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Linus Torvalds | Linus Torvalds | Linus Benedict Torvalds (, ; born 28 December 1969) is a Finnish-American software engineer who is the creator and, historically, the principal developer of the Linux kernel, which is the kernel for Linux operating systems (distributions) and other operating systems such as Android and Chrome OS. He also created the distributed version control system Git and the scuba dive logging and planning software Subsurface. | Linus Benedict Torvalds, né le à Helsinki en Finlande, est un informaticien américano-finlandais. Il est connu pour avoir créé en 1991 (à ) le noyau Linux dont il continue de diriger le développement. Il en est considéré comme le « dictateur bienveillant à vie » ("Benevolent Dictator for Life"). | [
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Lisp (programming language) | Lisp | Lisp (historically LISP) is a family of programming languages with a long history and a distinctive, fully parenthesized prefix notation. Originally specified in 1958, Lisp is the second-oldest high-level programming language in widespread use today. Only Fortran is older, by one year. Lisp has changed since its early days, and many dialects have existed over its history. Today, the best-known general-purpose Lisp dialects are Racket, Common Lisp, Scheme and Clojure. | Lisp est la plus ancienne famille de langages de programmation à la fois impératifs et fonctionnels. Développé initialement en tant que modèle "pratique" pour représenter des programmes (par contraste avec la notion théorique de machine de Turing), il est devenu dans les années 1970 et 80 le langage de choix pour la recherche en intelligence artificielle. Les langages Lisp sont aujourd'hui utilisés dans de nombreux domaines, de la programmation Web à la finance, et dans certains cursus de formation en informatique. | [
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Constructed language | Langue construite | A constructed language (sometimes called a conlang) is a language whose phonology, grammar, and vocabulary, instead of having developed naturally, are consciously devised. Constructed languages may also be referred to as artificial languages, planned languages or invented languages and in some cases, fictional languages. Planned languages are languages that have been purposefully designed. They are the result of deliberate controlling intervention, thus of a form of language planning. | Une langue construite ou planifiée (ou idéolangue, parfois dénommée langue artificielle, ou conlang pour "" en anglais) est une langue créée par une ou plusieurs personnes dans un temps relativement bref, contrairement aux langues naturelles pluriséculaires dont l'élaboration est largement spontanée. Pourtant, toutes deux sont "in fine" des créations de l'espèce humaine. Il est donc parfois difficile de cloisonner les langues dans ces deux catégories. Généralement, on trouve une grande part d'arbitraire et d'exceptions dans les langues naturelles, ce qui est plus rare parmi les langues construites, puisqu'elles sont généralement consciemment faites pour être accessibles, et donc exemptes d'exceptions. | [
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Karl Popper | Karl Popper | Sir Karl Raimund Popper (28 July 1902 – 17 September 1994) was an Austrian-born British philosopher, academic and social commentator. | Karl Raimund Popper, né le à Vienne, en Autriche, et mort le à Londres (Croydon), au Royaume-Uni, est un enseignant et philosophe des sciences du. Il critique la théorie vérificationniste de la signification et est à l'origine du poppérisme, qui met l'accent sur l'idée de réfutabilité par l'expérimentation ou l'échange critique comme critère de démarcation entre science et pseudo-science. Il définit les théories métaphysiques comme des systèmes irréfutables par l'expérimentation. Professeur à la London School of Economics, il souligne cependant la nécessité de fonder les recherches scientifiques sur des « programmes de recherche métaphysique » et inscrit son travail de recherche dans le cadre de l'épistémologie évolutionniste. | [
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Loir-et-Cher | Loir-et-Cher | Loir-et-Cher (, ) is a department in the Centre-Val de Loire region of France. Its name is originated from two rivers which cross it, the Loir in its northern part and the Cher in its southern part. Its prefecture is Blois. The INSEE and La Poste gave it the number 41. | Le Loir-et-Cher est un département français situé dans la région Centre-Val de Loire. Son nom provient de deux rivières le traversant, le Loir au nord et le Cher au sud. Sa préfecture est Blois. L'Insee et la Poste lui attribuent le code 41. | [
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2149,
4,
442,
45831,
142,
29569,
111,
40197,
136,
18595,
939,
5,
2
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] | [
250008,
636,
2091,
481,
9,
126,
9,
15982,
56,
437,
51,
123708,
43054,
94128,
807,
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17928,
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1869,
243,
28177,
2517,
95,
18151,
6478,
5,
2
] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
List of sovereign states | Liste des pays du monde | The following is a list providing an overview of sovereign states around the world, with information on their status and recognition of their sovereignty. | Cet article recense les pays du monde, quel que soit leur statut : reconnus par l'ONU, par un ou plusieurs autres pays, ou même auto-proclamés. | [
250004,
250054,
581,
73944,
114122,
6635,
21640,
27165,
5570,
111,
11341,
44462,
83,
70,
21635,
4935,
154453,
111,
11341,
44462,
4,
3129,
509,
27044,
47314,
390,
70,
17629,
10248,
155358,
111,
55591,
5,
581,
155358,
61924,
7,
70,
11341,
237,
10,
3445,
111,
21640,
27165,
2174,
442,
44,
58,
771,
43576,
7,
1065,
90,
268,
70,
25632,
209864,
7,
12,
15,
11,
16,
10,
28123,
43904,
74,
15,
275,
16,
10,
61924,
71,
181991,
53,
74,
15,
238,
16,
27759,
74,
136,
15,
71,
16,
10,
177399,
47,
30957,
3934,
91582,
678,
70,
3789,
117249,
58,
58,
221,
4989,
237,
442,
509,
959,
44,
58,
3522,
18,
122009,
390,
37772,
36766,
903,
58055,
7,
23,
70,
188513,
111,
121641,
4,
23,
120332,
33,
214,
105739,
238,
18811,
5256,
4,
707,
23,
2499,
3789,
60266,
552,
56,
318,
272,
72350,
58,
740,
74106,
13,
32316,
7,
98,
70,
79385,
47,
3129,
230466,
5608,
186,
99201,
237,
10,
166220,
19,
111,
11341,
44462,
5,
581,
21635,
4935,
154453,
111,
11341,
44462,
187,
21325,
450,
11341,
44462,
83,
34166,
538,
151814,
136,
230466,
111,
10,
11341,
390,
3789,
117249,
83,
193,
169429,
5,
2161,
70,
3789,
3564,
111,
70,
235079,
4,
70,
11764,
4935,
154453,
111,
11341,
44462,
61924,
7,
10,
11341,
237,
10,
3445,
1379,
21640,
27165,
4734,
2174,
442,
83,
75530,
93,
5281,
237,
95934,
38529,
390,
3789,
117249,
5,
1326,
70,
60042,
7,
111,
903,
5303,
4,
99201,
621,
756,
117249,
450,
40101,
12,
18622,
450,
23,
3060,
50218,
4,
2685,
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Loiret | Loiret (département) | Loiret (; ) is a department in the Centre-Val de Loire region of north-central France. The department takes its name from the river Loiret, a left-bank tributary of the Loire; the river Loiret is located wholly within the department. The capital of the department is Orléans, which is about southwest of Paris. As well as being the regional capital, it is a historic city on the banks of the Loire. It has a large central area with many historic buildings and mansions, and a cathedral, dating back to the thirteenth century, that was rebuilt after Protestant forces destroyed it in 1568. Loiret is famous for its | Le département du Loiret ( ) est un département français situé à une centaine de kilomètres au sud de Paris. Il fait partie de la région Centre-Val de Loire. L'Insee et la Poste lui attribuent le. Sa préfecture est Orléans et c'est aussi le chef-lieu de la région. | [
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Loire-Atlantique | Loire-Atlantique | Loire-Atlantique (, ; formerly "Loire-Inférieure") is a department in Pays de la Loire on the west coast of France, named after the Loire River and the Atlantic Ocean. | La Loire-Atlantique () est un département français, situé dans la région Pays de la Loire. Elle doit son nom à la présence de la Loire, important fleuve qui la traverse, et de l'océan Atlantique, qui borde sa côte, à l'ouest, où l'embouchure de la Loire forme un estuaire. | [
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C (programming language) | C (langage) | C (, as in the letter "c") is a general-purpose, procedural computer programming language supporting structured programming, lexical variable scope, and recursion, with a static type system. By design, C provides constructs that map efficiently to typical machine instructions. It has found lasting use in applications previously coded in assembly language. Such applications include operating systems and various application software for computers architectures that range from supercomputers to PLCs and embedded systems. | C est un langage de programmation impératif généraliste, de bas niveau. Inventé au début des années 1970 pour réécrire UNIX, C est devenu un des langages les plus utilisés, encore de nos jours. De nombreux langages plus modernes comme C++, C#, Java et PHP ou Javascript ont repris une syntaxe similaire au C et reprennent en partie sa logique. C offre au développeur une marge de contrôle importante sur la machine (notamment sur la gestion de la mémoire) et est de ce fait utilisé pour réaliser les « fondations » (compilateurs, interpréteurs...) de ces langages plus modernes. | [
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Yacc | Yacc (logiciel) | Yacc (Yet Another Compiler-Compiler) is a computer program for the Unix operating system developed by Stephen C. Johnson. It is a Look Ahead Left-to-Right (LALR) parser generator, generating a parser, the part of a compiler that tries to make syntactic sense of the source code, specifically a LALR parser, based on an analytic grammar written in a notation similar to Backus–Naur Form (BNF). Yacc is supplied as a standard utility on BSD and AT&T Unix. GNU-based Linux distributions include Bison, a forward-compatible Yacc replacement. | Yacc est un outil de génération d'analyseurs syntaxiques en langage C. "Yacc" est l'acronyme de'(« Encore un autre compilateur de compilateur »).<br>Yacc est notamment utilisé dans la construction des jeux d'instructions en langage machine pour les microprocesseurs. | [
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Kenya | Kenya | Kenya (), officially the Republic of Kenya (), is a country in Africa with 47 semiautonomous counties governed by elected governors. At, Kenya is the world's 48th largest country by total area. With a population of more than 47.6 million people, Kenya is the 29th most populous country. Kenya's capital and largest city is Nairobi, while its oldest city and first capital is the coastal city of Mombasa. Kisumu City is the third largest city and also an inland port on Lake Victoria. Other important urban centres include Nakuru and Eldoret. As of 2020, Kenya is the third largest economy in sub-Saharan Africa after Nigeria and South Africa. Kenya is bordered by South Sudan to the northwest, Ethiopia to the north, Somalia to the east, Uganda to the west, Tanzania to the south, and the Indian Ocean to the southeast. | Le Kenya, en forme longue la république du Kenya (en et, en et "") est un pays d’Afrique de l'Est. Il est limitrophe du Soudan du Sud au nord-ouest, de l’Éthiopie au nord, de la Somalie à l’est, de l’Ouganda à l’ouest et de la Tanzanie au sud-sud-ouest. Il est baigné par l’océan Indien au sud-est. | [
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2
] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
List of sovereign states and dependent territories by continent | Liste des États du monde par continent | This is a list of sovereign states and dependent territories of the world by continent, displayed with their respective national flags, including the following entities: | La liste des États du monde par continent donne pour chaque continent du monde, la liste des États qui s’y trouvent. Quelques pays font partie de plusieurs continents, ils sont classés d’après la localisation de leur capitale. | [
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Limousin | Limousin (ancienne région administrative) | Limousin (;, ) is a former administrative region of southwest-central France. On 1 January 2016, it became part of the new administrative region of Nouvelle-Aquitaine. It comprised three departments: Corrèze, Creuse, and Haute-Vienne. | Le Limousin est une ancienne région administrative, issue d'une région historique et culturelle française et qui était composée des trois départements de la Corrèze (19), de la Creuse (23) et de la Haute-Vienne (87). Elle est située en totalité dans la partie nord-ouest du Massif central. Ses habitants sont appelés les "Limousins". En limousin elle se nomme "Lemosin" (prononcé " Lémouzi" ou, par endroits, " Limouzi"). | [
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Politics of France | Politique en France | The politics of France take place with the framework of a semi-presidential system determined by the French Constitution of the French Fifth Republic. The nation declares itself to be an "indivisible, secular, democratic, and social Republic". The constitution provides for a separation of powers and proclaims France's "attachment to the Rights of Man and the principles of national sovereignty as defined by the Declaration of 1789." | La politique en France s'exerce aujourd'hui dans le cadre d'un régime semi-présidentiel, déterminé par la Constitution de la Cinquième République. | [
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Literature | Littérature | Literature, most generically, is any body or collection of written work. More restrictively, literature refers to writing considered to be an art form or any single writing deemed to have artistic or intellectual value, and sometimes deploys language in ways that differ from ordinary usage. | La littérature est un ensemble d'œuvres écrites ou orales auxquelles on reconnaît une valeur esthétique. C'est un art exprimant un idéal de beauté grâce aux productions littéraires, elle permet de manifester des émotions et de révéler aux lecteurs ou aux auditeurs ce qu'une personne a dans le cœur. La littérature vise à éduquer, à communiquer des pensées, à influencer et même à séduire. La littérature constitue un héritage patrimonial et peut concourir à la préservation du patrimoine d'un pays, lorsqu'elle en souligne les valeurs, la culture et la civilisation. | [
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Luxembourg | Luxembourg | Luxembourg ( ; ; ; ), officially the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg, is a landlocked country in Western Europe. It is bordered by Belgium to the west and north, Germany to the east, and France to the south. Its capital, Luxembourg City, is one of the four official capitals of the European Union (together with Brussels, Frankfurt, and Strasbourg) and the seat of the Court of Justice of the European Union, the highest judicial authority in the EU. Its culture, people, and languages are highly intertwined with its neighbours, making it essentially a mixture of French and German cultures, as evident by the nation's three official languages: French, German, and the national language of Luxembourgish. The repeated invasions by Germany, especially in World War II, resulted in the country's strong will for mediation between France and Germany and, among other things, led to the foundation of the European Union. | Le Luxembourg, en forme longue le Grand-Duché de Luxembourg ou le grand-duché de Luxembourg, en luxembourgeois et, en allemand et, est un pays d'Europe de l'Ouest sans accès à la mer. Il est bordé par la Belgique à l'ouest et au nord, l'Allemagne à l'est, et la France au sud. Il comprend deux régions principales : l'Oesling au nord, qui est une partie du massif de l'Ardenne, et le Gutland au sud, prolongement de la Lorraine au sens géologique du terme. Le Luxembourg compte au, et s'étend sur une superficie de, faisant de lui l'une des plus petites nations souveraines d'Europe. | [
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Sibylline Books | Livres sibyllins | The Sibylline Books () were a collection of oracular utterances, set out in Greek hexameters, that according to tradition were purchased from a sibyl by the last king of Rome, Tarquinius Superbus, and were consulted at momentous crises through the history of the Republic and the Empire. Only fragments have survived, the rest being lost or deliberately destroyed. | Les livres sibyllins sont un recueil d'oracles grecs conservé à Rome dans l'Antiquité. Selon une tradition ancienne, ils furent achetés à une sibylle par le roi Tarquin le Superbe. | [
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Ohm's law | Loi d'Ohm | Ohm's law states that the current through a conductor between two points is directly proportional to the voltage across the two points. Introducing the constant of proportionality, the resistance, one arrives at the usual mathematical equation that describes this relationship: | La loi d'Ohm est une loi physique empirique qui lie l'intensité du courant électrique traversant un dipôle électrique à la tension à ses bornes. Cette loi permet de déterminer la valeur d'une résistance. La loi d'Ohm a été ainsi nommée en référence au physicien allemand Georg Simon Ohm qui la publie en 1827, dans son œuvre "". | [
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Lot-et-Garonne | Lot-et-Garonne | Lot-et-Garonne (, ) is a department in the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region of Southwestern France. Named after the Lot River and Garonne River, it had a population of 332,833 in 2016. Its prefecture and largest city is Agen. | Le Lot-et-Garonne ( en « français standard » et localement) est un département français. Il se trouve en région Nouvelle-Aquitaine, ainsi que partiellement en Gascogne, pour la rive gauche de la Garonne. Son nom vient de deux cours d'eau : le Lot et la Garonne. L'Insee et la Poste lui attribuent le code 47. Sa préfecture est Agen. | [
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Linguistics | Linguistique | Linguistics is the scientific study of language. It involves the analysis of language form, language meaning, and language in context. Linguists traditionally analyse human language by observing an interplay between sound and meaning. Linguistics also deals with the social, cultural, historical, and political factors that influence language, through which linguistic and language-based context is often determined. Research on language through the sub-branches of historical and evolutionary linguistics also focuses on how languages change and grow, particularly over an extended period of time. | La linguistique est une discipline scientifique s’intéressant à l’étude du langage. Elle se distingue de la grammaire, dans la mesure où elle n'est pas prescriptive mais descriptive. La prescription correspond à la norme, c'est-à-dire ce qui est jugé correct linguistiquement par les grammairiens. À l'inverse, la linguistique se contente de décrire la langue telle qu'elle est et non telle qu'elle devrait être. | [
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Lorraine | Lorraine | Lorraine (,,, ; Lorrain: "Louréne"; Lorraine Franconian: "Lottringe"; ; ; ) is a cultural and historical region in north-eastern France, now located in the administrative region of Grand Est. Lorraine's name stems from the medieval kingdom of Lotharingia, which in turn was named for either Emperor Lothair I or King Lothair II. It later was ruled as the Duchy of Lorraine before the Kingdom of France annexed it in 1766. | La Lorraine est une région historique et culturelle du nord-est de la France à la frontière avec la Belgique, le Luxembourg et l'Allemagne. Elle est constituée des départements de Meurthe-et-Moselle, de la Meuse, de la Moselle et des Vosges. Son nom est hérité de Lothaire II de Lotharingie et ses habitants sont appelés les "Lorrains". | [
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Seven deadly sins | Péché capital | The seven deadly sins, also known as the capital vices, or cardinal sins, is a grouping and classification of vices within Christian teachings, although it does not appear explicitly in the Bible. Behaviours or habits are classified under this category if they directly give birth to other immoralities. According to the standard list, they are pride, greed, wrath, envy, lust, gluttony, and sloth, which are also contrary to the seven heavenly virtues. These sins are often thought to be abuses or excessive versions of one's natural faculties or passions (for example, gluttony abuses one's desire to eat, to consume). | Les péchés capitaux sont dans la religion catholique les sept péchés ou « vices » qui entrainent tous les autres. Cette nomenclature, qui est distincte de la désobéissance aux prescriptions du Décalogue, apparaît au et a été systématisée au par Thomas d'Aquin. Ce sont la paresse (ou acédie), l’orgueil, la gourmandise (ou addiction), la luxure, l’avarice, la colère et l’envie. Ils sont "capitaux" au sens où ce sont des mobiles pour commettre tous les crimes comme l'assassinat. | [
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Lebanon | Liban | Lebanon (;, ), officially known as the Lebanese Republic (, ), is a country in Western Asia. It is bordered by Syria to the north and east and Israel to the south, while Cyprus is west across the Mediterranean Sea. Lebanon's location at the crossroads of the Mediterranean Basin and the Arabian hinterland had contributed to its rich history and shaped a cultural identity of religious and ethnic diversity. At just 10,452 km (4,036 mi), it is the smallest recognized sovereign state on the mainland Asian continent. | Le Liban (en / "lubnān"), en forme longue la République libanaise (en / "al-jumhūriyya al-lubnāniyya"), est un pays du Proche-Orient. En grande partie montagneux, il partage ses frontières avec la Syrie au nord et à l'est sur, Israël au sud sur et, au large de ses de côtes dans le bassin levantin (partie orientale de la mer Méditerranée) à l'ouest, avec Chypre (soit l'Union européenne). Beyrouth en est la capitale. | [
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Seven Wonders of the Ancient World | Sept Merveilles du monde | The Seven Wonders of the World or the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World is a list of remarkable constructions of classical antiquity given by various authors in guidebooks or poems popular among ancient Hellenic tourists. Although the list, in its current form, did not stabilise until the Renaissance, the first such lists of seven wonders date from the 2nd-1st century BC. The original list inspired innumerable versions through the ages, often listing seven entries. Of the original Seven Wonders, only one—the Great Pyramid of Giza, oldest of the ancient wonders—remains relatively intact. The Colossus of Rhodes, the Lighthouse of Alexandria, the Mausoleum at Halicarnassus, the Temple of Artemis and the Statue of Zeus were all destroyed. The location and ultimate fate of the Hanging Gardens are unknown, and there is speculation that they may not have existed at all. | Les Sept Merveilles du monde constituent l’ensemble des sept œuvres architecturales et artistiques considérées comme les plus extraordinaires du monde antique. L'origine de la liste est méconnue, mais ces œuvres correspondent toutes à des réalisations qui excèdent largement les proportions communes, montrant qu'architectes et bâtisseurs d'époques très anciennes étaient capables, à force de labeur et d’ingéniosité, d’ouvrages monumentaux exceptionnels (en grec : ""). La popularité des monuments a suivi l’influence politique et économique des cités, et la construction d’un élément architectural imposant a vu consacrer cette prédominance (Memphis, Éphèse, Halicarnasse, Rhodes, Babylone, Olympie et Alexandrie). Ces sept œuvres sont : la pyramide de Khéops à Gizeh en Égypte, les Jardins suspendus de Babylone, la statue de Zeus à Olympie, le temple d'Artémis à Éphèse, le mausolée d'Halicarnasse, le colosse de Rhodes et le phare d'Alexandrie. | [
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Logo (programming language) | Logo (langage) | Logo is an educational programming language, designed in 1967 by Wally Feurzeig, Seymour Papert, and Cynthia Solomon. "Logo" is not an acronym: the name was coined by Feurzeig while he was at Bolt, Beranek and Newman, and derives from the Greek "logos", meaning "word" or "thought". | Logo est à la fois une philosophie de l'éducation et une famille de langages de programmation en constante évolution qui aident à la mettre en pratique. | [
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Literature of England | Littérature anglaise | The literature of England is literature written in what is now England, or by English writers. It consists mainly of English literature - i.e. literature written in the English language - but there are important examples of literature from England written in other languages. | La littérature anglaise est la littérature qui a été écrite en majeure partie en Angleterre en anglais, à la différence de la littérature écossaise (en anglais, en gaélique écossais ou en scots), de la littérature galloise (en anglais ou en gallois), de la littérature irlandaise (en anglais, en irlandais ou en scots) et de la littérature américaine. | [
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Fusional language | Langue flexionnelle | Fusional languages or inflected languages are a type of synthetic language, distinguished from agglutinative languages by their tendency to use a single inflectional morpheme to denote multiple grammatical, syntactic, or semantic features. For example, the Spanish verb "comer" ("to eat") has the first-person singular preterite tense form "comí" ('I ate'); the single suffix "-í" represents "both" the features of first-person singular agreement and preterite tense, instead of having a separate affix for each feature. | Une langue flexionnelle est, en typologie morphologique, une langue dans laquelle les mots ("lemmes") changent de forme selon leur rapport grammatical aux autres mots, dans une phrase. Dans une langue flexionnelle, contrairement à une "langue isolante", de nombreux mots sont "variables" : ils changent de forme (sonore et ou écrite) selon le contexte d'usage. On dit d'eux qu'ils subissent le jeu de la "flexion" et les formes sont dites "fléchies". L'ensemble des formes fléchies différentes d'un même mot constitue ce qu'on nomme son "paradigme". | [
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French language | Français | French ( or ) is a Romance language of the Indo-European family. It descended from the Vulgar Latin of the Roman Empire, as did all Romance languages. French evolved from Gallo-Romance, the Latin spoken in Gaul, and more specifically in Northern Gaul. Its closest relatives are the other langues d'oïl—languages historically spoken in northern France and in southern Belgium, which French (Francien) largely supplanted. French was also influenced by native Celtic languages of Northern Roman Gaul like Gallia Belgica and by the (Germanic) Frankish language of the post-Roman Frankish invaders. Today, owing to France's past overseas expansion, there are numerous French-based creole languages, most notably Haitian Creole. A French-speaking person or nation may be referred to as Francophone in both English and French. | Le français est une langue indo-européenne de la famille des langues romanes. Le français s'est formé en France (variété de la « langue d'oïl », qui est la langue de la partie septentrionale du pays). Le français est déclaré langue officielle en France en 1539. Il est parlé, en 2018, sur tous les continents par environ de personnes : l'emploient quotidiennement et en sont des locuteurs natifs. En 2018, d'élèves et étudiants s'instruisent en français dans le monde. Selon l'Organisation Internationale de la Francophonie, il y aura 700 millions de francophones dans le monde en 2050. | [
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The Pianist (2002 film) | Le Pianiste | The Pianist is a 2002 biographical war drama film produced and directed by Roman Polanski, with a script by Ronald Harwood, and starring Adrien Brody. It is based on the autobiographical book "The Pianist" (1946), a Holocaust memoir by the Polish-Jewish pianist and composer Władysław Szpilman, a Holocaust survivor. The film was a co-production of France, the United Kingdom, Germany, and Poland. | Le Pianiste ("") est un drame historique franco-polono-germano-britannique réalisé par Roman Polanski, sorti en 2002. Ce film est tiré d'une histoire vraie ; il est adapté du roman autobiographique homonyme de Władysław Szpilman, censuré pendant des décennies par les autorités communistes, dans lequel celui-ci raconte la façon dont il a survécu dans le ghetto de Varsovie, puis après sa liquidation, jusqu'à l'insurrection de la résistance polonaise, et l'invasion soviétique. | [
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Lutte Ouvrière | Lutte ouvrière | Workers' Struggle ( ) is the name by which the French Trotskyist political party Communist Union () is usually known, after the name of its weekly paper. Arlette Laguiller has been its spokeswoman since 1973 and ran in each presidential election until 2012, when Nathalie Arthaud was the candidate. Robert Barcia (Hardy) was its founder and central leader. Lutte Ouvrière is a member of the Internationalist Communist Union. It emphasises workplace activity and has been critical of such recent phenomena as alter-globalization. | Lutte ouvrière (LO) est un parti politique français trotskiste situé à l'extrême gauche. Il s'agit du nom d'usage de l'Union communiste (trotskyste), principale organisation du regroupement international Union communiste internationaliste. | [
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Le Barp | Le Barp | Le Barp has a special geographic situation because it is located between Bordeaux and Arcachon Bay which are two highly tourist destinations. The inhabitants are called the «Barpais». | Le Barp est une commune du Sud-Ouest de la France, située dans le département de la Gironde, en région Nouvelle-Aquitaine. | [
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Lionel Jospin | Lionel Jospin | Lionel Jospin (; born 12 July 1937) is a French politician who served as Prime Minister of France from 1997 to 2002. | Lionel Jospin, né le à Meudon (Seine-et-Oise, aujourd'hui Hauts-de-Seine), est un homme d'État français. Il est Premier ministre du au. | [
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Livonian language | Live (langue) | Livonian (Livonian: "līvõ kēļ" or "rāndakēļ") is a Finnic language. Its last native speaker died in 2013, but it has been revived with about 40 speakers and 210 having knowledge of the language. The native land of the Livonian people is the Livonian Coast of the Gulf of Livonia, located in the north of the Kurzeme peninsula in Latvia. Possibly unique among the Uralic languages, Livonian has been described as a pitch-accent language (see below). Some ethnic Livonians are learning or have learned Livonian in an attempt to revive it, but because ethnic Livonians are a small minority, opportunities to use Livonian are limited. The Estonian newspaper "Eesti Päevaleht" erroneously announced that Viktors Bertholds, who died on 28 February 2009, was the last native speaker who started the Latvian-language school as a monolingual. Some other Livonians had argued, however, that there were some native speakers left, including Viktors Bertholds' cousin,. Kristiņa died in 2013. An article published by the Foundation for Endangered Languages in 2007 stated that there were only 182 registered Livonians and a mere six native speakers. In a 2009 conference proceeding, it was mentioned that there could be "at best 10 living native" speakers of the language. | Le live (ou livonien) est une langue appartenant à la branche fennique de la famille des langues finno-ougriennes. Autrefois largement parlé en Livonie, le live est aujourd'hui éteint. Le live était une langue très similaire à l'estonien et proche du finnois. | [
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Digital photography | Photographie numérique | Digital photography uses cameras containing arrays of electronic photodetectors to produce images focused by a lens, as opposed to an exposure on photographic film. The captured images are digitized and stored as a computer file ready for further digital processing, viewing, electronic publishing, or digital printing. | La photographie numérique recouvre l'ensemble des techniques permettant l'obtention d'une photographie via l'utilisation d'un capteur électronique comme surface photosensible, ainsi que les techniques de traitement et de diffusion qui en découlent. On l'oppose à la photographie argentique. | [
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Lexicology | Lexicologie | Lexicology is the part of linguistics that studies words. This may include their nature and function as symbols, their meaning, the relationship of their meaning to epistemology in general, and the rules of their composition from smaller elements (morphemes such as the English "-ed" marker for past or "un-" for negation; and phonemes as basic sound units). Lexicology also involves relations between words, which may involve semantics (for example, "love" vs. "affection"), derivation (for example, "fathom" vs. "unfathomably"), use and sociolinguistic distinctions (for example, "flesh" vs. "meat"), and any other issues involved in analyzing the whole lexicon of a language. | "" La lexicologie est la discipline de la linguistique consacrée à l'étude des mots. Elle s'intéresse à leur nature, à leur étymologie mais aussi aux relations systémiques (notamment sémantiques) qui les caractérisent. | [
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Free software | Logiciel libre | Free software, or libre software, is computer software distributed under terms that allow users to run the software for any purpose as well as to study, change, and distribute it and any adapted versions. Free software is a matter of liberty, not price: users—individually or in cooperation with computer programmers—are free to do what they want with their copies of a free software (including profiting from them) regardless of how much is paid to obtain the program. Computer programs are deemed free if they give users (not just the developer) ultimate control over the software and, subsequently, over their devices. | Un logiciel libre est un logiciel dont l'utilisation, l'étude, la modification et la duplication par autrui en vue de sa diffusion sont permises, techniquement et légalement, ceci afin de garantir certaines libertés induites, dont le contrôle du programme par l'utilisateur et la possibilité de partage entre individus. | [
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Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas (film) | Las Vegas Parano | Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas is a 1998 American psychedelic satirical black comedy road film adapted from Hunter S. Thompson's 1971 novel "Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas". It was co-written and directed by Terry Gilliam, and stars Johnny Depp and Benicio del Toro as Raoul Duke and Dr. Gonzo, respectively. The film details the duo's journey through Las Vegas as their initial journalistic intentions devolve into an exploration of the city under the influence of psychoactive substances. | Las Vegas Parano, ou Peur et dégoût à Las Vegas au Québec (""), est un film américain réalisé par Terry Gilliam, sorti en 1998. Il s'agit d'une adaptation cinématographique du roman "" de Hunter S. Thompson, publié en 1972. Il relate le voyage à Las Vegas d'un journaliste et de son avocat qui se livrent à une frénétique consommation de drogues diverses. | [
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Hindi | Hindi | Hindi (Devanagari: हिन्दी, "Hindī", historically known as Hindui and Hindavi), or more precisely Modern Standard Hindi (Devanagari: मानक हिन्दी, "Mānak Hindī"), is an Indo-Aryan language spoken in India. Modern Hindi is often described as a standardised and Sanskritised register of the Hindustani language, which itself is based primarily on the Khariboli dialect of Delhi and neighbouring areas of Northern India. Hindi, written in the Devanagari script, is one of the two official languages of the Government of India, along with the English language. It is an official language of 9 states and 3 Union Territories and additional official language of 3 states. It is one of the 22 scheduled languages of the Republic of India. | Le hindi (en hindi : "") est une langue indo-européenne, issue d'une standardisation des langues hindoustanies, utilisant les caractères et du vocabulaire sanskrit. Parlée essentiellement dans le nord et le centre de l'Inde, c'est une langue indo-européenne de la branche des langues indo-aryennes, qui en est la plus vaste famille, dérivée du sanskrit et de divers prâkrits, écrite la plupart du temps au moyen de l'alphasyllabaire devanāgarī, qui se lit et s'écrit de gauche à droite. | [
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Septuagint | Septante | The Greek Old Testament, or Septuagint (from the ; often abbreviated "70"; in Roman numerals, ), is the earliest extant Koine Greek translation of books from the Hebrew Bible, various biblical apocrypha, and deuterocanonical books. The first five books of the Hebrew Bible, known as the Torah or the Pentateuch, were translated in the mid-3rd century BCE; they did not survive as original translation texts, however, except as rare fragments. The remaining books of the Greek Old Testament are presumably translations of the 2nd century BCE. | La Septante (LXX, latin : "Septuaginta") est une traduction de la Bible hébraïque en koinè grecque. Selon une tradition rapportée dans la "Lettre d'Aristée" (), la traduction de la Torah aurait été réalisée par 72 (septante-deux) traducteurs à Alexandrie, vers 270 av. J.-C., à la demande de Ptolémée II. Selon Philon d'Alexandrie, ces 72 érudits auraient traduit séparément l'intégralité du texte mais, au moment de comparer leurs travaux, auraient constaté avec émerveillement que les 72 traductions étaient toutes identiques. | [
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Latvian language | Letton | Latvian ("latviešu valoda" ), also known as Lettish, is an Eastern Baltic language spoken in the Baltic region. It is the language of Latvians and the official language of Latvia as well as one of the official languages of the European Union. There are about 1.3 million native Latvian speakers in Latvia and 100,000 abroad. Altogether, 2 million, or 80% of the population of Latvia, speak Latvian. Of those, around 1.16 million or 62% used it as their primary language at home. | Le letton (ou lette ; en letton : "latviešu [valoda]") est une langue qui appartient au groupe balte oriental de la famille indo-européenne. | [
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Lexicography | Lexicographie | Lexicography is divided into two separate but equally important groups: There is some disagreement on the definition of lexicology, as distinct from lexicography. Some use "lexicology" as a synonym for theoretical lexicography; others use it to mean a branch of linguistics pertaining to the inventory of words in a particular language. | La lexicographie est la science qui consiste à recenser les mots, les classer, les définir et les illustrer, par des exemples ou des expressions, pour rendre compte de l'ensemble de leurs significations et de leurs acceptions au sein d'une langue, afin de constituer un dictionnaire. | [
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L. L. Zamenhof | Louis-Lazare Zamenhof | Ludwik Lejzer Zamenhof (; ; – ) was a Polish ophthalmologist, linguist and the inventor of the international language Esperanto, the most widely used constructed international auxiliary language in the world. | Le docteur Ludwik Lejzer Zamenhof (en, "Eliezer Lewi Zamenhof" ; en ; en, "Liodvik Lazar Zamengof" ; en ; en ), dit en français Louis-Lazare Zamenhof, est un médecin ophtalmologiste polonais, né le à Białystok, dans l'Empire russe, et mort le à Varsovie. Né dans une famille juive, ses langues d’usage sont le yiddish, le russe et le polonais. Il est connu pour avoir élaboré la langue construite espéranto dans son ouvrage "Langue Internationale", publié en russe le sous le pseudonyme Doktoro Esperanto (« le docteur qui espère »). Il fut nommé une douzaine de fois au prix Nobel de la Paix. | [
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Los Angeles | Los Angeles | Los Angeles (; ; ), officially the City of Los Angeles and often known by its initials L.A., is the largest city in California. With an estimated population of nearly four million people, it is the second-most populous city in the United States (after New York City) and the third-most populous city in North America (after Mexico City and New York City). Los Angeles is known for its Mediterranean climate, ethnic diversity, Hollywood entertainment industry, and its sprawling metropolis and as the home of many celebrities. | Los Angeles ( ou ; " ) est la deuxième ville des États-Unis en termes de population après New York. Située dans le Sud de l'État de Californie, sur la côte du Pacifique, la ville est le siège du comté de Los Angeles. | [
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Electronic mailing list | Liste de diffusion | An electronic mailing list or email list is a special use of email that allows for widespread distribution of information to many Internet users. It is similar to a traditional mailing list – a list of names and addresses – as might be kept by an organization for sending publications to its members or customers, but typically refers to four things: | Une liste de diffusion ou liste de distribution est une utilisation spécifique du courrier électronique qui permet le publipostage d'informations aux utilisateurs qui y sont inscrits. Celle-ci est gérée par un logiciel installé sur un serveur. On différencie les listes d'annonces destinées à envoyer des informations aux abonnés sans retour de leur part et les listes de discussion où toute personne inscrite peut envoyer un message ou y répondre. | [
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High-level programming language | Langage de programmation de haut niveau | In computer science, a high-level programming language is a programming language with strong abstraction from the details of the computer. In contrast to low-level programming languages, it may use natural language "elements", be easier to use, or may automate (or even hide entirely) significant areas of computing systems (e.g. memory management), making the process of developing a program simpler and more understandable than when using a lower-level language. The amount of abstraction provided defines how "high-level" a programming language is. | En programmation informatique, un langage de programmation à haut niveau d'abstraction généralement appelé langage de haut niveau est un langage de programmation orienté autour du problème à résoudre, qui permet d'écrire des programmes en utilisant des mots usuels des langues naturelles (très souvent de l'anglais) et des symboles mathématiques familiers. Un langage de haut niveau fait abstraction des caractéristiques techniques du matériel utilisé pour exécuter le programme, tels que les registres et les drapeaux du processeur. | [
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Ludwig Wittgenstein | Ludwig Wittgenstein | Ludwig Josef Johann Wittgenstein (; ; 26 April 1889 – 29 April 1951) was an Austrian-British philosopher who worked primarily in logic, the philosophy of mathematics, the philosophy of mind, and the philosophy of language. | Ludwig Josef Johann Wittgenstein (né à Vienne, Autriche-Hongrie le et, mort à Cambridge, au Royaume-Uni, le ) est un philosophe et mathématicien autrichien, puis britannique, qui apporta des contributions décisives en logique, dans la théorie des fondements des mathématiques et en philosophie du langage. | [
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Computational linguistics | Linguistique informatique | Computational linguistics is an interdisciplinary field concerned with the statistical or rule-based modeling of natural language from a computational perspective, as well as the study of appropriate computational approaches to linguistic questions. | La linguistique informatique est un champ interdisciplinaire basé sur une modélisation symbolique (à base de règles) ou statistique du langage naturel établie dans une perspective informatique. | [
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Latvia | Lettonie | Latvia ( or ;, ), officially known as the Republic of Latvia (, ), is a country in the Baltic region of Northern Europe. Since its independence, Latvia has been referred to as one of the Baltic states. It is bordered by Estonia to the north, Lithuania to the south, Russia to the east, Belarus to the southeast, and shares a maritime border with Sweden to the west. Latvia has 1,957,200 inhabitants and a territory of. The country has a temperate seasonal climate. The Baltic Sea moderates the climate, although the country has four distinct seasons and snowy winters. | La Lettonie, en forme longue la république de Lettonie ( et ) est un pays d'Europe du Nord et membre de l'Union européenne. Situé sur la rive orientale de la mer Baltique, bordé par la Lituanie au sud et par l'Estonie au nord, c'est l'un des trois pays baltes. La Lettonie a aussi des frontières terrestres à l'est avec la Russie et au sud-est avec la Biélorussie. La Lettonie est un État membre de l'Union européenne depuis le, et de la zone euro depuis le. Entre 1991 et 2011, la Lettonie a perdu plus de 23 % de sa population en raison d'un taux de fécondité (nombre d'enfants par femme) extrêmement faible et d'un solde migratoire négatif. | [
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Three Laws of Robotics | Trois lois de la robotique | The Three Laws of Robotics (often shortened to The Three Laws or known as Asimov's Laws) are a set of rules devised by the science fiction author Isaac Asimov. The rules were introduced in his 1942 short story "Runaround" (included in the 1950 collection "I, Robot"), although they had been foreshadowed in a few earlier stories. The Three Laws, quoted as being from the "Handbook of Robotics, 56th Edition, 2058 A.D.", are: | Les Trois lois de la robotique, formulées en 1942 par les écrivains de science-fiction Isaac Asimov et John W. Campbell, sont des règles auxquelles tous les robots positroniques qui apparaissent dans leurs romans doivent obéir. | [
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Russian literature | Littérature russe | Russian literature refers to the literature of Russia and its émigrés and to Russian-language literature. The roots of Russian literature can be traced to the Middle Ages, when epics and chronicles in Old East Slavic were composed. By the Age of Enlightenment, literature had grown in importance, and from the early 1830s, Russian literature underwent an astounding golden age in poetry, prose and drama. Romanticism permitted a flowering of poetic talent: Vasily Zhukovsky and later his protégé Alexander Pushkin came to the fore. Prose was flourishing as well. The first great Russian novelist was Nikolai Gogol. Then came Ivan Turgenev, who mastered both short stories and novels. Leo Tolstoy and Fyodor Dostoevsky soon became internationally renowned. In the second half of the century Anton Chekhov excelled in short stories and became a leading dramatist. The beginning of the 20th century ranks as the Silver Age of Russian poetry. The poets most often associated with the "Silver Age" are Konstantin Balmont, Valery Bryusov, Alexander Blok, Anna Akhmatova, Nikolay Gumilyov, Osip Mandelstam, Sergei Yesenin, Vladimir Mayakovsky, Marina Tsvetaeva and Boris Pasternak. This era produced some first-rate novelists and short-story writers, such as Aleksandr Kuprin, Nobel Prize winner Ivan Bunin, Leonid Andreyev, Fyodor Sologub, Aleksey Remizov, Yevgeny Zamyatin, Dmitry Merezhkovsky and Andrei Bely. | La littérature en langue russe proprement dite naît au cours du, tout d'abord avec la poésie et le théâtre, mais très tôt naît une très riche tradition romanesque. | [
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Samoyedic languages | Langues samoyèdes | The Samoyedic () or Samoyed languages () are spoken on both sides of the Ural mountains, in northernmost Eurasia, by approximately 25,000 people altogether. They derive from a common ancestral language called Proto-Samoyedic, and form a branch of the Uralic languages. Having separated perhaps in the last centuries BC, they are not a diverse group of languages, and are traditionally considered to be an outgroup, branching off first from the other Uralic languages. | Les langues samoyèdes (parfois écrit samoïèdes) sont une famille de langues, en usage des deux côtés de l'Oural par moins de quarante mille personnes. | [
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Locative case | Locatif | The locative case (abbreviated ) is a grammatical case which indicates a location. It corresponds vaguely to the English prepositions "in", "on", "at", and "by". The locative case belongs to the general local cases, together with the lative and separative case. | En linguistique, le locatif est un cas grammatical exprimant la localisation dans l'espace (sans mouvement), le lieu où se déroule l'action exprimée par le verbe. Dans certaines langues, il peut se subdiviser en plusieurs cas spécifiques, selon que le lieu est fermé (inessif) ou ouvert (adessif, superessif). Le locatif est un des huit cas indo-européens, présent en sanskrit. | [
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Finno-Ugric languages | Langues finno-ougriennes | Finno-Ugric ( or ; Fenno-Ugric) or Finno-Ugrian (Fenno-Ugrian), is a traditional grouping of all languages in the Uralic language family except the Samoyedic languages. Its formerly commonly accepted status as a subfamily of Uralic is based on criteria formulated in the 19th century and is criticized by some contemporary linguists such as Tapani Salminen and Ante Aikio as inaccurate and misleading. The three most-spoken Uralic languages, Hungarian, Finnish, and Estonian, are all included in Finno-Ugric, although linguistic roots common to both branches of the traditional Finno-Ugric language tree (Finno-Permic and Ugric) are distant. | Les langues finno-ougriennes sont une famille de langues parlées en Europe, par les peuples finno-ougriens, sur une vaste aire géographique qui va de la mer Baltique et du nord de la Scandinavie jusqu'à l'Oural et au Don. Le nombre total de locuteurs de ces langues est estimé à 25 millions de personnes. Toutefois, le nombre de locuteurs varie très fortement selon les langues, allant de 14 millions pour le hongrois jusqu'à quelques locuteurs isolés pour le vote. Un certain nombre de langues finno-ougriennes ont disparu au cours du et plusieurs autres sont menacées d'extinction. | [
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The Abolition of Work | L'Abolition du travail | "The Abolition of Work" is an essay written by Bob Black in 1985. It was part of Black's first book, an anthology of essays entitled "The Abolition of Work and Other Essays" published by Loompanics Unlimited. It is an exposition of Black's "type 3 anarchism" – a blend of post-Situationist theory and individualist anarchism – focusing on a critique of the work ethic. Black draws upon certain ideas of Marshall Sahlins, Richard Borshay Lee, Charles Fourier, William Morris, and Paul Goodman. | L'Abolition du travail (ou "Travailler, moi? Jamais!") de Bob Black, écrit en 1985, est un livre se présentant comme une manifeste pour une révolution ludique, ainsi qu'un pamphlet contre le travail, la misère et les nuisances du salariat. | [
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Integrated pest management | Lutte intégrée | Integrated pest management (IPM), also known as integrated pest control (IPC) is a broad-based approach that integrates practices for economic control of pests. IPM aims to suppress pest populations below the economic injury level (EIL). The UN's Food and Agriculture Organization defines IPM as "the careful consideration of all available pest control techniques and subsequent integration of appropriate measures that discourage the development of pest populations and keep pesticides and other interventions to levels that are economically justified and reduce or minimize risks to human health and the environment. IPM emphasizes the growth of a healthy crop with the least possible disruption to agro-ecosystems and encourages natural pest control mechanisms." Entomologists and ecologists have urged the adoption of IPM pest control since the 1970s. IPM allows for safer pest control. | Selon l'Organisation des Nations unies pour l'alimentation et l'agriculture (FAO) et l'Organisation internationale de lutte biologique (OILB), la lutte intégrée ou protection intégrée est définie comme étant la « conception de la protection des cultures dont l'application fait intervenir un ensemble de méthodes satisfaisant les exigences à la fois écologiques, économiques et toxicologiques en réservant la priorité à la mise en œuvre délibérée des éléments naturels de limitation et en respectant les seuils de tolérance ». | [
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Greek literature | Littérature grecque | Greek literature dates back from the ancient Greek literature, beginning in 800 BC, to the modern Greek literature of today. | La littérature grecque comprend l'ensemble des œuvres écrites et orales reconnues comme esthétiques, produites en langue grecque. Elle se caractérise par une remarquable continuité, commençant avec Homère (probablement ), et se prolongeant jusqu'à nos jours. Si, en vingt-huit siècles, l'évolution de la langue grecque a largement pesé sur sa littérature, il demeure pertinent de la considérer comme faisant partie d'un seul et même ensemble. | [
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Photographic print toning | Virage (photographie) | In photography, toning is a method of changing the color of black-and-white photographs. In analog photography, it is a chemical process carried out on metal salt based prints such as Silver Prints, Iron Based Prints (Cyanotype or Van Dyke Brown), Platinum or Palladium Prints photographic prints. This darkroom process cannot be performed with a color photograph. The effects of this process can be emulated with software in digital photography. Sepia is considered a form of Black and White or Monochromatic Photography. | Le virage est un traitement chimique supplémentaire intervenant lors du développement d'un tirage photographique noir et blanc sur papier, dans le but de donner une couleur dominante à l'épreuve. | [
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Les Six | Groupe des Six (musique) | "Les Six" () is a name given to a group of six French composers who worked in Montparnasse. The name, inspired by Mily Balakirev's "The Five", originates in two 1920 articles by critic Henri Collet's in (", see Bibliography). Their music is often seen as a reaction against both the musical style of Richard Wagner and the impressionist music of Claude Debussy and Maurice Ravel. | Le groupe des Six, aussi nommé Les Six, est un groupe de compositeurs réunissant, entre 1916 et 1923 : Georges Auric (1899-1983), Louis Durey (1888-1979), Arthur Honegger (1892-1955), Darius Milhaud (1892-1974), Francis Poulenc (1899-1963), et Germaine Tailleferre (1892-1983). Leur musique réagissait essentiellement contre l'impressionnisme et le wagnérisme. Ils étaient très influencés par les idées d'Erik Satie et de Jean Cocteau. Bien qu'ils aient écrit collectivement, chacun a conservé son style personnel de par la nature même des œuvres (mouvements ou morceaux séparés). | [
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Timeline | Frise chronologique | A timeline is a display of a list of events in chronological order. It is typically a graphic design showing a long bar labelled with dates paralleling it, and usually contemporaneous events; a Gantt chart is a form of timeline used in project management. | Une frise chronologique ou ligne du temps est une représentation linéaire d'évènements positionnés sur la flèche du temps ; elle associe des événements à leurs positions dans le temps le long d'une échelle graduée, ce en quoi elle se rapproche d'une chronologie. | [
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Vigenère cipher | Chiffre de Vigenère | The Vigenère cipher () is a method of encrypting alphabetic text by using a series of interwoven Caesar ciphers, based on the letters of a keyword. It employs a form of polyalphabetic substitution. | Le chiffre de Vigenère est un système de chiffrement par substitution polyalphabétique mais une même lettre du message clair peut, suivant sa position dans celui-ci, être remplacée par des lettres différentes, contrairement à un système de chiffrement mono alphabétique comme le chiffre de César (qu'il utilise cependant comme composant). Cette méthode résiste ainsi à l'analyse de fréquences, ce qui est un avantage décisif sur les chiffrements mono alphabétiques. Cependant le chiffre de Vigenère a été percé par le major prussien Friedrich Kasiski qui a publié sa méthode en 1863. Depuis cette époque, il n‘offre plus aucune sécurité. | [
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Libanius | Libanios | Libanius (, "Libanios"; c. 314 – 392 or 393) was a Greek teacher of rhetoric of the Sophist school. During the rise of Christian hegemony in the later Roman Empire, he remained unconverted and in religious matters was a pagan Hellene. | Libanios (en grec ancien / et Libanius pour les Romains) est un rhéteur de culture grecque de l'antiquité tardive (314-393). | [
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Maxwell's equations | Équations de Maxwell | Maxwell's equations are a set of coupled partial differential equations that, together with the Lorentz force law, form the foundation of classical electromagnetism, classical optics, and electric circuits. The equations provide a mathematical model for electric, optical, and radio technologies, such as power generation, electric motors, wireless communication, lenses, radar etc. They describe how electric and magnetic fields are generated by charges, currents, and changes of the fields. The equations are named after the physicist and mathematician James Clerk Maxwell, who, between 1861 and 1862, published an early form of the equations that included the Lorentz force law. Maxwell first used the equations to propose that light is an electromagnetic phenomenon. | Les équations de Maxwell, aussi appelées équations de Maxwell-Lorentz, sont des lois fondamentales de la physique. Elles constituent les postulats de base de l'électromagnétisme, avec l'expression de la force électromagnétique de Lorentz. | [
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Laurel Aitken | Laurel Aitken | Lorenzo Aitken (22 April 1927 – 17 July 2005), better known by the stage name Laurel Aitken, was an influential Caribbean singer and one of the pioneers of Jamaican ska music. He is often referred to as the "Godfather of Ska". | Laurel Aitken est un chanteur jamaïcain, bien que né à Cuba le d'un père jamaïcain et d'une mère cubaine. Surnommé par les Anglais le "Godfather of Ska" (le parrain du Ska), Laurel Aitken était considéré comme l'un des grands noms de la scène ska et reggae. Il est mort d'une crise cardiaque à Leicester, le, à l'âge de 78 ans. | [
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Dinosaur | Dinosauria | Dinosaurs are a diverse group of reptiles of the clade Dinosauria. They first appeared during the Triassic period, between 243 and 233.23 million years ago, although the exact origin and timing of the evolution of dinosaurs is the subject of active research. They became the dominant terrestrial vertebrates after the Triassic–Jurassic extinction event 201.3 million years ago; their dominance continued throughout the Jurassic and Cretaceous periods. The fossil record demonstrates that birds are modern feathered dinosaurs, having evolved from earlier theropods during the Late Jurassic epoch. As such, birds were the only dinosaur lineage to survive the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event approximately 66 million years ago. Dinosaurs can therefore be divided into avian dinosaurs, or birds; and non-avian dinosaurs, which are all dinosaurs other than birds. | Les Dinosauria (du grec ancien « terrible » et « lézard »), plus communément appelés dinosaures, forment un super-ordre ainsi qu'un clade extrêmement diversifié de sauropsides de la sous-classe des diapsides. Ce sont des archosaures ovipares, ayant en commun une posture érigée et partageant un certain nombre de synapomorphies telles que la présence d'une crête deltopectorale allongée au niveau de l'humérus et un acetabulum perforant le bassin. Présents dès le milieu du Ladinien (dernier étage du Trias moyen), il y a environ, la branche non avienne des dinosaures disparait entièrement lors de l'extinction Crétacé-Paléogène il y a. Les oiseaux, la branche avienne des dinosaures, a émergé de petits dinosaures théropodes du Jurassique supérieur. Ainsi la survie des oiseaux à cette extinction, leur diversification considérable durant le Cénozoïque, en fait le seul groupe vivant actuel de dinosaures. | [
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Lucien Tesnière | Lucien Tesnière | Lucien Tesnière (; May 13, 1893 – December 6, 1954) was a prominent and influential French linguist. He was born in Mont-Saint-Aignan on May 13, 1893. As a maître de conférences (senior lecturer) in Strasbourg (1924), and later professor in Montpellier (1937), he published many papers and books on Slavic languages. However, his importance in the history of linguistics is based mainly on his development of an approach to the syntax of natural languages that would become known as dependency grammar. He presented his theory in his book "Éléments de syntaxe structurale" (Elements of Structural Syntax), published posthumously in 1959. In the book he proposes a sophisticated formalization of syntactic structures, supported by many examples from a diversity of languages. Tesnière died in Montpellier on December 6, 1954. | Lucien Tesnière, né le à Mont-Saint-Aignan (Seine-Inférieure) et mort le à Montpellier (Hérault), est un linguiste français, considéré comme le fondateur de la grammaire de dépendance. | [
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Lewis H. Morgan | Lewis Henry Morgan | Lewis Henry Morgan (November 21, 1818 – December 17, 1881) was a pioneering American anthropologist and social theorist who worked as a railroad lawyer. He is best known for his work on kinship and social structure, his theories of social evolution, and his ethnography of the Iroquois. Interested in what holds societies together, he proposed the concept that the earliest human domestic institution was the matrilineal clan, not the patriarchal family. | Lewis Henry Morgan ( – ) est un anthropologue américain. Il fut le premier à mettre en place une étude des systèmes de la parenté, qui est un domaine élémentaire de l'anthropologie sociale et culturelle contemporaine. Il vécut parmi les Indiens iroquois et observa leur vie sociale et culturelle, faisant de sa propre expérience le matériau brut de sa réflexion. | [
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Analytical mechanics | Mécanique analytique | In theoretical physics and mathematical physics, analytical mechanics, or theoretical mechanics is a collection of closely related alternative formulations of classical mechanics. It was developed by many scientists and mathematicians during the 18th century and onward, after Newtonian mechanics. Since Newtonian mechanics considers vector quantities of motion, particularly accelerations, momenta, forces, of the constituents of the system, an alternative name for the mechanics governed by Newton's laws and Euler's laws is "vectorial mechanics". | La mécanique analytique est une branche de la mécanique classique, dont elle constitue une formulation très mathématisée et de portée très générale. La mécanique analytique s'est avérée un outil très important en physique théorique. En particulier, la mécanique quantique emprunte énormément au formalisme de la mécanique analytique. | [
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Meringue | Meringue | Meringue (, ; ) is a type of dessert or candy, often associated with Italian, Swiss, and French cuisine, traditionally made from whipped egg whites and sugar, and occasionally an acidic ingredient such as lemon, vinegar, or cream of tartar. A binding agent such as salt, flour, or gelatin may also be added to the eggs. The key to the formation of a good meringue is the formation of stiff peaks by denaturing the protein ovalbumin (a protein in the egg whites) via mechanical shear. Meringues are often flavoured with vanilla, a small amount of apple juice, or orange juice, although if extracts of these are used and are based on an oil infusion, an excess of fat from the oil may inhibit the egg whites from forming a foam. | La meringue est une pâtisserie très légère et très fine composée uniquement d'un mélange de blancs d'œufs et de sucre. Un peu d'acide peut être ajouté sous forme de citron ou d'acide tartrique. | [
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MSX | MSX | MSX is a standardized home computer architecture, announced by Microsoft and ASCII on June 16, 1983. It was conceived and marketed by Kazuhiko Nishi, then vice-president at Microsoft and director at ASCII Corporation. Nishi conceived the project as an attempt to create unified standards among various home computing system manufacturers of the period, in the same fashion as the VHS standard for home video tape machines. | Le MSX était un standard de micro-ordinateurs à vocation domestique (grand public) d’origine japonaise, qui date des années 1980. Contrairement à la plupart des ordinateurs de l’époque, les MSX ont été produits par divers fabricants. Ils étaient compatibles entre eux, aussi bien pour le matériel que pour les logiciels. Plusieurs versions du standard se sont succédé. | [
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Maurice Leblanc | Maurice Leblanc | Maurice Marie Émile Leblanc (; ; 11 December 1864 – 6 November 1941) was a French novelist and writer of short stories, known primarily as the creator of the fictional gentleman thief and detective Arsène Lupin, often described as a French counterpart to Arthur Conan Doyle's creation Sherlock Holmes. | Marie Émile Maurice Leblanc est un romancier français né le, à Rouen, et mort le, à Perpignan. Auteur de nombreux romans policiers et d’aventures, il est le créateur du célèbre personnage d’Arsène Lupin, le "gentleman"-cambrioleur. Relégué au rang de « Conan Doyle français », Maurice Leblanc est un écrivain populaire qui a souffert de ne pas avoir la reconnaissance de ses confrères mais a toujours suscité un solide noyau d'amateurs et de quelques lupinologues. | [
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Malicorne (band) | Malicorne (groupe) | Malicorne are a French folk and folk rock band formed in September 1973 by Gabriel Yacoub, Marie Yacoub (now Marie Sauvet), Hughes de Courson and Laurent Vercambre. They flourished in the 1970s, broke up three times in the 1980s but re-formed twice in the early 2010s and toured during 5 years from July 2012 until their very last show in August 2017, after what they definitely abandoned their long-lasting new album project and broke up. | Malicorne est un groupe français de musique folk (puis de folk rock et de rock progressif) formé à la la fin de l'été 1973 par le couple Gabriel Yacoub (guitare acoustique et électrique, épinette des Vosges, chant) et Marie Yacoub (dulcimer, bouzouki, vielle à roue, chant), Laurent Vercambre (violon, alto, bouzouki, psaltérion à archet, harmonium, mandoline, chant) et Hughes de Courson (guitare électrique, basse, cromorne, percussions, chant). Ils seront rejoints en septembre 1976 par Olivier Zdrzalik-Kowalski (basse, claviers, chant). | [
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Moon | Lune | The Moon is an astronomical body orbiting Earth as its only natural satellite. It is the fifth-largest satellite in the Solar System, and by far the largest among planetary satellites relative to the size of the planet that it orbits (its primary). The Moon is, after Jupiter's satellite Io, the second-densest satellite in the Solar System among those whose densities are known. | La Lune, ou Terre I, est un objet céleste qui orbite autour de la planète Terre et le seul satellite naturel permanent de la Terre. C'est le cinquième plus grand satellite naturel du Système solaire et le plus grand des satellites planétaires par rapport à la taille de la planète autour de laquelle elle orbite. La Lune est, après le satellite de Jupiter Io, le deuxième satellite le plus dense du Système solaire parmi ceux dont la densité est connue. | [
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Manche | Manche (département) | Manche (, ) is a coastal French department in Normandy, on the English Channel, which is known as "La Manche", literally "the sleeve", in French. | La Manche est un département français de la région Normandie. Son nom provient de la mer qui le borde sur tout son pourtour nord et ouest, et le quart est. L'Insee et La Poste lui attribuent le code 50. Sa préfecture est Saint-Lô. | [
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Meuse (department) | Meuse (département) | Meuse () is a department in northeast France, named after the River Meuse. Meuse is part of the current region of Grand Est and is surrounded by the French departments of Ardennes, Marne, Haute-Marne, Vosges, Meurthe-et-Moselle, and has a short border with Belgium on the north. Parts of Meuse belong to Parc naturel régional de Lorraine. Front lines in trench warfare during World War I ran varying courses through the department and it hosted an important battle/offensive in 1916 in and around Verdun. | La Meuse () est un département français. Il fait partie de la région historique et culturelle de Lorraine et fait aujourd'hui partie de la région administrative Grand Est. Le département doit son nom au fleuve qui le traverse du sud au nord, la Meuse. L'Insee et La Poste lui attribuent le. | [
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Morbihan | Morbihan | Morbihan (; ;, ) is a department in Brittany, situated in the northwest of France. It is named after the Morbihan ("small sea" in Breton), the enclosed sea that is the principal feature of the coastline. It is noted for its Carnac stones, which predate and are more extensive than the Stonehenge monument in Wiltshire, England. | Le Morbihan ("" ) est un département français situé en région Bretagne, qui doit son nom au golfe du Morbihan. Il correspond pour l'essentiel au royaume, devenu comté puis baillie de Broërec et plus anciennement à la cité des Vénètes. De tous les départements français de métropole, c'est le seul dont le nom est entièrement issu d'une langue régionale. L'Insee et la Poste lui attribuent le code 56. Sa préfecture est Vannes. | [
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Mento | Mento | Mento is a style of Jamaican folk music that predates and has greatly influenced ska and reggae music. It is a fusion of African rhythmic elements and European elements, which reached peak popularity in the 1940s and 1950s. Mento typically features acoustic instruments, such as acoustic guitar, banjo, hand drums, and the rhumba box — a large mbira in the shape of a box that can be sat on while played. The rhumba box carries the bass part of the music. | Le mento est la première musique populaire jamaïcaine. Il apparait à la fin du dans les zones rurales de l'île. C'est un des styles musicaux à l'origine du reggae (À travers le ska, le rocksteady et le early reggae). | [
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Metatheria | Metatheria | Metatheria is a mammalian clade that includes all mammals more closely related to marsupials than to placentals. First proposed by Thomas Henry Huxley in 1880, it is a slightly more inclusive group than the marsupials; it contains all marsupials as well as many extinct non-marsupial relatives. | Les métathériens (Metatheria) constituent le clade de mammifères thériens regroupant les marsupiaux et toutes les espèces plus proches de ces derniers que des placentaires. C'est le taxon frère des euthériens, dont ils se seraient séparés il y au moins 147,4 millions d'années d'après l'horloge moléculaire. D'après les registres fossiles, ces deux taxons auraient divergé au Jurassique il y a au moins environ 160 millions d'années. | [
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Moselle (department) | Moselle (département) | Moselle () is the most populous department in Lorraine, in the east of France, and is named after the river Moselle, a tributary of the Rhine, which flows through the western part of the department. Inhabitants of the department are known as "Mosellans". | La Moselle ( ) est un département français de la région Grand Est ; il fait historiquement et culturellement partie de la Lorraine ; l'Insee et La Poste lui attribuent le code 57. | [
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MD5 | MD5 | The MD5 message-digest algorithm is a widely used hash function producing a 128-bit hash value. Although MD5 was initially designed to be used as a cryptographic hash function, it has been found to suffer from extensive vulnerabilities. It can still be used as a checksum to verify data integrity, but only against unintentional corruption. It remains suitable for other non-cryptographic purposes, for example for determining the partition for a particular key in a partitioned database. | Le MD5, pour Message Digest 5, est une fonction de hachage cryptographique qui permet d'obtenir l'empreinte numérique d'un fichier (on parle souvent de "message"). Il a été inventé par Ronald Rivest en 1991. | [
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Machicolation | Mâchicoulis | A machicolation () is a floor opening between the supporting corbels of a battlement, through which stones or other material, such as boiling water or boiling cooking oil, could be dropped on attackers at the base of a defensive wall. A smaller version found on smaller structures is called a box-machicolation. | Un mâchicoulis est une galerie formant un encorbellement, soit en position mitoyenne ou en couronnement d'une enceinte militaire (tour, courtine, rempart, etc.) et dont le plancher ajouré permettait, si besoin, de lancer divers projectiles au pied du mur, zone souvent vulnérable. | [
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Egyptian mythology | Mythologie égyptienne | Egyptian mythology is the collection of myths from ancient Egypt, which describe the actions of the Egyptian gods as a means of understanding the world around them. The beliefs that these myths express are an important part of ancient Egyptian religion. Myths appear frequently in Egyptian writings and art, particularly in short stories and in religious material such as hymns, ritual texts, funerary texts, and temple decoration. These sources rarely contain a complete account of a myth and often describe only brief fragments. | Les Égyptiens de l'Antiquité ont cherché à interpréter tous les phénomènes qu'ils pouvaient observer à travers le prisme de croyances séculaires. La notion de cycle y est essentielle : | [
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Computer monitor | Écran d'ordinateur | A computer monitor is an output device that displays information in pictorial form. A monitor usually comprises the visual display, circuitry, casing, and power supply. The display device in modern monitors is typically a thin film transistor liquid crystal display (TFT-LCD) with LED backlighting having replaced cold-cathode fluorescent lamp (CCFL) backlighting. Older monitors used a cathode ray tube (CRT). Monitors are connected to the computer via VGA, Digital Visual Interface (DVI), HDMI, DisplayPort, Thunderbolt, low-voltage differential signaling (LVDS) or other proprietary connectors and signals. | Un écran d'ordinateur est un périphérique de sortie vidéo d'ordinateur. Il affiche les images générées par la carte graphique de l'ordinateur. Grâce au taux de rafraîchissement d'écran élevé, il permet de donner l’impression de mouvement. Il permet donc de travailler agréablement, de visionner de la vidéo, des films, de jouer à des jeux vidéo, de saisir des textes etc. | [
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Web search engine | Moteur de recherche | A web search engine or Internet search engine is a software system that is designed to carry out web search (Internet search), which means to search the World Wide Web in a systematic way for particular information specified in a textual web search query. The search results are generally presented in a line of results, often referred to as search engine results pages (SERPs). The information may be a mix of links to web pages, images, videos, infographics, articles, research papers, and other types of files. Some search engines also mine data available in databases or open directories. Unlike web directories, which are maintained only by human editors, search engines also maintain real-time information by running an algorithm on a web crawler. Internet content that is not capable of being searched by a web search engine is generally described as the deep web. | Un moteur de recherche est une application web permettant de trouver des ressources à partir d'une requête sous forme de mots. Les ressources peuvent être des pages web, des articles de forums Usenet, des images, des vidéos, des fichiers, des ouvrages, des sites pédagogiques, des applications, des logiciels open source, etc. | [
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Music of France | Musique française | The music of France reflects a diverse array of styles. In the field of classical music, France has produced several prominent romantic composers, while folk and popular music have seen the rise of the chanson and cabaret style. The earliest known sound recording device in the world, the phonautograph, was patented in France by Édouard-Léon Scott de Martinville in 1857. France is also the 5th largest market by value in the world, and its music industry has produced many internationally renowned artists, especially in the nouvelle chanson and electronic music. | La musique française est née au Moyen Âge, avec le genre proche du plain-chant grégorien, nommé organum. Elle s'est ensuite développée sous l'égide de l'école de Notre-Dame ou de l'Ars antiqua avec le conduit, un chant de procession. À cette époque, les troubadours et les trouvères affirmaient davantage l'indépendance de l'art lyrique face au clergé. | [
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Roman mythology | Mythologie romaine | Roman mythology is the body of traditional stories pertaining to ancient Rome's legendary origins and religious system, as represented in the literature and visual arts of the Romans. "Roman mythology" may also refer to the modern study of these representations, and to the subject matter as represented in the literature and art of other cultures in any period. | La mythologie romaine ou latine est l'ensemble des légendes et des mythes de la Rome antique. D'origine indo-européenne, la mythologie romaine a emprunté au fil des siècles des conceptions religieuses et culturelles aux pays qui ont été peu à peu intégrés dans la sphère de Rome : la Grèce, l'Égypte, la Syrie, la Gaule etc. | [
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Maahes | Miysis | Maahes (also spelled Mihos, Miysis, Mios, Maihes, or Mahes) (Greek: Μαχές, Μιχός, Μίυσις, Μίος, or Μάιχες) was an ancient Egyptian lion-headed god of war, whose name means "he who is true beside her". He was seen as the son of the Creator god Ptah, as well as the feline goddess (Bast in Lower Egypt or Sekhmet in Upper Egypt) whose nature he shared. Maahes was a deity associated with war, protection, and weather, as well as that of knives, lotuses, and devouring captives. His cult was centred in Taremu and Per-Bast, the cult centres of Sekhmet and Bast respectively. | Miysis est un dieu de la mythologie égyptienne. Miysis est un dieu de la guerre, successeur de Sekhmet lors du Nouvel Empire, qui lutte aux côtés de Rê chaque nuit contre le serpent Apophis. Fils de Bastet, la déesse féline, on le représente sous les traits d'un prince à tête de lion. Il est le premier dieu à être apparu lors du Nouvel Empire. | [
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Metal | Métal | A metal (from Greek μέταλλον "métallon", "mine, quarry, metal") is a material that, when freshly prepared, polished, or fractured, shows a lustrous appearance, and conducts electricity and heat relatively well. Metals are typically malleable (they can be hammered into thin sheets) or ductile (can be drawn into wires). A metal may be a chemical element such as iron; an alloy such as stainless steel; or a molecular compound such as polymeric sulfur nitride. | En chimie, les métaux sont des matériaux dont les atomes sont unis par des liaisons métalliques. Il s'agit de corps simples ou d'alliages le plus souvent durs, opaques, brillants, bons conducteurs de la chaleur et de l'électricité. Ils sont généralement malléables, c'est-à-dire qu'ils peuvent être martelés ou pressés pour leur faire changer de forme sans les fissurer, ni les briser. De nombreuses substances qui ne sont pas classées comme métalliques à pression atmosphérique peuvent acquérir des propriétés métalliques lorsqu'elles sont soumises à des pressions élevées. Les métaux possèdent de nombreuses applications courantes, et leur consommation s'est très fortement accrue depuis les années 1980, au point que certains d'entre eux sont devenus des matières premières minérales critiques. | [
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Martin Scorsese | Martin Scorsese | Martin Charles Scorsese (, ; born November 17, 1942) is an American film director, producer, screenwriter, and actor. One of the major figures of the New Hollywood era, he is widely regarded as one of the most significant and influential directors in film history. Scorsese's body of work explores themes such as Italian-American identity, Catholic concepts of guilt and redemption, faith, machismo, crime and tribalism. Many of his films are known for their depiction of violence, and the liberal use of profanity and rock music. In 1990, he founded The Film Foundation, a nonprofit organization dedicated to film preservation, in 2007 he founded the World Cinema Foundation and in 2017, he introduced the African Film Heritage Project. | Martin Charles Scorsese, couramment appelé Martin Scorsese ( ; ), est réalisateur, scénariste et producteur de cinéma italo-américain né le à New York. | [
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Random-access memory | Mémoire vive | Random-access memory (RAM ) is a form of computer memory that can be read and changed in any order, typically used to store working data and machine code. A random-access memory device allows data items to be read or written in almost the same amount of time irrespective of the physical location of data inside the memory. In contrast, with other direct-access data storage media such as hard disks, CD-RWs, DVD-RWs and the older magnetic tapes and drum memory, the time required to read and write data items varies significantly depending on their physical locations on the recording medium, due to mechanical limitations such as media rotation speeds and arm movement. | La mémoire vive est la mémoire informatique dans laquelle peuvent être stockées, puis effacées, les informations traitées par un appareil informatique. On écrit "mémoire vive" par opposition à la mémoire morte ou mémoire à accès direct par opposition à un accès séquentiel. | [
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Mario Vargas Llosa | Mario Vargas Llosa | Jorge Mario Pedro Vargas Llosa, 1st Marquis of Vargas Llosa (born March 28, 1936), more commonly known as Mario Vargas Llosa (; ), is a Peruvian writer, politician, journalist, essayist and college professor. Vargas Llosa is one of Latin America's most significant novelists and essayists, and one of the leading writers of his generation. Some critics consider him to have had a larger international impact and worldwide audience than any other writer of the Latin American Boom. In 2010 he won the Nobel Prize in Literature, "for his cartography of structures of power and his trenchant images of the individual's resistance, revolt, and defeat." | Mario Vargas Llosa, premier marquis de Vargas Llosa, né le à Arequipa, région d'Arequipa, au Pérou, est un écrivain péruvien naturalisé espagnol, auteur de romans et d'essais politiques. Il est notamment lauréat du prix Nobel de littérature 2010. | [
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Manga | Manga | Manga (, ; Japanese: 漫画 ) are comics or graphic novels originating from Japan. Most manga conform to a style developed in Japan in the late 19th century, though the art form has a long prehistory in earlier Japanese art. The term "manga" (katakana: ; hiragana: ) is used in Japan to refer to both comics and cartooning. Outside Japan, the word is typically used to refer to comics originally published in the country. | Un est une bande dessinée japonaise. Le mot « manga » est par ailleurs parfois utilisé pour désigner, par extension, une bande dessinée non japonaise respectant les codes des productions populaires japonaises ou pour nommer, par métonymie, d'autres produits visuels rappelant certaines de ces bandes dessinées (dessins animés, style graphique). | [
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Mozilla Application Suite | Mozilla Application Suite | The Mozilla Application Suite (originally known as Mozilla, marketed as the Mozilla Suite) is a discontinued cross-platform integrated Internet suite. Its development was initiated by Netscape Communications Corporation, before their acquisition by AOL. It was based on the source code of Netscape Communicator. The development was spearheaded by the Mozilla Organization from 1998 to 2003, and by the Mozilla Foundation from 2003 to 2006. | Mozilla Application Suite (connue à l'origine sous le nom Mozilla (), distribuée sous le nom Mozilla Suite et ayant pour nom de code SeaMonkey) était une suite Internet libre multiplate-forme notamment composée d'un navigateur web, d'un client de messagerie, d'un lecteur de nouvelles, d'un éditeur HTML et d'un client IRC. Son développement a démarré avec Netscape Communications Corporation, avant leur rachat par AOL avec comme base le code source de Netscape Communicator. Le développement a été mené de 1998 à 2003 par la Mozilla Organization, devenue la Mozilla Foundation en 2003. | [
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DOS | DOS | DOS (, ) is a platform-independent acronym for Disk Operating System which later became a common shorthand for disk-based operating systems on IBM PC compatibles. DOS primarily consists of Microsoft's MS-DOS and a rebranded IBM version under the name PC DOS, both of which were introduced in 1981. Later compatible systems from other manufacturers include DR DOS (1988), ROM-DOS (1989), PTS-DOS (1993), and FreeDOS (1998). MS-DOS dominated the IBM PC compatible market between 1981 and 1995. | On appelle généralement DOS () le système d'exploitation PC-DOS, ainsi que la variante MS-DOS vendue par Microsoft pour les compatibles PC. Il en existe des clones postérieurs, tels DR-DOS de et. Jusqu'au début des années 1990, DOS était le type de système le plus utilisé sur compatibles PC. Ce système en ligne de commande était rudimentaire : pas de multitâche, pas de mémoire virtuelle, gestion du seul mode segmenté du microprocesseur x86. | [
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Maxtor | Maxtor | Lake Park is a city in Dickinson County, Iowa, United States. The population was 1,105 at the 2010 census. Trappers Bay State Park is located just west of the town. | Maxtor était une entreprise qui produisait des disques durs d'ordinateurs, fondée en 1982 et rachetée par Seagate en décembre 2005. Au moment de son rachat, Maxtor était le troisième fabricant mondial de disques durs. C'est maintenant une filiale de Seagate. | [
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