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Ovid
Ovide
Publius Ovidius Naso (; 20 March 43 BC17/18 AD), known as Ovid ( ) in the English-speaking world, was a Roman poet who lived during the reign of Augustus. He was a contemporary of the older Virgil and Horace, with whom he is often ranked as one of the three canonical poets of Latin literature. The Imperial scholar Quintilian considered him the last of the Latin love elegists. Although Ovid enjoyed enormous popularity during his lifetime, the emperor Augustus banished him to a remote province on the Black Sea, where he remained until his death. Ovid himself attributes his exile to "carmen et error", "a poem and a mistake", but his discretion in discussing the causes has resulted in much speculation among scholars.
Ovide, en latin Publius Ovidius Naso, né en 43 av. J.-C. à Sulmone (en italien Sulmona) dans le centre de l'Italie et mort en 17 ou 18 ap. J.-C., en exil à Tomis (l'actuelle Constanţa en Roumanie), est un poète latin qui vécut durant la période qui vit la naissance de l'Empire romain. Ses œuvres les plus connues sont "L'Art d'aimer" et les "Métamorphoses".
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Neil Armstrong
Neil Armstrong
Neil Alden Armstrong (August 5, 1930 – August 25, 2012) was an American astronaut and aeronautical engineer and the first person to walk on the Moon. He was also a naval aviator, test pilot, and university professor.
Neil Alden Armstrong, né le à Wapakoneta dans l'Ohio aux États-Unis et mort le à Cincinnati dans le même État, est un astronaute américain, pilote d'essai, aviateur de l'United States Navy et professeur. Il est le premier homme à avoir posé le pied sur la Lune le UTC, durant la mission Apollo 11, prononçant alors une phrase restée célèbre : (en français : ).
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Oslo
Oslo
Oslo (,,, ) is the capital and most populous city of Norway. It constitutes both a county and a municipality. During the Viking Age the area was part of Viken, the northernmost Danish province. Oslo was founded as a city at the end of the Viking Age in the year 1040 under the name Ánslo, and established as a "kaupstad" or trading place in 1048 by Harald Hardrada. The city was elevated to a bishopric in 1070 and a capital under Haakon V of Norway around 1300. Personal unions with Denmark from 1397 to 1523 and again from 1536 to 1814 reduced its influence. After being destroyed by a fire in 1624, during the reign of King Christian IV, a new city was built closer to Akershus Fortress and named Christiania in the king's honour. It was established as a municipality ("formannskapsdistrikt") on 1 January 1838. The city functioned as the capital of Norway during the 1814–1905 union between Sweden and Norway. From 1877, the city's name was spelled Kristiania in government usage, a spelling that was adopted by the municipal authorities only in 1897. In 1925 the city, after incorporating the village retaining its former name, was renamed Oslo. In 1948 Oslo merged with Aker, a municipality which surrounded the capital and which was 27 times larger, thus creating the modern, vastly enlarged Oslo municipality.
Oslo ( ) est la capitale d'État de la Norvège. La ville s'est appelée Christiania de 1624 à 1924, selon l'ancienne graphie latine héritée du danois, ou communément Kristiania en dano-norvégien. Le, elle a officiellement repris le nom d'un modeste faubourg, site historique de la première ville, fondée au fond de l'Oslofjord par Harald III et promue capitale royale sous Håkon V.
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OPEC
Organisation des pays exportateurs de pétrole
The Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC, ) is an intergovernmental organization of nations. Founded on 14 September 1960 in Baghdad by the first five members (Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, and Venezuela), it has since 1965 been headquartered in Vienna, Austria., the 13 member countries accounted for an estimated 44 percent of global oil production and 81.5 percent of the world's "proven" oil reserves, giving OPEC a major influence on global oil prices that were previously determined by the so-called "Seven Sisters" grouping of multinational oil companies. A larger group called OPEC+ was formed in late 2016, to have more control on global crude oil market. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic the demand for OPEC oil has fallen to a 30-year low in second quarter of 2020.
L'Organisation des pays exportateurs de pétrole (OPEP) ( [OPEC]), est une organisation intergouvernementale de pays visant à négocier avec les sociétés pétrolières pour tout ce qui touche à la production de pétrole, son prix et les futurs droits de. Depuis le, le secrétaire général de l'OPEP est l'ancien patron de la compagnie nationale des hydrocarbures du Nigeria (NNPC) Mohammed Barkindo.
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OpenGL
OpenGL
OpenGL (Open Graphics Library) is a cross-language, cross-platform application programming interface (API) for rendering 2D and 3D vector graphics. The API is typically used to interact with a graphics processing unit (GPU), to achieve hardware-accelerated rendering.
OpenGL (') est un ensemble normalisé de fonctions de calcul d'images 2D ou 3D lancé par Silicon Graphics en 1992. Cette interface de programmation est disponible sur de nombreuses plateformes où elle est utilisée pour des applications qui vont du jeu vidéo jusqu'à la CAO en passant par la modélisation.
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Orlando, Florida
Orlando (Floride)
Orlando () is a city in the U.S. state of Florida and the county seat of Orange County. Located in Central Florida, it is the center of the Orlando metropolitan area, which had a population of 2,509,831, according to U.S. Census Bureau figures released in July 2017. These figures make it the 23rd-largest metropolitan area in the United States, the sixth-largest metropolitan area in the Southern United States, and the third-largest metropolitan area in Florida. As of 2019, Orlando had an estimated city-proper population of 287,442, making it the 71st-largest city in the United States, the fourth-largest city in Florida, and the state's largest inland city.
Orlando est une ville des États-Unis, siège du comté d'Orange, en Floride. La ville compte en 2017. Son agglomération comprend quant à elle selon des estimations de 2004 effectuées par le Bureau du recensement des États-Unis. C'est la sixième ville de Floride, et la première située à l'intérieur des terres de l'État. Orlando et ses environs constituent à présent l'une des zones métropolitaines américaines à la croissance la plus rapide.
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Oscar Wilde
Oscar Wilde
Oscar Fingal O'Flahertie Wills Wilde (16 October 185430 November 1900) was an Irish poet and playwright. After writing in different forms throughout the 1880s, the early 1890s saw him become one of the most popular playwrights in London. He is best remembered for his epigrams and plays, his novel "The Picture of Dorian Gray", and the circumstances of his criminal conviction for gross indecency for consensual homosexual acts, imprisonment, and early death at age 46.
Oscar Wilde, dont le nom complet est Oscar Fingal O'Flahertie Wills Wilde, est un écrivain, romancier, dramaturge et poète irlandais né à Dublin le et mort à Paris le.
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Geometrical optics
Optique géométrique
Geometrical optics, or ray optics, is a model of optics that describes light propagation in terms of rays. The ray in geometric optics is an abstraction useful for approximating the paths along which light propagates under certain circumstances.
L’optique géométrique est une branche de l'optique qui s'appuie notamment sur le modèle du rayon lumineux. Cette approche simple permet entre autres des constructions géométriques d’images, d’où son nom. Elle constitue l'outil le plus flexible et le plus efficace pour traiter les systèmes dioptriques et catadioptriques. Elle permet ainsi d'expliquer la formation des images.
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Beneficial organism
Organisme auxiliaire
In agriculture and gardening, a beneficial organism is any organism that benefits the growing process, including insects, arachnids, other animals, plants, bacteria, fungi, viruses, and nematodes. Benefits include pest control, pollination, and maintenance of soil health. The opposite of beneficial organisms are pests, which are organisms deemed detrimental to the growing process.There are many different types of beneficial organisms as well as beneficial microorganisms. Also, microorganisms have things like salt and sugar in them. Beneficial organisms include but are not limited to: Birds, Bears, Nematodes, Insects, Arachnids, and fungi. The ways that birds and bears are considered beneficial is mainly because they consume seeds from plant and spread them through feces. Birds also prey on certain insects that eat plants and hinder them from growing these insects are known as non beneficial organisms. Nematodes are considered beneficial because they will help compost and provide nutrients for the soil the plants are growing in. Insects and arachnids help the growing process because they prey on non beneficial organisms that consume plants for food. Fungi help the growing process by using long threads of mycelium that can reach very long distances away from the tree or plant and bring water and nutrients back to the tree or plant roots.
En protection des cultures, les organismes auxiliaires sont : Ils contribuent aux services écologiques rendus par la biodiversité. Ils contribuent aux services écologiques rendus par la biodiversité.
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Osiris
Osiris
Osiris (, from Egyptian "wsjr", Coptic ) is the god of fertility, agriculture, the afterlife, the dead, resurrection, life, and vegetation in ancient Egyptian religion. He was classically depicted as a green-skinned deity with a pharaoh's beard, partially mummy-wrapped at the legs, wearing a distinctive atef crown, and holding a symbolic crook and flail. He was one of the first to be associated with the mummy wrap. When his brother, Set, cut him up into pieces after killing him, Isis, his wife, found all the pieces and wrapped his body up. Osiris was at times considered the eldest son of the god Geb and the sky goddess Nut, as well as being brother and husband of Isis, with Horus being considered his posthumously begotten son. He was also associated with the epithet Khenti-Amentiu, meaning "Foremost of the Westerners", a reference to his kingship in the land of the dead. Through syncretism with Iah, he is also a god of the Moon.
Au Moyen Empire, la ville d'Abydos devient la cité du dieu Osiris. Elle attire ainsi de nombreux fidèles en quête d'éternité. La renommée de cette cité repose sur ses festivités cultuelles du Nouvel An et sur une sainte relique, la tête du dieu.
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Nîmes
Nîmes
Nîmes (, ; ; Latin: "Nemausus") is the prefecture of the Gard department in the Occitanie region of Southern France. Located between the Mediterranean Sea and Cévennes, the commune of Nîmes has an estimated population of 151,001 (2016).
Nîmes ( ) est une commune du sud de la France, préfecture du département du Gard en région Occitanie. Ses habitants se nomment les "Nîmois".
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United Nations
Organisation des Nations unies
The United Nations (UN) is an intergovernmental organization that aims to maintain international peace and security, develop friendly relations among nations, achieve international cooperation, and be a centre for harmonizing the actions of nations. It is the largest, most familiar, most internationally represented and most powerful intergovernmental organization in the world. The UN is headquartered on international territory in New York City; other main offices are in Geneva, Nairobi, Vienna and The Hague.
L’Organisation des Nations unies (ONU) est une organisation internationale regroupant. La Charte des Nations unies est adoptée le par, en remplacement de la Société des Nations. Elle entre officiellement en vigueur le.
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OECD
Organisation de coopération et de développement économiques
The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD;, "") is an intergovernmental economic organisation with 37 member countries, founded in 1961 to stimulate economic progress and world trade. It is a forum of countries describing themselves as committed to democracy and the market economy, providing a platform to compare policy experiences, seek answers to common problems, identify good practices and coordinate domestic and international policies of its members. Generally, OECD members are high-income economies with a very high Human Development Index (HDI) and are regarded as developed countries. As of 2017, the OECD member countries collectively comprised 62.2% of global nominal GDP (US$49.6 trillion) and 42.8% of global GDP (Int$54.2 trillion) at purchasing power parity. The OECD is an official United Nations observer.
L'Organisation de coopération et de développement économiques (OCDE) est une organisation internationale d'études économiques, dont les pays membres — des pays développés pour la plupart — ont en commun un système de gouvernement démocratique et une économie de marché. Elle joue essentiellement un rôle d'assemblée consultative.
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Radio wave
Onde radio
Radio waves are a type of electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths in the electromagnetic spectrum longer than infrared light. Radio waves have frequencies as high as 300 gigahertz (GHz) to as low as 30 hertz (Hz). At 300 GHz, the corresponding wavelength is 1 mm, and at 30 Hz is 10,000 km. The wavelength of a radio wave can be anywhere from shorter than a grain of rice to longer than the diameter of the Earth. Like all other electromagnetic waves, radio waves travel at the speed of light in vacuum. They are generated by electric charges undergoing acceleration, such as time varying electric currents. Naturally occurring radio waves are emitted by lightning and astronomical objects.
Une onde radioélectrique, communément abrégée en onde radio, est une onde électromagnétique dont la fréquence est inférieure à, soit une longueur d'onde dans le vide supérieure à pour les ondes radio dites "radiofréquences", et comprise entre 300 MHz et 300 GHz, soit une longueur d'onde dans le vide supérieure à 1 millimètre, pour les ondes radio dites "hyperfréquences". Adaptées au transport de signaux issus de la voix et de l'image, les ondes radio permettent les radiocommunications (Talkie-walkies, téléphone sans fil, téléphonie mobile...) et la radiodiffusion.
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Uganda
Ouganda
Uganda, officially the Republic of Uganda (), is a landlocked country in East-Central Africa. It is bordered to the east by Kenya, to the north by South Sudan, to the west by the Democratic Republic of the Congo, to the south-west by Rwanda, and to the south by Tanzania. The southern part of the country includes a substantial portion of Lake Victoria, shared with Kenya and Tanzania. Uganda is in the African Great Lakes region. Uganda also lies within the Nile basin, and has a varied but generally a modified equatorial climate.
LOuganda, en forme longue la république d'Ouganda ou la république de l'Ouganda, en anglais et, en swahili et, est un pays d'Afrique de l'Est. Il est aussi considéré comme faisant partie de l'Afrique des Grands Lacs. Il est entouré par la République démocratique du Congo à l'ouest, le Kenya à l'est, le Rwanda au sud-ouest, le Soudan du Sud au nord et la Tanzanie au sud. Le Sud du pays englobe une vaste partie du lac Victoria. L'Ouganda tire son nom de l'ancien royaume de Buganda, qui couvrait autrefois les régions les plus au sud, dont la capitale et plus grande ville est Kampala. L'Ouganda est un pays membre de l'Organisation de la coopération islamique.
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Oxygen
Oxygène
Oxygen is the chemical element with the symbol O and atomic number 8. It is a member of the chalcogen group in the periodic table, a highly reactive nonmetal, and an oxidizing agent that readily forms oxides with most elements as well as with other compounds. After hydrogen and helium, oxygen is the third-most abundant element in the universe by mass. At standard temperature and pressure, two atoms of the element bind to form dioxygen, a colorless and odorless diatomic gas with the formula. Diatomic oxygen gas constitutes 20.95% of the Earth's atmosphere. As compounds including oxides, the element makes up almost half of the Earth's crust.
L'oxygène est l'élément chimique de numéro atomique 8, de symbole O. C'est la tête de file du groupe des chalcogènes, souvent appelé "groupe de l'oxygène". Découvert indépendamment en 1772 par le Suédois Carl Wilhelm Scheele à Uppsala, et en 1774 par Pierre Bayen à Châlons-en-Champagne ainsi que par le Britannique Joseph Priestley dans le Wiltshire, l'oxygène a été nommé ainsi en 1777 par le Français Antoine Lavoisier et son épouse à Paris à partir du grec ancien'/'(, c'est-à-dire ici ), et'/'(), car Lavoisier pensait à tort que :
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Computer programming
Programmation informatique
Computer programming is the process of designing and building an executable computer program to accomplish a specific computing result. Programming involves tasks such as: analysis, generating algorithms, profiling algorithms' accuracy and resource consumption, and the implementation of algorithms in a chosen programming language (commonly referred to as coding). The source code of a program is written in one or more languages that are intelligible to programmers, rather than machine code, which is directly executed by the central processing unit. The purpose of programming is to find a sequence of instructions that will automate the performance of a task (which can be as complex as an operating system) on a computer, often for solving a given problem. Proficient programming thus often requires expertise in several different subjects, including knowledge of the application domain, specialized algorithms, and formal logic.
Dans le domaine de l'informatique, la programmation, appelée aussi codage, est l'ensemble des activités qui permettent l'écriture des programmes informatiques. C'est une étape importante du développement de logiciels (voire de matériel).
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Particle physics
Physique des particules
Particle physics (also known as high energy physics) is a branch of physics that studies the nature of the particles that constitute matter and radiation. Although the word "particle" can refer to various types of very small objects (e.g. protons, gas particles, or even household dust), usually investigates the irreducibly smallest detectable particles and the fundamental interactions necessary to explain their behaviour. By our current understanding, these elementary particles are excitations of the quantum fields that also govern their interactions. The currently dominant theory explaining these fundamental particles and fields, along with their dynamics, is called the Standard Model. Thus, modern particle physics generally investigates the Standard Model and its various possible extensions, e.g. to the newest "known" particle, the Higgs boson, or even to the oldest known force field, gravity.
La physique des particules ou la physique subatomique est la branche de la physique qui étudie les constituants élémentaires de la matière et les rayonnements, ainsi que leurs interactions. On l'appelle aussi parfois physique des hautes énergies car de nombreuses particules élémentaires, instables, n'existent pas à l'état naturel et peuvent seulement être détectées lors de collisions à hautes énergies entre particules stables dans les accélérateurs de particules.
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Nuclear physics
Physique nucléaire
Nuclear physics is the field of physics that studies atomic nuclei and their constituents and interactions. Other forms of nuclear matter are also studied. Nuclear physics should not be confused with atomic physics, which studies the atom as a whole, including its electrons.
La physique nucléaire est la science qui étudie non seulement le noyau atomique en tant que tel (élaboration d'un modèle théorique) mais aussi la façon dont il interagit lorsqu'une particule arrive « à proximité » (l'ordre de grandeur est 10 cm, on parle couramment en physique nucléaire de section efficace dont l'unité est le barn soit 10 cm) du noyau (obtention de résultats expérimentaux). Après un bref rappel historique, cet article se consacre à décrire :
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Ancient Egyptian royal titulary
Titulature royale dans l'Égypte antique
The royal titulary or royal protocol is the standard naming convention taken by the pharaohs of ancient Egypt. It symbolises worldly power and holy might and also acts as a sort of mission statement for the reign of a monarch (sometimes it even changed during the reign).
Dans l'Égypte antique, la titulature royale est l'ensemble des noms officiels par lesquels un pharaon est désigné dans les textes légaux et les grandes inscriptions dédicatoires. La titulature du roi d'Égypte se compose de cinq « Grands Noms », chacun formé d’un titre suivi d’un nom proprement dit. Ces cinq appellations définissent la nature royale et constituent en même temps une idéologie du pouvoir. L'usage de la titulature se met en place dès l'aube de la monarchie pharaonique et perdure jusqu'à la fin de l'institution au moment de l'incorporation de l'Égypte dans l'Empire romain.
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Octet (computing)
Octet
The octet is a unit of digital information in computing and telecommunications that consists of eight bits. The term is often used when the term byte might be ambiguous, as the byte has historically been used for storage units of a variety of sizes.
En informatique, un octet est un multiplet de codant une information. Dans ce système de codage, s'appuyant sur le système binaire, un octet permet de représenter 2 nombres, soit différentes. Un octet permet de coder des valeurs numériques ou jusqu'à différents.
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Pepin the Short
Pépin le Bref
Pepin the Short (,, c. 714 – 24 September 768) was the King of the Franks from 751 until his death in 768. He was the first of the Carolingians to become king.
Pépin, dit « le Bref », né en 714, et mort le à Saint-Denis, près de Paris, est roi des Francs de 751 à 768. Issu de la famille noble franque que l'on appellera les Pippinides, maires du palais de père en fils et véritables détenteurs du pouvoir sous les derniers Mérovingiens, il sera le premier maire du palais à être proclamé roi, en renvoyant au monastère le dernier roi mérovingien Childéric III, créant ainsi une dynastie, les Carolingiens. Il est le fils de Charles Martel et le père de Charlemagne.
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Physics
Physique
Physics (from, from "phýsis" 'nature') is the natural science that studies matter, its motion and behavior through space and time, and the related entities of energy and force. Physics is one of the most fundamental scientific disciplines, and its main goal is to understand how the universe behaves.
La physique est la science qui essaie de comprendre, de modéliser et d'expliquer les phénomènes naturels de l'univers. Elle correspond à l'étude du monde qui nous entoure sous toutes ses formes, des lois de sa variation et de son évolution.
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NATO
Organisation du traité de l'Atlantique nord
The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO, ;, '), also called the North Atlantic Alliance, is an intergovernmental military alliance between 30 North American and European countries. The organization implements the North Atlantic Treaty that was signed on 4 April 1949. NATO constitutes a system of collective defence whereby its independent member states agree to mutual defence in response to an attack by any external party. NATO's Headquarters are located in Evere, Brussels, Belgium, while the headquarters of Allied Command Operations is near Mons, Belgium.
L’Organisation du traité de l'Atlantique nord (en ) est l'organisation politico-militaire mise en place par les pays signataires du traité de l'Atlantique nord afin de pouvoir remplir leurs obligations de sécurité et de défense collectives. Elle est le plus souvent désignée par son acronyme OTAN (en anglais : ') mais aussi fréquemment nommée l’Alliance atlantique ou l'Alliance nord atlantique, plus rarement l’Alliance euro-atlantique ou l’Alliance transatlantique, ou parfois, encore plus brièvement, simplement l’Alliance.
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Kingdom of the Netherlands
Pays-Bas
The Kingdom of the Netherlands (; ), commonly known as the Netherlands, is a sovereign state and constitutional monarchy with the large majority of its territory in Western Europe and with several small West Indian island territories in the Caribbean Sea (in the Leeward Islands and Leeward Antilles groups).
Les Pays-Bas (en néerlandais : '), en forme longue le royaume des Pays-Bas ('), sont un pays d'Europe de l'Ouest, frontalier avec la Belgique au sud et l'Allemagne à l'est, possédant également une frontière avec la France sur l'île de Saint-Martin (Caraïbes). Monarchie constitutionnelle comptant d'habitants en 2019, le pays a pour capitale Amsterdam, bien que les institutions gouvernementales siègent à La Haye. Il est administré en quatre territoires autonomes : Aruba, Curaçao, Saint-Martin et le territoire européen, lui-même divisé en douze provinces, auxquelles s'ajoutent trois autres communes à statut spécial situées outre-mer (Bonaire, Saba et Saint-Eustache). Géographiquement, le pays dispose de caractéristiques uniques, possédant l'une des altitudes moyennes les plus faibles au monde : environ un quart du territoire en Europe est situé sous le niveau de la mer du Nord, qui le baigne à l'ouest et au nord. 18,41 % de la superficie totale des Pays-Bas est couverte d'eau.
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Paul Héroult
Paul Héroult
Paul (Louis-Toussaint) Héroult (10 April 1863 – 9 May 1914) was a French scientist. He was the inventor of the aluminium electrolysis and developed the first successful commercial electric arc furnace. He lived in Thury-Harcourt, Normandy.
Paul (Louis-Toussaint) Héroult, né le à Thury-Harcourt (département du Calvados) et mort le à Antibes (Alpes-Maritimes), est un physicien français. Il est l'inventeur de l'électrolyse de l'aluminium et du four à arc électrique pour l'acier.
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Puy-de-Dôme
Puy-de-Dôme
Puy-de-Dôme (; or "lo Puèi Domat") is a department in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region in the centre of France. In 2016, it had a population of 650,700. Its prefecture is Clermont-Ferrand and subprefectures are Ambert, Issoire, Riom and Thiers.
Le Puy-de-Dôme () est un département du centre de la France situé dans la région administrative Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes. Son nom lui vient du volcan endormi : le puy de Dôme.
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Proverb
Proverbe
A proverb (from ) is a simple, concrete, traditional saying that expresses a perceived truth based on common sense or experience. Proverbs are often metaphorical and use formulaic language. Collectively, they form a genre of folklore.
Un proverbe est une formule langagière de portée générale contenant une morale, une expression de sagesse populaire ou une vérité d’expérience que l’on juge utile de rappeler. Il n’est pas attribué à un auteur, (contrairement à la citation ou l’apophtegme) : les proverbes sont souvent très anciens, d'origine populaire et par conséquent de transmission orale. Ils servent d’argument d’autorité. Leur utilisation dans le cadre d’une argumentation peut donc atteindre au sophisme.
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Pyrénées-Atlantiques
Pyrénées-Atlantiques
Pyrénées-Atlantiques (; Gascon: "Pirenèus-Atlantics"; or ) is a department in the southwest corner of France and of the region of Nouvelle-Aquitaine. It takes its name from the Pyrenees mountains and the Atlantic Ocean. It covers the French Basque Country and the Béarn.
Le département des Pyrénées-Atlantiques ( ; d'abord appelées Basses-Pyrénées jusqu'en 1969) est un département français situé à l'extrême sud-ouest du territoire de la France métropolitaine, dans la région Nouvelle-Aquitaine. Il tire son nom de la chaîne montagneuse qui le traverse au sud et de l'océan qui le borde à l'ouest. Il est subdivisé en trois arrondissements et sa préfecture est la ville de Pau. L'Insee et la Poste lui attribuent le code 64.
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Picardy
Picardie (ancienne région administrative)
Picardy ( ; Picard and, ) is a historical territory and a former administrative region of France. Since 1 January 2016, it has been part of the new region of Hauts-de-France. It is located in the northern part of France.
La Picardie ( ) est une ancienne région administrative française, créée par décret du, regroupant les départements de l'Aisne, de l'Oise et de la Somme, dont le chef-lieu était Amiens. Dans le cadre de la réforme territoriale de 2015, la région Picardie a fusionné avec la région Nord-Pas-de-Calais, le. Le nom de la nouvelle région ainsi formée est Hauts-de-France, après avoir été provisoirement "Nord-Pas-de-Calais-Picardie".
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Pas-de-Calais
Pas-de-Calais
Pas-de-Calais (, "strait of Calais"; ; ) is a department in northern France named after the French designation of the Strait of Dover, which it borders.
Le Pas-de-Calais () est un département français, qui doit son nom au pas de Calais (sans majuscule à « pas » et sans traits d'union), le détroit qui le sépare de l'Angleterre. La préfecture de ce département est Arras. L'Insee et la Poste lui attribuent le code 62.
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Demographics of Japan
Démographie du Japon
The demographic features of the population of Japan include population density, ethnicity, education level, health of the populace, economic status, religious affiliations and other aspects regarding the population.
Le Japon comptait d'habitants en 2018 avec un des taux de natalité les plus bas du monde. Durant l'année 2016 l'archipel a perdu environ habitants. Cette baisse de la population a atteint un niveau record depuis l'existence en 1968 des statistiques. C'est la sixième année consécutive que le pays voit sa population baisser. Mais la population va encore baisser de près de 300 000 habitants en 2017, cette chute s'accélérant à l'avenir pour faire tomber la population à moins de 85 millions en 2050. En effet, près de 35 % de la population aura plus de 60 ans fin 2018, soit plus de 90 ans fin 2048.
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Pays de la Loire
Pays de la Loire
Pays de la Loire (; meaning "Loire Countries" or "Loire Lands") are one of the 18 regions of France, in the west of the mainland. It is one of the regions created in the 1950s to serve as a zone of influence for its capital, Nantes, one of a handful of so-called "balancing metropolises" ("métropoles d'équilibre")1.
La région Pays de la Loire, en forme simple « les Pays de la Loire », est une région du Grand Ouest français regroupant les départements de la Loire-Atlantique, de Maine-et-Loire, de la Mayenne, de la Sarthe et de la Vendée.
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Perl
Perl (langage)
Perl is a family of two high-level, general-purpose, interpreted, dynamic programming languages. "Perl" refers to Perl 5, but from 2000 to 2019 it also referred to its redesigned "sister language", Perl 6, before the latter's name was officially changed to Raku in October 2019.
Il prend en charge les expressions régulières dans sa syntaxe même, permettant ainsi directement des actions sur l'aspect général de séquences de texte.
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Hugo Award
Prix Hugo
The Hugo Award is an annual literary award for the best science fiction or fantasy works and achievements of the previous year, given at the World Science Fiction Convention and chosen by its members. The Hugo is widely considered the premier award in science fiction. The award is administered by the World Science Fiction Society. It is named after Hugo Gernsback, the founder of the pioneering science fiction magazine "Amazing Stories". Hugos were first given in 1953, at the 11th World Science Fiction Convention, and have been awarded every year since 1955.
Le prix Hugo (', officiellement intitulé'jusqu'en 1992) est un prix littéraire américain créé en 1953 et décerné chaque année aux meilleures œuvres de science-fiction et de fantasy de l'année écoulée. Le nombre de catégories récompensées a évolué au fil du temps, à mesure que la science-fiction et la fantasy se sont étendues à de nouveaux médias tels que le cinéma et la télévision. Les lauréats sont élus par un collège de fans membres de la et reçoivent leur trophée en forme de fusée lors de la (Worldcon) annuelle. Le nom du prix rend hommage à Hugo Gernsback, fondateur d'un des premiers magazines de science-fiction américains, "", créé en 1926.
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Pyrénées-Orientales
Pyrénées-Orientales
Pyrénées-Orientales (; ; ; "Eastern Pyrenees"), also known as Northern Catalonia, is a department of the Occitanie region of Southern France, adjacent to the northern Spanish frontier and the Mediterranean Sea. It also surrounds the tiny Spanish exclave of Llívia, and thus has two distinct borders with Spain. In 2016, it had a population of 474,369.
Les Pyrénées-Orientales ( ; ; ) sont un département français situé au sud de la région Occitanie. Sa limite méridionale correspond à la frontière avec l'Espagne (province de Gérone). Son territoire correspond à l'ancienne province du Roussillon agrandi du pays du Fenouillèdes (pays de tradition languedocienne). Les autres pays traditionnels du département sont la plaine du Roussillon, la Haute Cerdagne, le Conflent, le Vallespir, les Aspres, les Albères, la Salanque et le Capcir.
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Poitou-Charentes
Poitou-Charentes
Poitou-Charentes () is a former administrative region on the west coast of France. It is part of the new region Nouvelle-Aquitaine. It comprises four departments: Charente, Charente-Maritime, Deux-Sèvres and Vienne. Historical provinces are Angoumois, Aunis, Saintonge and Poitou.
Poitou-Charentes est une ancienne région administrative de la France métropolitaine. Elle regroupait quatre départements : Charente (16), Charente-Maritime (17), Deux-Sèvres (79) et Vienne (86), issus des anciennes provinces d'Angoumois, d'Aunis, d'une partie du Poitou (Haut-Poitou) et de Saintonge. Elle avait pour chef-lieu Poitiers, plus grande ville et unité urbaine de la région. Ses autres villes importantes étaient La Rochelle, Niort, Angoulême, Châtellerault, Saintes, Rochefort et Royan
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Nobel Prize in Chemistry
Prix Nobel de chimie
The Nobel Prize in Chemistry is awarded annually by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences to scientists in the various fields of chemistry. It is one of the five Nobel Prizes established by the will of Alfred Nobel in 1895, awarded for outstanding contributions in chemistry, physics, literature, peace, and physiology or medicine. This award is administered by the Nobel Foundation, and awarded by Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences on proposal of the Nobel Committee for Chemistry which consists of five members elected by Academy. The award is presented in Stockholm at an annual ceremony on December 10, the anniversary of Nobel's death.
Le prix Nobel de chimie est une récompense décernée une fois par an, depuis 1901, par l'Académie royale des sciences de Suède à un scientifique dont l'œuvre et les travaux ont rendu de grands services à l'humanité par une contribution exceptionnelle en chimie. Après la publication du nom du lauréat au début octobre, le prix (une médaille et un diplôme) est officiellement remis par le roi de Suède, le 10 décembre, jour anniversaire de la mort du fondateur du prix. Depuis 2001, il est doté d'un montant de dix millions de couronnes suédoises.
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Croissant
Croissant (viennoiserie)
A croissant (;, ; ) is a buttery, flaky, viennoiserie pastry of Austrian origin, named for its historical crescent shape. Croissants and other viennoiserie are made of a layered yeast-leavened dough. The dough is layered with butter, rolled and folded several times in succession, then rolled into a thin sheet, in a technique called laminating. The process results in a layered, flaky texture, similar to a puff pastry.
Un croissant est une viennoiserie à base d'une pâte levée feuilletée spécifique, la pâte à croissant, qui comporte de la levure et une proportion importante de beurre.
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Political philosophy
Philosophie politique
Political philosophy, also known as political theory, is the study of topics such as politics, liberty, justice, property, rights, law, and the enforcement of laws by authority: what they are, if they are needed, what makes a government legitimate, what rights and freedoms it should protect, what form it should take, what the law is, and what duties citizens owe to a legitimate government, if any, and when it may be legitimately overthrown, if ever.
La philosophie politique est une branche de la philosophie qui étudie les questions relatives au pouvoir politique, à l'État, au gouvernement, à la loi, à la politique, à la paix, à la justice et au bien commun entre autres. Elle est considérée comme une des branches de la philosophie pratique à côté de la philosophie du droit et de la philosophie morale.
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Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
Prix Nobel de physiologie ou médecine
The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine is awarded yearly by the Nobel Foundation for outstanding discoveries in the fields of life sciences and medicine.
Le prix Nobel de physiologie ou médecine honore annuellement, selon les volontés du testament d'Alfred Nobel, des personnalités du monde médical et de la recherche en biologie dont l'œuvre a rendu de grands services à l'humanité. Le lauréat doit ainsi avoir apporté des savoirs inédits ou des techniques nouvelles dans le domaine.
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Nobel Peace Prize
Prix Nobel de la paix
The Nobel Peace Prize is one of the five Nobel Prizes established by the will of Swedish industrialist, inventor, and armaments manufacturer Alfred Nobel, along with the prizes in Chemistry, Physics, Physiology or Medicine, and Literature. Since March 1901, it has been awarded annually (with some exceptions) to those who have "done the most or the best work for fraternity between nations, for the abolition or reduction of standing armies and for the holding and promotion of peace congresses".
Le prix Nobel de la paix récompense selon les volontés, définies par le testament, d'Alfred Nobel. Cela comprend la lutte pour la paix, les droits de l'homme, l'aide humanitaire et la liberté.
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Phylogenetics
Phylogénie
In biology, phylogenetics (Greek: φυλή, φῦλον – "phylé", "phylon" = tribe, clan, race + γενετικός – "genetikós" = origin, source, birth) is a part of systematics that addresses the inference of the evolutionary history and relationships among or within groups of organisms (e.g. species, or more inclusive taxa). These relationships are hypothesized by phylogenetic inference methods that evaluate observed heritable traits, such as DNA sequences or morphology, often under a specified model of evolution of these traits. The result of such an analysis is a phylogeny (also known as a phylogenetic tree)—a diagrammatic hypothesis of relationships that reflects the evolutionary history of a group of organisms. The tips of a phylogenetic tree can be living taxa or fossils, and represent the 'end', or the present, in an evolutionary lineage. A phylogenetic diagram can be rooted or unrooted. A rooted tree diagram indicates the hypothetical common ancestor, or ancestral lineage, of the tree. An unrooted tree diagram (a network) makes no assumption about the ancestral line, and does not show the origin or "root" of the taxa in question or the direction of inferred evolutionary transformations. In addition to their proper use for inferring phylogenetic patterns among taxa, phylogenetic analyses are often employed to represent relationships among gene copies or individual organisms. Such uses have become central to understanding biodiversity, evolution, ecology, and genomes.
La phylogenèse ou phylogénie, du grec ancien / signifiant « lignée » et du grec ancien / signifiant « famille, clan, tribu », est l'étude des relations de parenté entre êtres vivants : La phylogenèse permet de reconstituer l'évolution des organismes vivants. En phylogenèse, on représente couramment les parentés par un arbre phylogénétique. Le nombre de nœuds entre les branches, qui représente autant d'ancêtres communs, indique le degré de parenté entre les individus, les groupes ou les taxons. Plus il y a de nœuds et donc d'ancêtres intermédiaires entre deux êtres vivants, plus leur ancêtre commun est ancien et plus leur parenté actuelle est éloignée.
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PowerBuilder
PowerBuilder
PowerBuilder is an integrated development environment owned by SAP since the acquisition of Sybase in 2010. On July 5, 2016, SAP and Appeon entered into an agreement whereby Appeon would be responsible for developing, selling, and supporting PowerBuilder.
Powerbuilder est un langage de programmation et un environnement de développement intégré initialement développé par PowerSoft, rachetée par Sybase en 1994. SAP a ensuite racheté Sybase en 2010, qui en 2016 a confié son évolution à Appeon.
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Peso
Peso
The peso (meaning "weight" in Spanish; peso sign "$"; wrongly mentioned as "pieces" in some countries) is the monetary unit of several countries in the Americas and the Philippines, that originated in Spain.
Le peso (de l'espagnol : "poids") ($) est le nom de plusieurs monnaies de cours légal dans sept pays d'Amérique (Argentine, Chili, Colombie, Cuba, République dominicaine, Mexique, Uruguay) et aux Philippines, qui ont différentes valeurs. Son origine remonte à la réforme monétaire espagnole de 1497, qui crée entre autres monnaies, la pièce de huit réaux appelée aussi "peso fuerte".
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Post Office Protocol
Post Office Protocol
In computing, the Post Office Protocol (POP) is an application-layer Internet standard protocol used by e-mail clients to retrieve e-mail from a mail server.
En informatique, le POP (, littéralement « protocole de bureau de poste »), est un protocole qui permet de récupérer les courriers électroniques situés sur un serveur de messagerie électronique. En dehors d'un paramétrage spécifique, POP se connecte au serveur de messagerie, s'authentifie, récupère le courrier, « peut » effacer le courrier sur le serveur, et se déconnecte.
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Twisted pair
Paire torsadée
Twisted pair cabling is a type of wiring in which two conductors of a single circuit are twisted together for the purposes of improving electromagnetic compatibility. Compared to a single conductor or an untwisted balanced pair, a twisted pair reduces electromagnetic radiation from the pair and crosstalk between neighboring pairs and improves rejection of external electromagnetic interference. It was invented by Alexander Graham Bell.
Une paire torsadée est une ligne symétrique formée de deux fils conducteurs enroulés en hélice l’un autour de l’autre. Cette configuration a pour but principal de limiter la sensibilité aux interférences et la diaphonie dans les câbles multipaires.
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Persian Empire
Perse
The Persian Empire or Imperial Iran (, translit. "") is any one of the many imperial dynasties centred in Iran (Persia) from the 6th century BCE, the Achaemenid Empire, to the 20th century CE, the Pahlavi dynasty.
La Perse (en grec ancien / "hê Persís") est le nom métonymique hérité des Grecs de l'Antiquité pour désigner le territoire gouverné par les rois achéménides. L'apogée de la Perse antique est représentée par la dynastie achéménide, dont les conquérants et ont étendu le territoire allant jusqu'en Inde.
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Paul Auster
Paul Auster
Paul Benjamin Auster (born February 3, 1947) is an American writer and film director. His notable works include "The New York Trilogy" (1987), "Moon Palace" (1989), "The Music of Chance" (1990), "The Book of Illusions" (2002), "The Brooklyn Follies" (2005), "Invisible" (2009), "Sunset Park" (2010), "Winter Journal" (2012), and "4 3 2 1" (2017). His books have been translated into more than forty languages.
Paul Auster, né le à Newark, New Jersey, aux États-Unis, est un écrivain, scénariste et réalisateur américain. Une partie de son œuvre évoque la ville de New York, notamment le quartier de Brooklyn où il vit. D'abord traducteur de poètes français, il écrit des poèmes avant de se tourner vers le roman et à partir des années 1990 de réaliser aussi quelques films.
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Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences
Prix de la Banque de Suède en sciences économiques en mémoire d'Alfred Nobel
The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel (), is an economic prize administered by the Nobel Foundation and generally regarded as the Nobel award of Economics. The prize was established in 1968 by a donation from Sweden's central bank Sveriges Riksbank to the Nobel Foundation to commemorate the bank's 300th anniversary. As it is not one of the prizes that Alfred Nobel established in his will in 1895, it is not a Nobel Prize. However, it is administered and referred to along with the Nobel Prizes by the Nobel Foundation. Laureates are announced with the Nobel Prize laureates, and receive the award at the same ceremony.
Le prix de la Banque de Suède en sciences économiques en mémoire d'Alfred Nobel, communément surnommé « prix Nobel d'économie », est une distinction qui récompense chaque année une ou plusieurs personnes pour leur contribution exceptionnelle dans le domaine des sciences économiques. Il a été créé et doté par la Banque de Suède en 1968, à l'occasion de son, et décerné pour la première fois en 1969.
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Peru
Pérou
Peru (; ; ; ), officially the Republic of Peru (), is a country in western South America. It is bordered in the north by Ecuador and Colombia, in the east by Brazil, in the southeast by Bolivia, in the south by Chile, and in the west by the Pacific Ocean. Peru is a megadiverse country with habitats ranging from the arid plains of the Pacific coastal region in the west to the peaks of the Andes mountains vertically extending from the north to the southeast of the country to the tropical Amazon Basin rainforest in the east with the Amazon river. At 1.28 million km (0.5 million mi), Peru is the 19th largest country in the world, and the third largest in South America.
Le, en forme longue la, en espagnol et, en quechua et et en aymara et, est un pays situé dans l'Ouest de l'Amérique du Sud. Entouré par l'Équateur au nord-ouest, la Colombie au nord-nord-est, le Brésil au nord-est, la Bolivie au sud-est, le Chili au sud-sud-est et l'océan Pacifique à l'ouest-sud-ouest, il est le troisième pays du sous-continent par sa superficie :, et le quatrième par sa population : environ d'habitants.
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Nobel Prize in Literature
Prix Nobel de littérature
The Nobel Prize in Literature is a Swedish literature prize that is awarded annually, since 1901, to an author from any country who has, in the words of the will of Swedish industrialist Alfred Nobel, produced "in the field of literature the most outstanding work in an ideal direction" (original Swedish: "den som inom litteraturen har producerat det mest framstående verket i en idealisk riktning"). Though individual works are sometimes cited as being particularly noteworthy, the award is based on an author's body of work as a whole. The Swedish Academy decides who, if anyone, will receive the prize. The academy announces the name of the laureate in early October. It is one of the five Nobel Prizes established by the will of Alfred Nobel in 1895. On some occasions the award has been postponed to the following year, most recently in 2018.
Le prix Nobel de littérature ("" en suédois) récompense annuellement, depuis 1901, un écrivain ayant rendu de grands services à l'humanité grâce à une œuvre littéraire qui, selon le testament du chimiste suédois Alfred Nobel, « a fait la preuve d'un puissant idéal ».
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Python (programming language)
Python (langage)
Python is an interpreted, high-level, general-purpose programming language. Created by Guido van Rossum and first released in 1991, Python's design philosophy emphasizes code readability with its notable use of significant whitespace. Its language constructs and object-oriented approach aim to help programmers write clear, logical code for small and large-scale projects.
Python () est un langage de programmation interprété, multi-paradigme et multiplateformes. Il favorise la programmation impérative structurée, fonctionnelle et orientée objet. Il est doté d'un typage dynamique fort, d'une gestion automatique de la mémoire par ramasse-miettes et d'un système de gestion d'exceptions ; il est ainsi similaire à Perl, Ruby, Scheme, Smalltalk et Tcl.
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Polygon
Polygone
In geometry, a polygon () is a plane figure that is described by a finite number of straight line segments connected to form a closed polygonal chain or "polygonal circuit". The solid plane region, the bounding circuit, or the two together, may be called a polygon.
En géométrie euclidienne, un polygone (du grec "polus", nombreux, et "gônia", angle) est une figure géométrique plane formée d'une ligne brisée (appelée aussi "ligne polygonale") fermée, c'est-à-dire d'une suite cyclique de segments consécutifs.
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Photography
Photographie
Photography is the art, application and practice of creating durable images by recording light or other electromagnetic radiation, either electronically by means of an image sensor, or chemically by means of a light-sensitive material such as photographic film. It is employed in many fields of science, manufacturing (e.g., photolithography), and business, as well as its more direct uses for art, film and video production, recreational purposes, hobby, and mass communication.
La photographie est l'ensemble des techniques, des procédés et des matériels qui permettent d'enregistrer ce que l'on a imaginé visuellement et/ou à la suite d'un stimulus visuel.
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Palme d'Or
Palme d'or
The Palme d'Or (; ) is the highest prize awarded at the Cannes Film Festival. It was introduced in 1955 by the festival's organizing committee. Previously, from 1939 to 1954, the highest prize at the festival was the Grand Prix du Festival International du Film. In 1964, The Palme d'Or was replaced again by the Grand Prix, before being reintroduced in 1975.
La Palme d'or est la récompense suprême décernée par le jury officiel du Festival de Cannes. Elle est accordée au meilleur film de la sélection officielle, élu parmi ceux en compétition.
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Psychology
Psychologie
Psychology is the science of behavior and mind. Psychology includes the study of conscious and unconscious phenomena, as well as feeling and thought. It is an academic discipline of immense scope. Psychologists seek an understanding of the emergent properties of brains, and all the variety of phenomena linked to those emergent properties, joining this way the broader neuro-scientific group of researchers. As a social science it aims to understand individuals and groups by establishing general principles and researching specific cases.
La psychologie (du grec "psukhê", âme, et "logos", parole, discours), est une discipline scientifique qui s'intéresse à l'étude du corpus des connaissances sur les faits psychiques, des comportements et des processus mentaux. La psychologie est la connaissance empirique ou intuitive des sentiments, des idées, des comportements d'une personne et des manières de penser, de sentir, d'agir qui caractérisent un individu ou un groupe. Il est commun de définir aussi la psychologie comme l'étude scientifique des comportements.
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Pre-Socratic philosophy
Présocratiques
Pre-Socratic philosophy is ancient Greek philosophy before Socrates and schools contemporary to Socrates that were not influenced by him. In Classical antiquity, the pre-Socratic philosophers were called "physiologoi" (; in English, physical or natural philosophers). Their inquiries spanned the workings of the natural world as well as human society, ethics, and religion, seeking explanations based on natural principles rather than the actions of supernatural gods. They introduced to the West the notion of the world as a "kosmos", an ordered arrangement that could be understood via rational inquiry. Coming from the eastern and western fringes of the Greek world, the pre-Socratics were the forerunners of what became Western philosophy as well as natural philosophy, which later developed into the natural sciences (such as physics, chemistry, geology, and astronomy). Significant figures include: the Milesians, Heraclitus, Parmenides, Empedocles, Zeno of Elea, and Democritus.
Les présocratiques sont des philosophes qui, dans la Grèce antique, ont participé aux origines de la philosophie et ont vécu du milieu du jusqu'au, c'est-à-dire pour la plupart avant Socrate (470-399 av. J.-C.). Certains penseurs considérés comme présocratiques étaient toutefois contemporains de Socrate, comme les atomistes et certains sophistes (voir plus bas : “Critique du mot présocratique”).
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PowerBook
PowerBook
The PowerBook (known as Macintosh PowerBook before 1997) is a family of Macintosh laptop computers designed, manufactured and sold by Apple Computer, Inc. from 1991 to 2006. During its lifetime, the PowerBook went through several major revisions and redesigns, often being the first to incorporate features that would later become standard in competing laptops. The PowerBook line was targeted at the professional market, and received numerous awards, especially in the second half of its life, such as the 2001 Industrial Design Excellence Awards "Gold" status, and Engadget's 2005 "Laptop of the Year". In 1999, the line was supplemented by the home and education-focused iBook family.
Les PowerBook sont une série d'ordinateurs portables professionnels d'Apple produits et vendus de 1991 à 2006. De 1999 à 2006, Apple propose une seconde gamme d'ordinateurs portables plus abordable : les iBook.
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Proton
Proton
A proton is a subatomic particle, symbol or, with a positive electric charge of +1"e" elementary charge and a mass slightly less than that of a neutron. Protons and neutrons, each with masses of approximately one atomic mass unit, are collectively referred to as "nucleons" (particles present in atomic nuclei).
Le proton est une particule subatomique portant une charge électrique élémentaire positive. Les protons sont présents dans les noyaux atomiques, généralement liés à des neutrons par l'interaction forte (la seule exception, mais celle du nucléide le plus abondant de l'univers, est le noyau d'hydrogène ordinaire (protiumH), un simple proton). Le nombre de protons d'un noyau est représenté par son numéro atomique "Z".
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PlayStation (console)
PlayStation
The PlayStation (officially abbreviated as PS and commonly known as the PS1 or its codename PSX) is a home video game console developed and marketed by Sony Computer Entertainment. It was first released on 3 December 1994 in Japan, on 9 September 1995 in North America, on 29 September 1995 in Europe, and on 15 November 1995 in Australia, and was the first of the PlayStation lineup of video game consoles. As a fifth generation console, the PlayStation primarily competed with the Nintendo 64 and the Sega Saturn.
La est une console de jeux vidéo de cinquième génération, produite par à partir de 1994. La PlayStation originale fut la première machine de la gamme PlayStation, déclinée ensuite en PSone (une version plus petite et plus légère que l'originale).
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PDF
Portable Document Format
The Portable Document Format (PDF) is a file format developed by Adobe in the 1990s to present documents, including text formatting and images, in a manner independent of application software, hardware, and operating systems. Based on the PostScript language, each PDF file encapsulates a complete description of a fixed-layout flat document, including the text, fonts, vector graphics, raster images and other information needed to display it. PDF was standardized as ISO 32000 in 2008, and no longer requires any royalties for its implementation.
Le, communément abrégé en PDF, est un langage de description de page présenté par la société Adobe Systems en 1992 et qui est devenu une norme ISO en 2008.
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Demographics of Belgium
Démographie de la Belgique
This article is about the demographic features of the population of Belgium, including ethnicity, education level, health of the populace, economic status, religious affiliations and other aspects of the population. All figures are from the National Institute for Statistics unless otherwise indicated.
La Belgique compte ( et ) au, soit une densité de au km2. Depuis la fin des années 1990, le rythme d'accroissement de la population tend à s'accroître essentiellement par l'immigration d'étrangers, bien que le solde naturel (entre naissances et décès) se soit accru depuis l'année 2003.
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Image sensor
Capteur photographique
An image sensor or imager is a sensor that detects and conveys information used to make an image. It does so by converting the variable attenuation of light waves (as they pass through or reflect off objects) into signals, small bursts of current that convey the information. The waves can be light or other electromagnetic radiation. Image sensors are used in electronic imaging devices of both analog and digital types, which include digital cameras, camera modules, camera phones, optical mouse devices, medical imaging equipment, night vision equipment such as thermal imaging devices, radar, sonar, and others. As technology changes, electronic and digital imaging tends to replace chemical and analog imaging.
Un capteur photographique est un composant électronique photosensible servant à convertir un rayonnement électromagnétique (UV, visible ou IR) en un signal électrique analogique. Ce signal est ensuite amplifié, puis numérisé par un convertisseur analogique-numérique et enfin traité pour obtenir une image numérique.
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Demographics of Venezuela
Démographie du Venezuela
The Demographics of Venezuela are the condition and overview of Venezuela's peoples. Demographic topics include basic education, health, and population statistics as well as identified racial and religious affiliations
Selon l'Institut National de Statistique ("Instituto Nacional de Estadísticas") du Venezuela la population serait de habitants le 30/06/2019 (projection), tandis que differentes sources tel que la Banque Mondiale ou les Nations Unies ou d'autres références avec des horloges de population en temps réel, situeraient ce total entre 28,4 millions et 33,3 millions d'habitants (pour l'année 2020).
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Analog photography
Photographie argentique
Analog photography, also called Film Photography, was originally known as photography. After the rise of digital photography people started referring to photography made with non digital sensors as analog or film photography. Analog photography uses a physical, non-electronic recording medium (e.g., photographic film or plate), where light is captured by sensitive silver particles, and the image will remain printed when processed chemically. This method was traditionally used for more than a century, prior to more recent Digital Photography based on electronic sensors.
La photographie argentique est une technique photographique permettant l'obtention d'une photographie par un processus photochimique comprenant l'exposition d'une pellicule sensible à la lumière puis son développement et, éventuellement, son tirage sur papier.
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Philosophy
Philosophie
Philosophy (from, ) is the study of general and fundamental questions about existence, knowledge, values, reason, mind, and language. Such questions are often posed as problems to be studied or resolved. The term was probably coined by Pythagoras (c. 570 – 495 BCE). Philosophical methods include questioning, critical discussion, rational argument, and systematic presentation.
La philosophie, du grec ancien "φιλοσοφία" (composé de "φιλεῖν", "philein" : « aimer » ; et de "σοφία", "sophia" : « sagesse » ou « savoir »), signifiant littéralement « amour de la sagesse », est une démarche de réflexion critique et de questionnement sur le monde, la connaissance et l'existence humaine. Elle existe depuis l'Antiquité en Occident et en Orient, à travers la figure du philosophe, non seulement en tant qu'activité rationnelle mais aussi comme mode de vie. L'histoire de la philosophie permet d'appréhender son évolution.
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Propellant
Propergol
A propellant or propellent is a chemical substance used in the production of energy or pressurized gas that is subsequently used to create movement of a fluid or to generate propulsion of a vehicle, projectile, or other object. Common propellants are energetic materials and consist of a fuel like gasoline, jet fuel, rocket fuel, and an oxidizer. Propellants are burned or otherwise decomposed to produce the propellant gas. Other propellants are simply liquids that can readily be vaporized.
Un propergol est un produit de propulsion, constitué d'un mélange de comburant et de combustible, les ergols. La réaction chimique, entre cet oxydant et ce réducteur, fournira l'énergie au moteur-fusée. Les constituants peuvent se présenter à l'état de gaz, de liquide, de solide ou de plasma.
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Weighing of souls
Psychostasie
The weighing of souls () is a religious motif in which a person's life is assessed by weighing their soul (or some other part of them) immediately before or after death in order to judge their fate. This motif is most commonly seen in medieval Christianity.
La psychostasie désigne le jugement divin d'un défunt dans les religions. La psychostasie consiste à peser l'âme du mort, plus particulièrement son cœur.
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Paul Verhoeven
Paul Verhoeven
Paul Verhoeven (; born 18 July 1938) is a Dutch director, screenwriter and film producer active in both the Netherlands and Hollywood. Verhoeven's blending of graphic violence and sexual content with social satire are trademarks of both his drama and science fiction films. He directed the films "Turkish Delight" (1973), "Keetje Tippel" (1975), "Soldier of Orange" (1977), "Spetters" (1980), "The Fourth Man" (1983), "Flesh and Blood" (1985), "RoboCop" (1987), "Total Recall" (1990), "Basic Instinct" (1992), "Showgirls" (1995), "Starship Troopers" (1997), Hollow Man (2000), "Black Book" (2006) and "Elle" (2016).
Paul Verhoeven est un réalisateur néerlandais, né le à Amsterdam. Sa carrière se divise en trois grandes périodes : il obtient d'abord ses premiers succès chez lui, aux Pays-Bas, puis il accepte l'invitation d'Hollywood et s'installe aux États-Unis ; enfin il rentre en Europe, sur le tard, pour y retrouver la liberté de tourner des films plus personnels.
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Pierre Schaeffer
Pierre Schaeffer
Pierre Henri Marie Schaeffer (, ; 14 August 1910 – 19 August 1995) was a French composer, writer, broadcaster, engineer, musicologist and acoustician. His innovative work in both the sciences—particularly communications and acoustics—and the various arts of music, literature and radio presentation after the end of World War II, as well as his anti-nuclear activism and cultural criticism garnered him widespread recognition in his lifetime.
Pierre Schaeffer, né à Nancy le, et mort aux Milles, près d'Aix-en-Provence, le, est un ingénieur, chercheur, théoricien, compositeur et écrivain français. Il a également été homme de radio, fondateur et directeur de nombreux services. Il est considéré comme le père de la musique concrète et de la musique électroacoustique.
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Politics of Mexico
Politique au Mexique
The Politics of Mexico take place in a framework of a federal presidential representative democratic republic whose government is based on a congressional system, whereby the President of Mexico is both head of state and head of government, and of a multi-party system. The federal government represents the United Mexican States and is divided into three branches: executive, legislative and judicial, as established by the Political Constitution of the United Mexican States, published in 1917. The constituent states of the federation must also have a republican form of government based on a congressional system as established by their respective constitutions.
Le Mexique est une république fédérale composée de 32 Entités fédératives dont 31 ont le statut d'État. Le nom officiel du pays est "Estados Unidos Mexicanos" (« États unis mexicains »).
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Ptah
Ptah
Ptah (, reconstructed ; ; ) is an ancient Egyptian deity, the god of craftsmen and architects. In the triad of Memphis, he is the husband of Sekhmet and the father of Nefertum. He was also regarded as the father of the sage Imhotep.
Dans la mythologie égyptienne, Ptah ("Celui qui crée") est le démiurge de Memphis, dieu des artisans et des architectes. Dans la triade de Memphis, il est l'époux de Neith et deviendra tardivement celui de Sekhmet, il est le père de Néfertoum.
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Capital punishment
Peine de mort
Capital punishment, also known as the death penalty, is a government-sanctioned practice whereby a person is put to death by the state as a punishment for a crime. The sentence ordering that someone be punished in such a manner is referred to as a death sentence, whereas the act of carrying out such a sentence is known as an execution. A prisoner who has been sentenced to death and is awaiting execution is referred to as condemned, and is said to be on death row. Crimes that are punishable by death are known as capital crimes, capital offences or capital felonies, and vary depending on the jurisdiction, but commonly include serious offences such as murder, mass murder, aggravated cases of rape, child rape, child sexual abuse, terrorism, treason, espionage, sedition, offences against the State, such as attempting to overthrow government, piracy, aircraft hijacking, drug trafficking, drug dealing, and drug possession, war crimes, crimes against humanity and genocide, and in some cases, the most serious acts of recidivism, aggravated robbery, and kidnapping.
La peine de mort, ou peine capitale, est une peine prévue par la loi consistant à exécuter une personne ayant été reconnue coupable d'une faute qualifiée de « crime capital ». La sentence est prononcée par l'institution judiciaire à l'issue d'un procès. En l'absence d'un procès, ou dans les cas où celui-ci n'est pas réalisé par une institution reconnue, on parle d'exécution sommaire, d'acte de vengeance ou de justice privée. La peine de mort est diversement considérée selon les époques et les régions géographiques.
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Philip José Farmer
Philip José Farmer
Philip José Farmer (January 26, 1918 – February 25, 2009) was an American author known for his science fiction and fantasy novels and short stories.
Philip José Farmer, né le à Terre Haute dans l'Indiana et mort le à Peoria dans l'Illinois, est un écrivain américain, connu pour ses romans et nouvelles de science-fiction et fantastique. Il a inventé le concept de Wold Newton.
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Paleolithic
Paléolithique
The Paleolithic or Palaeolithic or Palæolithic (), also called the Old Stone Age, is a period in human prehistory distinguished by the original development of stone tools that covers 99% of the time period of human technological prehistory. It extends from the earliest known use of stone tools by hominins 3.3 million years ago, to the end of the Pleistocene 11,650 cal BP.
Le Paléolithique est la première et la plus longue période de la Préhistoire, presque contemporaine du Pléistocène, durant laquelle les humains sont tous des chasseurs-cueilleurs. Les hommes du Paléolithique sont la plupart du temps nomades, se déplaçant au gré des saisons en fonction des ressources alimentaires disponibles, qu'elles soient végétales ou animales. La densité de population est très faible, en particulier pendant les périodes glaciaires, caractérisées par un climat plus sec (densité inférieure à ).
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Phosphorus
Phosphore
Phosphorus is a chemical element with the symbol P and atomic number 15. Elemental phosphorus exists in two major forms, white phosphorus and red phosphorus, but because it is highly reactive, phosphorus is never found as a free element on Earth. It has a concentration in the Earth's crust of about one gram per kilogram (compare copper at about 0.06 grams). In minerals, phosphorus generally occurs as phosphate.
Le phosphore est l'élément chimique de numéro atomique 15, de symbole P. C'est un membre du groupe des pnictogènes. Le corps simple phosphore se présente sous plusieurs formes de couleurs différentes : blanc-jaune, rouge et violet-noir. Très pur, le phosphore « blanc » est transparent ; plus généralement il est blanc ambré, légèrement malléable avec une faible odeur d'ail. Les formes rouge et noire peuvent se présenter en poudre ou cristallisées.
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List of pharaohs
Chronologie détaillée des pharaons de l'Égypte antique
The title "Pharaoh" is used for those rulers of Ancient Egypt who ruled after the unification of Upper and Lower Egypt by Narmer during the Early Dynastic Period, approximately 3100 BC. However, the specific title "Pharaoh" was not used to address the kings of Egypt by their contemporaries until the rule of Merneptah in the 19th Dynasty, c. 1200 BC. Along with the title Pharaoh for later rulers, there was an Ancient Egyptian royal titulary used by Egyptian kings which remained relatively constant during the course of Ancient Egyptian history, initially featuring a Horus name, a Sedge and Bee ("nswt-bjtj") name and a Two Ladies ("nbtj") name, with the additional Golden Horus, nomen and prenomen titles being added successively during later dynasties.
La période pharaonique s'étend sur environ et se décompose en onze grandes périodes incluant trente-trois dynasties de souverains. Les sources nécessaires à l'établissement d'une chronologie sont multiples et comprennent les listes royales établies depuis l'Antiquité et les travaux et découvertes des égyptologues depuis le.
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Pastor
Pasteur (christianisme)
A pastor is the leader of a Christian congregation who also gives advice and counsel to people from the community or congregation. In Protestantism, a pastor may be ordained or not (even a layperson may serve in this capacity) while in the Catholic Church and Orthodox Churches, the pastor is always an ordained priest. Pastors are to act like shepherds by caring for the flock, and this care includes teaching. The New Testament typically uses the words “bishops” () and “presbyter” (1 Peter 5:1) to indicate the ordained leadership in early Christianity. Likewise, Peter instructs these particular servants to “act like shepherds” as they “oversee” the flock of God (1 Pet. 5:2). The words “bishop” and “presbyter” were sometimes used in an interchangeable way, such as in Titus 1:5-6. However, there is ongoing dispute between branches of Christianity over whether there are two ordained classes (presbyters and deacons) or three (bishops, priests, and deacons). In traditional Christianity (the Catholic Church, Orthodox Church, and Oriental Orthodox Church) bishops, priests, and deacons are recognised who have been ordained with apostolic lineage. In most Protestant denominations, in contrast, bishops are rejected, as well as the doctrine of apostolic succession.
Le pasteur est celui qui exerce des fonctions de gestion et d'enseignement dans une communauté ecclésiale chrétienne. Le terme, utilisé dans le contexte protestant, désigne un ministre du culte protestant. Le terme est également employé, mais dans un sens moins institutionnel, pour désigner un prêtre ou un diacre dans les Églises catholique et orthodoxe. Cette appellation se réfère au thème du berger dans la Bible, en particulier dans le Nouveau Testament, et à l'identification de Jésus-Christ à l'image du « Bon Pasteur ».
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Pentane
Pentane
Pentane is an organic compound with the formula CH—that is, an alkane with five carbon atoms. The term may refer to any of three structural isomers, or to a mixture of them: in the IUPAC nomenclature, however, pentane means exclusively the "n"-pentane isomer; the other two are called isopentane (methylbutane) and neopentane (dimethylpropane). Cyclopentane is not an isomer of pentane because it has only 10 hydrogen atoms where pentane has 12.
Le pentane est un alcane linéaire de formule. Le terme pentane désigne aussi par extension abusive les trois isomères : le "n"-pentane, le 2-méthylbutane ou isopentane et le 2,2-diméthylpropane ou néopentane. Ces diverses molécules comportent toutes cinq [en grec πέντε (pénte), "cinq"] atomes de carbone.
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Paul Dirac
Paul Dirac
Paul Adrien Maurice Dirac (; 8 August 1902 – 20 October 1984) was an English theoretical physicist who is regarded as one of the most significant physicists of the 20th century.
Paul Adrien Maurice Dirac ( à Bristol, Angleterre - à Tallahassee, Floride, États-Unis) est un mathématicien et physicien britannique. Il est l'un des « pères » de la mécanique quantique et a prévu l'existence de l'antimatière. Il est colauréat avec Erwin Schrödinger du prix Nobel de physique de 1933.
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Propane
Propane
Propane () is a three-carbon alkane with the molecular formula. It is a gas at standard temperature and pressure, but compressible to a transportable liquid. A by-product of natural gas processing and petroleum refining, it is commonly used as a fuel. Discovered in 1857 by the French chemist Marcellin Berthelot, it became commercially available in the US by 1911. Propane is one of a group of liquefied petroleum gases (LP gases). The others include butane, propylene, butadiene, butylene, isobutylene, and mixtures thereof.
Le propane est un alcane linéaire de formule. On parle de biopropane s'il est d'origine non fossile (synthétisé à partir de biomasse).
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Pharaoh
Pharaon
Pharaoh (, ; "Pǝrro") is the common title of the monarchs of ancient Egypt from the First Dynasty (c. 3150 BCE) until the annexation of Egypt by the Roman Empire in 30 BCE, although the actual term "Pharaoh" was not used contemporaneously for a ruler until Merneptah, c. 1200 BCE. In the early dynasty, ancient Egyptian kings used to have up to three titles, the Horus, the Sedge and Bee ("nswt-bjtj") name, and the Two Ladies ("nbtj") name. The Golden Horus and nomen and prenomen titles were later added.
Le terme pharaon (de l'égyptien ancien : "per-aâ" « grande maison ») sert à désigner les rois et reines de l'Égypte antique. Les noms de nous sont parvenus grâce à de multiples attestations dont des listes royales compilées par les scribes égyptiens. Ces souverains se sont succédé sur une période de plus de trois millénaires entre -3150 et -30. Depuis les "Ægyptiaca" de Manéthon, historien et grand-prêtre d'Héliopolis au -, cette longue période est divisée en trente dynasties depuis l'unification du royaume par le mythique Narmer-Ménès et jusqu'à la disparition de en -343, le dernier pharaon d'une Égypte indépendante. Après lui se succèdent deux dynasties étrangères, la des empereurs perses achéménides et la dynastie des Ptolémées d'origine macédonienne. L'archéologie a aussi permis de distinguer une dynastie archaïque, antérieure à la première, la dynastie égyptienne zéro.
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null
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Partitive case
Partitif
The partitive case (abbreviated or more ambiguously ) is a grammatical case which denotes "partialness", "without result", or "without specific identity". It is also used in contexts where a subgroup is selected from a larger group, or with numbers.
En linguistique, le partitif est le cas grammatical qui exprime la partie d’un tout. Exemple : « Il mange de la purée. » Dans certaines langues, il est considéré comme un nombre, et non comme un cas.
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Phoneme
Phonème
In phonology and linguistics, a phoneme is a unit of sound that distinguishes one word from another in a particular language.
En phonologie, domaine de la linguistique, un phonème est la plus petite unité discrète ou distinctive (c'est-à-dire permettant de distinguer des mots les uns des autres) que l'on puisse isoler par segmentation dans la chaîne parlée. Un phonème est en réalité une entité abstraite, qui peut correspondre à plusieurs sons. Il est en effet susceptible d'être prononcé de façon différente selon les locuteurs ou selon sa position et son environnement au sein du mot (voir allophone). Les phones sont d'ailleurs les différentes réalisations d'un phonème. Par exemple [ʁ̥] dans croc [kʁ̥o], et [ʁ] dans gros [ɡʁo] sont deux phones différents du même phonème. On transcrit traditionnellement les phonèmes par des lettres placées entre des barres obliques : /a/, /t/, /ʁ/, etc., selon la règle un phonème = un symbole.
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Prehistory
Préhistoire
Human prehistory is the period between the use of the first stone tools 3.3 million years ago by hominins and the invention of writing systems. The use of symbols, marks, and images appears very early among humans, but the earliest known writing systems appeared 5,300 years ago and it took thousands of years for writing systems to be widely adopted. In some human cultures, writing systems were not used until the nineteenth century and, in a few, not even until the present. The end of prehistory therefore came at very different dates in different places, and the term is less often used in discussing societies where prehistory ended relatively recently.
La Préhistoire est généralement définie comme la période comprise entre l'apparition du genre humain et l'apparition des premiers documents écrits. Cette définition laisse cependant la place à des interprétations divergentes selon les auteurs.
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Pyrenees
Pyrénées
The Pyrenees (;, ;, ; ;, ;, ;, ) is a mountain range between the Iberian Peninsula and France. Reaching a height of altitude at the peak of Aneto, it extends for about from its union with Cantabrian Mountains to the Mediterranean Sea (Cap de Creus).
Les Pyrénées sont une chaîne montagneuse du sud-ouest de l'Europe. Elles s'étendent en longueur selon une direction est-ouest sur une distance approximative de depuis la mer Méditerranée (Cap de Creus) jusqu'au golfe de Gascogne (Cap Higuer). Culminant à d'altitude au pic d'Aneto, les Pyrénées forment une barrière géographique séparant la péninsule Ibérique au sud du reste de l'Europe continentale au nord. Elles constituent une frontière naturelle entre l'Espagne et la France et abritent aussi la principauté d’Andorre.
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Propulsion
Propulsion
Propulsion is the action or process of pushing or pulling to drive an object forward. The term is derived from two Latin words: "pro", meaning" before" or "forward"; and "pellere", meaning "to drive". A propulsion system consists of a source of mechanical power, and a "propulsor" (means of converting this power into propulsive force).
La propulsion est l'action de fournir une poussée à un corps pour qu'il se déplace dans l'espace environnant. Elle fait appel à un propulseur qui transforme en force motrice l'énergie fournie par le milieu extérieur (par exemple le vent ou la gravité) ou par un moteur soit embarqué soit externe (quand le système moteur est placé hors du corps).
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Phonology
Phonologie
Phonology is a branch of linguistics which studies how languages group sounds together. It is primarily concerned with the systematic organization of sounds in spoken languages and signs in sign languages. At one time it only related to the study of the systems of phonemes in spoken languages. Now it may relate to a) any linguistic analysis either at a level beneath the word (including syllable, onset and rime, articulatory gestures, articulatory features, mora, etc.), or b) all levels of language where sound or signs are structured to convey linguistic meaning
La phonologie est la branche de la linguistique qui étudie l'organisation des sons au sein des différentes langues naturelles. Elle est complémentaire de la phonétique, qui s'intéresse aux sons eux-mêmes, indépendamment de leur emploi. La phonétique s'intéresse aux sons en tant qu'unités acoustiques produites par un mécanisme physiologique ; la phonologie, aux sons en tant qu’éléments d'un système.
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Prix Goncourt
Prix Goncourt
The Prix Goncourt (,, "The Goncourt Prize") is a prize in French literature, given by the académie Goncourt to the author of "the best and most imaginative prose work of the year". Four other prizes are also awarded: prix Goncourt du Premier Roman (first novel), prix Goncourt de la Nouvelle (short story), prix Goncourt de la Poésie (poetry) and prix Goncourt de la Biographie (biography). Of the "big six" French literary awards, the Prix Goncourt is the best known and most prestigious. The other major literary prizes are the Grand Prix du roman de l'Académie française, the Prix Femina, the Prix Renaudot, the Prix Interallié and the Prix Médicis.
Le prix Goncourt est un prix littéraire français récompensant des auteurs d'expression française, créé par le testament d'Edmond de Goncourt en 1892. La Société littéraire des Goncourt, dite Académie Goncourt, est officiellement fondée en 1902 et le premier prix Goncourt proclamé le.
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Portable Network Graphics
Portable Network Graphics
Portable Network Graphics (PNG, officially pronounced, more commonly pronounced ) is a raster-graphics file format that supports lossless data compression. PNG was developed as an improved, non-patented replacement for Graphics Interchange Format (GIF).
Le (PNG) est un format ouvert d’images numériques, qui a été créé pour remplacer le format GIF, à l’époque propriétaire et dont la compression était soumise à un brevet. Le PNG est un format "sans perte" spécialement adapté pour publier des images simples comprenant des aplats de couleurs.
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Pierre Boulle
Pierre Boulle
Pierre Boulle (20 February 1912 – 30 January 1994) was a French novelist best known for two works, "The Bridge over the River Kwai" (1952) and "Planet of the Apes" (1963), that were both made into award-winning films.
Pierre Boulle, né le à Avignon et mort le à Paris, est un écrivain français. Agent de la France libre en Asie du Sud-Est pendant la Seconde Guerre mondiale, il est l’auteur du "Pont de la rivière Kwai" (1952) et de "La Planète des singes" (1963).
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Pierre Mendès France
Pierre Mendès France
Pierre Isaac Isidore Mendès France (; 11 January 1907 – 18 October 1982), known as PMF, was a French politician who served as President of the Council of Ministers (equivalent in the French Fourth Republic to Prime Minister) for eight months from 1954 to 1955. He represented the Radical Party, and his government had the support of the Communist Party. His main priority was ending the war in Indochina, which had already cost 92,000 dead, 114,000 wounded and 28,000 captured on the French side. Public opinion polls showed that, in February 1954, only 7% of the French people wanted to continue the fight to regain Indochina out of the hands of the Communists, led by Ho Chi Minh and his Viet Minh movement. At the Geneva Conference of 1954 he negotiated a deal that gave the Viet Minh control of Vietnam north of the seventeenth parallel, and allowed him to pull out all French forces. The United States then provided large-scale financial, military and economic support to South Vietnam.
Pierre Mendès France, surnommé PMF, né le à Paris et mort le dans la même ville, est un homme d'État français.
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Palindrome
Palindrome
A palindrome is a word, number, phrase, or other sequence of characters which reads the same backward as forward, such as "madam", "racecar". There are also numeric palindromes, including date/time stamps using short digits "11/11/11 11:11" and long digits "02/02/2020." Sentence-length palindromes may be written when allowances are made for adjustments to capital letters, punctuation, and word dividers, such as "A man, a plan, a canal, Panama!".
Le palindrome (substantif masculin), du grec / (« en arrière ») et / (« chemin, voie »), aussi appelé palindrome de lettres, est une figure de style désignant un texte ou un mot dont l'ordre des lettres reste le même qu'on le lise de gauche à droite ou de droite à gauche, comme dans la phrase ou encore à un accent près.
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Lagrangian point
Point de Lagrange
In celestial mechanics, the Lagrangian points ( also Lagrange points, L-points, or libration points) are the points near two large bodies in orbit where a smaller object will maintain its position relative to the large orbiting bodies. At other locations, a small object would go into its own orbit around one of the large bodies, but at the Lagrangian points the gravitational forces of the two large bodies, the centripetal force of orbital motion, and (for certain points) the Coriolis acceleration all match up in a way that cause the small object to maintain a stable or nearly stable position relative to the large bodies.
Un point de Lagrange (noté à ), ou, plus rarement, point de libration, est une position de l'espace où les champs de gravité de deux corps en mouvement orbital l'un autour de l'autre, et de masses substantielles, fournissent exactement la force centripète requise pour que ce point de l'espace accompagne simultanément le mouvement orbital des deux corps. Dans le cas où les deux corps sont en orbite circulaire, ces points représentent les endroits où un troisième corps, de masse négligeable, resterait immobile par rapport aux deux autres, au sens où il accompagnerait à la même vitesse angulaire leur rotation autour de leur centre de gravité commun sans que sa position par rapport à eux n'évolue. Au nombre de cinq, ces points se scindent en deux points stables dénommés et, et en trois points instables notés à. Ils sont nommés en l'honneur du mathématicien français Joseph-Louis Lagrange. Ils interviennent dans l'étude de certaines configurations d'objets du Système solaire (principalement pour les points stables) et dans le placement de divers satellites artificiels (principalement pour les points instables). Ce sont les points remarquables de la « géométrie de Roche » (points-col et extrema), laquelle permet notamment de classer les différents types d'étoiles binaires.
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Man and the Biosphere Programme
Programme sur l'homme et la biosphère
Man and the Biosphere Programme (MAB) is an intergovernmental scientific programme, launched in 1971 by UNESCO, that aims to establish a scientific basis for the improvement of relationships between people and their environments.
Le Programme sur l'homme et la biosphère (ou Programme MAB pour "Man and Biosphere") est l’un des quatre programmes de l’Unesco dans le domaine des sciences exactes et naturelles, avec le Programme hydrologique international (PHI), le Programme international des sciences fondamentales (PISF), et le Programme international de géosciences (PICG).
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Electrically powered spacecraft propulsion
Propulsion électrique (spatial)
An electrically-powered spacecraft propulsion system uses electrical, and possibly also magnetic fields, to change the velocity of a spacecraft. Most of these kinds of spacecraft propulsion systems work by electrically expelling propellant (reaction mass) at high speed.
La propulsion électrique dans le domaine spatial est un type de propulsion à réaction dans lequel l'électricité est utilisée comme source d'énergie pour accélérer un fluide. Contrairement à la propulsion chimique, ce type de propulsion spatiale ne fournit pas des poussées suffisamment importantes (poussées inférieures à, soit ) pour placer en orbite des satellites artificiels mais, grâce à une impulsion spécifique très élevée, elle permet de réduire de manière très importante (jusqu'à dix fois) la masse d'ergols nécessaire pour manœuvrer un engin dans l'espace par rapport aux autres types de propulsion. L'énergie électrique est fournie généralement par des panneaux solaires, mais elle pourrait également provenir de générateur thermoélectrique à radioisotope (RTG).
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United Nations Environment Programme
Programme des Nations unies pour l'environnement
The United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP or UN Environment) is responsible for coordinating the UN's environmental activities and assisting developing countries in implementing environmentally sound policies and practices.
Le Programme des Nations unies pour l'environnement (PNUE, en anglais "", UNEP) est une organisation dépendante de l'Organisation des Nations unies, créée en 1972, et ayant pour but de :
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Paul Lafargue
Paul Lafargue
Paul Lafargue (; 15 January 1842 – 25 November 1911) was a French revolutionary Marxist socialist journalist, literary critic, political writer and activist; he was Karl Marx's son-in-law having married his second daughter, Laura. His best known work is "The Right To Be Lazy". Born in Cuba to French and Creole parents, Lafargue spent most of his life in France, with periods in England and Spain. At the age of 69, he and 66-year-old Laura died together by a suicide pact.
Paul Lafargue (né à Santiago de Cuba le et mort à Draveil en France le ) est un journaliste, économiste, essayiste, écrivain et homme politique socialiste français.
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Punk subculture
Mouvement punk
The punk subculture includes a diverse array of ideologies, fashion, and other forms of expression, visual art, dance, literature and film. It is largely characterised by anti-establishment views, the promotion of individual freedom, DIY ethics, and is centred on a loud, aggressive genre of rock music called punk rock.
Le mouvement punk, qui se centre sur le punk rock, s'appuie sur divers types d'idéologies, de modes et autres formes d'expression, incluant art visuel, danse, littérature et films. À l'origine aux États-Unis, le mot décrit la musique basée sur des guitares électriques des groupes « garage » des années 1960 tels The Sonics, The Seeds, 13th Floor Elevators et des groupes de Détroit, The Stooges et MC5, ce qui est maintenant appelé protopunk ("60's punk" en anglais) pour éviter une confusion. Le mot punk aurait été utilisé la première fois par Lester Bangs (critique rock) pour qualifier la musique des Motor City Five (MC5).
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