōdō" for incense appreciation and "chadō" for tea and the tea ceremony. | L’, également connu sous le nom de, « la voie des fleurs » ou « l'art de faire vivre les fleurs », est un art traditionnel japonais fondé sur la composition florale. | [
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Statistical inference | Inférence statistique | Statistical inference is the process of using data analysis to deduce properties of an underlying distribution of probability. Inferential statistical analysis infers properties of a population, for example by testing hypotheses and deriving estimates. It is assumed that the observed data set is sampled from a larger population. | L'inférence statistique est l'ensemble de techniques permettant d'induire les caractéristiques d'un groupe général (la population) à partir de celles d'un groupe particulier (l'échantillon), en fournissant une mesure de la certitude de la prédiction : la probabilité d'erreur. | [
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Île-de-France | Île-de-France | Île-de-France (, ; literally "Island of France") is the most populous of the 18 regions of France. It is located in the north-central part of the country and often called the "région parisienne" ("Paris Region") because it includes the city of Paris. Île-de-France is densely populated and economically important: it covers only, about 2% of France's territory, but has an official estimated population of 12,213,364 (18.2% of the population of France) and accounts for nearly 30% of the French Gross Domestic Product (GDP). | L'Île-de-France ( ), est une région historique et administrative française. Il s'agit d'une région très fortement peuplée, qui représente à elle seule 18,8 % de la population de la France métropolitaine sur seulement 2,2 % de sa superficie, ce qui en fait la région la plus peuplée ( d'habitants en 2016) et la plus densément peuplée () de France. Ses habitants sont appelés les "Franciliens". Parfois désignée improprement comme la « région parisienne », elle est fortement centralisée sur l'agglomération parisienne, qui s'étend sur 23,7 % de la surface régionale, mais où habite 88,6 % de sa population. L'aire urbaine de Paris (qui correspond à la notion de bassin d'emploi) recouvre, quant à elle, la quasi-totalité de la superficie francilienne et des portions de régions limitrophes. | [
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Ivan Krylov | Ivan Krylov | Ivan Andreyevich Krylov (; February 13, 1769 – November 21, 1844) is Russia's best-known fabulist and probably the most epigrammatic of all Russian authors. Formerly a dramatist and journalist, he only discovered his true genre at the age of 40. While many of his earlier fables were loosely based on Aesop's and La Fontaine's, later fables were original work, often with a satirical bent. | Ivan Andreïevitch Krylov (en ), né le à Moscou et mort le à Saint-Pétersbourg, est un écrivain et fabuliste russe. | [
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Printer (computing) | Imprimante | In computing, a printer is a peripheral device which makes a persistent representation of graphics or text, usually on paper. While most output is human-readable, bar code printers are an example of an expanded use for printers. The different types of printers include 3D printer, inkjet printer, laser printer, thermal printer, etc. | Une imprimante est un engin permettant d'obtenir un document sur papier à partir d'un modèle informatique du document. Par exemple, un texte écrit via un logiciel de traitement de texte sur ordinateur pourra être imprimé pour en obtenir une version papier (c'est un changement du support d'information). Les imprimantes ont été conçues dès l’apparition des premiers ordinateurs, pour permettre la consultation et la conservation sur support papier des résultats produits par les programmes informatiques. En effet, à l’époque des premiers calculateurs, les écrans n’existaient pas encore et les méthodes de stockage de l’information étaient très rudimentaires et très coûteuses. | [
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Isaac Asimov | Isaac Asimov | Isaac Asimov (; – April 6, 1992) was an American writer and professor of biochemistry at Boston University. He was known for his works of science fiction and popular science. Asimov was a prolific writer who wrote or edited more than 500 books and an estimated 90,000 letters and postcards. | Isaac Asimov, né vers le à Petrovitchi, en Russie, et mort le à New York, aux États-Unis, est un écrivain américano-russe (naturalisé américain en 1928) et un professeur de biochimie à l'Université de Boston, surtout connu pour ses œuvres de science-fiction et ses livres de vulgarisation scientifique. | [
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Illative case | Illatif | Illative (abbreviated ; from Latin "illatus" "brought in") is, in the Finnish language, the Estonian language, the Lithuanian language, and the Hungarian language, one of the locative cases with the basic meaning of "into (the inside of)". An example from Hungarian is "a házba" (into the house, with "a ház" meaning "the house"). An example from Estonian is "majasse" and "majja" (into the house), formed from "maja" (a house). An example from Finnish is "taloon" (into the house), formed from "talo" (a house). An example from Lithuanian is "laivan" (into the boat) formed from "laivas" (boat). | En linguistique, l'illatif (abréviation ) est un cas grammatical exprimant le lieu vers l'intérieur duquel se produit un déplacement. Il existe en lituanien et dans les langues de la famille finno-ougrienne. L'illatif est un locatif, c'est-à-dire un cas qui exprime un lieu ou un mouvement "vers" un lieu. | [
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Iaido | Iaidō | , abbreviated with, is a Japanese martial art that emphasizes being aware and capable of quickly drawing the sword and responding to a sudden attack. | L’ est un art martial d'origine japonaise basé sur l'action de dégainer le sabre et de frapper (de taille ou d'estoc) en un seul geste. Plus exactement, le but est d'exécuter une technique, avant l'adversaire, choisie en fonction du lieu et du contexte de la situation. Tout comme pour les autres "budō", cette discipline se focalise principalement sur la perfection des mouvements et la démarche spirituelle (influence du zen), l'efficacité technique, quant à elle, devient de plus en plus importante au fur et à mesure que le pratiquant augmente en grade. | [
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Interlinguistics | Interlinguistique | Interlinguistics, as the science of planned languages, has existed for more than a century as a specific branch of linguistics for the study of various aspects of linguistic communication. Interlinguistics is a discipline formalized by Otto Jespersen in 1931 as the science of "interlanguages", i.e. contact languages tailored for international communication. In more recent times, the object of study of interlinguistics was put into relation with language planning, the collection of strategies to deliberately influence the structure and function of a living language. In this framework, interlanguages become a subset of planned languages, i.e. extreme cases of language planning. | Linterlinguistique est une branche de la linguistique qui se définit comme l'étude de la communication linguistique internationale entre des personnes qui ne parlent pas la même langue maternelle. Elle s'intéresse entre autres au multilinguisme et à la structure et au fonctionnement des langues planifiées, notamment l’espéranto, langue construite devenue par la suite langue vivante internationale, mais aussi d'autres langues construites comme l'ido, l’interlingua ou le pandunia. | [
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Specific impulse | Impulsion spécifique | Specific impulse (usually abbreviated "I") is a measure of how effectively a rocket uses propellant or a jet engine uses fuel. Specific impulse can be calculated in a variety of different ways with different units. By definition, it is the total impulse (or change in momentum) delivered per unit of propellant consumed and is dimensionally equivalent to the generated thrust divided by the propellant mass flow rate or weight flow rate. If mass (kilogram, pound-mass, or slug) is used as the unit of propellant, then specific impulse has units of velocity. If weight (newton or pound-force) is used instead, then specific impulse has units of time (seconds). Multiplying flow rate by the standard gravity ("g") converts specific impulse from the weight basis to the mass basis. | L'impulsion spécifique, généralement notée formula_1, est une grandeur utilisée pour mesurer l'efficacité de moteurs à réaction et des moteurs-fusées. Elle mesure la force exercée par l'engin en fonction de la quantité de carburant consommé par unité de temps. Dans le domaine de l'astronautique, elle est le quotient de deux grandeurs, dont l'une est la poussée d'un propulseur, et l'autre le produit du débit massique de propergol par la valeur normale de l'accélération de la pesanteur (ou débit-poids du propergol éjecté). L'impulsion spécifique permet de comparer l'efficacité d'un système de propulsion : plus elle est grande, plus le système est efficace. | [
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Inuktitut | Inuktitut | Inuktitut (;, ; from, "person" +, "like", "in the manner of"), also Eastern Canadian Inuktitut, is one of the principal Inuit languages of Canada. It is spoken in all areas north of the tree line, including parts of the provinces of Newfoundland and Labrador, Quebec, to some extent in northeastern Manitoba as well as the Northwest Territories and Nunavut. It is one of the aboriginal languages written with Canadian Aboriginal syllabics. | L’inuktitut (syllabaire inuktitut : ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ) est l’un des quatre grands ensembles dialectaux de la langue inuit, les trois autres ensembles étant l’inupiaq, parlé en Alaska, l’inuktun, parlé dans le Nord-Ouest canadien, et le groenlandais, parlé au Groenland. | [
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Instrumental case | Instrumental (cas) | The instrumental case (abbreviated or ) is a grammatical case used to indicate that a noun is the "instrument" or means by or with which the subject achieves or accomplishes an action. The noun may be either a physical object or an abstract concept. | En linguistique, l’instrumental est un cas grammatical exprimant principalement l'instrument (actant dit "instrument"), le moyen par lequel s'accomplit l'action. En français, la valeur sémantique instrumentale s'exprime généralement par la préposition "avec" : « Il peint "avec un pinceau" », ou des locutions comme "à l'aide de", "au moyen de". Dans d'autres langues, elle s'exprime par une désinence casuelle. | [
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Imre Kertész | Imre Kertész | Imre Kertész (; 9 November 192931 March 2016) was a Hungarian author and recipient of the 2002 Nobel Prize in Literature, "for writing that upholds the fragile experience of the individual against the barbaric arbitrariness of history". He was the first Hungarian to win the Nobel in Literature. His works deal with themes of Nazi Holocaust (he was a survivor of a German concentration camp), dictatorship and personal freedom. He died on 31 March 2016, aged 86, at his home in Budapest after suffering from Parkinson's disease for several years. | Imre Kertész (), né le à Budapest et mort le dans la même ville, est un écrivain hongrois, survivant des camps de concentration. Il est lauréat du prix Nobel de littérature en 2002. | [
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Independent Media Center | Indymedia | The Independent Media Center (also known as Indymedia or IMC) is an open publishing network of activist journalist collectives that report on political and social issues. Beginnings were made in London and Sydney during the 1999 Carnival Against Capital then the first Indymedia Media Center was founded to report on the protests against the World Trade Organisational Ministerial Conference in Seattle. Indymedia became closely associated with the global justice movement, which criticized neo-liberalism and its associated institutions. | Indymedia (ou IMC pour "Independent Media Center") est une plateforme américaine de médias alternatifs qui supporte environ 175 médias internet autonomes dans une soixantaine de pays, avec pour objectif d'assurer la liberté de créer et de diffuser de l'information, en publication ouverte avec une modération "a posteriori". | [
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Io (moon) | Io (lune) | Io, or Jupiter I, is the innermost and third-largest of the four Galilean moons of the planet Jupiter. It is the fourth-largest moon in the solar system, has the highest density of all of them, and has the lowest amount of water (by atomic ratio) of any known astronomical object in the Solar System. It was discovered in 1610 by Galileo Galilei and was named after the mythological character Io, a priestess of Hera who became one of Zeus's lovers. | Io (ou Jupiter I) est un des satellites naturels de Jupiter et plus spécifiquement l'une des quatre lunes galiléennes, la plus proche de la planète. Io fait le tour de Jupiter en à peu près. Io est le quatrième plus grand satellite du Système solaire. Observée en 1610 par Galilée, elle porte le nom d'Io, conquête amoureuse de Zeus persécutée par l'épouse de ce dernier, Héra Son nom lui fut donné par l'astronome allemand Simon Marius qui affirmait l'avoir découverte avant Galilée. | [
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John McCarthy (computer scientist) | John McCarthy | John McCarthy (September 4, 1927 – October 24, 2011) was an American computer scientist and cognitive scientist. McCarthy was one of the founders of the discipline of artificial intelligence. He coined the term "artificial intelligence" (AI), developed the Lisp programming language family, significantly influenced the design of the ALGOL programming language, popularized time-sharing, invented garbage collection, and was very influential in the early development of AI. | John McCarthy (né le, à Boston, dans le Massachusetts - mort le ) est le principal pionnier de l'intelligence artificielle avec Marvin Lee Minsky ; il incarne le courant mettant l'accent sur la logique symbolique. | [
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Indonesia | Indonésie | Indonesia ( ), officially the Republic of Indonesia ( ), is a country in Southeast Asia and Oceania, between the Indian and Pacific oceans. It consists of more than seventeen thousand islands, including Sumatra, Java, Borneo (Kalimantan), Sulawesi, and New Guinea (Papua). Indonesia is the world's largest island country and the 14th largest country by land area, at. With over million people, it is the world's 4th most populous country as well as the most populous Muslim-majority country. Java, the world's most populous island, is home to more than half of the country's population. | L’Indonésie, en forme longue la république d'Indonésie (en indonésien et ) est un pays transcontinental principalement situé en Asie du Sud-Est. Avec, comptabilisées à ce jour,, dont 922 habitées, il s'agit du plus grand archipel au monde. Avec une population estimée à de personnes, c'est le quatrième pays le plus peuplé au monde et le premier pays à majorité musulmane pour le nombre de croyants. L'Indonésie est une république dont la capitale est Jakarta, et doit être transférée dans une nouvelle ville sur l'île de Bornéo à partir de 2024. | [
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India | Inde | India, officially the Republic of India (Hindi: ), is a country in South Asia. It is the second-most populous country, the seventh-largest country by area, and the most populous democracy in the world. Bounded by the Indian Ocean on the south, the Arabian Sea on the southwest, and the Bay of Bengal on the southeast, it shares land borders with Pakistan to the west; China, Nepal, and Bhutan to the north; and Bangladesh and Myanmar to the east. In the Indian Ocean, India is in the vicinity of Sri Lanka and the Maldives; its Andaman and Nicobar Islands share a maritime border with Thailand and Indonesia. | L'Inde (en / "Bhārat"), officiellement la République de l'Inde (en / "Bhārat Gaṇarājya"), est un pays d'Asie du Sud qui occupe la majeure partie du sous-continent indien. Sa capitale est New Delhi. L'Inde est le deuxième pays le plus peuplé et le septième pays le plus grand du monde. Le littoral indien s'étend sur plus de sept mille kilomètres. Le pays a des frontières communes avec le Pakistan au nord-ouest, la Chine au nord et à l'est-nord-est, le Népal au nord-est, le Bhoutan, le Bangladesh et la Birmanie à l'est-nord-est. Sur l'océan Indien, l'Inde est à proximité des Maldives au sud-sud-ouest, du Sri Lanka au sud et de l'Indonésie au sud-est. L'Inde revendique également une frontière avec l'Afghanistan au nord-ouest. L'Inde dispose de l'arme nucléaire depuis 1974 après avoir fait des essais officiels. | [
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Ideology | Idéologie | An ideology () is a set of beliefs or philosophies attributed to a person or group of persons, especially as held for reasons that are not purely epistemic, in which "practical elements are as prominent as theoretical ones." Formerly applied primarily to economic, political, or religious theories and policies, in a tradition going back to Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, more recent use treats the term as mainly condemnatory. | Une idéologie est un système prédéfini d'idées, appelées aussi catégories, à partir desquelles la réalité est analysée, par opposition à une connaissance intuitive de la réalité sensible perçue. De tels systèmes considérés comme idéologiques existent dans les domaines politique, social, économique, culturel et religieux. Une idéologie est souvent la dimension culturelle d'une institution sociale ou d'un système de pouvoir. Une idéologie est typiquement imposée d'autorité, par un endoctrinement (enseignement) ou de façon imperceptible dans la vie courante (famille, media). Une idéologie "dominante" est diffuse et omniprésente, mais généralement invisible pour celle ou celui qui la partage, du fait même que cette idéologie fonde la façon de voir le monde. | [
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1st millennium BC | Ier millénaire av. J.-C. | The 1st millennium BC was the period of time between from the year 1000 BC to 1 BC (10th to 1st centuries BC; in astronomy: JD – ). It encompasses the Iron Age in the Old World and sees the transition from the Ancient Near East to classical antiquity. | Le millénaire av. J.-C. a débuté le -1000 et s’est achevé le 31 décembre -1 dans le calendrier julien proleptique. | [
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Isis | Isis | Isis (; "Ēse"; "Isis"; Meroitic: "Wos"["a"] or "Wusa") was a major goddess in ancient Egyptian religion whose worship spread throughout the Greco-Roman world. Isis was first mentioned in the Old Kingdom (c. 2686–2181 BCE) as one of the main characters of the Osiris myth, in which she resurrects her slain husband, the divine king Osiris, and produces and protects his heir, Horus. She was believed to help the dead enter the afterlife as she had helped Osiris, and she was considered the divine mother of the pharaoh, who was likened to Horus. Her maternal aid was invoked in healing spells to benefit ordinary people. Originally, she played a limited role in royal rituals and temple rites, although she was more prominent in funerary practices and magical texts. She was usually portrayed in art as a human woman wearing a throne-like hieroglyph on her head. During the New Kingdom (c. 1550–1070 BCE), as she took on traits that originally belonged to Hathor, the preeminent goddess of earlier times, Isis was portrayed wearing Hathor's headdress: a sun disk between the horns of a cow. | Isis est une reine mythique et une déesse funéraire de l'Égypte antique. Le plus souvent, elle est représentée comme une jeune femme coiffée d'un trône ou, à la ressemblance d'Hathor, d'une perruque surmontée par un disque solaire inséré entre deux cornes de vache. | [
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Jupiter Ace | Jupiter Ace | The Jupiter Ace by Jupiter Cantab was a British home computer of the early 1980s. The Ace differed from other microcomputers of the time in that its programming environment used Forth instead of the more popular BASIC. | Le Jupiter Ace (aux États-Unis : Ace4000) est un micro-ordinateur basé sur un microprocesseur Zilog Z80, commercialisée par la société britannique Jupiter Cantab en 1983. | [
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Jordan | Jordanie | Jordan (; tr.'), officially the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan (; tr. '), is an Arab country in Western Asia, on the East Bank of the Jordan River. Jordan is bordered by Saudi Arabia to the south and the east, Iraq to the north-east, Syria to the north and Israel and Palestine to the west. The Dead Sea is located along its western borders and the country has a coastline on the Red Sea in its extreme south-west. Jordan is strategically located at the crossroads of Asia, Africa and Europe. The capital, Amman, is Jordan's most populous city as well as the country's economic, political and cultural centre. | La, en forme longue le, est un pays d'Asie occidentale. Sa capitale est Amman. Son territoire est entouré à l'ouest par la Palestine et Israël, le long du Jourdain et de la mer Morte, au sud par l'Arabie saoudite, à l'est par l'Irak et au nord par la Syrie, avec en outre un accès sur le golfe d'Aqaba, celui-ci communiquant plus au sud avec la mer Rouge. Si l'arabe est la langue officielle, l'anglais est aussi bien répandu dans l'éducation et les médias. | [
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John Fowles | John Fowles | John Robert Fowles (; 31 March 1926 – 5 November 2005) was an English novelist of international renown, critically positioned between modernism and postmodernism. His work was influenced by Jean-Paul Sartre and Albert Camus, among others. | John Robert Fowles, né le à et mort le à Lyme Regis, est un écrivain anglais appartenant au courant postmoderniste. | [
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Inuit | Inuits | Inuit (;, "the people", singular: Inuk,, ) are a group of culturally similar indigenous peoples inhabiting the Arctic regions of Greenland, Canada and Alaska (United States). The Inuit languages are part of the Eskimo–Aleut family. Inuit Sign Language is a critically endangered language isolate used in Nunavut. | Les Inuits sont un groupe de peuples autochtones partageant des similitudes culturelles et une origine ethnique commune vivant dans les régions arctiques de l'Amérique du Nord. Il y a environ vivant au Groenland, au Canada et aux États-Unis. | [
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Winter Olympic Games | Jeux olympiques d'hiver | The Winter Olympic Games () is a major international multi-sport event held once every four years for sports practiced on snow and ice. The first Winter Olympic Games, the 1924 Winter Olympics, were held in Chamonix, France. The modern Olympic Games were inspired by the ancient Olympic Games, which were held in Olympia, Greece, from the 8th century BC to the 4th century AD. Baron Pierre de Coubertin founded the International Olympic Committee (IOC) in 1894, leading to the first modern Summer Olympic Games in Athens, Greece in 1896. The IOC is the governing body of the Olympic Movement, with the Olympic Charter defining its structure and authority. | Les Jeux olympiques d'hiver sont un événement sportif international organisé tous les quatre ans. La première célébration des les jeux olympiques d’hiver a lieu dans la station française de Chamonix en 1924. Les premiers sports sont le ski de fond, le patinage artistique et de vitesse, le hockey sur glace, le combiné nordique, le saut à ski, le bobsleigh, le curling et la patrouille militaire. Les Jeux olympiques d'hiver ont lieu tous les quatre ans de 1924 à 1936. Ils sont ensuite interrompus par la Seconde Guerre mondiale et ont à nouveau lieu tous les quatre ans dès 1948. Les Jeux d'hiver sont organisés la même année que les Jeux d'été jusqu'en 1992. L'organe de direction des Jeux olympiques, le Comité international olympique (CIO), décide à cette date de placer les Jeux olympiques d'hiver et d'été en alternance sur les années paires d'un cycle de quatre ans. | [
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
John Rawls | John Rawls | John Bordley Rawls (; February 21, 1921 – November 24, 2002) was an American moral and political philosopher in the liberal tradition. Rawls received both the Schock Prize for Logic and Philosophy and the National Humanities Medal in 1999, the latter presented by President Bill Clinton, in recognition of how Rawls' work "helped a whole generation of learned Americans revive their faith in democracy itself." | John Rawls est un philosophe américain né le à Baltimore et mort le à Lexington. Rawls est l'un des philosophes politiques du les plus étudiés. Professeur dans les universités de Princeton, Oxford, Cornell et Harvard jusqu'en 1995, il a été rendu célèbre par son œuvre majeure, à laquelle il travaillait depuis les années 1960 et qui parut sous le titre "A Theory of Justice" ("Théorie de la justice") en 1971, traduit par Catherine Audard, Paris, Seuil, 1987. | [
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Go (game) | Go (jeu) | Go is an abstract strategy board game for two players, in which the aim is to surround more territory than the opponent. The game was invented in China more than 2,500 years ago and is believed to be the oldest board game continuously played to the present day. A 2016 survey by the International Go Federation's 75 member nations found that there are over 46 million people worldwide who know how to play Go and over 20 million current players, the majority of whom live in East Asia. | Le go est un jeu de plateau originaire de Chine. Il oppose deux adversaires qui placent à tour de rôle des pierres, respectivement noires et blanches, sur les intersections d'un tablier quadrillé appelé "goban". Le but est de contrôler le plan de jeu en y construisant des « territoires ». Les pierres encerclées deviennent des « prisonniers », le gagnant étant le joueur ayant totalisé le plus de territoires et de prisonniers. | [
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Jean-Pierre Chevènement | Jean-Pierre Chevènement | Jean-Pierre Chevènement (; born 9 March 1939) is a French politician who served as a minister in the 1980s and 1990s best known for his candidacy in the 2002 French presidential election. After serving as mayor of Belfort, he was elected to the Senate for the Territoire de Belfort in 2008. As a cofounder of the PS and founder of the Republican and Citizen Movement (MRC), he is a significant figure of the French left. | Jean-Pierre Chevènement, né le à Belfort (Territoire de Belfort), est un haut fonctionnaire et homme politique français. Il est plusieurs fois ministre dans les années 1980 et 1990, député, maire de Belfort, sénateur. Longtemps membre du Parti socialiste, il est à l'origine du Mouvement des citoyens (MDC) et du Mouvement républicain et citoyen (MRC). Il se présente à l'élection présidentielle de 2002, avec des positions qualifiées de « souverainistes », et recueille 5,33 % des voix. | [
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Joseph Conrad | Joseph Conrad | Joseph Conrad (born Józef Teodor Konrad Korzeniowski, ; 3 December 1857 – 3 August 1924) was a Polish-British writer regarded as one of the greatest novelists to write in the English language. Though he did not speak English fluently until his twenties, he was a master prose stylist who brought a non-English sensibility into English literature. Conrad wrote stories and novels, many with a nautical setting, that depict trials of the human spirit in the midst of what he saw as an impassive, inscrutable universe. Conrad is considered an early modernist, though his works contain elements of 19th-century realism. His narrative style and anti-heroic characters have influenced numerous authors, and many films have been adapted from, or inspired by, his works. Numerous writers and critics have commented that Conrad's fictional works, written largely in the first two decades of the 20th century, seem to have anticipated later world events. | Joseph Conrad, de vrai nom Józef Teodor Konrad Korzeniowski, né le à Berditchev, en Ukraine, et mort le à Bishopsbourne, est un écrivain polonais de langue anglaise. | [
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Japan | Japon | Japan (, "Nippon" or "Nihon" ) is an island country in East Asia located in the northwest Pacific Ocean. It borders the Sea of Japan to the west, and extends from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea and Taiwan in the south. Japan is part of the Pacific Ring of Fire and comprises an archipelago of 6,852 islands covering ; its five main islands, from north to south, are Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu, and Okinawa. Tokyo is the country's capital and largest city; other major cities include Osaka and Nagoya. | Le Japon, en forme longue l'État du Japon, en japonais et respectivement, est un pays insulaire de l'Asie de l'Est, situé entre l'océan Pacifique et la mer du Japon, à l'est de la Chine, de la Corée du Sud et de la Russie, et au nord de Taïwan. Étymologiquement, les kanjis (caractères chinois) qui composent le nom du Japon signifient « pays (, ') d'origine (, ') du Soleil (, "ni") » ; c'est ainsi que le Japon est désigné comme le « pays du soleil levant ». | [
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Card game | Jeu de cartes | A card game is any game using playing cards as the primary device with which the game is played, be they traditional or game-specific. | Dans d'autres domaines, un jeu de cartes peut également désigner un ensemble de cartes géographiques ou un ensemble de cartes perforées pour le traitement mécanographique. | [
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Jack Nicholson | Jack Nicholson | John Joseph Nicholson (born April 22, 1937) known professionally as Jack Nicholson is a retired American actor and filmmaker whose career spanned more than 60 years. He is known for having played a wide range of starring or supporting roles, including comedy, romance, and darkly comic portrayals of anti-heroes and villainous characters. In many of his films, he played the "eternal outsider, the sardonic drifter", someone who rebels against the social structure. | Jack Nicholson est un acteur, réalisateur et scénariste américain, né le à Neptune (New Jersey). Il a joué un grand nombre de rôles principaux ou secondaires, principalement des personnages sombres, d'anti-héros, de personnages odieux, d'éternel marginal, de vagabond sardonique, de rebelle contre la société, voire de fou, dans de nombreux films culte du cinéma américain comme "Easy Rider", "Chinatown", "Vol au-dessus d'un nid de coucou", "Batman", "Mars Attacks!", "Pour le pire et pour le meilleur," "Les Infiltrés", "Shining", et du cinéma européen comme "". | [
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Star Wars Jedi Knight: Dark Forces II | Star Wars Jedi Knight: Dark Forces II | Star Wars Jedi Knight: Dark Forces II is a 1997 first-person shooter video game developed and published by LucasArts for Microsoft Windows. It was later re-released on Steam in September 2009, and again in 2015 on GOG.com. The game is set in the "Star Wars" fictional universe and is a sequel to the 1995 game "". "Jedi Knight" was very well-received by critics. | Le joueur est dans la peau d'un chevalier Jedi en devenir, le jeu se déroulant dans l'univers étendu de "Star Wars". C'est la suite du jeu "". Jedi Knight a bénéficié d'une extension:. | [
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2002 Winter Olympics | Jeux olympiques d'hiver de 2002 | The 2002 Winter Olympics, officially the XIX Olympic Winter Games and commonly known as Salt Lake 2002, was a winter multi-sport event that was celebrated from 8 to 24 February 2002 in and around Salt Lake City, Utah, United States. | Les Jeux olympiques d'hiver de 2002, officiellement connus comme les Jeux olympiques d'hiver, ont eu lieu à Salt Lake City aux États-Unis du 8 au. Plusieurs fois candidate par le passé, Salt Lake City obtient les Jeux en s'imposant face à Östersund, Sion et Québec. Elle est la troisième ville américaine à accueillir les Jeux olympiques d'hiver après Lake Placid en 1932 et 1980 et Squaw Valley en 1960. L'organisation des Jeux est confiée au « » (SLOC), présidé par Mitt Romney. L'ensemble des sites de compétition se situent dans l'Utah, répartis entre les villes de Salt Lake City, Provo, Ogden et les stations de sports d'hiver de la chaîne Wasatch. | [
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Statism in Shōwa Japan | Expansionnisme du Japon Shōwa | This statist movement dominated Japanese politics during the first part of the Shōwa period (reign of Emperor Hirohito). It was a mixture of ideas such as Japanese ultranationalism, militarism, fascism and state capitalism, that were proposed by a number of contemporary political philosophers and thinkers in Japan. | Cet article retrace l'histoire du Japon impérial pendant la première partie de l'ère Shōwa (entre 1926 et 1945) et en décrit l'expansionnisme sur la zone de la « Sphère de coprospérité de la grande Asie orientale ». Mis en œuvre dès l'ère Meiji et poursuivi durant l'ère Taishō, l'expansionnisme japonais s'intensifia durant l'ère Shōwa, jusqu'à aboutir à une guerre ouverte dans l'ensemble de l'Asie. La défaite militaire du Japon en 1945 vint mettre un terme à son expansionnisme militaire. | [
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John Woo | John Woo | John Woo Yu-Sen SBS (; born 1 May 1946) is a Hong Kong film director, producer and screenwriter. He is considered a major influence on the action genre, known for his highly chaotic action sequences, stylized imagery, Mexican standoffs, frequent use of slow motion and allusions to neo-noir, "wuxia" and Western cinema. He was also a pioneer of "heroic bloodshed" films (a crime action film genre involving Chinese triads) and the "gun fu" genre in Hong Kong action cinema, before working in Hollywood films. | John Woo, de son vrai nom Wu Yu-seng (吴宇森) en mandarin, ou Ng Yu-sum en cantonais, est un réalisateur, producteur et scénariste chinois, né le à Canton, en Chine. | [
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Olympic Games | Jeux olympiques | The modern Olympic Games or Olympics () are leading international sporting events featuring summer and winter sports competitions in which thousands of athletes from around the world participate in a variety of competitions. The Olympic Games are considered the world's foremost sports competition with more than 200 nations participating. The Olympic Games are normally held every four years, alternating between the Summer and Winter Games every two years in the four-year period. | Les Jeux olympiques (JO), aussi appelés Jeux olympiques modernes, puisqu'ils prolongent la tradition des jeux olympiques de la Grèce antique, sont des événements sportifs internationaux majeurs, regroupant les sports d’été ou d’hiver, auxquels des milliers d’athlètes participent à travers différentes compétitions tous les quatre ans, pour chaque olympiade moderne. | [
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Janus | Janus (mythologie) | In ancient Roman religion and myth, Janus ( ; ("Iānus"), ) is the god of beginnings, gates, transitions, time, duality, doorways, passages, and endings. He is usually depicted as having two faces, since he looks to the future and to the past. It is conventionally thought that the month of January is named for Janus ("Ianuarius"), but according to ancient Roman farmers' almanacs Juno was the tutelary deity of the month. | Janus est le dieu romain des commencements et des fins, des choix, du passage et des portes. Il est "bifrons" (« à deux visages ») et représenté (voir illustration) avec une face tournée vers le passé, l'autre sur l'avenir. Il est fêté le. Son mois, "Januarius" (« janvier »), marque le commencement de la fin de l'année dans le calendrier romain. | [
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Jacques Derrida | Jacques Derrida | Jacques Derrida (; ; born Jackie Élie Derrida; July 15, 1930 – October 9, 2004) was an Algerian-born French philosopher best known for developing a form of semiotic analysis known as deconstruction, which he discussed in numerous texts, and developed in the context of phenomenology. He is one of the major figures associated with post-structuralism and postmodern philosophy. | Jacques Derrida (de son vrai nom Jackie Derrida) est un philosophe français né le à El Biar (Algérie) et mort le à Paris. | [
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1900 Summer Olympics | Jeux olympiques de 1900 | The 1900 Summer Olympics (), today officially known as the Games of the II Olympiad, was an international multi-sport event that took place in Paris, France, in 1900. No opening or closing ceremonies were held; competitions began on 14 May and ended on 28 October. | Les Jeux olympiques de 1900, officiellement nommés Jeux de la olympiade, sont la deuxième édition des Jeux olympiques modernes. Ils ont lieu à Paris en France du 14 mai au dans le cadre de l'Exposition universelle. La décision d'organiser les Jeux de 1900 à Paris est prise lors du congrès olympique qui a lieu en 1894. Une concurrence se développe après les Jeux de 1896 entre d'un côté Pierre de Coubertin, président du Comité international olympique (CIO), qui veut organiser les Jeux de la olympiade à Paris mais qui ne réussit pas à mettre en route son projet, et de l'autre Alfred Picard, commissaire général de l'Exposition universelle, qui veut organiser des « concours internationaux d'exercices physiques et de sports ». L'instance dirigeant alors le sport en France, l'Union des sociétés françaises de sports athlétiques (USFSA), penche finalement en pour les concours de l'Exposition plutôt que pour les Jeux de Coubertin. Ce dernier est alors obligé au printemps 1899 d'accepter le compromis que suggère l'USFSA : Ces concours ne sont pas appelés « Jeux olympiques » dans les documents officiels ni sur les affiches de promotion. Ainsi, de nombreux athlètes ignoreront, pour certains jusqu'à leur mort, qu'ils ont disputé des Jeux olympiques. | [
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Joseph Stiglitz | Joseph E. Stiglitz | Joseph Eugene Stiglitz (; born February 9, 1943) is an American economist, public policy analyst, and a professor at Columbia University. He is a recipient of the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences (2001) and the John Bates Clark Medal (1979). He is a former senior vice president and chief economist of the World Bank and is a former member and chairman of the (US president's) Council of Economic Advisers. He is known for his support of Georgist public finance theory and for his critical view of the management of globalization, of "laissez-faire" economists (whom he calls "free-market fundamentalists"), and of international institutions such as the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank. | Joseph E. Stiglitz, né le à Gary (Indiana), est un économiste américain, lauréat du prix dit Nobel d'économie avec George Akerlof et Michael Spence en 2001. | [
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Jacques Cousteau | Jacques-Yves Cousteau | Jacques-Yves Cousteau, (,, ; 11 June 1910 – 25 June 1997) was a French naval officer, explorer, conservationist, filmmaker, innovator, scientist, photographer, author and researcher who studied the sea and all forms of life in water. He co-developed the Aqua-Lung, pioneered marine conservation and was a member of the Académie française. | Jacques-Yves Cousteau, né le à Saint-André-de-Cubzac (Gironde) et mort le à Paris, est un officier de la Marine nationale et explorateur océanographique français. | [
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James George Frazer | James George Frazer | Sir James George Frazer (; 1 January 1854 – 7 May 1941) was a Scottish social anthropologist and folklorist influential in the early stages of the modern studies of mythology and comparative religion. His most famous work, "The Golden Bough" (1890), documents and details the similarities among magical and religious beliefs around the globe. Frazer posited that human belief progressed through three stages: primitive magic, replaced by religion, in turn replaced by science. | James George Frazer ( - ) est un anthropologue écossais connu pour être le premier à avoir dressé un inventaire planétaire des mythes et des rites. Les 12 volumes de son "Rameau d'or", parus entre 1911 et 1915, décrivent des milliers de faits sociaux et religieux, soit relevés par l'auteur dans ses lectures ou relatés par ses correspondants cosmopolites (diplomates, administrateurs coloniaux, explorateurs, missionnaires). En tentant d'interpréter cette masse de faits sociaux (comportements,croyances...), Frazer fondait l'anthropologie religieuse et la mythologie comparée. | [
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Jello Biafra | Jello Biafra | Eric Reed Boucher (born June 17, 1958), better known by his professional name Jello Biafra, is an American singer, musician, and spoken word artist. He is the former lead singer and songwriter for the San Francisco punk rock band Dead Kennedys. | Eric Reed Boucher, connu sous le pseudonyme de Jello Biafra, est un chanteur, homme politique et militant écologiste né le à Boulder, dans le Colorado, aux États-Unis. Il est le fondateur et président du label musical Alternative Tentacles et l'ex-chanteur du groupe punk hardcore Dead Kennedys. Il est membre du Parti vert des États-Unis. Il a été candidat aux primaires du "Green Party" en 2000, et a terminé quatrième aux élections municipales pour la mairie de San Francisco en 1979. | [
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Koto (instrument) | Koto | The is a Japanese stringed musical instrument and the national instrument of Japan. It is derived from the Chinese, and similar to the Mongolian, the Korean, the Vietnamese, the Sundanese "kacapi" and the Kazakhstan jetigen. Koto are about length, and made from "kiri" wood ("Paulownia tomentosa"). They have 13 strings that are usually strung over 13 movable bridges along the width of the instrument. There is also a 17-string variant. Players can adjust the string pitches by moving the white bridges before playing. To play the instrument, the strings are plucked using three fingerpicks, worn on the thumb, index finger, and middle finger. | Le koto (琴 en japonais) est un instrument de musique à cordes pincées utilisé en musique japonaise traditionnelle, notamment dans le kabuki et le bunraku. Originaire de Chine (gŭzhēng), il fut introduit au Japon entre le et était joué principalement à la Cour impériale ; l'usage s'en est ensuite démocratisé. | [
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Khnum | Khnoum | Khnum (;,, also romanised Khnemu) was one of the earliest-known Egyptian deities, originally the god of the source of the Nile. Since the annual flooding of the Nile brought with it silt and clay, and its water brought life to its surroundings, he was thought to be the creator of the bodies of human children, which he made at a potter's wheel, from clay, and placed in their mothers' wombs. He later was described as having moulded the other deities, and he had the titles "Divine Potter" and "Lord of created things from himself". | Khnoum (en grec ancien, lui-même issu de l'égyptien ancien "H̱nmw" signifiant « le maître de l'eau fraîche ») est le dieu des cataractes et puissance créatrice dans la mythologie égyptienne. Il contrôlait la crue du Nil en ouvrant, à Éléphantine, la caverne de Hâpy dans laquelle se trouvait l'Inondation. Il joue là un rôle majeur dans le quotidien des Égyptiens, préservant le peuple de la famine. | [
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Tabletop role-playing game | Jeu de rôle sur table | A tabletop role-playing game (or pen-and-paper role-playing game) is a form of role-playing game (RPG) in which the participants describe their characters' actions through speech. Participants determine the actions of their characters based on their characterization, and the actions succeed or fail according to a set formal system of rules and guidelines. Within the rules, players have the freedom to improvise; their choices shape the direction and outcome of the game. | Un jeu de rôle ou abrégé JdR (de l'anglais'; abrégé "RPG"), aussi appelé jeu de rôle sur table ou jeu de rôle papier pour le différencier des autres formes de jeu de rôle, est un jeu de société dans lequel les participants conçoivent ensemble une fiction par l’interprétation de rôles et par la narration, dans le cadre de contraintes de jeu qu’ils s’imposent. | [
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Jean-François Champollion | Jean-François Champollion | Jean-François Champollion (), also known as Champollion "le jeune" ('the Younger'; 23 December 17904 March 1832), was a French scholar, philologist and orientalist, known primarily as the decipherer of Egyptian hieroglyphs and a founding figure in the field of Egyptology. A child prodigy in philology, he gave his first public paper on the decipherment of Demotic in 1806, and already as a young man held many posts of honor in scientific circles, and spoke Coptic and Arabic fluently. During the early 19th-century, French culture experienced a period of 'Egyptomania', brought on by Napoleon's discoveries in Egypt during his campaign there (1798–1801) which also brought to light the trilingual Rosetta Stone. Scholars debated the age of Egyptian civilization and the function and nature of hieroglyphic script, which language if any it recorded, and the degree to which the signs were phonetic (representing speech sounds) or ideographic (recording semantic concepts directly). Many thought that the script was only used for sacred and ritual functions, and that as such it was unlikely to be decipherable since it was tied to esoteric and philosophical ideas, and did not record historical information. The significance of Champollion's decipherment was that he showed these assumptions to be wrong, and made it possible to begin to retrieve many kinds of information recorded by the ancient Egyptians. | Jean-François Champollion dit Champollion "le Jeune", né le à Figeac (Lot) et mort le à Paris, est un égyptologue français. | [
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Khonsu | Khonsou | Khonsu (; also transliterated Chonsu, Khensu, Khons, Chons or Khonshu) is the Ancient Egyptian god of the Moon. His name means "traveller", and this may relate to the perceived nightly travel of the Moon across the sky. Along with Thoth he marked the passage of time. Khonsu was instrumental in the creation of new life in all living creatures. At Thebes he formed part of a family triad (the "Theban Triad") with Mut as his mother and Amun his father. | Khonsou est le dieu de la Lune dans la mythologie égyptienne. À l'origine divinité lunaire dont le nom signifiait « "le voyageur" » et qui luttait contre les forces des ténèbres aux côtés du pharaon, il fut ensuite introduit dans la triade de Thèbes en tant que fils du dieu Amon et de la déesse Mout comme un dieu de juste vengeance. | [
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Kurt Lewin | Kurt Lewin | Kurt Lewin ( ; 9 September 1890 – 12 February 1947) was a German-American psychologist, known as one of the modern pioneers of social, organizational, and applied psychology in the United States. Exiled from the land of his birth, Lewin made a new life for himself, in which he defined himself and his contributions within three lenses of analysis: applied research, action research, and group communication were his major offerings to the field of communication. | Kurt Lewin (Kurt Zadek Lewin) (1890-1947) est un psychologue américain d'origine allemande spécialisé dans la psychologie sociale et le comportementalisme, acteur majeur de l'école des relations humaines. Ses travaux ont notamment porté sur la « recherche-action », sur la « théorie du champ » et on lui doit le concept de « dynamique de groupe », concept majeur de la « psychologie industrielle » qui devait devenir plus tard la psychologie du travail. Il est aussi connu pour être un des premiers à considérer la psychologie comme une « science dure » notamment dans ses recherches béhavioristes. | [
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Jean-Jacques Rousseau | Jean-Jacques Rousseau | Jean-Jacques Rousseau (, ; ; 28 June 1712 – 2 July 1778) was a Genevan philosopher, writer and composer. His political philosophy influenced the progress of the Enlightenment throughout Europe, as well as aspects of the French Revolution and the development of modern political, economic and educational thought. | Jean-Jacques Rousseau, né le à Genève et mort le à Ermenonville, est un écrivain, philosophe et musicien genevois francophone. Orphelin de mère très jeune, sa vie est marquée par l'errance. Si ses livres et lettres connaissent à partir de 1749 un fort succès, ils lui valent aussi des conflits avec l'Église catholique et Genève qui l'obligent à changer souvent de résidence et alimentent son sentiment de persécution. Après sa mort, son corps est transféré au Panthéon de Paris en 1794. | [
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Kyoto | Kyoto | Kyoto (; Japanese:, "Kyōto" ), officially, is the capital city of Kyoto Prefecture in Japan. Located in the Kansai region on the island of Honshu, Kyoto forms a part of the Keihanshin metropolitan area along with Osaka and Kobe. As of 2018, the city had a population of 1.47 million. | Kyoto ou est une ville japonaise de la région du Kansai, au centre de Honshū. Elle fut de 794 à 1868 la capitale impériale du Japon, sous le nom de Heian-kyō (« Capitale de la paix et de la tranquillité »). Elle est aujourd'hui, avec sespalais impériaux, ses milliers de sanctuaires shinto et de temples bouddhistes, le cœur culturel et religieux du pays. La ville est aussi la capitale de la préfecture de Kyoto ainsi que l'une des grandes villes de la zone métropolitaine "Keihanshin" (Osaka-Kobe-Kyoto). Sa population est de d'habitants (estimations 2019). | [
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JavaScript | JavaScript | JavaScript (), often abbreviated as JS, is a programming language that conforms to the ECMAScript specification. JavaScript is high-level, often just-in-time compiled, and multi-paradigm. It has curly-bracket syntax, dynamic typing, prototype-based object-orientation, and first-class functions. | JavaScript est un langage de programmation de scripts principalement employé dans les pages web interactives mais aussi pour les serveurs avec l'utilisation (par exemple) de Node.js. C'est un langage orienté objet à prototype, c'est-à-dire que les bases du langage et ses principales interfaces sont fournies par des objets qui ne sont pas des instances de classes, mais qui sont chacun équipés de constructeurs permettant de créer leurs propriétés, et notamment une propriété de prototypage qui permet de créer des objets héritiers personnalisés. En outre, les fonctions sont des objets de première classe. Le langage supporte le paradigme objet, impératif et fonctionnel. JavaScript est le langage possédant le plus large écosystème grâce à son gestionnaire de dépendances npm, avec environ 500 000 paquets en. | [
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Kamikaze | Kamikaze | , officially, were a part of the Japanese Special Attack Units of military aviators who initiated suicide attacks for the Empire of Japan against Allied naval vessels in the closing stages of the Pacific campaign of World War II, designed to destroy warships more effectively than possible with conventional air attacks. About 3,800 "kamikaze" pilots died during the war, and more than 7,000 naval personnel were killed by "kamikaze" attacks. | Le est un pilote, membre d'une unité militaire de l'Empire du Japon, qui effectuait des missions-suicides pendant la guerre du Pacifique. | [
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Kilogram-force | Kilogramme-force | The kilogram-force (kgf or kg), or kilopond (kp, from ), is a gravitational metric unit of force. It is equal to the magnitude of the force exerted on one kilogram of mass in a gravitational field (standard gravity, a conventional value approximating the average magnitude of gravity on Earth). Therefore, one kilogram-force is by definition equal to. Similarly, a gram-force is, and a milligram-force is. | Le kilogramme-force (symbole : kg), aussi appelé kilogramme-poids (symbole : kg ou kp dans les pays anglo-saxons) est une ancienne unité de force, n'appartenant pas au Système international, qui relie les notions de masse et de poids. | [
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Kunigami language | Kunigami | The Kunigami or Northern Okinawan language (), is a Ryukyuan language of Northern Okinawa Island in Kunigami District and city of Nago, otherwise known as the Yanbaru region, historically the territory of the kingdom of Hokuzan. | Le kunigami est une langue parlée au Japon, dans le centre et le nord de l'île d'Okinawa, ainsi que sur les îles de Iheya, Izena, Iejima et Sesoko. Elle fait partie du groupe des langues ryukyu, apparentées au japonais. | [
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Kingston, Jamaica | Kingston (Jamaïque) | Kingston is the capital and largest city of Jamaica, located on the southeastern coast of the island. It faces a natural harbour protected by the Palisadoes, a long sand spit which connects the town of Port Royal and the Norman Manley International Airport to the rest of the island. In the Americas, Kingston is the largest predominantly English-speaking city south of the United States. | Kingston est la capitale de la Jamaïque. Elle forme la paroisse de Kingston qui est située dans le comté de Surrey dans le sud-est du pays. C'est l'une des agglomérations des Antilles qui croît le plus rapidement ( habitants pour seulement ). | [
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Julius Caesar | Jules César | Gaius Julius Caesar (, ; 12 July 100 BC – 15 March 44 BC) was a Roman general and statesman who played a critical role in the events that led to the demise of the Roman Republic and the rise of the Roman Empire. | Jules César (latin : à sa naissance, après sa mort), aussi appelé simplement César, est un général, homme politique et écrivain romain, né à Rome le 12 ou le 13 juillet 100 av. J.-C. et mort le 15 mars 44 av. J.-C. (aux ides de mars) dans la même ville. | [
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Katana | Katana | A is a Japanese sword characterized by a curved, single-edged blade with a circular or squared guard and long grip to accommodate two hands. It was used by the "samurai" of ancient and feudal Japan. | Le est un sabre (arme blanche courbe à un seul tranchant) de plus de. Par extension, le terme "katana" sert souvent à désigner l'ensemble des sabres japonais ("tachi", "uchigatana", etc.). | [
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Ligne claire | Ligne claire | Ligne claire (French for "clear line", ) is a style of drawing created and pioneered by Hergé, the Belgian creator of "The Adventures of Tintin". It uses clear strong lines all of the same width and no hatching, while contrast is downplayed as well. Cast shadows are often illuminated, and the style often features strong colours and a combination of cartoonish characters against a realistic background. All these elements together can result in giving comics drawn this way a flat aspect. The name was coined by Joost Swarte in 1977. | La ligne claire ("" en néerlandais) est un langage graphique issu de l'école belge de bandes dessinées réunie autour d'Hergé, c'est-à-dire le « style Tintin » associé aux dessinateurs du journal du même nom. Le terme "ligne claire" a été forgé en 1977 par le dessinateur néerlandais Joost Swarte, à l'occasion de l'exposition "Tintin" de Rotterdam. | [
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Kalevala | Kalevala | The Kalevala (, ) is a 19th-century work of epic poetry compiled by Elias Lönnrot from Karelian and Finnish oral folklore and mythology. | Le Kalevala est une épopée composée au par Elias Lönnrot, folkloriste et médecin, sur la base de poésies populaires de la mythologie finnoise transmises oralement. Il est considéré comme l'épopée nationale finlandaise et compte parmi les plus importantes œuvres en langue finnoise. Une première version, publiée en 1835, fut suivie en 1849 d'une édition considérablement augmentée qui comprend environ. Le "Kalevala" est une sorte de patchwork, obtenu par l'assemblage de poèmes populaires authentiques recueillis entre 1834 et 1847 dans les campagnes finlandaises, notamment en Carélie. Ce poème représente la pierre angulaire de l'identité nationale finlandaise. Cette épopée a influencé bon nombre d'artistes finlandais et, de par sa traduction en, est mondialement connue. | [
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Kyūdō | Kyūdō | Kyūdō (弓道) is the Japanese martial art of archery. Experts in kyūdō are referred to as. Kyūdō is based on "kyūjutsu" ("art of archery"), which originated with the samurai class of feudal Japan. Kyūdō is practised by thousands of people worldwide. As of 2005, the International Kyudo Federation had 132,760 graded members. | Le est un art martial Japonais (budō), issu du tir à l'arc guerrier (kyūjutsu). Cette discipline se singularise de sa contrepartie occidentale par les influences mélangées propres à la culture japonaise: le zen, le Confucianisme, mais aussi le taoïsme et shintoïsme. | [
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Jules Verne | Jules Verne | Jules Gabriel Verne (; ; 8 February 1828 – 24 March 1905) was a French novelist, poet, and playwright. His collaboration with the publisher Pierre-Jules Hetzel led to the creation of the "Voyages extraordinaires", a series of bestselling adventure novels including "Journey to the Center of the Earth" (1864), "Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea" (1870), and "Around the World in Eighty Days" (1872). | Jules Verne, né le à Nantes et mort le à Amiens, est un écrivain français dont l'œuvre est, pour la plus grande partie, constituée de romans d'aventures évoquant les progrès scientifiques du. | [
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Subsets and Splits