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Monarchy | Monarchie | A monarchy is a form of government in which a person, the monarch, is head of state for life or until abdication. The political legitimacy and governing power of the monarch may vary from purely symbolic (crowned republic), to restricted (constitutional monarchy), to fully autocratic (absolute monarchy), combining executive, legislative and judicial power. | La monarchie (du grec "mono" « seul », "arke" « pouvoir » : « pouvoir d'un seul ») est un système politique où l'unité du pouvoir est symbolisée par une seule personne, appelée « monarque ». Elle n'est ni nécessairement une royauté, ni nécessairement héréditaire : il a toujours existé des monarchies électives, par exemple les rois chez les Gaulois, ou les doges dans la république de Venise. Selon la définition de Montesquieu, une monarchie se définit par le gouvernement absolu d'un seul, mais ce pouvoir est limité par des lois. | [
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Elbe | Elbe (fleuve) | The Elbe (; ; ; Low German: "Elv", Upper and Lower Sorbian: "Łobjo", historically in English also "Elve") is one of the major rivers of Central Europe. It rises in the Krkonoše Mountains of the northern Czech Republic before traversing much of Bohemia (western half of the Czech Republic), then Germany and flowing into the North Sea at Cuxhaven, northwest of Hamburg. Its total length is. | LElbe (allemand "Elbe", tchèque "Labe", sorabe "Łobjo") est un fleuve d'Europe centrale qui prend sa source en Tchéquie dans les monts des Géants et, après un parcours situé en majeure partie en Allemagne, se jette dans la mer du Nord par un long estuaire d'une centaine de kilomètres sur lequel se trouve Hambourg, premier port d'Allemagne. La longueur de ce fleuve est de kilomètres. | [
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Final Fantasy VI | Final Fantasy VI | "Final Fantasy VI" was released to critical acclaim and is seen as a landmark title for the role-playing genre; for instance, it was ranked as the 2nd best RPG of all time by IGN in 2017. Its SNES and PlayStation versions have sold over 3.48 million copies worldwide to date as a stand-alone game, as well as over 750,000 copies as part of the Japanese "Final Fantasy Collection" and the North American "Final Fantasy Anthology". "Final Fantasy VI" has won numerous awards and is considered by many to be one of the greatest video games of all time. | "Final Fantasy VI" est le dernier titre de la série à être sorti sur Super Nintendo, et le premier "Final Fantasy" de la série où Hironobu Sakaguchi, créateur de la série, a produit plutôt que dirigé. | [
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Ship | Navire | A ship is a large watercraft that travels the world's oceans and other sufficiently deep waterways, carrying goods or passengers, or in support of specialized missions, such as defense, research and fishing. Ships are generally distinguished from boats, based on size, shape, load capacity, and tradition. In the Age of Sail a "ship" was a sailing vessel defined by its sailplan of at least three square riged masts and a full bowsprit. | Un navire est un bateau destiné à la navigation maritime, c'est-à-dire prévu pour naviguer au-delà de la limite où cessent de s'appliquer les règlements techniques de sécurité de navigation intérieure et où commencent à s'appliquer les règlements de navigation maritime. | [
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Battle of Culloden | Bataille de Culloden | The Battle of Culloden (; ) was the final confrontation of the Jacobite rising of 1745. On 16 April 1746, the Jacobite army of Charles Edward Stuart was decisively defeated by a British government force under William Augustus, Duke of Cumberland, on Drummossie Moor near Inverness in the Scottish Highlands. It was the last pitched battle fought on British soil. | La bataille de Culloden ( à Culloden) marque l'échec du quatrième des débarquements royalistes en Écosse, après ceux de 1692, 1708, et 1715, et la fin des espoirs de restauration de la lignée des Stuarts sur les trônes d'Écosse et d'Angleterre, avec la fuite du prince "Bonnie" Charles réduit à implorer l'aide de la jeune Flora McDonald. Elle s'accompagne d'une intensification de la pression contre le mode de vie traditionnel des Highlanders (incluant les clans, les tartans et même la cornemuse). | [
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Kashrut | Cacherout | Kashrut (also kashruth or kashrus, ) is a set of dietary laws dealing with the foods that Jews are permitted to eat and how those foods must be prepared according to Jewish law. Food that may be consumed is deemed kosher ( in English, ), from the Ashkenazi pronunciation of the Hebrew term "kashér" (), meaning "fit" (in this context: "fit for consumption"). | La cacherout ou kashrout (en hébreu : "", « convenance de la cuisine et des aliments ») est le code alimentaire prescrit aux enfants d'Israël dans la Bible hébraïque. Elle constitue l'un des principaux fondements de la Loi, de la pensée et de la culture juives. | [
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IG Farben | IG Farben | Interessengemeinschaft Farbenindustrie AG (), commonly known as IG Farben, was a German chemical and pharmaceutical conglomerate. Formed in 1925 from a merger of six chemical companies—BASF, Bayer, Hoechst, Agfa, Chemische Fabrik Griesheim-Elektron, and Chemische Fabrik vorm. Weiler Ter Meer—it was seized by the Allies after World War II and divided back into its constituent companies. | L'abréviation IG Farben désigne la société allemande fondée le sous le nom de IG-Farbenindustrie AG. Une « petite IG », par opposition à l’IG de 1925, a été fondée en 1905 par rapprochement concerté des sociétés chimiques BASF, Bayer et Agfa. Un conseil de gestion commun fut créé, mais chacune des sociétés conserva son identité propre. | [
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Human capital | Capital humain | Human capital is the stock of habits, knowledge, social and personality attributes (including creativity) embodied in the ability to perform labour so as to produce economic value. | Le capital humain est l'ensemble des aptitudes, talents, qualifications, expériences accumulées par une personne et qui déterminent en partie sa capacité à travailler ou à produire pour lui-même ou pour les autres. | [
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Multihull | Multicoque | A multihull is a ship or boat with more than one hull, whereas a vessel with a single hull is a monohull. | Un bateau multicoque est, contrairement au bateau monocoque, un bateau constitué de plusieurs coques distinctes. Les catamarans et les trimarans sont des multicoques. | [
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Plasticity (physics) | Déformation plastique | In physics and materials science, plasticity, also known as plastic deformation, is the ability of a solid material to undergo permanent deformation, a non-reversible change of shape in response to applied forces. For example, a solid piece of metal being bent or pounded into a new shape displays plasticity as permanent changes occur within the material itself. In engineering, the transition from elastic behavior to plastic behavior is known as yielding. | La déformation plastique est la déformation irréversible d'un objet ; elle se produit par un réarrangement de la position relative des atomes, ou plus généralement des éléments constitutifs du matériau. | [
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Deformation (physics) | Déformation d'un matériau | In physics, deformation is the continuum mechanics transformation of a body from a "reference" configuration to a "current" configuration. A configuration is a set containing the positions of all particles of the body. | La déformation des matériaux est une science qui caractérise la manière dont réagit un matériau donné quand il est soumis à des sollicitations mécaniques. Cette notion est primordiale dans la conception (aptitude de la pièce à réaliser sa fonction), la fabrication (mise en forme de la pièce), et le dimensionnement mécanique (calcul de la marge de sécurité d'un dispositif pour éviter une rupture). | [
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Catacombs | Catacombes | Catacombs are human-made subterranean passageways for religious practice. Any chamber used as a burial place is a catacomb, although the word is most commonly associated with the Roman Empire. | Les catacombes sont des excavations souterraines utilisées depuis l'Antiquité et qui servent initialement de lieu de sépulture pour les corps non brûlés. Le mot "catacombes" vient du latin ecclésiastique "catacumbæ", par métathèse et par attraction de "-cumbere" ("reposer"), de l’expression "cata tumbas" ("parmi les tombes"), du grec "κατα" ́ ("en bas") et du latin chrétien "tumba" ("tombe"). | [
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Black woodpecker | Pic noir | The black woodpecker ("Dryocopus martius") is a large woodpecker that lives in mature forests across the northern Palearctic. It is the sole representative of its genus in that region. Its range is expanding. It does not migrate. This species is closely related to, and fills the same ecological niche in Europe as, the pileated woodpecker of North America. | Le Pic noir ("Dryocopus martius") est une espèce d'oiseaux de la famille des Picidae. C'est la plus grande des espèces de pics européens. Sa taille peut atteindre 51 cm. C'est un pic au plumage noir, sauf une calotte rouge chez le mâle (seulement la nuque chez la femelle). C'est un oiseau forestier au tambourinage très sonore, des forêts de hêtres et de conifères qui se repaît d'insectes xylophages. | [
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Sidewalk | Trottoir | A sidewalk (American English) or pavement (British English), also known as a footpath or footway, is a path along the side of a road. It is often constructed of concrete, though occasionally asphalt, and is designed for pedestrians. A sidewalk may accommodate moderate changes in grade (height) and is normally separated from the vehicular section by a curb. There may also be a median strip or road verge (a strip of vegetation, grass or bushes or trees or a combination of these) either between the sidewalk and the roadway or between the sidewalk and the boundary. | Un trottoir est un espace réservé aux piétons sur le côté des rues ; un caniveau et une bordure assurant la limite avec la partie vouée à la circulation des véhicules à moteur. Il en existe depuis l'Antiquité. | [
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5,
2
] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Ascension Island | Île de l'Ascension | Ascension Island is an isolated volcanic island, 7°56′ south of the Equator in the South Atlantic Ocean. It is about from the coast of Africa and from the coast of Brazil. It is governed as part of the British Overseas Territory of Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha, of which the main island, Saint Helena, is around to the southeast. The territory also includes the sparsely-populated Tristan da Cunha archipelago, some to the south, about halfway to the Antarctic Circle. | Lîle de l'Ascension est une île de l'Atlantique Sud, située entre l'Afrique et l'Amérique du Sud, juste au sud de l'équateur et à au sud-sud-ouest des côtes méridionales du Liberia. Elle fait partie du territoire britannique d'outre-mer de Sainte-Hélène, Ascension et Tristan da Cunha. La capitale de l'île est Georgetown. | [
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The Stooges | The Stooges | The Stooges, also known as Iggy and the Stooges, were an American rock band formed in Ann Arbor, Michigan in 1967 by singer Iggy Pop, guitarist Ron Asheton, drummer Scott Asheton, and bassist Dave Alexander. Playing a raw, primitive style of rock and roll, the band sold few records in their original incarnation and gained a reputation for their confrontational performances, which often involved acts of self-mutilation by Iggy Pop. | The Stooges (aussi connus sous le nom de « Iggy and the Stooges ») est un groupe de garage rock américain, originaire de Ann Arbor, dans le Michigan. Le groupe existe d'abord entre 1967 et 1974, puis se reforme entre 2003 et 2014. En dépit de ventes modestes, les membres du groupe sont aujourd'hui considérés comme les précurseurs du garage rock et punk rock, et leur influence sur le rock alternatif, le heavy metal et le rock au sens large est unanimement reconnue. The Stooges fait son entrée au Rock and Roll Hall of Fame en 2010. | [
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David Hilbert | David Hilbert | David Hilbert (; ; 23 January 1862 – 14 February 1943) was a German mathematician and one of the most influential and universal mathematicians of the 19th and early 20th centuries. Hilbert discovered and developed a broad range of fundamental ideas in many areas, including invariant theory, the calculus of variations, commutative algebra, algebraic number theory, the foundations of geometry, spectral theory of operators and its application to integral equations, mathematical physics, and foundations of mathematics (particularly proof theory). | David Hilbert, né en 1862 à Königsberg et mort en 1943 à Göttingen, est un mathématicien allemand. Il est souvent considéré comme un des plus grands mathématiciens du. Il a créé ou développé un large éventail d'idées fondamentales, que ce soit la théorie des invariants, l'axiomatisation de la géométrie ou les fondements de l'analyse fonctionnelle (avec les espaces de Hilbert). | [
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El Dorado | Eldorado | El Dorado (, ; Spanish for "the golden one"), originally "El Hombre Dorado" ("The Golden Man") or "El Rey Dorado" ("The Golden King"), was the term used by the Spanish Empire to describe a mythical tribal chief ("zipa") of the Muisca people, an indigenous people of the Altiplano Cundiboyacense of Colombia, who, as an initiation rite, covered himself with gold dust and submerged in Lake Guatavita. The legends surrounding El Dorado changed over time, as it went from being a man, to a city, to a kingdom, and then finally to an empire. | L'Eldorado (de l'espagnol "" : « le doré ») est une contrée mythique d'Amérique du Sud supposée regorger d'or. Ce mythe est apparu dans la région de Bogota en 1536. Il a rapidement été relayé par les conquistadors espagnols qui y ont cru sur la base du récit du voyage de Francisco de Orellana par Gaspar de Carvajal, et dans le cadre du mythe plus ancien des cités d'or, qui était aussi largement diffusé à l'époque chez les conquistadors. | [
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Slovenian tolar | Tolar | The tolar was the currency of Slovenia from 8 October 1991 until the introduction of the euro on 1 January 2007. It was subdivided into 100 "stotinov" (cents). The ISO 4217 currency code for the Slovenian tolar was "SIT". From October 1991 until June 1992, the acronym "SLT" was in use. | Le tolar (code SIT) était l'unité monétaire de la Slovénie, du au avant d'être remplacé par l'euro. Le tolar était divisé en 100 stotins. | [
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Peter Gustav Lejeune Dirichlet | Johann Peter Gustav Lejeune Dirichlet | Johann Peter Gustav Lejeune Dirichlet (; 13 February 1805 – 5 May 1859) was a German mathematician who made deep contributions to number theory (including creating the field of analytic number theory), and to the theory of Fourier series and other topics in mathematical analysis; he is credited with being one of the first mathematicians to give the modern formal definition of a function. | Johann Peter Gustav Lejeune Dirichlet (, Düren –, Göttingen) est un mathématicien prussien qui apporta de profondes contributions à la théorie des nombres, en créant le domaine de la théorie analytique des nombres et à la théorie des séries de Fourier. On lui doit d'autres avancées en analyse mathématique. On lui attribue la définition formelle moderne d'une fonction. | [
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Fort Knox | Fort Knox | Fort Knox is a United States Army post in Kentucky, south of Louisville and north of Elizabethtown. It is adjacent to the United States Bullion Depository, which is used to house a large portion of the United States' official gold reserves. The 109,000 acre (170 sq mi, 441 km ) base covers parts of Bullitt, Hardin, and Meade counties. It currently holds the Army Human Resources Center of Excellence to include the Army Human Resources Command. It is named in honor of Henry Knox, Chief of Artillery in the American Revolutionary War and first United States Secretary of War. For 60 years, Fort Knox was the home of the U.S. Army Armor Center and the U.S. Army Armor School (now moved to Fort Benning), and was used by both the Army and the Marine Corps to train crews on the American tanks of the day; the last was the M1 Abrams main battle tank. The history of the U.S. Army's Cavalry and Armored forces, and of General George S. Patton's career, is shown at the General George Patton Museum on the grounds of Fort Knox. | Fort Knox est un camp militaire de la United States Army construit en 1918 et situé aux États-Unis dans le Kentucky, au sud de Louisville et au nord d'Elizabethtown. Depuis 1937, le gouvernement fédéral américain y entrepose la réserve d'or des États-Unis. | [
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Degrowth | Décroissance | The term Degrowth () is used for both a political, economic and social movement as well as a set of theories formulating a critique of the paradigm of economic growth. It is based on ideas from a diverse range of lines of thought such as political ecology, ecological economics, feminist political ecology or environmental justice. Degrowth emphasizes the need to reduce global consumption and production (social metabolism) and advocates a socially just and ecologically sustainable society with well-being as indicator of prosperity instead of GDP. Degrowth highlights the importance of autonomy, care work, self-organization, commons, community, localized production, work sharing, happiness and conviviality. | La décroissance est un concept à la fois politique, économique et social, né dans les années 1970 et selon lequel la croissance économique apporte plus de nuisances que de bienfaits à l'humanité. | [
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World Health Organization | Organisation mondiale de la santé | The World Health Organization (WHO) is a specialized agency of the United Nations responsible for international public health. The WHO Constitution, which establishes the agency's governing structure and principles, states its main objective as "the attainment by all peoples of the highest possible level of health." It is headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland, with six semi-autonomous regional offices and 150 field offices worldwide. | L'Organisation mondiale de la santé (OMS) est une agence spécialisée de l'Organisation des Nations unies (ONU) pour la santé publique créée en 1948. Elle dépend directement du Conseil économique et social des Nations unies et son siège se situe à Pregny-Chambésy, dans le Canton de Genève, en Suisse. | [
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Joseph Fourier | Joseph Fourier | Jean-Baptiste Joseph Fourier (; ; 21 March 1768 – 16 May 1830) was a French mathematician and physicist born in Auxerre and best known for initiating the investigation of Fourier series, which eventually developed into Fourier analysis and harmonic analysis, and their applications to problems of heat transfer and vibrations. The Fourier transform and Fourier's law of conduction are also named in his honour. Fourier is also generally credited with the discovery of the greenhouse effect. | Jean Baptiste Joseph Fourier est un mathématicien et physicien français né le à Auxerre et mort le à Paris (et non le comme indiqué par erreur sur la plaque de bronze apposée sur sa maison natale). | [
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Ramones | Ramones | The Ramones were an American punk rock band that formed in the New York City neighborhood of Forest Hills, Queens in 1974. They are often cited as the first true punk rock group. Despite achieving only limited commercial success initially, the band was highly influential in the United States, South America, and some parts of Europe, including the United Kingdom, the Netherlands, Germany, Sweden and Belgium. | The Ramones est un groupe de rock américain, originaire de New York. Formé en 1974, il est souvent cité comme le premier groupe de punk rock. Bien qu'ayant eu un succès commercial assez limité, le groupe a une grande influence sur le punk et ses dérivés aussi bien aux États-Unis qu'au Royaume-Uni. Le look des membres se détache par son minimalisme et son aspect négligé : cheveux longs, perfecto noir, t-shirt, jeans déchirés aux genoux, chaussures de sport (Converse ou Keds) usées. | [
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Brigadier | Brigadier | Brigadier is a military rank, the seniority of which depends on the country. In some countries, it is a senior rank above colonel, equivalent to a brigadier general, typically commanding a brigade of several thousand soldiers. In other countries, it is a non-commissioned rank (e.g. Spain, Italy, France, the Netherlands and the Indonesian Police ranks). | Le sens du grade de brigadier varie selon l'armée, le pays et l'époque : Dans certaines armées (Suisse), il correspond au général de brigade (OF-6 dans la nomenclature de l'OTAN) ; | [
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Attack on Pearl Harbor | Attaque de Pearl Harbor | The Attack on Pearl Harbor was a surprise, preemptive military strike by the Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service upon the United States (a neutral country at the time) against the naval base at Pearl Harbor in Honolulu, Territory of Hawaii, just before 08:00, on Sunday morning, December 7, 1941. The attack led to the United States' formal entry into World War II the next day. The Japanese military leadership referred to the attack as the Hawaii Operation and Operation AI, and as Operation Z during its planning. Japan intended the attack as a preventive action to keep the United States Pacific Fleet from interfering with its planned military actions in Southeast Asia against overseas territories of the United Kingdom, the Netherlands, and the United States. Over the course of seven hours there were coordinated Japanese attacks on the U.S.-held Philippines, Guam, and Wake Island and on the British Empire in Malaya, Singapore, and Hong Kong. | L’attaque de Pearl Harbor est une attaque surprise menée par les forces aéronavales japonaises le contre la base navale américaine de Pearl Harbor située sur l’île d’Oahu, dans le territoire américain d’Hawaï. Autorisée par l'empereur du Japon Hirohito, elle vise à détruire la flotte du Pacifique de l’United States Navy. Cette attaque provoque l'entrée des États-Unis dans le conflit mondial. | [
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Metaheuristic | Métaheuristique | In computer science and mathematical optimization, a metaheuristic is a higher-level procedure or heuristic designed to find, generate, or select a heuristic (partial search algorithm) that may provide a sufficiently good solution to an optimization problem, especially with incomplete or imperfect information or limited computation capacity. Metaheuristics sample a set of solutions which is too large to be completely sampled. Metaheuristics may make few assumptions about the optimization problem being solved, and so they may be usable for a variety of problems. | Une métaheuristique est un algorithme d’optimisation visant à résoudre des problèmes d’optimisation difficile (souvent issus des domaines de la recherche opérationnelle, de l'ingénierie ou de l'intelligence artificielle) pour lesquels on ne connaît pas de méthode classique plus efficace. | [
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Dragonnades | Dragonnades | The Dragonnades were a French government policy instituted by King Louis XIV in 1681 to intimidate Huguenot families into either leaving France or converting to Catholicism. This involved the billeting of ill-disciplined dragoons in Protestant households with implied permission to abuse the inhabitants and destroy or steal their possessions. The soldiers employed in this role were satirized as "missionary dragoons". | Des dragonnades sont les persécutions dirigées sous Louis XIV contre les communautés protestantes de toutes les régions de France pour l'exercice de leur culte. Les dragons employés pour obtenir par la force ces conversions étaient, à l'origine, des compagnies régulières qui servaient, en temps ordinaire, à percevoir l'impôt, et spécialement celui de contribuables redevables d'arriérés qui devaient loger à leurs frais les soldats jusqu'au paiement effectif, voire garnisaire. | [
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Croesus | Crésus | Croesus ( ;, "Kroisos"; 595 BC – date of death unknown) was the king of Lydia who, according to Herodotus, reigned for 14 years: from 560 BC until his defeat by the Persian king Cyrus the Great in 546 BC (sometimes given as 547 BC). | Crésus ou Croesus (né vers - 596), en grec ancien, dernier souverain de la dynastie des Mermnades est un roi de Lydie vaincu par Cyrus le Grand. Durant son règne, qui s’étend d'environ 561 à 547 ou 546 av. J.-C, il conquiert la Pamphylie, la Mysie et la Phrygie jusqu'à l'Halys mais ne parvient pas à s'implanter plus à l'Est de son royaume. | [
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Deep drawing | Emboutissage | Deep drawing is a sheet metal forming process in which a sheet metal blank is radially drawn into a forming die by the mechanical action of a punch. It is thus a shape transformation process with material retention. The process is considered "deep" drawing when the depth of the drawn part exceeds its diameter. This is achieved by redrawing the part through a series of dies. The flange region (sheet metal in the die shoulder area) experiences a radial drawing stress and a tangential compressive stress due to the material retention property. These compressive stresses (hoop stresses) result in flange wrinkles (wrinkles of the first order). Wrinkles can be prevented by using a blank holder, the function of which is to facilitate controlled material flow into the die radius. | L’Emboutissage est une technique de fabrication permettant d’obtenir, à partir d’une feuille de tôle plane et mince, un objet dont la forme n’est pas développable. L'ébauche en tôle est appelée « Becker », c'est la matière brute qui n’a pas encore été emboutie. La température de déformation se situe entre le tiers et la moitié de la température de fusion du matériau. | [
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West Prussia | Prusse-Occidentale | The Province of West Prussia (; ; ) was a province of Prussia from 1773 to 1829 and 1878 to 1922. West Prussia was established as a province of the Kingdom of Prussia in 1773, formed from Royal Prussia of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth annexed in the First Partition of Poland. West Prussia was dissolved in 1829 and merged with East Prussia to form the Province of Prussia, but was re-established in 1878 when the merger was reversed and became part of the German Empire. From 1918, West Prussia was a province of the Free State of Prussia within Weimar Germany, losing most of its territory to the Second Polish Republic and the Free City of Danzig in the Treaty of Versailles. West Prussia was dissolved in 1922, and its remaining western territory was merged with Posen to form Posen-West Prussia, and its eastern territory merged with East Prussia as the Region of West Prussia district. | La Prusse-Occidentale (en ) est une province du royaume de Prusse, située sur la mer Baltique, établie en 1773 à la suite du premier partage de la Pologne, sur le territoire de l'ancienne Prusse royale. Sa capitale était Dantzig. | [
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Eau de Cologne | Eau de Cologne | Eau de Cologne (; German: Kölnisch Wasser ; meaning "Water from Cologne"), or simply cologne, is a perfume originating from Cologne, Germany. Originally mixed by Johann Maria Farina (Giovanni Maria Farina) in 1709, it has since come to be a generic term for scented formulations in typical concentration of 2–5% and also more depending upon its type essential oils or a blend of extracts, alcohol, and water. In a base of dilute ethanol (70–90%), eau de cologne contains a mixture of citrus oils including oils of lemon, orange, tangerine, clementine, bergamot, lime, grapefruit, blood orange, and bitter orange. It can also contain oils of neroli, lavender, rosemary, thyme, oregano, petitgrain (orange leaf), jasmine, olive, oleaster, and tobacco. | L'eau de Cologne désigne, à l'origine, soit un parfum créé par Jean Marie Farina (1685-1766), soit plus généralement une catégorie de parfums contenant 4 à 6 % d'essences. | [
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Shilha language | Chleuh | Shilha is a Berber language native to Shilha people. It is spoken by more than eight million people in southwestern Morocco. The endonym is ⵜⴰⵛⵍⵃⵉⵢⵜ, "Tacelḥit" in Amazigh Latin alphabet, and in recent English publications the language is often rendered "Tashelhiyt" or "Tashelhit". In Moroccan Arabic the language is called "Šəlḥa", from which the alternative English name "Shilha" is derived. In French sources the language is called "tachelhit", "chelha" or "chleuh". | Le tachelhit, ou chleuh (en berbère : ⵜⴰⵛⵍⵃⵉⵢⵜ,, "Tachelḥit"), est une langue berbère. Elle est parlée par les Chleuhs au Maroc. Le tachelhit est la plus importante langue berbère du Maroc, voire de toute l'Afrique du Nord, par le nombre de locuteurs et par l'ampleur de son extension. La région du Souss est le cœur de son aire d'expansion. Le tachelhit est parlé au Maroc méridional sur une zone s'étendant des pentes nord du Haut Atlas aux pentes méridionales de l'Anti-Atlas, limitées à l'ouest par l'Océan Atlantique. La limite orientale de son aire de répartition est marquée par l'axe Demnate-Ouarzazate ; au-delà de cette limite commence l'aire du tamazight du Maroc central. Les locuteurs de ce dernier dénomment le chleuh "tasusiyt" pour le distinguer de leur langue qu'ils dénomment aussi tachelhit, mais les deux ne sont pas entièrement intercompréhensibles. | [
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Oak | Chêne | An oak is a tree or shrub in the genus Quercus (;; Latin "oak tree") of the beech family, Fagaceae. There are approximately 600 extant species of oaks. The common name "oak" also appears in the names of species in related genera, notably "Lithocarpus" (stone oaks), as well as in those of unrelated species such as "Grevillea robusta" (silky oaks) and the Casuarinaceae (she-oaks). The genus "Quercus" is native to the Northern Hemisphere, and includes deciduous and evergreen species extending from cool temperate to tropical latitudes in the Americas, Asia, Europe, and North Africa. North America contains the largest number of oak species, with approximately 90 occurring in the United States, while Mexico has 160 species of which 109 are endemic. The second greatest center of oak diversity is China, which contains approximately 100 species. Oaks have spirally arranged leaves, with lobate margins in many species; some have serrated leaves or entire leaves with smooth margins. Many deciduous species are marcescent, not dropping dead leaves until spring. In spring, a single oak tree produces both male flowers (in the form of catkins) and small female flowers, meaning that the trees are monoecious. The fruit is a nut called an acorn or oak nut borne in a cup-like structure known as a cupule; each acorn contains one seed (rarely two or three) and takes 6–18 months to mature, depending on their species. The acorns and leaves contain tannic acid, which helps to guard from fungi and insects. The live oaks are distinguished for being evergreen, but are not actually a distinct group and instead are dispersed across the genus. | Chêne est le nom vernaculaire de nombreuses espèces d'arbres et d'arbustes appartenant au genre Quercus, et à certains genres apparentés de la famille des fagacées, notamment "Cyclobalanopsis" et "Lithocarpus". Ce genre, présent dans tout l'hémisphère nord et dont l'aire de répartition s'étend depuis les froides latitudes jusqu'aux zones tropicales de l'Asie et de l'Amérique, comprend à la fois des espèces à feuilles caduques et d'autres à feuilles persistantes. Là où il est naturellement présent dans son aire de répartition, le chêne abrite des centaines d'autres espèces (notamment après sa vie dans son bois mort) ; au point que certains écologues le qualifient de "Point chaud de biodiversité". | [
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Fishkeeping | Aquariophilie | Fishkeeping is a popular hobby, practiced by aquarists, concerned with keeping fish in a home aquarium or garden pond. There is also a piscicultural fishkeeping industry, as a branch of agriculture. | L’aquariophilie est le loisir qui consiste à s'occuper d'animaux et de plantes aquatiques dans un aquarium, une mare ou un bassin d'ornement en mettant en valeur l'aspect esthétique d'un milieu aquatique. | [
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Bernard Laporte | Bernard Laporte | Bernard Laporte (born 1 July 1964) is a rugby player, coach and former French Secretary of State for Sport. From 1999 to 2007, Laporte was the head coach of the France national team. In 2011, he became the head coach at Toulon, after Philippe Saint-André became the new national team coach. He was previously the coach at Stade Français. He was the first fully professional head coach of France. On 3 December 2016, Bernard Laporte was elected president of the French Rugby Federation. | Bernard Laporte, né à Rodez dans l'Aveyron, le, est un joueur, un entraîneur puis un dirigeant français de rugby à XV. Il est également homme d'affaires et homme politique. | [
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Anders Hejlsberg | Anders Hejlsberg | Anders Hejlsberg (, born 2 December 1960) is a prominent Danish software engineer who co-designed several popular and commercially successful programming languages and development tools. He was the original author of Turbo Pascal and the chief architect of Delphi. He currently works for Microsoft as the lead architect of C# and core developer on TypeScript. | Anders Hejlsberg, né en, est un programmeur danois. En 1980, il a commencé à écrire des programmes pour le micro-ordinateur Nascom durant sa scolarité à l'Université technique du Danemark d'où il sortit non diplômé ; il a en particulier écrit un compilateur Pascal qui a été vendu sous le nom de "Blue Label Pascal compiler" pour le Nascom-2. Il l'a rapidement réécrit pour CP/M et MS-DOS, et distribué sous le nom de "Compass Pascal" puis de "Poly Pascal". Après avoir été acquis par Borland, il a été distribué sous le nom "Turbo Pascal". | [
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French toast | Pain perdu | French toast is a dish made of sliced bread soaked in eggs and typically milk, then fried. Alternative names and variants include "eggy bread", "Bombay toast", "German toast", "gypsy toast", and "poor knights" (of Windsor). | Le pain perdu est un mets à base de pain trempé dans un mélange de lait et d'œuf puis cuit. Il est connu dans de nombreuses régions du monde sous diverses appellations comme pain doré au Québec. | [
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Acastus | Acaste | Acastus (; Ancient Greek: Ἄκαστος) is a character in Greek mythology. He sailed with Jason and the Argonauts, and participated in the hunt for the Calydonian Boar. | Dans la mythologie grecque, Acaste (en grec ancien / ) est roi d'Iolcos, fils de Pélias et d'Anaxibie. Il est aussi le frère d'Alceste, l'époux d'Astydamie ou Hippolyte fille de Créthée et le père de Laodamie, Astérope et Sthénélé, ainsi que de nombreux fils, parmi lesquels Plisthène. | [
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Éléments de géométrie algébrique | Éléments de géométrie algébrique | The Éléments de géométrie algébrique ("Elements of Algebraic Geometry") by Alexander Grothendieck (assisted by Jean Dieudonné), or EGA for short, is a rigorous treatise, in French, on algebraic geometry that was published (in eight parts or fascicles) from 1960 through 1967 by the Institut des Hautes Études Scientifiques. In it, Grothendieck established systematic foundations of algebraic geometry, building upon the concept of schemes, which he defined. The work is now considered the foundation stone and basic reference of modern algebraic geometry. | Les Éléments de géométrie algébrique, par Alexandre Grothendieck (rédigés avec la collaboration de Jean Dieudonné), ou EGA en abrégé, sont un traité inachevé de pages, en français, sur la géométrie algébrique, qui a été publié (en huit parties ou fascicules) entre 1960 et 1967 par l'Institut des hautes études scientifiques. Grothendieck tente d'y établir systématiquement les fondements de la géométrie algébrique, et y construit le concept des schémas, et le définit. Ces travaux sont de nos jours considérés comme la première pierre et la référence de base de la géométrie algébrique moderne. | [
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Microcomputer | Micro-informatique | A microcomputer is a small, relatively inexpensive computer with a microprocessor as its central processing unit (CPU). It includes a microprocessor, memory and minimal input/output (I/O) circuitry mounted on a single printed circuit board (PCB). Microcomputers became popular in the 1970s and 1980s with the advent of increasingly powerful microprocessors. The predecessors to these computers, mainframes and minicomputers, were comparatively much larger and more expensive (though indeed present-day mainframes such as the IBM System z machines use one or more custom microprocessors as their CPUs). Many microcomputers (when equipped with a keyboard and screen for input and output) are also personal computers (in the generic sense). | La micro-informatique désigne ce qui a rapport avec les micro-ordinateurs. Ce dernier terme fut introduit par les développeurs du Micral (REE), pour désigner dans leurs brevets le premier ordinateur ayant un microprocesseur comme unité centrale, possibilité ouverte par les progrès en matière de circuits intégrés. | [
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Kilkenny | Kilkenny | Kilkenny () is a city in County Kilkenny, Ireland. It is located in the South-East Region and in the province of Leinster. It is built on both banks of the River Nore. The 2016 census gave the total population of Kilkenny as 26,512. | Kilkenny (en ) est une ville de (en 2016) de la République d'Irlande sur la Nore située à 150 km au sud-ouest de Dublin dans la province du Leinster. Kilkenny est le chef-lieu du comté du même nom. Elle se caractérise par ses monuments historiques qui lui confèrent un aspect médiéval, bien qu'ils soient ultérieurs au Moyen Âge. | [
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Anacron | Anacron | anacron is a computer program that performs periodic command scheduling, which is traditionally done by cron, but without assuming that the system is running continuously. Thus, it can be used to control the execution of daily, weekly, and monthly jobs (or anything with a period of "n" days) on systems that don't run 24 hours a day. anacron was originally conceived and implemented by Christian Schwarz in Perl, for the Unix operating system. It was later rewritten in C by Itai Tzur; maintainers have included Sean 'Shaleh' Perry and Pascal Hakim. It is a dependency of cronie which is maintained by Red Hat, and Red Hat updates to cronie have included updates to anacron as well. | anacron, ou (), est un programme informatique qui permet l'exécution de tâches quotidiennes, hebdomadaires ou mensuelles sur un système Unix. À la différence de "cron", il ne suppose pas que la machine tourne en permanence. En conséquence, il peut être utilisé sur des machines qui ne tournent pas 24 heures sur 24, pour contrôler quotidiennement, hebdomadairement ou mensuellement des tâches qui sont ordinairement contrôlées par "cron". | [
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Shadow Gallery | Shadow Gallery | Shadow Gallery is an American progressive metal band formed in the Lehigh Valley, Pennsylvania, United States, during the early 1980s, originally under the name Sorcerer. After changing their name to Shadow Gallery (taken from the graphic novel "V for Vendetta" by Alan Moore) and recording a short 8-track demo, the band was signed to Magna Carta Records in 1991. Shadow Gallery's eponymous debut was released the following year in Japan and Europe. In mid-2005, Shadow Gallery released their fifth studio album, "Room V", on the European-American independent label Inside Out. | Shadow Gallery est un groupe de metal progressif américain, originaire de Lehigh Valley, en Pennsylvanie. Il est formé pendant les années 1980, originellement sous le nom de Sorcerer. Après un changement de nom pour Shadow Gallery (inspiré de "V pour Vendetta" d'Alan Moore) et une démo de huit chansons, le groupe signe au label Magna Carta Records en 1991. Le premier album, éponyme, de Shadow Gallery est publié l'année suivante au Japon et en Europe. En mi-2005, Shadow Gallery publie son cinquième album studio, "Room V", au label indépendant InsideOut Music. | [
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Léon Bourgeois | Léon Bourgeois | Léon Victor Auguste Bourgeois (; 21 May 185129 September 1925) was a French statesman. His ideas influenced the Radical Party regarding a wide range of issues. He promoted progressive taxation such as progressive income taxes and social insurance schemes, along with economic equality, expanded educational opportunities, and cooperative solidarism. In foreign policy, he called for a strong League of Nations, and the maintenance of peace through compulsory arbitration, controlled disarmament, economic sanctions, and perhaps an international military force. | Léon Bourgeois, né à Paris le et mort au château d’Oger (Marne) le, est un homme d'État français. Issu d'une famille modeste et républicaine, Léon Bourgeois intègre l'administration française en 1876, puis devient préfet du Tarn six ans plus tard. Élu député radical en 1888, il entame une longue carrière ministérielle quelques mois seulement après son élection à la Chambre des députés. Il devient alors un personnage éminent de ce régime parlementaire qu'est la République, puisqu'il est nommé ministre de l'Intérieur en 1890. | [
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Donation of Constantine | Donation de Constantin | The Donation of Constantine () is a forged Roman imperial decree ("Diplom") by which the 4th-century emperor Constantine the Great supposedly transferred authority over Rome and the western part of the Roman Empire to the Pope. Composed probably in the 8th century, it was used, especially in the 13th century, in support of claims of political authority by the papacy. In many of the existing manuscripts (handwritten copies of the document), including the oldest one, the document bears the title "Constitutum domini Constantini imperatoris". The "Donation of Constantine" was included in the 9th-century collection "Pseudo-Isidorean Decretals". | La donation de Constantin (en latin : "") est un acte, qui se révèle être un faux, par lequel l'empereur Constantin était censé donner au pape Sylvestre l’"imperium" sur l'Occident. La papauté s'en servit à partir de la fin du millénaire pour justifier ses prétentions territoriales et politiques. La démonstration de sa fausseté en 1440 par l'humaniste Laurent Valla est généralement considérée comme l'acte fondateur de la critique textuelle (herméneutique). | [
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Iceberg | Iceberg | An iceberg is a large piece of freshwater ice that has broken off a glacier or an ice shelf and is floating freely in open (salt) water. Small bits of disintegrating icebergs are called "growlers" or "bergy bits". | Un iceberg ( ou « à l'anglaise » ) est un bloc de glace d'eau douce dérivant sur un plan d'eau, généralement la mer mais dans certains cas un lac ; de tels blocs, souvent de masse considérable, se détachent du front des glaciers ou d'une barrière de glace flottante. | [
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Marathon Trilogy | Marathon (série de jeux vidéo) | The Marathon Trilogy is a science fiction first-person shooter video game series from Bungie, originally released for Mac OS. The name "Marathon" is derived from the giant interstellar colony ship that provides the setting for the first game; the ship is constructed out of what used to be the Martian satellite Deimos. The three games in the series—"Marathon" (1994), "" (1995), and "Marathon Infinity" (1996)—are widely regarded as spiritual predecessors of Bungie's "Halo" series. | Marathon est une série de jeux vidéo de tir à la première personne de Bungie Software, réalisé pour Macintosh. Le premier jeu, Marathon (1994), a été suivi de deux suites : "" (1995) et "Marathon Infinity" (1996). est aussi sorti pour Windows 95. "Marathon" a été le seul jeu traduit en français. Depuis 2000 le projet open source Aleph One permet de faire tourner "Marathon" sur la plupart des systèmes d'exploitation actuels. | [
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Cross-country skiing (sport) | Ski de fond | The sport of cross-country skiing encompasses a variety of formats for cross-country skiing races over courses of varying lengths according to rules sanctioned by the International Ski Federation and by various national organizations, such as the U.S. Ski and Snowboard Association (USSA) and Cross Country Ski Canada. International competitions include the FIS Nordic World Ski Championships, the FIS Cross-Country World Cup, and at the Winter Olympic Games. Such races occur over homologated, groomed courses designed to support classic (in-track) and freestyle events, where the skiers may employ skate skiing. It also encompasses cross-country ski marathon events, sanctioned by the Worldloppet Ski Federation, and cross-country ski orienteering events, sanctioned by the International Orienteering Federation. Related forms of competition are biathlon, where competitors race on cross-country skis and stop to shoot at targets with rifles, and paralympic cross-country skiing that allows athletes with disabilities to compete at cross-country skiing with adaptive equipment. | Le ski de fond est un sport d'hiver de la famille du ski nordique, populaire notamment en Europe du Nord, au Canada, en Russie et plus largement l'ensemble de l'Europe de l'Est ou l'Alaska, qui se pratique sur des domaines enneigés et damés (sinon, il s'agit du ski de randonnée nordique). Il a inspiré d'autres disciplines telles que le saut à ski, le combiné nordique (combinaison du saut à ski et du ski de fond) et le biathlon (combinaison du tir à la carabine et du ski de fond). | [
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Alcestis | Alceste | Alcestis (; Ancient Greek: Ἄλκηστις, ') or Alceste"', was a princess in Greek mythology, known for her love of her husband. Her story was popularized in Euripides's tragedy "Alcestis". | Dans la mythologie grecque, Alceste (en grec ancien ) est la fille de Pélias (roi d'Iolcos en Thessalie) et d'Anaxibie (fille de Bias), et la sœur d'Acaste. Son histoire est racontée par le pseudo-Apollodore dans sa "Bibliothèque". | [
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Knut Hamsun | Knut Hamsun | Knut Hamsun (August 4, 1859 – February 19, 1952) was a Norwegian writer who was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1920. Hamsun's work spans more than 70 years and shows variation with regard to consciousness, subject, perspective and environment. He published more than 20 novels, a collection of poetry, some short stories and plays, a travelogue, works of non-fiction and some essays. | Knud Pedersen, plus connu sous son nom de plume Knut Hamsun (Knut Hamsund avant 1885), né le à Vågå, en Norvège et mort le à, près de Grimstad, est un écrivain norvégien, lauréat du prix Nobel de littérature en 1920. | [
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Noble metal | Métal noble | The University of Scranton is a private Jesuit university in Scranton, Pennsylvania. It was founded in 1888 by William O'Hara, the first Bishop of Scranton, as St. Thomas College. In 1938, the college was elevated to university status and took the name The University of Scranton. The institution was operated by the Diocese of Scranton from its founding until 1897. While the Diocese of Scranton retained ownership of the university, it was administered by the Lasallian Christian Brothers from 1888 to 1942. In 1942, the Society of Jesus took ownership and control of the university. During the 1960s, the university became an independent institution under a lay Board of Trustees. | Un métal noble est un métal qui résiste à la corrosion et à l'oxydation. Notamment, c'est un métal qui ne peut pas être dissous par une solution d'un acide seul. En revanche, la plupart de ces métaux sont dissous par l'« eau régale ». | [
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Varieties of Arabic | Arabe dialectal | There are a number of varieties (or dialects or vernacular languages) of Arabic, a Semitic language within the Afroasiatic family originating in the Arabian Peninsula. Some organizations, such as "Ethnologue" and the International Organization for Standardization, consider these approximately 30 different varieties to be different languages, while others, such as the Library of Congress, consider them all to be dialects of Arabic. | L'arabe dialectal (, "") est un terme qui recouvre les dialectes arabes, résultant d'une interférence linguistique entre la langue arabe et les langues locales ou voisines, à l'issue d'un processus d'arabisation ou d'une influence culturelle quelconque due principalement à la colonisation, aux mouvements migratoires, au commerce, et plus récemment aux médias. | [
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Alcinous | Alcinoos | In Greek mythology, Alcinous (; Ancient Greek: Ἀλκίνους or Ἀλκίνοος "Alkínoös" means "mighty mind") was a son of Nausithous and brother of Rhexenor. After the latter's death, he married his brother's daughter Arete who bore him Nausicaa, Halius, Clytoneus and Laodamas. In some accounts, Alcinous' father was Phaeax, son of Poseidon and Corcyra, and brother of Locrus. | Dans la mythologie grecque, Alcinoos, en français Alcinoüs ou Alkinoos (en grec ancien /, « esprit puissant »), était un fils de Nausithoos ou de Phéax, et le père par Arété de Nausicaa, d'Halios, de Clytonée et de Laodamas. | [
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Antaeus | Antée | Antaeus (,, "Antaîos", "Opponent", derived from, antao – I face, I oppose), known to the Berbers as Anti, was a figure in Berber and Greek mythology. In Greek sources, he was the giant son of Poseidon and Gaia, who lived in the interior desert of Libya. His wife was the goddess Tinge, for whom the city of Tangier in Morocco was named, and he had a daughter named Alceis or Barce. He was famed for his loss to Heracles as part of his twelve Labours. | Dans la mythologie grecque et libyque, Antée (en grec ancien ) était le fils de Gaïa (la Terre) qu'elle engendre seule ou avec Poséidon. | [
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La Terre | La Terre (Zola) | La Terre ("The Earth") is a novel by Émile Zola, published in 1887. It is the fifteenth novel in Zola's "Rougon-Macquart" series. The action takes place in a rural community in the Beauce, an area in central France west of Paris. The novel is connected to others in the series by the protagonist, Jean Macquart, whose childhood in the south of France was recounted in "La Fortune des Rougon", and who goes on to feature prominently in the later novel "La Débâcle". | La Terre est un roman d’Émile Zola publié en 1887, le quinzième volume de la série des "Rougon-Macquart". Sans doute l’un des plus choquants, Zola y dresse en effet un portrait féroce du monde paysan de la fin du, âpre au gain, dévoré d’une passion pour la terre qui peut aller jusqu’au crime. Tout l’ouvrage est empreint d’une bestialité propre à choquer les lecteurs de l’époque, les accouplements d’animaux alternant avec ceux des humains, eux-mêmes marqués par une grande précocité et par une brutalité allant fréquemment jusqu’au viol. Dès sa parution, "La Terre" a soulevé de violentes controverses, illustrées notamment par le "Manifeste des cinq", article publié dans le "Figaro" par cinq jeunes romanciers qui conseillaient à Zola de consulter le docteur Charcot pour soigner ses obsessions morbides. | [
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Agenor | Agénor fils de Poséidon | Agenor (; Ancient Greek: Ἀγήνωρ "Agēnor"; English translation: 'heroic, manly') was in Greek mythology and history a Phoenician king of Tyre. Herodotus estimates that Agenor lived sometime before the year 2000 BC. | Dans la mythologie grecque, Agénor (en grec ancien / ) est un roi phénicien de Tyr. Il est le fils de Poséidon et de Libye, ce qui fait de lui le frère de Bélos (qui est son jumeau) et de Lélex. | [
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Tundra | Toundra | In physical geography, tundra () is a type of biome where the tree growth is hindered by low temperatures and short growing seasons. The term "tundra" comes through Russian (') from the Kildin Sámi word (') meaning "uplands", "treeless mountain tract". Tundra vegetation is composed of dwarf shrubs, sedges and grasses, mosses, and lichens. Scattered trees grow in some tundra regions. The ecotone (or ecological boundary region) between the tundra and the forest is known as the tree line or timberline. The tundra soil is rich in nitrogen and phosphorus. | La toundra, terme emprunté au russe "Тундра", lui-même emprunté au same désigne l'un des quatorze grands biomes terrestres. C'est une formation végétale située dans les zones climatiques froides, polaires ou montagnardes, constituée d'une strate végétale unique principalement composée de graminées, de carex, de lichens, de mousses et de diverses variétés d'arbrisseaux. On distingue habituellement la toundra arctique, la toundra antarctique et la toundra alpine. Les deux premières sont influencées par un climat froid d'origine polaire tandis que le climat de la toundra alpine est lié à l'altitude. | [
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Pirates (1986 film) | Pirates (film, 1986) | Pirates is a 1986 Franco-Tunisian adventure comedy film written by Gérard Brach, John Brownjohn, and Roman Polanski and directed by Polanski. It was screened out of competition at the 1986 Cannes Film Festival. | Pirates est un film d'aventures franco-tunisien co-écrit et réalisé par Roman Polanski, sorti en 1986. Ce long métrage est présenté hors compétition et projeté au Festival de Cannes en, date de sa sortie nationale en France. | [
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Fairchild Republic A-10 Thunderbolt II | Fairchild A-10 Thunderbolt II | The Fairchild Republic A-10 Thunderbolt II is a single-seat, twin turbofan engine, straight wing jet aircraft developed by Fairchild-Republic for the United States Air Force (USAF). It is commonly referred to by the nicknames "Warthog" or "Hog", although the A-10's official name comes from the Republic P-47 Thunderbolt, a World War II fighter-bomber effective at attacking ground targets. The A-10 was designed for close air support (CAS) of friendly ground troops, attacking armored vehicles and tanks, and providing quick-action support against enemy ground forces. It entered service in 1976 and is the only production-built aircraft that has served in the USAF that was designed solely for CAS. Its secondary mission is to provide forward air controller–airborne support, by directing other aircraft in attacks on ground targets. Aircraft used primarily in this role are designated OA-10. | Le Fairchild A-10 "Thunderbolt II", également connu sous le nom de « "Warthog" » ou « "Hog" » (phacochère en français), est le premier avion américain spécialement conçu pour l'appui aérien rapproché des forces terrestres. L'A-10 est un avion simple, solide et efficace, muni de deux turboréacteurs à double flux. Il est capable d'attaquer la plupart des cibles au sol, en particulier les chars d'assaut et les véhicules blindés. | [
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Eucharist | Eucharistie | The Eucharist (; also known as Holy Communion and the Lord's Supper among other names) is a Christian rite that is considered a sacrament in most churches, and as an ordinance in others. According to the New Testament, the rite was instituted by Jesus Christ during the Last Supper; giving his disciples bread and wine during a Passover meal, Jesus commanded his disciples to "do this in memory of me" while referring to the bread as "my body" and the cup of wine as "the new covenant in my blood". Through the eucharistic celebration Christians remember both Christ's sacrifice of himself on the cross and his commission of the apostles at the Last Supper. | L'Eucharistie (du grec ancien /, « action de grâce ») est un sacrement chrétien. Elle occupe une place centrale dans la doctrine et la vie religieuse de la plupart des confessions chrétiennes. Alors que les catholiques parlent d'Eucharistie, le terme de Sainte-Cène est généralement utilisé par les protestants pour désigner le même rite. | [
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Inuit languages | Langues inuites | The Inuit languages are a closely related group of indigenous American languages traditionally spoken across the North American Arctic and to some extent in the subarctic in Labrador. The related Yupik languages are spoken in western and southern Alaska and in the far east of Russia, but are severely endangered in Russia today and spoken only in a few villages on the Chukchi Peninsula. The Inuit live primarily in three countries: Greenland, Canada (specifically in the Nunatsiavut region of Labrador, the Nunavik region of Quebec, Nunavut, and the Northwest Territories), and the United States (specifically the coast of Alaska). | Les langues inuites sont parlées par le peuple inuit en Alaska, dans l'Arctique canadien et au Groenland. Elles constituent un rameau de la famille des langues eskimo-aléoutes, qui comprend aussi les langues yupik et plus lointainement l'aléoute. Les langues inuites forment un continuum linguistique qui se subdivise en seize variétés, elles-mêmes regroupées en quatre grands ensembles : l'inupiaq dans le Nord de l'Alaska, l'inuvialuktun dans l'Ouest de l'Arctique canadien, l'inuktitut dans l'Est de l'Arctique canadien et le groenlandais au Groenland. Le nombre total de locuteurs est d'environ. | [
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Clave (rhythm) | Clave | The clave (; ) is a rhythmic pattern used as a tool for temporal organization in Afro-Cuban music. It is present in a variety of genres such as Abakuá music, rumba, conga, son, mambo, salsa, songo, timba and Afro-Cuban jazz. The five-stroke clave pattern represents the structural core of many Afro-Cuban rhythms. | La clave est un rythme joué avec l'instrument de percussion qu'on appelle les claves, ou « clave » au singulier). La clave, instrument et rythme, est d'origine africaine, même si le nom est espagnol et signifie « clef ». On rencontre le concept de clave et l'instrument chez tant de peuples en Afrique, qu'il est pratiquement impossible de savoir de quelle région ils proviennent. | [
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Nicholas of Japan | Nicolas du Japon | Saint Nicholas, Equal-to-the-Apostles, Archbishop of Japan, born Ivan Dimitrovich Kasatkin (; – 16 February 1912) was a Russian Orthodox priest, monk, and bishop. He introduced the Eastern Orthodox Church to Japan. The Orthodox cathedral of Tokyo (metropolitan diocese of Japan), Tokyo Resurrection Cathedral, was informally named after him as "Nikorai-do", first by the local community, and today nationwide, in remembrance of his work. | Saint Nicolas du Japon, de son vivant archevêque Nikolaï Kasatkine, est né Ioann Dimitrovitch Kasatkine (1836 - 1912). C'était un évêque de l'Église orthodoxe russe et un saint de l'Église orthodoxe. Il fut le père de l'Église orthodoxe du Japon. La cathédrale orthodoxe de Tokyo (Cathédrale de la Résurrection), est surnommée "Nikolai-do" en souvenir de lui. Fête le 3 février. | [
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Les Inconnus | Les Inconnus | Les Inconnus ("The Unknowns") are a French trio of humorists: Didier Bourdon, Bernard Campan and Pascal Légitimus. While their first successes were on stage, they are most famous for their satirical sketch comedy television show "La Télé des Inconnus", which premiered in 1990 and remained popular throughout the early 1990s. Following their television success, the group went on to produce music and movies, most of them written and directed by Bourdon and Campan. After the movie "Les Trois Frères" in 1995, the trio encountered contract problems with their manager Paul Lederman, which caused the group to split up, though there have been several films released since then that have featured at least two former members together. | Les Inconnus est le nom d'un trio comique français qui réunit Didier Bourdon, Bernard Campan et Pascal Légitimus. Ils étaient initialement cinq, avec Smaïn et Seymour Brussel qui quittèrent le groupe un peu plus d'un an après sa création. | [
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John 1:1 | Prologue de l'évangile selon Jean | John 1:1 is the first verse in the opening chapter of the Gospel of John. In the Douay–Rheims, King James, New International, and other versions of the Bible, the verse reads: In the beginning was the Word, and the Word was with God, and the Word was God. | Les dix-huit premiers versets de l'Évangile selon Jean sont traditionnellement appelés le Prologue, bien que ce mot ne se trouve pas dans le texte. Celui-ci, écrit en grec, comme l'ensemble du Nouveau Testament, constitue une sorte de méditation sur la personne de Jésus-Christ, depuis la création du monde jusqu'à son Incarnation. Le texte anime toute la mystique chrétienne et nourrit encore aujourd'hui la prière de beaucoup. Sa traduction, son interprétation, voire son attribution, sont toujours l'objet de débats scientifiques et doctrinaux. | [
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Claude Ryan | Claude Ryan | Claude Ryan, (January 26, 1925 – February 9, 2004) was a Canadian journalist and politician. He was the director of the newspaper "Le Devoir" from 1964 to 1978, leader of the Quebec Liberal Party from 1978 to 1982, National Assembly of Quebec member for Argenteuil from 1979 to 1994 and Minister of Education from 1985 to 1989. | Claude Ryan né à Montréal au Québec le et mort le à Montréal au Québec est un intellectuel, journaliste et homme politique québécois. | [
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Grand duke | Grand-duc | Grand duke (feminine: grand duchess) is a European hereditary title for either certain monarchs or members of certain monarchs' families. It is traditionally ranked in order of precedence below the title of emperor, king or archduke and above that of sovereign prince or sovereign duke. It is used in some current and former independent monarchies in Europe, particularly: | Grand-duc ou Grand-Duc est un titre de noblesse qui désigne : L'appellation de courtoisie donnée à un grand-duc souverain est « Son Altesse Royale » (abrégé en SAR). | [
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Claves | Claves | Claves (; ) are a percussion instrument (idiophone), consisting of a pair of short dowels about thick. Traditionally they are made of wood, typically rosewood, ebony or grenadilla. In modern times they are also made of fibreglass or plastics. When struck they produce a bright clicking noise. Claves are sometimes hollow and carved in the middle to amplify the sound. | Les claves, aussi appelés « clapi claps » sont des instruments de musique de percussion idiophone très anciens. Selon certaines régions, on peut aussi appeler la paire de claves « la clave », car cela représente un seul et même instrument. | [
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Allobroges | Allobroges | The Allobroges (Gaulish: "foreigner, exiled"; ) were an Iron Age Gallic tribe, dwelling between the Rhône river and the Alps mountains during the Roman period. | Les Allobroges sont un peuple gaulois dont le territoire était situé entre l'Isère, le Rhône et les Alpes du Nord. Ils passaient dans l'Antiquité pour de grands guerriers. | [
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Eugène François Vidocq | Eugène-François Vidocq | Eugène-François Vidocq (; July 24, 1775 – May 11, 1857) was a French criminal turned criminalist whose life story inspired several writers, including Victor Hugo, Edgar Allan Poe, and Honoré de Balzac. The former criminal became the founder and first director of the crime-detection Sûreté nationale as well as the head of the first known private detective agency. Vidocq is considered to be the father of modern criminology and of the French police department. He is also regarded as the first private detective. | Eugène-François Vidocq, né le à Arras et mort le à Paris, était un aventurier français, successivement délinquant, bagnard, indicateur puis policier et enfin détective privé. | [
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L'Œuvre | L'Œuvre (Émile Zola) | L'Œuvre is the fourteenth novel in the "Rougon-Macquart" series by Émile Zola. It was first serialized in the periodical "Gil Blas" beginning in December 1885 before being published in novel form by Charpentier in 1886. | L’Œuvre est un roman d’Émile Zola publié en 1886, le quatorzième volume de la série "Les Rougon-Macquart". L’ouvrage nous entraîne dans le monde de l’art et des artistes, à travers le portrait d’un peintre maudit, Claude Lantier, dont le personnage évoque Paul Cézanne, grand ami de Zola. | [
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QWERTY | QWERTY | QWERTY () is a keyboard design for Latin-script alphabets. The name comes from the order of the first six keys on the top left letter row of the keyboard ( ). The QWERTY design is based on a layout created for the Sholes and Glidden typewriter and sold to E. Remington and Sons in 1873. It became popular with the success of the Remington No. 2 of 1878, and remains in ubiquitous use. | Le QWERTY est une disposition des touches de clavier de machine à écrire brevetée en 1878 par Christopher Latham Sholes, qui fut le à inventer la machine à écrire. | [
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Unreal (1998 video game) | Unreal (jeu vidéo) | Unreal is a first-person shooter video game developed by Epic MegaGames and Digital Extremes and published by GT Interactive in May 1998. It was powered by Unreal Engine, an original game engine. The game reached sales of 1.5 million units by 2002. | Le jeu se déroule dans un univers de science-fiction futuriste, le joueur incarnant un prisonnier enfermé à bord d’un vaisseau prison voyageant à travers l’espace. Après le crash de celui-ci sur une planète inconnue, le joueur parvient à s’échapper de sa cellule et se retrouve confronté à une race d’extraterrestres hostiles, les Skaarjs, qui contrôlent la surface de la planète et ont réduit ses habitants, les Nalis, en esclavage. Pour quitter cette planète, le joueur doit traverser différents types d’environnement peuplés de créatures souvent hostiles qu’il doit combattre à l’aide des armes et des bonus trouvés au fur et à mesure de son avancée dans le jeu. | [
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French aircraft carrier Charles de Gaulle | Charles de Gaulle (porte-avions) | Charles de Gaulle is the flagship of the French Navy ("Marine Nationale"). The ship is the tenth French aircraft carrier, the first French nuclear-powered surface vessel, and the only nuclear-powered carrier completed outside of the United States Navy. She is named after French statesman and general Charles de Gaulle. | Le Charles de Gaulle (indicatif visuel R91) est un porte-avions de la Marine nationale française, dont il est le bâtiment majeur et la pièce maîtresse. Il est le premier et unique bâtiment de combat de surface à propulsion nucléaire construit en Europe occidentale. En 2019, la France est le seul pays, en dehors des États-Unis, à avoir terminé la construction d'un porte-avions à propulsion nucléaire. | [
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John Travolta | John Travolta | John Joseph Travolta (born February 18, 1954) is an American actor, singer, dancer, and pilot. Travolta rose to fame during the 1970s, appearing on the television series "Welcome Back, Kotter" (1975–1979) and starring in the box office successes "Saturday Night Fever" (1977) and "Grease" (1978). His acting career declined through the 1980s, but enjoyed a resurgence in the 1990s with his role in "Pulp Fiction" (1994), and he has since starred in films such as "Get Shorty" (1995), "Broken Arrow" (1996), "Face/Off" (1997), "Swordfish" (2001), "Be Cool" (2005), "Wild Hogs" (2007), "Hairspray" (2007), "Bolt" (2008), and "The Taking of Pelham 123" (2009). | John Travolta, né le à Englewood (New Jersey) est un acteur américain. Il est aussi chanteur, danseur et producteur de cinéma. | [
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] | [
250008,
4939,
4937,
47125,
4,
18673,
95,
253,
161827,
25876,
15,
46568,
101033,
16,
437,
51,
6,
132987,
100527,
5,
891,
437,
5206,
38572,
11685,
4,
807,
7745,
82,
138398,
474,
8,
140625,
5,
2
] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Index of linguistics articles | Liste des notions utilisées en linguistique | Linguistics is the scientific study of human language. Someone who engages in this study is called a linguist. "See also the Outline of linguistics, the List of phonetics topics, the List of linguists, and the List of cognitive science topics." Articles related to linguistics include: | Voici une liste des principales notions utilisées en linguistique. Elle ne comprend pas de nombreuses entrées qui sont classées dans d'autres listes : | [
250004,
250054,
3157,
105160,
14,
2320,
20,
3157,
90,
29888,
7225,
20,
62,
7119,
1003,
20,
101397,
5844,
7225,
20,
17192,
59009,
20,
29899,
223,
45023,
7225,
20,
62,
85691,
78550,
20,
29899,
2517,
15,
26551,
41637,
16,
20,
29899,
2517,
15,
45388,
31,
65279,
48242,
7,
16,
20,
62,
15322,
5264,
20,
62,
988,
29888,
7225,
20,
3145,
170,
100034,
20,
3145,
17043,
15390,
20,
3145,
40322,
20,
3145,
40322,
289,
113860,
20,
3145,
81465,
20,
3145,
81465,
15403,
20,
3145,
81465,
15403,
113860,
20,
59061,
4084,
20,
6121,
72428,
67,
158,
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1236,
20,
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159632,
73,
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20,
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159632,
73,
45023,
46876,
20,
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4935,
7225,
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31,
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20,
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31,
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20,
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4626,
20,
232248,
46876,
20,
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11,
20,
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20,
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109622,
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41637,
20,
884,
272,
31,
320,
158,
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1236,
20,
33263,
4650,
20,
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24816,
20,
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147158,
41637,
20,
5659,
516,
53950,
1236,
20,
62,
30544,
60213,
20,
24241,
20,
38420,
16735,
31667,
28995,
30891,
20,
38420,
16735,
31667,
24089,
41637,
20,
234416,
20,
65473,
57786,
20,
9208,
416,
1363,
20,
1913,
117474,
20,
23177,
674,
15,
69989,
458,
46876,
7,
16,
20,
23177,
674,
15,
568,
557,
9,
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16,
20,
62,
6077,
2104,
6635,
42792,
26828,
9,
5037,
2320,
20,
26828,
42,
45757,
20,
14811,
964,
289,
158,
1681,
1236,
20,
189483,
53,
54479,
20,
6499,
272,
9113,
944,
20,
32546,
47691,
20,
109575,
45757,
20,
181021,
2244,
8420,
20,
43731,
20,
43731,
23,
173345,
20,
313,
297,
2298,
20,
66328,
7,
2647,
20,
79512,
316,
55923,
20,
79512,
316,
44289,
20,
82366,
2480,
214,
20,
21138,
158,
1681,
1236,
20,
153335,
71,
9,
67413,
2565,
20,
1311,
7456,
67,
20,
1311,
150925,
272,
41664,
20,
1311,
3334,
6620,
20,
11554,
103734,
10836,
39,
20,
3288,
913,
4935,
7225,
20,
87398,
112419,
4,
59121,
12,
80658,
3826,
238,
20,
113307,
45023,
20,
113307,
45023,
147158,
41637,
20,
113307,
45023,
55300,
20,
15612,
31,
7030,
110,
309,
136,
606,
170,
100034,
20,
15612,
31,
7030,
42792,
20,
40139,
9,
121415,
297,
46876,
52080,
20,
159415,
11,
43315,
147158,
41637,
20,
1657,
461,
125682,
20,
1657,
17043,
15390,
20,
1657,
17043,
10763,
20,
1657,
1681,
1236,
20,
82084,
89829,
46876,
20,
1657,
22829,
20,
45380,
7,
4935,
114137,
20,
45380,
7,
4935,
147158,
41637,
20,
1311,
42943,
20,
195495,
147158,
41637,
20,
313,
1603,
53623,
6,
178851,
12549,
20,
56781,
1002,
54479,
20,
115221,
133,
46876,
20,
6,
239159,
174976,
164,
20,
3003,
33157,
5037,
930,
449,
2069,
158254,
20,
930,
4935,
7225,
20,
49132,
94266,
674,
20,
25755,
1977,
6889,
20,
85535,
100034,
42792,
20,
262,
32032,
5844,
147158,
41637,
20,
1575,
1803,
158,
1681,
1236,
20,
1310,
3984,
1363,
20,
262,
30524,
56,
20,
4512,
59869,
1771,
20,
4512,
17978,
164,
20,
4512,
8996,
18,
20,
147638,
20,
803,
11727,
18,
30434,
20,
6206,
100599,
13,
20,
6206,
17043,
15390,
20,
6206,
87632,
20,
107172,
10,
85691,
78550,
20,
114421,
122092,
11,
70760,
14012,
133535,
10517,
19,
20,
31332,
65279,
48242,
7,
20,
540,
45023,
7225,
20,
18878,
64289,
297,
46876,
20,
14941,
92217,
1363,
20,
357,
46741,
674,
20,
1004,
208,
4935,
7225,
20,
212059,
20,
1184,
29888,
7225,
20,
241,
927,
19,
179554,
20,
241,
38226,
25443,
20,
1775,
35801,
106622,
20,
3939,
65279,
48242,
7,
20,
161312,
111,
46876,
7,
20,
161312,
6635,
147158,
41637,
20,
89536,
8705,
9,
77007,
36279,
153648,
20,
5443,
13,
66278,
7,
20,
60075,
133,
4935,
150380,
5844,
22225,
184,
72180,
2182,
20,
22225,
184,
34391,
20,
15236,
289,
46876,
20,
9173,
408,
4935,
158,
1681,
1236,
20,
28670,
10763,
2565,
20,
184748,
289,
46876,
20,
94724,
15787,
20,
94724,
1492,
184,
527,
23894,
20,
9082,
484,
109109,
7,
20,
15937,
107,
114137,
20,
71491,
4935,
7225,
20,
30839,
1771,
286,
143,
1003,
20,
8022,
7030,
20,
46173,
18,
1803,
158,
1681,
1236,
20,
46173,
18,
1803,
7279,
20,
46173,
10628,
101966,
25443,
20,
92416,
20,
48078,
1727,
20,
48078,
88875,
141,
127501,
20,
48078,
88875,
141,
52528,
20,
48078,
88875,
141,
14012,
20,
48078,
88875,
141,
54479,
20,
181689,
78550,
20,
32774,
158,
1681,
1236,
122925,
20,
32774,
5346,
8420,
8294,
2480,
20,
106185,
39,
25,
7,
27165,
20,
37410,
987,
289,
158,
1681,
1236,
90183,
92,
20,
54953,
6423,
25,
27165,
20,
1840,
13616,
34,
41637,
20,
2673,
19481,
15,
65279,
48242,
7,
16,
20,
19694,
9588,
214,
33949,
20,
165837,
289,
9,
277,
6276,
4935,
147158,
41637,
20,
165837,
289,
147158,
41637,
20,
65786,
111,
147158,
41637,
20,
58479,
5264,
20,
92179,
5264,
20,
168034,
5264,
87,
9,
561,
22062,
20,
24037,
83814,
20,
87,
5670,
8996,
18,
20,
87,
428,
306,
20,
62703,
4935,
7225,
20,
3370,
52368,
97160,
309,
20,
3370,
52368,
42792,
20,
3370,
182867,
15,
6471,
177,
47148,
7,
16,
20,
93951,
9,
183921,
46876,
7,
20,
360,
90,
29888,
7225,
20,
134322,
5844,
20,
360,
55923,
20,
46757,
133,
89829,
46876,
20,
46757,
133,
10763,
20,
360,
1890,
10836,
39,
20,
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Mathematical induction | Raisonnement par récurrence | Mathematical induction is a mathematical proof technique. It is essentially used to prove that a statement "P"("n") holds for every natural number "n" = 0, 1, 2, 3,... ; that is, the overall statement is a sequence of infinitely many cases "P"(0), "P"(1), "P"(2), "P"(3),.... Informal metaphors help to explain this technique, such as falling dominoes or climbing a ladder: A proof by induction consists of two cases. The first, the base case (or basis), proves the statement for "n =" 0 without assuming any knowledge of other cases. The second case, the induction step, proves that "if" the statement holds for any given case "n = k", "then" it must also hold for the next case "n" = "k" + 1. These two steps establish that the statement holds for every natural number "n". The base case does not necessarily begin with "n =" 0, but often with "n =" 1, and possibly with any fixed natural number "n = N", establishing the truth of the statement for all natural numbers "n ≥ N". | En mathématiques, le raisonnement par récurrence (ou par induction, ou induction complète) est une forme de raisonnement visant à démontrer une propriété portant sur "tous" les entiers naturels. Le raisonnement par récurrence consiste à démontrer les points suivants : | [
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Will (philosophy) | Volonté (philosophie) | Will, generally, is the faculty of the mind that selects, at the moment of decision, a desire among the various desires present; it itself does not refer to any particular desire, but rather to the mechanism responsible for choosing from among one's desires. Within philosophy, will is important as one of the parts of the mind, along with reason and understanding. It is considered central to the field of ethics because of its role in enabling deliberate action. | La volonté désigne généralement la faculté d'exercer un libre choix gouverné par la raison, et en particulier en philosophie morale la faculté qu'a la raison de déterminer une action d'après des « normes » ou des principes (moraux, notamment). En cela elle peut être considérée comme une vertu. Elle se distingue du désir qui peut être incontrôlé ou irrationnel, et de la spontanéité des instincts naturels dont la réalisation ne fait appel à aucune délibération. La volonté est vue par certains philosophes comme l'expression d'un libre arbitre chez un sujet, par exemple entre ses désirs actuels et ses souhaits futurs ; d'autres considèrent néanmoins qu'elle est elle-même déterminée. Le mot désigne aussi la manifestation de sa capacité de choisir par lui-même sans coercition particulière. | [
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Mérida, Yucatán | Mérida (Mexique) | Mérida () is the capital and largest city in Yucatan state in Mexico, as well as the largest city of the Yucatán Peninsula. The city is located in the northwest part of the state, about 35 kilometres (22 miles) off the coast of the Gulf of Mexico. The city is also the municipal seat of the Municipality of Mérida, which includes the city and the areas around it. | Mérida "la cité blanche" est une ville du Mexique et la capitale de l'État du Yucatán. Sa population s'élevait à habitants en 2010. | [
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Saint Croix Island, Maine | Île Sainte-Croix | Saint Croix Island (), long known to locals as Dochet Island, is a small uninhabited island in Maine near the mouth of the Saint Croix River that forms part of the Canada–United States border separating Maine from New Brunswick. The island is in the heart of the traditional lands of the Passamaquoddy people who, according to oral tradition, used it to store food away from the dangers of mainland animals. The island was the site of an early attempt at French colonization by Pierre Dugua, Sieur de Mons in 1604. In 1984 it was designated by the United States Congress as Saint Croix Island International Historic Site. There is no public access to the island, but there is a visitor contact station on the U.S. mainland and a display on the Canadian mainland opposite the island. | L'île Sainte-Croix est un site historique international situé maintenant aux États-Unis, situé près de l'embouchure du fleuve Sainte-Croix, qui forme une partie de la frontière internationale séparant l'État américain du Maine de la province canadienne du Nouveau-Brunswick. | [
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Johannesburg | Johannesbourg | Johannesburg (, ; ; Zulu and ), informally known as Jozi, Joburg, or "The City of Gold", is the largest city in South Africa and one of the 50 largest urban areas in the world. It is the provincial capital and largest city of Gauteng, which is the wealthiest province in South Africa. Johannesburg is the seat of the Constitutional Court, the highest court in South Africa. The city is located in the mineral-rich Witwatersrand range of hills and is the centre of large-scale gold and diamond trade. It was one of the host cities of the official tournament of the 2010 FIFA World Cup. | Johannesbourg (en afrikaans et, ; ; en xhosa et ) est une métropole d'Afrique du Sud, fondée en 1886 au Transvaal. Elle est l'actuelle capitale de la province de Gauteng, la plus riche du pays. L'agglomération de Johannesbourg-Pretoria se classe parmi les trente plus grandes régions métropolitaines du monde, avec plus de douze millions d'habitants, et est l'une des six villes mondiales d'Afrique. | [
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Augment (Indo-European) | Augment | The augment is a prefix used in certain Indo-European languages, most notably Greek, Armenian and Indo-Iranian languages such as Sanskrit, in the formation of past tenses. Historical linguists are uncertain whether the augment is a feature that was added to some branches of Indo-European or whether the augment was present in the parent language and lost by all other branches (see also Proto-Greek). | Dans le domaine indo-européen, l’augment est un élargissement par son début du radical des verbes qui va de pair avec des désinences personnelles et s’utilisant pour les temps du passé de l'indicatif en grec ancien et moderne (à moins qu'il ne s'agisse ici d'un simple support d'accent, cf. van Oostendorp, en sanskrit, en arménien classique et en phrygien). | [
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Magnolia grandiflora | Magnolia à grandes fleurs | Magnolia grandiflora, commonly known as the southern magnolia or bull bay, is a tree of the family Magnoliaceae native to the southeastern United States, from southeastern North Carolina to central Florida, and west to East Texas. Reaching in height, it is a large, striking evergreen tree, with large dark green leaves up to long and wide, and large, white, fragrant flowers up to in diameter. | Le magnolia à grandes fleurs, ou magnolier à grandes fleurs, ou laurier-tulipier "(Magnolia grandiflora)" est un arbre de grande taille. Probablement en raison de ses belles feuilles persistantes, c'est le plus connu des magnolias. Il est originaire des États-Unis et largement cultivé comme arbre d'ornement. | [
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Cenote | Cénote | A cenote ( ; ) is a natural pit, or sinkhole, resulting from the collapse of limestone bedrock that exposes groundwater underneath. Especially associated with the Yucatán Peninsula of Mexico, cenotes were sometimes used by the ancient Maya for sacrificial offerings. | Les cénotes sont des gouffres, avens ou dolines d'effondrement, en milieu karstique, totalement ou partiellement remplis d'eau. Il peut s'agir d'eau douce, ou parfois d'une couche superficielle d'eau douce et d'une couche inférieure d'eau de mer s'ils communiquent avec l'océan par des failles ou autres conduits. Lorsqu'ils sont entièrement immergés dans l'eau de mer, on les désigne comme « trous bleus » (par exemple dans la péninsule du Yucatán au Mexique). | [
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Theodicy | Théodicée | Theodicy () means vindication of God. It is to answer the question of why a good God permits the manifestation of evil, thus resolving the issue of the problem of evil. Some theodicies also address the evidential problem of evil by attempting "to make the existence of an all-knowing, all-powerful and all-good or omnibenevolent God consistent with the existence of evil or suffering in the world." Unlike a defense, which tries to demonstrate that God's existence is logically possible in the light of evil, a theodicy attempts to provide a framework wherein God's existence is also plausible. The German philosopher and mathematician Gottfried Leibniz coined the term "theodicy" in 1710 in his work "Théodicée", though various responses to the problem of evil had been previously proposed. The British philosopher John Hick traced the history of moral theodicy in his 1966 work, "Evil and the God of Love", identifying three major traditions: | Une théodicée (du grec, « justice de Dieu ») est une explication de l'apparente contradiction entre l'existence du mal et deux caractéristiques propres à Dieu : sa toute-puissance et sa bonté. | [
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Bra | Soutien-gorge | A bra, short for brassiere or brassière (, or ; ), is a form-fitting undergarment designed to support or cover the wearer's breasts. Bras are designed for a variety of purposes, including enhancing a woman's breast size, creating cleavage or for other aesthetic, fashion or more practical considerations. Swimsuits, camisoles, and backless dresses may have built-in breast support with supportive bra cups. Nursing bras are designed to facilitate breastfeeding. Some women have a medical and surgical need for brassieres, but most women wear them for fashion or cultural reasons. There is no evidence that bras really prevent breasts from sagging. | Le soutien-gorge, ou la brassière au Canada, est un sous-vêtement féminin composé de deux bonnets servant à soutenir et protéger, dans une certaine mesure, ainsi qu'éventuellement mettre en valeur les seins. Il peut être assorti à d'autres pièces de lingerie (porte-jarretelles, shorty, slip, string, etc.). | [
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André Michaux | André Michaux | André Michaux, also styled Andrew Michaud, (8 March 174613 November 1802) was a French botanist and explorer. He is most noted for his study of North American flora. In addition Michaux collected specimens in England, Spain, France, and even, Persia. His work was part of a larger European effort to gather knowledge about the natural world. Michaux's contributions include "Histoire des chênes de l'Amérique" (1801; "The Oaks of North America") and "Flora Boreali-Americana" (1803; "The Flora of North America") which continued to be botanical references well into the 19th century. His son, François André Michaux, also became an authoritative botanist. | André Michaux, né le à Versailles et mort le à Tamatave, Madagascar, est un botaniste et explorateur français. Ses travaux botaniques ont beaucoup fait pour la connaissance des plantes nord-américaines et orientales. | [
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Fighter aircraft | Avion de chasse | A fighter aircraft, often referred to simply as a fighter, is a military fixed-wing aircraft designed primarily for air-to-air combat against other aircraft. The key performance features of a fighter include not only its firepower but also its high speed and maneuverability relative to the target aircraft. | Un avion de chasse (aussi appelé chasseur ou avion de suprématie aérienne) est un avion militaire conçu pour intercepter les avions adverses et ainsi assurer la maîtrise du ciel. Il peut par exemple s'agir de détruire des bombardiers ennemis afin de les empêcher d'atteindre leurs cibles, ou d'éliminer du ciel les chasseurs de l'adversaire pour protéger ses propres avions d'attaque. | [
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Polder | Polder | A polder () is a low-lying tract of land that forms an artificial hydrological entity, enclosed by embankments known as dikes. The three types of polder are: | Un polder (ou prise ou poldre ), est une étendue artificielle de terre gagnée sur l'eau, le plus souvent dont le niveau est inférieur à celui de la mer, à partir de marais, estuaires, lacs ou des zones littorales. | [
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Attack aircraft | Avion d'attaque au sol | An attack aircraft, strike aircraft, or attack bomber, is a tactical military aircraft that has a primary role of carrying out airstrikes with greater precision than bombers, and is prepared to encounter strong low-level air defenses while pressing the attack. This class of aircraft is designed mostly for close air support and naval air-to-surface missions, overlapping the tactical bomber mission. Designs dedicated to non-naval roles are often known as ground-attack aircraft. | Un avion d'attaque au sol ou avion d'assaut est un avion militaire conçu pour attaquer des cibles au sol telles que des chars ou des troupes ennemies. Il opère à basse altitude pour appuyer l'infanterie engagée sur le terrain, contrairement aux bombardiers qui attaquent des cibles plus stratégiques. Ce type de mission est appelé « appui aérien rapproché ». | [
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
ISO 8601 | ISO 8601 | ISO 8601 "Data elements and interchange formats – Information interchange – Representation of dates and times" is an international standard covering the exchange of date- and time-related data. It was issued by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and was first published in 1988. The purpose of this standard is to provide an unambiguous and well-defined method of representing dates and times, so as to avoid misinterpretation of numeric representations of dates and times, particularly when data is transferred between countries with different conventions for writing numeric dates and times. | La norme internationale ISO 8601 spécifie la représentation numérique de la date et de l'heure — respectivement basées sur le calendrier grégorien et le système horaire de 24 heures. Cette notation, créée en 1988, est particulièrement destinée à éviter tout risque de confusion dans les communications internationales due au grand nombre de notations nationales différentes. Elle a en outre de nombreux avantages pour une utilisation informatique par rapport aux autres notations. | [
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Dassault Rafale | Dassault Rafale | The Dassault Rafale (, literally meaning "gust of wind", and "burst of fire" in a more military sense) is a French twin-engine, canard delta wing, multirole fighter aircraft designed and built by Dassault Aviation. Equipped with a wide range of weapons, the Rafale is intended to perform air supremacy, interdiction, aerial reconnaissance, ground support, in-depth strike, anti-ship strike and nuclear deterrence missions. The Rafale is referred to as an "omnirole" aircraft by Dassault. | Le Rafale de Dassault Aviation est un avion de combat multirôle développé pour la Marine nationale et l'Armée de l'air françaises, livré à partir du 18 mai 2001 et entré en service en 2002 dans la Marine. | [
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Skepticism | Scepticisme (philosophie) | Skepticism (American English and Canadian English) or scepticism (British English and Australian English) is generally a questioning attitude or doubt towards one or more items of putative knowledge or belief or dogma. It is often directed at domains, such as the supernatural, morality (moral skepticism), theism (skepticism about the existence of God), or knowledge (skepticism about the possibility of knowledge, or of certainty). Formally, skepticism as a topic occurs in the context of philosophy, particularly epistemology, although it can be applied to any topic such as politics, religion, and pseudoscience. | Le scepticisme (du grec σκεπτικός, "skeptikos", « qui examine »), aussi appelé pyrrhonisme est une philosophie et une méthode grecque antique qui compare et oppose toutes choses afin d'atteindre la tranquillité (ἀταραξία, ataraxie) de l'âme (ψυχή, psyché). Par exemple le sceptique pyrrhonien dit que rien n'est vrai ni faux, ni vrai et faux à la fois, et pas même cette dernière phrase car elle s'oppose à elle-même. | [
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Baruch Spinoza | Baruch Spinoza | Baruch Spinoza (; ; born Benedito de Espinosa, ; later Benedict de Spinoza; 24 November 1632 – 21 February 1677) was a Dutch philosopher of Portuguese Sephardi origin. One of the early thinkers of the Enlightenment and modern biblical criticism, including modern conceptions of the self and the universe, he came to be considered one of the great rationalists of 17th-century philosophy. Inspired by the groundbreaking ideas of René Descartes, Spinoza became a leading philosophical figure of the Dutch Golden Age. Spinoza's given name, which means "Blessed", varies among different languages. In Hebrew, it is written. His Portuguese name is or. In his Latin works, he used. | Baruch Spinoza (), né le à Amsterdam et mort le à La Haye, est un philosophe néerlandais. Il occupe une place importante dans l'histoire de la philosophie, sa pensée, appartenant au courant des modernes rationalistes, ayant eu une influence considérable sur ses contemporains et nombre de penseurs postérieurs. | [
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National Front (French Resistance) | Front national (Résistance) | The National Front ( or "Front national de l'indépendance de la France") was a World War II French Resistance movement created to unite all of the Resistance Organizations together to fight the Nazi occupation forces and Vichy France under Marshall Petain. Founded in 1941 in Paris by Jacques Duclos, Andre Pican and Pierre Villon, along with their wives all members of the French Communist Party (PCF) they felt that to be a vital force against the Nazis, the collaborationists and the informers that all of the Resistance movements, no matter their party or Religion(Jewish or Catholic) had to band together. Its name was inspired by the Popular Front, a left-wing coalition which governed France from 1936 to 1938. This helped them coordinate attacks all across France, to move weapons, food, false identity papers, information and food, protect and move people who were to be arrested or executed and supply multiple safe houses for the Resistance and for Jews. They also formed fighting units in early 1942 to assassinate German leaders and soldiers among the occupation forces, perform acts of sabotage on railroads and other forms of distribution of people and goods being taken from France to Germany and to help organize sabotage in factories forced to produce armaments and goods for the German military. | Le Front national, ou Front national de lutte pour la libération et l'indépendance de la France, est un mouvement de la Résistance intérieure française créé par le Parti communiste français (PCF) vers mai 1941. Il s'agit de réaliser un vaste rassemblement autour de valeurs patriotiques et de rallier les différentes composantes de la société française dans un esprit d'ouverture vis-à-vis des non-communistes. À l'exception d'une certaine implantation dans les milieux intellectuels par le biais du périodique "L'Université libre", il fut mis en sommeil à partir de l'automne 1941 et ne se développa véritablement qu'à partir de la fin 1942 sous l'impulsion de Pierre Villon qui fut le représentant du mouvement au sein du Conseil national de la Résistance (CNR). | [
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Grammatical gender | Genre grammatical | In linguistics, grammatical gender is a specific form of noun class system in which the division of noun classes forms an agreement system with another aspect of the language, such as adjectives, articles, pronouns, or verbs. This system is used in approximately one quarter of the world's languages. In these languages, most or all nouns inherently carry one value of the grammatical category called "gender"; the values present in a given language (of which there are usually two or three) are called the "genders" of that language. According to one definition: "Genders are classes of nouns reflected in the behaviour of associated words." | En linguistique, le genre grammatical est une caractéristique intrinsèque des noms, qui influe sur la forme de certains éléments satellites. Il divise les noms en catégories, limitées à deux ou trois pour les langues indo-européennes (généralement le masculin et le féminin avec parfois le neutre). | [
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Marie-Pierre Kœnig | Marie-Pierre Kœnig | Marie Joseph Pierre François Kœnig (; 10 October 1898 – 2 September 1970) was a French general during the Second World War, where he commanded a Free French Brigade at the Battle of Bir Hakeim in North Africa in 1942. He started a political career after the War and was posthumously elevated to the dignity of Marshal of France in 1984. | Marie-Pierre Kœnig, plus connu en France sous le nom de Pierre Kœnig, est un militaire et homme politique français, maréchal de France et compagnon de la Libération, né le à Caen et mort le à Neuilly-sur-Seine. | [
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