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Michelle Yeoh | Michelle Yeoh | Michelle Yeoh Choo-Kheng, PSM (; born 6 August 1962) is a Malaysian actress who rose to fame in 1990s Hong Kong action films and is best known internationally for her roles in the James Bond film "Tomorrow Never Dies" (1997) and martial arts film "Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon" (2000), along with recent international English films and series. | Yeoh Choo-Kheng dite Michelle Yeoh (), également appelée Michelle Khan et surnommée « la Jackie Chan au féminin », est une actrice et productrice malaisienne de cinéma d'arts martiaux née le à Ipoh en Malaisie. Elle est considérée comme « la reine du cinéma d'action asiatique ». Elle fut James Bond Girl dans "Demain ne meurt jamais". | [
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OSI model | Modèle OSI | The Open Systems Interconnection model (OSI model) is a conceptual model that characterises and standardises the communication functions of a telecommunication or computing system without regard to its underlying internal structure and technology. Its goal is the interoperability of diverse communication systems with standard communication protocols. The model partitions a communication system into abstraction layers. | Le modèle OSI (de l'anglais ') est une norme de communication, en réseau, de tous les systèmes informatiques. C'est un modèle de communications entre ordinateurs proposé par l'ISO ("International Organization for S"'tandardization" en français Organisation Internationale de Normalisation) qui décrit les fonctionnalités nécessaires à la communication et l'organisation de ces fonctions. | [
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Mayenne | Mayenne (département) | Mayenne () is a department in northwest France named after the Mayenne River. Mayenne is part of the current region of Pays de la Loire and is surrounded by the departments of Manche, Orne, Sarthe, Maine-et-Loire, and Ille-et-Vilaine. | La Mayenne ( ) est un département français de la région pays de la Loire. Ses habitants sont les "Mayennais" et les "Mayennaises". L'Insee et la Poste lui attribuent le code 53. Son chef-lieu est Laval. | [
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National Republican Movement | Mouvement national républicain | The National Republican Movement ("Mouvement National Républicain" or MNR) is a French nationalist political party, created by Bruno Mégret with former Club de l'Horloge members Yvan Blot (also a member of GRECE) and Jean-Yves Le Gallou, as a split from Jean-Marie Le Pen's National Front on 24 January 1999. | Le Mouvement national républicain (MNR), anciennement Front national-Mouvement national puis Mouvement national, est un parti politique français, créé en 1999 par Bruno Mégret. | [
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Medicine | Médecine | Medicine is the science and practice of establishing the diagnosis, prognosis, treatment, and prevention of disease. Medicine encompasses a variety of health care practices evolved to maintain and restore health by the prevention and treatment of illness. Contemporary medicine applies biomedical sciences, biomedical research, genetics, and medical technology to diagnose, treat, and prevent injury and disease, typically through pharmaceuticals or surgery, but also through therapies as diverse as psychotherapy, external splints and traction, medical devices, biologics, and ionizing radiation, amongst others. | La médecine (du, qui signifie « art de guérir, remède, potion »), au sens de pratique (art), est la science témoignant de l'organisation du corps humain (anatomie humaine), son fonctionnement normal (physiologie), et cherchant à préserver la santé (physique comme mentale) par la prévention (prophylaxie) et le traitement (thérapie) des maladies. | [
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Maserati | Maserati | Maserati () is an Italian luxury vehicle manufacturer. Established on 1 December 1914, in Bologna, Italy, the company's headquarters are now in Modena, and its emblem is a trident. The company has been owned by FIAT Chrysler Automobiles (FCA) and FCA's Italian predecessor FIAT S.p.A. since 1993. Maserati was initially associated with Ferrari. In May 2014, due to ambitious plans and product launches, Maserati sold a record of over 3,000 cars in one month. This caused them to increase production of the Quattroporte and Ghibli models. In addition to the Ghibli and Quattroporte, Maserati offers the Maserati GranTurismo, the GranTurismo Convertible, the Maserati Levante (the first ever Maserati SUV). Maserati has placed a production output cap at 75,000 vehicles globally. | Maserati est un constructeur automobile italien filiale du groupe Fiat-Chrysler spécialisé dans les voitures de luxe, de sport et de course. Fondé par les frères Maserati en 1914, son symbole est un trident, inspiré de la fontaine de Neptune de Bologne. | [
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Middle Ages | Moyen Âge | In the history of Europe, the Middle Ages or Medieval Period lasted from the 5th to the 15th century. It began with the fall of the Western Roman Empire and merged into the Renaissance and the Age of Discovery. The Middle Ages is the middle period of the three traditional divisions of Western history: classical antiquity, the medieval period, and the modern period. The medieval period is itself subdivided into the Early, High, and Late Middle Ages. | Le Moyen Âge est une période de l'histoire de l'Europe, s'étendant de la fin du à la fin du, qui débute avec le déclin de l'Empire romain d'Occident et se termine par la Renaissance et les Grandes découvertes. Située entre l'Antiquité et l'époque moderne, la période est subdivisée entre le haut Moyen Âge ( à ), le Moyen Âge central (-) et le Moyen Âge tardif (-). | [
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White House | Maison-Blanche | The White House is the official residence and workplace of the president of the United States. It is located at 1600 Pennsylvania Avenue NW in Washington, D.C., and has been the residence of every U.S. president since John Adams in 1800. The term "White House" is often used as a metonym for the president and his advisers. | La Maison-Blanche () est la résidence officielle et le bureau du président des États-Unis. Elle se situe au 1600, NW à Washington D.C. Le bâtiment en grès d'Aquia Creek et peint en blanc, construit entre 1792 et 1800, s'inspire du style georgien. Il est le lieu de résidence, de travail et de réception de tous les présidents américains depuis John Adams, deuxième président des États-Unis, qui y entre en 1800. | [
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Microsoft | Microsoft | Microsoft Corporation () is an American multinational technology company with headquarters in Redmond, Washington. It develops, manufactures, licenses, supports, and sells computer software, consumer electronics, personal computers, and related services. Its best known software products are the Microsoft Windows line of operating systems, the Microsoft Office suite, and the Internet Explorer and Edge web browsers. Its flagship hardware products are the Xbox video game consoles and the Microsoft Surface lineup of touchscreen personal computers. In 2016, it was the world's largest software maker by revenue (currently Alphabet/Google has more revenue). The word "Microsoft" is a portmanteau of "microcomputer" and "software". Microsoft is ranked No. 30 in the 2018 Fortune 500 rankings of the largest United States corporations by total revenue. It is considered one of the Big Five technology companies alongside Amazon, Apple, Google, and Facebook. | Son activité principale consiste à développer et vendre des systèmes d’exploitation, des logiciels et des produits matériels dérivés. Les meilleures ventes historiques sont portées par les systèmes d’exploitation MS-DOS puis Windows, et la suite bureautique Office, qui alimentent à présent une politique de diversification. Windows a atteint une position dominante sur les ordinateurs personnels, avec plus de 90 % de parts de marché dans le monde. Microsoft est présent dans l'informatique en nuage (Azure), les sites Web (moteur de recherche Bing, réseau social LinkedIn, messagerie électronique Outlook.com), les consoles de jeu vidéo (Xbox) et les tablettes PC (Surface). | [
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Maurice Merleau-Ponty | Maurice Merleau-Ponty | Maurice Jean Jacques Merleau-Ponty (; 14 March 1908 – 3 May 1961) was a French phenomenological philosopher, strongly influenced by Edmund Husserl and Martin Heidegger. The constitution of meaning in human experience was his main interest and he wrote on perception, art, and politics. He was on the editorial board of "Les Temps modernes", the leftist magazine established by Jean-Paul Sartre in 1945. | Maurice Merleau-Ponty est un philosophe français, né à Rochefort-sur-Mer le et mort le à Paris. Il est le cousin du philosophe des sciences Jacques Merleau-Ponty. | [
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Metre | Mètre | The metre (Commonwealth spelling) or meter (American spelling) (from the French unit "mètre", from the Greek noun μέτρον, "measure") is the base unit of length in the International System of Units (SI). The SI unit symbol is m. The metre is defined as the length of the path travelled by light in a vacuum in of a second. The metre was originally defined in 1793 as one ten-millionth of the distance from the equator to the North Pole along a great circle, so the Earth's circumference is approximately km. In 1799, the metre was redefined in terms of a prototype metre bar (the actual bar used was changed in 1889). In 1960, the metre was redefined in terms of a certain number of wavelengths of a certain emission line of krypton-86. The current definition was adopted in 1983 and slightly updated in 2019. | Le mètre, de symbole m, est l'unité de longueur du Système international (SI). C'est l'une de ses sept unités de base, à partir desquelles sont construites les unités dérivées (les unités SI de toutes les autres grandeurs physiques). | [
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Mary Shelley | Mary Shelley | Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley (, ; ; 30 August 1797 – 1 February 1851) was an English novelist who wrote the Gothic novel "Frankenstein; or, The Modern Prometheus" (1818). She also edited and promoted the works of her husband, the Romantic poet and philosopher Percy Bysshe Shelley. Her father was the political philosopher William Godwin and her mother was the philosopher and feminist Mary Wollstonecraft. | Mary Shelley, née Mary Wollstonecraft Godwin le à Somers Town, un faubourg de Londres (aujourd'hui dans le district de Camden), et morte le à Belgravia (Londres), est une femme de lettres anglaise, romancière, dramaturge, essayiste, biographe et auteur de récits de voyage. Elle est surtout connue pour son roman "Frankenstein ou le Prométhée moderne". | [
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Macintosh | Macintosh | The Macintosh (mainly Mac since 1998) is a family of personal computers designed, manufactured, and sold by Apple Inc. since January 1984. | Le Macintosh remplace l'Apple II comme principal produit d'Apple. Cependant les parts de marché d'Apple baissent, avant un renouveau des Macintosh en 1998, avec la sortie de l'ordinateur grand public tout-en-un l'iMac G3, qui permet à Apple d'échapper à une probable faillite et marque un succès pour la firme. | [
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Ore | Minerai | Ore is natural rock or sediment that contains one or more valuable minerals, typically metals, that can be mined, treated and sold at a profit. Ore is extracted from the earth through mining and treated or refined, often via smelting, to extract the valuable metals or minerals. | Un minerai (du latin "minera", mine) est une roche contenant des minéraux utiles en proportion suffisamment intéressante pour justifier l'exploitation, et nécessitant une transformation pour être utilisés par l'industrie. Par extension, le terme « minerai » peut également désigner directement les minéraux exploités. | [
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Min (god) | Min (dieu) | Min (Egyptian mnw) is an ancient Egyptian god whose cult originated in the predynastic period (4th millennium BCE). He was represented in many different forms, but was most often represented in male human form, shown with an erect penis which he holds in his left hand and an upheld right arm holding a flail. | Dans la mythologie égyptienne, Min est un dieu ithyphallique du neuvième nome de Haute-Égypte qui portait le nom de "Minou" (le foudre de Min). | [
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Meretseger | Mertseger | Meretseger (or Mertseger) was a Theban cobra-goddess in ancient Egyptian religion, in charge with guarding and protecting the vast Theban Necropolis — on the west bank of the Nile, in front of Thebes — and especially the heavily guarded Valley of the Kings. Her cult was typical of the New Kingdom of Egypt (1550–1070 BC). | Mereretséger ("Celle qui aime le silence") est une déesse de la mythologie égyptienne protectrice des ouvriers de Deir el-Médineh, près de Thèbes. | [
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Mut | Mout | Mut, also known as Maut and Mout, was a mother goddess worshipped in ancient Egypt. Her name literally means "mother" in the ancient Egyptian language. Mut had many different aspects and attributes that changed and evolved a lot over the thousands of years of ancient Egyptian culture. | Dans la mythologie égyptienne, Mout ("La mère"), la féminine, a engendré le dieu lunaire Khonsou et symbolise les valeurs maternelles. Déesse dangereuse, elle se transforme en lionne aux griffes acérées, mais sait aussi, drapée en vautour, veiller sur les hommes et leur redonner la vie. Elle est la déesse vautour du sud de l'Égypte. | [
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Montu | Montou | Montu was a falcon-god of war in ancient Egyptian religion, an embodiment of the conquering vitality of the pharaoh. He was particularly worshipped in Upper Egypt and in the district of Thebes. | Montou est le dieu de l’antique ville d'Hermonthis (ou Erment ou Ermant, nome de Thèbes), lié à l’origine au culte du soleil et dieu faucon de Thèbes où il était vénéré en tant que dieu de la guerre et protecteur des armes. Son nom signifie « nomade ». On en a fait l’époux d’une divinité solaire, Tjenenet, Dame du ciel. Au cours de la période ptolémaïque il fut associé par les Grecs à Apollon. | [
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Mercosur | Marché commun du Sud | Mercosur (in Spanish), Mercosul (in Portuguese), or Ñemby Ñemuha (in Guarani), officially Southern Common Market, is a South American trade bloc established by the Treaty of Asunción in 1991 and Protocol of Ouro Preto in 1994. Its full members are Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay and Uruguay. Venezuela is a full member but has been suspended since 1 December 2016. Associate countries are Bolivia, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Guyana, Peru and Suriname. New Zealand and Mexico are Observer countries. Its members have a combined area of 13,771,194 km2 and a population of 264 million people if counting only the full member states. The official languages are Spanish, Portuguese, and Guarani. | Le Marché commun du Sud, couramment abrégé'(de l'espagnol ) ou'(du portugais ), est une communauté économique qui regroupe plusieurs pays de l'Amérique du Sud. | [
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Monkey Island (series) | Monkey Island | Monkey Island is a series of adventure games. The first four games in the series were produced and published by LucasArts, formerly known as Lucasfilm Games. The fifth installment of the franchise was developed by Telltale Games in collaboration with LucasArts. The games follow the misadventures of the hapless Guybrush Threepwood as he struggles to become the most notorious pirate in the Caribbean, defeat the plans of the evil undead pirate LeChuck and win the heart of governess Elaine Marley. Each game's plot usually involves the mysterious Monkey Island and its impenetrable secrets. | Monkey Island est une série de jeux vidéo d'aventure créée par LucasArts (alors appelée LucasFilm Games). Le créateur de l'univers de Monkey Island et ses personnages est Ron Gilbert, qui fut le chef de projet sur les deux premiers opus, mais ne participa pas aux troisième et quatrième épisodes. Un cinquième, développé par Telltale Games, sous forme de cinq épisodes, a été publié de juin à. | [
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Maat | Maât | Maat or Maʽat (Egyptian mꜣꜥt /ˈmuʀʕat/) refers to the ancient Egyptian concepts of truth, balance, order, harmony, law, morality, and justice. Maat was also the goddess who personified these concepts, and regulated the stars, seasons, and the actions of mortals and the deities who had brought order from chaos at the moment of creation. Her ideological opposite was Isfet (Egyptian "jzft"), meaning injustice, chaos, violence or to do evil. | Maât est, dans la mythologie égyptienne, la déesse de l'ordre, de l'équilibre du monde, de l'équité, de la paix, de la vérité et de la justice. Elle est l'antithèse de l"'isfet" (le chaos, l'injustice, le désordre social,...). | [
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Massachusetts Institute of Technology | Massachusetts Institute of Technology | Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) is a private research university in Cambridge, Massachusetts. The institute is a land-grant, sea-grant, and space-grant university, with an urban campus that extends more than a mile (1.6 km) alongside the Charles River. The institute also encompasses a number of major off-campus facilities such as the MIT Lincoln Laboratory, the Bates Center, and the Haystack Observatory, as well as affiliated laboratories such as the Broad and Whitehead Institutes. Founded in 1861 in response to the increasing industrialization of the United States, MIT adopted a European polytechnic university model and stressed laboratory instruction in applied science and engineering. It has since played a key role in the development of many aspects of modern science, engineering, mathematics, and technology, and is widely known for its innovation and academic strength. | Le'('), en français Institut de technologie du Massachusetts, est un institut de recherche américain et une université, spécialisé dans les domaines de la science et de la technologie. Situé à Cambridge, dans l'État du Massachusetts, à proximité immédiate de Boston, au nord-est des États-Unis, le MIT est souvent considéré comme une des meilleures universités mondiales. | [
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Mano Negra (band) | Mano Negra | Mano Negra (complete Spanish name: "La Mano Negra", sometimes nicknamed "La Mano" in France) was a French music group active from 1987 to 1995 and fronted by Manu Chao. The group was founded in Paris by Chao, his brother (Antoine) and cousin (Santiago), all born of Spanish parents with partly Cuban roots. Their songs were mostly in Spanish, English and French, often switching from one language to the other in the same song or in the middle of a sentence or title (e.g. "Puta's Fever"). They also had a hit song in Arabic. They are considered pioneers of world fusion. | Mano Negra est un groupe de rock alternatif français, originaire de Sèvres. Actif entre 1987 et 1994, il est formé autour de son meneur Manu Chao. Le nom du groupe s'inspire du terme La Mano Negra, qui signifie « La Main noire » en espagnol, expression désignant le travail illégal ou. Le groupe compte au total quatre albums studio, "Patchanka" (1988), "Puta's Fever" (1989), "King of Bongo" (1991), et "Casa Babylon" (1994). | [
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Madrid | Madrid | Madrid (, ) is the capital and most populous city of Spain. The city has almost 3.3 million inhabitants and a metropolitan area population of approximately 6.5 million. It is the second-largest city in the European Union (EU), surpassed only by Berlin, and its monocentric metropolitan area is the second-largest in the EU, smaller only than Paris. The municipality covers. | Madrid ( ) est la capitale et la plus grande ville d'Espagne. Située dans la partie centrale du royaume d'Espagne, elle est également la capitale et la ville la plus peuplée de la Communauté de Madrid. En tant que capitale d'État, elle abrite la plupart des institutions politiques du pays, dont la résidence royale, le siège du gouvernement et le Parlement. | [
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Midi-Pyrénées | Midi-Pyrénées | Midi-Pyrénées (;, or ; ) is a former administrative region of France. Since 1 January 2016, it has been part of the new region Occitanie. It was the largest region of Metropolitan France by area, larger than the Netherlands or Denmark. | Midi-Pyrénées ( ) est une ancienne région du Sud de la France qui correspondait approximativement à l'ancien Haut-Languedoc. La région s'étendait sur plus de km2 ce qui en faisait la deuxième plus vaste région de France derrière la Guyane et la première de métropole. Sa plus grande ville était Toulouse, qui était également sa préfecture et le siège de son conseil régional. | [
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Heavy metals | Élément-trace métallique | Heavy metals are generally defined as metals with relatively high densities, atomic weights, or atomic numbers. The criteria used, and whether metalloids are included, vary depending on the author and context. In metallurgy, for example, a heavy metal may be defined on the basis of density, whereas in physics the distinguishing criterion might be atomic number, while a chemist would likely be more concerned with chemical behaviour. More specific definitions have been published, but none of these have been widely accepted. The definitions surveyed in this article encompass up to 96 out of the 118 known chemical elements; only mercury, lead and bismuth meet all of them. Despite this lack of agreement, the term (plural or singular) is widely used in science. A density of more than 5 g/cm is sometimes quoted as a commonly used criterion and is used in the body of this article. | La notion d’éléments-traces métalliques, ou ETM tend à remplacer celle de métaux lourds mal définie car englobant des métaux toxiques réellement "lourds" à d'autres (métalloïdes) l'étant moins. Tous les ETM sont toxiques ou toxiques au-delà d'un certain seuil et certains sont radioactifs (radionucléides). Leurs concentrations environnementales (eau, air, sol, organismes) résultent d'apports anthropiques (industrie, transports...) et naturels (volcanisme et altération des minéraux primaires) ; émis dans l'environnement, ils y sont redistribués dans les profils du sol via la pédogenèse et la bioturbation, et dans les écosystèmes via les phénomènes de bioassimilation et bioconcentration. Les concentrations supposées naturelles théoriques en ETM sont dites « "fond géochimique" ». | [
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Minerva | Minerve (mythologie) | Minerva (, ; ) is the Roman goddess of wisdom and strategic warfare, and the sponsor of arts, trade, and strategy. Minerva is not a patron of violence such as Mars, but of defensive war only. From the second century BC onward, the Romans equated her with the Greek goddess Athena. Minerva is one of the three Roman deities in the Capitoline Triad, along with Jupiter and Juno. | Minerve () est, dans la mythologie romaine, la déesse des métiers et de ceux qui les pratiquent. Elle est patronne des artisans et est, avec Jupiter et Junon, une des divinités de la triade capitoline, à laquelle sont dédiés le temple de Jupiter capitolin et les capitoles des autres villes de l’Empire romain. | [
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Miguel de Icaza | Miguel de Icaza | Miguel de Icaza (born November 23, 1972) is a Mexican-American programmer, best known for starting the GNOME, Mono, and Xamarin projects. | Miguel De Icaza (né en 1972 à Mexico) - parfois surnommé MDI - est un programmeur mexicain, principalement connu pour avoir été le meneur du projet GNOME. | [
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Multimeter | Multimètre | A multimeter or a multitester, also known as a VOM (volt-ohm-milliammeter), is an electronic measuring instrument that combines several measurement functions in one unit. A typical multimeter can measure voltage, current, and resistance. Analog multimeters use a microammeter with a moving pointer to display readings. Digital multimeters (DMM, DVOM) have a numeric display, and may also show a graphical bar representing the measured value. Digital multimeters are now far more common due to their lower cost and greater precision having obsoleted analog multimeters. | Un multimètre (parfois appelé "contrôleur universel") est un ensemble d'appareils de mesures électriques regroupés en un seul boîtier, généralement constitué d'un voltmètre, d'un ampèremètre et d'un ohmmètre. Les fonctions voltmètre et ampèremètre sont disponibles en continu et en alternatif. | [
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Read-only memory | Mémoire morte | Read-only memory (ROM) is a type of non-volatile memory used in computers and other electronic devices. Data stored in ROM cannot be electronically modified after the manufacture of the memory device. Read-only memory is useful for storing software that is rarely changed during the life of the system, also known as firmware. Software applications (like video games) for programmable devices can be distributed as plug-in cartridges containing read-only memory. | Originellement, l'expression mémoire morte (en anglais, : ROM) désignait une mémoire informatique non volatile (c’est-à-dire une mémoire qui ne s’efface pas lorsque l’appareil qui la contient n’est plus alimenté en électricité) et dont le contenu est fixé lors de sa programmation, qui pouvait être lue plusieurs fois par l'utilisateur, mais ne pouvait plus être modifiée. | [
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Morcheeba | Morcheeba | Morcheeba is an English electronic band formed in the mid-1990s with founding members vocalist Skye Edwards and the brothers Paul and Ross Godfrey. They mix influences from trip hop, rock, folk rock and downtempo, and have produced nine regular studio albums since 1995, two of which reached the UK top ten. Edwards left the band in 2003, after which the brothers used a number of singers before she rejoined in 2009. They recruit additional members for their live performances and have toured internationally. In 2014 Paul Godfrey resigned from the band. Edwards and Ross Godfrey later formed Skye | Ross and released a self-titled album in September 2016. Their latest studio album as Morcheeba, "Blaze Away", was released in June 2018. | Morcheeba est un groupe de musique britannique originaire de Londres, mélangeant downtempo, trip hop, rhythm and blues et pop. Il est formé des frères Paul Godfrey (DJ) et Ross Godfrey (guitare et clavier) ainsi que de la chanteuse Skye Edwards. | [
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Mount Fuji | Mont Fuji | , located on the island of Honshū, is the highest mountain in Japan, standing. It is also the second-highest volcano located on an island in Asia (after Mount Kerinci on the island of Sumatra), and seventh-highest peak of an island on Earth. Mount Fuji is an active stratovolcano that last erupted from 1707 to 1708. The mountain stands about south-west of Tokyo, and can be seen from there on clear days. Mount Fuji's exceptionally symmetrical cone, which is snow-capped for about 5 months a year, is commonly used as a cultural icon of Japan and it is frequently depicted in many arts and photographs, as well as visited by sightseers and climbers. | Le est une montagne du centre du Japon qui se trouve sur la côte sud de l'île de Honshū, au sud-ouest de l'agglomération de Tokyo. Avec d'altitude, il est le point culminant du Japon. Situé dans une région où se rejoignent les plaques tectoniques pacifique, eurasienne et philippine, la montagne est un stratovolcan toujours considéré comme actif, sa dernière éruption certaine s'étant produite fin 1707, bien que le risque éruptif soit actuellement considéré comme faible. | [
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Massive Attack | Massive Attack | Massive Attack are an English musical group formed in 1988 in Bristol, consisting of Robert "3D" Del Naja, Grant "Daddy G" Marshall and formerly Andy "Mushroom" Vowles ("Mush"), with Shara Nelson, Horace Andy and Adrian "Tricky" Thaws as their first guest vocalists. Their debut album "Blue Lines" was released in 1991, with the single "Unfinished Sympathy" reaching the charts and later being voted the 63rd greatest song of all time in a poll by "NME". 1998's "Mezzanine", containing "Teardrop", and 2003's "100th Window" charted in the UK at number one. Both "Blue Lines" and "Mezzanine" feature in "Rolling Stone"s list of the 500 Greatest Albums of All Time. | Massive Attack est un groupe musical britannique, originaire de Bristol, précurseur de la musique trip hop. Il se compose, à l'origine, de Robert Del Naja ("3D"), Grant Marshall ("Daddy G") et Andrew Vowles ("Mushroom"). Le style du groupe est en constante évolution : au début proche du hip-hop, du groove, voire de la soul, il aborde par la suite la musique électronique, et un son plus électrique à la fin des années 1990. Chaque album est enrichi par de très nombreuses collaborations et la participation systématique de Horace Andy. | [
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Inferential mood | Médiatif | The inferential mood (abbreviated or ) is used to report a nonwitnessed event without confirming it, but the same forms also function as admiratives in the Balkan languages (namely Albanian, Bulgarian, Macedonian and Turkish) in which they occur. The inferential mood is used in some languages such as Turkish to convey information about events which were not directly observed or were inferred by the speaker. When referring to Balkan languages, it is often called renarrative mood; when referring to Estonian, it is called oblique mood. The inferential is usually impossible to be distinguishably translated into English. For instance, indicative Bulgarian "той отиде (toy otide)" and Turkish "o gitti" will be translated the same as inferential "той отишъл (toy otishal)" and "o gitmiş"—with the English indicative "he went". Using the first pair, however, implies very strongly that the speaker either witnessed the event or is very sure that it took place. The second pair implies either that the speaker did not in fact witness it take place, that it occurred in the remote past or that there is considerable doubt as to whether it actually happened. If it were necessary to make the distinction, then the English constructions "he must have gone" or "he is said to have gone" would partly translate the inferential. | En linguistique, le médiatif est un mode verbal permettant de rapporter un discours ou une information sans prendre position quant à sa véracité. Le non médiatif au contraire indique que le locuteur s'implique dans l'assertion. Le médiatif est parfois appelé mode oblique. | [
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Meteorology | Météorologie | Meteorology is a branch of the atmospheric sciences which includes atmospheric chemistry and atmospheric physics, with a major focus on weather forecasting. The study of meteorology dates back millennia, though significant progress in meteorology did not occur until the 18th century. The 19th century saw modest progress in the field after weather observation networks were formed across broad regions. Prior attempts at prediction of weather depended on historical data. It was not until after the elucidation of the laws of physics and more particularly, the development of the computer, allowing for the automated solution of a great many equations that model the weather, in the latter half of the 20th century that significant breakthroughs in weather forecasting were achieved. An important domain of weather forecasting is marine weather forecasting as it relates to maritime and coastal safety, in which weather effects also include atmospheric interactions with large bodies of water. | La météorologie est une science qui a pour objet l'étude des phénomènes atmosphériques tels que les nuages, les précipitations ou le vent dans le but de comprendre comment ils se forment et évoluent en fonction des paramètres mesurés tels que la pression, la température et l'humidité. Le mot vient du grec ancien (« "qui est au-dessus de la terre" »), qui désigne les particules en suspension dans l'atmosphère et, « discours » ou « connaissance ». | [
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Martin Heidegger | Martin Heidegger | Martin Heidegger (; ; 26 September 188926 May 1976) was a German philosopher and a seminal thinker in the Continental tradition of philosophy. He is best known for contributions to phenomenology, hermeneutics, and existentialism. | Martin Heidegger, né le à Meßkirch et mort le à Fribourg-en-Brisgau, est un philosophe allemand. D'abord étudiant auprès d'Edmund Husserl et immergé dans le projet phénoménologique de son maître, son intérêt se porte rapidement sur la question du. Elle le guidera ensuite tout au long de son chemin de pensée et c'est en tentant de répondre à celle-ci, à l'occasion de la publication de son ouvrage "Être et Temps" ("") en 1927, qu'il rencontre une immense notoriété internationale débordant largement le milieu de la philosophie. | [
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Mika Waltari | Mika Waltari | Mika Toimi Waltari () (19 September 1908 – 26 August 1979) was a Finnish writer, best known for his best-selling novel "The Egyptian" (). He was extremely productive, and wrote in addition to novels also poetry, short stories, crime novels, plays, essays, travel stories, film scripts and rhymed texts for comic strips by Asmo Alho. | Mika Toimi Waltari, né le à Helsinki et mort le dans la même ville, est un écrivain finlandais, célèbre pour ses romans historiques traduits dans de nombreuses langues et auteur de quelques romans policiers. | [
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Morpheme | Morphème | A morpheme is the smallest meaningful unit in a language. A morpheme is not identical to a word. The main difference between them is that a morpheme sometimes does not stand alone, but a word, by definition, always stands alone. The linguistics field of study dedicated to morphemes is called morphology. When a morpheme stands by itself, it is considered as a root because it has a meaning of its own (such as the morpheme "cat"). When it depends on another morpheme to express an idea, it is an affix because it has a grammatical function (such as the "–s" in "cats" to indicate that it is plural). Every word is composed of one or more morphemes. | En linguistique, on définit généralement un morphème comme le plus petit élément significatif, isolé par segmentation d'un mot, le plus souvent dépourvu d'autonomie linguistique. La morphologie est l'étude des morphèmes. | [
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Minitel | Minitel | The Minitel was a videotex online service accessible through telephone lines, and was the world's most successful online service prior to the World Wide Web. It was invented in Cesson-Sévigné, near Rennes in Brittany, France. | Le Minitel (pour « Médium interactif par numérisation d'information téléphonique ») est un type de terminal informatique destiné à la connexion au service français de Vidéotex baptisé Télétel, commercialement exploité en France entre 1980 et 2012. Il a hissé la France au premier plan de la télématique mondiale grâce au premier service au monde de fourniture payante d’informations télématiques, qui sera un succès considérable et restera longtemps populaire. | [
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Condorcet method | Méthode de Condorcet | A Condorcet method (; ) is one of several election methods that elects the candidate that wins a majority of the vote in every head-to-head election against each of the other candidates, that is, a candidate preferred by more voters than any others, whenever there is such a candidate. A candidate with this property, the "pairwise champion" or "beats-all winner", is formally called the "Condorcet winner". Note that the head-to-head elections aren't necessarily done separately; a voter's preference between every pair of candidates can be found by asking them to rank the candidates, and then assuming they would vote for the candidate they ranked higher for each pairing. | La méthode Condorcet (aussi appelée scrutin de Condorcet ou vote Condorcet) est un système de vote dans lequel l'unique vainqueur, s'il existe, est le candidat qui, comparé tour à tour à chacun des autres candidats, s’avérerait à chaque fois être le candidat préféré. Un tel candidat est appelé vainqueur de Condorcet. | [
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Monopropellant | Monergol | Monopropellants are propellants consisting of chemicals that release energy through exothermic chemical decomposition. The molecular bond energy of the monopropellant is released usually through use of a catalyst. This can be contrasted with bipropellants that release energy through the chemical reaction between an oxidizer and a fuel. While stable under defined storage conditions, monopropellants decompose very rapidly under certain other conditions to produce a large volume of energetic (hot) gases for the performance of mechanical work. Although solid s such as nitrocellulose, the most commonly used propellant in firearms, could be thought of as monopropellants, the term is usually reserved for liquids in engineering literature. | Un monergol est un ergol de formation souvent endothermique, qui a la propriété de se suffire à lui-même pour assurer la propulsion dans un moteur-fusée — propergol constitué d'un seul ergol. Les monergols nécessitent généralement l'usage d'un catalyseur pour assurer leur décomposition. | [
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Fields Medal | Médaille Fields | The Fields Medal is a prize awarded to two, three, or four mathematicians under 40 years of age at the International Congress of the International Mathematical Union (IMU), a meeting that takes place every four years. | La médaille Fields est (avec le prix Abel) une des deux plus prestigieuses récompenses en mathématiques. Toutes deux sont considérées comme équivalentes à un prix Nobel inexistant pour cette discipline. | [
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Movement for France | Mouvement pour la France | The Movement for France (; ), abbreviated to MPF, is a conservative, soft Eurosceptic and Gaullist French political party, founded on 20 November 1994, with a marked regional stronghold in the Vendée. It is led by Philippe de Villiers, once communications minister under Jacques Chirac. | Le Mouvement pour la France (MPF) est un ancien parti politique français de droite et d'inspiration souverainiste ayant existé entre 1994 et 2018. Son président, Philippe de Villiers, est notamment candidat aux élections présidentielles de 1995 et 2007. | [
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Morpheus | Morphée | Morpheus ('Fashioner', derived from the meaning 'form, shape') is a god associated with sleep and dreams. In Ovid's "Metamorphoses" he is the son of Sleep, and he appears in dreams in human form. From the medieval period, the name began to stand more generally for the god of dreams, or of sleep. | Morphée (en grec ancien, de, « forme ») est, dans la mythologie grecque, une divinité des rêves prophétiques. Il est, selon certains théologiens antiques, le fils d'Hypnos (le Sommeil) et de Nyx (la Nuit), et selon d'autres, la principale divinité des mille Oneiroi engendrés par Nyx seule. Il a pour vocation d'endormir les mortels. | [
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Emperor Meiji | Meiji (empereur) | , also called, or, was the 122nd Emperor of Japan according to the traditional order of succession, reigning from 3 February 1867 until his death on 30 July 1912. He presided over the Meiji era, a time of rapid change that witnessed the Empire of Japan's transformation from an isolationist, feudal state to an industrialized world power. | L', ou prince Sachi no Miya, connu de son vivant en Occident par son nom personnel, né à Kyoto le, fut le empereur du Japon du à sa mort le. | [
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May 68 | Mai 68 | Beginning in May 1968, a period of civil unrest occurred throughout France, lasting some seven weeks and punctuated by demonstrations, general strikes, and the occupation of universities and factories. At the height of events, which have since become known as May 68, the economy of France came to a halt. The protests reached such a point that political leaders feared civil war or revolution; the national government briefly ceased to function after President Charles de Gaulle secretly fled France to Germany at one point. The protests spurred movements worldwide, with songs, imaginative graffiti, posters, and slogans. | Les événements de mai-, ou plus brièvement Mai 68, désignent une période durant laquelle se déroulent, en France, des manifestations d'étudiants, ainsi que des grèves générales et sauvages. | [
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Meteorite | Météorite | A meteorite is a solid piece of debris from an object, such as a comet, asteroid, or meteoroid, that originates in outer space and survives its passage through the atmosphere to reach the surface of a planet or moon. When the original object enters the atmosphere, various factors such as friction, pressure, and chemical interactions with the atmospheric gases cause it to heat up and radiate energy. It then becomes a meteor and forms a fireball, also known as a shooting star or falling star; astronomers call the brightest examples "bolides". Once it settles on the larger body's surface, the meteor becomes a meteorite. Meteorites vary greatly in size. For geologists, a bolide is a meteorite large enough to create an impact crater. | Une météorite est un objet solide d'origine extraterrestre qui en traversant l'atmosphère terrestre n'a pas perdu toute sa masse, et qui en a atteint la surface solide sans y être entièrement volatilisé lors de l'impact avec cette surface. La définition s'applique aussi à des objets arrivant sur la surface solide d'autres astres (planètes, satellites naturels ou astéroïdes) ; il a ainsi été plusieurs météorites, et sur la Lune un fragment de granite d'origine terrestre. | [
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Methane | Méthane | Methane ( or ) is a chemical compound with the chemical formula (one atom of carbon and four atoms of hydrogen). It is a group-14 hydride and the simplest alkane, and is the main constituent of natural gas. The relative abundance of methane on Earth makes it an attractive fuel, although capturing and storing it poses challenges due to its gaseous state under normal conditions for temperature and pressure. | Le méthane est un composé chimique de formule chimique, découvert et isolé par Alessandro Volta entre 1776 et 1778. C'est l'hydrocarbure le plus simple, et le premier terme de la famille des alcanes. | [
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Mari language | Mari (langue) | The Mari language (Mari:, "marii jõlme";, "marijskij jazyk"), spoken by approximately 400,000 people, belongs to the Uralic language family. It is spoken primarily in the Mari Republic (Mari:, "Marii El", i.e., 'Mari land') of the Russian Federation as well as in the area along the Vyatka river basin and eastwards to the Urals. Mari speakers, known as the Mari, are found also in the Tatarstan, Bashkortostan, Udmurtia, and Perm regions. | Le mari, ou tchérémisse (en mari : мари́й йы́лме, "marij jylme" [maˈrij ˈjəlme] ; en, [mɐˈrjijskjɪj jɪˈzɨk]), est une langue appartenant à la famille des langues ouraliennes. | [
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Modem | Modem | A modem – a portmanteau of "modulator-demodulator" – is a hardware device that converts data into a format suitable for a transmission medium so that it can be transmitted from one computer to another (historically along telephone wires). A modem modulates one or more carrier wave signals to encode digital information for transmission and demodulates signals to decode the transmitted information. The goal is to produce a signal that can be transmitted easily and decoded reliably to reproduce the original digital data. Modems can be used with almost any means of transmitting analog signals from light-emitting diodes to radio. A common type of modem is one that turns the digital data of a computer into modulated electrical signal for transmission over telephone lines and demodulated by another modem at the receiver side to recover the digital data. | Le modem (mot-valise, pour modulateur-démodulateur), est un périphérique servant à communiquer avec des utilisateurs distants par l'intermédiaire d'un réseau analogique (comme une ligne téléphonique). Il permet par exemple de se connecter à Internet. | [
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Mod (subculture) | Mod (sous-culture) | Mod is a subculture that began in London and spread throughout Great Britain and elsewhere, eventually influencing fashions and trends in other countries, and continues today on a smaller scale. Focused on music and fashion, the subculture has its roots in a small group of stylish London-based young men in the late 1950s who were termed "modernists" because they listened to modern jazz. Elements of the mod subculture include fashion (often tailor-made suits); music (including soul, rhythm and blues, ska, jazz, and later splintering off into freakbeat); and motor scooters (usually Lambretta or Vespa). In the mid 1960s, the subculture listened to power pop rock groups with mod following, such as The Who and The Small Faces, after the peak Mod era. The original mod scene was associated with amphetamine-fuelled all-night dancing at clubs. | Mod (apocope de "") est une sous-culture née à Londres à la fin des années 1950, et qui connut son apogée au Royaume-Uni au milieu de la décennie suivante. | [
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Marcel Aymé | Marcel Aymé | Marcel Aymé (29 March 1902 – 14 October 1967) was a French novelist, children's writer, humour writer, screenwriter and theatre playwright. | Marcel Aymé, né à Joigny le et mort chez lui, rue Norvins dans le arrondissement de Paris, le, est un écrivain, dramaturge, nouvelliste, scénariste et essayiste français. Écrivain prolifique, il a laissé deux essais, dix-sept romans, plusieurs dizaines de nouvelles, une dizaine de pièces de théâtre, plus de cent soixante articles et des contes. | [
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Mammal | Mammifère | Mammals (from Latin "mamma" "breast") are vertebrate animals constituting the class Mammalia (), and characterized by the presence of mammary glands which in females (and sometimes males) produce milk for feeding (nursing) their young, a neocortex (a region of the brain), fur or hair, and three middle ear bones. These characteristics distinguish them from reptiles and birds, from which they diverged in the late Carboniferous, approximately 300 million years ago. Around 6,400 extant species of mammals have been described. The largest orders are the rodents, bats and Eulipotyphla (hedgehogs, moles, shrews, and others). The next three are the Primates (apes including humans, monkeys, and others), the Cetartiodactyla (cetaceans and even-toed ungulates), and the Carnivora (cats, dogs, seals, and others). | Les Mammifères (Mammalia) sont une classe d'animaux vertébrés qui ont pour caractéristique principale que les représentants femelles (et parfois aussi les mâles) allaitent leurs juvéniles à partir d'une sécrétion cutanéo-glandulaire spécialisée appelée lait. Leur aire de répartition est planétaire, ils ont conquis une grande partie des niches écologiques de la macrofaune et demeurent un des taxons dominants depuis l'Éocène. | [
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Michael Moore | Michael Moore | Michael Francis Moore (born April 23, 1954) is an American documentary filmmaker, author and activist. His works frequently address the topics of globalization and capitalism. | Michael Moore, né le à Flint dans le Michigan (États-Unis), est un écrivain et un réalisateur américain de documentaires engagés. | [
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Fluid mechanics | Mécanique des fluides | Fluid mechanics is the branch of physics concerned with the mechanics of fluids (liquids, gases, and plasmas) and the forces on them. It has applications in a wide range of disciplines, including mechanical, civil, chemical and biomedical engineering, geophysics, oceanography, meteorology, astrophysics, and biology. | La mécanique des fluides est un domaine de la physique consacré à l’étude du comportement des fluides (liquides, gaz et plasmas) et des forces internes associées. C’est une branche de la mécanique des milieux continus qui modélise la matière à l’aide de particules assez petites pour relever de l’analyse mathématique mais assez grandes par rapport aux molécules pour être décrites par des fonctions continues. | [
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Margaret Mead | Margaret Mead | Margaret Mead (December 16, 1901 – November 15, 1978) was an American cultural anthropologist who featured frequently as an author and speaker in the mass media during the 1960s and 1970s. She earned her bachelor's degree at Barnard College in New York City and her MA and PhD degrees from Columbia University. Mead served as President of the American Association for the Advancement of Science in 1975. | Margaret Mead ( à Philadelphie – à New York) est une anthropologue américaine. Formée à l'université Columbia par Franz Boas, Margaret Mead a contribué à populariser les apports de l'anthropologie culturelle aux États-Unis et dans le monde occidental. Ses travaux portent notamment sur le rapport à la sexualité dans les cultures traditionnelles de l'Océanie et du sud-est asiatique. | [
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Maurice Barrès | Maurice Barrès | Auguste-Maurice Barrès (; 19 August 1862 – 4 December 1923) was a French novelist, journalist and politician. Spending some time in Italy, he became a figure in French literature with the release of his work "The Cult of the Self" in 1888. In politics, he was first elected to the Chamber of Deputies in 1889 as a Boulangist and would play a prominent political role for the rest of his life. | Maurice Barrès [], né le à Charmes (Vosges) et mort le à Neuilly-sur-Seine (Seine), est un écrivain et homme politique français, figure de proue du nationalisme français. | [
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Nièvre | Nièvre (département) | Nièvre () is a department in the region of Bourgogne-Franche-Comté in the centre of France named after the River Nièvre. | Le département de la Nièvre ( ) est un département français situé dans le sud-ouest de la région Bourgogne-Franche-Comté, dans le centre du pays, et doit son nom à la rivière qui le traverse. L'Insee et la Poste lui attribuent le code 58. Sa préfecture est Nevers. | [
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Neustria | Neustrie | Neustria (also Neustrasia), was the western part of the Kingdom of the Franks. Neustria included the land between the Loire and the Silva Carbonaria, approximately the north of present-day France, with Paris, Orléans, Tours, Soissons as its main cities. It later referred to the region between the Seine and the Loire rivers known as the "regnum Neustriae", a constituent subkingdom of the Carolingian Empire and then West Francia. The Carolingian kings also created a March of Neustria which was a frontier duchy against the Bretons and Vikings that lasted until the Capetian monarchy in the late 10th century, when the term was eclipsed as a European political or geographical term. | La Neustrie ou "Neustria", "Neustrasia" ou même "Neptrecus" dans les chroniques latines, est le royaume franc correspondant à l'ancien royaume de Syagrius, au nord-ouest de la France actuelle, et qui a initialement pour capitale Soissons. Annexé en 687 par les Austrasiens, le nom de l'ancien royaume ne désigne plus au que le territoire entre Seine et Loire, gouverné depuis l'époque mérovingienne par un duc du Mans. | [
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Marcel Mauss | Marcel Mauss | Marcel Mauss (; 10 May 1872 – 10 February 1950) was a French sociologist. The nephew of Émile Durkheim, Mauss' academic work traversed the boundaries between sociology and anthropology. Today, he is perhaps better recognised for his influence on the latter discipline, particularly with respect to his analyses of topics such as magic, sacrifice, and gift exchange in different cultures around the world. Mauss had a significant influence upon Claude Lévi-Strauss, the founder of structural anthropology. His most famous work is "The Gift" (1925). | Marcel Mauss, né le à Épinal et mort le à Paris, est généralement considéré comme le « père de l'anthropologie française ». | [
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Monotheism | Monothéisme | Monotheism is the belief in one god. A narrower definition of monotheism is the belief in the existence of only one god that created the world is all-powerful and intervenes in the world. | Un monothéisme (du grec "" ["monos"], « seul, unique » et "θεός" ["theos"], « dieu ») est une religion qui affirme l'existence d'un Dieu unique, omnipotent, omniscient et omniprésent. C'est notamment le cas des religions abrahamiques : judaïsme, christianisme et islam. D'autres religions ou croyances monothéistes ont vu le jour comme le zoroastrisme, le culte d'Aton, le sikhisme ou encore le déisme. Les religions monothéistes s'opposent notamment aux polythéismes et aux panthéismes, mais aussi à l'animisme, etc. En effet, les polythéistes croient en plusieurs divinités tandis que pour les panthéistes Dieu est immanent et non transcendant. | [
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Molière | Molière | Jean-Baptiste Poquelin (baptised 15 January 1622; died 17 February 1673), known by his stage name Molière (,, ), was a French playwright, actor and poet, widely regarded as one of the greatest writers in the French language and universal literature. His extant works include comedies, farces, tragicomedies, comédie-ballets and more. His plays have been translated into every major living language and are performed at the Comédie-Française more often than those of any other playwright today. His influence is such that the French language itself is often referred to as the "language of Molière". | Jean-Baptiste Poquelin, dit Molière, est un comédien et dramaturge français, baptisé le à Paris, où il est mort le. | [
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Nephthys | Nephtys | Nephthys or Nebet-Het in ancient Egyptian () was a goddess in ancient Egyptian religion. A member of the Great Ennead of Heliopolis in Egyptian mythology, she was a daughter of Nut and Geb. Nephthys was typically paired with her sister Isis in funerary rites because of their role as protectors of the mummy and the god Osiris and as the sister-wife of Set. | Nephtys, Nebt-Het ou Neb-Hout qui signifie ""La dame (ou maîtresse) du château"", est une déesse de la mythologie égyptienne ; elle est la déesse protectrice des morts en veillant sur le sarcophage, déesse funéraire aux côtés de Hâpi, avec qui elle est associée pour protéger le vase canope contenant les poumons du défunt. Elle est représentée comme une femme coiffée de deux hiéroglyphes servant à écrire son nom. Son sanctuaire principal se trouve à Héliopolis où elle fait partie de la grande Ennéade. Elle est vénérée aussi, à l'époque gréco-romaine, à Kom Mer (ou Kômir, Haute-Égypte), associée à Anoukis (Anqet en égyptien). Dans le temple d'Edfou, une fête, « Le cœur de Nephtys se réjouit » était célébrée le du mois Pharmouti de la saison Peret. | [
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Nupedia | Nupedia | Nupedia was an English-language, web-based encyclopedia whose articles were written by volunteer contributors with appropriate subject matter expertise, reviewed by expert editors before publication, and licensed as free content. It was founded by Jimmy Wales and underwritten by Bomis, with Larry Sanger as editor-in-chief. Nupedia lasted from October 1999 until September 2003. It is mostly known today as the predecessor of Wikipedia, but Nupedia had a seven-step approval process to control content of articles before being posted, rather than live wiki-based updating. Nupedia was designed by committee, with experts to predefine the rules, and it approved only 21 articles in its first year, compared to Wikipedia posting 200 articles in the first month, and 18,000 in the first year. Unlike Wikipedia, Nupedia was not a wiki; it was instead characterized by an extensive peer-review process, designed to make its articles of a quality comparable to that of professional encyclopedias. Nupedia wanted scholars (ideally with PhDs) to volunteer content. Before it ceased operating, Nupedia produced 25 approved articles that had completed its review process (three articles also existed in two versions of different lengths), and 150 more articles were in progress. Jimmy Wales preferred Wikipedia's easier posting of articles, while Larry Sanger preferred the peer-reviewed approach used by Nupedia and later founded Citizendium in 2006 as an expert reviewed alternative to Wikipedia. | Nupedia, fondée par Jimmy Wales le et financée par Bomis, était un projet d’encyclopédie libre pour laquelle Larry Sanger fut embauché comme éditeur en chef. Elle se distinguait de Wikipédia par une politique stricte pour l’intégration des nouveaux articles, le comité scientifique visant à en faire une encyclopédie de qualité comparable aux encyclopédies professionnelles sur le marché. On la qualifiait souvent de plus sérieuse, mais la rareté des contributeurs lui a été fatale et Nupédia fut définitivement fermée le. Au moment où elle cessa ses opérations, avaient été intégrés à l’encyclopédie, existaient sous une forme double (c'est-à-dire présents à la fois dans Wikipédia et dans Nupédia), et étaient en développement. | [
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Nut (goddess) | Nout | Nut (), also known by various other transcriptions, is the goddess of the sky, stars, cosmos, mothers, astronomy, and the universe in the ancient Egyptian religion. She was seen as a star-covered nude woman arching over the Earth, or as a cow. She was depicted wearing the water-pot sign (nw) that identifies her. | Nout est une déesse de la mythologie égyptienne qui fait partie de la grande Ennéade d'Héliopolis. Déesse du ciel, Nout symbolise le firmament et. | [
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Nepal | Népal | Nepal ( ), officially the Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal, is a country in South Asia. It is located mainly in the Himalayas, but also includes parts of the Indo-Gangetic Plain. It is the 49th largest country by population and 93rd largest country by area. It is landlocked, and borders China in the north and India in the south, east and west, while Bangladesh is located within only 27 km (17 mi) of its southeastern tip and Bhutan is separated from it by the Indian state of Sikkim. Nepal has a diverse geography, including fertile plains, subalpine forested hills, and eight of the world's ten tallest mountains, including Mount Everest, the highest point on Earth. Kathmandu is the capital and the largest city. Nepal is a multiethnic country with Nepali as the official language. | Le Népal, en forme longue la république démocratique fédérale du Népal, en népalais, et,, est un pays enclavé de l'Himalaya, bordé par la Chine (région autonome du Tibet) au nord-nord-est, par l'Inde au sud-sud-ouest, à l'ouest-nord-ouest et à l'est-sud-est. | [
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Nu (mythology) | Noun | Nu (also "Nenu, Nunu, Nun"), feminine Naunet (also "Nunut, Nuit, Nent, Nunet"), is the deification of the primordial watery abyss in the Hermopolitan Ogdoad cosmogony of ancient Egyptian religion. The name is paralleled with "nen" "inactivity" in a play of words in, "I raised them up from out of the watery mass ["nu"], out of inactivity ["nen"]". The name has also been compared to the Coptic "noun" "abyss; deep". | Dans la mythologie égyptienne, l’Océan primordial est appelé le Noun ou Nouou (Nwn). On peut considérer le Noun comme un concept plutôt qu’un dieu. Il est l’Océan qui a fait la "Vie" et qui fera la "Mort" ; sans créateur, il s’étend autour du monde. Tous les mythes de création ont une chose en commun, ce Noun, d'où naquit le dieu-créateur. | [
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Maurice Papon | Maurice Papon | Maurice Papon (; 3 September 1910 – 17 February 2007) was a French civil servant who led the police in major prefectures from the 1930s to the 1960s, before he became a Gaullist politician. When he was secretary general for the police in Bordeaux during World War II, he participated in the deportation of more than 1600 Jews. He is also known for his activities in the Algerian War (1954–1962), during which he tortured insurgent prisoners as prefect of the Constantinois department, and ordered, as prefect of the Paris police, the severe repression of a pro-National Liberation Front (FLN) demonstration against a curfew that he had "advised." | Maurice Papon, né le à Gretz-Armainvilliers (Seine-et-Marne) et mort le à Pontault-Combault, est un haut fonctionnaire et un homme politique français. | [
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GameCube | GameCube | The (commonly abbreviated as GameCube) is a home video game console released by Nintendo in Japan and North America in 2001 and in the PAL territories in 2002. The GameCube is Nintendo's entry in the sixth generation of video game consoles and is the successor to their previous console, the Nintendo 64. The GameCube competed with Sony's PlayStation 2 and Microsoft's Xbox. | La (ou le) est une console de jeux vidéo de salon du fabricant japonais Nintendo, sortie en 2001 (2002 en Europe), développée en association avec IBM, NEC et ATI. Elle fut en concurrence avec la PlayStation 2 de Sony, la Xbox de Microsoft et la Dreamcast de Sega, qui forment ensemble la sixième génération de consoles de jeux vidéo. | [
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Neith | Neith | Neith (, a borrowing of the Demotic form, likely originally "nrt" "she is the terrifying one"; also spelled Nit, Net, or Neit) was an early ancient Egyptian deity who was said to be the first and the prime creator. She was said to be the creator of the universe and all it contains, and she governs how it functions. She was the goddess of wisdom, weaving, the cosmos, mothers, rivers, water, childbirth, hunting, war, and fate. She was a warlike goddess. | Neith (ou Neit) est, dans la mythologie égyptienne, une très ancienne déesse de la ville de Saïs dans le delta du Nil (Basse-Égypte). | [
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Nomarch | Nomarque | A nomarch (Ancient Egyptian: "heri-tep a'a") was a provincial governor in Ancient Egypt; the country was divided into 42 provinces, called nomes (Egyptian: "sepat"). A nomarch was the government official responsible for a "nome". | Dans l'antiquité égyptienne, les nomarques étaient les fonctionnaires qui administraient les nomes (provinces) au nom du pharaon. Bien que les nomarques fussent normalement nommés par le pharaon, l'affaiblissement du pouvoir central conduisit souvent à la création de dynasties locales ; la fonction se transmettait alors héréditairement. Durant les « périodes intermédiaires » (périodes de troubles profonds) les nomarques devenaient de véritables petits roitelets qui allaient parfois jusqu'à utiliser les attributs du pharaon sur les décors de leurs sépultures. | [
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Nomikai | Nomikai | A is a drinking party phenomenon particular to Japanese culture. "Nomikai" are a part of the culture of most places of employment, from schools to nightclubs. They are most often held in restaurants or "izakaya", usually with everyone seated at one large table or occupying a separated section of the venue. | Si on parle de "nomikai" pour une sortie entre amis, le véritable phénomène de société est la "nomikai" entre collègues de bureau. Il n'est pas rare de croiser des groupes de "salarymen" parfois ivres morts dans des quartiers d'affaires tels que Nihonbashi. | [
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Forest Nenets language | Nénètse des forêts | Forest Nenets is a Samoyedic language spoken in northern Russia, around the Agan, Pur, Lyamin and Nadym rivers, by the Nenets people. It is closely related to the Tundra Nenets language, and the two are still sometimes seen as simply being dialects of a single Nenets language, despite there being low mutual intelligibility between the two. The next closest relatives are Nganasan and Enets, after them Selkup, and even more distantly the other Uralic languages. | Le nénètse des forêts est une langue samoyède parlée par à en Sibérie occidentale, et l'un des deux principaux dialectes du nénètse. Comme son nom l'indique, il est étroitement apparenté au nénètse de la toundra, parlé par un groupe plus important. Proches par leurs structures grammaticales, les deux langues sont toutefois suffisamment dissemblables dans leur construction phonétique et leur vocabulaire pour interdire toute intercompréhension. | [
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Mach number | Nombre de Mach | In fluid dynamics, the Mach number (M or Ma) (; ) is a dimensionless quantity representing the ratio of flow velocity past a boundary to the local speed of sound. | Le nombre de Mach est un nombre sans dimension, noté "Ma", qui exprime le rapport de la vitesse locale d'un fluide à la vitesse du son dans ce même fluide. La vitesse du son dans un gaz variant avec sa nature et sa température, le nombre de Mach ne correspond pas à une vitesse fixe, il dépend des conditions locales. Il a été ainsi nommé en l'honneur du physicien et philosophe autrichien Ernst Mach par Jakob Ackeret. | [
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Trophic level | Niveau trophique | The trophic level of an organism is the position it occupies in a food web. A food chain is a succession of organisms that eat other organisms and may, in turn, be eaten themselves. The trophic level of an organism is the number of steps it is from the start of the chain. A food web starts at trophic level 1 with primary producers such as plants, can move to herbivores at level 2, carnivores at level 3 or higher, and typically finish with apex predators at level 4 or 5. The path along the chain can form either a one-way flow or a food "web". Ecological communities with higher biodiversity form more complex trophic paths. | En écologie, le niveau trophique ou maillon trophique est le rang qu'occupe un être vivant dans un réseau trophique. Il se mesure en quelque sorte par la distance qui sépare cet être du niveau basique qui est celui de la production primaire autotrophe. | [
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Nunavut | Nunavut | Nunavut ( ; ; ) is the newest, largest, and most northerly territory of Canada. It was separated officially from the Northwest Territories on April 1, 1999, via the "Nunavut Act" and the "Nunavut Land Claims Agreement Act", though the boundaries had been drawn in 1993. The creation of Nunavut resulted in the first major change to Canada's political map since incorporating the province of Newfoundland in 1949. | Le Nunavut (de l'inuktitut :, signifiant « notre terre ») est un territoire fédéral du Nord du Canada, bordé au sud par le Manitoba et à l'ouest par les Territoires du Nord-Ouest dont il est séparé le, par la loi sur le Nunavut, ainsi que par la loi concernant l’Accord sur les revendications territoriales du Nunavut, bien que les frontières soient établies en 1993. Il s'agit du canadien par ordre de création ; avec une superficie de, il est la plus grande entité territoriale du pays mais aussi une des moins peuplées, avec une population de en 2016. Sa capitale est Iqaluit. | [
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Niels Bohr | Niels Bohr | Niels Henrik David Bohr (; 7 October 1885 – 18 November 1962) was a Danish physicist who made foundational contributions to understanding atomic structure and quantum theory, for which he received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1922. Bohr was also a philosopher and a promoter of scientific research. | Niels Henrik David Bohr ( à Copenhague, Danemark - à Copenhague) est un physicien danois. Il est surtout connu pour son apport à l'édification de la mécanique quantique, pour lequel il a reçu de nombreux honneurs. Il est notamment lauréat du prix Nobel de physique de 1922. | [
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Natural number | Entier naturel | In mathematics, the natural numbers are those used for counting (as in "there are "six" coins on the table") and ordering (as in "this is the "third" largest city in the country"). In common mathematical terminology, words colloquially used for counting are "cardinal numbers" and words connected to ordering represent "ordinal numbers". The natural numbers can, at times, appear as a convenient set of codes (labels or "names"); that is, as what linguists call nominal numbers, forgoing many or all of the properties of being a number in a mathematical sense. | En mathématiques, un entier naturel est un nombre positif permettant fondamentalement de dénombrer des objets comptant chacun pour "un" et donc de compter des objets considérés comme équivalents : un jeton, deux jetons... une carte, deux cartes, trois cartes... Un tel nombre entier peut s'écrire avec une suite finie de chiffres en notation décimale positionnelle (sans signe et sans virgule). | [
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Nile | Nil | The Nile (,, Bohairic, Nobiin: Áman Dawū) is a major north-flowing river in northeastern Africa, and is the longest river in Africa and the disputed longest river in the world, as the Brazilian government says that the Amazon River is longer than the Nile. The Nile is about long and its drainage basin covers eleven countries: Tanzania, Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Kenya, Ethiopia, Eritrea, South Sudan, Republic of the Sudan, and Egypt. In particular, the Nile is the primary water source of Egypt and Sudan. | Le Nil ( ) est un fleuve d'Afrique. Avec une longueur d'environ, c'est avec le fleuve Amazone, le plus long fleuve du monde. Il est issu de la rencontre du Nil Blanc et du Nil Bleu. Le Nil blanc ("Nahr-el-Abiad") prend sa source au lac Victoria (Ouganda, Kenya, Tanzanie) ; le Nil bleu ("Nahr-el-Azrak") est issu du lac Tana (Éthiopie). Ses deux branches s'unissant à Khartoum, capitale du Soudan actuel, le Nil se jette dans la Méditerranée en formant un delta au nord de l'Égypte. En comptant ses deux branches, le Nil traverse le Rwanda, le Burundi, la Tanzanie, l'Ouganda, l'Éthiopie, le Soudan du Sud, le Soudan et l'Égypte. Il longe également le Kenya et la République démocratique du Congo (respectivement avec les lacs Victoria et Albert), et son bassin versant concerne aussi l'Érythrée grâce à son affluent du Tekezé. | [
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Bra–ket notation | Notation bra-ket | In quantum mechanics, bra–ket notation is a common notation for quantum states, i.e. vectors in a complex Hilbert space on which an algebra of observables acts. More generally the notation uses the angle brackets (the ⟨ and ⟩ symbols) and a vertical bar (the | symbol), for a ket (for example, formula_1 ) to denote a vector in an abstract (usually complex) vector space formula_2 and a bra, (for example, formula_3 ) to denote a linear functional on formula_2, i.e. a co-vector, an element of the dual vector space formula_5. The natural pairing of a linear functional formula_6 with a vector formula_7 is then written as formula_8. On Hilbert spaces, the scalar product formula_9 (with anti linear first argument) gives an (anti-linear) identification of a vector ket formula_10 with a linear functional bra formula_11. Using this notation, the scalar product formula_12. For the vector space formula_13, kets can be identified with column vectors, and bras with row vectors. Combinations of bras, kets, and operators are interpreted using matrix multiplication. If formula_13 has the standard hermitian inner product formula_15, under this identification, the identification of kets and bras and vice versa provided by the inner product is taking the hermitian conjugate formula_16. | La notation bra-ket a été introduite par Paul Dirac en 1939 (on l'appelle aussi formalisme de Dirac) pour faciliter l’écriture des équations de la mécanique quantique, mais aussi pour souligner l’aspect vectoriel de l’objet représentant un état quantique. | [
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Complex number | Nombre complexe | A complex number is a number that can be expressed in the form, where and are real numbers, and is a solution of the equation. Because no real number satisfies this equation, is called an imaginary number. For the complex number, is called the ', and is called the '. Despite the historical nomenclature "imaginary", complex numbers are regarded in the mathematical sciences as just as "real" as the real numbers, and are fundamental in many aspects of the scientific description of the natural world. | En mathématiques, l'ensemble des nombres complexes est créé comme extension de l'ensemble des nombres réels, contenant en particulier un "nombre imaginaire" noté tel que. Le carré de est aussi égal à −1 :. | [
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Nintendo | Nintendo | Since then, Nintendo has produced some of the most successful consoles in the video game industry, such as the Game Boy, the Super Nintendo Entertainment System, the Wii, and the Nintendo Switch. Nintendo has also developed numerous influential franchises, including "Donkey Kong", "Mario", "The Legend of Zelda", "Metroid", "Fire Emblem", "Star Fox", and "Pokémon". | À ses débuts, la société produisait des cartes à jouer japonaises : les "Hanafuda". À partir des années 1970, la société diversifie ses activités en produisant des jouets et des bornes d'arcade. Elle est ainsi l'une des principales sociétés précurseurs du jeu vidéo. Dans la fin des années 1970, Nintendo se lance dans le marché des consoles et des jeux vidéo. Actuellement, elle est l'un des leaders de ce marché : en 2008, Nintendo est classé premier éditeur de jeux vidéo au Japon et deuxième aux États-Unis (NPD Group). En date de 2019, Nintendo a vendu environ 800 millions de consoles, toutes générations et types confondus. | [
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New Zealand | Nouvelle-Zélande | New Zealand ( ) is an island country in the southwestern Pacific Ocean. It comprises two main landmasses—the North Island ("Te Ika-a-Māui") and the South Island ("Te Waipounamu")—and around 600 smaller islands, covering a total area of. New Zealand is about east of Australia across the Tasman Sea and south of the islands of New Caledonia, Fiji, and Tonga. The country's varied topography and sharp mountain peaks, including the Southern Alps, owe much to tectonic uplift and volcanic eruptions. New Zealand's capital city is Wellington, and its most populous city is Auckland. | La Nouvelle-Zélande, en anglais, en māori, est un pays d'Océanie, au sud-ouest de l'océan Pacifique, constitué de deux îles principales (l'île du Nord et l'île du Sud), et de nombreuses îles beaucoup plus petites (environ 600), notamment l'île Stewart/Rakiura et les îles Chatham. Située à environ de l'Australie dont elle est séparée par la mer de Tasman, la Nouvelle-Zélande est très isolée géographiquement. Cet isolement a permis le développement d'une flore et d'une faune endémiques très riches et variées, allant des kauri géants aux insectes weta en passant par les "kaponga" et le kiwi, ces deux derniers étant des symboles du pays. | [
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Nicolaus Copernicus | Nicolas Copernic | Nicolaus Copernicus (; ; ; 19 February 1473 – 24 May 1543) was a Polish Renaissance-era mathematician and astronomer, who formulated a model of the universe that placed the Sun rather than Earth at the center of the universe, in all likelihood independently of Aristarchus of Samos, who had formulated such a model some eighteen centuries earlier. | Nicolas Copernic (,, ) est un astronome polonais, également chanoine, médecin et mathématicien, né le à Thorn (Toruń), Prusse royale (royaume de Pologne) et mort le à Frauenburg (également en Prusse royale, royaume de Pologne, aujourd'hui Frombork). | [
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Mersenne prime | Nombre de Mersenne premier | In mathematics, a Mersenne prime is a prime number that is one less than a power of two. That is, it is a prime number of the form for some integer. They are named after Marin Mersenne, a French Minim friar, who studied them in the early 17th century. | En mathématiques et plus précisément en arithmétique, un nombre de Mersenne est un nombre de la forme (où est un entier naturel non nul), un nombre de Mersenne premier (parfois nombre premier de Mersenne), est donc un nombre premier de cette forme. Ces nombres doivent leur nom au religieux érudit et mathématicien français du Marin Mersenne, mais, près de 2000 ans auparavant, Euclide les utilisait déjà pour étudier les nombres parfaits. | [
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International organization | Organisation internationale | An international organization (intergovernmental organization) is an organisation established by a treaty or other instrument governed by international law and possessing its own international legal personality, such as the United Nations, the World Health Organization and NATO. International organizations are composed of primarily Member states, but may also include other entities, such as other international organizations. Additionally, entities (including states) may hold observer status. | Une organisation internationale (OI) est une personne morale de droit public fondée par un traité international par des États ou des organisations internationales afin de coordonner une action sur un sujet déterminé dans les statuts. | [
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Noël Godin | Noël Godin | Noël Godin (born 13 September 1945) is a Belgian writer, critic, actor and notorious pie thrower or "entarteur". Godin gained global attention in 1998 when his group ambushed Microsoft CEO Bill Gates in Brussels, pelting the software magnate with pies. After bombarding Gates, Godin allegedly said, "My work is done here." | Noël Godin, surnommé Georges Le Gloupier — en référence à un personnage imaginaire et multiface créé par Jean-Pierre Bouyxou — ou l'Entarteur, né à Liège le, est un agitateur anarcho-humoristique belge. | [
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Osaka | Osaka | Osaka was traditionally considered Japan's economic hub. By the Kofun period (300–538) it had developed into an important regional port, and in the 7th and 8th centuries, it served briefly as the imperial capital. Osaka continued to flourish during the Edo period (1603–1867) and became known as a center of Japanese culture. Following the Meiji Restoration, Osaka greatly expanded in size and underwent rapid industrialization. In 1889, Osaka was officially established as a municipality. | Osaka ou est la troisième plus grande municipalité du Japon et le centre de la conurbation du "Keihanshin" (Kyoto-Kobe-Osaka), deuxième aire métropolitaine du pays tant en nombre d'habitants qu’en PIB. La ville est également le chef-lieu de la préfecture du même nom. Elle est située sur l'île de, l'île principale du Japon sur laquelle se trouve également Tokyo, au bord de l'océan Pacifique, plus précisément dans la baie d'Osaka. | [
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Personal computer | Ordinateur personnel | A personal computer (PC) is a multi-purpose computer whose size, capabilities, and price make it feasible for individual use. Personal computers are intended to be operated directly by an end user, rather than by a computer expert or technician. Unlike large costly minicomputers and mainframes, time-sharing by many people at the same time is not used with personal computers. | L'ordinateur personnel (en anglais : "personal computer" ou "PC") se confond aujourd'hui avec le micro-ordinateur ou ordinateur individuel : c'est un ordinateur destiné à l'usage d'une personne et dont les dimensions sont assez réduites pour tenir sur un bureau. La première machine appelée micro-ordinateur fut le Micral N, breveté en 1973 par le Français François Gernelle. Toutefois on pouvait déjà considérer comme ordinateurs personnels les mini-ordinateurs diffusés au cours des années 1960, ainsi que le premier ordinateur de bureau Olivetti Programma 101 commercialisé en 1965. Quant aux premiers ordinateurs personnels "grand public", ils sont apparus à la fin des années 1970, les plus populaires étant mis sur le marché en 1977. | [
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Ogdoad (Egyptian) | Ogdoade d'Hermopolis | In Egyptian mythology, the Ogdoad ( "the Eightfold";, a plural nisba of "eight") were eight primordial deities worshiped in Hermopolis. | L'Ogdoade d'Hermopolis est l'ensemble formé par les huit génies d'Hermopolis qui ont jailli des flots glacés : le Noun, océan primordial qui précède l'existence du monde selon les égyptiens. | [
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Oxyrhynchus | Oxyrhynque | Oxyrhynchus (; ; ancient Egyptian "Pr-Medjed"; ; ) is a city in Middle Egypt located about 160 km south-southwest of Cairo in Minya Governorate. It is also an archaeological site, considered one of the most important ever discovered. Since the late 19th century, the area around Oxyrhynchus has been excavated almost continually, yielding an enormous collection of papyrus texts dating from the Ptolemaic Kingdom and Roman Egypt. Among the texts discovered at Oxyrhynchus are plays of Menander, fragments from the "Gospel of Thomas," and fragments from Euclid's "Elements". They also include a few vellum manuscripts, and more recent Arabic manuscripts on paper (for example, the medieval P. Oxy. VI 1006). | Oxyrhynque est le nom francisé d'Oxyrhynchos ou Oxyrhinchus (du : nez effilé) de la ville antique de "Ouab Sep-meri" sur la rive ouest du Nil, à environ cent soixante kilomètres au sud du Caire. Cette ville s'appelle aujourd'hui El-Behneseh (ou Al-Bahnasah), et doit sa célébrité aux nombreux papyrus qu'on y découvrit (voir "Papyrus d'Oxyrhynque"). | [
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Octavio Paz | Octavio Paz | Octavio Paz Lozano (March 31, 1914 – April 19, 1998) was a Mexican poet and diplomat. For his body of work, he was awarded the 1981 Miguel de Cervantes Prize, the 1982 Neustadt International Prize for Literature, and the 1990 Nobel Prize in Literature. | Octavio Paz, né le à Mexico et mort le dans la même ville, est un poète, essayiste et diplomate mexicain, lauréat du prix Nobel de littérature en 1990. | [
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Non-governmental organization | Organisation non gouvernementale | Organizations which are independent of government involvement are known as non-governmental organizations or NGOs or non-government organizations. NGOs are a subgroup of organizations founded by citizens, which include clubs and associations which provide services to its members and others. They are usually nonprofit organizations. Many NGOs are active in humanitarianism or the social sciences. Surveys indicate that NGOs have a high degree of public trust, which can make them a useful proxy for the concerns of society and stakeholders. However, NGOs can also be lobby groups for corporations, such as the World Economic Forum. According to NGO.org (the non-governmental organizations associated with the United Nations), "[an NGO is] any non-profit, voluntary citizens' group which is organized on a local, national or international level... Task-oriented and driven by people with a common interest, NGOs perform a variety of service and humanitarian functions, bring citizen concerns to Governments, advocate and monitor policies and encourage political participation through provision of information." | Une organisation non gouvernementale (ONG) est une association à but non lucratif, d'intérêt public, qui ne relève ni de l'État, ni d'institutions internationales. Les ONG n'ont pas le statut de sujet de droit international. | [
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Palestine Liberation Organization | Organisation de libération de la Palestine | The Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO;, ) is an organization founded in 1964 with the purpose of the "liberation of Palestine" through armed struggle, with much of its violence aimed at Israeli civilians. It is recognized as the "sole legitimate representative of the Palestinian people" by over 100 states with which it holds diplomatic relations, and has enjoyed observer status at the United Nations since 1974. The PLO was considered by the United States and Israel to be a terrorist organization until the Madrid Conference in 1991. In 1993, the PLO recognized Israel's right to exist in peace, accepted UN Security Council resolutions 242 and 338, and rejected "violence and terrorism". In response, Israel officially recognized the PLO as the representative of the Palestinian people. However, the PLO has employed violence in the years since 1993, particularly during the 2000–2005 Second Intifada. On 29 October 2018, the Palestinian Central Council suspended the recognition of Israel and halted security and economic coordination in all its forms with it. | L’Organisation de libération de la Palestine (, "Munadhamat al-Tahrir al-Filastiniyah", "OLP",, "PLO") est une organisation palestinienne politique et paramilitaire, créée le à Jérusalem. L'OLP est composée de plusieurs organisations palestiniennes, dont le Fatah, le Front populaire de libération de la Palestine (FPLP) et le Front démocratique pour la libération de la Palestine (FDLP). | [
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Program optimization | Optimisation de code | In computer science, program optimization or software optimization is the process of modifying a software system to make some aspect of it work more efficiently or use fewer resources. In general, a computer program may be optimized so that it executes more rapidly, or to make it capable of operating with less memory storage or other resources, or draw less power. | En programmation informatique, l'optimisation de code est la pratique consistant à améliorer l'efficacité du code informatique d'un programme ou d'une librairie logicielle. Ces améliorations permettent généralement au programme résultant de s'exécuter plus rapidement, de prendre moins de place en mémoire, de limiter sa consommation de ressources (par exemple les fichiers), ou de consommer moins d'énergie électrique. | [
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OS/2 | OS/2 | OS/2 is a series of computer operating systems, initially created by Microsoft and IBM under the leadership of IBM software designer Ed Iacobucci. As a result of a feud between the two companies over how to position OS/2 relative to Microsoft's new Windows 3.1 operating environment, the two companies severed the relationship in 1992 and OS/2 development fell to IBM exclusively. The name stands for "Operating System/2", because it was introduced as part of the same generation change release as IBM's "Personal System/2 (PS/2)" line of second-generation personal computers. The first version of OS/2 was released in December 1987 and newer versions were released until December 2001. | OS/2 est un système d'exploitation créé par Microsoft et IBM, qui ensuite a été développé par IBM seul. Le nom OS/2 signifie ("" signifie système d'exploitation en anglais). Ce nom fut choisi en référence à la gamme de PC de seconde génération d'IBM nommée IBM Personal System/2, sur lesquels OS/2 était installé, en remplacement de PC-DOS et surtout, comme nous le verrons par la suite, afin de dépasser ses limites. La première version (sans interface graphique, 16 bits, multitâche, etc.) est sortie en décembre 1987. Actuellement, IBM ne commercialise plus OS/2 et l'entreprise a arrêté sa prise en charge depuis le. | [
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Narmer | Narmer | Narmer (, meaning "painful, "stinging," "harsh," or "fierce catfish;" ) was an ancient Egyptian pharaoh of the Early Dynastic Period. He was the successor to the Protodynastic king Ka. Some consider him the unifier of Egypt and founder of the First Dynasty, and in turn the first king of a unified Egypt. A majority of Egyptologists believe that Narmer was the same person as Menes. | Narmer est un roi de l'Égypte antique ayant régné pendant la période thinite, trente-deux siècles avant notre ère. Il est probablement le successeur du couple Scorpion / Shesh, roi et reine de la dynastie égyptienne zéro ou de Ka. Certains considèrent qu'il a unifié la Haute et la Basse-Égypte et fondé la. De fait, il est le premier roi de l’Égypte unifiée. | [
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OpenBSD | OpenBSD | OpenBSD is a security-focused, free and open-source, Unix-like operating system based on the Berkeley Software Distribution (BSD). Theo de Raadt created OpenBSD in 1995 by forking NetBSD. According to de Raadt, OpenBSD is a research operating system for developing security mitigations. | OpenBSD est un système d'exploitation libre de type Unix, dérivé de 4.4BSD. Créé en 1994 par Theo de Raadt, il est issu de la séparation avec NetBSD, le plus ancien des trois autres principaux systèmes d'exploitation de la famille des BSD aujourd'hui en activité. Le projet OpenBSD est réputé pour son intransigeance sur la liberté du logiciel et du code source, la qualité de sa documentation, et l'importance accordée à la sécurité et la cryptographie intégrée. | [
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Subsets and Splits