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Consciousness | Conscience | Consciousness at its simplest is "awareness or sentience of internal or external existence". Despite centuries of analyses, definitions, explanations and debates by philosophers and scientists, consciousness remains puzzling and controversial, being "at once the most familiar and most mysterious aspect of our lives". Perhaps the only widely agreed notion about the topic is the intuition that it exists. Opinions differ about what exactly needs to be studied and explained as consciousness. Sometimes it is synonymous with 'the mind', other times just an aspect of mind. In the past it was one's "inner life", the world of introspection, of private thought, imagination and volition. Today, with modern research into the brain it often includes any kind of experience, cognition, feeling or perception. It may be 'awareness', or 'awareness of awareness', or self-awareness. There might be different levels or orders of consciousness, or different kinds of consciousness, or just one kind with different features. Other questions include whether only humans are conscious or all animals or even the whole universe. The disparate range of research, notions and speculations raises doubts whether the right questions are being asked. | Le terme de conscience peut faire référence à au moins quatre concepts philosophiques ou psychologiques : Si ces propositions de définition font de la conscience une expérience prégnante pour tout être humain, elle n'en reste pas moins, comme le souligne par exemple André Comte-Sponville « l'un des mots les plus difficiles à définir ». Cette difficulté se heurte en effet à la problématique d'une conscience tentant de s'auto-définir. En effet, la possibilité qu'aurait une faculté de se discerner elle-même ne fait pas consensus, et connaît même des détracteurs dans des courants de pensée fort éloignés. Un proverbe bouddhiste formule l'adage selon lequel « un couteau ne peut se couper lui-même », tandis qu'Auguste Comte assure que personne « ne peut [...] se mettre à la fenêtre pour se regarder passer dans la rue ». | [
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Carlo Gesualdo | Carlo Gesualdo | Carlo Gesualdo da Venosa (probably 8 March 1566 – 8 September 1613) was Prince of Venosa and Count of Conza. As a composer he is known for writing intensely expressive madrigals and pieces of sacred music that use a chromatic language not heard again until the late 19th century. However, the best-known fact of his life is his brutal killing of his first wife and her aristocratic lover upon finding them "in flagrante delicto". The fascination for his music and his crimes have gone hand in hand. | Carlo Gesualdo, connu aussi sous son titre complet de Don Carlo Gesualdo di Venosa, né le à Venosa et mort le à Gesualdo, est un compositeur et membre de la noblesse italienne de la fin de la Renaissance. Descendant de Guillaume de Gesualdo, apparenté aux rois normands de Sicile, prince de Venosa et comte de Conza, Gesualdo défraye la chronique en 1590, en assassinant sa première épouse et en faisant assassiner l'amant de celle-ci, surpris tous deux en situation d'adultère. | [
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History of atheism | Histoire de l'athéisme en Occident | Atheism (derived from the Ancient Greek ἄθεος "atheos" meaning "without gods; godless; secular; refuting or repudiating the existence of gods, especially officially sanctioned gods") is the absence of the belief that deities exist. The English term was used at least as early as the sixteenth century and atheistic ideas and their influence have a longer history. Over the centuries, atheists have supported their lack of belief in gods through a variety of avenues, including scientific, philosophical, and ideological notions. | Bien que l'on considère souvent l'athéisme comme un phénomène moderne, l'histoire de l'athéisme remonte à l'Antiquité. Toutefois, le sens attribué à "athée" et "athéisme" varie d'une époque à l'autre, d'un contexte à l'autre, d'un auteur à l'autre : dès 1926, André Lalande écrit : « ce terme nous paraît donc ne comporter qu'une valeur historique à déterminer dans chaque cas particulier, plutôt qu'une signification théorique définie ; ce qui, pour l'un, est affirmation de la divinité, peut être athéisme pour l'autre. Il convient donc mieux aux polémiques religieuses qu'à la discussion philosophique, d'où il tend d'ailleurs à disparaître ». | [
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Megara | Mégare | Megara (;, ) is a historic town and a municipality in West Attica, Greece. It lies in the northern section of the Isthmus of Corinth opposite the island of Salamis, which belonged to Megara in archaic times, before being taken by Athens. Megara was one of the four districts of Attica, embodied in the four mythic sons of King Pandion II, of whom Nisos was the ruler of Megara. Megara was also a trade port, its people using their ships and wealth as a way to gain leverage on armies of neighboring poleis. Megara specialized in the exportation of wool and other animal products including livestock such as horses. It possessed two harbors, Pagae to the west on the Corinthian Gulf, and Nisaea to the east on the Saronic Gulf of the Aegean Sea. It is part of Athens metropolitan area. | Mégare (en grec ancien / ) est une ville, située à l'extrémité est de l'isthme de Corinthe, à mi-chemin entre Corinthe et Athènes. Son port était connu dans l’antiquité sous le nom de Nisée ( / ), d'après le roi éponyme légendaire Nisos. En 2010, sa population était de habitants. | [
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Gilgamesh | Gilgamesh | Gilgamesh (; originally ) was a major hero in ancient Mesopotamian mythology, and the protagonist of the "Epic of Gilgamesh", an epic poem written in Akkadian during the late 2nd millennium BC. He was also most likely a historical king of the Sumerian city-state of Uruk, who was posthumously deified. His rule probably would have taken place sometime between 2800 and 2500 BC, though he became a major figure in Sumerian legend during the Third Dynasty of Ur (). | Gilgamesh (prononciation : /ɡil.ɡa.mɛʃ/) (en akkadien / ), Bilgamesh dans les textes sumériens anciens (sans doute, « l'ancêtre est un héros / jeune homme ») est un personnage héroïque de la Mésopotamie antique, fils de la déesse Ninsun (déesse du gros bétail). Roi de la cité d'Uruk où il aurait régné vers 2650, ainsi qu'un dieu des Enfers dans la mythologie mésopotamienne. Il est le personnage principal de plusieurs récits épiques, dont le plus célèbre est l"Épopée de Gilgamesh", qui a rencontré un grand succès durant la haute Antiquité. | [
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Marmot | Marmotte | Marmots are relatively large ground squirrels in the genus Marmota, with 15 species living in Asia, Europe and North America. These herbivores are active during the summer when often found in groups, but are not seen during the winter when they hibernate underground. They are the heaviest members of the squirrel family. | Les marmottes (Marmota) forment un genre de mammifère fouisseur de l'ordre des rongeurs. L'espèce la plus connue en Europe est la marmotte vivant dans les montagnes ("Marmota marmota"). En Amérique du Nord, la "Marmota monax", appelée familièrement « siffleux » au Québec, constitue l'espèce la plus courante. | [
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Areopagus | Aréopage | The Areopagus () is a prominent rock outcropping located northwest of the Acropolis in Athens, Greece. Its English name is the Late Latin composite form of the Greek name Areios Pagos, translated "Hill of Ares" (). In classical times, it functioned as the court for trying deliberate homicide, wounding and religious matters, as well as cases involving arson or olive trees. Ares was supposed to have been tried there by the gods for the murder of Poseidon's son Halirrhothius (a typical example of an aetiological myth). | L’Aréopage (en grec / ) est la « colline d'Arès » à Athènes. « Aréopage » est aussi le nom porté depuis le par la Cour de cassation, organe judiciaire suprême de Grèce. | [
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Acropolis | Acropole | An acropolis (Ancient Greek: ἀκρόπολις, "akropolis"; from "akros" (άκρος) or "akron" (άκρον), "highest, topmost, outermost" and "polis" (πόλις), "city"; plural in English: "acropoles", "acropoleis" or "acropolises") was in ancient Greece a settlement, especially a citadel, built upon an area of elevated ground—frequently a hill with precipitous sides, chosen for purposes of defense. Acropolis also had a function of a religious sanctuary with sacred springs highlighting its religious significance. Acropolis became the nuclei of large cities of classical antiquity, such as ancient Athens, and for this reason they are sometimes prominent landmarks in modern cities with ancient pasts, such as modern Athens. One well-known acropolis is the Acropolis of Athens, located on a rocky outcrop above the city of Athens and containing the Parthenon. | L’acropole ( /, signifiant « ville haute ») est un terme peu usité qui désigne initialement une citadelle construite sur la partie la plus élevée et la mieux défendue d'une cité de la Grèce antique, servant de refuge ultime aux populations lors des attaques. Il vient de l’adjectif (' « élevé ») et du nom (', « cité »), signifiant ainsi « point le plus haut de la ville ». L'acropole contient aussi les temples dédiés aux dieux principaux de la ville. Par extension, ce terme est désormais employé pour désigner la partie haute d'une ville, sans qu'il y ait nécessairement un lien avec des fortifications ou des sanctuaires. | [
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Groundhog Day (film) | Un jour sans fin | Groundhog Day is a 1993 American fantasy comedy film directed by Harold Ramis and written by Ramis and Danny Rubin. It stars Bill Murray, Andie MacDowell, and Chris Elliott. Murray portrays Phil Connors, a cynical TV weatherman covering an annual Groundhog Day event in Punxsutawney, Pennsylvania, who becomes trapped in a time loop forcing him to endlessly repeat the day of February2. The film also stars Stephen Tobolowsky, Brian Doyle-Murray, Marita Geraghty, Angela Paton, Rick Ducommun, Rick Overton, and Robin Duke. | Un jour sans fin (), ou Le Jour de la marmotte au Québec et au Nouveau-Brunswick, est un film américain réalisé par Harold Ramis et sorti en 1993. | [
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Bastille (Paris Métro) | Bastille (métro de Paris) | Bastille () is a station on Line 1, Line 5 and Line 8 of the Paris Métro. Located under the Place de la Bastille and near the former location of the Bastille, it is situated on the border of the 4th, 11th and 12th arrondissement. | Bastille est une station des lignes 1, 5 et 8 du métro de Paris, située en limite des 4, 11 et arrondissements de Paris. | [
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Cimon | Cimon | Cimon (; – 450BC) or Kimon (;, "Kimōn") was an Athenian statesman and general in mid-5th century BC Greece. He was the son of Miltiades, the victor of the Battle of Marathon. Cimon played a key role in creating the powerful Athenian maritime empire following the failure of the Persian invasion of Greece by Xerxes I in 480479 BC. Cimon became a celebrated military hero and was elected to the rank of strategos after fighting in the Battle of Salamis. | Cimon (en grec / ), né en 510 av. J.-C., et mort en 450 ou 449 av. J.-C. devant Cition, est un homme d'État et stratège athénien, originaire du dème de Lacia. | [
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Deutsche Mark | Deutsche Mark | The Deutsche Mark (, "German mark"), abbreviated "DM" or, was the official currency of West Germany from 1948 until 1990 and later the unified Germany from 1990 until 2002. It was first issued under Allied occupation in 1948 to replace the Reichsmark, and served as the Federal Republic of Germany's official currency from its founding the following year until the adoption of the euro. In English it is commonly called the "Deutschmark" (); this expression is unknown in Germany. The Germans usually called it "D-Mark" when referring to the currency, and "Mark" when talking about individual sums. | Le Deutsche Mark ( signifiant littéralement en allemand mark allemand, code ISO 4217 DEM), deutschemark (graphie francisée) ou mark allemand, fut d'abord la monnaie officielle de l'Allemagne de l'Ouest dès (succédant alors au "Reichsmark") puis de l'Allemagne réunifiée à partir du (remplaçant alors le mark est-allemand en ex-RDA) jusqu’au, avant son remplacement par l’euro. Le deutschemark était subdivisé en 100 pfennigs. | [
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Ostracism | Ostracisme (Grèce antique) | Ostracism (, "ostrakismos") was a procedure under the Athenian democracy in which any citizen could be expelled from the city-state of Athens for ten years. While some instances clearly expressed popular anger at the citizen, ostracism was often used preemptively. It was used as a way of neutralizing someone thought to be a threat to the state or potential tyrant. The word "ostracism" continues to be used for various cases of social shunning. | L’ostracisme (en grec ancien ) était un vote par lequel l’"Ecclésia" (l'assemblée des citoyens) prononçait le bannissement de l'un de ses citoyens, dont le nom était inscrit sur un tesson de céramique désigné par le terme ostrakon, signifiant coquille d'huître. Durant la période de bannissement, l’"Ecclésia" conservait ces tessons, "ostraca", où figuraient les noms des exilés. Athènes et quelques autres cités, au, ont instauré une institution qui permettait de bannir pendant dix ans un citoyen, sans que celui-ci perdît ses biens. C'était une mesure d'éloignement politique, un simple vote de défiance à l'égard d'un citoyen influent soupçonné d'aspirer au pouvoir personnel : ce n'était pas une peine judiciaire, cette sanction n'étant pas une condamnation pénale : elle ne s'accompagnait pas de peine pécuniaire, et les droits civiques étaient conservés. Cette importante institution apparaît donc marquée d'un esprit d'humanité tant dans la procédure suivie que dans la peine prononcée. | [
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Gelon | Gélon | Gelon also known as Gelo (Greek: Γέλων "Gelon", "gen.": Γέλωνος; died 478 BC), son of Deinomenes, was a 5th-century BC ruler of Gela and Syracuse and first of the Deinomenid rulers. | Gélon (grec ancien : Γέλων), né vers 540 av. J.-C. et mort en 478 av. J.-C., fut le tyran de Géla, puis de Syracuse. | [
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Marianne | Marianne | Marianne () has been the national personification of the French Republic since the French Revolution, as a personification of liberty, equality, fraternity and reason, and a portrayal of the Goddess of Liberty. | Marianne est une figure symbolique de la République française. Sous l’apparence d’une femme coiffée d’un bonnet phrygien, elle représente la République française et ses valeurs contenues dans la devise : « Liberté, Égalité, Fraternité ». C'est un important symbole républicain et une icône de la liberté et de la démocratie. | [
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Reduplication | Redoublement (linguistique) | In linguistics, reduplication is a morphological process in which the root or stem of a word (or part of it) or even the whole word is repeated exactly or with a slight change. | En linguistique, le redoublement ou réduplication est un procédé morphologique permettant d'exprimer, par la répétition complète ou partielle d'un mot ou d'un de ses morphèmes, un trait grammatical ou bien de créer un mot nouveau. | [
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Cleisthenes | Clisthène (Athènes) | In 510 BC, Spartan troops helped the Athenians overthrow their king, the tyrant Hippias, son of Peisistratos. Cleomenes I, king of Sparta, put in place a pro-Spartan oligarchy headed by Isagoras. But his rival Cleisthenes, with the support of the middle class and aided by democrats, took over. Cleomenes intervened in 508 and 506 BCE, but could not stop Cleisthenes, now supported by the Athenians. Through Cleisthenes' reforms, the people of Athens endowed their city with isonomic institutions—equal rights for all citizens (though only men were citizens)—and established ostracism. | Clisthène d'Athènes (en grec / ) est un réformateur et un homme politique athénien, né vers 565 ou 570 avant notre ère et mort à une date inconnue (probablement entre 508 et 492 avant notre ère), qui au moyen des réformes clisthéniennes, instaura les fondements de la démocratie athénienne. Après la fuite et l'exil d'Hippias en Asie Mineure, le jeu politique laissa plus de place aux grandes familles aristocratiques, Clisthène revint sur le devant de la scène. Il se posa alors en champion de l'isonomie et renversa les aristocrates. | [
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Corinth | Corinthe | Corinth (;, is the successor to an ancient city, and is a former municipality in Corinthia, Peloponnese, which is located in south-central Greece. Since the 2011 local government reform, it has been part of the municipality of Corinth, of which it is the seat and a municipal unit. It is the capital of Corinthia. | Corinthe (en grec ancien et en grec moderne / ) est une ville portuaire importante de la Grèce moderne, chef-lieu du district régional de Corinthie et du Dème des Corinthiens. La ville est située sur l'isthme de Corinthe, dans le golfe du même nom. | [
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Chlorophyll | Chlorophylle | Chlorophyll (also chlorophyl) is any of several related green pigments found in the mesosomes of cyanobacteria, as well as in the chloroplasts of algae and plants. Its name is derived from the Greek words, ("pale green") and, ("leaf"). Chlorophyll is essential in photosynthesis, allowing plants to absorb energy from light. | La chlorophylle (mot composé en 1816 à partir du grec ancien / (« vert ») et / (« feuille »)) est le principal pigment assimilateur des végétaux photosynthétiques. | [
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Mâcon | Mâcon | Mâcon (), historically anglicised as Mascon, is a city in east-central France. It is the prefecture of the department of Saône-et-Loire in Bourgogne-Franche-Comté. Mâcon is home to near 34,000 residents, who are referred to in French as Mâconnais. The city gave its name to the nearby vineyards and wine 'appellation'. | Mâcon est une commune française, capitale du Mâconnais, préfecture du département de Saône-et-Loire, dans la région Bourgogne-Franche-Comté. Au dernier recensement (), la commune comptait tandis que son aire urbaine, qui s'étend sur trois départements, rassemble. | [
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Strategos | Stratège | Strategos or strategus, plural strategoi, (; Doric Greek: στραταγός, "stratagos"; meaning "army leader") is used in Greek to mean military general. In the Hellenistic world and the Byzantine Empire the term was also used to describe a military governor. In the modern Hellenic Army it is the highest officer rank. | Un stratège (du grec ancien Στρατηγός, pl στρατηγοί / dorien : στραταγός, "stratagos", qui signifie littéralement « chef d'armée ») est un membre du pouvoir exécutif d'une cité grecque, qu'il soit élu ou coopté. Il est utilisé en grec pour désigner un militaire général. Dans le monde hellénistique et l'Empire Byzantin, le terme a également été utilisé pour décrire un gouverneur militaire. Dans la Grèce contemporaine ( jusqu'à nos jours), le stratège est un général et a le rang d'officier le plus élevé. | [
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Dorians | Doriens | The Dorians (;, "Dōrieîs", singular, "Dōrieús") were one of the four major ethnic groups among which the Hellenes (or Greeks) of Classical Greece considered themselves divided (along with the Aeolians, Achaeans, and Ionians). They are almost always referred to as just "the Dorians", as they are called in the earliest literary mention of them in the "Odyssey", where they already can be found inhabiting the island of Crete. | Les Doriens (en grec ancien, singulier ) étaient l'une des quatre "ethnē" majeures de la Grèce antique que les historiens de l'époque classique reconnaissaient comme constituant leur propre peuple, les autres peuples étant les Achéens, les Ioniens et les Éoliens. Le terme grec "ethnos" a ici le sens de « groupe ethnique ». Hérodote utilisait ce mot pour les désigner. Ils sont cependant le plus souvent appelés simplement « Doriens » dans des textes littéraires aussi anciens que l’"Odyssée", qui les localisait à l'époque dans l'île de Crète. | [
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Canal+ | Canal+ | Canal+ (Canal Plus,, meaning 'Channel Plus'; sometimes abbreviated C+) is a French premium television channel launched in 1984. It is 100% owned by the Canal+ Group, which in turn is owned by Vivendi. The channel broadcasts several kinds of programming, mostly encrypted. Unencrypted programming can be viewed free of charge on Canal+ and on satellite on Canal+ Clair (Clear). The channel does not broadcast advertising, except when broadcasting on free-to-air slots. Almost all foreign films and series are broadcast in their original language with French subtitles on a secondary audio channel and dubbed in French or in French. All the programs of the group's channels are subtitled in French for the deaf and hard of hearing and the visually impaired also have access audio description for some programs. | Canal+ est une chaîne de télévision généraliste nationale française privée à péage, axée sur le cinéma et le sport. Lancée le par Havas, elle fut la toute première chaîne privée à péage en France. Elle appartient à la Société d'Édition de Canal Plus filiale du groupe Vivendi. | [
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Acca Larentia | Acca Larentia | Acca Larentia or Acca Larentina was a mythical woman, later goddess, in Roman mythology whose festival, the Larentalia, was celebrated on December 23. | Acca Larentia est une obscure déesse chtonienne de Rome (que certains identifient à la déesse sabine "Larenta" ou "Larunda"). Selon les légendes, Acca Larentia (ou Laurentia, ou même Larentina) est la femme du berger Faustulus, la nourrice de Romulus et Rémus et mère de douze enfants, en l'honneur desquels on aurait institué le collège des douze Frères Arvales. Selon Tite-Live, cette Acca Larentia était ce que les romains qualifiaient de "Lupa" (« louve »), c'est-à-dire une courtisane ou prostituée, d'où l'allaitement légendaire de la Louve. | [
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Achilleid | Achilléide | The Achilleid () is an unfinished epic poem by Publius Papinius Statius that was intended to present the life of Achilles from his youth to his death at Troy. Only about one and a half books (1,127 dactylic hexameters) were completed before the poet's death. What remains is an account of the hero's early life with the centaur Chiron, and an episode in which his mother, Thetis, disguised him as a girl on the island of Scyros before he joined the Greek expedition against Troy. | L’Achilléide (en latin "Achilleis") est un poème épique latin inachevé de l'auteur Stace, qui devait présenter la vie du héros Achille depuis son enfance jusqu'à sa mort durant la guerre de Troie. Le premier livre et la moitié du second seulement (ce qui représente 1127 hexamètres dactyliques) furent rédigés avant la mort du poète. Subsistent le passage traitant de la jeunesse du héros, qu'il passa avec le centaure Chiron, et un épisode lors duquel sa mère Thétis le déguise en fille sur l'île de Scyros avant qu'il ne rejoigne l'expédition pour Troie. | [
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Trainer aircraft | Avion d'entraînement | A trainer is a class of aircraft designed specifically to facilitate flight training of pilots and aircrews. The use of a dedicated trainer aircraft with additional safety features—such as tandem flight controls, forgiving flight characteristics and a simplified cockpit arrangement—allows pilots-in-training to safely advance their real-time piloting, navigation and warfighting skills without the danger of overextending their abilities alone in a fully featured aircraft. | Un avion d'entraînement est un avion militaire utilisé pour former les équipages au pilotage, à la navigation et au maniement du système d'arme. Ils sont parfois appelés avions-école, bien que ce terme soit plutôt utilisé pour les avions destinés à la formation des pilotes civils. | [
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Pope Urban VI | Urbain VI | Pope Urban VI (; c. 1318 – 15 October 1389), born Bartolomeo Prignano (), was the Roman claimant to the headship of the Catholic Church from 8 April 1378 to his death. He was the most recent pope to be elected from outside the College of Cardinals. His pontificate began shortly after the end of the Avignon Papacy. It was marked by immense conflict between rival factions as part of the Western Schism, with much of Europe recognizing Clement VII, based in Avignon, as the true pope. | Urbain, né Bartolemeo Prignano en 1318 à Naples et mort le à Rome, est le 202 pape de l'Église catholique romaine. | [
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Reconnaissance aircraft | Avion de reconnaissance | A reconnaissance aircraft (colloquially, a spy plane) is a military aircraft designed or adapted to perform aerial reconnaissance with roles including collection of imagery intelligence (including using photography), signals intelligence, as well as measurement and signature intelligence. Modern technology has also enabled some aircraft and UAVs to carry out real-time surveillance in addition to general intelligence gathering. | Les avions de reconnaissance ou de surveillance sont des avions militaires conçus pour contrôler l'espace aérien et maritime, identifier des objectifs potentiels en territoire ennemi, et plus généralement obtenir des renseignements sur les mouvements d'une force armée. Ce sont également des avions civils utilisés par les services de surveillance météorologique et destinés à l'observation des phénomènes naturels tels que les ouragans par exemple. | [
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Pericles | Périclès | Pericles (; "Periklēs", in Classical Attic; c. 495 – 429 BC) was a prominent and influential Greek statesman, orator and general of Athens during its golden age, specifically the time between the Persian and the Peloponnesian Wars. He was descended, through his mother, from the powerful and historically-influential Alcmaeonid family. Pericles had such a profound influence on Athenian society that he was acclaimed by Thucydides, a contemporary historian, as "the first citizen of Athens". Pericles turned the Delian League into an Athenian empire and led his countrymen during the first two years of the Peloponnesian War. The period during which he led Athens, roughly from 461 to 429 BC, is sometimes known as the "Age of Pericles", but the period thus denoted can include times as early as the Persian Wars or as late as the next century. | Périclès, en grec ancien /, est un stratège, orateur et homme d'État athénien (Athènes vers 495 av. J.-C. - 429 av. J.-C.). | [
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Aeschylus | Eschyle | Aeschylus (, ; "Aiskhylos", ; c. 525/524 – c. 456/455 BC) was an ancient Greek tragedian. He is often described as the father of tragedy. Academics' knowledge of the genre begins with his work, and understanding of earlier tragedies is largely based on inferences from his surviving plays. According to Aristotle, he expanded the number of characters in the theatre and allowed conflict among them; characters previously had interacted only with the chorus. | Eschyle (en grec ancien ), né à Éleusis (Attique) vers 525 av. J.-C., mort à Géla (Sicile) en 456 av. J.-C., est le plus ancien des trois grands tragiques grecs. Précédé par d'autres dramaturges, il participe à la naissance du genre tragique grâce à certaines innovations, comme le nombre d'acteurs qu'il porte à deux selon Aristote. Treize fois vainqueur du concours tragique, il est l'auteur d'environ 110 pièces dont sept seulement nous ont été transmises. Le théâtre d'Eschyle est essentiellement remarqué pour sa force dramatique, la tension, l'angoisse qui habite ses pièces, dont la cohérence se comprend surtout par la progression qui les reliait au sein de trilogies « liées », dont ne subsiste aujourd'hui que l’"Orestie". S'il ne développe pas la psychologie des personnages, ses choix lui permettent de mettre en valeur ses conceptions puissantes sur l'équilibre de la cité, le dégoût de l’hybris qui met en danger cet ordre, et le poids de la décision des dieux dans la conduite des affaires humaines, notamment à travers le sort militaire, ou la malédiction familiale (dans le cas de Thèbes avec les Labdacides et d'Argos avec les Atrides). | [
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Pope Gregory XI | Grégoire XI | Pope Gregory XI (, born Pierre Roger de Beaufort; c. 1329 – 27 March 1378) was head of the Catholic Church from 30 December 1370 to his death in 1378. He was the seventh and last Avignon pope and the most recent French pope. In 1377, Gregory XI returned the Papal court to Rome, ending nearly 70 years of papal residency in Avignon, France. His death shortly after was followed by the Western Schism involving two Avignon-based antipopes. | Pierre Roger de Beaufort (né en 1329 ou 1331 sur la commune de Rosiers d'Egletons en Corrèze – mort le à Rome) fut le 201 pape du à sa mort sous le nom de. Il fut le dernier pape français. | [
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Joan Baez | Joan Baez | Joan Chandos Baez (; born January 9, 1941) is an American singer, songwriter, musician and activist. Her contemporary folk music often includes songs of protest or social justice. Baez has performed publicly for over 60 years, releasing over 30 albums. Fluent in Spanish and English, she has also recorded songs in at least six other languages. | Joan Chandos Baez, dite Joan Baez (prononcé en français, en anglais ), est une auteure-compositrice-interprète américaine de musique folk née à New York le. | [
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Conjunction (grammar) | Conjonction (grammaire) | In grammar, a conjunction (abbreviated or ) is a part of speech that connects words, phrases, or clauses that are called the conjuncts of the conjunctions. The term "discourse marker" is mostly used for conjunctions joining sentences. This definition may overlap with that of other parts of speech, so what constitutes a "conjunction" must be defined for each language. In English a given word may have several senses, being either a preposition or a conjunction depending on the syntax of the sentence. For example, "after" is a preposition in "he left after the fight", but it is a conjunction in "he left after they fought". In general, a conjunction is an invariable (noninflected) grammatical particle and it may or may not stand between the items conjoined. | En grammaire traditionnelle, une conjonction est un mot invariable qui sert à interconnecter deux mots, groupes de mots ou propositions, en exprimant une relation grammaticale, sémantique et logique entre les entités reliées. Du point de vue syntaxique, les entités reliées dans la proposition par une conjonction ont la même fonction, alors que les propositions reliées dans une phrase complexe peuvent avoir la même fonction ou des fonctions différentes. Entre entités de même fonction, la conjonction établit un rapport de coordination, entre entités de fonctions différente – un rapport de subordination. D’ordinaire, la conjonction relie des entités linguistiques de même niveau de complexité, mais parfois elles peuvent être de niveaux différents, par exemple un mot et une proposition, ex. "Aussi Fabrice passait-il toutes ses journées à la chasse ou à courir le lac sur une barque" (Stendhal). | [
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Helen of Troy | Hélène (mythologie) | In Greek mythology, Helen of Troy, Helen, Helena (Ancient Greek: Ἑλένη "Helénē", ), also known as Helen of Sparta, was said to have been the most beautiful woman in the world. She was believed to have been the daughter of Zeus and Leda, and was the sister of Clytemnestra, Castor and Pollux, Philonoe, Phoebe and Timandra. She was married to King Menelaus of Sparta "who became by her the father of Hermione, and, according to others, of Nicostratus also." | Dans la mythologie grecque, Hélène (en grec ancien / ) est la fille de Zeus et de Léda. Selon la légende, elle était la plus belle femme du monde, surpassée à ce titre par la seule déesse Aphrodite. Elle était mariée à Ménélas, roi de Sparte, avant d'être enlevée par Pâris, prince troyen, ce qui déclencha la guerre de Troie qui opposa Grecs et Troyens de 1194 à 1184 avant J.-C. | [
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Common cuckoo | Coucou gris | The common cuckoo ("Cuculus canorus") is a member of the cuckoo order of birds, Cuculiformes, which includes the roadrunners, the anis and the coucals. | Le Coucou gris ("Cuculus canorus") est une espèce d'oiseau de la famille des cuculidés. Il doit son nom vernaculaire à son chant. Son comportement est caractérisé par la pratique du parasitisme de couvée. Insectivore, il est de la taille d'un faucon crécerelle ou d'un épervier. | [
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Abydos, Egypt | Abydos (Égypte) | Abydos (; Sahidic ') is one of the oldest cities of ancient Egypt, and also of the eighth nome in Upper Egypt. It is located about west of the Nile at latitude 26° 10' N, near the modern Egyptian towns of el-'Araba el Madfuna and al-Balyana. In the ancient Egyptian language, the city was called Abdju"' ("ꜣbḏw" or "AbDw"). The English name "Abydos" comes from the Greek, a name borrowed by Greek geographers from the unrelated city of Abydos on the Hellespont. | Abydos (en égyptien ancien : "Abdjou") est une ville de l'Égypte antique située dans le nome Thinite ( de Haute-Égypte), dans le sud du pays, à au nord-ouest de Louxor. Placé sur la rive occidentale du Nil et en bordure du désert Libyque, ce site archéologique recouvre une superficie de plus de. Les vestiges abydéniens sont datés de toutes les phases de l'histoire de l'Égypte antique. Du point de vue religieux, Abydos est le principal lieu de culte d'Osiris, le plus populaire des dieux funéraires. Selon le mythe, le dieu a été dépecé par son frère Seth et les prêtres du lieu se sont vus confier la garde de la tête d'Osiris conservée dans un reliquaire. Plusieurs lieux de culte sont dédiés au dieu et les vastes cimetières qui se sont développés autour de la ville démontrent le fait, qu'en plus de la population locale, des Égyptiens non-locaux ont décidé d'édifier là leurs tombes ou leurs monuments funéraires. | [
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Chord (music) | Accord (musique) | A chord, in music, is any harmonic set of pitches consisting of multiple notes (also called "pitches") that are heard as if sounding simultaneously. For many practical and theoretical purposes, arpeggios and broken chords (in which the notes of the chord are sounded one after the other, rather than simultaneously), or sequences of chord tones, may also be considered as chords. | En musique, un accord est un ensemble de notes considéré comme formant un tout du point de vue de l'harmonie. Le plus souvent, ces notes sont simultanées, superposées en un même moment ; mais les accords peuvent aussi s'exprimer par des notes successives, par exemple dans des arpèges. | [
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Lakmé | Lakmé | Lakmé is an opera in three acts by Léo Delibes to a French libretto by Edmond Gondinet and Philippe Gille. | Lakmé est un opéra en trois actes de Léo Delibes sur un livret en français d'Edmond Gondinet et Philippe Gille d'après le roman de Pierre Loti, "Rarahu ou le Mariage de Loti" (1880), créé le à l'Opéra-Comique de Paris. | [
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Deng Xiaoping | Deng Xiaoping | Deng Xiaoping (also Teng Hsiao-ping;, ; courtesy name Xixian; 22 August 1904 – 19 February 1997) was a Chinese politician who was the paramount leader of the People's Republic of China from 1978 until 1989. After Chairman Mao Zedong's death in 1976, Deng gradually rose to power and led China through a series of far-reaching market-economy reforms, which earned him the reputation as the "Architect of Modern China." | Deng Xiaoping (chinois traditionnel 鄧小平, simplifié 邓小平, pinyin "Dèng Xiǎopíng" ), né le et mort le, est le secrétaire général du Parti communiste chinois (PCC) de 1956 à 1967 et plus tard le numéro 1 de la république populaire de Chine de décembre 1978 à 1992. Deng Xiaoping est généralement considéré comme étant à l’origine du développement économique de la Chine actuelle. Il est largement connu comme « l'architecte en chef de la réforme et ouverture ». | [
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Netscape | Netscape Communications | Netscape Communications Corporation (originally Mosaic Communications Corporation) was an independent American computer services company with headquarters in Mountain View, California and then Dulles, Virginia. Its Netscape web browser was once dominant but lost to Internet Explorer and other competitors in the so-called first browser war, with its market share falling from more than 90 percent in the mid-1990s to less than 1 percent in 2006. Netscape created the JavaScript programming language, the most widely used language for client-side scripting of web pages. The company also developed SSL which was used for securing online communications before its successor TLS took over. | Netscape Communications (anciennement Netscape Communications Corporation et Mosaic Communications Corporation à ses débuts, communément nommée Netscape) est une entreprise d'informatique américaine qui a été pionnière du World Wide Web avec son navigateur web Netscape Navigator. Créée en 1994, l'entreprise a été rachetée en 1998 par AOL dont elle devint une filiale jusqu'à sa fin en 2003. | [
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Electricity market | Marché de l'électricité | In economic terms, electricity is a commodity capable of being bought, sold, and traded. An electricity market is a system enabling purchases, through bids to buy; sales, through offers to sell; and short-term trading, generally in the form of financial or obligation swaps. Bids and offers use supply and demand principles to set the price. Long-term trades are contracts similar to power purchase agreements and generally considered private bi-lateral transactions between counterparties. | L'expression « marché de l'électricité » désigne, de façon générale, les différentes formes d'organisation du secteur de la production et de la commercialisation de l'électricité apparus, principalement dans les années 1990, dans la plupart des pays industrialisés, dans le cadre des processus de déréglementation. | [
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New World | Nouveau Monde | The New World is one of the names used for the majority of Earth's Western Hemisphere, specifically the Americas (including nearby islands). The term originated in the early 16th century after Europeans made landfall in what would later be called the Americas in the Age of Discovery, expanding the geographical horizon of classical geographers, who had thought of the world as consisting of Africa, Europe, and Asia, collectively now referred to as the Old World (a.k.a. Afro-Eurasia). The phrase gained prominence after the publication of a pamphlet titled "Mundus Novus" attributed to Italian explorer Amerigo Vespucci. The Americas were also referred to as the "fourth part of the world". | Le Nouveau Monde est un terme désignant l'Amérique ainsi que l'Océanie, notamment l'Australie. Il fut utilisé au à propos de terres découvertes par les Européens au-delà de l'océan Atlantique, lorsqu'il devint évident que ce que l'on appelait jusque-là « les Indes occidentales » était en fait un continent, nouveau pour les Européens. Lequel sera finalement nommé « Amérique » par le cartographe Martin Waldseemüller, dans son planisphère de 1507 en l'honneur de l'explorateur Amerigo Vespucci. | [
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Camera lucida | Chambre claire | A camera lucida is an optical device used as a drawing aid by artists. The "camera lucida" performs an optical superimposition of the subject being viewed upon the surface upon which the artist is drawing. The artist sees both scene and drawing surface simultaneously, as in a photographic double exposure. This allows the artist to duplicate key points of the scene on the drawing surface, thus aiding in the accurate rendering of perspective. | Une chambre claire (en latin "camera lucida") est un dispositif optique utilisé comme aide au dessin par les artistes et breveté en 1806 par William Hyde Wollaston. | [
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Aporia | Aporie | In philosophy, an aporia () is a puzzle or state of puzzlement. In rhetoric, it is a declaration of doubt, made for rhetorical purpose and often feigned. | Une aporie (du grec ancien, /, absence de passage, difficulté, embarras) est une difficulté à résoudre un problème. Contradiction insoluble dans un raisonnement. | [
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Bouvet Island | Île Bouvet | Bouvet Island ( or, ) is an uninhabited subantarctic high island and dependency of Norway located in the South Atlantic Ocean at, thus locating it north of and outside the Antarctic Treaty System. It lies at the southern end of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge and is the most remote island in the world, approximately north of the Princess Astrid Coast of Queen Maud Land, Antarctica, east of the South Sandwich Islands, south of Gough Island, and south-southwest of the coast of South Africa. | L'île Bouvet (en norvégien "Bouvetøya") est une île volcanique inhabitée de l'Atlantique sud située à la limite nord de la plaque antarctique, à au nord du continent antarctique, à à l'est de l'île Saunders, dans l'archipel des îles Sandwich du Sud, à au sud-sud-ouest du cap de Bonne-Espérance et à au sud des côtes de la Norvège métropolitaine les plus proches. Nommée d'après son découvreur français Bouvet de Lozier, elle est possession norvégienne depuis 1927. | [
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Bongo drum | Bongo | Bongos (Spanish: "bongó") are an Afro-Cuban percussion instrument consisting of a pair of small open bottomed drums of different sizes. In Spanish the larger drum is called the "hembra" (female) and the smaller the "macho" (male). Together with the conga or tumbadora, and to a lesser extent the batá drum, bongos are the most widespread Cuban hand drums, being commonly played in genres such as son cubano, salsa and Afro-Cuban jazz. A bongo drummer is known as a "bongosero". | Le bongo, également écrit bongó, est un instrument à percussion de Cuba qui s'est répandu dans toute la musique latine. C'est une paire de tambours solidaires, à une membrane chacun et dont l'un est plus grand que l'autre. Le percussionniste jouant des bongos s'appelle un "bongocero". | [
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Pyrrho | Pyrrhon d'Élis | Pyrrho of Elis (; ; ) was a Greek philosopher of Classical antiquity and is credited as being the first Greek skeptic philosopher and founder of Pyrrhonism. | Pyrrhon d'Élis (en grec ancien / "Pýrrhôn") (vers 365–275 av. J.-C.) est un philosophe sceptique originaire d'Élis, ville provinciale du nord-ouest du Péloponnèse. Son activité philosophique se situe vers 320 av. J.-C., avec, pour disciples, Onésicrite, Philon d'Athènes et Timon de Phlionte (à ne pas confondre avec Timon d'Athènes), un brillant poète-philosophe qui vécut dans sa familiarité pendant vingt ans. Il est considéré par les sceptiques anciens comme le fondateur de ce que l'on a appelé le "pyrrhonisme". | [
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Gens | Gens (Rome antique) | In ancient Rome, a gens ( or ), plural gentes, was a family consisting of individuals who shared the same nomen and who claimed descent from a common ancestor. A branch of a gens was called a "stirps" (plural "stirpes"). The "gens" was an important social structure at Rome and throughout Italia during the period of the Roman Republic. Much of individuals' social standing depended on the gens to which they belonged. Certain gentes were classified as patrician, others as plebeian; some had both patrician and plebeian branches. The importance of membership in a gens declined considerably in imperial times, although the "gentilicium" continued to be used and defined the origins and dynasties of Roman emperors. | Une gens (pluriel latin gentes) est, dans le système social romain, un groupe familial patrilinéaire portant le même nom, le gentilice. | [
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2
] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Decibel | Décibel | The decibel (symbol: dB) is a relative unit of measurement corresponding to one tenth of a bel. It is used to express the ratio of one value of a power or field quantity to another, on a logarithmic scale, the logarithmic quantity being called the power level or field level, respectively. | Le décibel (dB) est une unité définie comme dix fois le logarithme décimal du rapport entre deux puissances, utilisée dans les télécommunications, l'électronique et l'acoustique. | [
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Empedocles | Empédocle | Empedocles (;, "Empedoklēs";, fl. 444–443 BC) was a Greek pre-Socratic philosopher and a native citizen of Akragas, a Greek city in Sicily. Empedocles' philosophy is best known for originating the cosmogonic theory of the four classical elements. He also proposed forces he called Love and Strife which would mix and separate the elements, respectively. | Empédocle (en ) est un philosophe, poète, ingénieur et médecin grec de Sicile, du Il appartient aux présocratiques, les premiers philosophes qui ont tenté de découvrir l""' du cosmos, son fondement. L'originalité d'Empédocle est de poser deux principes qui règnent cycliquement sur l'univers, l'Amour et la Haine. Ces principes engendrent les quatre éléments dont sont composées toutes les choses matérielles : l'eau, la terre, le feu et l'éther (ou l'air). L'Amour est une force d'unification et de cohésion qui fait tendre les choses vers l'unité (par exemple les organismes vivants) ou même l'Un quand il s'agit du cosmos. La Haine est une force de division et de destruction qui fait tendre les choses vers le multiple. | [
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Schism | Schisme | A schism (pronounced, or, less commonly, ) is a division between people, usually belonging to an organization, movement, or religious denomination. The word is most frequently applied to a split in what had previously been a single religious body, such as the East–West Schism or the Great Western Schism. It is also used of a split within a non-religious organization or movement or, more broadly, of a separation between two or more people, be it brothers, friends, lovers, etc. | Un schisme est une rupture dans la communion d'une religion, le rejet de l'obédience commune qui entraîne la sécession d'une fraction de la communion ecclésiale, une séparation volontaire sans forcément renoncer aux dogmes. S'ils se produisent souvent pour des motifs doctrinaux, les schismes peuvent apparaître pour des raisons d'intérêt, de prestige ou même de personnes. | [
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Landing | Atterrissage | Landing is the last part of a flight, where a flying animal, aircraft, or spacecraft returns to the ground. When the flying object returns to water, the process is called alighting, although it is commonly called "landing", "touchdown" or "splashdown" as well. A normal aircraft flight would include several parts of flight including taxi, takeoff, climb, cruise, descent and landing. | L’atterrissage désigne, au sens étymologique, le fait de rejoindre la terre ferme. Le terme recouvre cependant des notions différentes suivant qu'il est employé dans le domaine maritime ou aéronautique. | [
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Geometric art | Époque géométrique | Geometric art is a phase of Greek art, characterized largely by geometric motifs in vase painting, that flourished towards the end of the Greek Dark Ages, circa 900 BC – 700 BC. Its center was in Athens, and from there the style spread among the trading cities of the Aegean. The Greek Dark Ages are also called the Geometric period in reference to this characteristic pottery style, although the historical period is much longer than the art-historical period, being circa 1100 – 800 BC. The vases had various uses or purposes within Greek society, including, but not limited to, funerary vases and symposium vases. | L’époque géométrique désigne l'une des cinq périodes de l'histoire de la Grèce antique, allant approximativement de 900 à 700 av. J.-C.. Elle fait suite à la période protogéométrique. C'est l'époque du style géométrique. Sa chronologie se fonde sur l'étude de la céramique, qui se caractérise, en Attique, en Eubée et en Argolide, par un décor à motifs de demi-cercles ou de cercles concentriques tracés au compas. S'il est facile de déterminer de grandes phases dans l'évolution de la céramique géométrique, il est en revanche plus difficile de faire coïncider ces phases avec les changements politiques ou sociaux de la période. | [
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Greek colonisation | Colonisation grecque | Greek colonization was an organised colonial expansion by the Archaic Greeks into the Mediterranean Sea and Black Sea in the period of the 8th–6th centuries BC (750 and 550 BC). | La colonisation grecque est un déplacement de populations grecques depuis les cités helléniques du pourtour de l’Égée vers le sud de l’Italie (Grande-Grèce), la mer Noire et le nord-est de l’Afrique. Il se déroule aux Le chef d’une expédition est l’"oïkiste" ou "œciste" (mots où l'on retrouve la racine "oïkê" : habitat). | [
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False friend | Faux-ami | In linguistics, false friends are words in different languages that look or sound similar, but differ significantly in meaning. An example is the English "embarrassed" and the Spanish "embarazada" (which means "pregnant"), the word "parents" and the Portuguese "parentes" and Italian "parenti" (which mean "relatives"), or the word "sensible", which means "reasonable" in English, but "sensitive" in French, German, Italian and Spanish. | Les faux-amis (ou faux amis, sans trait d’union) sont des mots appartenant à deux langues différentes et qui ont entre eux une grande similitude de forme mais dont les significations sont différentes. Lorsqu'ils ont certaines acceptions en commun, ce sont des « faux-amis partiels ». Par exemple, en italien, "ricetta" signifie « recette (de cuisine) », mais aussi « ordonnance (médicale) » (tout comme "Rezept" en allemand). Lorsque toutes leurs acceptions sont différentes, ce sont des « faux-amis complets », comme "cantina" qui signifie uniquement cave à vin et débit de boissons en italien. | [
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Eastern Europe | Europe de l'Est | Eastern Europe is the eastern part of the European continent. There is no consistent definition of the precise area it covers, partly because the term has a wide range of geopolitical, geographical, ethnic, cultural, and socioeconomic connotations. There are "almost as many definitions of Eastern Europe as there are scholars of the region". A related United Nations paper adds that "every assessment of spatial identities is essentially a social and cultural construct". One definition describes Eastern Europe as a cultural entity: the region lying in Europe with the main characteristics consisting of Greek, Byzantine, Eastern Orthodox, Russian, and some Ottoman cultural influences. Another definition was created during the Cold War and used more or less synonymously with the term "Eastern Bloc". A similar definition names the formerly communist European states outside the Soviet Union as Eastern Europe. Most historians and social scientists view such definitions as outdated or relegated, but they are still sometimes used for statistical purposes. | Géographiquement, l’Europe de l'Est est la partie orientale de l’Europe, délimitée à l’est par l’Oural, la mer Caspienne, le Caucase, les mers Noire, de Marmara et Égée. | [
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Accent (sociolinguistics) | Accent (prononciation) | In sociolinguistics, an accent is a manner of pronunciation peculiar to a particular individual, location, or nation. An accent may be identified with the locality in which its speakers reside (a regional or geographical accent), the socioeconomic status of its speakers, their ethnicity, their caste or social class (a social accent), or influence from their first language (a foreign accent). | Dans une acception courante, l’accent est une particularité de diction d'un locuteur dans une langue donnée. Il est propre à une région ou un milieu social et peut se caractériser par des modifications du débit, de la prononciation, de l'intonation, de la prosodie en général. L'accent en linguistique implique d'une manière remarquable le lexique, ainsi que des renforcements ou des altérations grammaticales et phonétiques. Il permet de différencier des mots, des phrases et des textes. | [
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Penis | Pénis | A penis (plural "penises" or "penes" ) is the primary sexual organ that male animals use to inseminate females (or hermaphrodites) during copulation. Such organs occur in many animals, both vertebrate and invertebrate, but males do not bear a penis in every animal species, and in those species in which the male does bear a so-called penis, the penises in the various species are not necessarily homologous. | Le pénis est l’organe mâle de copulation et de miction chez les animaux. Il constitue, avec les testicules, l’appareil génital externe du mâle. L'organe reproducteur mâle s'appelle également pénis chez d'autres animaux. | [
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Strategic bombing | Bombardement stratégique | Strategic bombing is a military strategy used in total war with the goal of defeating the enemy by destroying its morale, its economic ability to produce and transport materiel to the theatres of military operations, or both. It is a systematically organized and executed attack from the air which can utilize strategic bombers, long- or medium-range missiles, or nuclear-armed fighter-bomber aircraft to attack targets deemed vital to the enemy's war-making capability. | Le bombardement stratégique a pour objet d'attaquer les structures militaires d'un ennemi, son complexe militaro-industriel et son économie en détruisant ses mines, ses usines, ses infrastructures. En détruisant ses villes et ses réseaux d'approvisionnement en vivres, il vise aussi à saper le moral de la population. Il se distingue ainsi du bombardement tactique pratiqué sur le champ de bataille et qui sert à appuyer ou couvrir un mouvement de troupes ou à détruire ou immobiliser les troupes adverses. | [
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Giants (Greek mythology) | Géant (mythologie grecque) | In Greek and Roman Mythology, the Giants, also called Gigantes ("jye-GAHN-tees" or "gee-GAHN-tees"; Greek: Γίγαντες, "Gígantes", Γίγας, "Gígas"), were a race of great strength and aggression, though not necessarily of great size. They were known for the Gigantomachy (Gigantomachia), their battle with the Olympian gods. According to Hesiod, the Giants were the offspring of Gaia (Earth), born from the blood that fell when Uranus (Sky) was castrated by his Titan son Cronus. | Dans la mythologie grecque, les Géants (en grec ancien, « nés de la Terre ») sont des créatures chthoniennes issues du sang d'Ouranos castré par son fils Cronos et reçu par la Terre Mère Gaïa. Ils sont caractérisés par une stature et une force exceptionnelle. | [
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McDonnell Douglas F-4 Phantom II | McDonnell Douglas F-4 Phantom II | The McDonnell Douglas F-4 Phantom II is a tandem two-seat, twin-engine, all-weather, long-range supersonic jet interceptor and fighter-bomber originally developed for the United States Navy by McDonnell Aircraft. It first entered service in 1960 with the Navy. Proving highly adaptable, it was also adopted by the United States Marine Corps and the United States Air Force, and by the mid-1960s had become a major part of their air arms. | Le F-4 "Phantom II" est un avion militaire conçu par le constructeur américain McDonnell à partir de 1953. Il s'agit de l'un des avions militaires américains les plus importants du et l'avion de combat occidental ayant été le plus produit depuis la guerre de Corée : le et dernier exemplaire a été livré en 1981, après plus de de production ininterrompue. Pendant la guerre du Viêt Nam, la cadence de production du F-4 était de par mois. | [
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Testicle | Testicule | Testicle or testis (plural testes) is the male reproductive gland or gonad in all animals, including humans. It is homologous to the female ovary. The functions of the testes are to produce both sperm and androgens, primarily testosterone. Testosterone release is controlled by the anterior pituitary luteinizing hormone; whereas sperm production is controlled both by the anterior pituitary follicle-stimulating hormone and gonadal testosterone. | Les testicules ("testes") sont les gonades mâles des animaux. Ils appartiennent à l'appareil reproducteur masculin, ce sont les homologues des ovaires. Ils ont une double fonction, plus ou moins exprimée selon les périodes de la vie : | [
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Jean Rouch | Jean Rouch | Jean Rouch (; 31 May 1917 – 18 February 2004) was a French filmmaker and anthropologist. He is considered to be one of the founders of cinéma vérité in France. Rouch's practice as a filmmaker, for over sixty years in Africa, was characterized by the idea of "shared anthropology". Influenced by his discovery of surrealism in his early twenties, many of his films blur the line between fiction and documentary, creating a new style: ethnofiction. He was hailed by the French New Wave filmmakers as one of their own. His seminal film "Me a Black" ("Moi, un noir") pioneered the technique of jump cut popularized by Jean-Luc Godard. | Jean Rouch est un réalisateur et un ethnologue français, né le à Paris et mort le au Niger. Il est particulièrement connu pour sa pratique du cinéma direct et pour ses films ethnographiques sur des peuples africains tels que les Dogons et leurs coutumes. Considéré comme le créateur de l'ethnofiction, un sous-genre de la docufiction, il est l'un des théoriciens et fondateurs de l'anthropologie visuelle. | [
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Achaemenid Empire | Achéménides | The Achaemenid Empire (), ; translation: "The Empire" also called the First Persian Empire, was an ancient Iranian empire based in Western Asia founded by Cyrus the Great. Ranging at its greatest extent from the Balkans and Eastern Europe proper in the west to the Indus Valley in the east, it was larger than any previous empire in history, spanning. Incorporating various peoples of different origins and faiths, it is notable for its successful model of a centralised, bureaucratic administration (through satraps under the King of Kings), for building infrastructure such as road systems and a postal system, the use of an official language across its territories, and the development of civil services and a large professional army. The empire's successes inspired similar systems in later empires. | L'Empire achéménide (prononcé \a.ke.me.nid\) est le premier des empires perses à régner sur une grande partie du Moyen-Orient durant le Il s'étend alors au nord et à l'ouest en Asie Mineure, en Thrace et sur la plupart des régions côtières du Pont Euxin ; à l'est jusqu'en Afghanistan et sur une partie du Pakistan actuels, et au sud et au sud-ouest sur l'actuel Irak, sur la Syrie, le Liban, Israël et la Palestine, la Jordanie, le nord de l'Arabie saoudite, l'Égypte, et jusqu'au nord de la Libye. | [
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Scientism | Scientisme | Scientism is the promotion of science as the best or only objective means by which society should determine normative and epistemological values. The term "scientism" is generally used critically, implying a cosmetic application of science in unwarranted situations considered not amenable to application of the scientific method or similar scientific standards. | Le scientisme est une position apparue au selon laquelle la science expérimentale est la seule source fiable de savoir sur le monde, par opposition aux révélations religieuses, aux superstitions, aux traditions, et aux coutumes, également à toute autre forme de savoir. Le scientisme se propose en conséquence, selon la formule d'Ernest Renan,. Il s'agit donc d'une confiance ou espérance (le terme de "foi" ne s'applique pas, en principe, dans ce domaine) dans l'application des principes et méthodes de la science y compris moderne dans tous les domaines. On peut résumer le cœur de cette position en : | [
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Wolfsburg | Wolfsburg | Wolfsburg (,, ) is the fifth largest city in the German state of Lower Saxony, located on the Aller River. It lies about east of Hanover and west of Berlin. | Wolfsburg () ou parfois Wolfsbourg est une ville-arrondissement allemande de Basse-Saxe sur l'Aller et sur le plus long canal d'Allemagne, le Mittellandkanal. La ville compte sur une surface de (données au ). | [
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Roland Topor | Roland Topor | Roland Topor (7 January 1938 – 16 April 1997) was a French illustrator, cartoonist, comics artist, painter, novelist, playwright, film and TV writer, filmmaker and actor, who was known for the surreal nature of his work. He was of Polish-Jewish origin. His parents were Jewish refugees from Warsaw. He spent the early years of his life in Savoy, where his family hid him from the Nazi peril. | Roland Topor, né à Paris, le, et mort dans la même ville, le, est un illustrateur, dessinateur, peintre, écrivain, poète, metteur en scène, chansonnier, acteur et cinéaste français. | [
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Cleopatra | Cléopâtre VII | Cleopatra VII Philopator (, "Kleopátra Philopátōr"; 69 – 10 or 12 August 30 BC) was the last active ruler of the Ptolemaic Kingdom of Egypt. As a member of the Ptolemaic dynasty, she was a descendant of its founder Ptolemy I Soter, a Macedonian Greek general and companion of Alexander the Great. After the death of Cleopatra, Egypt became a province of the Roman Empire, marking the end of the Hellenistic period that had lasted since the reign of Alexander (336–323 BC). Her native language was Koine Greek, and she was the only Ptolemaic ruler to learn the Egyptian language. | Cléopâtre "Philopator, « Qui aime son père » (en grec ancien : ), puis Théa Néôtera Philopatris", « Déesse nouvelle qui aime sa patrie » (en grec ancien : ), est une reine d'Égypte antique de la dynastie lagide née vers -69 et morte le | [
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Orgasm | Orgasme | Orgasm (from Greek ὀργασμός "orgasmos" "excitement, swelling"; also sexual climax) is the sudden discharge of accumulated sexual excitement during the sexual response cycle, resulting in rhythmic muscular contractions in the pelvic region characterized by sexual pleasure. Experienced by males and females, orgasms are controlled by the involuntary or autonomic nervous system. They are usually associated with involuntary actions, including muscular spasms in multiple areas of the body, a general euphoric sensation and, frequently, body movements and vocalizations. The period after orgasm (known as the refractory period) is typically a relaxing experience, attributed to the release of the neurohormones oxytocin and prolactin as well as endorphins (or "endogenous morphine"). | L’orgasme (du grec : /, de /, « bouillonner d'ardeur ») est la réponse physiologique qui a lieu au maximum de la phase d’excitation sexuelle. L'orgasme libère notamment deux neuropeptides, l'ocytocine et la prolactine, qui provoquent une profonde sensation de bien-être. Il est d'ailleurs souvent synonyme de jouissance extrême. | [
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Greater roadrunner | Grand Géocoucou | The greater roadrunner ("Geococcyx californianus") is a long-legged bird in the cuckoo family, Cuculidae, from the Aridoamerica region in the Southwestern United States and Mexico. The scientific name means "Californian earth-cuckoo". Along with the lesser roadrunner, it is one of two species in the genus "Geococcyx". This roadrunner is also known as the chaparral cock, ground cuckoo, and snake killer. | Le Grand Géocoucou, parfois aussi appelé Géocoucou de Californie ("Geococcyx californianus"), est une espèce d'oiseaux coureurs nord-américains de la famille des cuculidés qui compte, entre autres, les coucous. | [
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Eagle | Aigle | Eagle is the common name for many large birds of prey of the familia Accipitridae. Eagles belong to several groups of genera, not all of which are closely related. Most of the 60 species of eagle are from Eurasia and Africa. Outside this area, just 14 species can be found—2 in North America, 9 in Central and South America, and 3 in Australia. | Un aigle est le nom vernaculaire de certains grands rapaces planeurs diurnes de la famille des Accipitridés. Dans la nomenclature aviaire en langue française, le terme désigne trente-huit espèces d'oiseaux qui constituent douze genres (certaines espèces étant aujourd'hui disparues). | [
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Thomas the Apostle | Thomas (apôtre) | Thomas the Apostle (; ; ; "Tʾōmā šliḥā" ("Thoma Sheliha")), also called Didymus ("twin"), was one of the Twelve Apostles of Jesus according to the New Testament. Thomas is commonly known as "Doubting Thomas" because he doubted Jesus' resurrection when first told of it (as related in the Gospel of John alone); later, he confessed his faith, "My Lord and my God," on seeing Jesus' crucifixion wounds. | Thomas ("Tʾōmā" en araméen) est un Juif de Galilée et un des douze apôtres de Jésus. Son nom figure dans les listes d'apôtres des trois évangiles synoptiques et du livre des Actes des Apôtres. L'évangile selon Jean lui donne une place particulière. Il doute de la résurrection de Jésus-Christ, ce qui fait de lui le symbole de l'incrédulité religieuse. Diverses traditions le présentent comme envoyé ("apostolos") en Adiabène à Nisibe, puis dans le Royaume indo-parthe du Taxila. Il aurait porté la « bonne nouvelle » jusqu'en Inde du Sud où il est considéré comme le fondateur de l'Église. Arrivé en Inde en 52, il y serait mort, martyr, aux environs des années 70, sur la colline qui s'appelle aujourd'hui mont Saint-Thomas, près de Mylapore. Son tombeau présumé se trouve dans la crypte de la basilique Saint-Thomas de Chennai. L'apôtre Thomas est présent dans la plupart des textes chrétiens antiques, et deux apocryphes lui sont attribués : l'évangile de Thomas et les Actes de Thomas. | [
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Magma (algebra) | Magma (algèbre) | In abstract algebra, a magma (or groupoid; not to be confused with groupoids in category theory) is a basic kind of algebraic structure. Specifically, a magma consists of a set equipped with a single binary operation that must be closed by definition. No other properties are imposed. | En mathématiques, un magma est une des structures algébriques utilisées en algèbre générale. Un magma est par définition un ensemble muni d'une loi de composition interne. | [
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Unit of length | Unité de longueur | A unit of length refers to any arbitrarily chosen and accepted reference standard for measurement of length. The most common units in modern use are U.S. customary units in the United States and metric units elsewhere. British Imperial units are still used for some purposes in the United Kingdom and some other countries. The metric system is sub-divided into SI and non-SI units. | Une unité de longueur est une unité, c'est-à-dire un étalon, permettant d'exprimer la mesure physique d'une longueur. Selon les lieux et les époques, il existe différentes unités permettant d'expliquer la grandeur physique, intégrées à divers systèmes. | [
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Clinamen | Clinamen | Clinamen (; plural "clinamina", derived from "clīnāre", to incline) is the Latin name Lucretius gave to the unpredictable swerve of atoms, in order to defend the atomistic doctrine of Epicurus. In modern English it has come more generally to mean an inclination or a bias. | Dans la physique épicurienne, le clinamen est un écart, une déviation (littéralement une "déclinaison") spontanée des atomes par rapport à leur chute dans le vide, qui permet aux atomes de s'entrechoquer. Cette déviation est spatialement et temporellement indéterminée et aléatoire, elle permet d'expliquer l'existence des corps et la liberté humaine dans un cadre matérialiste. Bien que cette théorie ne soit développée que dans le "De rerum natura" de l'épicurien latin Lucrèce, elle est attribuée à Épicure lui-même, son œuvre ayant été en grande partie perdue depuis l'Antiquité romaine. | [
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Contemporary classical music | Musique contemporaine | Contemporary classical music is classical music relative to the present day. At the beginning of the 21st century, it commonly referred to the post-1945 modern forms of post-tonal music after the death of Anton Webern, and included serial music, electronic music, experimental music, and minimalist music. Newer forms of music include spectral music, and post-minimalism. | La musique contemporaine représente les différents courants de musique savante apparus après la fin de la Seconde Guerre mondiale. Certains de ces courants ont emprunté des voies nouvelles en dehors du système tonal. | [
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Pope Alexander IV | Alexandre IV (pape) | Pope Alexander IV (1199 or 1185 – 25 May 1261) was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 12 December 1254 to his death in 1261. | , né Rinaldo Conti di Segni (Jenne, diocèse d'Anagni, vers 1199 – ), fut le de l’Église catholique de 1254 à 1261. | [
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Magma | Magma (géologie) | Magma (from Ancient Greek μάγμα ("mágma") meaning "thick unguent") is the molten or semi-molten natural material from which all igneous rocks are formed. Magma is found beneath the surface of the Earth, and evidence of magmatism has also been discovered on other terrestrial planets and some natural satellites. Besides molten rock, magma may also contain suspended crystals and gas bubbles. Magma is produced by melting of the mantle or the crust at various tectonic settings, including subduction zones, continental rift zones, mid-ocean ridges and hotspots. Mantle and crustal melts migrate upwards through the crust where they are thought to be stored in magma chambers or trans-crustal crystal-rich mush zones. During their storage in the crust, magma compositions may be modified by fractional crystallization, contamination with crustal melts, magma mixing, and degassing. Following their ascent through the crust, magmas may feed a volcano or solidify underground to form an intrusion (e.g., an igneous dike or a sill). While the study of magma has historically relied on observing magma in the form of lava flows, magma has been encountered in situ three times during geothermal drilling projects—twice in Iceland (see Magma usage for energy production), and once in Hawaii. | Un magma est une roche entièrement ou partiellement fondue. Il comporte nécessairement une phase liquide, généralement composée de silicates et contenant des gaz dissous. Il comporte souvent aussi, en suspension dans le liquide, une phase gazeuse (des bulles) et une ou plusieurs phases solides (des cristaux), qui proviennent respectivement de l'exsolution partielle des gaz dissous et de la solidification partielle du liquide par décompression et refroidissement. | [
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Nicolas Appert | Nicolas Appert | Nicolas Appert (17 November 1749 Châlons-sur-Marne (present Châlons-en-Champagne), present Marne – 1 June 1841 Massy) was the French inventor of airtight food preservation. Appert, known as the "father of canning", was a confectioner. Appert described his invention as a way "of conserving all kinds of food substances in containers". | Nicolas Appert (appelé par erreur François, Nicolas-François, Charles ou Charles-Nicolas), né le à Châlons-sur-Marne et mort le à Massy, est un inventeur français. | [
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Fiscal year | Exercice fiscal | A fiscal year (or financial year, or sometimes budget year) is used in government accounting, which varies between countries, and for budget purposes. It is also used for financial reporting by businesses and other organizations. Laws in many jurisdictions require company financial reports to be prepared and published on an annual basis, but generally do "not" require the reporting period to align with the calendar year (1 January to 31 December). Taxation laws generally require accounting records to be maintained and taxes calculated on an annual basis, which usually corresponds to the fiscal year used for government purposes. The calculation of tax on an annual basis is especially relevant for direct taxation, such as income tax. Many annual government fees—such as Council rates, license fees, etc.—are also levied on a fiscal year basis, while others are charged on an anniversary basis. | L'exercice fiscal, année fiscale ou encore exercice comptable est une période délimitée au cours de laquelle une entreprise enregistre tous les faits économiques qui concourent à l'élaboration de sa comptabilité. | [
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Pascal's wager | Pari de Pascal | Pascal's wager is an argument in philosophy presented by the seventeenth-century French philosopher, mathematician and physicist, Blaise Pascal (1623–1662). It posits that humans bet with their lives that God either exists or does not. | Le pari de Pascal est un argument philosophique mis au point par Blaise Pascal, philosophe, mathématicien et physicien français du siècle. L'argument tente de prouver qu'une personne rationnelle a tout intérêt à croire en Dieu, que Dieu existe ou non. En effet, si Dieu n’existe pas, le croyant et le non-croyant ne perdent rien ou presque. Par contre, si Dieu existe, le croyant gagne le paradis tandis que le non-croyant est enfermé en enfer pour l'éternité. | [
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Le Rêve (novel) | Le Rêve (roman) | Le rêve ("The Dream") is the sixteenth novel in the "Rougon-Macquart" series by Émile Zola. It is about an orphan girl who falls in love with a nobleman, and is set in the years 1860–1869. | Le Rêve est un roman d’Émile Zola publié en 1888, le seizième volume de la série "Les Rougon-Macquart". Zola y aborde le thème de la religion, mais de façon beaucoup moins violente et polémique qu’il ne l’avait fait dans "La Conquête de Plassans" ou "La Faute de l'abbé Mouret". Cette fois-ci, il s’intéresse à la foi populaire et au renouveau du mysticisme dans la société française de la seconde moitié du. | [
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Danger Man | Destination Danger (série télévisée) | Danger Man (retitled Secret Agent in the United States, and Destination Danger and John Drake in other non-UK markets) is a British television series that was broadcast between 1960 and 1962, and again between 1964 and 1968. The series featured Patrick McGoohan as secret agent John Drake. Ralph Smart created the programme and wrote many of the scripts. "Danger Man" was financed by Lew Grade's ITC Entertainment. | Destination Danger ("") est une série télévisée britannique d'espionnage créée par Ralph Smart. Une première saison de 39 épisodes de 30 minutes a été diffusée entre le et le et trois autres saisons totalisant 47 épisodes de 60 minutes, entre le et le sur le réseau ITV. | [
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Ennio Morricone | Ennio Morricone | Ennio Morricone, (; born 10 November 1928) is an Italian composer, orchestrator, conductor, and former trumpet player, writing in a wide range of musical styles. Since 1961, Morricone has composed over 400 scores for cinema and television, as well as over 100 classical works. His score to "The Good, the Bad and the Ugly" (1966) is considered one of the most influential soundtracks in history and was inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame. His filmography includes over 70 award-winning films, including all Sergio Leone films (since "A Fistful of Dollars"), all Giuseppe Tornatore films (since "Cinema Paradiso"), "The Battle of Algiers", Dario Argento's "Animal Trilogy", "1900", "", "Days of Heaven", several major films in French cinema, in particular the comedy trilogy "La Cage aux Folles I", "II", "" and "Le Professionnel", as well as "The Thing", "The Mission", "The Untouchables", "Mission to Mars", "Bugsy", "Disclosure", "In the Line of Fire", "Bulworth", "Ripley's Game" and "The Hateful Eight". | Ennio Morricone (), né le à Rome, est un compositeur, producteur et chef d'orchestre italien. Il est réputé notamment pour ses musiques de films, en particulier celles réalisées pour son ami et camarade de classe Sergio Leone. Sur une carrière s'étalant sur plus d'un demi-siècle, la popularité de ses musiques depuis les années 1960 en a fait une des personnalités les plus importantes et influentes du cinéma italien, puis mondial. | [
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Pythagorean tuning | Accord pythagoricien | Pythagorean tuning is a system of musical tuning in which the frequency ratios of all intervals are based on the ratio 3:2. This ratio, also known as the "pure" perfect fifth, is chosen because it is one of the most consonant and easiest to tune by ear and because of importance attributed to the integer 3. As Novalis put it, "The musical proportions seem to me to be particularly correct natural proportions." Alternatively, it can be described as the tuning of the syntonic temperament in which the generator is the ratio 3:2 (i.e., the untempered perfect fifth), which is ≈702 cents wide. | En théorie de la musique occidentale, l'accord pythagoricien est un accord construit exclusivement sur des intervalles de quintes pures. Il est caractérisé par sa tierce, dite pythagoricienne, de rapport 81/64. On l'appelle communément « gamme pythagoricienne ». | [
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Common octopus | Pieuvre commune | The common octopus ("Octopus vulgaris") is a mollusc belonging to the class Cephalopoda. "Octopus vulgaris" is the most studied of all octopus species. It is considered cosmopolitan, that is, a global species, which ranges from the eastern Atlantic, extends from the Mediterranean Sea and the southern coast of England, to at least Senegal in Africa. It also occurs off the Azores, Canary Islands, and Cape Verde Islands. The species is also common in the Western Atlantic. The common octopus hunts at dusk. Crabs, crayfish, and bivalve molluscs (two-shelled, such as cockles) are preferred, although the octopus eats almost anything it can catch. It is able to change colour to blend in with its surroundings, and is able to jump upon any unwary prey that strays across its path. Using its beak, it is able to break into the shells of shelled molluscs. Training experiments have shown the common octopus can distinguish the brightness, size, shape, and horizontal or vertical orientation of objects. | La pieuvre commune ou poulpe commun (Octopus vulgaris) est une espèce de pieuvre de la famille des octopodidés vivant dans les eaux côtières des mers tropicales et sub-tropicales. C'est l'espèce de pieuvre la plus étudiée, notamment pour son intelligence particulièrement élevée pour un invertébré. | [
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Oakland, California | Oakland (Californie) | Oakland is the largest city and the county seat of Alameda County, California, United States. A major West Coast port city, Oakland is the largest city in the East Bay region of the San Francisco Bay Area, the third largest city overall in the San Francisco Bay Area, the eighth most populated city in California, and the 45th most populated city in the United States. With a population of 433,031, it serves as a trade center for the San Francisco Bay Area; its Port of Oakland is the busiest port in the San Francisco Bay, the entirety of Northern California, and the fifth busiest in the United States of America. An act to incorporate the city was passed on May 4, 1852, and incorporation was later approved on March 25, 1854, which officially made Oakland a city. Oakland is a charter city. | Oakland (en anglais, prononcé en français ) est une ville de la côte ouest des États-Unis située dans la baie de San Francisco, dans l'État de Californie. Au nord de la ville se trouve Berkeley, où siège l'université du même nom. À l'ouest, au-delà du pont Bay Bridge, se trouve San Francisco. Oakland est l'un des trois ports les plus importants de la côte ouest des États-Unis : son port s'est développé dans les années 1970 grâce à la conteneurisation des marchandises. En 1997, le port a ainsi reçu de tonnes de marchandise (source : "Images économiques du Monde"). | [
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Isidore of Miletus | Isidore de Milet | Isidore of Miletus (; ; ) was one of the two main Byzantine Greek architects (Anthemius of Tralles was the other) that Emperor Justinian I commissioned to design the cathedral Hagia Sophia in Constantinople from 532 to 537. The creation of an important compilation of Archimedes' works has been attributed to him. The spurious Book XV from Euclid's Elements has been partly attributed to Isidore of Miletus. | Isidore de Milet (en grec "") est un mathématicien et qui vécut au à Constantinople et qui, avec Anthémius de Tralles, fut chargé par l’empereur Justinien de construire la cathédrale Sainte-Sophie ("Hagia Sophia") en 532. | [
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Juan Carlos Ferrero | Juan Carlos Ferrero | Juan Carlos Ferrero Donat (; born 12 February 1980) is a Spanish former world No. 1 retired professional tennis player. He won the men's singles title at the 2003 French Open, and in September of that year, became the 21st player to hold the world No. 1 ranking. He was also runner-up at the 2002 French Open and 2003 US Open. His nickname was "Mosquito" due to his speed and slight physical build. Ferrero retired from the game after the 2012 Valencia Open 500, returning for a brief doubles stint in 2017. | Juan Carlos Ferrero Donat, né le à Ontinyent, est un joueur de tennis espagnol, professionnel entre 1998 et 2012. Il a remporté seize tournois dans sa carrière dont son seul titre du Grand Chelem, le tournoi de Roland-Garros en 2003, année où il a été mondial pendant huit semaines. Il a également remporté trois fois la Coupe Davis avec l'équipe d'Espagne en 2000, 2004 et 2009. Il est à ce jour un des rares joueurs à avoir battu Rafael Nadal sur terre battue, après l'éclosion du Majorquin au plus haut niveau. | [
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Just intonation | Gamme naturelle | In music, just intonation or pure intonation is the tuning of musical intervals as whole number ratios (such as 3:2 or 4:3) of frequencies. Any interval tuned in this way is called a just interval. Just intervals (and chords created by combining them) consist of members of a single harmonic series of a (lower) implied fundamental. For example, in the diagram at right, the notes G and middle C (labeled 3 and 4), are both members of the harmonic series of the lowest C and their frequencies will be 3 and 4 times, respectively, the fundamental frequency; thus, their interval ratio will be 4:3. If the frequency of the fundamental is 64 Hertz, the frequencies of the two notes in question would be 192 and 256. | En théorie de la musique occidentale, une gamme naturelle (parfois appelée gamme des physiciens) est une gamme, ou un système d'accord, obtenue par des combinaisons d'intervalles purs : octave, quinte et tierce majeure pures (correspondant respectivement aux rapports de fréquence 2/1, 3/2 et 5/4). Plusieurs procédés ont été proposés, notamment par Gioseffo Zarlino, Joseph Sauveur, Hermann von Helmholtz, etc. | [
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Parmenides | Parménide | Parmenides of Elea (; ; ) was a pre-Socratic Greek philosopher from Elea in Magna Graecia (meaning "Great Greece," the term which Romans gave to Greek-populated coastal areas in Southern Italy). He is thought to have been in his prime (or "floruit") around 475 BC. | Parménide d'Élée (en / "Parmenídês") est un philosophe grec présocratique, pythagoricien, puis éléate, né à Élée à la fin du et mort au milieu du. Il est célèbre pour un poème en vers, "De la nature", qui eut une influence notable sur la pensée de son époque. Ses découvertes intellectuelles, en particulier l'introduction de la logique dans la pensée hellénique, à côté de la philosophie milésienne de la nature et des théories arithmétiques de Pythagore, font de Parménide l'un des philosophes les plus considérables dans l'histoire de la philosophie grecque. Platon a consacré un dialogue qui porte son nom, "le Parménide", pour traiter la question de l'Être, dont Parménide a inlassablement répété qu'il est, tandis que le Non-Être n'est pas. | [
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Vagina | Vagin | In mammals, the vagina is the elastic, muscular part of the female genital tract. In humans, it extends from the vulva to the cervix. The outer vaginal opening is normally partly covered by a membrane called the hymen. At the deep end, the cervix (neck of the uterus) bulges into the vagina. The vagina allows for sexual intercourse and birth. It also channels menstrual flow (menses), which occurs in humans and closely related primates as part of the monthly menstrual cycle. | Le vagin (du, « fourreau ») est un organe tubulaire musculo-muqueux faisant partie du système reproducteur femelle de certains animaux tel que l'appareil reproducteur féminin. Chez les mammifères, il relie l'utérus à la vulve. Chez les oiseaux et reptiles, il relie l'utérus au cloaque. Chez les insectes et d'autres invertébrés, le vagin est la partie terminale de l'oviducte. Il est impliqué lors de l'accouplement et, chez les mammifères, lors de la parturition (mise au monde). | [
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Systems analyst | Analyste (informatique) | A systems analyst is an information technology (IT) professional who specializes in analyzing, designing and implementing information systems. Systems analysts assess the suitability of information systems in terms of their intended outcomes and liaise with end users, software vendors and programmers in order to achieve these outcomes. A systems analyst is a person who uses analysis and design techniques to solve business problems using information technology. Systems analysts may serve as change agents who identify the organizational improvements needed, design systems to implement those changes, and train and motivate others to use the systems. | Le rôle de l'analyste (parfois confondu avec celui de "l'Ingénieur d'étude", "l'Analyste-Programmeur") est d'étudier les différentes manières de mettre en œuvre un besoin informatique au sein d'un système d'information, sous la responsabilité du chef de projet. | [
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Volkswagen Beetle | Volkswagen Coccinelle | The Volkswagen Beetle—officially the Volkswagen Type 1, informally in German the (meaning "beetle"'/Lady Bug Coccinellidae), in parts of the English-speaking world the Bug, and known by many other nicknames in other languages—is a two-door, rear-engine economy car, intended for five occupants (later, Beetles were restricted to four people in some countries), that was manufactured and marketed by German automaker Volkswagen (VW) from 1938 until 2003. | La Volkswagen Coccinelle — officiellement Volkswagen type 1 — est la première automobile construite par le constructeur allemand Volkswagen, ainsi nouvellement créé et dont le nom signifie « voiture du peuple ». Produite en 1938, elle est conçue par l'ingénieur autrichien Ferdinand Porsche à la demande du chancelier Adolf Hitler, alors à la tête du Troisième Reich allemand. Outil de propagande pour le régime national-socialiste, elle devient remarquable dans le monde de l'automobile pour sa diffusion et sa longévité. Elle dépasse, le, le record de modèles vendus, détenu par la Ford T. Elle fut au total produite à plus de à travers le monde. | [
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Schröder–Bernstein theorem | Théorème de Cantor-Bernstein | In set theory, the Schröder–Bernstein theorem states that, if there exist injective functions and between the sets and, then there exists a bijective function. | Le théorème de Cantor-Bernstein, également appelé théorème de Cantor-Schröder-Bernstein, est le théorème de la théorie des ensembles qui affirme l’existence d'une bijection entre deux ensembles dès lors qu'il existe deux injections, l'une du second vers le premier l'autre du premier vers le second. | [
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Verviers | Verviers | Verviers (; ) is a Walloon city and municipality located in the Belgian province of Liège. The Verviers municipality includes the old communes of Ensival, Lambermont, Petit-Rechain, Stembert, and Heusy. It is also the center of an agglomeration that includes Dison and Pepinster making it the second biggest in the province and an important regional center, located roughly halfway between Liège and the German border. | Verviers (en wallon "Vervî", en allemand vieilli "Velwisch") est une ville francophone de Belgique située en Région wallonne, chef-lieu d'arrondissement en province de Liège, à l'extrémité est du sillon industriel. L'entité actuelle est le résultat de la fusion le des anciennes communes de Verviers, d'Ensival, de Heusy, de Lambermont, de Petit-Rechain et de Stembert. | [
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Anthemius of Tralles | Anthémius de Tralles | Anthemius of Tralles (, Medieval Greek:, "Anthémios o Trallianós"; – 533 558) was a Greek from Tralles who worked as a geometer and architect in Constantinople, the capital of the Byzantine Empire. With Isidore of Miletus, he designed the Hagia Sophia for Justinian I. | Anthémius de Tralles (en grec ancien ) est un mathématicien, ingénieur et architecte byzantin (° fin du - † avant 558). | [
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