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Symato Team 6

ReadWriteThink couldn't publish all of this great content without literacy experts to write and review for us. If you've got lessons plans, videos, activities, or other ideas you'd like to contribute, we'd love to hear from you. Find the latest in professional publications, learn new techniques and strategies, and find out how you can connect with other literacy professionals. Teacher Resources by Grade |1st - 2nd||3rd - 4th| |5th - 6th||7th - 8th| |9th - 10th||11th - 12th| Exploring Free Speech and Persuasion with Nothing But the Truth |Grades||6 – 8| |Lesson Plan Type||Standard Lesson| |Estimated Time||Five 50-minute sessions| - analyze the theme of a novel using both personal opinion and factual information. - engage with the novel by making personal connections to its themes. - use the Internet for research. - use a variety of technological and information resources (e.g., libraries, databases, computer networks, video) to gather and synthesize information in support of an opinion. - compose a position statement. - synthesize their position statements with those of two to four other students. - present, explain, and defend their position statements. - In their journals or loose leaf, have students respond to the following prompt as they enter the room, “Using your own experience and the events in Nothing But the Truth, list the rights you feel you should, but do not have, as a young adult.” - Divide students into small groups and give each group a piece of chart paper and some markers. Alternatively, students can gather their responses on overhead transparencies. - Ask groups to discuss their responses to the prompt, compiling a list of their rights or rights they think they should have on the chart paper. Give students about five minutes for this work. - Bring the class together and ask representatives from each group can share their lists, either posting their list on the wall or sharing it with an overhead projector. - Using the lists generated as a class, ask students to write for a few minutes about which of the rights they listed are violated in Philip’s situation. - After allowing students to gather their ideas, ask students to discuss Philip’s situation and their opinion of his rights (about 20 minutes or so). - To stimulate discussion, consider sharing these quotations from the novel: Philip: “It’s a free country.” Dr. Palleni: “Nothing is free.” (74-5) Dr. Palleni: “If a student creates a disturbance in a classroom, that’s breaking a rule. An important rule. Students cannot break—cannot make a disturbance in a classroom.” (83) Mrs. Narwin: “He’s a student. I’m a teacher. Hands aren’t meant to be even.” (177) - Explain that during this session you will look for reference material and research material relating to the issues of free speech raised in Nothing But the Truth. - Begin the session with basic information about free speech, pointing first to the Bill of Rights and then to the information from the handout on Supreme Court cases regarding free speech in schools. - Point students to the First Amendment Websites. If you want to allow students to continue research outside of class, provide them a copy of the Web page or ask them to copy the addresses into their notebooks. - Ask students to use the First Amendment Websites to find as much information as they can about rights for young adults, focusing on free speech rights related to schools. Depending on your students’ Internet capabilities, you may want to narrow the search further. - Ask students should keep track of the important points found in their research, such as Supreme Court cases, examples from schools throughout the country, public opinion, and so forth. - If desired, explain that students can cut and paste relevant information from Web pages to a Word document, explaining why the information is important using a different font color, making sure that they cite their sources. - Have a 10 to 20 minute discussion of the information that students find. A suggestion would be for each student to read one section of his/her notes with both the Internet information and his/her evaluation of its importance. - Have students respond in writing to the following prompt, “Explain whether or not you feel Phillip’s free speech rights were violated.” - After allowing students to gather their ideas in writing, ask them to discuss their answers as a class or in small groups. Encourage students to engage specifically in issues that expose different opinions. Ask students to point to evidence from the novel or from their research that supports their beliefs. - After students have had time to share their views, introduce position statements, using the Position Statements handout. - Answer any questions that students have about how to write position statements. If students need additional examples, work through the process of composing position statements on another topic, such as funding for after-school activities or the use of standardized testing. - Once you're satisfied that students understand the task, ask students to create a position statement that related to Phillip’s free speech rights (or another topic) in the novel. Students’ goal during this session is to gather ideas informally. Explain that they will work on creating a more polished statement with support during the next session. - As students work in their groups, circulate and monitor student progress, encouraging them to brainstorm reasons for their position. Let them know a few minutes before the work period will conclude so that they have time to wrap up their thoughts. - If desired, students can continue their work as homework. By the beginning of the next class session, students should gathered the reasons supporting their position—using their research, passages from the novel, and their personal opinion. - Introduce the Persuasion Map Student Interactive to your students, demonstrating how to use the tool. To provide a full example, work through the interactive using one of the example topics from the previous session (e.g., a position on school uniforms). - Answer any questions about using the Persuasion Map, then ask students to enter their information in order to construct a position statement and a map of the related support. Ask students to complete their maps as they finish. - As students finish and printout their work, arrange them in groups based on their position, placing all the students with the same position together. Ask groups to combine their statements and support to create the strongest argument possible. Groups will refine their statement and support as more students finish and join the group. - Once all students have finished with the Persuasion Map and joined a group, explain that groups will present their position statements and support orally during the next class session. - Go over the Presentation Rubric, indicating the amount of time each student needs to speak. - Allow students the remainder of the class session to work on their presentations. - If possible, allow students additional time to work on their group presentations in class. At the beginning of work sessions, remind students of the assignment and the requirements of the Presentation Rubric. - As students work in their groups, circulate and monitor student progress. - If students need additional support for their positions, encourage them to return to the resources used in Session Two. - Let them know a few minutes before the work period will conclude so that they have time to wrap up their thoughts. - Before the presentations begin, ask students to keep notes on the presentations, consisting of the group’s position, their reasons, and the student’s opinion of the argument. Ask students to use their notes to record any questions they have for the group at then end of the presentation. - Rotate through the groups, allowing each group the allotted time to present. - When all the groups have presented, ask students to debate whether Phillip’s rights were violated. - If possible, arrange the desks in a circle for debate, asking students to sit by people with the same viewpoint. - To manage the class discussion, students can pass a sponge ball to someone on the opposite side, with a hand raised, for a response. The responding speaker should acknowledge the main point of the previous speaker, offer an opinion on the point (not the person), and add something original. - For homework, ask students to reflect on the entire activity, either in their writer’s notebooks or on paper to be submitted separately. Student reflections can focus on the following questions: - Explain what surprised you the most from your research abut students’ rights. - Explain how your research affected your opinion of Phillip’s situation. - How have you been affected by rights you do or do not have as a student? - In what ways are your experiences similar to Philip’s? - How has Philip’s situation and your research shaped your view of fighting for your rights? - Explain what surprised you the most from your research abut students’ rights. - Use the students’ printout from the Persuasion Map as a graphic organizer for a persuasive essay on the novel. - Tie the rights discussed in this lesson to another novel, such as Summer of My German Soldier, Farewell to Manzanar, The Witch of Blackbird Pond, Bat 6, or Speak. - As students discuss free speech and the situation in Nothing But the Truth, listen for comments that indicate students are identifying specific evidence from the story that connects to the information they have researched. The connections that they make between the details in the novel and the details they choose as their supporting reasons for their position will reveal their understanding and engagement with the novel. - Monitor student interaction and progress during group work to assess social skills and assist any students having problems with the project. - Use the Presentation Rubric to assess group presentations. - Respond to the content and quality of students’ thoughts in their final reflections on the project. Look for indications that the student provides supporting evidence for the reflections, thus applying the lessons learned from the work with the Persuasion Map and position statements.

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Hurricane Sandy is the largest recorded Atlantic hurricane in diameter. Winds spanning 1000 miles have wreaked destruction on a massive scale. After causing widespread damage in the Caribbean, Sandy moved north and struck the Eastern Seaboard of the USA, including New Jersey and New York. Many people have died. More than 30,000 people in New York need to be rehoused as the winter weather begins and another storm approaches. The cost of repairs and rebuilding will be more than $20 billion. Hurricanes make people feel helpless. They know the hurricane is coming and that they and their homes are in danger, but there is very little they can do except to wait and try to minimise the damage. The people who live in the Caribbean and the east coast states of America are used to tropical storms and hurricanes, they happen every year. When reports come of an approaching hurricane some residents of states like Florida leave their homes and drive north in order to avoid it. After it has passed they return to assess the damage to their property. Throughout history people around the world have faced natural disasters. Nearly 3000 years ago the author of Psalm 46 reflected on the relationship he and his nation had with God as they faced the powerful upheavals of nature. “God is our refuge and strength, always ready to help in times of trouble. So we will not fear, even if earthquakes come and the mountains crumble into the sea. Let the oceans roar and foam. Let the mountains tremble as the waters surge!” He rejoiced in the eternal power and personal presence of God; “The Lord Almighty is here among us.” In one community in New Jersey people gathered in a church building. No outside help had yet reached them, but they were helping each other and receiving encouragement from the church staff and members. They were able to pray together and ask God for his help. Many of them had lost everything they had, but they were finding help and comfort in the realisation that God was with them. They were not alone. One lady expressed the confidence of many of them when she told a reporter, “God is good!” Sandy has done real damage, but the goodness and mercy of God are even more real. He really is a refuge and strength for us all and is always ready to help us in times of trouble.

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Inner speech and overt speech (Stark et al., 2017) datasetposted on 08.09.2017, 21:46 by Brielle C. Stark, Sharon Geva, Elizabeth A. Warburton Preserved inner speech alongside relatively poor overt speech has been documented in some persons with aphasia (PWA), but the relationship of overt speech with inner speech is still largely unclear, as few studies have directly investigated these factors. The present study investigates the relationship of preserved inner speech in aphasia with selected measures of language and cognition. Supplemental Material S1. Participant biographic demographics. Supplemental Material S2. Percentage correct from inner speech and overt speech examination for all participants and their group of classification. Supplemental Material S3. Rhyming and homophone stimuli for inner speech. Stark, B. C., Geva, S., & Warburton, E. A. (2017). Inner speech’s relationship with overt speech in poststroke aphasia. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 60, 2406–2415. https://doi.org/10.1044/2017_JSLHR-S-16-0270

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When storm Sandy hit, I was at a friend's apartment in Norwich, having evacuated from New London. As winds battered the house and rain drowned the potted plant on the porch, we watched far greater tragedies befall New London and other towns along Long Island Sound: Trees snapped in half, buildings collapsed, homes darkened for days — and hundreds of thousands of Connecticut residents left stranded without basic services. When I returned to New London two days later, I found a boat next to our apartment building. The small sailboat was swept ashore by rising waters and was deposited there — its mast still in place but listing heavily to one side, a wounded survivor awaiting rescue. A week later, the boat remained, a persistent reminder that extreme weather can have life-shaking consequences. In Sandy's aftermath, elected officials and the public began to talk about the storm as a symptom of a larger problem: global warming. Gov. Dannel P. Malloy said in an interview that climate change is "alive and well" in Connecticut. We've now seen the effects of three destructive storms in a little more than a year, and the signs are clear: Connecticut must lead the way on solving global warming by making the transition to a clean energy future. Luckily, we have an opportunity to do so. Last month, Gov. Malloy and the Department of Energy and Environmental Protection unveiled a draft of the new long-term Comprehensive Energy Strategy for the state. The plan, released in October (before Sandy hit), is intended to be a blueprint for the state's energy future. A series of public hearings are scheduled, including one this morning at the DEEP office in Hartford and another at the University of Connecticut's Center for Environmental Sciences and Engineering Tuesday evening, and offer the public opportunities to comment on the plan. Although there are good aspects to the plan, including a strong emphasis on energy efficiency, the draft strategy is also notable for what it lacks — a detailed road map for ramping up clean energy in our state, weaning us off of fossil fuels and cutting the greenhouse gas emissions that contribute to global warming. Current policy in Connecticut dictates that by 2020, 20 percent of our energy will come from clean, renewable sources, such as wind and solar power. Currently, renewable sources provide only 3 percent of the state's energy, but the solar industry is booming and has significant potential to build up in the next few years. Yet in the plan, instead of doubling down on expanding access to truly clean energy, DEEP considers weakening our clean energy goals by allowing fuel sources such as large-scale hydropower, which has catastrophic consequences on rivers and the surrounding environment; and by allowing trash incineration to be considered clean energy. On the bright side, the draft strategy recommends strengthening the Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative, a program that reduces global warming pollution from power plants and funds energy efficiency and clean energy. We urge the Malloy administration to throw its full political weight behind strengthening the program to ensure that there are significant reductions in carbon pollution from power plants. Now, more than ever, we need strong leadership to tackle climate change. The startling image of a sailboat sitting next to an apartment building is not easy to forget; nor are the scenes of flooded streets and darkened towns in Sandy's aftermath. It's not normal for boats to be on land, and it's not normal for three once-in-a-century storms to strike in such short order. In addition to holding public hearings, DEEP is accepting public comments on the Comprehensive Energy Strategy until Dec. 14. Citizens should speak out for a clean energy future, and for Gov. Malloy and DEEP to develop a final plan that provides a bold and visionary blueprint for a clean, renewable energy future. When the next Sandy comes, will we be sitting on the sidelines, or charging down a new path? Ari Rubenstein is a program associate with the advocacy group Environment Connecticut.

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What is a Luxating Patella? A luxating patella occurs when the knee cap moves out of its natural position. The patella (knee cap) lies in a cartilaginous groove at the end of the femur at the stifle. The patella in dogs is shaped like an almond and its purpose is to assist in knee extension. The patella resides in the tendon of the quadriceps muscle group which attaches to the bone below the femur, the tibia. When this muscle group contracts, it pulls on the tendon and the knee cap, thereby extending the stifle. If the patella is pulled out of its normal groove with knee extension, this is called a luxating patella. The causes of this condition can be congenital, genetic and/or traumatic. Breeds with a predisposition for luxating patella are: - Miniature and Toy Poodles - Jack Russell Terriers - Yorkshire Terriers - Cavalier King Charles Spaniels - Boston Terriers Large breed dogs prone to this condition include: - Labrador Retrievers - Golden Retrievers - St. Bernards Apart from breed predilection, if a dog has poor conformation, such as no angulation in the hock, then this can also cause luxating patellae. This condition is usually diagnosed early on. The initial symptoms include occasional limping, an intermittent skip in the gait, sudden loss of support on the limb, abnormal sitting posture with the knee placed outward; all of which are usually intermittent. If your dog is experiencing symptoms of luxating patella we carry a line of natural products that can help. Click here Long Term Impacts Sometimes, chronic cases can lead to erosion of the cartilage on the femur from the constant friction, and eventually, to osteoarthritis. In this case, pain is usually involved and lameness is more constant and severe. Occasionally, a luxating patella can lead to a ruptured cranial cruciate ligament. The literature states that at least 15% to 20% of dogs with patellar luxation will eventually rupture their cranial cruciate ligament. Two main reasons why this scenario may follow are: - A luxating patella will change the biomechanics of the knee and subject the cranial cruciate ligament to more stress and strain - If the luxating patella is chronic with arthritic changes, the inflamed environment inside the joint will cause a breakdown of the ligaments (especially cruciate ligaments) A luxating patella is usually diagnosed by feel and is assigned a grade based on the severity of the condition. Grade 1 is the least severe and the knee cap easily slips back into place on its own whereas Grade 4 means the knee cap is actually stuck and fixed outside its normal resting position in the groove of the femur. A radiograph of the stifles can be performed to see if there is osteoarthritis present or any sign of cranial cruciate ligament damage. Surgery is not always necessary for this condition. Many small dogs live their entire life with luxating patella and it never results in arthritis or pain, nor does it interfere with the dog’s life. Grade 3 or 4 luxations normally require surgery as greater pain or discomfort will be involved, along with reduced function of the leg or associated damage such as a cranial cruciate ligament rupture. Every situation is different. The surgical procedure usually involves carving out a deeper groove in the end of the femur so the patella will remain in the groove with movement. If a ruptured cranial cruciate ligament is present, it can be corrected at the same time. If your dog suffers from this condition, you can’t change his DNA but you can help him with supportive nutrients and exercise. - Ascorbic acid (a kind of Vitamin C) is necessary for collagen synthesis and is an antioxidant. - Mixed tocopherols (Vitamin E) stabilize cell membranes, stimulate deposition of proteoglycan, modulate the inflammatory phase of osteoarthritis and are an antioxidant. - Vitamins B1 and B6 are required for collagen synthesis. - Omega-3 fatty acids are anti-inflammatory. They can also help regulate the cells in cartilage and may help protect against cartilage degradation. - Glycosaminoglycans have anti-inflammatory properties and are needed for proteoglycan synthesis and collagen formation. - Chondroitin sulfate is anti-inflammatory and stimulates glycosaminoglycans and collagen synthesis. - Methylsulfonylmethane (MSM) is a source of sulfur which is required for collagen synthesis. It may inhibit pain impulses that travel along nerve fibers, acting as an analgesic and has anti-inflammatory effects and helps reduce muscle spasm. - Bioflavanoids (flavones, flavanoids, quercetin, rutin, procyanidins) found in colorful vegetables, fruits and green tea have antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. They have been shown to inhibit inflammatory and damaging enzymes. Important Minerals and Elements - Manganese is an essential cofactor in the synthesis of glycosaminoglycans and is involved in the synthesis of collagen and proteoglycans to form the organic matrix of bone. - Magnesium is required for collagen synthesis. - Sulfur is necessary to make collagen. - Selenium with fish oil (Omega-3) intake may reduce inflammation in the joint, which may benefit osteoarthritis. It’s also an antioxidant. - Iron is involved in collagen synthesis. - Copper is involved in collagen synthesis. - Zinc is involved in collagen synthesis. - Calcium is needed for some enzymes to work and necessary for muscle contractions. 5 Goals For Nutritional Support: - Promote healthy and functional connective tissue - Provide building blocks for collagen synthesis - Control inflammation and pain - Supply antioxidants - Prevent osteoarthritis Herbs and homeopathic remedies are also effective for reducing pain and inflammation, strengthening connective tissue and promoting tissue repair. There are a few exercises that you can do with your pet to help strengthen the muscles and improve the stability of the knee. If the quadriceps muscles are weak, there is greater risk for luxating patellae. When the muscle is strong and the tendon is taut, the patella is less likely to slip out of position. 6 Exercises For Your Dog: - Have your dog move from a sit to a stand several times in a row. - If you have stairs (preferably carpeted), have your dog ascend and descend the stairs three to five times, several times a day. You can also find a steep hill and have him walk up and down and zig-zag across the face of the hill. - Teach your pet to army crawl. Have him get into a down position and slowly lure him forward with some food and encourage him to keep his rear end down. - Walking over Cavalettis (a series of raised bars set up in a row) will encourage flexion and extension of the stifles. - Leg weights can be applied above the hock and the dog can go for a walk or do his exercises with them on to provide resistance and improve muscle strength. - Underwater treadmills or swimming are excellent ways to strengthen the surrounding knee structures. The resistance of the water will help build muscle strength and the buoyancy of the water makes it a safer workout. Careful observation, good nutrition and appropriate exercises can be very beneficial to the dog diagnosed with luxating patellae. If your dog is diagnosed with this condition, you may be able to avoid surgery altogether with supplementation and rehabilitation.

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The keto diet is a high-fat, low-carbohydrate diet designed to shift your body into a state of ketosis, where it burns fat for energy instead of carbohydrates. Here’s a simple keto diet plan for beginners: 1. Calculate Your Macros: Before you start, it’s important to determine your daily macronutrient goals. A typical keto macronutrient breakdown is approximately 70-75% fat, 20-25% protein, and 5-10% carbohydrates. You can use online calculators to estimate your daily calorie needs and adjust your macronutrient ratios accordingly. 2. Choose Healthy Fats: Focus on incorporating healthy fats into your diet, such as avocados, nuts, seeds, olive oil, coconut oil, and fatty fish like salmon. These will be your primary source of energy. 3. Limit Carbohydrates: Keep your daily net carbohydrate intake below 50 grams, and ideally, around 20-30 grams per day. Avoid grains, starchy vegetables, sugary foods, and most fruits. 4. Include Proteins: Select high-quality protein sources like lean meats, poultry, fatty fish, eggs, and dairy. Protein intake should be moderate, as excessive protein can interfere with ketosis. 5. Vegetables: Consume non-starchy vegetables, such as leafy greens, broccoli, cauliflower, zucchini, and asparagus. They provide essential vitamins and fiber. 6. Snacking: Try to limit snacking between meals. If you need a snack, opt for keto-friendly options like nuts, seeds, or cheese. 7. Hydration: Stay well-hydrated. Drink plenty of water throughout the day to prevent dehydration, which is common in the early stages of ketosis. 8. Meal Ideas: Here are some sample meal ideas: - Breakfast: Scrambled eggs with spinach and avocado. - Lunch: Grilled chicken salad with olive oil dressing. - Dinner: Baked salmon with steamed broccoli and butter. - Snack: Celery sticks with almond butter. 9. Track Your Progress: Consider using a food diary or a mobile app to track your daily food intake to ensure you’re staying within your macronutrient goals. 10. Adaptation Period: Be prepared for an adjustment period when your body is adapting to ketosis. You might experience “keto flu” symptoms, such as fatigue, headaches, and irritability. These typically subside within a week or two. Remember that everyone’s body is different, and what works for one person may not work for another. It’s essential to monitor your progress and adjust your diet as needed. Additionally, long-term adherence to a keto diet can be challenging, so it’s a good idea to consult with a healthcare professional or dietitian for ongoing guidance and support. - Sugary foods: Candy, soda, fruit juice, and other sugary beverages. - Grains: Wheat, rice, oats, and other grains are high in carbs. - High-carb fruits: Bananas, grapes, apples, and other high-sugar fruits are high in carbs. - Starchy vegetables: Potatoes, sweet potatoes, corn, and other starchy vegetables are high in carbs. - Processed foods: Packaged snacks, processed meats, and other convenience foods are often high in carbs. How to Start the Keto Diet If you’re interested in trying the keto diet, here are some tips to help you get started: - Do your research: Before you start the keto diet, it’s important to do your research and understand the principles behind it. Talk to a healthcare professional or a registered dietitian to determine if the keto diet is appropriate for you. - Plan your meals: Plan your meals ahead of time to ensure you’re getting the right balance of healthy fats, protein, and carbs. You can use online resources or keto recipe books for meal ideas. - Track your macros: It’s important to track your macros (carbs, protein, and fat) to make sure you’re staying within the proper ranges. There are many apps available to help you track your macros. - Stay hydrated: Drinking enough water is crucial when following the keto diet. Aim for at least eight glasses of water per day. - Be patient: It may take a few days or even weeks for your body to adapt to the keto diet and enter ketosis. Be patient and give your body time to adjust. - Consider supplements: Some people on the keto diet may benefit from taking supplements like magnesium, potassium, and sodium to help balance their electrolytes. - Monitor your health: As with any diet, it’s important to monitor your health and make sure you’re getting all the nutrients your body needs. Regular blood tests can help you track your cholesterol levels, blood sugar levels, and other important health markers. Potential Benefits of the Keto Diet While the keto diet isn’t right for everyone, there are some potential benefits to this way of eating. Some studies suggest that the keto diet may help with: - Weight loss: By restricting carbs and increasing fat intake, the keto diet may help you lose weight. - Blood sugar control: The keto diet may help regulate blood sugar levels in people with diabetes. - Brain function: Some studies suggest that the keto diet may improve cognitive function and reduce the risk of neurological disorders like Alzheimer’s disease. - Heart health: The keto diet may help reduce cholesterol levels and improve other heart disease risk factors. The keto diet is a low-carb, high-fat diet that encourages your body to burn fat for fuel. While it may not be appropriate for everyone, it can be a useful tool for weight loss and other health benefits. If you’re interested in trying the keto diet, be sure to do your research, plan your meals, and monitor your health closely. With patience and persistence, you may find that the keto diet works well for you.

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Lyme disease , or systemic tick-borne borreliosis, is an infectious disease that affects mainly the skin, nervous system, heart and joints. It is known relatively recently, it was isolated in an independent nosological form only in 1977. The name of the disease comes from the name of the village of Lyme in Connecticut (USA), where the epidemic of this infection was first recorded. It has now been proven that the disease is spread not only in the United States, but everywhere. Epidemics in Europe, Australia; Asia, China, Japan. The disease is caused by one of the varieties of spirochetes – Borrelia burgdorferi, ixodid ticks are the carrier. The peak incidence occurs in the summer months, mainly children and young people are sick. The main clinical sign is erythema migrans, usually on the hips, in the inguinal and axillary regions. Fever, chills, headache, myalgia, lymphadenopathy, splenomegaly are observed. Sometimes neurological disorders are detected – neuritis, especially with damage to the cranial nerves, paresis of the facial nerves is often observed. In severe cases, the clinical picture of serous meningitis, encephalitis is noted. Damage to the heart develops in 4-8% of patients, the most common is atrial ventricular conduction, up to the development of complete transverse blockade. Myocarditis with left ventricular failure, pancreatitis can be observed. Joint damage develops in 60% of patients within a few months to 2 years from the onset of the disease. Usually, one or several large joints (knee, elbow, shoulder, etc.) are affected, and symmetric polyarthritis is often found. Arthritis resolves on its own within 1-2 weeks, but can recur for a number of years. Some patients develop chronic arthritis with erosion of cartilage and bones, joint ankylosis is extremely rare. The diagnosis is made in the presence of a characteristic skin lesion – tick-borne erythema. It is necessary to take into account the epidemiological factor: the disease occurs in areas where there are carriers – ixodid ticks. The presence of typical clinical manifestations of the disease – neurological, cardiac and articular lesions – allows you to confirm the diagnosis. If cutaneous erythema is absent, the diagnosis should be based on the results of a serological examination. Abroad, a sensitive and highly specific enzyme immunosorbent method (ELISA) is used to confirm the diagnosis. Differential diagnosis at the first stage of the disease during erythema is carried out with skin lesions of a different nature, with complications from the nervous system – primarily tick-borne encephalitis, which is also transmitted by ticks and is found in central Russia. In the early stages of the disease, tetracycline 250 mg 4 times a day, penicillin, erythromycin are effective. Arthritis is treated with vibramitia (doxycycline hydrochloride) 100 mg 2 times a day, penicillin 20 million units (fractionally) per day for 14 days.

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The South Carolina Palmetto Tree stands tall as the state tree of our beautiful state. The palmetto tree is in the palm family and can grow to be 80 feet tall. Its gray green foliage is fan like. The palmetto tree is also the state tree of Florida and is known as the Cabbage Palm or Cabbage Palmetto. Anderson is named for General Robert Anderson, a Revolutionary War hero, who came to South Carolina to assist his good friend, Andrew Pickens, in surveying land that had been given previously to the English Colony by area Native Americans. The City was founded in December 1826 and incorporated by an Act of Legislature in 1833. The Electric City Why is Anderson called the "Electric City"? In the late 1800's, Anderson boasted numerous textile mills. Anderson engineer William Whitner produced a way for electricity to be conducted by wires to these mills using hydroelectric power. Anderson was the first city in the United States to have a continuous supply of electric power and the first in the world to create a cotton gin operated by electricity. Mr. Whitner has several places of distinction in Downtown Anderson, including a statue in front of the Anderson County Courthouse and a street named in his honor.

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The Case for Arctic Drilling March 19, 2003 As the United States prepares to enter a war with Iraq, the case for drilling for oil in the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge is stronger than ever. Consequently, Senate Republicans are close to attaching an ANWR provision to a Senate budget resolution, according to political observers. There are compelling reasons to hope for their success: - The Arctic site is expected to produce 10.4 million barrels a day -- that compares to production of about one million barrels a day we currently realize from Texas. - The drilling area has been described as "flat, white nothingness" -- which covers no more than 2,000 acres, roughly the size of Washington's Dulles Airport. A National Academy of Sciences report about the ecological impact of existing North Slope drilling of should calm the fears of those who predict disaster, say observers. Finding minimal impacts, the report also notes that North Slope oil operations have resulted in real improvements in schools, health care, housing and other services for Alaskan communities. Finally, a gusher of new oil in Alaska would reduce the incentive to keep drilling in the Lower 48 states -- which have their own environmental costs to consider. Source: Editorial, "Drilling for Votes," Wall Street Journal, March 19, 2003. For text (WSJ subscription required) http://online.wsj.com/article/0,,SB104803759661980000,00.html Browse more articles on Environment Issues

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Almost all dogs with constipation may have some common symptoms; which can initially help in identifying dog constipation. The passing of hard feces, labored defecation, anorexia, lethargy, stress and abdominal stress are some general symptoms. If a dog is straining for a full day, then an examination by a veterinarian is warranted. Dog with anorexia, abdominal distension, weight-loss and constipation. Sent to ultra-sound and X-ray examination. The diagnosis was intestinal obstruction(megacolon/fecaloma). Source: Washington State University The appearance of defecated material can help in assessing the cause of dog constipation symptoms, e.g. “ribbon shaped” feces, defecated after an effort may be a sign of an obstruction or narrowness of an enlarged intestine. Similarly, if blood appears in the feces, it may be due to a bad case of constipation, caused by hemorrhaging (bleeding) in the veins or colon. Along with general dog constipation symptoms, there are some symptoms which can be associated with different causes of dog constipation. Nutrition and Constipation: In the case of a constipation caused by a nutritional disorder or constipation caused due to ingestion of some indigestible materials, like bones, garbage, litter etc, dog constipation may not be as severe as noted in an obstruction. The feces may be firm, but contain at least 5-7% water. Obstruction and Feces: Feces, if examined, contains fibrous material. In the case of obstruction, feces passed are usually absent of fiber or in very low volume. On abdominal palpation or rectal observation, if the rectum appears filled with large volumes of excretory material, then it may be due to an obstruction. Also, when a dog tries to defecate, but fails due to obstruction, the feces may appear ribbon-shaped. In some cases of obstructive dog constipation, blood may also be present in the feces; which is due to the rupturing of the colon’s blood veins. Inflammation: In case of inflammation, infection or any pathological condition in the large intestine, dogs may experience constipation and other generalized signs of illness. Vomiting in such cases is very common; while other signs like high fever, lethargy, stress and loss of body condition are common. Neuromuscilar: Increased neuromuscular activity of the colon is usually associated with stimulation of a nerve response; which is directly controlled by the brain. This may happen as a side effect of many drugs which enhance body activity. Steroids are one example of drugs that can have this effect. Behavioral: If a dog is left in a house for a long period of time or in a strange location they may resist moving their bowels. Other diseases that look like dog constipation symptoms need to be ruled out before constipation is diagnosed. This includes colitis, hypothyroidism, bladder problems or a an obstruction in the large intestine. As dog constipation is a symptom, which can be caused by different diseases and conditions, in almost all cases, symptomatic treatment is considered essential along with a generalized approach of healing. It is essential to treat underlying causes, as treatments that only address the symptoms can help only in a timed recovery or resolution of issue. Water should be supplied in large volume. along with food should that helps to boost energy. Fats should also be included; which will help in increasing intestinal motility. Suitable ingredients should be selected through trial therapies and should be continued after the constipation is resolved including a high fiber diet such as Hill’s Prescription Diet w/d. Laxatives can be used for treating dog constipation. Decussate calcium, decussate sodium, and magnesium hydroxide (milk of magnesia – 2 to 4 ml per lb of body weight every 12 to 24 hours)) are effective laxatives. Only use under the advice of a veterinarian as if the dog is suffering from an obstruction, obviously they can be harmful. A mild laxative may be helpful when traveling. Address behavior by providing many opportunities to defecate outdoors. One home remedy for older dogs is to soak dry food in water (1:1) in order to increase the moisture a dog gets when eating. Soak for 20 minutes. Underlying causes of the constipation should be identified, and a systemic treatment plan should be implemented. These may include use of antibiotics, manual removal of the feces from colon (could take 2 to 3 days); use of a “Repeated Abdominal Palpation” technique of physiotherapy (pressing of the abdomen); while in some cases severe obstructive dog constipation or a tumor etc may require a surgical procedure like a colectomy. The key to prevention are diet (high fiber) and making sure a dog has enough water. A natural remedy designed to maintain bowel and digestive health could also be of value. Products such as Natural Moves contain Psyllium Husk (high fiber source), Green Oats (bowel health), and Red Aloe (supports bowel movements), which combined are safe and could be of help. The Psyllium fiber will help to pull water into the feces, helping the defecate with less strain. Free Fact Sheets For Download Dog Constipation (PDF, Source: etown animal hospital) Dog Constipation Treatment (PDF, Source: Hill’s) This article is reprinted through the courtesy of the Dog Health Handbook The Dog Health Handbook is not intended to replace the advice of a Veterinarian, Groomer or Pet Health Professional. This site accepts advertising and other forms of compensation for products mentioned. Such compensation does not influence the information or recommendations made. We always give our honest opinions, findings, beliefs, or experiences. All rights reserved. © 2016 Dog Health Handbook..

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World Environment Day Melbourne 2012 From Greenlivingpedia, a wiki on green living, building and energy The Wilderness Society held a special event on 5 June 2012, World Environment Day. It was big – 1 hectare in fact. - When: 1pm, Tuesday 5 June 2012, Melbourne CBD - Where: Corner of Bourke and Elizabeth Streets (bottom of Bourke St Mall) All were invited to come and join in the action to celebrate the beautiful gems that are our wild places, and shed light on some of the risks they face. Hundreds of people joined hands around one of Melbourne CBD’s 1 hectare city blocks on World Environment Day as a representation of the threat to our forests, oceans and wild places from logging, unsustainable fishing and mining. What’s in a city block? - Every day, 10 city block sized areas of Victoria’s forests are logged, mostly to make cheap products like Reflex paper - An area the size of 3,500 city blocks of the Kimberley’s stunning coastline is currently at risk of being converted into the largest oil and gas processing hub in the southern hemisphere - And in a once in a lifetime opportunity, the equivalent to 108,000,000 city blocks of our marine territory is up for protection in 2012! Hundreds of Victorians joined hands on the United Nations’ 12th World Environment Day to show support for Australia’s world renowned natural environment.

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There are two main types of fermentation, lactic cid Fermentation and alcohol (or ethanol) Fermentation. Lactic acid fermentation is an anaerobic process, which means it occurs in the absence of oxygen. During lactic acid fermentation, a diverse group of bacteria called, lactic acid bacteria or LAB, metabolize various sugars and produce lactic acid and a lot of it! It is the high volume of acid that prohibits the growth of other potentially harmful bacteria that could make us sick. Bonus! Without fermentation, there is no lactic acid and the food production and preservation stops. So to recap, we need lactic acid bacteria, a sugar nutrient source and a system with no oxygen for lactic acid fermentation to be successful. Kimchi is an example of a lactic acid fermentation. Alcohol (or ethanol) fermentation is also an anaerobic process whereby yeasts convert simple sugars into ethanol and carbon dioxide. Yeasts typically function under aerobic conditions, or in the presence of oxygen, but are also capable of functioning under anaerobic conditions, or in the absence of oxygen. When no oxygen is readily available, alcohol fermentation occurs. Alcohol fermentation consists of 2 stages, glycolysis and fermentation. During glycolysis yeasts breakdown glucose, a type of sugar, into pyruvic acid. Pyruvic acid is an amino acid which helps to form ethanol. Fermentation takes place when the pyruvic acid is converted into ethanol molecules and carbon dioxide molecules. In short, alcohol fermentation begins with the breakdown of sugar by yeasts and ends with carbon dioxide and ethanol. Fermentation promotes the growth of beneficial bacteria and fungi known as probiotics. What Is A Probiotic ? Probiotics are living microorganisms that when consumed help to improve and restore our gut microbiota. Among other benefits, healthy gut microbiota are essential to the digestion process and immune defenses. And What Exactly Are These Microorganisms ? The living microorganisms identified as probiotics are primarily bacteria, but also include certain types of yeast (or fungi). So What Is the Microbiota Then ? In this case, microbiota refers to the trillions of microbial cells living in our gut. This includes bacteria, fungi (including yeast) and viruses. What Role Do Prebiotics Play ? Prebiotics are compounds found in fiber-rich foods. Think whole oats, apples, onions, dandelion greens and garlic – yummy! Prebiotics nourish and encourage the growth and activity of the super beneficial probiotics. Basically, they are the food source for the probiotics. Probiotics are gaining worldwide recognition for their role in helping to maintain a healthy gut microbiome. Because of this, products claiming to support gut health are flooding the market and the selection process can be overwhelming. At Totally Gutted we make things simple for you! You see, we understand that supplements have their role, but we also believe that the best way to consume probiotics is to maintain a regular diet of probiotic-rich foods and beverages. Research tells us that there are distinct benefits associated with nutrients from foods that supplements cannot provide. For example, when we consume probiotic-rich foods and beverages we provide our bodies with micronutrients essential for daily functions, plant compounds that help prevent oxidative stress and damage, and, very importantly, fiber. This is why we hand-craft our probiotic foods and beverages in-house using the best ingredients available. Taking part in the process from start to finish helps us to ensure you that you receive quality living cultures made with love.

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What are the foods to avoid with end stage kidney failure? We can not eat as casually as before with end stage kidney failure, because impaired kidney can not work as well as before. In that cases, we need to avoid foods that may bring damages to our kidneys. Well then, what are the foods we need to avoid once being diagnosed with end stage kidney failure? Failed kidney can not work properly, leading to a series of disturbance. And our daily diet changes need to base on exact illness condition. According to the severity of illness condition, some foods need to avoided and some others need to be limited. Here we will give an introduction about foods that need to paid extra attention by people with end stage kidney failure. High protein foods should be limited End stage kidney failure patients who are not undergoing dialysis should consider limiting protein intake to 0.4g protein per kilogram of body weight per day. However, for these who are on dialysis, 1.2gram protein per kilogram of body weight per day will be needed. Also, to reduce kidney burden, 60% of the protein should be high quality protein which can be found in egg white, milk, lean meat and fish. High sodium foods need to be avoided High level of sodium in blood not only elevates blood pressure, but also cause swelling. Viewed from this angle, avoiding high sodium foods like soy sauce, salad dressings, bouillon cubes, salami, bacon, cured meats, sun dried tomato, cheese, snake foods, pickle foods, saltwater crab and barbecue will be necessary. Slat is the most common source of sodium, so try to add less salt while cooking. High potassium foods High potassium level in blood is another problem for end stage kidney failure patients. To avoid the further rise of potassium level, foods high in potassium should be avoided, at least limited, by patients who are told to have extremely high potassium level. Common foods high in potassium include whole grain, banana, oranges, nectarines, apricots, avocados, cantaloupe, dried fruit, mangoes, papayas, spinach, tomatoes, beets, potatoes, asparagus, beets and pumpkin and so on. Foods high in phosphorus Excessive phosphorus in blood will pull calcium from our bones, and make them weak. Therefore, end stage kidney failure patients with elevated phosphorus level are more likely to suffer from bone problems like bone pain, bone fracture and osteoporosis. From this point of view, avoiding or limiting high phosphorus foods will be necessary. Common sources of phosphorus in our daily life include milk, yogurt, colas, beer, cocoa, organ meats, dried beans, nuts, whole grains and bran and so on. End stage kidney failure patients need to make different diet changes according to their illness condition, so it is hard to give out a food list that is suitable for all the patients. Here we offer online service, so you can consult our consultant online about the proper diet. Also, you can leave message to [email protected] to get free suggestions. Hope what we do can help you solve your problems. Leave your problem to us,You will surely get the free medical advice from experts within 24 hours!

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50 years ago this July, Apollo 11 landed on the moon. BGCA STEM queen Susan is back on the ClubX Blog with four fun ways to mark the occasion. It’s 1962—long before many of you were born, President John F. Kennedy spoke at Rice University in Houston, Texas. He stunned the world with his declaration: “We choose to go to the moon in this decade…” It seemed impossible, we didn’t even have working rockets! It was totally improbable, ridiculously expensive! Most scientists and engineers were skeptical. But a committed group of scientists, engineers, and thousands of others got to work. With determination and discipline, they conquered each obstacle, created new technologies, and contributed their unique skills and aspirations to achieving this goal. There were mistakes. There were crashes. There were even some deaths. But then it happened. On July 20, 1969, The United States of America landed 2 astronauts on the moon and Neil Armstrong took that “one small step for man, and one giant leap for mankind.” This was 50 years ago and most of our young people don’t understand what an amazing accomplishment it was to have humans walking on the moon. This summer marks the 50th anniversary of the first humans to walk on the moon and we have an opportunity to help our youth start to understand the wonder of it all! Youth can gain inspiration from history for themselves and their generation. I know that sounds like a lot for summer, but it doesn’t have to be too heavy or too hard. Fun is the goal, so let’s blast off with some quick ideas to engage youth in a STEM celebration! Take a Space Selfie What could be faster than a selfie? NASA has created a selfie app that lets us insert ourselves into galaxies and nebulae all over the universe. You can find the app by searching for ‘NASA selfie’ in your phone’s app store or learn more here. (And please share some of yours with us in the comments!) Explore the Moon Mission Virtually The JFK Library Foundation is proud of President Kennedy’s legacy in space exploration. He was the leader who pushed this country to take a shot at landing on the moon when it seemed unnecessary and unobtainable. This is literally what we call moonshot thinking! To celebrate this great achievement, the Foundation has released an app that provides an augmented reality experience of the entire mission. Take a look and see what you think—I got to watch the Saturn V rocket launch inside my kitchen—and walk around it to observe it from every angle. The app will take you and your youth through the whole mission so that eventually you will be there when Neil Armstrong walks on the moon. Get links the Apple app store and Google play on the site. Host a Far Out Party Host a 50th Anniversary Celebration of the moon landing! It is a great opportunity to share about the history of the landing, have fun with some STEM activities, and inspire youth to do some moonshot thinking about our current challenges. You can find a suggested agenda for the party here to get you started. Junior staff or other teens/tweens could do the planning—and end up learning all about Apollo missions, Saturn V rockets, JFK, and even space ice cream while they teach your younger members. Shoot for the Starts With Space-Themed Activities And if you want to go in deeper, BGCA offers an entire DIY STEM aeronautics unit (unit 4 in the facilitator’s guide!) that was created with NASA. It includes a wide variety of rocketry activities—effervescing rockets, balloon rockets, straw rockets, stomp rockets. We have so many rocket activities that you could do a different one every day of the week leading up to the 50th Anniversary. Find it on BGCA.net/stem. Outer space has some of the most beautiful views—literally out of this world in their grandeur! I particularly love the inspiration from the NASA photos of different nebulae. Here’s a “how to” to get you started—it only takes pastels and black construction paper. Finally, it’s not too late to register for the Space Explorers Challenge, an opportunity sponsored by the International Space Station National Lab, The JFK Library Foundation, and Raytheon. Your youth can explore current science experimentation happening on the International Space Station—if you register here you will be entered into a drawing to receive equipment for your tech center or even the chance to speak to astronauts on the ISS. Do a little or do a lot—either way, be sure to connect what you’re doing not just to the moon landing 50 years ago, but also to the world our youth face right now. This period in history feels familiar, a lot like that period in the 1960’s when the world seemed scary and uncertain; when President Kennedy realized that the US needed to do something big if we were to maintain our place as a world leader. There are no simple answers, but it’s not the first time we’ve faced impossible challenges. Our history tells us that we can do the impossible when we set our mind to it. President Kennedy’s 1962 moonshot speech is just as inspiring (and relevant!) today: So, this July, let’s celebrate the President who inspired the achievement of landing on the moon. Let’s celebrate the people who committed and helped achieved it. Let’s celebrate this generation of youth who will take on the challenges we face today and find a way to solve them. Moonshot thinking tells us that the impossible can get done! Let’s use history to inspire our youth to go for it! How are you planning to celebrate the 50th anniversary of the moon landing? What are your favorite space-themed activities? Share with us by commenting below, on the BGCA Youth Development Facebook page, or by emailing [email protected]. Susan has been in the Movement for 8 years, including 6 at a local Club and 2 at BGCA. In her spare time, she loves exploring Atlanta, especially Piedmont Park and the Botanical Garden. Leave a Reply

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Will the drive for low power bring 64-bit ARM processors permanently into the data center, or are they destined... for non-enterprise applications? Reduced instruction set computing (RISC) revolutionized the design of electronic devices. Rather than using a generic microprocessor based on conventional complex instruction set computing (CISC), RISC provides a simpler processing engine. By stripping out unneeded instructions and optimizing pathways, RISC processors provide outstanding performance at a fraction of the power demand of CISC devices. However, RISC processor use has been largely limited to specialized devices such as printers, routers or cell phones. Only recently have RISC processors appeared in servers, so let's look at some issues involved in enterprise-class adoption of advanced RISC machines. How will ARM processors handle 64-bit enterprise-class operating systems and applications? Isn't ARM limited to 32-bit systems? Traditional advanced RISC machine (ARM) processors are based on the 32-bit, AArch32 designs developed back in the 1980s by ARM Holdings in the UK. ARM Holdings does not manufacture ARM chips. Instead, the design is licensed to independent chip makers that can customize and manufacture the design for specific purposes. This paradigm slowed the development of ARM processors compared to proprietary developers, like Intel or AMD. Organizations moving to 64-bit operating systems have largely held off on deploying ARM-based servers to avoid making 32-bit hardware investments. However, 64-bit ARM chips are coming. Back in 2011, ARM Holdings developed a 64-bit (AArch64) architecture along with a new instruction set dubbed A64. Major chipmakers have licensed the design and will be rolling out their individual adaptations of the processor in the next few years. For example, AMD expects to release an ARM-based Opteron in 2014. There is also some support for operating systems like Linux, and 64-bit ARM support is already present in Linux kernel 3.7. Support for other operating systems is also expected to become available as actual ARM products get closer to the market. Who will be developing 64-bit ARM processors and systems? What will 64-bit ARM servers look like? What are the best workloads for an ARM server? The reference design for the 64-bit ARM processors -- such as the Coretex-A50 series -- is already complete and is currently licensed by major chipmakers including Applied Micro Circuits Corporation, Advanced Micro Devices (AMD), Broadcom, Calxeda, Samsung and ST Microelectronics. However, since ARM Holdings does not make the chips it designs, it will be up to the individual licensees to modify, debug, evaluate and manufacture devices based on the underlying reference design. This means it may take several years before 64-bit ARM chips are broadly available for integration into server boxes. Also, remember that 64-bit ARM processors will not use conventional server architectures. ARM chips cannot outperform their CISC counterparts -- such as conventional Xeon or Opteron chips -- on an individual basis, so ARM-based servers are unlikely to resemble CISC servers. Instead, the value proposition behind ARM is high processing scalability with low power use, so expect to see enterprise-class ARM-based servers -- such as Dell's Zinc, HP's Moonshot or Penguin's UDX1 servers – to appear, with hundreds of ARM processors where each processor contains multiple cores. As an example, Calxeda is reported to be developing a 480-core ARM server based on 120 quad-core 32-bit ARM processors; 64-bit ARM servers would likely follow a similar strategy of high scalability. Not every workload is suited for ARM servers. In general, workloads that have low processor utilization on standard CPUs, small memory requirements, small computing needs for each thread and the ability to scale using multiple processors are the best candidates for ARM servers. These often include applications like Web hosting, Hadoop and other Java-based applications. Organizations that are new to ARM platforms should make the investment in proof-of-principle projects to verify the suitable performance characteristics of workloads running on ARM boxes before putting such products into production. Will 64-bit ARM processors support virtualization? What other features or capabilities will next-generation ARM processors include? Yes, 64-bit ARM processors will support virtualization through the inclusion of virtualization extensions -- similar in principle to Intel-VT and AMD-V virtualization extensions present in Intel and AMD server processors -- and support for large physical address extensions. Beyond the shift to a 64-bit data/address bus and a redesign of the 32-bit (A32) command set, AArch64 chips provide advanced digital signal processing (DSP) capabilities that enable high-performance media processing, along with AES, SHA-1 and SHA-256 cryptography and TrustZone technology designed to create trusted execution environments that secure high-performance computing platforms against software attacks. IT professionals are slowly learning the lesson that electronics manufacturers have known for decades -- you can't always get the most efficient results by throwing a CISC processor at every computing problem. ARM processors provide performance and energy efficiency, along with processing scalability. Although ARM may not be right for every computing workload, the appearance of 64-bit ARM chips may finally put a spotlight on ARM-based computing in the data center.

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The Bayeux Tapestry is one of the most well known and interesting pieces of artwork from the Middle Ages. In the feature, we will take you into what you need to know about the Bayeux Tapestry. The tapestry is a band of linen 231 feet (70 metres) long and 19.5 inches (49.5 cm) wide, now light brown with age, on which are embroidered, in worsteds of eight colours, more than 70 scenes representing the Norman Conquest of England. The story begins with a prelude to Harold’s visit to Bosham on his way to Normandy (1064?) and ends with the flight of Harold’s English forces from Hastings (October 1066); originally, the story may have been taken further, but the end of the strip was either not completed or later removed. Along the top and the bottom run decorative borders with figures of animals, scenes from the fables of Aesop and Phaedrus, scenes from husbandry and the chase, and occasionally scenes related to the main pictorial narrative. It has been restored more than once, and in some details the restorations are of doubtful authority. The first reference to the tapestry was in 1476, when it was being used once a year to decorate the nave of the cathedral in Bayeux, France. There it was “discovered” by the French antiquarian and scholar Bernard de Montfaucon, who published the earliest complete reproduction of it in 1730. Having twice narrowly escaped destruction during the French Revolution, it was exhibited in Paris at Napoleon’s wish in 1803–04 and thereafter was in civil custody at Bayeux, except in 1871 (during the Franco-German War) and from September 1939 to March 1945 (during World War II). Montfaucon found at Bayeux a tradition, possibly not more than a century old, that assigned the tapestry to Matilda, wife of William I (the Conqueror), but there is nothing else to connect the work with her. It may have been commissioned by William’s half brother Odo, bishop of Bayeux; Odo is prominent in the later scenes, and three of the very few named figures on the tapestry have names borne by obscure men known to have been associated with him. This conjecture would date the work not later than about 1092, an approximate time now generally accepted. The tapestry has affinities with other English works of the 11th century, and, though its origin in England is not proved, there is a circumstantial case for such an origin. The tapestry is of greater interest as a work of art. It is also important evidence for the history of the Norman Conquest, especially for Harold’s relation to William before 1066; its story of events seems straightforward and convincing, despite some obscurities. The decorative borders have value for the study of medieval fables. Ten Things You May Not Have Noticed in the Bayeux Tapestry – The designer of the Bayeux Tapestry also included little details that might be missed by the casual viewer. Here are ten images to take a second look at! Designer of the Bayeux Tapestry identified – The Bayeux Tapestry was designed by Scolland, Abbot of St.Augustine’s monastery in Canterbury, according to research by Howard Clarke of University College, Dublin. New research on how the Bayeux Tapestry was made – A University of Manchester researcher has thrown new light on how the world famous Bayeux Tapestry was made over 900 years ago. Alex Makin –a professional embroiderer who was trained at one the country’s most prestigious institutions – says the same group of people were likely to have worked on the 70-metre-long masterpiece under the same manager or managers. Who was the mysterious Ælfgyva in the Bayeux Tapestry? – A new theory has been put forward on a mysterious scene in the Bayeux Tapestry that appears to show some sort of sexual scandal that involved a woman named Ælfgyva. The Garments of Guy in the Bayeux Tapestry – The Bayeux Tapestry depicts many different people and often makes subtle (and not-so subtle) characterizations of them. In her paper, Gale R. Owen-Crocker looks at how the late 11th century frieze portrays Guy, Count of Ponthieu. How did King Harold die at the Battle of Hastings – A recent article is challenging the notion that the Anglo-Saxon King Harold Godwinson was killed by an arrow to the eye during the famous Battle of Hastings. The battle, fought in 1066, was a pivotal moment in England’s history, ushering in an era of Norman rule. What to do if you have 10,000 hours of free time? – Andy Wilkinson has recreated a miniature version of the Bayeux Tapestry – the eleventh-century embroidery that depicts William the Conqueror’s invasion of England and victory at the Battle of Hastings. It took him 18 years to sew the 40 foot-long replica and he estimates that he spent about 10,000 hours to complete it. Videos on the Bayeux Tapestry The BBC’s David Dimbleby describes the historical significance of the Bayeux Tapestry for his BBC series, Seven Ages of Britain. The Tapestry on display in Bayeux, France. The Folio Society created this video to showcase its limited edition first continuously printed reproduction of the Bayeux Tapestry. Click here to learn more about this product. Online Articles about the Bayeux Tapestry The Bayeux Tapestry: The Case of the Phantom Fleet, by David Hill Aelfgyva: The Mysterious Lady of the Bayeux Tapestry, by M.W. Campbell Could Duke Phillip the Good of Burgundy have owned the Bayeux tapestry in 1430?, by George T. Beech How English is the Bayeux Tapestry?, by David Musgrove Possible narratives: re-telling the Norman Conquest, by Giueseppe Brunetti Burning Down the House: Scorched Earth Tactics Suggested by Wace and Bayeux Tapestry, by Collin Davey and Monica L. Wright Sacred Threads: The Bayeux Tapestry as a Religious Object, by Richard M. Koch Hypertext, Hypermedia and the Bayeux Tapestry: A Study of Remediation, by John Micheal Crafton Stylistic Variation and Roman Influence in the Bayeux Tapestry, by Gale R. Owen-Crocker The Bayeux Tapestry and the Vikings, by Shirley Ann Brown The Saxon Statement: Code in the Bayeux Tapestry, by Richard D. Wissolik The Bayeux Tapestry: History or Propaganda?, by Shirley A. Brown Les représentations du pouvoir dans la broderie de Bayeux (XIe siècle), by Philippe Lardin La composition graphique de la Tapisserie de Bayeux, by Patrick Peccatte The Bayeux Tapestry: a stripped narative for their eyes and ears, by Richard Brilliant How English is the Bayeux Tapestry?, by David Musgrove Books and Articles about the Bayeux Tapestry Links to Other Sites about the Bayeux Tapestry The Bayeux Tapestry Images – full set of images of the tapestry The Bayeux Tapestry: Unpicking the Past – from the BBC Historic Tale Construction Kit – you can create your own images and story from pictures and text from the Bayeux Tapestry

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Free Newsletters - Space News - Defense Alert - Environment Report - Energy Monitor by Staff Writers Paris (AFP) May 14, 2014 Relentless pumping of water to irrigate farms in part of California's Central Valley is boosting the risk of earthquakes on the San Andreas fault, geologists said on Wednesday. A century and a half of water extraction has bit by bit released a massive weight on a local part of the Earth's crust, causing it to spring up and ease a brake on the notorious fault, they said. "This process brings the fault closer to failure," the experts said in a study published in the journal Nature. They did not say if a large quake could result, or when or where it may strike. The region, the San Joaquin Valley, is one of the world's breadbaskets, providing a huge and plentiful variety of crops. But it has very little rainfall, so the irrigation water is not being replenished. According to the scientists' calculations, farmers in the valley have extracted around 160 cubic kilometers (38 cubic miles) of groundwater since 1860. This is slightly more than Lake Tahoe, the 27th biggest lake in the world by volume. The extraction has caused the crust surrounding the valley to lift by about one to three millimetres (0.04 to 0.12 inches) per year, according to Global Positioning System (GPS) measurements. At the same time, southern parts of the valley have subsided as the porous rock below, deprived of water, starts to compact. The long-term rebound, along with seasonal uplift in late summer when groundwater levels are at their lowest, is slyly easing the vertical clamp on the San Andreas fault running down southern California, the team believe. Evidence for this comes from seasonal episodes of mini-quakes at a monitoring site at Parkfield in late summer and autumn, the paper said. The findings should prompt a rethink of earthquake risk prediction, said the authors, led by Colin Amos of Western Washington University in Washington state. Estimates are typically based on a fault's seismic history and knowledge of the friction mechanics of the crustal plates that are in contact with each other. But man-made forces such as groundwater loss may be playing "a new and unappreciated" role in the process, the study said. Bringing Order To A World Of Disasters When the Earth Quakes A world of storm and tempest |The content herein, unless otherwise known to be public domain, are Copyright 1995-2014 - Space Media Network. All websites are published in Australia and are solely subject to Australian law and governed by Fair Use principals for news reporting and research purposes. AFP, UPI and IANS news wire stories are copyright Agence France-Presse, United Press International and Indo-Asia News Service. ESA news reports are copyright European Space Agency. All NASA sourced material is public domain. Additional copyrights may apply in whole or part to other bona fide parties. Advertising does not imply endorsement, agreement or approval of any opinions, statements or information provided by Space Media Network on any Web page published or hosted by Space Media Network. Privacy Statement All images and articles appearing on Space Media Network have been edited or digitally altered in some way. Any requests to remove copyright material will be acted upon in a timely and appropriate manner. Any attempt to extort money from Space Media Network will be ignored and reported to Australian Law Enforcement Agencies as a potential case of financial fraud involving the use of a telephonic carriage device or postal service.|

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Alan Lehman discusses the importance of and steps involved in commissioning UPS Lead-Acid Battery Systems in an article that appears in the Fall issue of Newslink. The publication is produced quarterly by 7x24 Exchange, the leading knowledge exchange for those who design, build, use, and maintain mission-critical enterprise information infrastructures. The goal of 7x24 Exchange is to improve end-to-end reliability by promoting dialogue among these groups. According to Alan, “For powering critical systems, an Uninterruptible Power Supply (UPS) is frequently the last line of defense against power disruptions. When the normal source of power fails, the UPS begins pulling power from its energy storage system to serve the critical loads. While there are several types of energy storage in use for UPSs, lead-acid batteries remain the most common.” Alan goes on to say that battery systems in these applications sit unused and untested most of their lives. When the normal power source fails, the batteries must immediately begin supplying energy for the loads. UPS batteries are commonly sized to last only a few minutes, so power output during discharge can be extreme relative to their capacity. Considering the critical nature of the loads they support, this is a very demanding application for batteries. Proper installation, startup, and commissioning of UPS battery systems can greatly improve the probability that they will perform when called upon. Alan goes on to talk in detail about design review, safety, installation verification, startup, UPS configuration, battery system testing, and documention. He concludes by saying that batteries are one of the most common points of UPS failures. “Clearly, commissioning can be an involved and costly process. If the load is important enough to warrant a UPS, careful consideration needs to be given to the need for commissioning the batteries. Proper commissioning will improve the probability of the UPS performing when called upon and provide a baseline for troubleshooting and future performance evaluation.”

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Quiz For Kids Quiz For Kids, an educational children’s game for iPhone and iPad, and Android devices, uses a quiz format to teach kids about a variety of topics while entertaining them. Designed by Norwegian app developer, Tor Oyvind Fluor, Quiz For Kids is the second mobile app released by the company to focus on making education fun. “Quiz For Kids is different than other games because children learn from more than the questions-whether they get them right or wrong-they also learn from the graphics,” says Tor Oyvind Fluor, Founder and CEO of Gi-Labs AS. The game’s easy-to-use interface allows children of all ages to interact easily with the game, while the icons that accompany the answer options reference classic films, geographical landmarks, and cultural norms. Five professional voice actors were cast to portray all the character’s wordings in this game, allowing it to be presented in English, French, German, Spanish and Norwegian. The diversity of the culture represented within the game itself makes the game especially valuable, as children all over the world are exposed to the lifestyle and ideas of faraway places. And once a child has mastered the game in their native tongue, it can be an extremely beneficial language-teaching tool. The game is divided into eight quiz categories: Wild Animals, Fairy Tales, Geography, Professions, Science, Food, Astronomy, and Mixed. Each category is made up of a variety of questions on the topic, ranging in difficulty. “We worked very hard to make sure that the game was easy enough to be fun and challenging enough to help kids learn. There may even be a few questions Mom and Dad can’t answer,” said Fluor. Quiz For Kids is currently available in iTunes for iPad and iPhone and Google Play for Android devices. For more information, visit http://www.gi-labs.com or download the app in the App store today.

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At Montessori By Mom, we have a true passion to make Montessori materials accessible to all. We strive to bring quality lessons and ease parent stress by developing Montessori activities for preschoolers. But what about using the Montessori approach for parenting and discipline? That is much harder to package in a box and deliver to a parent’s door. A Montessori Approach To Parenting and Discipline Don’t we all wish there was a parenting manual that was delivered with your baby? Instructions on how to help them grow and develop in a positive home environment. Maybe an extra chapter on your child’s personality and aversions to sensory materials, foods, or sounds. It just isn’t reality. But Dr. Montessori spent her life studying children and wrote her findings in many amazing books. She created an approach that empowers parents to discipline with love and guide their children to learning for themselves. Learning Through Experiences One of the core principles of the Montessori approach is that children learn through experience. Instead of instruction, they develop skills and the ability to reason through activities and direct experience. Dr. Montessori observed that children are sponges, where each new experience is absorbed and helps them make sense of the world. One amazing way to observe this in your own child is through practical life work. With this type of work, children are engrossed in perfection. They marvel at their own abilities to pour, wash, and arrange items in their everyday world. Through these experiences they develop a confidence in themselves. How can a parent support this independence? Allow your child to help with the cleaning and cooking. Give them the responsibility to make their own bed, feed the dog, or wash the windows. And, although difficult, allow them as they struggle through little tasks like buttoning their shirt and tying their shoes. These tasks develops the child’s character. Learning About Life Let us share with you a scenario many parents are familiar with: the child wants the toy the parent or caregiver has said they may not have. The child experiences this new tension of their own desires and circumstances they can’t control. Barely aware of their own feelings, they instinctively express anger and/or sadness. When that anger and sadness comes out, it is labeled as “bad behavior” or “acting out.” What happens next is pivotal. It is not just about the thing the child wants but can’t have. Because the child is that learning sponge, they are actually developing their whole approach to life. Just like learning that a cube cannot fit into a circular hole, they must learn cause and effect of their reactions. If the parent says that a certain behavior is not acceptable, the answer must remain “no”. The parent can express with different words, and when appropriate explain the reasons why. However, the point is: the more the child understands the parents’ words are true the more they learn about life. As a parent, standing behind decisions takes practice and perseverance. Talk with a spouse or caregiver to be sure the standard the parents sets for the child is upheld throughout their daily life. The more consistency there is in parenting and discipline the better it is for the child. They will not have a question later in life on what is true. They will accept the “no” answer the first time and skip the whining. Short Sighted Parenting Let’s take the same scenario from above with a different reaction from the parent. A parent may want to just make the “bad behavior” stop. Many parents are taught that the goal of parenting is to prevent “bad behavior” or make it go away. Imagine the child wants to play with the same toy from our above example, but is told not to. The child starts to cry. To stop the “bad behavior” the parents gives them the toy. This may stop the crying, but through this experience the child develops a model of how life works: “if I can’t get what I want, whining will get it or something better.” Parents may use these “bad behavior” opportunities to help the child learn a healthy way to communicate needs and wants. The parent is the child’s first teacher and parents can take the opportunity to help children learn through consistency. If the parent skips the opportunity to teach, the tactics which are taken to stop “bad behavior” in early childhood take a similar and more sophisticated form as the child grows up. The parent finds themselves bartering to get chores done. They may issue threats or rewards as motivation or demanding something, but then doing it yourself when the child doesn’t. One helpful parenting technique is the phrase “Asked and Answered”. Using this technique eliminates the whining or arguments which children may use to get what they want. A Simple Question Parents can approach discipline the Montessori way with a simple question: What does this teach my child about life? If I pickup their mess? If I count to 3 with the promise of a threat? If I ignore real behavior problems? How does all this form their view of life and how does it teach them to interact with the world around them? A Montessori teacher’s role (among other things) is to prepare the classroom environment to prepare them to learn. In the same way, a parent who asks this question when dealing with their child’s behavior prepares them for life. We hope you use these concepts and work them into your parenting journey. If you need extra support our Montessori By Mom community would be happy to help! Subscribe to Receive a Toolbox Each Month! Focus on having fun and teaching your kids, not wasting time doing research and creating materials. Subscribers receive FREE shipping on a new Toolbox each Month. Did We Mention Our Unconditional Guarantee? We don’t think you will ever be dissatisfied with a box, but if you are, we have an unconditional money back guarantee. Unhappy with a box? Let us know within 14 days and we will give you a full refund, no questions asked. You have nothing to lose! – Nathan & Teresa Hadsall

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Veterans Suffering from Gulf War Syndrome Given Hope Monday, August 18, 2008 Alan Ray : Since the end of the Gulf War in 1991, nearly 200,000 military personnel qualified for some degree of service-related disability. More than 3,300 of those disabled have "undiagnosed conditions," or what's come to be called Gulf War syndrome. 17 years after the Gulf War ended, medical experts and researchers are still looking for answers to the puzzle of Gulf War syndrome. It has a range of symptoms, from immune system problems to brain cancer to birth defects...to eczema. Other possible medical problems could include muscle fatigue, loss of balance, and even Lou Gehrig's Disease. In March, a doctor at UCSD found a link to the chronic illness - exposure to a certain class of chemicals. To participate in Dr. Golomb's Gulf War syndrome research study, go to http://gulfstudy.ucsd.edu/ or call (858) 558-4950 x 203. - Beatrice Golomb , doctor with the VA San Diego Healthcare System and a professor of internal medicine at UC San Diego. She is also the former chief scientist for the VA's Research Advisory Committee on Gulf War Veterans illnesses. To view PDF documents, Download Acrobat Reader. Please stay on topic and be as concise as possible. Leaving a comment means you agree to our Community Discussion Rules. We like civilized discourse. We don't like spam, lying, profanity, harassment or personal attacks.

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Gifted with a precocious intellect, he early threw himself into the pursuit of the "new learning," with such effect that at the age of twenty he was appointed Rector extraordinarius of Greek at the so-called Great School of Zwickau, and made his appearance as a writer on philology. After two years he gave up his appointment in order to pursue his studies at Leipzig, where, as rector, he received the support of the professor of classics, Peter Mosellanus (1493-1524), a celebrated humanist of the time, with whom he had already been in correspondence. Here he also devoted himself to the study of medicine, physics and chemistry. After the death of Mosellanus he went to Italy from 1524 to 1526, where he took his doctor's degree. He returned to Zwickau in 1527, and was chosen as town physician at Joachimsthal, a centre of mining and smelting works, his object being partly "to fill in the gaps in the art of healing," partly to test what had been written about mineralogy by careful observation of ores and the methods of their treatment. His thorough grounding in philology and philosophy had accustomed him to systematic thinking, and this enabled him to construct out of his studies and observations of minerals a logical system which he began to publish in 1528. Agricola's dialogue Bermannus, sive de re metallica dialogus, (1530) the first attempt to reduce to scientific order the knowledge won by practical work, brought Agricola into notice; it contained an approving letter from Erasmus at the beginning of the book. In 1530 Prince Maurice of Saxony appointed him historiographer with an annual allowance, and he migrated to Chemnitz, the centre of the mining industry, in order to widen the range of his observations. The citizens showed their appreciation of his learning by appointing him town physician in 1533. In that year, he published a book about Greek and Roman weights and measures, De Mensuis et Ponderibus He was also elected burgomaster of Chemnitz. His popularity was, however, short-lived. Chemnitz was a violent centre of the Protestant movement, while Agricola never wavered in his allegiance to the old religion; and he was forced to resign his office. He now lived apart from the contentious movements of the time, devoting himself wholly to learning. His chief interest was still in mineralogy; but he occupied himself also with medical, mathematical, theological and historical subjects, his chief historical work being the Dominatores Saxonici a prima origine ad hanc aetatem, published at Freiberg. In 1544 he published the De ortu et causis subterraneorum, in which he laid the first foundations of a physical geology, and criticized the theories of the ancients. In 1545 followed the De natura eorum quae effluunt e terra; in 1546 the De veteribus et novis metallis, a comprehensive account of the discovery and occurrence of minerals; in 1548 the De animantibus subterraneis; and in the two following years a number of smaller works on the metals. His most famous work, the De re metallica libri xii, was published in 1556, though apparently finished several years before, since the dedication to the elector and his brother is dated 1550. It is a complete and systematic treatise on mining and metallurgy, illustrated with many fine and interesting woodcuts and containing, in an appendix, the German equivalents for the technical terms used in the Latin text. It long remained a standard work, and marks its author as one of the most accomplished chemists of his time. Believing the black rock of the Schlossberg at Stolpen to be the same as Pliny's basalt, he applied this name to it, and thus originated a petrological term which has been permanently incorporated in the vocabulary of science. In spite of the early proof that Agricola had given of the tolerance of his own religious attitude, he was not suffered to end his days in peace. He remained to the end a staunch Catholic, though all Chemnitz had gone over to the Lutheran creed; and it is said that his life was ended by a fit of apoplexy brought on by a heated discussion with a Protestant divine. He died at Chemnitz on the 21st of November 1555, and so violent was the theological feeling against him, that he was not suffered to rest in the town to which he had added lustre. Amidst hostile demonstrations he was carried to Zeitz, seven miles from Chemnitz, and there buried. De Re Metallica is considered a classic document of the dawn of metallurgy, unsurpassed for two centuries. 1n 1912, the Mining Magazine (London) published an English translation. The translation was made by an American mining engineer and his wife; the engineer being Herbert Hoover, nowadays better known for his later career as a President of the United States.

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It’s a fairly common practice to help certain endangered species in the wild by providing them with extra food or prey. But could these activities actually end up harming the very species conservationists are trying to help? Researchers from Spain’s National Museum of Natural Sciences, the Doñana Biological Station and GIR Diagnostics asked that question in a recent study of the Spanish imperial eagle, also known as the Iberian imperial eagle or Adalbert’s eagle (Aquila adalberti). One of the world’s rarest raptors, conservationists frequently supplement the bird’s natural prey with farm-raised rabbits. According to a study published in this month’s issue of Ecological Applications, such rabbits are often treated with antibiotics and antiparasitics, and young eagles who eat this meat face depressed immune systems and higher levels of pathogens in their systems. The researchers took blood samples from 191 young eaglets in three different groups. The first group did not receive any supplemental food; the second received wild and/or domestic rabbits that were first tested and found to be chemical-free; and the third was fed rabbits that came from farms and could have contained the dangerous chemicals. The results were striking. The presence of antibiotics in their food actually made the eaglets more susceptible to illness: Seven different avian pathogens were found in the third group of eaglets, and the vast majority of these birds required extra medical care. According to the study’s abstract, “a higher presence of antibiotics (fluoroquinolones) was found in sick as opposed to healthy individuals among eaglets with supplementary feeding, which points directly toward a causal effect of these drugs in disease and other health impairments.” The authors call this “a telling example of well-meaning management strategies not based on sound scientific evidence becoming a ‘contraindicated’ action with detrimental repercussions undermining possible beneficial effects by increasing the impact of stochastic [random] factors on extinction risk of endangered wildlife.” Luckily, these sick birds all received extra care and treatment to protect them from these pathogens. That’s because the Spanish imperial eagle is one of the most heavily managed endangered birds in the world—so intensely managed, in fact, that the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources upgraded the species from “endangered” to “vulnerable” in 2005, in spite of their still-limited population. But other endangered species in the wild might not be so lucky if they encountered similarly tainted food. The Spanish imperial eagle almost disappeared a few decades ago due to habitat loss, accidental poisonings and electrocution on power lines. Only 30 pairs of birds remained on Earth in the 1960s. Conservation efforts helped raise that number to 253 pairs in 2008 and then to 283 pairs in May of this year, when the first eagle chick born through artificial insemination was hatched at the Center for the Study of Iberian Raptors in Sevilleja de la Jara, Spain. Even with conservation efforts, illegal wildlife trafficking continues to be a threat to this species. In June 16 people—including the staff director of the San Jerónimo breeding center in Seville, Spain—were arrested for illegally gathering eagle eggs from the wild and selling the chicks for as much as $24,800. According to the English-language Spanish news site The Olive Press, police rescued 101 eagles from the center, where they also found 11 dead birds. The center staff has also been accused of inflating their reported breeding counts in order to boost their grant revenue. (Correction July 11, 2012: An earlier version of this article incorrectly cited the birthplace of the artificially inseminated eagle chick as the Smithsonian National Zoo. We regret the error.) Further reading: Pandemic Flu Factories Photo by Antonio Lucio Carrasco Gómez via Wikipedia. Used under GNU Free Documentation License

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Volume 10, Issue 2 In and Out Download This Issue Staff and Contributors Exploring Board Game Strategies "Your task is to build lines of balls of the same color on the checkerboard. Every time you move a ball, 3 new balls appear. When you build a line of 5 or more balls, these balls are removed from the board. Easy? And exciting!!!" 5star Free Lines--How to play (www.atomax.com/lines.stm) Figure 7. The board of the five-star version of the game Lines. Once again, the design pattern will help us quickly implement this game (Figure 7). Configuration of the Board The following values define the physical parameters of the board. Initially, the board is empty. But before the first play, the computer makes three balls appear. The colors of the next three balls to be added are selected in advance and must be shown to the player to help him play. They are selected randomly by the Next function and kept in a global variable, NextBall. The positions at which to add the balls are also selected randomly in the list of the empty positions. RandomElement is a miscellaneous function randomly selecting an element of a list. Visualizing the Board Let us initialize the game and visualize it. With some colors and a few graphics primitives, we are able to display the board and the next three balls. In this game, a play consists of three possible successive actions: selecting and adding three balls, moving a ball, and deleting a line of balls. When a player selects a ball and a new location for it, this ball is moved. If possible a line is deleted and the computer adds three balls, possibly deleting a line. To decide whether a motion is valid or not, we again use a fixed-point algorithm applied to a neighbourhood extension function: the set of reachable positions is incrementally built from the starting position by exploring empty locations. We reuse the function BoardValue to simplify the computations of the neighbourhood. Neighbour is slightly different than FaceNeighbour from the previous example. Possible searches for empty locations in the neighbourhood. The fixed-point algorithm is performed by IsPlayable, which returns a Boolean. PlayBoard updates the board, checks for lines of five balls to delete, and adds three balls. Checking for Lines to Delete To check if there is a line of five balls to delete, we try to extend the position in four (nonoriented) directions as long as the color of the ball remains the same. This is performed by Extend. DeleteBall suppresses the balls from the line. And NewLine is the top-level function, returning a Boolean. The game continues until fewer than three slots are available for the balls. Once again, the interface with the player is extremely basic. But we can play! A Notebook Interface To cope with the display of the "balls to come", it is necessary to adapt the NBView function and develop the dedicated function NBNext, which is similar to NBBoard. To select two locations, the player clicks twice in a play on the board. This is taken into account through the variable FromLoc and by a small difference in the implementation of NBPlayThere. With the notebook interface, playing becomes easier, even if the graphical design is not so nice. About Mathematica | Download Mathematica Player © Wolfram Media, Inc. All rights reserved.

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A second Pac-Man has been spotted on Saturn after one appeared on a thermal image of one of the planet's moons in 2010. The first Saturn Pac-Man was seen on Mimas and now a second has been spotted on another moon named Tethys. Nasa scientists with the Cassini mission have dubbed the new find "Pac-Man, the Sequel". Carly Howett, the lead author of an online paper in the journal Icarus, said: "Finding a second Pac-Man in the Saturn system tells us that the processes creating these Pac-Men are more widespread than previously thought. "The Saturn system - and even the Jupiter system - could turn out to be a veritable arcade of these characters." Pac-Man was created by Toru Iwatini after he saw two slices of pizza short of a full circle. At the age of 27, he came up with the idea for the game and just a few years later, Pac-Man was a household name. The name Pac-Man comes from the Japanese term Paku-Paku, which is the sound of munching. The thermal Pac-Man data was obtained by Cassini's composite infrared spectrometer, with warmer areas showing the shape of the classic arcade game. Evolution of Saturn's moons Scientists think the shape occurs because high-energy electrons are bombarded with low latitudes from the side of the moon that faces forward, as it orbits around Saturn. This barrage turns the surface into hard-packed ice. Consequently, the hard surface does not heat as rapidly in the sunshine or cool down as fast at night compared with the rest of the surface. The discovery of a second Pac-Man provides further evidence that energy electrons can significantly shift the surface of an icy moon. Linda Spilker, Cassini project scientist at Nasa's Jet Propulsion Laboratory, said: "Finding a new Pac-Man demonstrates the diversity of processes at work in the Saturn system. "Future Cassini observations may reveal other new phenomena that will surprise us and help us better understand the evolution of moons in the Saturn system and beyond." Mike Flasar, principal investigator at Nasa's Goddard Space Flight Centre, added: "Studies at infrared wavelengths give us a tremendous amount of information about the processes that shape planets and moons. A result like this underscores just how powerful these observations are." Temperatures inside Pac-Man's mouth are 29F Fahrenheit cooler than "his" face. The warmest temperature recorded was minus 300F.

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Native to the Mediterranean regions, mint has been used since the dawn of civilizations. Its modern name came from the ancient Greeks, who believed that Pluto, ruler of the underworld, had eyes for the lovely young nymph Minthe. Persephone, the god’s jealous wife, became enraged and transformed Minthe into a plant. This sweet smelling herb was believed to have phenomenal powers. Greek athletes rubbed the leaves on their skin after bathing to increase strength. It was a favourite garden plant of the pharaohs. In Rome, Pliny recommended that a wreath of mint was a good thing for students to wear since it was thought to “exhilarate their minds” and senators wore sprigs of the aromatic plant, believing it helped their oratory skills and controlled tempers. What makes mint a beneficial ingredient for skin care is its ability to act as an anti-pruritic agent. That means that its juice can soothe and calm skin that’s itchy or infected. As mint contains vitamin A, it may strengthen skin tissue and help reduce oily skin.

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Eliquis and other similar anticoagulants can cause severe bleeding without the benefit of an antidote to reverse the serious and potentially deadly effect. The blood thinner has also been linked to other serious side effects and complications including the formation of blood clots and an increased risk of thrombotic events, such as stroke, occurring with the discontinuation of Eliquis, as well as debilitating and potentially life-threatening hematomas that can form within the skull or spinal regions. Bleeding associated with the use of Eliquis most commonly results in intracranial (within the skull) bleeding (also called a hemorrhagic stroke), or gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding. Other bleeding events occurred at surgical or wound/incision sites in patients taking Eliquis following hip or knee replacement surgeries. Without an established way to reverse bleeding in patients taking Eliquis, effects should be expected to persist for at least 24 hours after the last dose of the medication is administered. Patients who stop taking the drug prematurely are also at an increased risk of blood clots and other thrombotic events, such as stroke, while patients who undergo certain spinal or epidural procedures can develop hematomas that can result in long-term or permanent disability and death. When a patient stops taking Eliquis prematurely, or suddenly, they are at an increased risk of developing blood clots, according to a black box warning contained in drug labeling for the drug. Typically, a blood clot forms to stop bleeding when a blood vessel is injured. After the bleeding stops, and the area of the body where the bleed occurred is healed, the body breaks down and removes the clot naturally. But when the blood clots too much or abnormally, or when certain conditions prevent the body from dissolving blood clots properly, blood clotting can become excessive and dangerous. Clots can occur in veins or arteries, which are both blood vessels that make up the body’s circulatory system. Both veins and arteries help move blood in the body, but they each function differently. Veins are low-pressure vessels that carry blood without oxygen away from the body’s organs back to the heart. When a clot forms within a vein, it can block the blood from returning to the heart, causing pain and swelling as the blood accumulates behind the clot. Contrarily, arteries are high-pressure vessels that carry oxygen-rich blood from the heart to the body’s organs and tissues. A patient’s blood pressure is a measure of the pressure in the body’s arteries. Clotting that occurs in an artery usually results from the hardening (plaque build-up) of the artery. As the artery narrows, blood continues to be forced through the opening, potentially resulting in a rupture of the plaque. This rupture can spur the formation of a blood clot, which can lead to a blockage of blood supply to the heart (heart attack) or brain (stroke). Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) results when a clot forms in a deep vein in a limb, usually affecting the deep veins in the legs. Although less common, DVT can also occur in the arms, pelvis or other large veins in the body. DVT affects approximately 900,000 people in the U.S. each year, and results in up to 100,000 deaths, according to the American Society of Hematology. A serious complication of DVT is a pulmonary embolism (PE), which is a sudden blockage in an artery of the lung. When a blood clot in a deep vein breaks loose and travels through the bloodstream to the lung, it results in PE and a serious, potentially life-threatening condition requiring emergency medical attention. About half of individuals suffering from PE have no symptoms. When symptoms are present, they might include shortness of breath, chest pain or coughing up blood. A blood clot can form in, or travel to, any region of the body, including the lungs, heart or brain, as well as other organs important to the body’s essential functions. Serious complications can occur when a clot interferes with normal blood flow to the body’s organs. A heart attack occurs when blood flow to the heart is blocked suddenly preventing oxygen from reaching the vital organ. Heart muscle will begin to die without immediate treatment. Heart attacks affect nearly 800,000 individuals in the U.S. each year, according to the National Institutes of Health (NIH). Strokes occur when blood flow to the brain is interrupted. Brain cells begin to die within minutes. A stroke is a medical emergency. Blood clots that form in or travel to the kidneys can cause damage that can eventually lead to kidney failure. High blood pressure is just one the complications that can result when fluids and waste build-up in the kidneys. Treatment is needed to do the work the kidneys can no longer do. If not treated properly, kidney failure can potentially result in a coma, seizures or death. Blood clots that form during pregnancy usually affect the veins in the pelvic region or the legs. This puts pregnant women at an increased risk for PE. Other complications that can result from blood clots during pregnancy include premature labor, miscarriage – loss of pregnancy or death of the mother and potentially the fetus. Treatment involves breaking up the clots and preventing new clots from forming. This can be done with certain medicines administered orally or via a catheter surgically inserted to deliver medication directly to the site of the clot to help it dissolve. Sometimes surgery is performed to remove a clot. This is called a thrombectomy. Patients are sometimes referred to a hematologist for treatment. A hematologist is a doctor who specializes in treating blood diseases. Patients who are at risk of arterial clots may also see a cardiologist (a doctor who specializes in conditions affecting the heart) or a neurologist (a doctor who specializes in treating disorders of the nervous system, including diseases of the brain). Patients who receive neuraxial anesthesia or that undergo spinal puncture while taking Eliquis, are at risk of developing an epidural or spinal hematoma. These hematomas can result in long-term or permanent paralysis, according to drug labeling containing a black box warning for Eliquis. Optimal timing between taking Eliquis and undergoing a neuraxial procedure is unknown. A spinal hematoma can result in spinal-cord compression. Compression to certain spinal roots in the lumbar (abdominal or lower spinal) portion of the spinal cord can cause a condition called causa equina syndrome (loos of function of the lumbar plexus, or nerve roots) and lower extremity paresis (partial loss of movement or impaired movement of the lower limbs). Symptoms are often severe and can begin with local or radicular pain (pain caused by inflammation of a spinal nerve root) and tenderness. The condition can progress rapidly over a period of hours or even minutes. Signs and symptoms of neurological impairment occur in the nervous system, which consists of two parts, the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS). The CNS includes the brain and the spinal cord, and acts as a central processing station. The PNS sends information received by the senses between the muscles, tissues and nerves in the body to the brain. When connections, or messages, are interrupted in the CNS or PNS, then neurological symptoms can occur. Neurological symptoms can also be accompanied by other systems depending on the underlying cause, disease, disorder or condition affecting the neurological systems. Signs and symptoms of a neurological problem can vary because the nervous system participates in and controls a number of functions and body systems, such as body temperature, blood pressure, muscles, digestion and appetite, movement, and sight. Neurological symptoms can sometimes occur along with symptoms related to the digestive system. These may include chewing difficulties, digestive problems and boss of bladder or bowel control. Nausea with or without vomiting may be possible. Signs that a neurological condition may be serious or life-threatening include changes in pupil size or pupils that are nonresponsive to light. Other signs include changes in consciousness or alertness. Disorientation, dizziness and garbled speech are also warning signs. Other indicators include loss of muscle coordination, respiratory problems, seizures and sudden paralysis. Treatment of a spinal or epidural hematoma will depend on the severity of the condition and the patient’s individual symptoms. Treatment can also be affected if a patient has other health conditions. Immediate surgical drainage is usually needed to reduce pressure on the brain and the spinal cord. If not treated timely or properly, a spinal or epidural hematoma can be deadly. While it is possible to recover fully from the condition, hematomas of this nature can often result in permanent damage to the brain and long-term disability. Please seek the advice of a medical professional before making health care decisions. Calling this number connects you with Wilson and Peterson, LLP or one of its trusted legal partners. A law firm representative will review your case for free. Wilson and Peterson, LLP funds Drugwatch because it supports the organization’s mission to keep people safe from dangerous drugs and medical devices.(888) 645-1617

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The past few weeks have proved informative at Winthrop! Many students and classrooms participated in our “All-School Challenge” and learned about our namesake, John Winthrop. Students were captivated by the amount of wives and children he had, but many also brought forth the political and religious reasons why he was an important figure in Massachusetts history. The pictures show the main hallway bulletin board, a sample of the wealth of information found by Mrs. Ogiba’s class (they actually needed two sheets of chart paper), and the diligent work of a Winthrop fifth grader. Our canvas portrait of John Winthrop – a gift from the class of 2004 – has found a new home in the main hallway and presides over our building as a true namesake! It’s hard to believe that the Winthrop Science Fair is almost here! I can’t wait to see all the students theories and hard work put to the test on Wednesday, February 29, 2012. Last week, Mrs. Sikkema sent an important reminder notice to all participating families – see the link below for a PDF copy. In honor of John Winthrop’s 424th birthday I’ve challenged all students to do a bit of research this weekend to learn more about our school namesake! Mrs. Z’s and Ms. Mazzei’s kindergarten classes got a jump-start and kicked off the challenge last night, and were our resident experts today! This is an optional task for students, but as a school community next week we’ll be collecting facts, sharing with other classes and grades, and creating a public display of all we’ve learned. All students were given a bright orange reminder sheet (white handout in K) outlining the parameters. Students in grades 3, 4, and 5 were asked to show responsibility and maturity in leaving the easy facts for our primary students, and truly researching unique, detailed, information about Governor Winthrop. I know they’ll impress us!

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Space Exploration Technologies (SpaceX) CEO Elon Musk is planning to make a colony of 80,000 people on Mars and the ticket will only cost you half a million dollars. Have you ever wondered what do astronauts do when they are out of food supplies or equipment supplies? Or if they have to send some test samples back to Earth. Surely they can’t start their cars and drive on. Scratching your head? They use SpaceX a Space Exploration Technologies Corporation, or SpaceX, is an American space transport company headquartered in Hawthorne, California. Mr Musk will start the mission by first sending less than 10 people. They will start building transparent domes pressurized with CO2 covered in a layer of water to serve as protection from the sun. Get ready to book your tickets.

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President Dwight D. Eisenhower broke diplomatic relations with Cuba on January 3, 1961. Fifty-four years later, on Monday the 20th of July, the United States and Cuba will advance toward normalization of diplomatic relations. Presumably, the US will no longer treat Cuba as its enemy and treat the island simply as its next-door neighbor. Maybe … The raising of the flags at the embassies on the 20th of July is much anticipated. But what does this all really mean? After more than 56 years of trying to destroy the Cuban Revolution through US sponsored terrorism, an invasion organized and launched by the CIA, biological warfare, an economic and commercial blockade, clandestine infiltrations and a permanent propaganda campaign against Cuba, what would constitute “normal” relations between Washington and La Habana? The word normal derives from the Latin normalis. In the context of US-Cuba relations it refers to civilized diplomatic behavior, according to historically established philosophical precepts: norms or rules of peaceful conduct between nations. What rules of peaceful conduct by the United States towards Cuba may we expect from now on? Which normative rules could be considered normal and which abnormal? It’s normal for two neighboring countries, separated by a mere 90 miles of water, to have diplomatic relations. It’s not normal for the United States to impose an economic, financial and commercial blockade against Cuba. It’s normal for the US to have an embassy in Havana and for Cuba an embassy in Washington. It’s not normal for the US embassy in Cuba to function without an ambassador, simply because some in the Senate oppose it. It’s normal for US citizens to travel to Cuba, but it´s not normal to prohibit tourists from the US to travel to the island. It’s normal for US citizens to travel to Cuba and engage in “people to people” contact, but it’s not normal that the Office of Finance and Assets Control (OFAC) limit it to only group-travel through licensed organizations, thus making travel to Cuba prohibitively expensive and inconvenient for many Americans. It’s normal for Washington to permit businesses in the US to engage in commerce with private individuals in Cuba, but it’s not normal to make it illegal to do business with state enterprises on the island. It’s normal for the United States to want a second consulate in Cuba to better serve the public, but it’s not normal that it uses its diplomats to intervene in Cuba’s internal affairs. It’s normal for the United States to support a process of legal and orderly immigration from Cuba, but it’s not normal for Washington to maintain a Cuban Adjustment Act as a tool to stimulate an illegal, dangerous and disorderly immigration of Cubans to the United States. It’s normal for the United States Embassy in Havana to provide an open-door policy for Cubans. It’s not normal for its diplomats to organize, direct and employ as salaried dissidents a few Cubans of their choosing. It’s normal for Washington to contribute to the entertainment of the Cuban people with radio and television programs. It’s not normal for it to maintain a multi-million dollar budget to fund Radio and TV Marti as propaganda instruments. It’s normal for Washington to want a reputation as a great defender of human rights. It’s not normal for the United States to imprison without due process or civil rights dozens of persons in Guantánamo, as well as torturing them in Cuba. It’s normal for the United States to have an embassy in Cuba, even a large one, located in prime real estate on the famous Malecón overlooking the bay in Havana. It’s not normal for the United States to occupy, against the wishes of the Cuban people, a large swath of Cuban territory in the province of Guantánamo. It’s normal for the Pentagon not to invade or send military drones to Cuba. It’s not normal that Washington earmarks a $30 million budget for fiscal year 2016 for a project whose declared purpose is to remove the government of Cuba from power. It’s normal for Mississippi to be one of the 50 states of the US. It’s not normal for Washington to assume that it has jurisdiction in Cuba as well. It’s normal for the US to do business with Cuba, but it’s not normal for the US to intervene in her internal affairs. It’s normal for Washington to condemn terrorism. It’s not normal that it protect in Miami dozens of terrorists, including Luis Posada Carriles, who have committed heinous crimes against civilians in Cuba. The US blockade against Cuba is a relic of the Cold War whose days are numbered. President Obama’s new Cuba policy, announced on the 17th of December, is a chronicle of the blockade’s death foretold. And it unleashed a torrent of enthusiasm from American businessmen who want to make money by investing there. Businessmen will pressure the Congress to lift the Helms-Burton law that codified parts of the blockade. But let’s not be naïve. In order to truly say that relations between the US and Cuba are normal, Washington must understand that Cuba does not belong to it, that it is a violation of international law for the US to try and foment regime change in a foreign country and that Cuba must and ought be respected for what it is: a sovereign nation. President Obama’s Cuba policy is a seismic shift in strategy for the United States. “The old policy did not work. It is long past its expiration date”, said Obama, in his most recent State of the Union speech before Congress. “When what you’re doing doesn’t work for fifty years, it’s time to try something new.” What is the end game for the United States regarding Cuba? What it is it that US Presidents wished had worked? Clearly, the major premise of Washington’s Cuba policy was always regime change. It failed, and the Cuban Revolution remains strong. That is why President Obama said, that Washington should “try something new”. Perhaps business can do what isolation could not. Engagement is the new strategy to try and topple the Cuban Revolution. Cuba is ready for Washington’s policy of engagement. Just as she learned to build trenches to defend the island from invasion, terrorism, biological warfare and a brutal blockade, Cuba will now help the bridges that American businesses will cross to invest there. But Cuba will also be wary. To be sure, Cuba knows that Washington’s end game remains regime change. Cuban laws have always regulated foreign business ventures, and American investment in Cuba will be no different. Cuba welcomes better relations with the United States and hopes to advance toward normalization. But unless and until the government of the United States has a political metanoia and cancels its desire to dominate Cuba, as it she were its vassal state, normal relations in the true sense of the word will not come to pass.

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A Movie Cliche’s New York Origins If you ever watch any gangster films from the 1930’s or 40’s, one of the lines of dialogue that always pops up is: “up the river.” Somebody would utter it: a criminal; prosecutor; police officer; or a fellow gangster. Listen and it will be said in most of these early crime movies. “Didn’t you hear, Rocky’s going up the river.” “If you don’t talk Ike, I can guarantee you’re going to spend a long stretch up the river.” “I’m not takin’ the fall to go up the river for a heist you did, Spats.” The term “up the river” as most people know refers to going to prison. So where did the saying come from? In the 1800’s, when you were charged with a crime and sent to prison in New York City, the accused would first be taken to the prison on Centre Street in lower Manhattan which was known as “the Tombs” built in 1838. The Tombs were so named because the original structure had large granite columns on the outside of the building which resembled Egyptian burial architecture, a.k.a. tombs. The Tombs though, were merely a holding prison for the accused criminals awaiting trial. After sentencing, convicts were sent to a prison on Blackwell’s Island (today known as Roosevelt Island) in the middle of the East River. However if you were a habitual offender or committed a very serious offense, you would be sent thirty miles north, up the Hudson River to Sing Sing prison. This is the origin of the phrase being sent, “up the river.” Sing Sing separated the hardened criminals from the run of the mill pickpockets, burglars and ordinary thieves. Even though, the term “up the river” originally referred to Sing Sing, it was eventually applied to anyone being sent to any prison.

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Evy and I spent the war trying to save Greek Jews by forging papers (that is when we weren’t trying to be mean to each other or when I wasn’t throwing rocks at her or wanting to kill her.) so they could escape. Sometimes that worked and other times, those poor people were caught and murdered. 72,000 Jews lived in Greece before the war. After the war? Only 4,500 to 6000 Jews remain in Greece today. Here is an interesting video on the show Tracing Your Family Roots. They interview Dr Michael Matsas, author of “The Illusion of Safety, the Story of Greek Jews during the Second World War” talked about his book. He starts off by talking about the Romaniote Jews (Greek: Ῥωμανιῶτες, Rhōmaniṓtes; Hebrew: רומניוטים, Romanyotim) During World War II, when Greece was occupied by Nazi Germany, 86% of the Greek Jews, especially those in the areas occupied by Nazi Germany and Bulgaria, were massacred despite efforts by the Greek Orthodox Church and many Christian Greeks to shelter Jews. Although the Nazis deported numerous Greek Jews, many were hidden by their Greek neighbors. Roughly 49,000 Jews – Romaniotes and Sephardim – were deported from Thessaloniki alone and murdered. Of its pre-occupation population of 72,000, only 12,000 survived, either by joining the resistance or being hidden. Most of those who died were deported to Auschwitz, while those in Thrace, under Bulgarian occupation, were sent to Treblinka. The Italians did not deport Jews living in territory they controlled, but when the Germans took over, Jews living there were also deported (Larissa was under Italian rule until the Germans came and then the Germans began their murderous rampage of Greek Jews in Larissa) Who were these Romaniote Jews? The Romaniote Jewish community with distinctive cultural features who have lived in Greece and neighboring Eastern Mediterranean countries for more than 2,000 years, being the oldest Jewish community in the Eurasian continent. Their distinct language was Judaeo-Greek, a Greek dialect, and is today modern Greek or the languages of their new home countries. They derived their name from the old name for the people of the Byzantine Empire, Romaioi. Large communities were located in Thebes, Ioannina, Chalcis, Corfu, Arta, Preveza, Volos, Patras, Corinth, and on the islands of Zakynthos, Lesbos, Chios, Samos, Rhodes, and Cyprus, among others. The Romaniotes are historically distinct and still remain distinct from the Sephardim, who settled in Ottoman Greece after the 1492 expulsion of the Jews from Spain. What happened to them: A majority of the Jewish population of Greece was killed in the Holocaust after Axis powers occupied Greece during World War II. They deported most of the Jews to Nazi concentration camps. After the war, a majority of the survivors emigrated to Israel, the United States, and Western Europe. Today there are still functioning Romaniote Synagogues in Chalkis which represents the oldest Jewish congregation on European ground, in Ioannina, Athens, New York and Israel. Additional information from: Wikipedia The post Tracing Your Family Roots: The Story of Greek Jews in WW2 appeared first on Zoe Lambros Journal.

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Situated on a rocky headland facing and the Baie des Anges, this former trading station was so often raided and pillaged by invaders in pre-Christian times that the natives appealed to Rome and order had to be restored by Roman Legions. Forty-two years before the birth of Christ the Romans strengthened the defences and as a result this became a powerful Roman bastion. By the fifth century Christianity had come to the city which was elevated to the status of a bishopric, and so it remained until the year 1244 when the bishopric was transferred to During the great schism in the church, the Bishop - forced to make a choice - sided with the Pope in Rome. As a result, King Clement VII confiscated his property and handed Antibes over to the Grimaldi family. Invasions, and the threat of more invasions continued throughout the Middle ages and the city was laid waste by pirates and the armies of Charles V or those of Savoy. Eventually it was restored to the French under Henri II, and fortified anew by his successor, Henri IV. The old town of Antibes is still confined within its original walls which precisely follow the old Roman defences. The church was founded in the twelfth century and almost all of it has now disappeared except for the square tower. In the centre of this is the bell tower, the nave and relics from the 16th and 17th centuries. Perhaps one of the two most outstanding features of this part of the coastline is the castle tower built on a terrace jutting out to the sea. At one time it was a Roman castrum, then a residence of the Bishops who held it for several centuries, and then it became the castle of the Grimaldi family until they relinquished it in 1608. This and other buildings today surround a square which was originally built in the fourteenth century and restored some hundred or so years later. houses the Grimaldi museum, one floor of which is devoted to the works of Picasso who returned to Antibes just after the end of the second world war. The other outstanding feature of Old Antibes is the 16th century ramparts, built by Henry II in 1550. Built on solid rock the ramparts are still intact and rise straight out of the sea. On its west side is the bastion of Saint-André, an archaeological museum housing a collection of shipwrecks and underwater Inside the ramparts is the Old Town of Antibes , with its narrow streets, fruit and flower market, and small squares clustered around the Place Nationale. According to season, gladioli, tulips, carnations and roses in particular are snapped up by morning shoppers in the Provencal Market. Created, composed, and constructed by Virtual Riviera 1995

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Google has declared war on the independent media and has begun blocking emails from NaturalNews from getting to our readers. We recommend GoodGopher.com as a free, uncensored email receiving service, or ProtonMail.com as a free, encrypted email send and receive service. 09/19/2019 / By Zoey Sky If you’re an aspiring gardener but your backyard receives little to no sunlight, don’t despair. By making small changes and doing your research, you can still grow fresh vegetables in a shade garden. (h/t to FoodStorageMoms.com) If you have a shade garden, you can grow vegetables that will thrive even without full sunlight. These vegetables need at least three to six hours of sun, or at least fairly constant dappled shade, every day. You can also set up a shade garden if you want to maximize your land. Set up sun-loving crops like corn and tomatoes in one area and the vegetables below in shaded areas in your backyard. Cauliflower will grow in either partial shade or with very little sunshine. Cauliflower prefers cooler weather, so plant it in areas with limited sunshine. Asparagus needs some sunshine, but it can still grow in partial shade in your home garden. To grow spinach, sprinkle the seeds in an area with partial shade or very little sunshine. This leafy green also prefers cool weather. Cut spinach leaves to keep them growing back. Make sure you plant the seeds early so you can pick spinach leaves throughout the summer. As a root vegetable, garlic thrives in partial sunshine. You can also plant garlic in raised garden beds or pots. If you don’t want basil to take over your yard, plant it in a container. Basil thrives in the shade and it doesn’t require sunshine all day long. Lettuce grows well in cool weather. When growing your own lettuce, use a good pair of scissors to cut the leaves off for salads. Beets are root vegetables that can grow with very little sunshine. They’re fairly easy to plant, grow, and harvest. Plant beets in a deep container if you don’t have a lot of space. Shade can impact the size of beetroots, but beets grown in a shaded garden can still produce delicious and nutritious greens. Peas will thrive in partial shade. Grow peas in containers with trellises and harvest them before the weather gets too hot. As a cool-season vegetable, broccoli grows very well even in partial sun. Cabbage prefers cooler weather. Grow it in partial shade and harvest it in the summer. Ideally, cabbage is planted in the fall, but you can also grow it in spring as long as you harvest it before the weather gets too hot. Radishes are root plants that can grow even in areas that receive less sunlight. Grow radishes in the ground, in pots, or raised garden beds. Carrots can also grow in the ground or in pots even with partial shade. (Related: Making and cultivating a garden on your own – no more grocery shopping, ever.) Kale can be grown in the shade because it prefers cooler weather. This leafy green can also tolerate light frosts. Kale is full of vitamins and minerals that are good for your overall health. Blend nutrient-rich green smoothies with kale or make healthy kale chips. Chives thrive in shady locations. Cook with freshly picked chives, or dehydrate them for later use. Grow Gold Yukon potatoes in pots that are at least 20 inches tall and 18 inches in diameter. These roots thrive in partial shade and they’re easy to grow. Set up a shade garden in your homestead to maximize your food crops. If you live in a small apartment, you can also start a shade garden by keeping pots on your balcony. Tagged Under: asparagus, basil, beets, broccoli, cabbage, carrots, cauliflower, chives, clean food, crops, food garden, food independence, food supply, fresh produce, fresh vegetables, gardening, gardening tips, garlic, green living, harvest, home gardening, homesteading, how-to, kale, lettuce, nutrients, off grid, Off-the-grid living, organics, peas, potatoes, preparedness, prepper, prepping, radishes, root vegetables, self sufficiency, self-reliance, self-sustainability, shade garden, shade gardening, spinach, sunlight, survival, sustainable living, urban gardening, veggie, Veggies COPYRIGHT © 2017 NEWSTARGET.COM All content posted on this site is protected under Free Speech. NewsTarget.com is not responsible for content written by contributing authors. The information on this site is provided for educational and entertainment purposes only. It is not intended as a substitute for professional advice of any kind. NewsTarget.com assumes no responsibility for the use or misuse of this material. All trademarks, registered trademarks and service marks mentioned on this site are the property of their respective owners. Receive Our Free Email Newsletter Get independent news alerts on natural cures, food lab tests, cannabis medicine, science, robotics, drones, privacy and more. Once you click subscribe, we will send you an email asking you to confirm your free subscription.

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EVANSTON, Ill. --- The success of Northwestern University’s award-winning Science Club for underserved youth is featured in the recently published inaugural issue of “Connected Science Learning,” a journal dedicated to high-quality science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM) education. The issue profiles successful programs that bridge in-school and out-of-school settings through collaborative partnerships. Science Club serves 100 middle school students in Chicago Public Schools (CPS) through a long-term mentorship model. The program involves 50 scientist-mentors who are STEM graduate students at Northwestern and other Chicago-area universities. The mentors meet weekly with small groups of 5th- to 8th-graders after school. The article by Science Club creator Michael Kennedy and colleagues includes citing a number of positive outcomes for students, according to an external review: - Participation in the club is equivalent in magnitude to shifting a student up one full aptitude level (e.g., low to middle, middle to high). - Club members associate science with their daily lives and believe science is important to their future career choice. - Science Club alumni, now in high school and college, are choosing postsecondary STEM careers at a rate 20 to 30 times higher than before Science Club was offered. - Two-thirds of Northwestern’s Science Club mentors (primarily graduate students) say the experience has influenced their career direction. Science Club was founded in 2008 and continues to be run by Science in Society, Northwestern’s center for science education and public engagement. The federally funded program integrates community experts from the Boys & Girls Clubs of Chicago, dedicated CPS science teachers and enthusiastic scientist-mentors to form a powerful educational team. Mentors now come from Northwestern, the University of Chicago, Loyola University and the University of Illinois at Chicago. Clubs are held at two Boys & Girls Club locations: the Pedersen-McCormick Club in Uptown (since 2008) and the True Value Club in Little Village (since 2016). The Pedersen-McCormick Club features a dedicated science laboratory built by Northwestern; a similar lab is currently in development for the True Value Club. The program has grown to serve CPS students beyond the original clubs. Teachers at five schools -- Newton Bateman Elementary, Budlong Elementary, Jahn Elementary, O.A. Thorp Scholastic Academy and St. Stanislaus Kostka -- have used Science Club curricula in their school-based programs. Science Club alumni now in high school have returned to serve as junior mentors. And both clubs have sprouted Jr. Science Clubs for eager elementary school youth.

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Volcanoes that were active in the Pleistocene epoch (1.8 million years ago to approximately 11,700 years ago). Many volcanoes from this time may still be active today, as a great many volcanoes active or dormant today first formed during the Pleistocene. - Preceded by Category:Pliocene volcanoes in Category:Tertiary volcanoes (still in Category:Neogene volcanoes). - Succeeded by Category:Holocene volcanoes, including all currently active or dormant volcanoes. This category has the following 28 subcategories, out of 28 total. - ► Goat Rocks (2 C, 9 F) - ► Hallarmúli (10 F) - ► Imuruk Lake Volcanic field (3 C, 5 F) - ► Lanai (9 C, 67 F) - ► Pleistocene volcanoes of Iceland (3 C) Media in category "Pleistocene volcanoes" The following 14 files are in this category, out of 14 total.

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Below is a very good article from Wikipedia on cholesterol, lipids etc. By now, we all know that too much cholesterol in the blood stream is not good. Nevertheless, how many of us have investigated further what elevated cholesterol and lipids really do in the circulatory system? We at “The Fat Bastard Gazette” think you should know. Obesity and a diet rich in meat and dairy products, rather silent killers, bring about elevated cholesterol and triglycerides for many of us. The article below has many hyperlinks related to hypercholesterolemia we suggest you read them for an informed nonprofessionals’ understanding of how deleterious this really is for the circulatory system. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Hypercholesterolemia (also spelled hypercholesterolaemia also called dyslipidemia) is the presence of high levels of cholesterol in the blood. It is a form of “hyperlipidemia” (elevated levels of lipids in the blood) and “hyperlipoproteinemia” (elevated levels of lipoproteins in the blood). Cholesterol is a sterol. It is one of three major classes of lipids which all animal cells utilize to construct their membranes and is thus manufactured by all animal cells. Plant cells do not manufacture cholesterol. It is also the precursor of the steroid hormones, bile acids and vitamin D. Since cholesterol is insoluble in water, it is transported in the blood plasma within protein particles (lipoproteins). Lipoproteins are classified by their density: very low density lipoprotein (VLDL), low density lipoprotein (LDL), intermediate density lipoprotein (IDL) and high density lipoprotein (HDL). All the lipoproteins carry cholesterol, but elevated levels of the lipoproteins other than HDL (termed non-HDL cholesterol), particularly LDL-cholesterol are associated with an increased risk of atherosclerosis and coronary heart disease. In contrast, higher levels of HDL cholesterol are protective. Elevated levels of non-HDL cholesterol and LDL in the blood may be a consequence of diet, obesity, inherited (genetic) diseases (such as LDL receptor mutations in familial hypercholesterolemia), or the presence of other diseases such as diabetes and an underactive thyroid. Reducing saturated dietary fat is recommended to reduce total blood cholesterol and LDL in adults. In people with very high cholesterol (e.g. familial hypercholesterolemia), diet is often insufficient to achieve the desired lowering of LDL and lipid lowering medications which reduce cholesterol production or absorption are usually required. If necessary, other treatments such as LDL apheresis or even surgery (for particularly severe subtypes of familial hypercholesterolemia) are performed. Signs and symptoms Although hypercholesterolemia itself is asymptomatic, longstanding elevation of serum cholesterol can lead to atherosclerosis. Over a period of decades, chronically elevated serum cholesterol contributes to formation of atheromatous plaques in the arteries. This can lead to progressive stenosis (narrowing) or even complete occlusion (blockage) of the involved arteries. Alternatively smaller plaques may rupture and cause a clot to form and obstruct blood flow. A sudden occlusion of a coronary artery results in a myocardial infarction or heart attack. An occlusion of an artery supplying the brain can cause a stroke. If the development of the stenosis or occlusion is gradual blood supply to the tissues and organs slowly diminishes until organ function becomes impaired. At this point that tissue ischemia (restriction in blood supply) may manifest as specific symptoms. For example, temporary ischemia of the brain (commonly referred to as a transient ischemic attack) may manifest as temporary loss of vision, dizziness and impairment of balance, aphasia (difficulty speaking), paresis (weakness) and paresthesia (numbness or tingling), usually on one side of the body. Insufficient blood supply to the heart may manifest as chest pain, and ischemia of the eye may manifest as transient visual loss in one eye. Insufficient blood supply to the legs may manifest as calf pain when walking, while in the intestines it may present asabdominal pain after eating a meal. Some types of hypercholesterolemia lead to specific physical findings. For example, familial hypercholesterolemia (Type IIa hyperlipoproteinemia) may be associated with xanthelasma palpebrarum (yellowish patches underneath the skin around the eyelids), arcus senilis (white or gray discoloration of the peripheral cornea), and xanthomata (deposition of yellowish cholesterol-rich material) of the tendons, especially of the fingers. Type III hyperlipidemia may be associated with xanthomata of the palms, knees and elbows. Hypercholesterolemia is typically due to a combination of environmental and genetic factors. Environmental factors include obesity and dietary choices. Genetic contributions are usually due to the additive effects of multiple genes, though occasionally may be due to a single gene defect such as in the case Diet has an important effect on blood cholesterol, but the size of this effect varies substantially between individuals. About 50% of nonesterified cholesterol is absorbed in the intestine, but interindividual variations in the efficiency of uptake, and the effect of other dietary components such as plant sterols and fiber content affect absorption. Moreover, when dietary cholesterol intake goes down, production (principally by the liver) typically increases, though not always with complete compensation, so that reductions in blood cholesterol can be modest. Reductions in fat intake, particularly saturated fats, also reduce blood cholesterol. Dietary sucrose and fructose can raise LDL cholesterol levels in the blood. In the United States, the National Lipid Association Expert Panel on Familial Hypercholesterolemia recommends that people with familial hypercholesterolemia restrict intakes of total fat to 25 – 35% of energy intake, saturated fatty acids should make up less than 7% of energy intake, and cholesterol intake should be less than 200 mg per day. The inclusion of 2 g per day of plant stanol or sterol esters and 10 to 20 g per day of soluble fiber decrease dietary cholesterol absorption. Dietary changes can typically achieve reductions of 10 to 15% in blood cholesterol. Maintaining a healthy body weight through increased physical activity and appropriate caloric intake is also important. Overweight or obese individuals can lower blood cholesterol by losing weight – on average a kilogram of weight loss can reduce LDL cholesterol by 0.8 mg/dl. Genetic abnormalities are in some cases completely responsible for hypercholesterolemia, such as in familial hypercholesterolemia, where one or more genetic mutations in the autosomal dominant APOB gene exist, the autosomal recessive LDLRAP1 gene, autosomal dominant familial hypercholesterolemia (HCHOLA3) variant of the PCSK9 gene, or the LDL receptor gene. |Interpretation of cholesterol levels| |LDL cholesterol||<100||<2.6||most desirable| |160-189||4.1-4.9||high and undesirable| |HDL cholesterol||<40||<1.0||undesirable; risk increased| |41-59||1.0-1.5||okay, but not optimal| |>60||>1.55||good; risk lowered| |Indications to lower LDL cholesterol| |Coronary risk||because they have…||should consider||reduction indicated| |high||>20% risk of MI in 10 years, or risk factor such as coronary heart disease, diabetes, peripheral-artery disease, carotid-artery disease, or aortic aneurysm||>70 mg/dl, 3.88 mmol/l especially if there are risk factors||>100 mg/dl, 5.55 mmol/l| |moderately high||10-20% risk of MI in 10 years and > 1 risk factors||>100 mg/dl, 5.55 mmol/l||>130 mg/dl, 7.21 mmol/l| |moderate||<10% risk of MI in 10 years > 1 risk factors||>130 mg/dl, 7.21 mmol/l||>160 mg/dl, 8.88 mmol/l| |low||No or one risk factor||>160 mg/dl, 8.88 mmol/l||>190 mg/dl, 10.5 mmol/l| Cholesterol is measured as milligrams per deciliter (mg/dl) of blood in the United States and some other countries. In the United Kingdom, most European countries, and Canada, millimoles per liter of blood (mmol/l) is the measure. For healthy adults, the UK National Health Service recommends upper limits of total cholesterol of 5 mmol/l, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL) of 3 mmol/l. For people at high risk of cardiovascular disease, the recommended limit for total cholesterol is 4 mmol/l, and 2 mmol/l for LDL. In the United States, the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute within the National Institutes of Health classifies total cholesterol of less than 200 mg/dl as “desirable,” 200 to 239 mg/dl as “borderline high,” and 240 mg/dl or more as “high”. No absolute cutoff between normal and abnormal cholesterol levels exists, and interpretation of values must be made in relation to other health conditions and risk factors. Higher levels of total cholesterol increase the risk of cardiovascular disease, particularly coronary heart disease. Levels of LDL or non-HDL cholesterol both predict future coronary heart disease; which is the better predictor is disputed. High levels of small dense LDL may be particularly adverse, although measurement of small dense LDL is not advocated for risk prediction. In the past, LDL and VLDL levels were rarely measured directly due to cost. Levels of fasting triglycerides were taken as an indicator of VLDL levels (generally about 45% of fasting triglycerides is composed of VLDL), while LDL was usually estimated by the Friedewald formula: LDL total cholesterol – HDL – (0.2 x fasting triglycerides). However, this equation is not valid on nonfasting blood samples or if fasting triglycerides are elevated >4.5 mmol/l (> ∼400 mg/dl). Recent guidelines have, therefore, advocated the use of direct methods for measurement of LDL wherever possible. It may be useful to measure all lipoprotein subfractions ( VLDL, IDL, LDL, and HDL) when assessing hypercholesterolemia and measurement of apolipoproteins and lipoprotein (a) can also be of value. Genetic screening is now advised if a form of familial hypercholesterolemia is suspected. Classically, hypercholesterolemia was categorized by lipoprotein electrophoresis and the Fredrickson classification. Newer methods, such as “lipoprotein subclass analysis”, have offered significant improvements in understanding the connection with atherosclerosis progression and clinical consequences. If the hypercholesterolemia is hereditary (familial hypercholesterolemia), more often a family history of premature, earlier onset atherosclerosis is found. The U.S. Preventive Services Task Force strongly recommends routine screening for men 35 years and older and women 45 years and older for lipid disorders and the treatment of abnormal lipids in people who are at increased risk of coronary heart disease. They also recommend routinely screening men aged 20 to 35 years and women aged 20 to 45 years if they have other risk factors for coronary heart disease. In Canada, screening is recommended for men 40 and older and women 50 and older. In those with normal cholesterol levels, screening is recommended once every five years. Once people are on a statin further testing provides little benefit except to possibly determine compliance with treatment. Recommendations for both primary prevention and secondary prevention have been published. For those at high risk, a combination of lifestyle modification and statins has been shown to decrease mortality. Lifestyle changes recommended for those with high cholesterol include: smoking cessation, limiting alcohol consumption, increasing physical activity, and maintaining a healthy weight. A diet that emphasizes low-cholesterol foods, restricts saturated fats, and avoids trans fat is also recommended. In strictly controlled surroundings, dietary changes can reduce cholesterol levels by 15%. In practice, dietary advice can provide a modest decrease in cholesterol levels and may be sufficient in the treatment of mildly elevated cholesterol. Statins (or HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors) are commonly used to treat hypercholesterolemia if diet is ineffective. Other agents that may be used include: fibrates, nicotinic acid, and cholestyramine. These, however, are only recommended if statins are not tolerated or in pregnant women. Statins can reduce total cholesterol by about 50% in the majority of people; effects appear similar regardless of the statin used. While statins are effective in decreasing mortality in those who have had previous cardiovascular disease, debate exists over whether or not they are effective in those with high cholesterol but no other health problems. One review did not find a mortality benefit in those at high risk, but without prior cardiovascular disease. Other reviews concluded a mortality benefit does exist, but concerns regarding the quality of the evidence persist. With respect to quality of life evidence of improvement is limited when statins are used in people without existing cardiovascular disease (i.e. for primary prevention).Statins decrease cholesterol in children with hypercholesterolemia, but no studies as of 2010 show improved clinical outcomes and diet is the mainstay of therapy in childhood. Various clinical practice guidelines have addressed the treatment of hypercholesterolemia. The American College of Physicians has addressed hypercholesterolemia in patients with diabetes. Their four recommendations are: - Lipid-lowering therapy should be used for secondary prevention of cardiovascular mortality and morbidity for all patients (both men and women) with known coronary artery disease and type 2 diabetes. - Statins should be used for primary prevention against macrovascular complications in patients (both men and women) with type 2 diabetes and other cardiovascular risk factors. - Once lipid-lowering therapy is initiated, patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus should be taking at least moderate doses of a statin (the accompanying evidence report states “simvastatin, 40 mg/d; pravastatin, 40 mg/d; lovastatin, 40 mg/d; atorvastatin, 20 mg/d; or an equivalent dose of another statin”). - For those patients with type 2 diabetes who are taking statins, routine monitoring of liver function tests or muscle enzymes is not recommended except in specific circumstances. In the UK, the National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence has made recommendations for the treatment of elevated cholesterol levels, published in 2008. The Task Force for the management of dyslipidaemias of the European Society of Cardiology and the European Atherosclerosis Society published guidelines for the management of dyslipidaemias in 2011. According to a survey in 2002, alternative medicine was used in an attempt to treat cholesterol by 1.1% of U.S. adults. Consistent with previous surveys, this one found the majority of individuals (55%) used it in conjunction with conventional medicine. A review of trials of phytosterols and/or phytostanols reported an average of 9% lowering of LDL-cholesterol. In 2000, the Food and Drug Administration approved the labeling of foods containing specified amounts of phytosterol esters or phytostanol esters as cholesterol-lowering; in 2003, an FDA Interim Health Claim Rule extended that label claim to foods or dietary supplements delivering more than 0.8 g/day of phytosterols or phytostanols. Some researchers, however, are concerned about diet supplementation with plant sterol esters and draw attention to lack of long-term safety data. Rates of high total cholesterol in the United States in 2010 are just over 13%, down from 17% in 2000. Average total cholesterol in the United Kingdom is 5.9 mmol/l, while in rural China and Japan, average total cholesterol is 4 mmol/l. Rates of coronary artery disease are high in Great Britain, but low in rural China and Japan. - Durrington, P (August 2003). “Dyslipidaemia”. The Lancet 362 (9385): 717–31.doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(03)14234-1. 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Ann Intern Med 140 (8): 650–8. doi:10.1059/0003-4819-140-8-200404200-00013. PMID 15096337. Retrieved 2010-11-04. - Grundy SM, Cleeman JI, Merz CN, Brewer HB, Clark LT, Hunninghake DB, Pasternak RC, Smith SC, Stone NJ (2004). “Implications of recent clinical trials for the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III Guidelines”. J Am Coll Cardiol 44(3): 720–32. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2004.07.001. PMID 15358046. - Hayward, RA; Hofer, TP; Vijan, S (2006). “Narrative review: lack of evidence for recommended low-density lipoprotein treatment targets: a solvable problem”. Ann Intern Med 145 (7): 520–30. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-145-7-200610030-00010.PMID 17015870. - Barnes PM, Powell-Griner E, McFann K, Nahin RL (May 27, 2004). “Complementary and Alternative Medicine Use Among Adults: United States, 2002” (PDF). Advance Data from Vital and Health Statistics. http://nccam.nih.gov/news/2004/052704.htm (343): 6–9. Retrieved 2010-11-04. - Demonty I, Ras RT, van der Knaap HC, Duchateau GS, Meijer L, Zock PL, Geleijnse JM, Trautwein EA (February 2009). “Continuous dose-response relationship of the LDL-cholesterol-lowering effect of phytosterol intake”. J Nutr 139 (2): 271–84.doi:10.3945/jn.108.095125. PMID 19091798. - Weingärtner O. et al; Bohm, M.; Laufs, U. (2009). “Controversial role of plant sterol esters in the management of hypercholesterolaemia”. European Heart Journal 30 (4): 404–9.doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehn580. PMC 2642922. PMID 19158117. - Carrol, Margaret (April 2012). “Total and High-density Lipoprotein Cholesterol in Adults: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2009–2010”. CDC. Dear Hail-Fellows well met, “The Fat Bastard Gazette” is written and edited by your favorite curmudgeons Captain Hank Quinlan and Staff (monkeys in the back room). We offer an ongoing tirade to support or offend anyone of any large dimension, cultural background, religious affiliation, or color of skin. This gazette rails against an eclectic mix of circus ring ne’er do wells, big ring fatty and fatso whiners, congenital idiots, the usual motley assortment of the profoundly dumbfounded, and a favorite of intelligent men everywhere, the “Great Booboisie.” Nor shall we ignore the wide assortment of shirkers, layabouts, and slugabeds. All this and more always keeping our major focus on “Why so fat?” Enough said? We at “The Fat Bastard Gazette” think so. If you like what you read, and you know whom you are, in this yellow blog, tell your friends. We would be elated with an ever-wider readership. We remain cordially yours, Captain Hank Quinlan and the Monkeys in the back room “The Fat Bastard Gazette” does not purport to offer any definitive medical or pharmaceutical advice whatsoever in any explicit or implied manner. Always consult a qualified physician in all medical or pharmaceutical matters. “The Fat Bastard Gazette” is only the opinion of informed nonprofessionals for the general edification and entertainment of the greater public. No similarities to any existing names or characters are expressed or implied. We reserve the right to offend or support anybody, anything, or any sacred totem across the globe.

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"We recognize that we are only borrowing this Earth from generations to come. For every decision that must be made, we should always take into consideration the consequences for generations to come." &mdash Atchafalaya Basinkeeper pledge. The overall objective of the Atchafalaya Basinkeeper is to truly protect and preserve the Atchafalaya Basin for future generations. THE ATCHAFALAYA BASIN: "AMERICA'S RIVER OF TREES" The Atchafalaya Basin is the basin of the Atchafalaya River, a 135-mile long natural distributary of the Mississippi River that empties into the Gulf of Mexico and is the last large remnant of the Mississippi floodplain. In terms of water volume, it discharges 30% of the combined flows of the Mississippi and Red Rivers with an annual flow of as much as 480,000 cubic feet per second during the high water months in the Spring and 80,000 during the low water months in the Fall and early Winter. The average annual flow is 229,000 cubic feet per second (1977-2001, USACE records). The Atchafalaya Basin is the largest contiguous bottomland hardwood forest in North America. Situated at the mouth of the most important flyway for the continent of North America, it contains both the most critical habitat for migratory neotropical land birds and the most critical habitat for migratory water birds on our continent. According to Martin Reuss from the Corps of Engineers, the Basin includes some 1.4 millions acres. The most ecologically important part of the Atchafalaya Basin is 885,000 acres of forested wetlands, the largest river swamp in North America, and 517,000 acres of marshland. Altogether the Atchafalaya Basin has ten distinct aquatic and terrestrial habitats. The Basin supports half of America's migratory waterfowl, more than 300 bird species, and provides the most important habitat for neotropical migratory land birds and other birds of the Mississippi Flyway. The Atchafalaya Basin may be one of the last refuges for such endangered species as the peregrine falcon, the Florida panther, Bachman's warbler and the ivory-billed woodpecker. About 100 species of fish, crawfish, shrimp and crabs support sport and commercial fishing, and feed birds, reptiles and mammals. Other animals that call the Atchafalaya home are the endangered Louisiana black bear, white-tailed deer, bobcat, coyote, alligator, beaver, nutria, mink, otter, muskrat, armadillo, fox and opossum. Overall, the Atchafalaya Basin is home to nine federal and state listed endangered/threatened wildlife species, six endangered/threatened bird species, twenty-nine rookeries, greater than forty mammalian species, over forty reptile species and more than twenty amphibian species. The Atchafalaya is also considered the most productive swamp in the world and is probably the most productive land in the Northern Hemisphere. It is considered three to five times more productive than the Everglades and the Okefenokee Swamp. The swamps and marshes in Louisiana are so productive that, until the fur industry collapsed about 15 years ago, Louisiana was the number one producer of fur in North America. By 1939 Louisiana produced three times more pelts than Alaska, with Alaska producing 481,479 pelts and Louisiana 2,500,000 pelts. (Information from US Wildlife Bureau. The Atchafalaya Basin can be divided into three distinct areas: the northern part composed of bottomland hardwood forest, the middle, composed of cypress-willow-tupelo swamps, and the lower, which contains freshwater and brackish marsh. The Atchafalaya delta is the last remaining growing delta in Louisiana; this vast, newly-emerging delta acts as a prime wintering habitat for waterfowl. Threats to the Atchafalaya Basin: The Atchafalaya Basinkeeper The Atchafalaya Basinkeeper is one of approximately 170 keeper programs under the umbrella organization Waterkeeper Alliance. As a member of the Waterkeeper Alliance, we are held to the Waterkeeper Alliance Quality Standards, which we reference throughout this document. The Atchafalaya Basinkeeper is a 501c3 organization, as required by Waterkeeper Alliance Quality Standard # 3 that employs a full-time, paid, non-governmental public advocate for the identified waterbody, who identifies him with the Waterkeeper mark and who serves as the primary spokesperson for the waterbody as required by Waterkeeper Alliance Quality Standard #1. The (defining) basic concept of the Waterkeeper movement is that of an individual who is publicly identified as the voice of a Waterway, a single individual who has committed him or herself personally and professionally to taking on the many giants who abuse and/or threaten his/her waterbody. A "regular" person willing to take on all adversaries of the waterway and community is a powerful image. It is this image that has attracted members, supporters, funders and the media for over two decades. A Waterkeeper is a recognized individual willing to fight the odds, to speak with a clear and honest voice, no matter what the personal consequence, in order to give his/her Waterbody a place at the table, in order to ensure that his/her waterway is given a priority place in all decision making, and that its needs are not subjugated to the needs of others for any reason - business, economic, personal or political. Being a Waterkeeper is a full-time job. In fact, it is more than that. It is a way of life. The Waterkeeper should become so connected with their waterway that they defend it with all the love, emotion, commitment, time, energy and passion that they would care for a threatened child, parent or dear friend. The Atchafalaya Basinkeeper maintains a vessel clearly identified as the Atchafalaya Basinkeeper vessel that is readily available and actively used for patrols as required by Waterkeeper Alliance Quality Standard # 2. ATCHAFALAYA BASINKEEPER PLAN FOR ACTION Monitoring and Enforcement The primary job of a Waterkeeper is to advocate and enforce compliance with environmental laws, including the use of litigation and administrative challenges against polluters in appropriate circumstances, as required by Quality Standard # 8. Waterkeepers are enforcers. They find and eliminate sources of pollution and waterway harm using the laws that empower us to protect our waterbodies and communities. This is our niche and a powerful tool. We use the law to support our in-court and out-of-court advocacy, to ensure that our voice is heard in all public forums, and to stop the pollution and degradation of our waterways and watersheds. Enforcing the law with our words and deeds ensures that polluters and decision-makers sit up and listen when we speak - they know that if they don't pay attention we will take whatever action necessary to stop pollution and waterway harm, to enforce the law and to hold them accountable. And they know we are organizations and individuals with the knowledge, tools, connections, track record and community backing needed to succeed. We are willing to use all available tools to stop pollution and other forms of damage. The Waterkeeper program needs to undertake specific clean water initiatives, and not just public education or "feel good" activities. The Waterkeeper program needs to be actively monitoring the waterway, addressing both non-point source and point source discharges, advocating for enforcement of environmental and public participation laws, and enforcing these laws. Until now, the Tulane Environmental Law Clinic and Mrs. Leigh Haynie have been representing the Atchafalaya Basinkeeper's best efforts to enforce the law. As a result we forced Carrizo (an oil & gas exploration company) to withdraw their permit application for a new canal in the Basin. As far as we know, this was the first time that an oil company was forced to withdraw its permit application in the Atchafalaya Basin. Other important victories were stopping the draining of Lake Rycade and restoring the lake, obtaining a cease and desist order on Lost Lake, stopping the dredging of a 33-foot-deep, 57.38-acre barrow pit in a wetland in St. Mary Parish, and stopping all illegal logging operations in South Louisiana. We helped to file a lawsuit in Georgia and joined the lawsuit as friends of the court; as a result of that incredible victory, the court directed EPA and the Corps to look into the past to decide whether a logging operation is normal silvicultural practice and that to be silviculture, spontaneous tree growth does not qualify and active planting and tree care must have taken place in the past. Early on, Basinkeeper threatened the Chlorine PPG plant in Lake Charles with litigation, and as result the plant uses new technology that allows no mercury releases into the air. Today, we have a sixty-day notice of violation on Bayou Postillion and another one on Lost Lake. Business as usual in the Atchafalaya Basin is not acceptable. The main enforcer of our environmental laws, when it comes to operations in wetlands, is the Corps of Engineers. The Enforcement Department of the Corps has only two enforcers with an overall staff of nine people who also do other things like wetland determinations, and they do not even have access to a boat. It is as ridiculous to think that we can save the Atchafalaya Basin without any enforcement as to think that we can keep our banks open and full of money without a police force. In order to turn the tide of lack of compliance with mitigation and permits, the Atchafalaya Basinkeeper requires more resources than we have today. The Tulane Environmental Law Clinic has made a huge difference by representing Atchafalaya Basinkeeper's best efforts to enforce our environmental laws. Without the Tulane Environmental Law Clinic, our huge successes in policy reform and enforcement could not have taken place. Despite the herculean efforts from Tulane, there is so much constant legal work that it is essential that we hire a full-time attorney. We also must use best efforts to maintain representational standing as required by the Waterkeeper Alliance Quality Standard # 5. To fulfill this legal requirement and organizational obligation, it is important for us to have a membership base and to represent member interests in the waterway. A diversity of membership will help us gain access to justice for the Atchafalaya Basin. Monitoring has taken another dimension with flights provided by South Wings, a non-profit organization in North Carolina that provides flights to non-profit groups in order to help them preserve the environment. With the help of the flights we managed to put the "last nail in the coffin" for cypress logging here in South Louisiana by easily identifying illegal logging activities. We have identified illegal logging on state lands in the Atchafalaya Basin, illegal discharges by oil companies, and an oil waste pond that was cleaned up just after we reported it to DEQ. We also have two boats that are being used for monitoring. To identify and respond to citizen complaints we have a toll free hotline phone number. Citizen complaints and reports have provided invaluable information in the past. Developing a grassroots constituency is essential to accomplishing our goals of preserving the Atchafalaya Basin and is also required by the Waterkeeper Alliance Quality Standard # 4. Numbers matter! We are representing the waterway and the community. Community support equals credibility and success. Having a strong grassroots constituency: Starting fall/winter of 2008, we plan to begin a series of town meetings all around the Atchafalaya Basin. Education and research From the beginning, education has been one of the main tools to protect the Atchafalaya Basin and Louisiana's swamps. We very successfully educated EPA on why most cypress logging should not be exempt from permitting under Section 404 of the Clean Water Act. We educated most of the environmental groups in Louisiana and many abroad about the cypress mulch issue, and spearheaded the Save Our Cypress Coalition. Today, people from all over the nation know about cypress mulch and millions of people know about the Atchafalaya Basin. We have education programs that are taking place in local schools and civic groups. Last year we started citizen-based scientific research in the Basin with juniors and seniors from St. John School in Plaquemine. The idea is to combine research with education to increase people's interest in the solutions to solve the many problems and challenges the Atchafalaya Basin faces. For the program to be truly successful we must to expand it all over the Basin, and more staff must be hired. We are also looking into expanding the idea of nature centers in all the parishes around the Basin, like the one paid for by the city of Lafayette, so students can learn on location the basics of wetlands, the Atchafalaya Basin and environmental stewardship. More than anything else, the future of the Atchafalaya Basin will be determined by the way we manage water and its sediments. Nothing becomes more personal to us than this. The Atchafalaya Basin, with its cypress-tupelo swamps, is truly one of the wonders of America, contains some of the most productive wetlands in the world, and is the last great habitat of its kind in North America. Millions of migratory birds depend on these wetlands for their survival. Many people believe that siltation is a natural process and that it would happen any way. They believe that change is okay. However, in the case of the Atchafalaya Basin's swamps, that line of thinking leads to the loss of the most productive wetlands in North America. First of all, most of the Atchafalaya Basin's swamps are extremely old. Cypress trees over a thousand years old are living in areas where the water levels are the maximum depth that would have allowed them to become established when they were saplings-proof that there have been few changes in sediment accretion in those areas. In natural systems some swamps may change into bottomland hardwood forests while new swamps are created elsewhere, but with human intervention this is no longer the case. The system is no longer natural. The Atchafalaya Basin is silting in at an alarming rate because of human activities. Poor farming practices all over the nation have increased the sediment load into the Mississippi River. The Corps' manipulation in the Mississippi and Atchafalaya Basin are unnatural; diverting 60% of the Mississippi's sediment load into the Atchafalaya Basin is not part of the natural process, nor is the dredging of thousands of miles of canals throughout the Atchafalaya Basin and the building of a levee system that cut the surface of the Basin to less than half of what it once was. We no longer have other habitat like the swamps of the Atchafalaya Basin; this fact demands that we stop the trend of siltation in the Basin. Furthermore, the western hemisphere cannot afford to lose these swamps (to be replaced by acres of bottomland hardwood forests) because they are the last sizeable habitat critical to the survival of many bird species. Although research is desirable and will always be needed, in this case, we require no further research to begin taking immediate action against siltation. The Corps' policy of diverting 60% of the Mississippi River sediments into the Atchafalaya Basin must stop, and the Simmesport structure must be managed in a way that will improve water quality and increase the productivity of the Atchafalaya Basin's wetlands. Water quality projects should stop in all management units until a sediment-trap system is developed and a long-term management plan is developed and financed, including monitoring and long-term management of the sediment traps. The Atchafalaya Basinkeeper will develop a sediment management plan for the entire Basin and will work to obtain the grass roots support to implement it. At the same time, we will try to prevent the future misspending of funds on projects in the Basin that will reduce public access or benefit industry to the detriment of the swamp. All of our water management work will be entered into our GIS system that will be accessible through our website, including sedimentation of bayous and lakes throughout the Basin. Save our cypress forest campaign CYPRESS WETLAND FORESTS IN THE SOUTHERN U.S. Cypress wetland forests are among the most productive wetland ecosystems in the world. Bald cypress trees are deciduous conifers and are very closely related to the redwoods and sequoias in the western United States. Because cypress wetlands have trees, they are much more diverse than open marshland. Baldcypress grows to be thousands of years old and produces a big mass of cypress balls and leaves that many animals can eat. Baldcypress sheds its bark and many insects live under the loose bark making Bald cypress the most important trees for all species of woodpeckers. Perhaps the biggest contribution of Baldcypress to the habitat comes in the form of the many cavities that older trees develop and that provide nesting places for otters, minks, raccoons, black bears, beavers, wood ducks, owls and many species of birds and bats. The branches of Bald cypress come out perpendicular to the trunk, making them the chosen trees for most nesting waders like herons, egrets, and ibises. In Louisiana, cypress swamps and forests provide unique and irreplaceable habitat for threatened and endangered wildlife like the Louisiana black bear, bald eagles, and the recently rediscovered ivory-billed woodpeckers. These cypress wetlands provide critical habitat for the entire Eastern North American population and several species of the Western population of migratory and neo-tropical songbirds. The cypress swamps are part of Louisiana's national image and support our economy through eco-tourism, including bird watching, swamp tours, wildlife photography and outdoor recreation including fishing, boating and camping. Cypress wetlands also sustain freshwater and coastal fisheries, naturally filter pollutants and excess nutrients before they contaminate swimming and fishing areas, and alleviate global warming by acting as carbon sinks. LOGGING HISTORY OF SOUTHERN LOUISIANA Going into a southern swamp 150 years ago was like going into a heavenly cathedral. Huge trunks would rise into the sky 150 feet tall, forming a very thick canopy like a huge ceiling over the swamp. All cypress swamps in the southern United States were logged around the turn of the century. Many of those forests never regenerated. Today, most of the trees in our swamps are only 80 to 120 years old. They are small in size especially in the deep swamps and it will take several hundred years for them to grow back to the size they were at the turn of the century and to provide their full benefits to those ecosystems. A few old-growth trees were left uncut because they were defective or hollow. Many of those very old trees are dying out and it will take several hundred years for the younger ones to replace them. There were once over 2 million acres of cypress-tupelo swamps in Louisiana; only 800,000 acres recovered from the first logging. Logging to produce cypress mulch started in the year 2000. In the sense that none of those forests have fully recovered from the first logging and that if logged again today even under the best conditions it will take another one hundred years to grow back to their former size and provide the same ecological benefits that we get today, I do not think that we can consider any of those forests renewable. If the question is whether this species of tree will be present again one day if they are logged now, we can find the answer in the most comprehensive study ever done on this issue. In 2004, the Governor of Louisiana commissioned a Science Working Group to study and assess our coastal wetland forests and to provide recommendations for their conservation and use. In April 2005 the group released their final report. The report can be found on the Coastal Forests Working Group Website. In this report, the scientists divided Louisiana's coastal wetland forests into three condition classes. Condition class III wetland forests are forests that will never regenerate and cannot be replanted. Condition class II areas are wetland forests that only have the potential to regenerate if replanted and artificially supported. Because of herbivores like nutria and deer, the only way to restore a Class II swamp is to provide protection from foraging herbivores, which is very costly. Class I wetland forests have "potential" for regeneration. Many Class I swamps in the study were not regenerating because other faster growing, invasive tree species like the Chinese tallow and box elder were crowding the b aldcypress out. Cypress forests provide critical protection for coastal communities by protecting those communities from the worst of hurricane and tidal storm surges and minimize flooding by capturing excess water. Restoring or improving natural wetlands is much cheaper than large-scale man-made flood protection methods in most cases. For example, the cost of replacing the flood control function of the 5,000 acres of wetlands drained each year in Minnesota alone would be $1.5 million, compared to the billions lost to flood damage (Source: The Wetlands Initiative). Recent literature has estimated the monetized annual benefits of Louisiana's coastal wetland forests at $6.7 billion per year or more than double the monetized benefits of the harvested timber ($3.3 billion one-time deal). Hurricane Katrina dramatically illustrated the costs of inadequate flood protection. The loss of more than 1,000 lives and billions of dollars is a wakeup call. The construction of the Mississippi River Gulf Outlet navigation channel in St. Bernard parish allowed a huge storm surge funnel to form which contributed greatly to more intense flooding in Chalmette and in New Orleans East which includes the Lower Ninth Ward. The creation of the MRGO channel directly caused the loss of hundreds of acres of cypress wetlands, New Orleans and St. Bernard's natural flood protection barrier. Wetland restoration and protection is a key part of an overall strategy for reducing future risks. Harvesting our beautiful cypress forests, for the most part, is not sustainable and should be stopped. Much of the clamor for a new wave of logging is driven by consumer demand for cypress mulch, a product that is cheaper for the industry to bring to market than high quality cypress lumber. Also, cypress trees can be harvested for mulch even before they are mature enough for profitable harvesting for lumber. Because a 100-year-old cypress tree is still a young and usually small tree, this is exactly what is happening in Louisiana. The cypress mulch industry has severely reduced Florida's cypress forests and has now fully moved into Louisiana. It is obvious that as long as there is a market for cheap cypress mulch, the industry will not stop until they have depleted all cypress forests in the country. Consumers are attracted to cypress mulch due to its out-dated reputation as an insect-repellant, more durable mulch. The truth is that those characteristics existed only in older trees that had the time to develop heartwood and today's trees are too young to possess those traits. Cypress logging for mulch started again in the year 2000. At one time enquiries about the legality of logging over half a million acres of cypress forests went through the Army Corps of Engineers Office. From the year 2000 to the year 2006 (in six years) over 80,000 acres of cypress-tupelo swamps were logged in the state of Louisiana-that is over one-tenth of the remaining cypress-tupelo swamps in the state. In some years swamps were being logged at a rate of 20,000 acres a year. Today we have managed to stop most of the logging with only a few hundred acres logged in south Louisiana in 2008. Undoubtedly, without the work of the Atchafalaya Basinkeeper, most cypress-tupelo swamps in the state of Louisiana would have been made into mulch. Today the Atchafalaya Basinkeeper is a national leader in the movement to stop the cypress mulch industry in the United States. ATCHAFALAYA BASINKEEPER VERSUS LOGGERS In the early 1990s, landowners in the Atchafalaya Basin were talking about logging everything in the Basin, removing even the big old growth stumps left from logging times, to make cypress mulch, and no group was taking serious actions to deal with the threat looming over the Atchafalaya Basin and the rest of Louisiana. This eventually convinced Dean to become the Atchafalaya Basinkeeper. Today the Atchafalaya Basinkeeper is a national leader in the movement to stop the cypress mulch industry in the United States. We got there by fighting logging on all fronts: There are two laws that could be applied to protect forested wetlands forests: Section 10 of the Rivers and Harbors Act and Section 404 of the Clean Water Act. Section 10 of the Rivers and Harbors Act was being enforced by the Corps of Engineers at the time that we came into the environmental arena. Louisiana's congressmen tried to put pressure at the Washington DC headquarters to stop the New Orleans District from enforcing Section 10 and we were very fortunate that the general public supported the district's attempts to enforce Section 10. There were two problems: Section 10 applies only to swamps that are under the ordinary high water mark and are connected to navigable waters, and the Corps had only 8 people in the field from the entire New Orleans District and they did not even own a boat. The Atchafalaya Basinkeeper started to help the Corps identify illegal logging, making it very clear to the industry that they could no longer get away with more illegal logging under Section 10. The industry responded by trying to get rid of the law. Senator Vitter of Louisiana amended his water bill to ask for nearly two billion dollars for wetland restoration in Louisiana. The amendment would have effectively crippled Section 10 and not only would have allowed for massive logging operations in those wetlands but also for massive destruction to the land itself. Protecting Section 10 became one of our main goals. Meanwhile, Section 404 of the Clean Water Act was not being enforced by the Corps of Engineers because the EPA was dragging their feet in making a determination on whether cypress logging on wetlands was exempt from a Section 404 permit as a normal silviculture practice, although it was clear from scientific studies that many of those forests will not regenerate, disqualifying this practice from being silviculture. (Today, thanks to our lawsuit victory in Georgia, to qualify for the silviculture exemption, the cypress trees in question must have been planted and tended.) First, we warned U.S. Senators from other states about the amendment; Senators Clinton, Lieberman, Boxer, Jeffords, Carper, and Chafee responded with a paper of their own explaining the truth about Section 10 and that was against the Vitter amendment. Vitter was defeated and forced to remove his amendment from the bill. Next, we organized a coalition of environmental groups and went to Washington D.C. to speak with our senators and U.S. representatives and to educate EPA about the cypress logging issue in Louisiana. In those meetings several groups were represented, including Louisiana Environmental Action Network, Lower Mississippi Riverkeeper, Atchafalaya Basinkeeper, Coalition to Restore Coastal Louisiana, National Sierra Club, Louisiana's Delta Chapter of the Sierra Club, Baton Rouge Audubon, National Audubon, and America's Wetlands. We did a power point presentation with graphic pictures of the logging and a scientist from the Louisiana Governor's Science Working Group was on hand to answer questions about regeneration. After our trip to Washington we took top EPA officials from their office in Dallas and the head enforcer of the New Orleans District of the Corps of Engineers into the Atchafalaya swamps in an attempt to show them that regeneration was not possible for most of our swamps. EPA agreed with us and took our position. Today EPA, for the first time ever, is enforcing Section 404 of the Clean Water Act on illegal logging operations. There is no feasible way to control or determine which mulch is coming from a potentially renewable forest and which mulch is coming from a certainly non-renewable forest. Corporations like Corbitt who produce "No Float" cypress mulch, have shown us that they will go to any length to deceive retailers and the public about where they are getting their mulch just so they can sell their product. Big retailers are selling an illegal product and using false advertising to sell it. We helped to create a lawsuit in Georgia and joined the lawsuit as friends of the court; as a result of that incredible victory, the court directed EPA and the Corps to look into the past to decide whether a logging operation is normal silviculture practice and that to be silviculture, spontaneous tree growth does not qualify and active planting and tree care must have taken place in the past. More lawsuits will follow, broadening the enforcement powers of the EPA. The Atchafalaya Basinkeeper is the only group that directly helps the Corps of Engineers to identify, document and ultimately stop logging operations. We are also the only group that documented and still documents the chain of command, which was critical to stopping the massive cypress logging operations that were taking place in Southern Louisiana. We fly several times a year over the Atchafalaya Basin, Maurepas Basin, Upper Barataria-Terrabonne Basin, and the Pearl River Basin looking for logging operations. We also fly over the mulch plants to monitor cypress mulch activity. We also rely on the general public to report to us cypress-logging activities. Once a lumber company gets notice from the Corps, that company is out of illegal logging for good. THE MARKET, RETAILERS One of Dean's first priorities as a Basinkeeper was to educate The Waterkeeper Alliance and other environmental groups and share with them the ugly facts and the mounting evidence against the mulch industry. With the help of LEAN and the Waterkeeper Alliance we had our first great victory with an agreement from Lowe's and The Home Depot not to sell any more cypress mulch from coastal Louisiana. Soon after the Save Our Cypress Coalition was created and thanks to a joint effort from all members of the Coalition, Wal-Mart announced that they would stop selling cypress mulch harvested, manufactured or bagged in the State of Louisiana. Today Lowe's and The Home Depot have a boundary and they will not sell cypress mulch harvested below the I-10 I-12 corridor. We expanded our Coalition to other states and I am actively teaching other groups from other states how to monitor for illegal logging in their states. I am also meeting with forestry associations from other states to educate them about the problems with the industry and the exploits of the Louisiana Forestry Association. SouthWings' board of directors approved making cypress logging one of their main priorities. Together with LEAN, the Lower Mississippi Riverkeeper, other Waterkeeper programs, SouthWings and The Gulf Restoration Network, we hope to put a halt to this scourge once and for all; our swamps will never be completely safe until we do. The Atchafalaya Basinkeeper, as the lead group on these efforts, has the moral obligation to push this issue to the end. Over the past three years I have given hundreds of presentations about the issue to environmental groups, schools, civic groups, politicians, agencies, and the media. Today, thanks to the hard work of many groups, people from all over the nation know about the issue, and the Atchafalaya Basinkeeper planted that seed. Fundraising has been the Achilles' heel of the Atchafalaya Basinkeeper. Most of the funds to operate until now have come from the generosity of Marylee Orr and LEAN. Until now we have had a few grants; one important one from the Sierra Club and donations from some members. Some of our board members have made strong contributions in the past. All together the organization has never managed to pay even 50% of the Basinkeeper's salary. The Atchafalaya Basinkeeper board already approved a fundraising plan that included three different ways to obtain money: ATCHAFALAYA BASINKEEPER'S VISION FOR ACTION The following basic facts are essential in order to move forward on a plan that could ultimately preserve the Atchafalaya Basin: FACTS THAT DRIVE THE VISION

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Despite the onslaught of politicians attempting to project an air of question around man-made climate change, studies continue to emerge proving the connection between human actions and our changing environment. The most recent study, published in Nature Climate Change, finds an "anthropogenic fingerprint" (human influence) on our warming oceans. The study, "Human-Induced Global Ocean Warming On Multidecadal Timescales," was conducted by researchers in the U.S., Australia, Japan and India. Based on observations of rising upper-ocean temperatures, the researchers used improved estimates of ocean temperatures to examine the causes of our warming ocean. According to a Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory press release, the study shows that over the past 50 years, observed ocean warming is explained only when greenhouse gas increases are included in the models. Lead author and LLNL climate scientist Peter Gleckler said in the press release, "The bottom line is that this study substantially strengthens the conclusion that most of the observed global ocean warming over the past 50 years is attributable to human activities." Gleckler added, "Although we performed a series of tests to account for the impact of various uncertainties, we found no evidence that simultaneous warming of the upper layers of all seven seas can be explained by natural climate variability alone. Humans have played a dominant role." Report co-author Dr. John Church explained to Australia's ABC News AM that "Natural variability could only explain 10 percent, or thereabouts, of the observed change." Oceanography expert Nathan Bindoff told the news organization, "This paper's important because, for the first time, we can actually say that we're virtually certain that the oceans have warmed, and that warming is caused not by natural processes, but by rising greenhouse gases primarily." He added, "We did it. No matter how you look at it, we did it. That's it." The recent ocean warming study has been released on the heels of other disturbing climate change reports. Arctic monitoring stations are now measuring over 400 parts per million of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, a disturbing milestone that far surpasses the 350 ppm mark that many scientists consider the threshold separating safe from dangerous. Researchers recently warned in Nature that the world is heading toward a tipping point of disastrous consequences driven by human-led increases in atmospheric carbon dioxide and rising global temperatures: "The plausibility of a planetary-scale ‘tipping point’ highlights the need to improve biological forecasting by detecting early warning signs of critical transitions on global as well as local scales, and by detecting feedbacks that promote such transitions. It is also necessary to address root causes of how humans are forcing biological changes." Despite the ominous findings, some politicians are still attempting to project an element of doubt on issues surrounding human-induced climate change. A Virginia lawmaker recently fought to omit mentions of "climate change" and "sea level rise" from a coastal flooding study, telling the BBC, "The jury's still out" on whether humans contribute to global warming. Despite his claim, studies such as the recent ocean warming one are turning in a pretty clear verdict. BEFORE YOU GO 10 Countries With The Most CO2 Emissions:

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India on World Health Day 1976 A commemorative postage stamp on the World Health Day : Prevention of Blindness : Issued on Apr 7, 1976 Issued for : The Posts and Telegraphs Department deems it a privilege to associate itself with the observance of the World Health Day by issuing a special postage stamp. Description of Design : The stamp which is designed by Shri Benoy Sarkar based on the theme of the World Health Day ‘Foresight Prevents Blindness’. Designed by : Shri Benoy Sarkar Type : Stamp, Postal Used Colour : Dark brown & scarlet Denomination : 25 Paise Overall Size : 3.91 X 2.90 cms. Printing Size : 3.56 X 2.54 cms. Perforation : 13 x 13 Watermark : Unwatermarked paper Number Printed : 30,00,000 Number per issue sheet : 35 Printing process : Photogravure Printed at : India Security Press - The World Health Day is observed on April 7 every year throughout the world. It marks the anniversary of the coming into being of the Constitution of the World Health Organisation in 1948. The theme chosen for the observance of the Day in 1976 is ‘Foresight Prevents Blindness‘, which lays emphasis on the importance of preventive measures against blindness. - The problem of curable and incurable blindness has been posing a serious public health, social and economic problem in India. It is estimated that there are 45 million people in the country suffering from visual defects of one type or another. There are about 9 million blind persons including about 5 million who can be cured by proper surgical treatment. It is estimated that 2,50,000 children have lost their sight mostly due to nutritional deficiencies, injuries and squints. - Seized with this, the Central Council of Health has recommended the adoption of a national plan of action for the prevention of blindness in the country. The strategy recommended by the Council include: - Wide dissemination of information about eye-care with particular emphasis on pre-school and school going children and other vulnerable groups. - Orientation of teachers, social workers and community leaders on problems of eye-health care including nutrition. - Augmentation of Ophthalmic Services in such a way that relief can be given to the community in the shortest possible time and the simultaneous establishment of a permanent infrastructure for the community oriented eye-health care. - The comprehensive plan of action lays emphasis on a three-tier system : covering rural areas through Primary Health Centres and Mobile Ophthalmic Units, Taluk and District hospitals becoming first Referral Centres and establishment of centres for specialised eye-care. - The theme of the World Health Day ‘Foresight Prevents Blindness’ is the manifestation of ophthalmic and spiritual knowledge. It indicates that we stand to lead individuals from darkness to light. - To teacher and researcher the theme implies acquisition of more knowledge through real effort in search of truth. - To the student the theme emphasises the removal of inner darkness of thought and action by acquiring new knowledge and a step forward in the common effort in search of truth. - To the ophthalmic surgeon and physician the theme is an exhortation to restore vision wherever it is lost and prevent loss of sight in others to lead those under their care from darkness to light.

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This document is a specification of the Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) TCP/IP internet routing protocol. OSPF is classified as an Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP). This means that it distributes routing information between routers belonging to a single Autonomous System. The OSPF protocol is based on link-state or SPF technology. This is a departure from the Bellman-Ford base used by traditional TCP/IP internet routing protocols. The OSPF protocol was developed by the OSPF working group of the Internet Engineering Task Force. It has been designed expressly for the TCP/IP internet environment, including explicit support for IP subnetting, TOS-based routing and the tagging of externally-derived routing information. OSPF also provides for the authentication of routing updates, and utilizes IP multicast when sending/receiving the updates. In addition, much work has been done to produce a protocol that responds quickly to topology changes, yet involves small amounts of routing protocol traffic. The author would like to thank Fred Baker, Jeffrey Burgan, Rob Coltun, Dino Farinacci, Vince Fuller, Phanindra Jujjavarapu, Milo Medin, Kannan Varadhan and the rest of the OSPF working group for the ideas and support they have given to this project.

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It is Spring here in the Northwest. Many of the classes use butterflies for instruction on the cycle of life. They watch caterpillars form cocoons and develop into butterflies. I found directions for folding paper butterflies on Pinterest. They made a good activity for my bulletin board and a direction following activity. It also helped to reinforce what was happening in classrooms. Here is a picture of the bulletin board. The directions were fairly simple and could be completed within a 20 minute time frame. I added pipe cleaner antennae. The students just bent a pipe cleaner in half and wrapped the ends around their fingers a couple of times. They then stapled it to the top. These directions really reinforced the concept of half. We also talked about parts of a butterfly. I was surprised to find my students didn’t know what antennae were. I couldn’t make better directions then what were already posted here. There are easy to follow directions on goorigami.com. I just put them up on my iPad.

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Iron and manganese can cause a brownish orange staining on plumbing fixtures. The level of iron and manganese in our raw water is enough to cause staining problems. Since December of 2003 Mansfield has been using Chlorine Dioxide to reduce iron and manganese. Hot South Texas summer weather results in a rapid algae growth in our surface water reservoirs. As the algae decay, they release taste and odor compounds. The Mansfield Water Treatment Plant replaced the anthracite coal filter media with GAC (Granular Activated Carbon) in the plant expansion of 1999. As a result, the tastes and odor nuisance was greatly reduced. However, there are times of the year when the algae growths can exceed the GAC's ability to remove the tastes and odors completely.

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Want to live longer, naturally? Then try this: Eat more omega-6 fatty acids. Also known as linoleic acid, this fatty acid is just as important as omega-3 fatty acids, helping you live longer, more robustly, and with a lower risk of disease overall. Research shows that these fatty acids increase anti-inflammatory compounds in the bloodstream, reducing inflammation in the body. This could lead up to 43 percent lower risk of premature death, according to one American Journal of Clinical Nutrition study, published in 2018. So which foods are rich in omega-3 fatty acids? Well here are 3 essential foods that could help: - All nuts and seeds. These are natural, healthy sources of omega-6 fatty acids that could also help regulate your blood pressure, according to some research. - Dairy products. Dairy products such as egg yolks, butter, and American cheese are packed full of omega-6 fatty acids; just make sure to choose organic, free-range versions to keep it as healthy as possible. - Oil. Most oils are rich in this key compound, including grapeseed, flaxseed, hempseed, and evening primrose oil. Use them to flavor your favorite meals as an easy way to improve your health. Be careful, however–these foods are also rich in calories, so it’s best not to overindulge. Instead, aim to have 1 to 2 servings per day; moderation is key here.

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Native to India, Banyan trees grow all through South Asia. These large trees can grow to 656 feet in diameter and 98 feet in height. Banyan trees grow figs and produce flowers, which attract monkeys, birds, and wasps. They also produce rubber and a milky sap used for a variety of products. One of the largest Banyon trees was found in Calcutta, India. It reached over 80 feet tall with a 420 meter canopy. Banyon trees require a high amount of moisture and can be easily damaged by frost. Fun Fact: As the Banyon tree grows, its aerial roots hang down, creating the illusion that these trees have several trunks. Click here to cancel reply. Sorry,At this time user registration is disabled. We will open registration soon! Don't have an account? Click Here to Signup © Copyright GreenAnswers.com LLC

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Presto! Fast color-changing material may lead to more powerful computers (w/Video) (PhysOrg.com) -- Researchers in Japan are reporting development of a new so-called "photochromic" material that changes color thousands of times faster than conventional materials when exposed to light. De-multiplexing to the max: 640 Gbits/second Sliced light is how we communicate now. Millions of phone calls and cable television shows per second are dispatched through fibers in the form of digital zeros and ones formed by chopping laser pulses into bits. This slicing ...

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reply to post by digital01anarchy Okay here it is. One of the main reasons why quantum theory doesn't apply to large bodies is because of gravity. As you know, Newton came up with the maths for the movement of large bodies. Newton predicted everything from matter elasticity to celestial bodies (like planets) orbits. But when we discovered the atoms, and found out that there were electrons orbiting in there, Newton's equations didn't work anymore - obviously something else than gravity was holding the atom together. So Bohr came up with a quantum model of the atom, which was specially designed for atoms. Not large bodies, because they are different forces: Quarks, in protons and neutrons, are held together by the colour force. The hadrons in a nucleus of an atom is made of quarks. Electrons stay in orbit around the atom's nucleus because of Weak interaction. You can't use Colour force to do that - Colour force is so small in size that it does not interact with electrons, no more than your voice is strong enough to be heard all the way up to the Moon. Objects are made of atoms. Objects attract and repel each other because of Gravity. You can't use Weak interaction to do that - Weak interaction force is so small that it does not interact, not even interfere, with large body movements. That's why laws for atoms, at the quantum level, don't work for large bodies - we are referring to different forces, with different equations specially designed for these events. Where quantum forces stops matching the behaviour of large bodies, Newtonian classical physics takes over. Another reason why quantum don't apply for large bodies: we can watch large bodies. BUT we can't watch particles. Here's why. When you look at a large body, may it be a planet, a cell, anything, you can send light to it - and when this light is reflected by the body, you get an image of the body. Remember that to see a body, you have to light it up in the first place. That works even at the microscopic level. You can even send an electron beam, just like electron microscopes do, to watch molecules. BUT, as Werner Heisenberg showed, that doesn't work anymore when you try to observe small particles. The reason is because light itself carries energy. If the particle is too small, and you shine a light on it, this light will collide with the particle and kick it in some unpredictable direction. That's why Heisenberg introduced his Uncertainty Principle: past a certain point, your microscopes (and any other equipments that sends a beam of light or a beam of electrons) will become useless - thus you'll never be able to really know where the particle is. That's why quantum theory was introduced: to predict where this particle COULD be. To do that they use an equation which they call a probability wave function. This equation basically guesses where the particle is more likely to be. Where Newtonian classical physics stops working for small particles, quantum takes over. The Universe is a super large body. Thus most concepts of quantum, which were designed to predict nothing larger than an atom, stops working once you talk about galaxy clusters and all that. There are many attempts to merge Newtonian, large-scale classical physics with Quantum, particle-scale physics. New Agers, which believe that you can make large-scale bodies appear and disappear simply by looking at them (not even shine a light on them, just looking! Obviously they don't understand that to be influenced, the particle needs to RECEIVE something from the observer, like light ) are very eager to find such merge in science. Some of New Agers simply dismiss Newton's equation and firmly believe that Quantum can explain it all. They find comfort in believing that they can influence matter around them simply by staring at it. Some New Agers merged that with meditation techniques and gave rise to the Quantum Buddhism movement, in which if you just meditate enough you'll gain quantum superpowers like dimensional teleportation and other things like that.

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PilotsAn plane pilot or aviator is actually a individual who controls the flight of an aircraft by running its directional flight controls. Even though other aircrew associates for example navigators or flight engineers may also be deemed aviators, given that they are associated with operating the plane's navigation and engine methods. Other aircrew members which include flight attendants, mechanics and floor crew, will not be categorized as aviators. In recognition from the pilots' qualifications and responsibilities, most militaries and plenty of airlines around the globe award aviator badges to their pilots, and this involves naval aviators. The first recorded use of your phrase aviator (aviateur in French) was in 1887, as a variation of "aviation", within the Latin avis (indicating chicken), coined in 1863 by G. de la Landelle in Aviation Ou Navigation Aérienne ("Aviation or Air Navigation"). The term aviatrix (aviatrice in French), now archaic, was previously utilized for a woman aviator. These phrases had been applied a lot more in the early times of aviation, when airplanes had been particularly unusual, and connoted bravery and adventure. One example is, a 1905 reference perform explained the Wright brothers' 1st airplane: "The weight, including the system in the aviator, is a bit more than seven-hundred lbs".[one] To ensure the basic safety of people from the air and on the bottom, early aviation quickly required that aircraft be under the operational Charge of a properly skilled, Qualified pilot constantly, that's answerable for the safe and authorized completion of the flight. The Aéro-Club de France delivered the initial certification to Louis Blériot in 1908—followed by Glenn Curtiss, Léon Delagrange, and Robert Esnault-Pelterie. Absolutely the authority specified for the "pilot in command" derives from that of the ship's captain. Pilots landing a Boeing 777 Civilian pilots fly plane of all types privately for enjoyment, charity, or in pursuance of a company, and/or commercially for non-scheduled (charter) and scheduled passenger and cargo air carriers (Airways), company aviation, agriculture (crop dusting, and so forth.), forest fireplace Command, legislation enforcement, etcetera. When flying for an airline, pilots are frequently referred to as airline pilots, Using the pilot in command generally referred to as the captain. You'll find 290,000 airline pilots on the earth in 2017 and aircraft simulator company CAE Inc. forecasts a need for 255,000 new types for just a population of 440,000 by 2027, one hundred fifty,000 for advancement and one zero five,000 to offset retirement and attrition : ninety,000 in Asia-Pacific (ordinary pilot age in 2016: forty five.eight years), 85,000 in Americas (forty eight years), fifty,000 in Europe (43.7 a long time) and 30,000 in Middle East & Africa (forty five.seven years).[two] As there will be forty one,030 new airliners by 2036, plane maker Boeing expects 637,000 new airline pilots between 2017 after which: forty% in Asia Pacific (248,000), eighteen% in North The usa (112,000) and seventeen% in Europe (104,000).[three] By November 2017, due a shortage of skilled pilots, some pilots are leaving company aviation to return to airlines. In a single example a Global 6000 pilot, making $250,000 a year for 10 to fifteen flight hours a month, returned to American Airlines with full seniority. A Gulfstream G650 or Global 6000 pilot may generate in between $245,000 and $265,000, and recruiting a single might demand approximately $three hundred,000. At the opposite conclusion with the spectrum, constrained through the offered pilots, some modest carriers seek the services of new pilots who have to have three hundred several hours to leap to Airways in a very 12 months. They may recruit non-profession pilots who have other Employment or airline retirees who want to continue to fly. The volume of airline pilots could decrease as automation replaces copilots and eventually pilots as well. In January 2017 Rhett Ross, CEO of Continental Motors reported "my worry is that in another twenty years—Otherwise quicker—automatic and autonomous flight will have created sufficiently to put downward strain on the two wages as well as the number and type of flying Work accessible. Therefore if A child asks the concern now and they is 18, 20 years from now might be 2037 and our would-be careerist will likely be 38—not even mid-profession. Who among us thinks aviation and specifically for-employ the service of flying will look like it does now?" Christian Dries, operator of Diamond Aircraft Austria explained "Driving the curtain, plane makers are working on a single-pilot cockpit the place the airplane might be controlled from the bottom and only in case of malfunction does the pilot of the aircraft interfere. Basically the flight are going to be autonomous And that i anticipate this to occur in the following five to six years for freighters." In August 2017 economical corporation UBS predicted pilotless airliners are technically feasible and will appear all-around 2025, giving about $35bn of savings, generally in pilot expenses: $26bn for Airways, $3bn for company jets and $two.1bn for civil helicopters; $3bn/yr from lower pilot instruction and aviation insurance expenditures as a result of safer flights; $1bn from flight optimisation (one% of world Airways' $133bn jet fuel Invoice in 2016); not counting revenue possibility from amplified capacity utilization. Regulation really need to adapt with air cargo likely with the forefront, but pilotless flights could be restricted by shopper behaviour: fifty four% of eight,000 folks surveyed are defiant though 17% are supportive, with acceptation progressively forecast.[six] AVweb reporter Geoff Rapoport stated, "pilotless aircraft are an interesting prospect for Airways bracing for the need to seek the services of several hundred thousand new pilots in the subsequent ten years. Wages and instruction expenditures happen to be speedily mounting at regional U.S. Airways over the last many decades as the major airlines have hired pilots through the regionals at unparalleled prices to protect amplified air travel need from financial enlargement and a wave of retirements". About to pilotless airliners can be carried out in one Daring action or in gradual improvements like by reducing the cockpit crew for long haul missions or enabling solitary pilot cargo aircraft. The business has not determined the way to progress nonetheless. Existing automatic units aren't autonomous and has to be monitored, their alternative could have to have synthetic intelligence with equipment learning while present Licensed computer software is deterministic. Africa and Asia In a few nations, for example Pakistan, Thailand and a number of other African nations, You will find a potent relationship between the army as well as the principal national airlines, and a lot of airline pilots originate from the military services; however, that is no longer the case in The usa and Western Europe.[citation wanted] When the flight decks of U.S. and European airliners do have ex-armed service pilots, lots of pilots are civilians. Military services schooling and traveling, when demanding, is basically distinct in many ways from civilian piloting. Operating an plane in Canada is controlled with the Aeronautics Act of 1985 as well as the Canadian Aviation Regulations provide rules for Pilot licensing in Canada. Retirement age is furnished by Just about every airline with some set to age 60, but variations to your Canadian Human Legal rights Act have restricted retirement age set via the Airways. United states of america In 1930, the Air Commerce Act More founded pilot licensing necessities for American civil aviation. Business airline pilots in The us have a compulsory retirement age of sixty five, obtaining improved from age sixty in 2007. File-16 pilot in flight Military pilots fly Along with the armed forces of a government or country-condition. Their tasks contain overcome and non-combat functions, which includes direct hostile engagements and aid operations. Army pilots undertake specialised coaching, normally with weapons. Examples of military services pilots include things like fighter pilots, bomber pilots, transport pilots, exam pilots and astronauts. Navy pilots also serve as flight crews on plane for government staff, like Air Drive A single and Air Force Two in The usa. The term "pilot" will not be Utilized in the U.S. Navy, the popular phrase being "aviator".[citation essential] Army pilots are properly trained with a special syllabus than civilian pilots, which happens to be sent by military services instructors. This is due to different aircraft, flight aims, flight circumstances and chains of obligation. Numerous armed service pilots do transfer to civilian-pilot qualification after they depart the military, and normally their military services expertise presents the basis for the civilian pilot's license. Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs, also called "drones") work with no pilot on-board and so are classed into two categories: autonomous aircraft that run without the need of active human Handle all through flight and remotely piloted UAVs which can be operated remotely by a number of persons. The individual managing a remotely piloted UAV may be called its pilot or operator. Depending upon the sophistication and use in the UAV, pilots/operators of UAVs may well involve certification or instruction, but are commonly not issue towards the licensing/certification demands of pilots of manned plane. Most jurisdictions have limits on the use of UAVs that have greatly restricted their use in managed airspace; UAVs have generally been restricted to army and hobbyist use. In The us, utilization of UAVs is rather confined in controlled airspace (usually, previously mentioned four hundred ft/122m and faraway from airports) and the FAA prohibits nearly all commercial use. When rules are created Srednja vazduhoplovna to permit expanded utilization of UAVs in managed airspace, there is predicted to generally be a large surge of UAVs in use and, consequently, higher need for pilots/operators of those aircraft. The overall principle of the plane pilot might be placed on human spaceflight, at the same time. The spacecraft pilot could be the astronaut who instantly controls the Procedure of the spacecraft, when Found in just that very same craft (not remotely). This time period derives straight from the use with the phrase "pilot" in aviation, the place it can be synonymous with "aviator". Observe that to the N.A.S.An area Shuttle, the phrase "pilot" is analogous on the phrase "co-pilot" in aviation, since the "commander" has final duty for your shuttle. Army aviation coaching inside a Royal Air Force Nimrod plane Even further facts: Pilot licensing and certification Pilots are necessary to undergo several hours of flight coaching and theoretical study, that vary depending upon the state. Step one is getting the Private Pilot License (PPL), or Private Pilot Certification. This can take at the least 40 hours of flight time which has a Qualified Flight Teacher (CFI). In The us, an LSA (Light Activity Aircraft) license can be attained in no less than 20 hours of flight time. Another action within a pilot's progression is possibly Instrument Score (IR), or Multi-Engine Ranking (MEP) endorsements. If an experienced profession or professional-stage expertise are preferred, a Professional Pilot License (CPL) endorsement would also be required. To captain an airliner, a person have to acquire an Airline Transportation Pilot License (ATPL). Soon after 1 August 2013, regardless if currently being a First Officer (FO), an ATPL is needed. Some nations around the world/carriers demand/use a Multi Crew Coordination (MCC).

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Currently inside the United States more than 100,000 people are waiting for a solid organ transplant such as a new heart, kidney, or pancreas. With a growing disparity between the numbers of donors and recipients, last year only 28,000 people received a transplant and the vast majority of the recipients were over the age of 18 . For those under the age of 18, availability of properly sized organs is a major factor along with increased risks with the surgery. Even after the transplant surgery takes place, there is always a chance of rejection along with potentially deadly side effects of immunosuppressant medications. In response to this issue, research scientists have begun to explore alternatives by turning to what seems an unlikely source, pigs. Though pigs are most certainly not our closest genetic relatives, we share a remarkably similar internal organ structure including every thoracic and abdominal organ with only a few variations . Pigs have long played an important role in medicine, in the past we have substituted their insulin for diabetes treatments and currently we substitute their heart valves in certain surgeries. Seemingly straight from a science fiction novel, Dr. Hiromitsu Nakauchi has elected to take this one step further in attempting to grow entire human organs inside pigs. Nakauchi’s work is currently focused on the creation of the human pancreas through creation of chimeric pigs. These pigs would be a combination of pig embryos and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) from humans that are specialized in growing the target organ . The initial pig embryos would first have to be disabled for the creation of a pancreas so that during embryonic and later development the pancreas would be fully human . These adult pigs would also then produce offspring with the target organ disabled making it much more cost effective to produce a continuous stream of human organs. And due to the use of iPSCs, the newly grown organ would contain the patient’s original DNA which would help decrease the risk of rejection. Much of the controversy that surrounds Nakauchi’s work arises from misleading understandings of a chimera. By definition, a chimera is a single organism with a genetic composition from genetically distinct zygotes however the DNA is never mixed on a chromosomal or intracellular level. Many people are mistaking chimeras for hybrids, which include crossing two gametes to create on zygote which involves fully combining the two individual’s DNA. Nakauchi’s work does not create a half-human half-pig hybrid containing equal amounts of DNA; instead his work creates a pig that contains only a human pancreas. The main fear in regards to chimeric pigs is the potential development of “human” neurons or parts of the reproductive organs . The risks can be reduced by complimenting male cells with female donors and ongoing work is focused upon researching ways to reduce the formation of unwanted crossover cells . However, this raises the question: where do we draw the line? In regards to our genetically closest relative, the chimpanzee, they are not accorded any standing and those deemed dangerous to the public are euthanized. If we were to change a single chimpanzee gene to make it identical to a human’s, the percent relativeness would certainly increase. With this increase would we then have to afford chimpanzees full legal rights; would it then be illegal to keep individuals locked inside a zoo? The absurdity of such a statement proves that a definitive distinction exists between being human and simply being genetically similar. Expanding this to the chimera pigs, even with the inoculation of a small percent of human cells outside the pancreas, they would not be transformed into cognizant and self-aware human-pig hybrids. Understandably, chimera research has a tremendous ability to cross these boundaries, particularly when dealing directly with the development of humanized brains . However in the case of the pigs being created solely with pancreatic iPSCs, this risk is much reduced. Animal rights groups have also been opposed to chimera research stating “Chimeras contribution to the debasement of animals” and are a cause of pain and distress to animals being used for research . In the case of the chimera pigs used for pancreases, it has been shown that they would lead normal, healthy lives up until harvesting which in turn would differ very little from using pigs as a food supply. Another issue that may arise is what to do with the pig’s carcass with many fearing that it would find its way into our food supply. As medical waste however, it is doubtful that any carcasses would find its way out of a facility without being marked as a biohazard. Overall, there is a need for the establishment of universal ethical boundaries in regards to chimer development to preserve animal and human genetic integrity as well as animal and human health. However, in regards to growing specific organs the gains are tremendous with little risk of creating a human-pig hybrid. The pancreases grown could be used to stop fatal and nonfatal diseases such as Type I diabetes. With further advances and the development of more organs, it would serve as a solution to the growing disparity between those needing organ transplants and the amount donated each year. - U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. “About Donation and Transplantation.”http://organdonor.gov/about/data.html - Miller, James S. “Fetal Pig Dissection Guide – Human/Pig Comparisons.” http://www.goshen.edu/bio/pigbook/humanpigcomparison.html - Matsunari et al. Blastocyst complementation generates exogenic pancreas in vivo in apancreatic cloned pigs. PNAS. January 8, 2013. http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2013/02/13/1222902110.full.pdf+html - Center for Bioethics, The University of Minnesota. “Chimeras.” http://www.ahc.umn.edu/img/assets/25857/chimeras.pdf Image Credit: Japanese Science and Technology Agency Quinton Bruch is a freshman at The Georgia Institute of Technology majoring in Biochemistry with an interest bioinorganics as well as research ethics. 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Men, Women, Helpers, Subservience and Equality in Relationships “Help” or “help meet” is NOT a term of subservience. “help” is the noun and “meet” is the verb, as in meeting needs, or suiting a need. Eve was created suitable for Adam’s needs, a help, meet for him, Genesis 2:18 and 20. After Genesis, these are some other relevant verses. - “For the man is not of the woman, but the woman is of the man, neither was the man created for the woman, but the woman for the man”, 1 Corinthians 11:8, 9. - “Neither is the man without the woman, neither the woman without the man, in the Lord”, 1 Corinthians 11:11. - “For as the woman is of the man, even so is the man also of the woman, but all things of God”, 1 Corinthians 11:12 NOT A HELPMATE Note: In the context of creation Eve is NOT a “help mate”. “Helpmate” is a compound noun, with a subordinate role. If we go there, “helpmate”, we enter into the old Gnostic ideas of creation order, first God, then “woman as God’s helpmate”, called “Sophia/Wisdom”. Then there follows the Gnostic teaching that “man was created subordinate to woman”. The reason that Paul addresses the argument of creation order, I believe, in 1 Timothy 2:13, is that Paul needs to refute the Gnostic teaching of “woman first created”. Every Jew knew that Adam was “first formed”. So why does Paul make such a comment? To have that doctrinal argument in Paul’s answering letter to Timothy must mean that creation order of man and woman was in the question. Because it was right and necessary to refute the Gnostic doctrine, Paul suggests that these “women learn in silence, with all subjection”. “I suffer not a woman to teach, usurping authority over the man, but to be in silence”, 1 Timothy 2:11, 12. Paul rightly refuted the Gnostic teaching in his adamant reply to Timothy, for “Adam was first formed, then Eve”, when he was told those women were expounding these Gnostic ideas in the new ecclesias. So “helpmate” a subordinate role, is not under discussion here. That is another subject. “Help meet” is NOT a compound noun. “Help meet” is a noun, connected to a verb. The old English “meet”, AV, is translated “fit” in the RSV. Some men refer to their wives as a “help meet”. Eve was a “help” suitable to “meet” the needs of Adam. Eve, “the woman …of the man”, was created to be a help, to suit, or to meet, Adam’s needs, Genesis 2:20. However, nowhere is the subordinate, or “sub” of inequality, introduced into this creation description, or of any roles in marriage, or in NT ecclesial teaching. EVERYONE IS A HELP MEET FOR THE OTHER It does not say, in this Genesis context, that Adam is also to be a help, meet for Eve, because the subject is the creation of Eve. It does say so in other Scriptural texts, where the man is a help, meet for the woman, but we need not quote them. The argument is better served by showing that God is a help, meet for all of us. God serves our every need and “shall help thee”, from above, Genesis 49:25. The sub serve argument does not come into that Divine relationship, and so neither does it into the gender relationship. Then each is a “help”, meet for the other, as God is for us. CHRIST AND GOD AS HELPERS To help someone is to serve, not to sub serve. It is a Christ like action, like washing feet. That was the action of a King! If God and Christ are a “help” for us that endorses that it is not a sub serve role. Hebrews 4:16, “Let us therefore come boldly unto the throne of grace that we might obtain mercy, and find grace to help in time of need”. So that God becomes our “help” or “help, meet for us” in our time of need, and He is not made subservient to us in that service to us. Made “in His image”, Genesis 1:26, refers to God’s moral character - not “in His shape”. Man and woman are both made in God’s moral image, an imitation of Him. So in this sense also, “help” becomes a valuable attribute. We are all “made in His image”, and God is helpful. “Succour”, “protect”, “aid” are all good words and concepts, as both succour each other and God succours them, in their particular and individual needs. It does not imply weakness, it means each does a job, meets a need, which is a “help” to the other. COMPLEMENTARY ROLES IN RELATIONSHIPS It is the companion role, or the complementary role in the marriage relationship, which is ideal in the Lord, to each other, whenever the need arises. Scripture does not imply that the “help” role is confined to the woman in unequal subservience. Neither does scripture claim an equal role, for saints are never equal, but complementary to each other. In marriage, they are “one flesh”, neither is more important, or boss of the other, they can only be complementary, as the image of “one flesh” implies. It is a nonsense to say “in the one-flesh marriage relationship, there are two roles, one subservient to the other”. The “one flesh” married couple description Genesis 2:24, has no connotation of equality, or inequality. God never made us equal, we are all unique, but we are complementary each to the other. God rightly divides. He never equally divides. He it is, who does the differences, and He asks us to build upon the boundaries of the gifts which He gives to us, gender, skin colour, place of birth, status of birth. He does not ask others to forbid us our expression or passions to be like Him, within the boundaries and gifts which He has gifted to us. I am a help, and meet/fit for my husband’s need of direction, if I use the map, when we drive. He is a help, and meet/fit for my needs, when he drives me somewhere that I need to go. We complement each other, never attempting to be equal. (We should exercise care never to use the word “compliment” for it gives quite the wrong connotation) There are several concepts in Scripture which go to show our complementary roles in Christ, rather than equal roles, particularly in marriage. “Neither is the man without the woman, neither the woman without the man, in the Lord”, 1 Corinthians 11:11. NO EQUALITY IN RELATIONSHIPS It is not good to have discussions on equality in gender relationships, because subservience then comes into it. Yes, I have equal rights as a human being in the eyes of God, and even in my right to exist, in race/ethnicity, and freedom/slave status, and gender. We are, in that sense, all “equal in Christ”, Galatians 3:28. But it is futile to bring equality into the discussion on roles of brothers and sisters, because of our history, and because of our culture of gender imbalance. We immediately tip into the subservience discussion, subservience required of one for the other, or not. So we ought not to speak of equality or not, in the teaching of Scriptural roles of relationships, in marriage, or with our brothers and sisters, or in worship. We ought to guide the discussions of relationships of brothers and sisters, and particularly discussions of marriage, to “complementary” roles, and then subordination never comes into it. “For as the woman is of the man, even so is the man also of the woman, but all things of God”, 1 Corinthians 11:12. The “head” discussion in Scripture in 1 Corinthians 11 needs some clarification. “Head” does not mean that man is always superior as “boss” and it does not always insist on subservience by women. “That the head of every man is Christ; and the head of the woman is the man; and the head of Christ is God, 1 Corinthians 11:3. “For the man is not of the woman, (in creation) but the woman is of the man (in the present natural order)”, 1 Corinthians 11: 8. “For as the woman is of the man, (in creation) even so is the man also of the woman, (in the present natural order) but all things of God”, 1 Corinthians 11:12. Here “head” must mean “source”. These are not headship verses, in the sense of control. “For the woman is of the man”, refers to the first creation - woman from the side of Adam. “The man is of the woman” refers to the second creation - in the birth of Christ from Mary, and actually of every man since creation. So that “head” has no sense of control here, it must be speaking of “source”. Paul does not make distinctions for husbands to be head of the family and Christ like, and consequently wives are not required to be head or Christ like. That is a nonsense. Paul understands that sometimes wives are head of the family, and in whatever role is appropriate at the time, wives are always expected to be Christ like. And as well, no other brother is “head” of me, only my husband, when in our marriage, we decide that. Now that we are living much longer, and dementia is a factor in some marriages, I know of wives caring for husbands, who are failing, and falling into dementia. Some of those husbands are still trying, so hard, to be “head/boss” when they lose their driving licenses and the wife has to drive, or when they use a stick to walk in their frailty, and lash out at their wives when she will not do what he says, as “head” or boss. This indicates there was a non understanding of the role, and that behaviour is now unacceptable. It is a very sad circumstance. Headship is something decided upon in a marriage, according to time, circumstances, situations and culture, in any good complementary relationship, with Christ and the church as the model. It is the same with the submit argument. Everyone submits to the other, Ephesians 5:21. Paul does not make a distinction that wives submit, subserviently, and husbands love, verses 22-29. That is a nonsense. Obviously, husbands and wives both submit and love in a complementary relationship. Each imitates the Christ like relationship demonstrated by Christ to his church. Paul does not advise husbands to be more Christ like than wives. And, as well, I am not in submission to all brothers, for all sisters and all brothers are each in submission to each other, Ephesians 5:21, out of reverence to Christ. Submission, also, is something decided upon in a marriage, according to time, circumstances, situations and culture, in any good complementary relationship, with Christ and the church as the model. PAUL IS NOT MANDATORY ABOUT RELATIONSHIP ROLES That is enough for me to understand that Paul is not being mandatory about male “headship” or female “submission” for every occasion, in marriage, or in the church. And here is a final thought. HELP AS A SPIRIT GIFT In 1 Corinthians 12:27 Paul lists “helpers” or “the power to help” (Greek) as a special gift of the spirit, given to the leaders of the church in the first century. It is a spirit gift, not a gender gift, and certainly not a subservient role. Bev Russell, December 2006

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NCBI ROFL: Clueless doctor sleeps through math class, reinvents calculus… and names it after herself. A mathematical model for the determination of total area under glucose tolerance and other metabolic curves. “OBJECTIVE: To develop a mathematical model for the determination of total areas under curves from various metabolic studies. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: In Tai’s Model, the total area under a curve is computed by dividing the area under the curve between two designated values on the X-axis (abscissas) into small segments (rectangles and triangles) whose areas can be accurately calculated from their respective geometrical formulas. The total sum of these individual areas thus represents the total area under the curve. Validity of the model is established by comparing total areas obtained from this model to these same areas obtained from graphic method (less than +/- 0.4%). Other formulas widely applied by researchers under- or overestimated total area under a metabolic curve by a great margin. RESULTS: Tai’s model proves to be able to 1) determine total area under a curve with precision; 2) calculate area with varied shapes that may or may not intercept on one or both X/Y axes; 3) estimate total area under a curve plotted against varied time intervals (abscissas), whereas other formulas only allow the same time interval; and 4) compare total areas of metabolic curves produced by different studies. CONCLUSIONS: The Tai model allows flexibility in experimental conditions, which means, in the case of the glucose-response curve, samples can be taken with differing time intervals and total area under the curve can still be determined with precision.” Thanks to Barry for today’s ROFL! Discoblog: NCBI ROFL: If you think you don’t suck, you probably do. Discoblog: NCBI ROFL: Will your love last? This mathematical model may hold the answer… Discoblog: NCBI ROFL: Are birds smarter than mathematicians? Pigeons perform optimally on a version of the Monty Hall Dilemma. WTF is NCBI ROFL? Read our FAQ!

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Out of the 88 officially recognized constellations, there is only a handful that looks anything like the object, person or creature they are supposed to represent. Taurus constellation, the Bull, is one of them. Look upon any clear autumn or winter’s night and you’ll find it stampeding across the sky toward Orion, the Hunter. Orion has his club and shield raised high to defend himself. This is how the ancient Greeks first imagined the constellation, but they weren’t the first to identify its stars. Known for at least seven thousand years (and possibly for seventeen), Taurus the bull constellations certainly dates back as far as the Akkadian Empire of Mesopotamia. There it was associated with the Bull of Heaven, the mythical beast that was sent by the goddess Ishtar to kill the hero Gilgamesh. Taurus constellation was the first constellation in the Babylonian zodiac, while the Egyptians believed the human race was created when the Sun had its vernal equinox here(that would put the creation of humanity no later than 4000 B.C.!). They associated the constellation with their god, Osiris, and his sister Isis. But when most people think of the stars and mythology, they think of the Greeks. There are two surviving legends linked to the constellation and, perhaps not surprisingly, they both involve the god Zeus seducing a young maiden. The best-known legend involves Europa, the beautiful daughter of King Agenor. She enjoyed visiting the beach with her friends and it was during one such visit that Zeus abducted her. Transforming himself into a magnificent white bull, he hid among the grazing cattle that belonged to Europa’s father. Zeus then instructed his son, Hermes, to drive the cattle from their meadow and down toward the beach. There, while gathering flowers, Europa saw the bull and was immediately captivated by it. She hung garlands of flowers around its neck and, sensing its strength and admiring its beauty, she climbed onto its back. Still, in the form of a bull, Zeus seized his chance and headed toward the ocean. At first, he merely waded into the waves but then he ventured further and further from the shore. Europa became alarmed and, in fear of her life, clung on more tightly. The bull continued to swim away from the beach and didn’t stop until he reached the shores of Crete. There Zeus revealed his true self and seduced her. She bore him three sons, the eldest of whom, Minos, then became the King of Crete and introduced the bull cult to the island. Europa has since been immortalized as one of the four largest moons of planet Jupiter, which is, of course, the Roman name given to Zeus. Another of Jupiter’s largest moons, Io, was another conquest by Zeus that involved a bull. In this version, Io was the daughter of Inachus, the first King of Argos, and priestess of Hera, Zeus’s wife. Zeus became enamored of Io, but she rejected his advances. King Inachus, having heard what had happened, consulted with his oracles and then banned her from his house. By this time Hera had also heard of her husband’s adulterous intentions and so, to hide Io from his wife, Zeus transformed her into a heifer. Hera was not so easily fooled and asked Zeus for the heifer as a gift. Zeus, not knowing that his wife knew the animal’s true identity and without a valid reason to refuse, agreed. Hera then sent Argus, the giant with a hundred eyes, to watch over the heifer and to ensure that Zeus could not go near her. Zeus, in turn, again enlisted his son Hermes to distract Argus, thereby allowing the heifer to be freed. This, of course, infuriated Hera, who continued the feud by sending a gadfly to irritate Io. The poor creature wandered the land but was unable to lose the fly, who continued to bother her. Eventually, she came to Mt Caucasus, where she encountered Prometheus. Prometheus, the Titan who had stolen fire and given it to humanity, was chained to the mountain as punishment by Zeus. He told Io that one of her descendants, Hercules, would become a great hero and, after swimming across the sea to Egypt, Io was finally transformed back to human form by Zeus. She bore the god two children, a son called Ephesus and a daughter named Keroessa, before eventually marrying King Telegonus of Egypt. The constellation Taurus was created to commemorate her journey. (Although there appears to be no explanation as to why Io was a heifer and Taurus is a bull!) We can find Taurus today the same way the ancients did. By following the three bright stars of Orion’s belt, we first come to Aldebaran, the brightest star in the constellation. Aldebaran is the 14th brightest star in the sky, and like the Taurus constellation itself, has been known to various civilizations for thousands of years. It even has its own legends. The indigenous Seri of Mexico see the star as providing light to seven women giving birth (as represented by the Pleiades, see below.) They also named the lunar month associated with October for it. Meanwhile, the aborigines of Australia associated the star with Karambal. After stealing another man’s wife, the husband found Karambal hiding in a tree and burned it down. The smoke that rose from the flames became the star Aldebaran. Its name is derived from Al Dabaran, which is Arabic for “the follower.” Again, this refers to the Pleiades, as the star will always rise after that star cluster in the night sky. Aldebaran appears to have a strong orange tint to the naked eye. No surprise then, that the Greeks saw it as representing the red eye of the Bull. In reality, it’s a red giant star, some 45 times larger than the Sun and about 500 times more luminous. Look carefully and you’ll see that it lies on the edge of a V-shaped pattern of fainter stars. These stars, known as the Hyades, form the head of the Bull. It’s a true star cluster, some 150 light years away, but Aldebaran itself is not a member. At only 65 light years away, that star merely appears within the same line of sight. The Hyades also have their own mythology. According to the Greeks, they were the daughters of Atlas and Aethra, the half-sisters of the Pleiades and entrusted by Zeus to raise the baby Bacchus. Unless you happen to be looking at the Hyades during a moonlit night, you should have no problem identifying these stars as they’re an easy naked eyesight. They cover an area about ten times the size of the full Moon – although you’d probably never guess that to see them with your own eyes! This means the cluster is too large to be appreciated with a telescope and is, in fact, one of the few sights better seen with binoculars. Most 10×50 binoculars will provide an outstanding view, with the entire cluster easily fitting within the field of view. The Hyades also gives us the opportunity to see two pairs of binocular double stars within the cluster. To the south-east of Aldebaran is the pair known as Sigma 1 and Sigma 2, while Theta 1 and Theta 2 form a closer, brighter double to the west. It’s almost certainly the case that the Hyades would be the highlight of Taurus if it weren’t for another cluster to the north-west: the Pleiades. By continuing the line from Orion’s belt through Aldebaran, you’ll come to a small patch of tiny stars that’s easily visible, even from suburban skies. The Pleiades have also been known for thousands of years. Cultures and civilizations from around the world have studied and recorded the group, with observations dating back to the bronze age and the ancient Chinese. There they were worshipped by young maidens and known as the Seven Sisters of Industry. Further toward the west, the Hindus saw the cluster as a flame associated with Agni, their god of fire. The cluster is mentioned three times in the Bible and is known to the Japanese as the Subaru, meaning “to unite.” (The Japanese car manufacturer of the same name has the six brightest stars of the cluster in its logo, as the company was formed from six separate companies.) As for the Greeks, the sailors of ancient times used the cluster as an indication of when best to sail. From the stars rising in the pre-dawn sky in mid-spring to their setting with the Sun in late autumn, it was considered the best time to navigate the Mediterranean. Others associated the stars with the seven daughters of Pleione, wife of Atlas, grandmother to the god Hermes (the son of Zeus) and protector of sailors. If you recall, the Hyades and the Pleiades are all daughters of Atlas, but the sisters have different mothers. Both mothers were sea nymphs, but the Hyades were born to Aethra. Perhaps surprisingly, there are no prominent Greek legends associated with the cluster, although one does state that Zeus placed the sisters in the sky to escape the amorous advances of Orion. Despite commonly being known as the Seven Sisters, many observers can only see six stars with the naked eye. Over the years, this has caused some to wonder what happened to the seventh. If you’re familiar with the Big Dipper, you might also know the star Mizar. This is the star that appears in the middle of the dipper’s curved handle. Look carefully and you’ll see a tiny star beside it. Known as Alcor, this tiny star is nicknamed “the lost Pleiad” – but in reality, the star is totally unrelated to the cluster! There are few sights in the night sky that match the Pleiades. Like the Hyades, they’re best observed with binoculars or through a telescope at low magnification (about 35x or less.) The cluster has over a thousand stars and lies at about 450 light years from us. These are young stars, perhaps only 100 million years old, and have yet to drift away from one another. Photographs will show the stars to be surrounded by beautiful blue nebulosity. It was once thought that this was the nebula from which the stars were born. More recent studies have shown it to be merely a chance encounter as the stars drift through space. Whether you look to Taurus with a telescope, binoculars or merely your eyes, there’s no denying the fascination the constellation has held for thousands of years. From the red eye of Aldebaran to the V-shaped Hyades of its head and the seven sisters that ride its back, it’s a magnificent constellation. Orion is wise to be in awe of it!

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First Mammal Clone Dies; Dolly Made Science History By GINA KOLATA Published: February 15, 2003 Dolly, the sheep who made history as the first clone from a mammal, died yesterday in Edinburgh. She was 6. She was put to death after developing a lung infection, her veterinarians said. On Friday afternoon, veterinarians who had been treating her at a veterinary school about two miles from the pen that was her home agreed that the infection was progressing and that she was suffering. They concluded that it would be more merciful to end her life than to continue treatment, Dr. Ian Wilmut, a scientist at the Roslin Institute in Edinburgh who led the team that created Dolly, said in a telephone interview. Her illness and death, Dr. Wilmut said, probably had nothing to do with the fact that she was a clone. ''It could equally well have happened if she was not a clone,'' he said. After a post-mortem examination, Dolly's remains will be given to the National Museum of Scotland in Edinburgh and put on display. Dolly was the first mammal to be cloned from cells of an adult. She was created by cloning the stored and frozen udder cells of a sheep that had been dead for years. As a clone, she is the identical twin of that long-dead, unknown and unnamed sheep. Until Dolly, many had thought such a feat was biologically impossible. Her birth ''shattered theory in science,'' said Dr. Randall Prather, a cloning expert at the University of Missouri. It is not clear how long Dolly might have been expected to live because the natural life spans of sheep have not been well studied. ''Nine months and then we eat them,'' Dr. Wilmut said. He added that while it is possible for pastured sheep to live for 11 or 12 years, those who live indoors, as Dolly had, are prone to develop lung infections. Dolly was kept inside for security reasons. Dr. Wilmut said those who had watched Dolly grow were sad. ''The fact that she isn't there any more will be brought home to us when we go near that barn and she's not there,'' he said. ''She's been a friendly face of science,'' Dr. Wilmut said. ''She was a very friendly animal that was part of a big scientific breakthrough.'' He said he had no plans to clone Dolly. ''There are lots of reasons why we would be slightly curious,'' he said. ''But our priority has been to move along, to try to understand what happens during cloning, to try to make it more effective.'' Besides, he said, because genes interact with the environment, ''if we did clone her, it wouldn't be the same sheep.'' Dolly lived her entire life at the Roslin Institute where she was born on July 5, 1996. She entered the world head and forelegs first, weighing an unsurprising -- for a lamb -- 14.5 pounds. Because of the patent application on the cloning process that produced her, Dolly's birth was kept secret for months. Then, on Feb. 27, 1997, a paper titled, ''Viable Offspring Derived from Fetal and Adult Mammalian Cells'' appeared in the British journal Nature, and Dolly became a celebrity. She also changed research priorities overnight. ''This experiment made people think very differently about biology,'' Dr. Wilmut said. ''It is one of the things that made people much more ambitious and optimistic'' about using stem cells as replacement cells for humans. The idea was to start the cloning process, then take the ball of cells after just a few days and extract embryonic stem cells. Those cells would then be used to generate tissues and organs that would match an individual's. But such research does not result in the birth of babies, or even the development of fetuses. Dolly also gave rise to fears that researchers would clone humans. Scientists caution that human cloning is far too dangerous to contemplate at this time, but several groups have announced that they are trying anyway. Cloning has turned out to be much riskier than anyone had predicted. Most attempts at cloning fail, and even animals that survive until birth have had serious, often fatal, problems with their lungs, their hearts or their immune systems. While scientists have cloned a variety of species, including mice, pigs, cattle and a cat, and have even cloned clones, the procedure remains difficult and unpredictable. Even when it has worked, there have been thousands of failures along the way. But for Dolly, life was good. For her first 10 months, she shared a stall with two other sheep, but she would grab their food and she soon began growing fat. She would assert her authority by turning over her trough as soon as she finished eating and placing her forefeet on it, puffing out her chest and preening. Deciding that Dolly was not good at sharing, the Roslin staff finally put her in a stall by herself. While most sheep are shy around humans and huddle at the back of their pens when visitors arrive, Dolly loved attention. She rushed to the front of her stall when she saw people coming by, bleating loudly. Visitors always wanted to feed her, but the Roslin scientists explained that she had an obesity problem. Dolly did finally get her weight under control, Dr. Wilmut said, ''a lot more easily than most people do.'' Her health was generally good. Her main problem was arthritis in her left hip and knee, but University of Edinburgh veterinarians said joint disease is common in middle-aged sheep. Dolly is survived by six lambs, produced the customary way, with a ram. Photo: Dolly was the identical twin of a long-dead, unknown sheep. (Getty Images)

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Photo montage of Channel Islands National Park. The California Channel Island archipelago is sometimes called the Galapagos of North America because of its high number of endemic species and unusual plant and animal community assemblages. Twelve islands make up the island group, scattered from near Point Conception, in California, USA, to the offshore waters near Baja California, Mexico. Channel Islands National Park manages the five northernmost islands: Anacapa, Santa Cruz, Santa Rosa, San Miguel, and Santa Barbara. The remaining islands are owned and managed by the U.S. Navy, private conservation or recreation organizations, or Mexico. Natural environmental factors have played a prominent role in the evolution of the plants and animals of all the islands. The islands vary widely in geology, topographic complexity, and elevation. The climate of the islands to the north is influenced by the colder waters of the Humboldt Current coming from the north Pacific, while the southern islands lie in currents bringing warm waters from the south. Island size varies from less than a square mile to nearly 50 square miles (2.6–129 sq km), and the islands lie between 15 and 60 miles (24 and 97 km) offshore. Some of the islands remain shrouded in dense fog for many days of the year, while others have fog-free areas in their interiors. These and other natural factors interplay to influence the development of a flora and fauna high in local endemism, with unusual combinations of mainland and endemic species in the plant and animal communities, and a high degree of diversity among the islands. Yet, all of the islands have been used for fishing, ranching, hunting, and other forms of development and recreation in the past. As a result, intentional and accidental introductions of animals and plants to all of the islands have occurred, with pervasive effects on nearly all aspects of island ecology. Channel Islands National Park was established to preserve, protect, and interpret the natural and cultural resources of the northern islands. The National Park Service and USGS–Biological Resources Division (USGS–BRD) have taken steps to understand the ecological effects of these invasions through the establishment of ecological monitoring and research programs, and the National Park Service is moving forward with conservation management for recovery and restoration. McEachern, K. 2004. Ecological effects of animal introductions at Channel Islands National Park. Park Science 22(2):46–52. Available at https://www.nature.nps.gov/ParkScience/archive/PDF/Article_PDFs/ParkScience22(2)Fall2004_46-52_McEachern_2437.pdf.

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Radiology Continuing Education Series Course 1 of 6 Physics of Radiology Course 1 – Physics of Radiology Course 2 – Choosing the Appropriate Exposure Factors Course 3 – Recording the Image Course 4 – Poor Quality Films-Causes and Corrections Course 5 – Radiation Safety-Importance and Procedures Course 6 – Pros and Cons of Digital Radiography-CR vs. DR High quality x-rays first begins with understanding the nature and behavior of x-rays. X-rays are a form of electromagnetic radiation that travels in waves. Compared to visible light x-rays have a much shorter wavelength which allows them to penetrate materials that absorb or reflect visible light. The shorter the wavelength, the higher the frequency and penetrating power of the x-ray. All radiant energy travels in a straight line. The direction can be changed but the new path will also continue in a straight line. The x-ray tube controls the direction of the x-ray beam. How is the x-ray beam created? X-rays are produced when fast moving electrons collide with a metal target. The energy carried in the electrons is converted to x-rays and heat. Only 1% of the energy is converted to x-ray energy and 99% into heat with temperatures in excess of 1832 degrees Fahrenheit. How do you control the production of the x-rays and what characteristics of the x-ray beam can be controlled? The operator can control: • The number of x-rays produced. • The energy of the x-ray beam. These controls are achieved through the exposure selections made on the x-ray machine operator console. kVp Selector: kVp stands for kilovolt peak/kilovolt potential. It affects the following: • Selects the voltage differential used to accelerate the electrons. • Gives variable “speed” to the electrons. • Selects the penetrating quality of the x-ray beam. • Effects the efficiency of x-ray production. • Determines the scale of contrast in the image. • Determines the scatter radiation produced by the patient. Because x-ray production is basically the conversion of one type of energy, Kinetic energy, into two other types of energy, x-rays and heat, the energy of the x-ray is dependent on the energy of the electron at the time of conversion. The more energetic the electron is, the more energetic the x-ray will be. The faster the electron is moving, the greater it’s kinetic energy. The electrons kinetic energy is increased by implying an electrical potential between the cathode and anode of the x-ray tube. The stronger this potential difference the greater the developed kinetic energy of the electrons. When you change the kVp you are changing the ability of the x-rays to pass through the object. Thicker and/or denser objects require more energetic x-rays to pass through them. Thinner and/or less dense objects require less energetic x-rays to pass through them. The x-ray image is formed by the differential absorption of the x-ray beam. What you want to depict in your radiographs are the differences in the body’s tissues. If there are a lot of small differences you want to demonstrate that just as well as when there are big differences. The most common way of referring to differences is contrast. The range of differences is typically referred to as a scale of contrast. When there are only one or two big differences this is referred to as a short scale of contrast. Controversially where there are a lot of small differences it is referred to as a Log scale of contrast. Obviously you need a kVp that is sufficient to penetrate the body area of interest. The lower the kVp, the more likely the x-ray is to be absorbed by most any type of tissue. At quite high kVp, the energy is sufficient enough that just about any tissue will be penetrated. So the objective of kVp selection is to choose a selection so that there is sufficient penetration, but not so great as to over-penetrate. Over penetration will not allow the differences or contrast to be depicted. mA Selector: mA stands for milliamp ere: This is the measure of the number of electrons flowing in the x-ray tube. • Activates a current flowing through the filament. • Heats the filament causing electrons to be “boiled off”. • Determines the number of x-rays produced per unit time. • The number of x-rays reaching the film determines the degree of blackening of the film. Exposure Timer: Controls the duration of electron flow being subjected to the voltage differential. mAs Selector: mAs stands for milliampere seconds. It is the multiplication of mA by seconds, equaling mAs. • This combines the functions of the mA selector and the exposure timer. • Determines the total number of x-rays produced. When you change the mAs you change the number of x-rays produced. Film blackening is directly proportional to the number of x-rays that pass through the object, room air or patient tissue. • kVp controls x-ray energy and thus penetrating ability and scale of contrast. • mA x Seconds controls the total number of x-rays produced and thus film blackening. • The most common failure of x-ray tubes is the result of technical error. To prevent costly damage to the x-ray tube it is important to use the appropriate kVp and mAs exposure selections to prevent damage to the anode.

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A regional study on type two Diabetes is currently taking place in Belize with a view to helping patients better manage their illness through diet, timeliness of self-medicating, and general behavioral practices. It is part of a regional study in the Caribbean and Project Manager, Doctor Cliff Riley, says that it matters from country to country how people manage their illness. Dr. Cliff Riley, Project Mgr., Diabetes Education Project “What we eat in Jamaica is different from what you eat in Belize on a normal basis; so, you’re core diet will vary from our core diet in Jamaica. Even within different groups within that country there are variations in the diet; you also have variations in their cultural beliefs, variations in the mode of treatment. There are some commuters who specifically utilize herbal remedies and some use more westernize current drugs to treat their diabetes and you also have some commuters who live sedentary lives and their not as active while you have others who are more active within the same country. So, this project will seek to capture all of those variations and after capturing those variations within countries and among the different commuters within that country, we can develop a curriculum that will target those particular individuals so we can improve the diabetes management and self-management, in a sense.” Meanwhile, Christina Sanchez, the Local Coordinator of the Project, says that the approach to helping patients to change their behavior will be one of a community-based program through peer educators and health aides, rather than dictating to them how they should live. Christina Sanchez, Local Coordinator, Diabetes Education Project “We’re not cutting out anything and any food in excess, even if we consider it healthy could cause some damage if it is over consumed. So, the whole idea behind diabetes management and food consumption is moderation; we are not saying that you cannot have a piece of fried chicken or half of a coke, at some point in time but we are saying you need to manage your intake as well as your output.” Some 52 patients in the Belize District will be used a part of the pilot study. The project will run for nine months in the first instance during which time patients records will be compared from month to month to see if has any success over time. If it proves to be successful, then the hope is that it will be rolled out to the entire country.

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- Facial pain or pressure - "Stuffed-up" nose - Runny nose - Loss of smell - Cough or congestion You may also have: - Bad breath - Dental pain Allergic rhinitis, which is an edema of the nasal mucosa. - Small growths in the nasal mucosa called nasal polyps. - A curved septum, which is a change in the nasal cavity. - Swelling in the nose like a common cold. - Blocked drainage channel. - Increased intake of dry, oily, spicy, or too hot or too cold foods, and foods that are heavy, indigestible and incompatible foods . - Suppressing natural urges of tears and vomiting, exposure to cold or dusty and dry weather, staying awake till late in the night, and sleeping in the daytime. According to Ayurveda there are three elements present in our body : Vata, Pitta and Kapha which should be in balance. Sinusitis is known as Dushta Pratishyaya, where the main dosha affected is Kapha. It gets aggravated and vitiates the Prana Vata (a subtype of Vata), which is mainly present in the respiratory tract. Treatment protocol aims at: - Cleanse the sinuses and treat the inflammation in the sinuses and nasal cavity. - Prevent recurrence by healing and repairing the tissue. - Boost overall immunity of the body and prevent complications. The first line of treatment should always be avoiding the causative factors. If the problem persists then consider the following treatment protocol. - Fever, runny nose, loss of smell and Bad breath - Inflamed mucosal lining of sinus produce mucus to combat the infection and this results in a runny nose and inflammation in nasal mucosa blocking the odour receptors causing loss of smell. Infection causes smelly mucus and produces bad breath. Guduchi, Tankana will help to treat the inflammation and Surasa is very helpful in conditions like loss of smell and it is an excellent drug for all respiratory system diseases. Yasthimadhu helps to heal and repair the tissue and clear the nasal cavity. Inflamed sinus produces pain in the face and can be managed with the help of Vacha. - Cough and fever - A sinus infection can cause mucus and fluid to back up in the throat, which may make the throat itch or feel full resulting in throat infection. Some people repeatedly cough to try to clear the throat, but others experience uncontrollable coughing. Fever- Fever is a system - wide sign of inflammation that raises the body temperature and stimulates the immune response. - Sitopaladi churna, Vasa, Kantakari, Karkatashrngi are effective in coughing by clearing mucus and also helps to boost immunity . Vasa also helps to cure fatigue. Surasa,Guduchi,Vasa,Vacha,Yashtimadhu,Sitopaladi churna,Tankan bhasma,karkatasrngi,Kantakari

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While reports of surgery on IMSCTs date back more than 100 years, the introduction of several pieces of technology has decreased the invasiveness and morbidity of the surgery and improved the outcome. - MRI: MR scanning is the current preferred method for patient evaluation. The first report of its use to image the human body occurred in 1980, and a series describing imaging the spinal cord in 17 patients was published in 1983 (11, 36). By the end of that decade MR became the imaging of choice for the spinal cord. - Bipolar cautery: The bipolar cautery was developed by James Greenwood in the 1930s and was used by him to develop his technique for removal of intramedullary spinal cord ependymomas, described in the 1950s (23,24). - Operative microscope: The microscope was first used by neurosurgeons for spinal cord pathology in the 1970s (49). It was initially developed for otolaryngologic applications. Theodore Kurze described its first neurosurgical use as an extension of otolaryngologic applications (resection of an acoustic neuroma) in 1957 (30). - Intraoperative ultrasound: Ultrasound was introduced into the operating room in the early 1980s, being first used for brain surgery and shortly thereafter for spinal surgery (44). It has allowed optimization of exposure and accurate positioning of the myelotomy. - Ultrasonic aspirator: The use of the ultrasonic aspirator in the spinal cord was described initially by Epstein in 1982(17). The tool was first devised for the removal of dental plaques in 1947. Its neurosurgical applications were initially explored at New York University by Flamm, and it was here that Epstein explored its use for spinal cord tumors (20). - Intraoperative neurophysiological monitoring: In 1998 Kothbauer et al. showed the relationship of intraoperative changes in motor-evoked potentials to postoperative function (29). This finding was confirmed by Sala et al. in 2006 when they showed improved outcomes in an experienced surgeon’s patients undergoing surgery for IMSCT when monitoring was used ( 45). Important lessons on the surgical management of IMSCTs have been documented by surgeons over the past 100 years. These lessons form the backbone for our current day operative techniques. - Fenger: Christian Fenger was the first to report an attempt to surgically remove an IMSCT in 1890. The patient died without experiencing clinical improvement (6). - von Eiselsberg: Anton von Eiselsberg reported in 1907 on the first successful removal of an IMSCT in a 27-year-old woman and subsequently reported on her functional stasis in 1913, 6 years after surgery, describing her taking long walks (13, 14). - Elsberg: Charles Elsberg described two patients on whom he operated for IMSCTs in 1911 using a two-step, staged technique for resection that he discovered by serendipity (16). He was forced to stop the first surgery due to hemodynamic instability. When he brought the woman back a week later for the second surgery, he discovered that the tumor had expressed itself out of the spinal cord. When he compared the outcome of this patient to that of his second patient whose surgery was done as a single surgery, he was impressed with the better outcome of the two-step procedure. In a subsequent book he described the two-step technique as his recommended way for removing IMSCTs (15). - Greenwood: James Greenwood described the successful mangement of patients with intramedullary spinal cord ependymomas with surgical removal alone in 1954 and in 1963 reported on their long-term success (22, 23). - Epstein: In 1982 Fred Epstein reported on a series of children with IMSCTs managed by surgery alone (17). In 2000 the long-term functional outcome of 164 of his pediatric patients with IMSCT was described (9).

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Category: Isaac Newton Cambridge Digital Library Introducing the Cambridge Digital Library Cambridge University Library contains evidence of some of the greatest ideas and discoveries over two millennia. We want to make our collections accessible to anyone, anywhere in the world with an internet connection and a thirst for knowledge." —Anne Jarvis, University Librarian Over the course of six centuries Cambridge University Library's collections have grown from a few dozen volumes into one of the world's great libraries, with an extraordinary accumulation of books, maps, manuscripts and journals. These cover every conceivable aspect of human endeavour, spanning most of the world's cultural traditions. Isaac Newton, like Albert Einstein, is a quintessential symbol of the human intellect and its ability to decode the secrets of nature. Newton's fundamental contributions to science include the quantification of gravitational attraction, the discovery that white light is actually a mixture of immutable spectral colors, and the formulation of the calculus. Yet there is another, more mysterious side to Newton that is imperfectly known, a realm of activity that spanned some thirty years of his life, although he kept it largely hidden from his contemporaries and colleagues.

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Canada's failure to reduce climate pollution has left us far behind most of our peer nations. The primary cause of this failure has been surging emissions from our oil and gas industry. Unfortunately, it’s not the only Canadian sector with stubbornly rising emissions. To illustrate Canada’s ongoing emissions struggles (both with and without the oil and gas sector), I’ve dug into the government’s greenhouse gas data to create a series of charts. Oil and gas industry versus the rest of Canada Let’s start by looking at the impact of rising emissions from the oil and gas sector. My first chart shows annual emission levels compared to 1990. That’s the international year for comparing emissions. The chart continues up to the start of 2020 — just before the pandemic-induced global recession hit. Also, note that the solid part of each line highlights the trends over the most recent decade. At the top of the chart is a red line showing Canada's total emissions. Our annual emissions are up 24 per cent since 1990. Below that line is an area of brown shading. This lets you see the role played by rising emissions from our oil and gas sector. The darker part of this shading shows the oilsands component. It caused three-quarters of the emissions increase in this sector. The black line below the shading shows the emissions for all the rest of Canada. As you can see, even when we exclude the oil and gas sector, Canadian emissions from all other sectors combined are still well above their 1990 starting line. And equally troubling, they are also heading in the wrong direction. To put these Canadian trends into a broader context, I included our peer nations in the Group of Seven (G7) major economies. You can see that all of them, except the Americans, have already cut emissions below 1990 levels. And even the Americans are well ahead of us. Leading the pack are our Commonwealth peers, the British. They’ve cut their emissions by 43 per cent. This chart shows that even without our oil and gas industry dragging us backwards, the rest of Canada remains well behind our G7 peers. Not only are we behind, we’re also the only G7 nation that increased emissions over the last decade. You can see this clearly on the chart by looking at the solid part of each line. The role of each Canadian sector To see where emissions are rising and falling in the rest of Canada, my next chart shows the trends for each sector. Canada breaks down our national emissions into the eight sectors shown below. Here are three charts showing Canada’s emissions problems — both with and without its oil and gas industry. @bsaxifrage breaks it down for @NatObserver. #analysis #BigOil #emissions The oil and gas sector, as noted above, is our biggest and fastest-growing source of emissions. Its emissions have doubled since 1990. You can see its line rocketing off the top of the chart. But three other sectors have also increased emissions even faster than our national average. Transportation emissions shot up 54 per cent. And both the buildings and agriculture sectors' emissions jumped 29 per cent. In contrast, three sectors reduced emissions. The heavy industry and the light manufacturing sectors both reduced emissions by around 20 per cent. And the standout climate success in Canada so far — the electricity sector — reduced emissions 35 per cent. Those are the long-term trends. Now take a look at the last decade, shown by the solid parts of the lines on the chart. Seven of Canada’s eight sectors increased emissions over this last decade. Only our electricity sector managed to lower emissions. And while our best performing sector — electricity — has cut emissions by more than a third, it’s worth noting that Germany (the world’s fourth-largest economy) reduced all its national emissions by the same amount. And, as we also saw in the first chart, the British (the world’s fifth-largest economy) reduced their nation’s emissions by even more than that — cutting them 43 per cent. Megatonnes piling up So far, we looked at the percentage changes in each sector. I’ll wrap up with a chart showing these changes in terms of millions of tonnes of CO2 (MtCO2). The height of each bar on the chart shows the size of emissions changes since 1990. Grey bars are emissions increases; green bars are decreases. The biggest grey bar is, unsurprisingly, the oil and gas sector. Its annual emissions are 100 MtCO2 higher than in 1990. The three large grey bars on top of that — for the transport, buildings, and agriculture sectors — combine to pile on another 100 MtCO2. Heading the other way, towards climate safety, are the green bars for the electricity, heavy industry, and light manufacturing sectors. Combined, they lowered their annual emissions by around 60 MtCO2. That offset less than a third of the emission increases from the other sectors. One climate step forward, three steps backwards. Canada’s annual emissions are 144 MtCO2 higher than when we first started promising to reduce them three decades ago. And our annual emissions even without the oil and gas sector are 44 MtCO2 higher. A big reason is the huge surge of emissions in our transport sector. On the chart, you can see that its emissions increase (in the grey bar) is larger than all of Canada’s emissions reductions (three green bars). So our transportation choices alone have wiped out all the climate progress made in Canada. What these charts highlight is that Canada’s climate pollution problems are widespread throughout our economy. Clearly, our oil and gas sector has been the major driver of climate failure in Canada. Unfortunately, it’s only about half of our rising emissions problem. Emissions have also been stubbornly rising in most other sectors as well. Where are we now in 2022 — Recent global estimates show that emissions worldwide have fully rebounded from the 2020 pandemic dip, hitting a record high in 2022. If you’re like me, you’d probably like to know where Canadian emissions trends are now, as well. Unfortunately, the Canadian government waits until the United Nations deadline to release our nation’s emissions data. That isn’t for another year and a half. So, until sometime in April 2024, the best we can do is to look at the structural trends in our economy that were in place before the pandemic hit. More on U.K. versus CANADA — For those looking for more on the different climate actions taken by Canada versus the U.K., here’s a link to my most recent article looking into it. I also strongly recommend this Bloomberg Zero podcast with one of the principal architects of the U.K.'s 2008 Climate Change Act.

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The human retrovirus HIV is well-known for both the ongoing burden it places on many countries, developed and developing, and for its particularly unique replication strategies. HIV makes a DNA copy of its genome and sticks it right inside host cell DNA in a process called "integration." This enables the virus to stay within a cell over a long period of time and is a particularly resource-efficient way to use host machinery for replication and viral protein production. Exactly how the virus achieves this integration and where in the genome it integrates are imperfectly characterized and under investigation by viral researchers. In a paper published November 12th of this year, a team of researchers explored the locations and selectivity of HIV integration into host genomes. They identified two key amino acid residues in the protein that comprises the HIV integrase enzyme that interact directly with the host genome. These two amino acids therefore determine the integration site specificity of the virus. By manipulating these residues to match those of related animal viruses, the researchers were able to creates viruses that integrated at the same spots those animal viruses do, confirming that these two residues are responsible for integration specificity. The researchers also found that changes in those two specificity-determining residues can be caused by selective pressures in an HIV patient who is undergoing treatment. These changes in specificity could have important implications for disease progression because different enzyme integration sites are associated with different speeds of infection progression and disease severity. For example, regions of DNA that have a high density of encoded genes will be transcribed more frequently by the host so more host replication machinery is generally present around such segments. If the virus integrates in a gene-dense region, it will benefit from that concentration of translation machinery to make more virus particles quickly. Perhaps this could cause a more rapid or severe disease presentation in the patient. However, selective pressures could also drive the virus to integrate in less gene-dense regions if this would enable it to achieve latency and persist in a host undergoing antiretroviral treatment. Read more at: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1931312814003497

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Chapter 10 Summary Asher spends the summer on Cape Cod with Jacob Kahn and his wife, Tanya. Asher is faithful in his prayers. Jacob says that he has lost the faculty of prayer. Nowadays he talks to God through his sculpture and his painting. Asher says that this is also a form of prayer. Mrs. Kahn speaks English with a heavy Russian accent. She spends her days on the porch, reading books in Russian and French. Asher will not eat food that is not kosher, so he has a small stove and refrigerator in his room. He wonders how his father managed to stay kosher in all his travels. Each day after breakfast, Jacob and Asher would set up their easels on the beach and paint. Jacob shows Asher some of the styles of earlier painters. He teaches him that the canvas has limitations as a two-dimensional surface. After lunch, they would swim in the ocean. Asher has learned how to swim with Jacob’s help. He thinks back to his summers in the Berkshires with his mother. They seem like another world. Asher paints a self-portrait. When he looks at his picture and sees the earlocks he has painted, he tucks them behind his ears. While walking along the streets downtown, Asher and Jacob meet an old friend of Jacob’s, whom Jacob call a “whore” for selling his soul to people rather than to his art. Jacob warns his student not to become a whore, which is something that Asher has no intention of becoming. He also chides Asher for tucking his earlocks behind his ears. Those are part of his identity; if he has no individuality as a person, he is no artist. During a Jewish time of remembrance, Asher goes on a fast. Jacob worries that he is becoming skin and bones. Jacob falls into a strange mood and will not get out of bed. Mrs. Kahn tells Asher that he is remembering his past and will not allow Asher to see him. Several painters come to the house to see Jacob. Anna Schaeffer arrives and asks Asher how his summer is going. She tells him that Jacob is satisfied with his work and asks him to be kind to his teacher; he is filled with memories of unpleasant things from his past. Asher receives a letter from his mother. It is postmarked Zurich. She is working hard, as is his father. She reminds him not to forget that he is a Jew. After the summer is over, they return to New York.

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Concretization has, unfortunately, taken over once verdant spaces that supported life and gave way to clean air. Buildings, houses and infrastructure in general demand the use of great swatches of land so much so that it's rare to come across extensive green spaces. We're paying the price for this necessary folly to the point that the ecosystem is far from balanced and pest infestations – which were once effortlessly controlled by natural predators – have become widespread in some regions and the air we breathe is choked with pollutants. Planting trees is the first step to reclaiming greenery. Arborists have the advantage of being trained in the art of selecting, planting, pruning and nurturing trees. For the rest of us, learning the basics is necessary and the few pointers given below are examples. Water from seedling to adulthood Trees need the most water during the initial stages i.e. during the seedling stage through to ‘adolescence'. But what many fail to realize is that they do continue to require watering even when they reach adulthood although not as much. Late spring to autumn – the annual growing period – should see you provide adequate water. You'll know how much by following the instructions given by the nursery. Mulching is a necessity in the initial stages because it prevents newly planted trees from losing precious moisture. Ideally, the organic matter should be laid 2 to 4 inches deep so as to cover the entire root system. The trunk of the plant shouldn't be covered, however; just leave about 2 inches free to prevent it from decay. Also, mulch that's too thick can prevent gas exchange so refrain from laying on a dense layer. All newly planted plants require fertilizer because soil conditions may not have them in abundance. Some plants also require more or less of certain nutrients in which case it's necessary to provide it artificially. The choice is yours whether you want to go with green options like compost or store-bought products. Compost is great but takes time to create while store-bought fertilizer is less environmentally-friendly but readily available. Before purchasing and using fertilizer, find out what the pH levels are in your soil as well as the organic matter content. A simple soil testing kit can provide accurate readings. With mature trees, periodic soil testing continues to be necessary even if they appear healthy. Arrange to have an arborist visit and do the needful. Check the root collar The point where the roots meet the stem or trunk is the root collar and there's a tendency for it to be encircled by roots if proper planting techniques are not followed. Strangling is common but completely avoidable with good planting methods, periodic checks, and loosening the soil around the base of the tree. Like watering and fertilization, pruning is a must and should begin to be practiced when trees are very young. Removing dead and diseased branches keep the rest healthy, improve tree structure, maintain safety (fallen branches are reduced) and enhance vigor. Different trees respond differently to pruning and you can learn what yours does the best with by going through a tree guide or consulting with an arborist. Trees should be considered investments more important than luxury goods. They clean the air, provide shade and serve as support systems for life. It's our job to make sure they live long, healthy lives. Article Directory: http://www.articletrunk.com Vegetation removal is ideal for the regular maintenance of outdoor spaces, for the growth of beautiful trees and the avoidance of unwanted shrubs. For a few tips to help in tree planting and maintenance, browse this website. Please Rate this Article Not yet Rated Additional Articles From - Home | Home And Garden Articles

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One of the great challenges of the 21st century is how to nutritiously feed nearly 10 billion people by 2050. One key is reducing food loss and waste at a large scale. Here are 10 interventions that can help in this critical effort. Water-related risk is a growing economic threat. The private sector has a unique opportunity to shift corporate culture toward more sustainable practices that will spur long-term solutions to systemic water problems. WRI Water Program Director Betsy Otto knows the world should be worried about water: Her team's research showed this year that one-quarter of the world's population lives in extreme water stress. In this conversation, though, she talks about the solutions—technological, political, and managerial—that can alleviate the strain.

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You must all have heard about the term "solar cell"? It is something you use everyday when you handle such devices as electronic calculators and solar water heaters. Each of this devices contain solar cells in them. But what is this "solar cell"? How does it work? A solar cell or photovoltaic cell is actually a device that converts solar energy(the energy of sunlight) into electricity by the photovoltaic effect. But what is photovoltaic effect? It is actually a technique by which electricity is produced as voltage by a nonhomogeneous semiconductor, such as silicon, by the absorption of light or other electromagnetic radiation. Solar cells are used for different purposes. While individual cells are used for powering small devices such as electronic calculators, photovoltaic arrays(which are made of multiple interconnected solar cells) are used in Earth-orbiting satellites, remote radiotelephones, water pumping applications and even to generate a form of renewable electricity in remote areas where it is impossible to provide electric power from the grid in the normal way. Photovoltaics is the field of technology and research related to the application of solar cells as solar energy. With a simple science project, you can find out for yourself how solar cells work and also the effects of different wavelengths of light on solar cells. This experiment will help you predict which wavelength of light will cause the least or most disturbance in the production of electricity by your solar cell. 1) Solar car model 2) Colored transparency sheets 5) Black marker 6) Wooden blocks (or something to prevent your car wheels from touching the ground) What to do: 1) Gather all the materials required for your experiment. 2) Assemble your solar car according to the instructions provided on your kit. 3) Cut a circular piece out of the cardboard you have. Tape it to the face of one of the wheels on your car. 4) Make a dot on the edge of the cardboard circle with the black marker. This will help you to measure the speed at which the wheel spins. 5) Place your car in bright sunlight on blocks. See that the solar cell gets plenty of light. 6) Switch the power source to solar power depending on the model of the car. 7) Watch the spinning wheel and the dot on the cardboard circle. 8) Start your stopwatch and count the number of times the dot rotates in 15 seconds. Multiply this number by 4. This will give you the number of rotations in a minute. Record your observations. 9) Repeat step 5, only this time you have to cover the solar cell with one of the colored transparency sheets. 10) Repeat steps 6, 7, 8 and 9. 11) Repeat steps 10 and 11 with the rest of the colored transparency sheets. 12) Repeat this experiment two more times. Compare the results. Graph and chart your data. Describe how covering the solar cell affected the spinning of the wheel. Write down in brief the results of your solar science projects experiment. Explain patterns in your data. Write whether or not your data supported your hypothesis. If not, explain the reasons. Evaluate your project and make suggestions for improvements. NOTE: Adult supervision is recommended.

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Send an E-Postcard of: Letter to George Fuller from wife Agnes regarding Christmas (c) Pocumtuck Valley Memorial Association, Deerfield MA. All rights reserved. Contact us for information about using this image. The Puritans of early New England purposefully suppressed the celebration of Christmas, citing a lack of biblical basis for December 25 as the day to commemorate Christ's birth. Rather, the time around the winter solstice in England was traditionally marked by raucous carnival similar to Mardi Gras and was steeped in pagan traditions. As the eighteenth century wore on, key New England clergy began to see the value in positioning Christmas as a religious holiday, where the emphasis was on spiritual reflection and the family circle. By the mid-nineteenth century, many of the Christmas traditions we recognize today were in practice. On December 26, 1876, Agnes Gordon Higginson Fuller, wrote describing the family's Christmas from Deerfield, Massachusetts, to her husband, George, who stayed in Boston to work in his art studio. She reports of a number of familiar rituals like putting "a few things" in her three-year-old daughter's stocking, placing a gift on the plates of each of their four children, and having a special family meal. top of page

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Singo is a full-service PCB assembly company, so you have our team available throughout the conceptualization stage and to a successful product launch. Our priority is delivering a high standard of work with quick turnaround times in everything we do for you. Our have advanced equipment and skilled engineers perform a multitude of electronic manufacturing services, completing short-run productions of up to 10,000 units at a time. Printed circuit boards can be found in almost all types of electronic equipment. These plastic sheets and their embedded components provide the basic technology for everything from computers and cell phones to smartwatches. Circuit connections on the PCB allow current to be routed efficiently between miniaturized components on the board, replacing larger devices and cumbersome wiring. The function of the circuit board Depending on the application for which it is designed, a PC board can perform various tasks related to computing, communication, and data transfer. Aside from the tasks it performs, perhaps the most important function of a circuit board is to provide a way to integrate a device's electronics into a compact space. The PCB allows components to be properly connected to the power supply while being safely isolated. Also, boards are less expensive than other options because they can be designed using digital design tools and manufactured in high volume using factory automation. The composition of the circuit board Modern circuit boards are often made of layers of different materials. The individual layers are fused together through a lamination process. The substrate for many boards is fiberglass, which provides a rigid core. Next is the copper foil layer on one or both sides of the board. A chemical process is then used to define the copper traces that become conductive paths. These traces replace the messy wiring in the point-to-point construction method used in early electronic assemblies. Add a solder mask to the board to protect and insulate the copper layers. This layer of plastic covers both sides of the board and is usually green. This is followed by a silkscreen layer with letters, numbers, and other identifiers that aid in board assembly. The components of the circuit board can be attached to the circuit board in a number of ways, including soldering. Some connection methods make use of small holes called through-holes through the circuit board. Their purpose is to allow current to flow from one side of the board to the other. Basic circuit function A circuit is a loop of conductive material along which current can travel. When the loop is closed, the current can flow uninterruptedly from a power source (such as a battery) through the conductive material and back to the power source. The design of the circuit is based on the fact that current tries to flow from a higher supply voltage (a measure of electrical potential) to a lower voltage. Each circuit consists of at least four basic elements. The first element is the energy source of the AC or DC power supply. The second element is a conductive material, such as a wire along which energy can travel. This conductive path is called a track or trace. The third element is the load, which consists of at least one component that consumes some power to perform a task or operation. The fourth and final element is at least one controller or switches to control the flow of electricity. The function of PCB assembly When you insert a load into a closed path in a circuit, the load can use current to perform operations that require power. For example, a light-emitting diode (LED) component can light up when power flows through the circuit it is plugged into. Loads need to dissipate energy, as power overloads can damage connected components. The most important components on the board include: Battery: Provides power for the circuit, usually through a double-ended device to provide the voltage difference between two points in the circuit Capacitor: A battery-like component that quickly holds or discharges a charge Diodes: Control current flow on a circuit board by forcing it to flow in one direction Inductors: store energy in current as magnetic energy IC (Integrated circuit): A chip that may contain many miniaturized forms of circuits and components and often performs a specific function LED (Light emitting diode): Small lights on the circuit board used to provide visual feedback Resistor: Regulates the flow of current by providing resistance Switch: Either block current or allows current to flow, depending on whether it is closed or open Transistor: A switch controlled by an electrical signal Each component on the board performs a specific task or set of tasks determined by the functionality of the entire PCB. Some components, such as transistors and capacitors, work directly on current. They act as building blocks in more complex assemblies called integrated circuits. The functions of PCB have been introduced above. If you have any questions or want to customize PCB printing boards, please contact us. Singo is a professional custom PCB board manufacturer. We are mainly engaged in PCB assembly and OEM/ODM electronic manufacturing services since 2006. The products involve home appliances, digital products, industrial control, and medical equipment. After years of hard work, we have established long-term cooperative relations with some internationally renowned companies.

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Robot hands that familiarize themselves with objects by grasping them. This isn’t sci-fi; it’s something that’s been developed at the large-scale research project FAMULA, at Bielefeld University in Germany. The hands are shaped like human hands, with similar mobility; the robot brain that controls them has to learn how to distinguish different types of everyday objects based on their color or shape, in order to know how best to handle them. “Our system learns by trying out and exploring on its own -- just as babies approach new objects," says neuroinformatics professor Dr. Helge Ritter, who heads the FAMULA project together with sports scientist and cognitive psychologist professor Dr. Thomas Schack and robotics expert Dr. Sven Wachsmuth. Work in artificial intelligence along with research from other disciplines was instrumental in developing a system that could recognize object characteristics and construct models for interacting with different types of objects. Schack’s research group, for example, studied which objects test subjects perceived to be significant in terms of grasping objects. "It was surprising that weight hardly plays a role,” says Schack. “We humans rely mostly on shape and size when we differentiate objects.” The system also relies on a human “mentor” to acquire familiarity with novel objects. One of Ritter’s colleagues, Dr. Robert Haschke, stands in front of a large metal cage with both robot hands and points to individual objects on a table, or gives spoken hints as to where to find them (e.g., “behind, at left"). The system perceives its surroundings via color cameras and depth sensors, and reacts to instructions. Wachsmuth and his team are responsible for the system’s language capabilities – both in terms of spoken words and gestures. They have also given the system a face, in the form of a stylized robot head called Flobi, that complements language and actions with facial expressions. The university’s Cluster of Excellence Cognitive Interaction Technology (CITEC), where FAMULA is based, has invested into the project approximately one million euro through funding by state and federal governments. The basic research happening though FAMULA is intended to benefit self-learning robots of the future for both home and industry. “We want to literally understand how we learn to 'grasp' our environment with our hands. The robot makes it possible for us to test our findings in reality and to rigorously expose the gaps in our understanding,” says Ritter. “In doing so, we are contributing to the future use of complex, multi-fingered robot hands, which today are still too costly or complex to be used, for instance, in industry.” FAMULA, which stands for "Deep Familiarization and Learning Grounded in Cooperative Manual Action and Language," has been running since 2014 and is currently limited to October 2017. It is one of four large-scale projects at CITEC; other projects include a robot service apartment, the walking robot Hector, and the virtual coaching space ICSpace.

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This reef is 7.4 kilometres north of Dalmorton near the junction of Dinner and Abercrombie Creeks. The main reef was first prospected in 1872 and in 1873 a shaft was sunk to 13.1 metres at which depth it was reported the quartz was richer in gold and was 1.0 metre in width. Drives were constructed both sides of the shaft along the reef at the lowest level. The main reef is about 300 metres long striking at 120° and varies in width between 0.51 m. and 1.0 m. A second reef lies sub-parallel and near to the main reef. Production, if any, in the 1870's is unrecorded. In 1886, a trial crushing of 12.2 tonnes of ore from the main reef yielded 42 gm, Au/tonne and in 1898-99, 15.2 tonnes from the second reef yielded 114 gm. Au/tonne. No work was done in the area after 1900. This reef cuts Dinner Creek near the Abercrombie reef and was reported to be 0.41 m. in width and rich in gold. A shaft was sunk (Kenzie's shaft) to a depth of more than 12 metres in 1873 but no production records are available. Reef about 300 metres long bearing north-east, situated about 7 kilometres south of Dalmorton. Operated between 1890 and 1894 but no reports available. This reef is located on the high plateau north of the Little River, west of Cunglebung. The reef is several hundred metres in length and reputed to be wide. A shaft was sunk to 18 metres depth and 145 tonnes mined in 1914-15. No production records. Situated about 8 kilometres south of Dalmorton on Chandler's Creek near Campbell's Creek, the main reef varies between 0.3 to 0.65 metres in width over about 700 metres, striking at 10°. The main lode was reported as well-defined and "showing gold freely, "and was discovered in 1889 and operated to a depth of 15 metres by the Excelsior Gold Mining Syndicate until 1891, when it was taken over for a short period by the Chandler's Creek Amalgamated Company. At least six other reefs run parallel to the main reef, one of which was worked to a depth of five metres. BLACK SLATE CREEK This was an important mine situated at Mount Swain about 9.5 kilometres in a straight line south of Dalmorton. About thirty reefs, varying in width between 5 cm. and 1.25 m. occurred over a length of 500 metres bearing 20°. Between 1889 and 1893 the mine operators erected a 10-head stamper battery and an aerial tramway, sunk two shafts to depths of 15.2 and 9.1 m., constructed several tunnels and produced 24.7 kgms. of gold from 332.9 tonnes (74 gm. Au/tonne). In order to develop lower grade ore an effort was made to raise additional capital and in 1895 an attempt was made to float a company on the London stock market. Capital raising seems to have been unsuccessful as operations did not restart except for limited work by tributors in 1898. The location of this reef is unknown, however a company was floated to mine the reef in 1896. This reef is located about 5 kilometres west of Dalmorton at Oakey Creek near the Isabella reef. In 1889 a well defined reef one metre wide was located and a tunnel was driven on it. The average grade was apparently too low at the time and work ceased. This reef is located near Dalmorton township and was worked during the early 1870's. It was described as a large reef but low grade (15 gm. Au/tonne). A prospecting tunnel was driven 61 metres along the reef in 1897 to 1898 however the grade did not improve and by 1900 all activity had ceased. This reef is at Cunglebung north of Dalmorton. In 1898, 20 tonnes of quartz were crushed for a yield of 9.3 gm. Au/ tonne resulting in losses and the prospect was abandoned. This reef is at Cunglebung north of the Little River and was reported to be 0.45 m. in width. A trial crushing in 1877 yielded only 11.2 gm. Au/tonne and no further work was done. Shafts were sunk on nearby reefs in 1873 the Christmas Box (15 m. depth) and the Golden Crown, but only small quantities of quartz were stockpiled and no crushing done. This reef strikes at a bearing of 15° over 200 metres and is situated at Chandler's Creek 400 metres east of the Black Jack Reef. The reef was prospected to shallow depth however no reports are available. The Excelsior Reef is located north of Chandler's Creek about 7.5 kilometres south of Dalmorton. It extends over a strike length of about 700 metres bearing at 115° and is shallow dipping (reef width 0.3 m. to 0.6 m). A second reef to the south, the Excelsior Extended strikes east-west over about 350 metres with a reef width of 0.3 m. In 1889, 10 tonnes of quartz was sent to Sydney for a trial crushing. The results were reputed to show yields of 150 to 180 gm. Au/ tonne. During January 1890 analyses from selected samples taken from 18 metres depth showed values up to 1200 gm. Au/ tonne. Although a battery was erected in the area, no mining was conducted except by tributors who, in 1893, selectively mined 114.8 tonnes of ore which yielded 5.7 kgms. of gold (50.1 gm/tonne). Little is known about the Florida Reef which was first discovered in 1889. It bears at 10° over approximately 300 metres in length and is just north west of the Garden Hill reef. By January 1890 a shaft had been sunk to 12 metres and the reef at this depth was reported to be exceptionally rich. Three reefs occur in this area about 6.1 kilometres south of Dalmorton - the Garden Hill, the Chicago and the Little Barbara. The Garden Hill reef is about 475 metres in length bearing at 80°. West of the Garden Hill reef is the Chicago reef about 225 metres long and also bearing at 80°; the Chicago and the Garden Hill may be parts of the same reef slightly displaced by fault. Early assays of samples from the Garden Hill and Chicago reefs showed values up to 155 gm. and 215 gm. Au/tonne respectively. The Little Barbara reef to the south bears north-east over more than 100 metres. The Garden Hill reef was first discovered in 1888. The reef is large and well defined and several shafts were sunk to depths of 17 metres. A trial crushing of a few tonnes yielded 75 gm. Au/tonne, however a second trial crushing of 30 tonnes yielded only 15.7 gm. Au/tonne which was very low grade in those days and a great disappointment for the lease holders. Little was done until the leases were taken over in 1891 by the Chandler's Creek Amalgamated Mining Company, which drove a tunnel along the reef and intersected a rich ore shoot within the reef after 45 metres. The company crushed 366.8 tonnes of ore from the shoot for a return of 16.27 kgm. of gold at an average grade of 44.35 gm./tonne. In 1893, however, the company sold all the equipment and cleared off the ground. The following year, with government aid, individuals sunk a shaft on the reef to 43 metres depth (the deepest shaft, by that time, in the whole district) , and at that depth struck a zone within the reef yielding 46 gm. Au/tonne. After that, work ceased probably due to lack of capital and difficulties with water at depth. This reef is one of a number of reefs operated during 1872 to 1873 on the south side of Little River to the east of Dalmorton. Other nearby reefs included the Morning Star, Florence Irving, Charles Dickens and KrohmanTs reefs. These reefs were described as varying between 0.1 m. and 1.0 m. in width and, except for rich patches which were gouged out, varying in grade between 12 and 30 gm. Au/tonne. The Morning Star produced gold at shallow depth from a reef averaging one metre in width and grading in excess of 30 gm/tonne. In January 1873 a tunnel was commenced at the level of the Little River to intersect the reef at depth, however by May 1873 the cost of driving, owing to bad management, was so prohibitive the tunnel was abandoned at 10 metres. The Charles Dickens reef was 0.61 m. wide showing free gold in a shaft 9 m. deep sunk in 1873. The Golden Gate reef formation included a vein 0.23 m. wide with visible gold at a depth of 7.5 m. This reef is located in the vicinity of the Excelsior and Magpie reefs. The reef is flat-lying and was reputedly easy to work. A test crushing in 1891 for 30 tonnes yielded about 60 gm. Au/tonne and up until 1893 a further 176.2 tonnes yielded 11.7 kgm. of gold at an average grade of 66.5 gm./tonne. Mining was probably selective and the average grade of the whole reef is not known. This area is located about 4.5 kilometres west of Dalmorton with several reefs worked by a company. Trial crushings in 1891 averaged about 33 gm. Au/tonne however funds ran out and the company was liquidated. Selective mining by individuals in 1892 produced 9 tonnes yielding 58.75 gm/tonne but no further work was recorded. This reef is located on Pine Creek about 1400 metres downstream from the Maximilian reef west of Dalmorton. It extends over more than 200 metres striking south-east. It was reported that the reef varied in width between 15 cm. and 46 cm. at surface widening to around 1.25 metres and carrying rich coarse gold in a shaft sunk to a depth of 41 metres in 1872. This was the deepest shaft sunk throughout the district in the 1870's. Crushing of quartz from the Golden Spur took place at Dalmorton in April, 1873 but no records of yields are available. The reef was discovered in 1903 about 2.5 to 3 kilometres south of Dalmorton. A bulk sample of 4 tonnes was sent to the Cockle Creek Smelting Works for treatment yielding 15 gm. Au/tonne. The owners persevered for a time in the hope that the grade would improve with depth but finally gave up, probably through lack of funds. Information on this reef is very limited. It is known that a trial crushing in 1895 yielded 39 gm. Au/tonne but no activity followed until 1897 when the reef was worked for a short while by tributors. This reef is located about 3 km. south-east of Dalmorton and is also known as the Sir Hercules or Hercules Robinson. The reef strikes at 110° over several hundred metres, dips to the south, and varies in width between 0.25 m. and 0.65m. The reef was originally worked in 1872 and a trial crushing of 1.5 tonnes yielded about 30 gm. Au/tonne, however no work was done until 1883 when a total of 37.5 tonnes of ore yielded 1.46 kgm. of gold (38.9 gm. Au/tonne). In 1889 a shaft was started but no further reports are available. This reef is located 3 kilometres west of the Tower Hill mine and about 2 kilometres northwest of Dalmorton. The original mine was about 100 metres from workings on the Australian Chieftain reef. The Hibernian reef was worked during 1872-1873 and two shafts were sunk to 9m. and 12 m. depth. The reef is a chocolate colour gossanous rock containing quartz veins running through it and was one metre in width at 12 m. depth getting wider and richer with depth. A significant quantity of reef material with strong gold mineralization was stockpiled at surface and the property changed ownership in May 1873. There are no records of crushing. The nearby Australian Chieftain reef was worked during 1873, a shaft was sunk to a depth of 6.5 metres, and, although some ore carrying visible gold was raised, none was crushed. This reef is about 11 kilometres by road east of Dalmorton and was mined in 1873. 144 tonnes were reported to have been crushed yielding an average recovery of 19.6 gm. Au/tonne which was only marginally economic. The reef has an average width of about 0.5 m. (varying between 0.3 m. and 1.0 m.). This reef, to the south of the Golden Hope area, is about 240 metres long striking east-west. Development work on this reef used government aid and included about 50 metres of driving along the reef which averaged 0.41 m. in width. Payable gold values and rich specimens were reported in ferruginous quartz but no mining was reported. A larger parallel reef was discovered nearby and a shallow shaft was sunk but no further information is available. Samples of reef quartz recently observed in the field contained some visible gold. The major reef line, located 2.6 kilometres north of Dalmorton, extends east-west over a distance of about 300 metres. Two reefs, known as the Bohemian and the Victoria were operated in the 1870's; they junction at a similar bearing and may be parts of the same reef formation. The zone was discovered in 1872 and a trial crushing, conducted in Sydney, in early 1873 yielded 650 gm. Au/tonne. The reef was described as strong and well-defined, 0.25 m. in width and very rich with gold showing freely. Although some rich quartz was stockpiled, the operators encountered difficulties in having ore crushed and ceased activities in 1873. The costs of mining, carting ore to Dalmorton and crushing were equivalent to 8 gm. Au/tonne, 24 gm. Au/tonne and 8 gm. Au/tonne respectively. An additional reef close to the Bohemian reef, known as the Chieftain, was also worked in 1873 and again, although some ore carrying rich gold was raised, none was crushed. In 1886, the area was taken over by the New Bendigo Company which erected a two head stamper battery. A Trial crushing was started however work ceased when one of the principal shareholders was accidently killed. No further activity took place, except in 1898 when a small patch of very rich alluvial was worked just north of the reefs. The location of this reef is south-east of the Union reef and about 4.7 kilometres south of Dalmorton. Little is known about it except that a shaft was sunk to 9 metres depth in 1886 and 24 metres of driving along the reef was completed. Only high grade gold specimens were extracted. This reef is located close to Chandler's Creek and was first discovered in 1891 on the side of a very steep hill, known as Lady Jersey Hill. Five experienced miners first worked the reef at surface and a trial crushing of 4.93 tonnes of quartz yielded 32.8 gm. Au/tonne. At surface the reef is sometimes over 12 metres in width. A Sydney syndicate purchased the lease in 1892 and a tunnel 31 metres long was constructed striking the reef 37 metres below the surface at which depth the reef was more than 3 metres wide surrounded by soft iron-stained slate. The values of gold in this portion of the reef are reputed to have been low (10 to 12 gm. Au/tonne) and the syndicate withdrew. No further activities are known to have taken place. This reef was one of the early reefs discovered near the Mann River in 1882. The prospector's (Sneath and Party) reported good gold values, but an attempt to raise capital was apparently not successful. By comparison with the areas around the Little River, access into the Mann River area was very difficult and costs of carting equipment very high. The location of this reef, south of Dalmorton, is unknown. A battery was erected in 1905 by the owners, Mulligan and Ford, and a shaft was sunk to a depth of 18 metres. Tunnels were driven along the reef at the 9 m. and 12 m. levels. The reef averaged 0.65 metres in width and 76 tonnes of ore yielded 33.8 gm. Au/tonne. The reef at the bottom level had recoveries less than 30 gm./tonne and work ceased in 1906. This reef is situated about one kilometre south-east of the Isabella reef to the west of Dalmorton and had been operated during the early 1870's. In 1873 the reef was described as a "fine wide reef" rich in gold and some of the ore was said to have yielded as high as 218 gm. Au/tonne. In 1877 the reef was re-opened and 70 tonnes of quartz were stockpiled utilizing a shaft 14 metres deep. The stockpile was estimated to have an average grade in excess of 30 gm. Au/tonne, however the cost of carting the material to a battery proved prohibitive. The reef is about 300 metres long and strikes at 105°. In 1889 government aid was granted to deepen the shaft to 45 metres however reports only state that it reached a depth of 16.5 metres. The main reef (sometimes called the Lady Emily Reef) strikes at about 65° crossing Cherry Tree Creek 800 metres south of the Mann River. It can be traced over about 1000 metres, dips at 60° to 70° to the south east, varies in width between 0.3 m. and 1.0 m., and is cut by several narrow "leaders". The reef was discovered around 1883 and until 1886 various groups worked portions of the reef to shallow depth, the deepest workings (18 metres) being on "Taylors" claim. In 1887, the Little Dora Company took over and between 1887 and 1889 constructed a tunnel and roads and erected a stamper battery. Costs were high, however in 1888 about 215 tonnes of ore yielded 8.62 kilograms of gold for an average of 40 gm. Au/tonne. Mining on surrounding claims were reported to have recoveries as high as 60 gm/tonne. In 1889 a crushing of 152 tonnes recovered only 13 gm. Au/tonne leading to losses and work was suspended; the reef material was reported to be "heavily charged with pyrite." In 1891, a new group took over the lease and changed the name to the Adelaide Mine, however they encountered difficulty in treating the rock which contained pyrite, silver, galena and arsenopyrite, and recoveries were poor. In 1896 a new group, the Little Dora Syndicate, took over and spent significant capital, constructing an aerial tramway for ore cartage and adding a "Woodbury" concentrator (which is still in the area) to improve recoveries. By 1897 trial crushings gave good returns, the mine was being opened up more intensively and more milling machinery was ordered. In 1898, 462 tonnes of rock were crushed yielding 17.6 kgms. of gold (38.1 gm./tonne). By this time costs of landing goods and machinery to the site were becoming prohibitive and operations ceased. It is also likely that the presence of sulphides below the oxidized zone lowered recoveries of gold (treatment was relatively primitive compared to metallurgical methods today). It is of interest to note that prospectors were reported to have found a reef of quartz near the Mann River containing arsenopyrite and galena with values of gold and silver up to 830 gm/tonne and 1470 gm/tonne respectively, however they refused to give the Mining Registrar at Dalmorton any information. During a recent visit to the area it was noted that most of the old workings at the Little Dora Mine have collapsed and the reefs were covered. A few chips from a reef (0.4 m. width at this location) about 500 metres northeast of the main workings assayed 2.10 gm. Au/tonne; this sample would not be representative of the reef however the value is anomalous. The quartz was very hard and contained no visible sulphides at this location. This reef was the second reef worked in the district, after the Union, and is about 800 metres south-west of the Union reef and about 3.5 kilometres south of Dalmorton. The reef is more than 150 metres long, striking nearly north-south (345° bearing) and averages about 0.5 m. in width. During the 1870's a shaft had been sunk to 10.5 metres and 59 tonnes yielded 30.6 gm. Au/tonne. A dam and crushing plant were being constructed but, according to E.F. Pittman (1880), capital was exhausted owing to "reckless" expenditure and bad management and the mine was closed. Between 1880 and 1885 work was conducted by a Mr. Jackson intermittently and 30 to 40 tonnes was raised, but no record of crushing is known. This reef is about 7.4 kilometres south of Dalmorton and strikes north-easterly from the Magpie Range for about 400 metres. Numerous workings are present along the Range which trends east-west over 1200 metres, however the only recorded work is on the Magpie reef. The reef i s narrow (about 6.5 centimetres) but produced high values. In 1889, 4.35 tonnes of reef material were crushed yielding 1.84 kilograms of gold (426 gm. Au/tonne). No further information is available except that some work was being done in 1891. This reef was discovered as late as 1910 near Springbrook about 12 km. to the west of Dalmorton and apparently 61 tonnnes of material yielded about 3.6 kgms. of gold (approx. 60 gm./tonne). This reef is located about 700 metres north west of the Lone Star workings, striking 345° over about 200 metres. The reef is 0.5m. in width. A shaft was sunk to 9 metres in depth in the 1870's but no rock was crushed. This reef strikes north-south over more than 150 metres in length and is just west of Pine Creek and about 3.1 kilometres south westerly from Dalmorton. In 1872 a portion of the reef formation, containing a quartz vein 0.3 m. wide, was worked but no production figures are available. This was one of the first reefs worked in the Mann River area. It was reported in 1882 that a shaft had been sunk to 13 m. depth and 3 m. of driving along the reef, which was 0.9 m. wide, had been completed. It was reported at this time by the Mining Registrar that he had not visited the area as the last 11 kilometres into the Mann River was "unrideable". The prospectors seem to have experienced similar difficulties as they survived for some time taking only very high grade specimens out of the area for crushing. This reef is about 35 kilometres by road north-west of Dalmorton, and was discovered in 1898. The reef was 0.38 m. wide at surface, thickening to 1.25 m. at a depth of 4 metres. Scarcity of water made crushing difficult at this time, however in 1898, 13.2 tonnes yielded 51.3 gm. Au/tonne and in 1899 41.7 tonnes yielded 62.5 gm. Au/tonne. In 1900 some rock was crushed yielding 35 gm. Au/tonne, but it is not certain how much. This reef was discovered in 1888 and is about 1000 metres east of Garden Hill, south of Dalmorton. The reef strikes south easterly over about 300 metres and varies between 0.6 m. and 1.5 m. in width. In 1889, 65 tonnes of quartz was crushed yielding about 30 gm. /tonne. An attempt was made to raise capital for development but was apparently unsuccessful as the grade was considered only marginal. In 1891, the discovery of a number of high grade gold reefs at Mount Poole near Frenchman's Flat at Springbrook 12 kms. west of Dalmorton and close to the road on the north side of the Little River, caused a minor gold-rush in the district and the establishment of a town at Springbrook. At least five major parallel reefs known in order as Jimmy's, Bonnar's, Snake, Marvel and Kerry reefs, all carrying gold, were uncovered and worked along line by three companies - The Mount Poole Gold Mining Company, Mount Poole Marvel Gold Mining Company and Mount Poole New Era Gold Mining Company. The Mount Poole G.M. Company encountered more logistical difficulties than the other companies and was not as successful, and often applied for Government aid. The company did however construct a tunnel cross-country which intersected Jimmy's and Bonnar's reef and encountered Snake reef, reported to be 1.7 m. wide at the end of the tunnel (91 metres) which was completed in March 1893 after nearly two years of driving. It is known that some shallow shafts were sunk and about 70 tonnes mined from Snake and Bonnarfs reef however little else is known. More information is available concerning the other two companies which follows. MOUNT POOLE MARVEL The Mount Poole Marvel Gold Mining Company was formed in 1891 initially to operate the Marvel reef, near Mt. Poole, which was reported to be 0.76 m. wide at surface and 1.32 m. wide at a depth of 5.2 metres. Initially bulk samples from the 5 m. level were sent to Sydney for test crushings; 4.32 tonnes of quartz yielded 90.4 gm. Au/tonne, and 1.83 tonnes of rubble yielded 127 gm. Au/tonne. Further test crushings, conducted at Dalmorton, of reef material taken from a depth of 10.5 metres yielded 413 gm. Au/tonne from 11.96 tonnes. In 1892, 167.6 tonnes yielded 5 kgm. of gold (30 gm. Au/tonne) and 300 tonnes were ready for crushing. By 1893 five reefs were being worked, a new spur-road to a public crushing mill at Springwood had been constructed and the mine was being developed with the intention of providing 250 to 300 tonnes per month to the mill. Kerry's reef was developed to a depth of 7.3 m. where the reef formation was 1.07 m. in width consisting of a quartz vein 0.43 m. wide carrying massive pyrite and a little free gold, and the remainder consisting of brown iron-stained gossan carrying free gold. The Bonnar's and Snake reefs, about 45 metres west of the Marvel reef, are close together and the quartz vein material extracted from the reef formations was reported to be 0.46 m. and 0.51 m. wide respectively. No specific information on Jimmy's reef is available, however it is known to have been one of the widest reefs and a large amount of quartz from this and the Marvel reef had been stock-piled by mid 1893 ready for crushing. Difficulties seem to have been encountered with the public battery at Springbrook which in 1894 was removed to Coramba N.S.W., where rich discoveries had recently been made, virtually closing all activities except for some work the same year by tributors who had to cart ore 25 km. to the nearest battery. MOUNT POOLE NEW ERA The Mount Poole New Era Gold Mining Company started work on the various reefs at Mount Poole in 1891 and two test crushings yielded 32 gm. Au/tonne and 107 gm. Au/ tonne. Reefs tested were the Marvel and the New Era the latter varying in width between 0.38 m. and 1.07 m. Litigation over the ownership delayed operations for more than a year but was decided in favour of the company which then raised additional capital. In 1893, 59 tonnes of ore taken from a tunnel into the New Era reef, yielded 97.8 gm. Au/tonne. Later in the year 406 tonnes of ore yielded 25 gm. Au/tonne. In 1894, the mine was idle, having encountered similar problems to those of the adjoining Marvel company. In 1895, it was reported that 20 tonnes of quartz was crushed and a yield of only 8.6 gm. Au/tonne was recovered. The mine was abandoned soon after. A number of sub-parallel reefs striking generally northsouth were prospected in the early 1880's, about 400 metres west of Cherry Tree Creek, south of the Mann River. The main line of reefs extends over a distance of 800 metres through Mount Rae, the main reef formation varying in width between two and four metres; other known reefs have widths of 0.2 m. to 1.1 m. Owing to the high cost of carting ore and lack of treatment facilities, no quartz, except for selected high grade specimens, was crushed until 1891 when a group of prospectors (Rae & Party) reported good gold, one crushing yielding 250 gm. Au/tonne. In 1893, the mine at Mount Rae was taken over by another group, Cosgrove and Brennan, who crushed 58 tonnes for a yield of 53.7 gm. Au/tonne. In 1895, the property was purchased by an English syndicate who, the following year, floated a company (Mount Rae Gold Mining Company Ltd.) on the London stock market. A ten head stamper battery and other machinery were erected and the main reef developed with a work-force of thirty to forty men. The company held three gold leases (6.1 hectares) covering a north-south strike length of 430 metres. During 1897, 745 tonnes of quartz was crushed, but the returns were "not up to expectations." In 1898, 711 tonnes of quartz yielded 6.47 kilograms of gold for an average of only 9.1 gm. Au/tonne, which was reported as being "not nearly sufficent to pay expenses." Percentage recovery of gold was probably poor and such yields meant the company sustained heavy losses, so the mine closed down and, except for limited prospecting activities in 1908, was never reopened. Several reefs were discovered at Mount Remarkable near Sheep Station Creek north of the Little River about two kilometres north-east of Mount Poole. A tunnel was driven 84 metres along a reef 0.3 metres wide bearing northerly and about 120 tonnes were mined; 19 tonnes were crushed yielding 127 gm. Au/tonne. The yield of the remaining tonnage is unrecorded. In 1895 the mine was reported to be turning out payable stone and in 1896 another tunnel was being constructed with Government aid. Mining continued sporadically until 1911 when a second reef was opened up about 40 m. from the first reef and a shaft was sunk. This reef was up to 1 m. wide and could be traced over 125 metres in strike length, bearing at 70° and dipping at about 60° south easterly. The major activity at the Mt. Remarkable mine occured between 1936 and 1941 when 694 tonnes of ore yielded 14.12 kilograms of gold (20.3 gm/tonne). A "clean-up" in 1942 of 41 tonnes yielded 4 gm/tonne; at that time it was reported that about 500 tonnes of tailings were stockpiled averaging 4.7 gm. Au/tonne. A recent channel sample taken over a one metre wide section of the second reef at the face of the lower tunnel was analyzed at 20 gm. Au/tonne. The reef consisted of argillaceous rock with a number of narrow quartz veins. A channel sample 15 cm. wide near the end of the upper tunnel gave a value of 11.7 gm. Au/tonne (footwall and hangingwall samples went 0.58 and 0.55 gm. Au/tonne). A grab sample of black slate from mullock near the crosscut adit leading to the lower tunnel showed a value of 0.44 gm. Au/tonne. A grab sample recently taken from a stockpile near the first reef, above the second reef workings, gave a value of 58 gm. Au/tonne. This reef is located close to Springbrook, west of Dalmorton and was discovered in early 1893. The reef formation is 0.6 m. wide and was reported to be carrying gold in payable quantities. It strikes north east across the bedding, whereas all the other known reefs nearby at Mt. Poole are conformable with the bedding of the country rock. No reports of mining, if any, are available, however it is known that the removal of the public milling battery at Springbrook in 1894 caused the demise of mining activities at Mt. Poole, so it is probable the reef was never developed. The Pine Creek reef, about 2.6 kilometres south-west of Dalmorton consists of a near-vertical lode of siliceous iron stone extending east from Pine creek over about 500 metres and was prospected by the Occidental Gold-mining Company in 1899-1900 with several tunnels, shafts and cross-cuts to determine the size and grade. 25 tonnes were sent to the Cockle Creek Smelter Works for cyanide treatment tests , however results showed about 12 gm. Au/tonne. Over a period of about two years several trial crushings were conducted on reef material from many parts of the reef and gold values were found to be very even over an average width of 4.6 metres though too low to be payable at the time — varying between 9 gm. and 12.5 gm. Au/tonne and averaging 11 gm. Au/tonne. The owner's still intended to try to operate in a large way with extensive machinery, however all attempts to raise capital were apparently unsuccessful and activities ceased in 1901. A large sample of sulphide-bearing siliceous rock taken in 1981 from broken rock surrounding the main shaft was analyzed at 10.6 gm. Au/tonne. Recent field work to the west of Pine Creek indicates the lode could extend over at least 3000 metres. This reef is located north of Dalmorton near the "Scottish Chief." It was first worked in 1872-1873 and later in 1892 when 10 tonnes were crushed for a yield of 65.3 gm. Au/tonne. The main reef crosses Cherry Tree Creek 1400 metres south of the Mann River (600 metres south of the Little Dora reef) and extends from there a distance of 650 metres on a bearing of 65° towards Mann Peak, dipping 60° to 70° south-easterly. Various prospectors worked portions of a reef about 50 metres north of and sub-parallel to the main reef during the 1880's. Part of the main reef, east of Cherry Tree Creek, was worked during 1907 to 1910 by Brown and Mc Master who erected a small stamper battery. In 1908, 49.8 tonnes of ore was crushed returning 37.5 gm. Au/tonne and in 1909, 69.1 tonnes yielded 47.3 gm. Au/tonne. A considerable amount of development work had been done and in 1909-1910 the lessees endeavoured to raise additional capital so that operations could be expanded to a larger and more economical scale. It is apparent that efforts to raise capital were not successful and activities ceased. The gold price at that time had weakened and gold ventures had generally lost favour with investors. This reef is located in the ranges north of Dalmorton close to Jackass Creek. In 1877 a trial crushing yielded about 30 gm. Au/tonne, however the operation was abandoned owing to the difficulty and expense of carting ore to a battery in the south. This fate befell other nearby reefs including the Pioneer (mentioned above), Ben Bolt, Victoria , Chieftain and Heatherbell reefs some of which had gold grades in excess of 60 gm/tonne. Activity at the Scottish Chief was revived in the late 1880's and by 1891 a 10 head stamper battery and water dam had been completed at the site. Work commenced soon after and 46 tonnes yielded 17.6 gm/tonne, a lower grade than expected. Mining ceased soon after. This property near Cunglebung, not far from the Abercrombie reef, north of Dalmorton was first worked in 1873 by four different groups. The major reef, Smith's reef, averages two metres in width trending east-west, junctioning with another wide reef running north-south and close to four other reefs with varying strikes. In 1873 a shaft was sunk to 17 metres on Smith's reef and two shafts were sunk on a nearby richer reef (Kelly's) from which some ore gave a good return i n mid-1873. Later that year an air-shaft was sunk on Smith's reef and over 200 tonnes of quartz was raised and stock-piled. No stamper battery operated close by, however in 1874 several hundreds of tonnes of quartz from Smith's reef was carted to a stamper battery and yielded an average of 7.86 gm. Au/tonne. The yield did not even pay for the crushing costs (approximately equivalent to 8 gm. Au/tonne at that time) and all activity ceased. In 1880, the area was visited by E.F. Pittman (Government Geological Surveyor) who described Smith's reef as "an immense mass of stone." This reef is situated at Stockyard Creek 13 kms. (straightline) south of Dalmorton, however little is known about it. It was originally worked by a syndicate from Hillgrove, N.S.W. in 1897 and in the following year various items of machinery were erected and a road constructed. The only reported production was in 1899 when 40.6 tonnes yielded 28.35 gm. Au/tonne and in 1900 the mine was abandoned. The St. Patrick's reef, located 3.7 kms. south from Dalmorton, east of the Union reef, strikes at a bearing of 115° over about 350 metres. It was first worked in 1872 and later during 1885 but no production records are available. The Surprise reef is located near Cunglebung, north west of Dalmorton. The only reported production was in 1898 when 10 tonnes was crushed yielding 33 gm. Au/tonne. The Switzerland reef is located at the head-waters of Wellington Creek, 6400 metres up-stream from its junction with Cunglebung Creek. The reef is 15 centimetres wide, bearing 5° and dips at about 60° to the east. The reef was reported to be very rich - large blocks of reef-quartz, put on display in Grafton in January, 1873, were "thickly impregnated" with gold, however, owing to logistical difficulties no material was ever crushed. However, the reef is notable for the fact that the areas downstream from it were the scene of very active alluvial mining during the 1860 and 70's, - Alluvia! washing was known to continue on a limited scale into the 1880's. In 1907 a prospector, Taylor, who had previously been active further north in the Mann River, discovered two reefs at Cunglebung one of which yielded good values, but no production was reported. The Tower Hill or Perseverance reef was actively mined during the early 1870's and prior to 1875 was reported to have crushed 2069 tonnes of quartz yielding 68,195 grams of gold (33 gm. Au/tonne) however at relatively shallow depth (20 metres) heavy water flows were encountered and mining ceased. The reef strikes at 105° and was averaging 0.77 metres in width at the lowest level. A fault off-sets the reef and most mining activity was conducted on the western side of the fault where the reef can be traced over more than 100 metres. On the eastern side of the fault the length of reef is unknown but grades were slightly higher. A number of parallel reefs were worked averaging 23 to 32 gm. Au/tonne, notably "Webb's line of reef", 0.6 m. wide, from which 119 tonnes were reported to yield 27.2 gm. Au/tonne; this line of reef is located about 90 metres north of the perseverance reef. Gold from the various reefs at Tower Hill was produced from ferruginous quartz, and below the water-table high quantities of sulphide (mainly pyrite) were encountered. In March, 1877, the Clarence Pioneer Quartz Mining Company was formed to construct a tunnel to intersect the main Perseverance reef 75 m. to 85 m. below the level of the top of the Tower Hill shaft. After tunnelling 147.4 metres the company ran out of funds and work ceased. Except for a parcel of one tonne of selected quartz sent to Sydney for treatment (yielding 1555 gm. Au) no further work was done until 1881 when the Tower Hill Company resumed extension of the tunnel. From this time until 1894 an amazing saga of intermittent capital raising and mismanagement, diverted often by periods of mining "leaders", saw the tunnel extended to a total length of 335 metres without achieving its objective of intersecting the main reef. The tunnel, in fact, ran parallel to the reef for some distance. In 1913, a crosscut was driven about 24 metres, apparently in the wrong direction, to intersect the reef, and no further work was conducted until the period 1936 to 1939 when different individuals raised a total of about 14.5 tonnes of ore from a depth of about 15 metres in the old workings yielding 0.59 kgms. of gold (40.7 gm. Au/tonne). No significant activity has occurred since that time. This reef discovered in early 1871 was the first reef operated in the Dalmorton Goldfield and is located at Quart Pot Creek about 3.1 kilometres south of Dalmorton, and at surface averaged 0.46 metres in width, over about 200 metres, with a strike of 807deg;. In 1873, the Triumph Company constructed a tunnel 45 metres long to intersect the reef at depth and 91 tonnes of quartz from a shaft 27 metres i n depth, yielded 37.6 gm. Au/tonne. In 1883, the Union Company sunk five shafts at various parts along the reef varying in depth between 7.5m. and 40 m. at which latter depth the reef had widened to 1.1 metres. From stopes between the 36.5 metre level and surface 75 tonnes yielded only 21 gm. Au/tonne and although work continued in subsequent years no further production figures were reported until 1886 when only 0.81 kgm. of gold was recovered from 114,8 tonnes (7.04 gm. Au/tonne) and the company was wound up. This reef is situated close to Chandler's Creek south of Dalmorton. The only reported production was in 1891 when 18 tonnes of ore yielded 41.5 gm, Au/tonne. This was a newly discovered reef in 1904 about 4.5 kilometres south of Dalmorton. The reef encouraged the owners to erect a three head stamper battery, however a test crushing of 10 tonnes yielded only 28 gm. Au/tonne and activities ceased. This reef is located 650 metres north of the Little River, about 3.6 kms. north-westerly from Dalmorton, and extends about 200 metres bearing 100°. The reef was worked during 1872-1873; a shaft was sunk to a depth of 21.3 metres and 25 tonnes of reef quartz was stockpiled. It was reported that the reef was 0.62 m. wide near surface, enlarging and becoming more solid with depth. There are no records of any work after 1873, and it is probable the operators lacked the necessary capital to erect treatment facilities. This reef strikes south-east over about 600 metres in known length. The only information available indicates that a tunnel was being driven along the reef from Chandler's Creek i n 1895. The location of the Working Miners reef is uncertain, however it was apparently a wide reef. The only information available is as follows: 1891 - 11 tonnes yielded 105.9 gm. Au/tonne; 1892 - 15 tonnes yielded 49.8 gm. Au/tonne. - Multiple Targets - Short Timeframe to Production - Pipeline of Ongoing Projects - Further Exploration Potential - Close to Infrastructure and Major Towns An array of projects varying in depth, style and mineralisation.

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In October 2010 York and North Yorkshire Waste PFI issued a Questions and Answers update which purported to answer popular questions and “misconceptions”. Below we compare NYCC claims with reality. Why can’t we recycle more? The Claim: NYCC say that they can and will recycle more and that the proposed Allerton Waste Recovery Park would help them do so by recovering as much recyclable material from our waste as it is cost effective to do so. Reality: North Yorkshire’s recycling rate is approximately 45% and with use of the proposed MBT plant this figure is likely to reach nearly 55%. However NYCC cannot be seriously considering that recycling rates should remain below 60% for the next 25 years while the Governments of Scotland and Wales have already committed themselves to reaching 60% by 2020 and England is likely to go the same way. The Claim: The proposal would complement the work being done by the York and North Yorkshire Waste Partnership on waste reduction and recycling activities. North Yorkshire already has a good recycling performance – currently at over 45%. Reality: NYCC’s achievements on recycling are actually quite modest and compare badly with best practice. In the UK, South Oxfordshire has already achieved 70% while San Francisco has reached 75%, and many smaller communities in Europe have reached or exceeded 70%. The proposed incinerator plans will undermine the Waste Partnership’s commitments to reduction, re-use and recycling because of the need to continuously feed it with large amounts of waste to burn. If we want recycling above 60% then the proposed incinerator is not a suitable solution to diverting waste from landfill. Why not make more use of the anaerobic digestion plant? The Claim: The proposed Anaerobic Digestion (AD) plant can handle 40,000 tonnes of organic waste a year recovered through the mechanical sorting process. The residue from the AD will be used to power the Energy from Waste (EFW) unit because the input is mixed waste, so the material produced cannot be used by farmers or the public as compost or top soil. Reality: The proposed AD plant is simply not of the design to produce useful product, though doing so is perfectly feasible. Indeed, this is done in other AD treatment processes in the UK, where the output can be used as a valuable soil conditioner ideally suited to land reclamation projects. There is a government protocol PAS 110 that allows AD residual to be used for such a purpose. Why is the proposed plan not allowing this to happen? Will the facility handle commercial waste and charge for it? Are there financial penalties if the councils do not provide enough waste? The Claim: As a waste disposal authority NYCC has a statutory duty to manage locally generated commercial and industrial waste collected by the Waste Collection Authorities. It is claimed that Council Tax will not be being used to subsidise commercial waste disposal – in fact it is the other way round. Any shortfall in waste delivery will be offset by commercial waste and Council is confident that there will be a sufficient amount available. Reality: Simply, the incinerator is oversized and the council tax payer could face a bill for this error. There are commercial risks in trying to source commercial waste as it will be becoming a very competitive market as other incinerators are already competing for the limited resource i.e. Sheffield. NYCC seem not to have factored these risks into their simplistic economic case, nor acknowledged the possibility of penalties being paid if the incinerator does not get its regular ‘feed’ as Stoke-on-Trent found and face a £625,000 fine for just this year. Much depends on the terms of the contract which are shrouded in mystery under the blanket of commercial confidentiality. What are the total costs of the proposed Waste PFI? The Claim: The total estimated waste management bill which City of York Council and North Yorkshire County Council will face if they continue to rely on landfill is approximately £1.8billion for the period up to 2039/40. NYCC claim that the contract will give North Yorkshire and York residents a saving on future disposal costs, cutting their combined waste management bill by over £320 million over 25 years, based on the financial detail in the final tenders they received in October 2009. Reality: The ‘saving’ (£320m or £12.8m per year on average) is in comparison to a ‘Do Minimum’ scenario. This means don’t manage, change or influence the current situation for 25 years and just assume all trends continue. No sensible commercial organization would be foolish enough to use this as their only baseline for comparison and to then use this theoretical ‘saving‘ as the major plank in their marketing. Thus NYCC’s case rests on one analysis which uses some very risky, outdated and poorly researched assumptions, which when proven wrong, will cancel out most of the so called ‘savings’. Using more relevant and realistic data regarding future landfill tax, population growth and waste volumes, Marton- cum-Grafton’s report to the Scrutiny Committee concludes that ‘the PFI contract would be more costly than the Do Nothing option”. There is likely to be a number of changes in national policies and technology over the next 25 years and we are not confident that the proposed plans allow enough flexibility to respond appropriately, resulting in further costs to NYCC. To our knowledge only the MT and AD plant is modular based and can be changed, leaving a majority of the plant inflexible to adapt to any significant future changes, like the possibility of food waste collection that is currently being considered by Harrogate Borough Council. We also believe there are a number of hidden costs not included, for example the cost of decommissioning the site, the impact of likely reduced subsidies, likely increase in transport costs and the cost of developing existing, and at least two new, waste transfer sites. What happens to the ash produced? The Claim: The waste treatment processes proposed for the Allerton Waste Recovery Park have two types of by-products: Incinerator Bottom Ash and APC residues. NYCC define IBA as the material which comes out of the grate at the end of the Energy from Waste (EfW) process. It is mostly a mix of ceramics, slag and glass although there might be small amounts of low value metals such as iron, steel, aluminium, copper and brass which can be extracted for recycling. Reality: Ash is more complex than just two components. More importantly, NYCC fail to mention that it also contains some dioxins and heavy metals and there are concerns over its ecotoxity. These arise from October 2005 when the Health and Safety Executive reclassified zinc oxide (a potential compound in ash) as ecotoxic, joining zinc chloride and all lead compounds. We do not know what storage procedures will be used. However, leaching of hazardous and/or toxic materials could take place either from waste prior to it going into the incinerator or from any IBA left out for weathering. Leaching could include hazardous and/or toxic materials present in the rubbish and leachate could enter the local land and groundwater and hence affect people, crops and animals What about impacts on the environment? The Claim: AmeyCespa’s proposal will divert waste from landfill, which generates up to 40% of the UK’s methane emissions. Methane is more harmful to the environment than carbon dioxide and represents about 3% of the UK’s total greenhouse gas emissions. Reality: This is an example of half-truths intended to give a misleading impression. The incinerator does divert waste from landfill, but only at the expense of dumping waste into the atmosphere in the form of various emissions. Many of these will eventually return to earth, affecting the land for many miles around the incinerator and have an impact on the environment. Incineration is the worst choice for climate change (Greenhouse gases, GHGs). Choosing it runs contrary to national policy on GHG emissions. While landfill emits methane (24 times more powerful as a GHG) it can be captured and burnt to produce energy. This means that implementing the proposed technology runs counter to the UK’s international commitments on climate change. The more accurate model used by Greater London clearly shows that there are many other alternatives than an EfW (as proposed for NYCC) that are better for the environment. What about health impacts? The Claim: AmeyCespa will have to submit a Permitting Application to the Environment Agency. Energy from Waste is a tried and tested technology and the emissions from Energy from Waste plants are subject to strict monitoring by the EA and if the plant failed to meet their criteria it would not get a permit to operate, or could have the permit withdrawn. Reality: Monitoring of emissions of waste incinerators is not continuous but conducted via spot checks and often with the operator given advance notice and therefore able to ensure acceptable standards. Such sporadic monitoring means that the operator and the public might never find out about unintended periods of high emissions. So while the emissions from incinerators are subject to regulatory controls, this is not a guarantee that the standards set are adequate. The Claim: Independently reviewed evidence shows no adverse health effects to people from living near incinerators (source DEFRA Waste Strategy for England 2007) and in its most recent report, The Health Protection Agency supported that view, saying that it did not recommend doing any more studies of public health around modern, well managed municipal waste incinerators “as the effects are probably not measurable”. Reality: While UK bodies such as the Environment Agency and the Health Protection Agency say that “Modern, well managed waste incinerators will only make a very small contribution background levels of air pollution” and “provided they comply with modern regulatory requirements, such as the Waste Incineration Directive, they should contribute little to the contribution of monitored pollutants in ambient air”, there is a lot of evidence from overseas (and some in the UK) that identifies health risks and the extent of excess deaths and morbidity. It has recently been estimated by the United States Environmental Protection Agency that they are 10 times more likely to cause cancer than was previously thought hence no incinerator has been built in the USA since 1995. Why are you proposing a 25 year PFI deal and what happens at the end of the contract? The Claim: By using PFI we have been able to attract £65million of PFI credits from government. This is revenue funding which will be used to keep Council Tax down. This will actually equate to approx £125m as payments are spread over the life of the contract. Reality: All the PFI would achieve is a modest up-front support for an uneconomic scheme and it would have the effect of locking NYCC and York into a high-cost solution. Since the claimed savings are illusory and predicated on a number of unsupportable assumptions, this scheme would actually cost the council money over the 25 year period. The Claim: Unlike PFI contracts which provide a maintained building, for example for hospitals and schools, waste PFI contracts buy a long term waste management solution at a predetermined cost which gives us financial security. At the end of the contract AmeyCespa will hand the plant over to the councils in fully operational condition. The councils can then choose to operate it or decommission it, subject to planning conditions. Reality: NYCC have failed to realise that there are cheaper alternatives. We think that any strategy should be cost-effective and place strong emphasis on waste reduction, re-use and recycling and that it should be as environmentally friendly as possible. This approach points to a strategy that combines maximal waste reduction, re-use and recycling with technologies such as Mechanical Biological Separation/Anaerobic Digestion (MBT/AD) and avoids incineration. What if AmeyCespa don’t get the contract? The Claim: It is up to councillors to decide whether or not to award the contract to AmeyCespa in December. If the council decides against contract award we will then have to start the tender process again, continue with landfill and incur the financial penalties in the meantime while we determine whether to start the procurement process again and/or review our waste strategy. Reality: It is our belief that restarting the tendering process would be the best possible outcome for York and North Yorkshire council tax payers as it will identify cheaper options that create a greater number of jobs and have less health and environmental concerns. Other County Councils like Lancashire who have restarted the tendering processes for large PFI projects have managed to regain ground within 18 months.

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There has been a flurry of activity in the biomass energy sector in recent year, with many new projects and initiatives being given the green light across the globe. This movement has been on both a regional and local level; thanks to the increased efficiency of biomass energy generators and a slight lowering in implementation costs, more businesses and even some homeowners are converting waste-to-energy systems or by installing biomass energy units. Latest from the United Kingdom Our first notable example of this comes from Cornwall in the UK. As of this week, a small hotel has entirely replaced its previous oil-based heating system with biomass boilers. Fuelled from wood wastes brought in from a neighboring forest, the BudockVean hotel has so far been successful in keeping the entire establishment warm on two small boilers despite it being the height of British winter – and when warmer weather arrives, plans to install solar panels on the building’s roof is to follow. Similar projects have been undertaken across small businesses in Britain, including the south-coast city of Plymouth that has just been announced to house a 10MW biomass power plant (alongside a 20MW plant already in construction). These developments arein part thanks to the UK government’s Renewable Heat Incentive which was launched back in 2011. The scheme only provides funding to non-domestic properties currently, but a domestic scheme is in the works this year to help homeowners also move away from fossil fuels. Initiatives (and Setbacks) in the US Back across the pond, and the state of New York is also launching a similar scheme. The short-term plan is to increase public education on low-emission heating and persuade a number of large business to make the switch; in the longer term, $800m will be used to install advanced biomass systems in large, state-owned buildings. A further $40m will be used as part of a competition to help create a series of standalone energy grids in small towns and rural areas, which is a scheme that could hopefully see adopted beyond New York if all goes well. Unfortunately, the move away from fossil fuels hasn’t been totally plain sailing across the US. Georgia suffered a blow this week as plans to convert a 155MW coal plant to biomass have been abandoned, citing large overheads and low projected returns. The company behind the project have met similar difficulties at other sites, but as of this week are moving ahead with further plans to convert over 2000MW of oil and coal energy generation in the coming years. Elsewhere in the US, a company has conducted a similar study as to whether biomass plant building will be feasible in both Florida and Louisiana. Surveying has only just been completed, but if things go better than the recent developments in Georgia, the plants will go a long way to converting biomass to fertilizer for widespread use in agriculture in both states. Far East Leading the Way One country that is performing particularly well in biomass energy investment market is Japan. Biomass is being increasingly used in power plants in Japan as a source of fuel, particularly after the tragic accident at Fukushima nuclear power plant in 2011. Palm kernel shell (PKS) has emerged as a favorite choice of biomass-based power plants in the country. Most of these biomass power plants use PKS as their energy source, and only a few operate with wood pellets. Interestingly, most of the biomass power plants in Japan have been built after 2015.. On the contrary, the US and Europe saw a fairly big fall in financing during this period; it should be noted, however, that this relates to the green energy investment market as a whole as opposed to biomass-specific funding. The increase seen in Japan has been attributed to an uptake in solar paneling, and if we look specifically to things such as the global demand for biomass pellets, we see that the most recent figures paint the overall market in a much more favorable light for the rest of the world. Brighter Times Ahead All in all, it’s an exciting time for the biomass industry despite the set backs which are being experienced in some regions. On the whole, legislators and businesses are working remarkably well together in order to pave the way forward – being a fairly new market (from a commercially viable sense at least), it has taken a little while to get the ball rolling, but expect to see it blossom quickly now that the idea of biomass is starting to take hold.

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EE1-09 Introduction to Computer Architecture and SystemsLecturer(s): Dr Tom Clarke; Dr Yiannis Demiris To provide a basic introduction to: a) Computer architecture and assembly language programming b) Operating systems At the end of the course, students should know: how computers work; how to evaluate their performance; the instruction set architecture of a typical modern RISC processor; ARM processor architecture; relationship between hardware and software The kernel of computer architecture: the instruction set architecture. Trends in technology and the basics of a computer system architecture. Introduction to processor design: the MU0 architecture. Pitfalls with MU0, the advantages of different instruction formats, an introduction look at the ARM processor. The basics of assembly language programming. Arithmetic instructions, data transfer instructions, pre-and post-index addressing. Further assembly language programming. Conditional execution and the ARM's S-bit. Shifted operands and shift types, multiply instructions, multiplication through shift-and-add, some simple complete ARM programs. Stacks and subroutines. The concept of a stack and its implementation in the ARM, the use of a link register, nested subroutines. The architecture of the ARM. An introduction to pipelining. Instruction encoding. ARM encoding of data processing and data transfer instructions. Memory hierarchies. The principles of locality, unified versus separate instruction and data caches. Direct-mapped caches: design issues and architecture, cache write strategies Exceptions and interrupts, ARM's shadow registers. An introduction to I/O interfaces. Polling, interrupt-drive I/O and DMA. 2. OPERATING SYSTEMS Introduction: what is an operating system and what services it provides to users. Examples of operating systems (including desktop, server and embedded OS). Evolution of operating systems; batch systems, multiprogramming, timesharing. Multiprocessor and distributed system, real time OS. Criteria for OS design. Operating system structures: operating system services and components; system calls; hardware support for OS (memory protection, timers, privileged and user modes of operation); organization of OS: monolithic and layered systems; virtual machines; client-server models and microkernels. b) Process management Fundamentals: Processes, process states, process control blocks, process tables; two-, five- and seven-state models of process management; scheduling queues and queuing diagrams; process creation, termination and switch; introduction to threads: advantages, user and kernel level threads. Process scheduling: schedulers and interrupts, preemptive and non-preemptive scheduling; priority and non-priority based schedulers; short-term scheduling criteria; scheduling algorithm: first-come-first-served, shortest remaining job first, round robin, priority scheduling, multilevel queue scheduling with/without feedback. c) Interprocess communication and synchronization Fundamentals: independent and co-operating processes; shared memory and message passing, race conditions, critical regions, mutual exclusion; locks, turn variables, Peterson?s solution to mutual exclusion; hardware assisted mutual exclusion; Semaphores: basics, associated data structures, implementation; use of semaphores for process co-ordiantion and mutual exclusion. Synchronisation and deadlocks: semaphore solutions to classic synchronization problems: producer-consumer, readers-writers, dining-philosophers. Deadlocks: definition, examples. Necessary conditions for deadlocks. Deadlock modeling, OS strategies for dealing with deadlocks; deadlock detection and recovery, deadlock avoidance, deadlock prevention.d) Memory management From program to running process: tools and address binding; compilers, assemblers, linkers and loaders. Logical vs physical address space. Memory protection, base/relocation and limit registers; Memory allocation: fixed versus dynamic partitioning, memory allocation algorithms. Internal and external fragmentation, compaction, paging, segmentation and virtual memory. Exam Duration: 2:30hrs Coursework contribution: 0% Term: Autumn & Spring Closed or Open Book (end of year exam): Open Non-assessed problem sheets Oral Exam Required (as final assessment): no Prerequisite: None required Course Homepage: https://intranet.ee.ic.ac.uk/t.clarke/arch/

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Wood storks, little blue herons and other nesting wading birds used to measure the health of the Everglades nested in far few numbers over the last year, according to an annual count by the South Florida Water Management District. While nesting by plentiful white ibises — as likely to be seen on lawns as in marshes — was up 64 percent, rarer birds that rely on specific conditions fell dramatically. Wood stork nests declined 36 percent, snowy egret nests were down 51 percent, and little blue heron nests fell by 70 percent in 2015. That should serve as a warning, environmentalists say, of the Everglades’ failing health and the need to speed up restoration efforts. Sign Up and Save Get six months of free digital access to the Miami Herald Their survival depends on how fast we can build and operate projects. Audubon Florida Everglades policy associate Tabitha Cale “Their survival depends on how fast we can build and operate projects,” Tabitha Cale, Audubon Florida’s Everglades policy associate, said in a statement. South Florida water managers took a rosier view of the numbers, declaring the year a moderate improvement with the boost from ibis nesting, which has increased nationwide since the 1960s. The birds produced about 64 percent more nests than the five-year average and 32 percent more than a 10-year average. Tricolored heron nesting was also up compared to recent years with more nests counted in Florida Bay, according to the South Florida Water Management District report. The number of nests for roseate spoonbills was three times higher than last year at 365 nests, but far below historic numbers when upwards of a thousand nests were commonly found in Florida Bay. 70%The decline in little blue heron nests The district blamed poor nesting on dry conditions and a regional drought that struck before the breeding season. That limited the number of small fish that wood stork and other larger wading birds eat. On the up side, those conditions increased the number of slough crayfish, ibises’ primary food, which likely boosted nesting numbers. Fluctuations in nesting occur naturally in the Everglades, the district said in a statement. But the “sharp decline” in the snowy egret, tricolored herons and little blue herons remains a mystery. “The causes of these declines,” the district said in a statement, “have not yet been identified.” Follow Jenny Staletovich on Twitter @jenstaletovich

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Salsa's roots are based on different genres such as Puerto Rican rhythms, Cuban son, specifically to the beat of son montuno in the 1920s. However, as it is a popular music, it is open to improvisation and thus it is continuously evolving. New modern salsa styles are associated and named to the original geographic areas that developed them. There are often devotees of each of these styles outside of their home territory. Characteristics that may identify a style include: timing, basic steps, foot patterns, body rolls and movements, turns and figures, attitude, dance influences and the way that partners hold each other. The point in a musical bar music where a slightly larger step is taken (the break step) and the direction the step moves can often be used to identify a style. Incorporating other dance styling techniques into salsa dancing has become very common, for both men and women: shimmies, leg work, arm work, body movement, spins, body isolations, shoulder shimmies, rolls, even hand styling, acrobatics and lifts. Latin American styles originate from Puerto Rico, Cuba and surrounding Caribbean islands including the Dominican Republic, and then expanding to Venezuela, Colombia, and the rest of Latin America; also heavily influence Miami style which is a fusion of Cuban style and North American version. The styles include casino, Miami style, Cali style and Venezuelan style. North American styles have different characteristics: Los Angeles style breaks on the first beat "On 1" while New York style breaks on the second beat "On 2". Both have different origins and evolutionary path, as the New York Salsa is heavily influenced by jazz instruments in its early growth stage. Bachata is a style of social dance from the Dominican Republic which is now danced all over the world. It is associated with bachata music. In the West, various dancers are known to copy moves and turn patterns from various couple dances, performing these combinations in the timing used in bachata dancing, thus creating a fusion dance. The authentic dance from the Dominican Republic in the Caribbean is a basic dance sequence in a full 8-count moving within a square. Dancers in the Western world much later made up a basic step going from side to side, and also copied dance elements from other couple dances of various origins, Latin and non Latin alike. The basic dance sequence consists of three steps and then a tap step or various forms of step syncopation (such as the "double step"). Dancers in the west accompany the tap with an exaggerated "pop” of the hips. Bachata can be danced on the 1st beat of the musical phrase, with the tap on the 4th beat, but dancing on the 2nd, 3rd or 4th beat is also common. The tap is done on the opposite foot of the last step, while the next step is taken on the same foot as the tap. The dance direction changes after the tap or fourth step. Kizomba is an evolution of the traditional dances of Angola semba, however, it is evident that kizomba dance as we know it today evolved after the vogue of kizomba music. Since the 1950s, Angolan people used to dance semba. This tradition remained unchanged even when the group Kassav from the French Caribbean island of Guadeloupe came to perform zouk music in Angola in the 1980s. In the 1990s, when the actual kizomba music got more and more popular, Angolan semba dancers started to adapt their semba steps according to the tempo and flavour of the kizomba/zouk beats. At the beginning of its development, Africans were dancing semba, and other dances at a slower tempo according to the beat of the kizomba music. Technically speaking, semba danced romantically to kizomba music is the basis of the kizomba dance. There is a considerable difference between kizomba "the music" and kizomba "the dance»: Kizomba "the dance from Angola" has no zouk influences. Kizomba "the music" has zouk influences from Guadeloupe and Martinique. The cha-cha-cha, or simply cha-cha, is the name of a dance of Cuban origin. It is danced to the music of the same name introduced by Cuban composer and violinist Enrique Jorrín in 1953. This rhythm was developed from the danzón by a syncopation of the fourth beat. The name is onomatopoeic, derived from the rhythm of the güiro (scraper) and the shuffling of the dancers' feet. The ballroom style of dancing the cha-cha comes from studies made by dance teacher Monsieur Pierre (Pierre Zurcher-Margolle), who partnered Doris Lavelle. Pierre, then from London, visited Cuba in 1952 to find out how and what Cubans were dancing at the time. He noted that this new dance had a split fourth beat, and to dance it one started on the second beat, not the first. He brought this dance idea to England and eventually created what is now known as ballroom cha-cha. Cha-cha may be danced to authentic Cuban music, or to Latin Pop or Latin Rock. The music for the international ballroom cha-cha is energetic and with a steady beat. The Cuban cha-chá is more sensual and may involve complex polyrhythms. Nevertheless, many social dancers count "one, two, cha-cha-cha" and may find it difficult to make the adjustment to the correct timing of the dance, "two, three, cha-cha, one". Our instructors come from all over the world, and therefore we have videos in many different languages.

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Return to main Singing helps your child learn how to hear smaller sounds in words. Learning to hear and break down parts of words help your child develop phonological awareness, which will help him learn to read. Do not be afraid of being silly or singing off-key; your child will not mind at all. He is more likely to love the great bonding experience of singing with you! Children also remember things better when they are said in a rhyme or sung to a catchy tune. Nursery Rhymes and Songs Cube Make your own nursery rhymes and songs cube! It is a great way to encourage your child to sing nursery rhymes and songs. Let your child roll the cube and identify the rhyme or song to sing together. Use an empty square tissue box and fill it with recycled paper. It will be better if the box is filled so that it is sturdier. Find some recycled wrapping paper or brown craft paper to cover up all sides of the box with tape. Decide on six nursery rhymes that your child is familiar with and find clip art images that represent each of the rhymes as well as a short word that goes along with it. For example, “Itsy Bitsy Spider” is represented by a clipart of a spider and the word “Spider”; “Twinkle, Twinkle Little Star” is represented by a clipart of a star and the word “Star”. Your completed nursery rhymes and songs cube should look something like the image below. Do ensure that all six sides of the cube are represented by a rhyme or song. Change the nursery rhymes or make a new cube with 6 different nursery rhymes or songs to add some variety. Adapted from: Storytime Cube I Spy… Rhyme Play the classic game of I Spy. First, explain to your child that there are rhyming things all around us. Second, provide your child with a clue word and guide them to find an item in the room that rhymes with the clue word. The clue should be a one-syllable word such as ball, cat, mouse, duck etc. To play the game, you can follow the example given below and adapt accordingly. Parent: I spy, with my little eye. Something that rhymes with hook. Child: [looking around] … I don’t know. Parent: Hmm, what is on the shelf over there? Child: A book? Parent: Yes, a book. Does that rhyme with hook? Say the two words together. Child: Hook and book. Parent: Do they rhyme? Parent: Yes, hook rhymes with book. If the child is not able to find something that rhymes, you may provide more clues and narrow the search area to help them. Adapted from: I Spy a Rhyme Matching Rhyme Time! This is a fun and easy rhyming card game for the whole family! Prepare a set of picture cards. Each picture card will have its matching card that rhymes with it. For example, a card with an image of a cat and another card with an image of a hat as seen below. Other examples can include, “fox” and “box”, “dog” and “log”, “slug” and “jug” etc. To play the game, separate the pairs of rhyming cards into two separate stacks and face both stacks down on a flat surface. Take turns with your child to flip over one picture card from each stack and name the picture seen on the card. If a rhyming match is made, you or your child call out “Rhyme Time!” and keep the pair of rhyming picture cards. If a match is not made, return the card randomly to the respective stacks. Continue until all the matches are made. Depending on your child’s age, you can tweak the level of difficulty accordingly. Challenge your child to try naming another item or object that also rhymes with the matching cards. Adapted from: https://www.readingrockets.org/sites/default/files/fcrr-rhyming-games.pdf Title: Playtime Rhymes Author: Joel Selby Illustrator: Joel Selby Publisher: London: Campbell Books, 2021. Location: Early Literacy Sense & Sensations Call Number: English 398.8 SEL Follow Jack and Jill up the hill, row row your boat down the stream and buckle your shoe in Playtime Rhymes. Toddlers will love using the chunky push, pull and slide mechanisms to bring these classic playtime rhymes to life. Scan the QR code to sing along together too! Title: Eric Carle’s Twinkle, Twinkle, Little Star: and Other Nursery Rhymes: a lift-the-flap book Author: Eric Carle Illustrator: Eric Carle Publisher: New York: World of Eric Carle, an imprint of Penguin Random House LLC, 2021. Location: Early Literacy Sense & Sensations Call Number: English 398.8 CAR Featuring an interactive lift-flap on every spread, a sturdy casebound board book complements five classic nursery rhymes with signature artwork by the award-winning creator of The Very Hungry Caterpillar. Title: Rapunzel: A Favourite Story in Rhythm and Rhyme Author: Jonathan Peale Illustrator: Villie Karabatzia Publisher: North Mankato, Minnesota: Cantata Learning, 2020. Location: Early Literacy Poetry & Rhymes Call Number: English PEA Rapunzel has been trapped high up in a tower by an evil witch. The only way in or out of her prison is to climb Rapunzel’s long, golden hair. Then one day a prince sees Rapunzel, but what happens when evil witch catches him climbing up into the tower? Find out as this classic fairy tale comes to life with music and full-color illustrations. Title: Little Dragon Author: Rhiannon Fielding Illustrator: Chris Chatterton Publisher: London: Ladybird Books, 2021. Location: Early Literacy Picture Book Call Number: English FIE This is the perfect book to calm little sleepy dragons everywhere, just in time to go to bed. Soaring high in the skies to find adventure, little dragon siblings Flicker and Flash are doing their best to avoid going to bed. But then they spot a lost egg that they need to get back to its mother - will they get back in time? This story is told in rhyming verse. All synopses taken from the respective publishers. The book covers are the copyright of the respective publishing companies. For more activities and book recommendations, click here.

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The rapid advances made in the science of botany within the last few years necessitate changes in the text books in use as well as in methods of teaching. Having, in his own experience as a teacher, felt the need of a book different from any now in use, the author has prepared the present volume with a hope that it may serve the purpose for which it is intended; viz., an introduction to the study of botany for use in high schools especially, but sufficiently comprehensive to serve also as a beginning book in most colleges. will be found useful in histological work: 1. a small camel's-hair brush for picking up small sections and putting water in the slides; 2. small forceps for handling delicate objects; 3. blotting paper for removing superfluous water from the slides and drawing fluids under the cover glass; 4. pieces of elder or sunflower pith, for holding small objects while making sections. In addition to these implements, a few reagents may be recommended for the simpler histological work. The most important of these are alcohol, glycerine, potash (a strong solution of potassium hydrate in water), iodine (either a little of the commercial tincture of iodine in water, or, better, a solution of iodine in iodide of potassium), acetic acid, and some staining fluid. (An aqueous or alcoholic solution of gentian violet or methyl violet is one of the best.) A careful record should be kept by the student of all work done, both by means of written notes and drawings. For most purposes pencil drawings are most convenien

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2.3: Body Paragraphs Writing Developed and Detailed Body Paragraphs In Lesson 2, we said that your three body paragraphs support the main idea of your essay. In each body paragraph, you also have a main idea that needs to be supported. The development and details you provide in each body paragraph support each paragraph’s main idea. In Lesson 2, we also talked about the importance of having a clear topic sentence for each of your body paragraphs. The topic sentence, which is typically near the beginning of your paragraph, serves as the thesis statement for the paragraph. Aside from a clear topic sentence, what else can you put in each body paragraph? The answer: sentences that provide supporting details for your paragraph’s main idea. The diagram below illustrates the relationship between your essay’s main idea and thesis statement, your paragraphs’ main ideas and topic sentences, and the supporting details you provide in each paragraph. Consider the three example topic sentences from Lesson 2. These three topic sentences represent the three subpoints our example writer has chosen to support her main idea of “getting a better job.” Topic Sentence for Body Paragraph 1: The first step I will take to getting a better job is to finish school. Topic Sentence for Body Paragraph 2: Next, I will work toward getting a better job by preparing a resume. Topic Sentence for Body Paragraph 3: The final step I plan to take to get a better job is to search for jobs. For each subpoint, what are some details that would add development and support? Some ideas are listed below. |Main Idea of Body Paragraph||Supporting Details| |Finish School||getting a course list from the community college; figuring out what classes I want to take; meeting with an advisor; signing up for classes| |Preparing a Resume||listing my skills and experience, finding sample resumes, drafting a resume, getting someone to look at it| |Searching for Jobs||going to the community job center; looking online for jobs I’m qualified for; talking to friends and advisors about opportunities; making a list of possible job leads| The paragraph below is an example body paragraph about finishing school. "The first step I will take to getting a better job is to finish school. I can get a course catalogue from the community college and study it to see what classes sound interesting. After I think about what sounds interesting and would be helpful to me, I can decide which ones I want to take. Then, I can meet with an academic advisor to get advice about what courses I would need to get my degree. After I figure out what classes to take and get advice from an advisor, I can sign up for the classes I need and want to take." Your turn! Write down a few details that develop and support each of the three subpoints you chose in Lesson 2. Next, practice writing a body paragraph. Begin with one of the topic sentences that you drafted in Lesson 2 and write a few sentences that reflect the supporting details you’ve brainstormed for that subpoint.

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Jacob Lawrence’s The Migration Series invites students to step inside the narrative of the Great Migration and explore why millions of African Americans made the journey north, changing the demographic landscape of our nation. After looking at this era through the eyes of an artist and a poet, students become historians as they examine firsthand and secondhand historical accounts. The expedition then takes students on a journey through the history and sound of the blues. The classroom explodes with creativity as students create collage self-portraits and compose original blues songs. As they follow the artistic processes that preserved and defined an era, students connect more deeply with the communities they have been learning about. At the end of the expedition, students perform their blues songs at the House of Blues. Grade Level: 4 Subjects: Social Studies, ELA, Music, Visual Art Why did millions of African Americans migrate from the rural South to the urban North in the 1900s? What do blues songs tell us about the experience of African Americans during the Great Migration? How can music, art, and literature help us understand history and ourselves? How can I illustrate a mood or idea? Module Plan: Through an Artist’s Eyes: Jacob Lawrence’s Migration Series Module Plan: Musical Conversations: Composing and Performing the Blues Get Your Blues On: Illuminating Standards Video, Models of Excellence: The Center for High-Quality Student Work

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Frontend Web Development Sources When it comes to designing a responsive and accessible web application, what’s your preferred unit of measurement? Do you often ponder which one to use between PX, EM, and REM in CSS? Do you invest time and energy to understand the minute differences and the significant impact they can have on your design? The main issue lies in the inconsistency and lack of understanding in the use of these units in CSS. As highlighted by MDN Web Docs and W3Schools, these units serve different purposes and have distinct behavior when used in your style sheets. Hence, a proper comprehension is pivotal for a robust and responsive design, without which you may encounter the common problems associated with non-responsive design and accessibility issues. We propose a more in-depth exploration of these units, their differences, application, and best scenarios to use them. The goal is to develop a better appreciation and an informed choice on the appropriate unit of measurement to use in different situations. In this article, you will learn the basics of each unit (PX, EM, REM), their relations, and their discrepancies. We will demystify the concepts behind each unit, providing you with a clear understanding that helps you decide when to use each. This piece will also feature practical examples and demonstrations of the use of these units; therefore, it’s set to be a hands-on learning journey. We will cap the article with expert advice on the best practices to adhere to when using PX, EM, and REM in CSS to design a universal, inclusive web application that caters to a plethora of devices. Thus, this guide is not merely theoretical; it positions itself as a practical helper in your day-to-day web designing job. Understanding the Definitions: PX, EM, and REM in CSS PX stands for Pixels, the most commonly used unit in CSS. It dictates the exact measurements on-screen, providing precision but zero flexibility as it does not scale based on the user’s device or settings. EM is a dimensionless unit that allows relative size adjustments. This means the size is determined based on the context in which it’s used. For instance, if the parent element has a size of 20px, 1em for a child element is equivalent to 20px. REM, meaning Root EM, is similar to EM but the calculation is always based on the root element or the HTML element, thereby ensuring more consistent sizing across your webpages. Unlocking the Power of PX, EM, and REM Units in CSS for Web Design Mastery In the world of web design, the importance of mastery over CSS units cannot be overstated. Emphasizing this, CSS provides a number of units of measurement, each with its own unique characteristics and use cases. The PX, EM, and REM units are three of the most commonly used. Understanding, differentiating and applying these units is crucial for any web designer or developer looking to create professional-level, flexible, responsive designs. Understanding PX Units PX or pixel units are the most commonly basic unit of measurement in CSS. These are fixed-size units that are used to create static and predictable designs. The pixel unit is defined as one dot on the computer screen, its default size is usually equivalent to 1/96th of an inch. However, it is important to note that on high-resolution screens, one CSS pixel may correspond to multiple physical pixels. Difference Between EM and REM Units EM and REM units, on the other hand, are relative units and thus depend on the current font size of an element. The EM unit is equivalent to the computed value of the ‘font-size’ property of the element on which it is used. The REM unit refers to the root EM, which is similar to the EM unit, but it instead refers to the computed ‘font-size’ of the root element. A crucial note about these relative units is that they enable more flexible and scalable designs. This is particularly useful in responsive design where elements need to adjust their size based on the viewport or device screen size. In addition, these units play a pivotal role in accessibility, by allowing users to adjust font-size to their comfort. - An EM unit depends on its parent element’s font size. If the parent has a font-size of 20px, 1em will be equal to 20px for that element. - A REM unit, however, depends on the root element’s font size. Usually, browsers default this root size to 16px. Thus, if no manual adjustments are made, 1rem will always equal 16px. In conclusion, achieving mastery in web design requires a deep understanding of PX, EM, and REM units. Although they may seem similar at first glance, the way they function and the scenarios in which they are used can vastly differ. Utilizing them appropriately in your designs can lead to high-quality, flexible, and user-friendly websites. Thus, understanding and leveraging these units can significantly elevate your CSS game. Delving Deep into the Versatility and Functionality of EM vs REM in CSS: A Comparative Analysis Contemplating Calibration: PX, EM, and REM in CSS Have you ever wondered why there seems to be constant debate among developers regarding the use of PX, EM, and REM units in CSS? The crux lies in understanding the fundamental effects they wield on responsiveness and scalability of web content. PX, being absolute, is pixel-perfect and offers the greatest degree of control. However, it lacks flexibility and can cause accessibility issues. Conversely, EM and REM are relative units responsive to parent elements and root sizes respectively, thereby improving scalability and accessibility. They adjust to alterations in text size allowing for greater flexibility, but may present challenges in complex layouts due to compound inheritance. Navigating the Pitfall: The PX, EM, REM Conundrum The principal hurdle revolves around the inherent traits of the units. Deducing when to use each can be perplexing, but recognizing the context makes it a smooth ride. PX becomes less efficient in responsive designs where fluidity and flexibility are a necessity. That’s when EM and REM preside, as they are both adjustable and scalable. Notwithstanding their flexibility, EM and REM can foster complications in complex designs as both inherit size from their root or parent elements. This inherited size can cascade, leading to unexpected layout issues. Rendering can also change across different browsers, adding another layer of complexity. Transforming Theory to Application: Implementing Best Practices with PX, EM, REM Observable examples often serve best when grasping new concepts. In case of a website with multiple components such as sidebars, headers, and text, using REM for root level elements such as headers ensures consistent sizing, regardless of parent element size. It permits all child elements to scale uniformly when browser text size is changed, enhancing user accessibility. EM, even though it inherits size from parent element, serves well in scenarios like nested lists where relative sizing to immediate parent becomes useful. PX, despite its limitations, still finds its place. Design elements requiring pixel precision, like borders or shadows, benefit from the immutability of PX. Employing a mixture of these units judiciously fosters a design that is accessible, scalable, and pixel-perfect, striking the optimal balance. Making Your Web Designs Responsive: The Magic of CSS Units PX, EM, and REM Deciphering the Labyrinth of CSS Units Have you ever pondered upon the ambiguities surrounding the use of PX, EM, and REM units across CSS? While working on creating responsive web designs, it’s crucial to understand the significance of these units and how they can steer the entirety of your website design. Positioned as pixels, PX are absolute units and the most conventional means of measurement in screen resolution. On the other hand, the em and rem units are flexible, scaling with the base font size. This provides an added dose of flexibility, enabling the design to adapt according to varying screen sizes. Understanding the Complexities A significant challenge that developers encounter involves selecting between these three units and understanding the difference amongst them. The question of when to use which is an eternal debate. The PX unit, though an archaic attribute, is straightforward and offers more control as it is constant. However, it’s the inflexibility of this unit that acts against it; it becomes tedious to handle while designing responsive websites. Conversely, the em and rem units are relative. Though they seem synonymous, they function differently: em is relative to the parent element, causing a compounding effect if nested, which often leads to unpredictability; rem is relative to the root element (HTML), ensuring consistency across all elements. This differing behavior can cause confusion, making the choice challenging. Standardizing the Terminologies However, these complexities can be navigated with ease by embracing certain best practices. It is best to use em for components that should scale according to their local context. For typography, use em units for all sizes directly related to text (like line-height, letter-spacing, and so on). This permits the flexibility of scaling the text relative to its surrounding area, providing an improved reading experience. On the contrary, employ rem units for properties that should be consistent across the entire page, like widths and margins. This aids in maintaining uniform layouts. As for pixels, they are ideal for media queries and for when you require fixed size components. These solutions can help marshal the chaos of CSS units, culminating in harmonious and responsive web designs. Are you aware that your choice between pixels, ems, and rems can significantly affect the responsiveness of your website? The appropriate dimension unit to use is determined by the specifics of the project you’re working on. Being knowledgeable about these units, their nature, advantages, and drawbacks, plays a pivotal role in making an informed decision. Your knowledge can be the difference between a site that stands as a seamless representation of your brand and one with presentation inconsistencies. We sincerely appreciate your readership and hope that you’ve found this post to be educational and valuable. Allow us to further assist you in your web development journey. Consistently following this blog will quench your thirst for knowledge, and we guarantee to bring you regular updates filled with valuable insights tailored to your needs. Our continuous up-to-date content assures that you are kept at the forefront of advancements, novel techniques, and troubleshoots in CSS. Our upcoming releases promise to brim with informative content about other intriguing subjects. Understandably, waiting for something this valuable can be frustrating, but we assure you, it will be worth the wait. Let us continue to unravel CSS mysteries together, refining our skills and making the web a more fascinating and functional place. We encourage you to stay tuned for more tips, tricks, and insights that will enhance your programming prowess. What is the difference between PX, EM, and REM units in CSS? PX refers to pixel units in CSS that are static and do not scale according to the parent element or browser settings. On the other hand, EM and REM are relative units which scale based on parent element and root HTML element respectively. What types of units are best suited for responsive design? Units like EM and REM are typically better for responsive design as they allow for more fluid scaling with respect to user settings and parent elements. While PX, being a static unit, may not adjust properly to different screen sizes or user-defined settings. How does the REM unit function in CSS? REM stands for Root EM. It’s a scalable unit that refers to the font-size of the root HTML element. The scaling of REM allows CSS properties to adjust according to the font size of the root HTML, ensuring consistent scaling across elements. Why might I choose to use PX units over EM or REM? If you don’t want elements sizing to change with parent element or root HTML, you might choose PX. PX gives you a great level of control over the exact specifications of your webpage, making it attractive for certain design elements where predictability is required. What are the advantages of using EM units in CSS? EM units take into account the font size of the parent element or the browser default, which makes them ideal for creating scalable and responsive layouts. This ensures a better and more consistent user experience across various platforms and devices.

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An Essential Guide to image recognition gives you a complete understanding of what AI is, what it can do, and how it works. The guide contains articles on machine learning, computer vision, natural language processing, and algorithms. Knowing all these topics helps you in a clear understanding of image recognition. Training a computer to see the world as humans do, requires computer vision and image recognition. It’s the same as a newborn baby. They can see everything but requires training to understand. Through proper training, they could understand what the object is. Granting a camera to the machine doesn’t give it a sight and awareness.Arbab Ali What is Image Recognition? Image recognition is the analysis of pixel and pattern of an image to recognize as a particular object. Image recognition identifies objects, places, writing, and actions in images. Camera and artificial intelligence are combined to achieve excellent results in image recognition technology. Image recognition resolves machine-based visual tasks. The tasks include labeling images by meta-tags, performing image content search, guiding autonomous robots -band self-driving cars. The human brain can understand the images easily. But when this comes to machine, it’s quite hard for them. We gave the input to machines by a camera. However, they have no power to understand what’s happening inside the images. Our brain has the marvelous power to recognize the happening around us. For machines, it requires deep learning, machine learning, and computer vision to generate output. Evolution in the neural network makes this process even more accessible. Image recognition algorithms function by using qualified 3D models, pattern detection, and getting a view from different angles using edge detection. Models require much data to become mature. Reinforcement training makes the machine to be able to make decisions based on right and wrong situation. Current and future applications of image recognition include smart libraries, media interaction, targeted advertising, accessibility for visually impaired, and enhanced research capabilities. Tech giants like Google, Facebook, Microsoft, Apple and Pinterest companies are vastly investing resources and research into image recognition and related applications. Privacy concerns over image recognition arise as these companies pull a large amount of data from user photos that are uploaded platforms. Image Recognition vs Computer Vision Image processing is a subset of computer vision. Computer vision uses image processing algorithms to simulate humans. Image processing enhances images, while computer vision detects objects for automation. Computer vision lets the computer to mimic the human vision and take action. For example, the CV can detect cancer tumors from CT scan images. CV can detect patterns from data that is not possible for a radiologist to predict. Image recognition gives a machine the ability to interpret the input through computer vision and Convolutional Neural Networks. Learn more about how deep learning advances are boosting computer vision. Image Recognition Examples - Google Reverse Image Search enables you to search for a similar image on the web. On upload, it usually searches for the images in their database. Image having approximately the same histogram is presented to the searcher. - Price Comparison like Google Shopper provides the flexibility to compare the product price in the nearby stores. Computer vision is what powers a bar code scanner’s ability to “see” a bunch of stripes. - Self-Driving cars use computer vision and image recognition to detect road signs, analyze automotive, and people walking on the road. Based on the condition, it makes a decision. Future technology is waiting for the 5th level of self-driving cars. - eBay app lets you search for the items by the click of your camera. - Brain prints in AI. Just like face unlocks and fingerprint unlock. It is such a new concept. When humans see an image, different types of waves generate from their minds. That patterns are utilized to enable security features. - Facebook AI knows a lot about our photos. - Apple’s Face ID can clearly recognize its owner. - Neural networks can turn black photos to bright images. - An app like Not Hotdog makes a decision using computer vision and image recognition. Training a neural network to perform image recognition is more complicated. Rather than training a child to recognize the images. Computer vision gives it a sight while image recognition gives it an understanding. Image recognition is the creation of a neural network for image pixel processing. Networks are presented with many images to learn from them. For example, we have a vast number of images of cars. The machine processes raw visual inputs, and our AI model learns from them. On training completion, if we gave an image of some cars to it. It can easily compare and recognize whether an input image is of a car or not. Our biological neural networks are pretty good at interpreting visual information even if the Image we’re processing doesn’t look exactly how we expect from it. It’s easy enough to make a computer recognize a specific image, like a QR code, but they stuck at recognizing things in states they don’t expect — enter image recognition. Researchers feed these networks as many pre-labelled images as they can, in order to “teach” them how to recognize similar images. Power of Image Recognition Tools Before reading how image recognition works? It’s a good practice to check some of the tools that offer image recognition. After using analyze the results and learn how image recognition works. Most of the beginners want to test image recognition to know how it works to produce results. No one wants to write a bulk line of code to test and debug it. So, here premade image recognition tools help like a low hanging fruit. They can recognize, analyze, and interpret images. I prefer to use Clarifai as it’s free and easy to use. Below we learn how the Clarifai generates results from an image. Here is how the generated output from the picture of a car. How Does Image Recognition Work? Now, its time to dig dive into understanding how image recognition works? How we train an image that can understand the difference between images? Image recognition works similarly, like leaning machine modeling. So, we have compiled and gave a brief of them. Step 1: Pixel feature extraction In the very first step, features are extracted from an image. An image is made of pixels. A set of numbers represents pixels. The range of these numbers is called the bit depth or color depth. Bit depth shows the maximum number of colors that are used by an image. In an 8-bit greyscale image, each pixel has one value that ranges from 0 to 255. Most images today use 24-bit color or higher. An RGB color image means Image is the combination of red, green, and blue. Each of the colors ranges from 0 to 255. This RGB color generator shows how RGB can generate any color. So, a pixel contains a set of three values RGB (102, 255, 102) refers to color #66ff66. An image 800 pixel wide, 600 pixels high has 800 x 600 = 480,000 pixels = 0.48 megapixels (“megapixel” is 1 million pixels). An image with a resolution of 1024×768 is a grid with 1,024 columns and 768 rows, which therefore contains 1,024 × 768 = 0.78 megapixels. Step 2: Prepare labeled images to train the model. In the second stage, a supervised machine learning technique trains the model. Here the model is fed with different labeled images that fit in diverse categories. Thousands of features are extracted from the images with the help of labels. The more images we use for each category, the more chances are: our model can efficiently understand the Image. Proper training helps in better Recognition of an image. Here we already know the category of an image to use them for training the model. Step 3: Train the model for categorizing In the third stage, the model is trained with pre-labeled images—the vast networks in the middle act as a giant filter. The images in their extracted forms enter the input side. Pixel features to match with a vast database, and finally, labels generated at the output side. That’s how we train the neural networks. Such that an image with its features coming from the input matches the label in the right. Step 4: Predicting an image from categories On completion of model training, it can recognize an unknown image. A new image recognizes as a dog image. Notice that the new Image goes through the pixel feature extraction process. Ai system relies on computer vision that process visual information. Image recognition is essential for robots that need accurate Recognition and categorization.

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2 Answers | Add Yours It is important to realise that D. H. Lawrence used this story as a vehicle for expressing his own concerns and worries about materialism and greed and how it could destroy individuals and families. Interestingly, the mother in this story was actually based on one of the author's friends, and apparently displayed very similar characteristics. It is clear that the voices in the story become louder and louder at a key moment when Paul has organised for his mother to receive some of the money that he has won through his gambling. What is interesting is that, instead of becoming quieter, the voices actually do the opposite: And yet, the voices in the house, behind the sprays of mimosa and almond blossom, and from under the piles of iridescent cushions, simply trilled and screamed in a sort of ecstasy: "There must be more money! Oh; there must be more money. Oh, now, now! Now--there must be more money!--more than ever! More than ever!" Thus Lawrence shows the self-destructive cycle that greed and materialism can lead us into, and how, when we have gained some money, it appears to be never enough, and only drives us on to seek more and more and more. This story is a moral parable. A young boy with a child's limited understanding of the world tries to win his mother's love. He realizes that she wants more money and luck in her life but doesn't understand that her desire for money and the status it brings is not rational. Instead, it is her way of trying to fill an empty space in her soul: "at the centre of her heart was a hard little place that could not feel love, no, not for anybody." Given her inner void, there can never be enough money in the household to fill her hole. The family feels this lack of love as lack of money. The futility of Paul's sincere desire to fulfill this lack by giving his mother money he has won from betting at the races comes clear when the extra funds only feed the mother's addiction for more money. The "house" is the mother, who defines herself by such externals as the appearance of her home, and whose appetite for money is only whetted by getting more money. As she tastes what money can buy, she screams for more and more, and wants it "now," as a drug addict might want more of a narcotic. Sadly, Paul is too young understand that his solution is wrong: he will die trying to fulfill his mother's emptiness. We’ve answered 318,989 questions. We can answer yours, too.Ask a question

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Nurses are constantly in danger of getting sick. “Doctors,” said Arnold Relman, late editor of the New England Journal of Medicine, “spend more time with their computers than at the bedside.” It’s the nurses who pick up that lost bedside time. Hospitals are filled to the brim with germs despite their attempts to keep sterile. It’s hardly their fault—any place that houses so many sick people is bound to be a breeding ground for germs. But pair germy hospitals with nurses’ constant interactions with sick patients, and you’ve got a recipe for a lot of sick nurses. And yet, nurses don’t get sick any more than the average American, who gets sick about 3.5 times per year. How do they do it? It turns out that nurses take special precautions to make sure that they don’t get sick. We’re going to share some of their secrets with you today. Nurses Love Their Jobs Nursing has some downsides: a first-hand look at death, inconvenient hours, long periods of time without sitting down or even taking a break, and constant underappreciation. Being a nurse is a scary and overwhelming career. So why does anybody do it? The answer is simple: because nurses want to help people. They are genuinely wonderful. There’s no denying that nursing is a position that has excellent growth potential and pay. However, the real reason people become nurses is because they’re caregivers at heart. Nurses put up with the disrespect, long days, and achy feet because they care the people around them. And it shows: nursing has been the most trusted occupation in America for 15 years. Nurses take up the Caduceus because they want to make a difference in people’s lives. The satisfaction that they get from doing that contributes a lot to the happiness and pleasure of being a nurse. Since unhappiness and stress have been shown to have a relationship with illness and other health problems, feeling fulfilled by their work keeps nurses healthier. Nurses Manage Their Stress It’s no secret to anybody that nursing is a stressful and emotionally draining job. With long, fast-paced days, how could it not be? Nurses are aware of the stresses of their job more than most careers, and they take more steps to cope with that stress. In fact, the American Nurses Association has articles dedicated to teaching nurses how to handle stressful days. Staying as stress-free as possible is important, because stress actually weakens the immune system, leading to more frequent illness. WebMD lists a physical symptom of stress as “frequent colds and infections.” If you’re looking for ways to help a nurse in your life combat stress, consider a professional massage. Massages have been proven to fight against stress. Nurses (Try to) Get Enough Sleep How much (and well) you sleep is directly related to the strength of your immune system. Admittedly, nurses struggle with getting enough sleep—especially nurses that work the night shift. However, nursing is a higher-stake job than most, and they know that a night of good sleep might be the difference between life and death for one of their patients. So to nurses, sleep is about more than just feeling rested in the morning. Nurses Wash Their Hands (A Lot) Washing your hands is one of the best ways to avoid getting sick, says the CDC. Not only that, but washing your hands also helps combat the rise in antibiotic resistance. Healthcare workers, nurses specifically, wash their hands more than any other profession. Most healthcare workers wash their hands up to 30 times per shift, and for nurses that number goes up as high as 100 times per shift! Nurses’ thorough handwashing keeps both themselves and their patients healthier. Nurses are Mindful of What They Touch Along with washing their hands, nurses take extra care not to touch things that many other people touch, like guardrails, whenever possible. Most people don’t consider this, but because hospitals are so germ-filled, these places are extra dirty and pose a risk of contaminating patients. Therefore, nurses steer clear of this wherever possible and keep themselves healthier in the process. Nurses Get More Exercise than The Average American Nurses get good exercise. Even if a nurse does absolutely no exercise (or even walking) outside of work, she still walks almost twice as much during a shift as the average American walks per day (5,900 steps, or about 3 miles per day). That exercise helps keep nurses’ hearts beating strongly and their immune systems working well. All that walking is actually better for nurse’s health than if they were running marathons. It’s true that exercise, particularly cardio, is extremely healthy. However, intense cardio, defined as running for 60 minutes or more without stopping, sends the body (and immune system) into shock for about 3 days. During those 3 days, you are especially susceptible to getting sick. All of that standing and walking is hard on the legs, though. That’s why so many nurses wear compression socks: to keep leg pain down during those 12-hour shifts when they never get a chance to sit down. Apply These Principles for a Healthier Life There you have it! Now you’ve taken a glimpse into the habits that keep nurses as healthy as the rest of the population. If you have a nurse in your life, make sure she knows how much you value her. Christmas is coming up. Why not get her a professional massage or a pair of cute, festive compression socks?

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Although elected officials and service providers "have yet to catch up to this new picture," the suburbanization of poverty "has been no quirk of the recession," says Emily Badger. "It began before the housing market crashed, and will inevitably tax communities unaccustomed to housing the poor well into and beyond the recovery." A new book by Elizabeth Kneebone and Alan Berube, Confronting Suburban Poverty in America, "[paints] a new picture of poverty in America as well as the best ways to combat it." So, why is the suburbanization of poverty so troubling? Because anti-poverty efforts "designed for dense urban neighborhoods transplant poorly onto suburbia," notes Badger. "We’ve seen that the suburban safety net – it’s much thinner, it’s much patchier, and it’s spread over greater distances," Kneebone says. In addition, the auto-dependent land use patterns found in America's suburban communities exacerbate poverty. "Many suburbs, for instance, don't have the kinds of public transit networks that can connect impoverished neighborhoods to job opportunities," says Badger. "All of this means that if the geography of poverty has dramatically changed over the last decade, we'll have to spend the next decade (and likely more) thinking about how to address it in its newest forms," she adds.

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view a plan In this “All About Butterflies” Kidspiration lesson, students make colorful models and create a life cycle chart Computers & Internet, Language Arts, Science K, 1, 2 Title – All About Butterflies By – Desiree Winters Primary Subject – Science Secondary Subjects – Language Arts, Computers / Internet Grade Level – K-2 - Life Cycle - This lesson is intended to teach the life cycle of a butterfly. Students will make colorful butterfly models and use the internet to learn more about the life cycle of a butterfly. Students will use the knowledge they learn to create a life cycle chart using Kidspiration software. - L.OL.E.2 Life Cycles – Plants and animals have life cycles. Both plants and animals begin life and develop into adults, reproduce, and eventually die. The details of this life cycle are different for different organisms. Goals and Objectives: - Students will be able to identify the stages in a butterfly’s life cycle. - Students will be able to create a butterfly model, arranging the stages of a butterfly’s life cycle in the correct order. - Students will be able to put the different stages of the butterfly’s life cycle in the correct order using the Kidspiration software. Learning Resources and Materials: - Live butterfly kit for the classroom to view the life cycle (optional) - The Very Hungry Caterpillar by Eric Carle - Computer with Internet access for teacher to show kids pictures and information about the butterfly life cycle. - For the class: - For every student or small group of students: - Computer with Kidspiration software - Large sheet of construction paper - Tempera paints - Pipe cleaners - Strips of heavy duty paper like butcher paper - 8 inch strip of masking tape - 2 index cards cut in half - Popcorn kernel Development of Lesson: - First, we will talk about the life cycle of the butterfly and the stages that the butterfly goes through; egg…larvae…pupa…butterfly. - We will then see a PowerPoint slide show by Natasha Brown of the various stages of the life cycle of butterflies and frogs that includes questioning of students’ prior knowledge of baby animals and their parents: http://www.primaryresources.co.uk/science/science2a.htm . After the introduction, we will read The Very Hungry Caterpillar by Eric Carle and then make model butterflies. The students will color and shape their butterflies, then add antennae and attach the names of the different stages with a replica of each stage down the body of the butterfly. We will then go over the stages of the butterfly once more, after which the students will use Kidspiration to put the pictures of the different stages in the correct order. - Read the story, The Very Hungry Caterpillar by Eric Carle to the class to get students more involved with the caterpillar and the butterfly. Stop periodically to ask questions to interpret the story and answer any questions the students may have. Then, read the story again and go over the stages in the book. The students will then act out the various stages using their hands. - Egg – hand in fist position - Larva – index finger extended, scrunched, extended, … - Pupa – index finger inside other hand’s fist (like hot dog) - Butterfly – two hands interlocking and doing flying motion - Next, students will make a butterfly model. Fold the piece of white construction paper in half. Open it back up and on half of the paper have a student drip different colors of tempera paint, starting by the fold. After colors have been dripped, fold the paper back together and starting at the center of the fold, smooth the paper towards the two outer corners. Open the paper to see the butterfly design. Let the paint dry. Once the paint is dry, the butterfly needs to be cut out. If the shape looks like a butterfly, you can have students cut around the paint to make the butterfly. If the shape doesn’t, then you may make a stencil for students to trace around on the folded sheet so the butterfly is symmetrical. - After the butterfly has been cut out, the student will glue the strip of heavy duty paper to the front of the butterfly in the center to make the butterfly body. (The bottom part of the strip is where they will put the other stages of the life cycle.) Have the students use the marker to draw a face on their butterfly. While that dries, have students write the different stages of the butterfly’s life cycle on the pieces of index cards. (Egg, Caterpillar, Chrysalis, Butterfly) These will need to be written on the board or a place where students may copy them down. If students aren’t writing on their own yet, write the words with dotted letters for the students to trace. Next, students will glue the stage words on the strip of heavy duty paper, starting at the bottom with the egg and working their way up until they label the butterfly at the top. Have them add the popcorn on the egg strip, a bent pipe cleaner on the caterpillar strip, and the rolled up masking tape on the chrysalis strip, to show “examples” of each stage. If you want, you may add pipe cleaner antennae to the butterfly to finish it off. - For the students really interested in reading that are also good listeners, they can act out the story. While other students, who may be withdrawn, can draw pictures or write a poem or a story. There are so many different levels to this lesson where instruction can be given on a student-by-student level if needed. Students can also be grouped allowing instruction tp be given to 3-4 students at once and permitting the students to work more independently together. - The students will have to place the stages of the butterfly life cycle and the replica of each stage in the correct order. This is done during the lesson, so if anyone is having issues, needs more time, or has questions, it can be gone over before the class as a whole moves on. - At the end of the lesson students will have to place the correct pictures of the butterfly life cycle in the correct order using the Kidspiration software in the chart that is set up by the teacher or by using the Kidspiration life cycle template. - At the end of the lesson we will go over the stages of the life cycle of a butterfly by acting them out using our hands and doing simple body movements to accompany the hand movements to keep the students involved. E-Mail Desiree Winters !

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How did technology play a role in developing Wegener's idea? After Wegener's death, the continental drift idea was pretty much dead. It would have remained that way except for the development of technology. Using technology, scientists would find more evidence that continents had drifted. They would also be able to find the mechanism. This type of magnetometer was one of their important tools. Some important evidence for continental drift came after Wegener's death. The following is the magnetic evidence: Earth's magnetic field surrounds the planet from pole to pole. If you have ever been hiking or camping, you may have used a compass to help you find your way. A compass points to the magnetic North Pole. The compass needle aligns with Earth’s magnetic field. Some rocks contain little compasses too! As lava cools, tiny iron-rich crystals line up with Earth’s magnetic field. These crystals are magnetite crystals. Anywhere lavas have cooled, these magnetite crystals point to the magnetic poles. The little magnets point to where the North Pole was when the lava cooled. A magnetometer is a device capable of measuring the magnetic field. A magnetometer can be used on land. A magnetometer also can be dragged behind a ship. Evidence for Continental Drift Geologists used magnetometers to look at rocks on land. They wanted to know which direction magnetite crystals pointed. This would tell them where magnetic north was at the time the rocks cooled. This is what they learned: - Magnetite crystals in fresh volcanic rocks point to the current magnetic north pole ( Figure below ). Earth’s current north magnetic pole is in northern Canada. - Older rocks that are the same age and are on the same continent point to the same location. However, the location they point to is not the current north magnetic pole. - Older rocks that are different ages and are on the same continent do not point to the same location. None of them point to the current magnetic north pole. - Rocks on different continents that are the same age point to different locations. Only recent rocks point to the current north magnetic pole. How did the geologists explain this? There is only one logical explanation. There was almost certainly only one north magnetic pole through Earth's history. The north magnetic pole is very likely in the same spot it has always been. If these two things are true, then the continents have moved. Support for Wegener's Idea Geologist tested the idea that the pole remained fixed but the continents moved. They fitted the continents together as Wegener had done. They moved them into the positions where they had been at the time the magnetite crystals cooled. The magnetite crystals pointed to the current north magnetic pole ( Figure below ). The magnetic pole seemed to have moved, but had not. They named the phenomenon apparent polar wander . On the left: The apparent North Pole for Europe and North America if the continents were always in their current locations. The two paths merge into one if the continents are allowed to drift. Geologists were now more interested in continental drift. More than ever, they needed a mechanism. - apparent polar wander : Path on the globe showing where the magnetic pole appeared to move over time. - magnetite : Magnetic mineral that takes on Earth's magnetic polarity as it crystallizes. - magnetometer : Instrument that measures the magnetic field intensity. - Magnetite is a magnetic mineral found in lava. The magnetite points to the magnetic north pole when it cools. - Scientists used magnetometers to show where the north magnetic pole had been when magnetite crystals cooled. - Magnetite crystals of different ages and on different continents pointed to different spots. The simplest explanation is that the continents have moved. - Apparent polar wander is another line of evidence for drifting continents. Use the resource below to answer the questions that follow. - Apparent Polar Wander at - Explain what appears to be occurring at the North Pole. - What direction is the pole moving? - Describe the movement of the South Pole. - What direction is the South Pole moving? - What is apparent polar wander? - Describe how magnetite indicates magnetic pole. Why does it sometimes point to a spot that is not where the pole is located? - How did scientists use magnetic evidence to conclude that the continents moved?

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Thanksgiving and the Birth of a Nation Thanksgiving is rapidly approaching. A celebration held throughout the world although the date the festival is held on differs from country to country. For Americans, Thanksgiving is celebrated on the fourth Thursday of November and has done so on and off after George Washington, the 1st President of the United States, issued a proclamation in 1789 following a request from the newly formed congress. However, when Thomas Jefferson, the third president of the United States came to power in 1801 for reasons only known by him decided that the celebration would not be observed It would take the arrival of America’s 16th President, Abraham Lincoln, who, during the American Civil War in 1863, declared that Thanksgiving would become an American Federal Holiday to be celebrated on the last Thursday of November The above celebratory date would remain intact until 1939 when Franklin D. Roosevelt caused much controversy by changing the date, yet again to the third week of November thinking that this would bolster retail sales during the fading days of the American Great Depression. It would take the attributions of the Atlantic City mayor Thomas D. Taggart, Jr who used a portmanteau of the name of “Franklin D. Roosevelt” and “Thanksgiving” which changed the name of “Thanksgiving” into “Franksgiving,” The above combination of the two words rapidly caused the federal holiday of “Thanksgiving” to be changed back to the last week of November where it has remained up until this day where it has become the signal for the start of the holiday season, including not only Thanksgiving but both Christmas and New Year. This signal would also be responsible for spawning two other days which have become synonymous with both seasonal online shopping and traditional shopping “Cyber Monday” held the first Monday after “Thanksgiving,” and “Black Friday” held the day after Thanksgiving. We will hear much more about these two mega shopping days later in this narrative, a narrative commissioned by America's favorite place to shop online in 2019, BargainBrute.Com Although we have past Presidents of the USA to thank for the actual dates we choose to celebrate “Thanksgiving” on, none of this would have been possible if it were not for the astonishing actions of 102 lost souls who set sail from Plymouth England, on the 16th September 1620, in a rat invested overladen ship called the “Mayflower”. Much has been chronicled about this group of people we now call pilgrims, but what happened both during the trip and before has been extremely unreported, so let's take a look at this extraordinary Atlantic crossing and what led up to it. The Beginning and the First Martyrs of the cause The core of the group who would become known as “the Pilgrims,” was first formed into what would become an extremely puritan secular group between 1586 and 1605. They would all share the common belief that the powerful “Church of England” was both corrupt and unspiritual. They would choose as their leaders Robert Browne, John Greenwood, and Henry Barrowe, all of whom wanted to separate from the Church of England. In these early days, it was deemed a crime not to attend regular Church of England services; furthermore, it was considered to be a crime to hold non confirming church services, so most of their meetings were held in secrecy. However, many informers lived close by all eager to earn a penny from their local Church authorities, and as mentioned above due, to the passing of the Act of Uniformity in 1559, it was illegal to miss church services and carried stiff penalties. For missing one Church of England Service, a nonconformist would be fined one shilling about $40.00 in today's money. For repeated offences the penalties grew even steeper, including imprisonment and also higher penalties for conducting illegal services. All suffered from these medieval dictatorial directives which in the end resulted in the detention of all three church leaders. It did not take long for the future Mayflower pilgrims to learn the fate of their leaders. All three were imprisoned in Southwork London, where Henry Barrowe, John Greenwood, and John Penry were executed for treason in 1593. Most of the group, through a friend, then escaped to Holland where once again, after an initial warm welcome they were persecuted. This lead to a small group of them to return to England where they hid out in the countryside close to “Southampton”. They would remain there until their escape on the Mayflower was planned. The Voyage to the New World It was initially planned to have two ships to take the pilgrims across the Atlantic, the “Speedwell,” and the “Mayflower”. The Speedwell was an old 60-ton British battleship which had been part of the British fleet which had dispatched the “Spanish Armada,” back in 1588. It was her job to sail to Delfshaven in Holland where it would pick up the group of pilgrims who had decided not to leave with the others the previous year. By this time the Mayflower had arrived in Southhampton where it picked up the pilgrims who had escaped the previous year from Holland and awaited the arrival of the “Speedwell”. The conditions on-board the Mayflower were already dreadful All passengers were crammed into the dark, dank areas which once had been used for the transport of army supplies, but here they waited, often in the dark, frightened to sleep for fear that rats would gorge themselves on their prone bodies, for the arrival of the Speedwell. Finally, the Speedwell arrived, and on a warm summer's day on the 5th of August, they set sail for their new lives in the new country, hoping that all their hardships had ended. However, this was wishful thinking as they did not get far. Soon the “Speedwell” began taking on water, so both ships were diverted to Dartmouth, Devon. Here the crews attempted to seal the many leaks, but unfortunately, after only getting as far as Plymouth, England the vessel continued to take on water. This forced them to head for Plymouth, England which was just around the headland from Devenport. Once in Plymouth anyone who wanted to continue on the journey was crammed onto the “Mayflower,” of the original 120 passengers, 102 were to continue. Of these, only about 40% were from the original congregation, the rest were people who were going over hoping to improve their life. The Mayflower set sail for the promised land on the 16th of September 1620, this time leaving Plymouth, England. The actual crossing was mind-numbing. Violent winds tore down sails, and at one point the master mast broke only to be fixed by using a large jack called a “great iron screw” brought by the settlers probably for the use in building their homes once they landed. One man named John Howland was swept overboard only to be caught up in the trailing rigging which came of the mainmast when it broke, (he was pulled to safety). Five-people died on the voyage, a miracle in itself as most onboard were sick from scurvy and malnutrition. On a better note, one child was born on the 3-month crossing, and he was named Oceanus, (Latin for Oceans). He was to die five years later, his actual grave marker unknown. The boy would join 42 of the original Mayflower passengers who died during the harsh winter of 1620-21, the first year of their arrival. Authors note: Luckily for both Presidents George Bush and his son George W. Bush along with Mrs. Theodore Roosevelt if the crew of the Mayflower had not managed to save John Howland, (the man who was swept overboard in the storm described above) the world would have been a much different place today, as they all descended from him. The Mayflower was to rest at anchor in Provincetown Harbor close to their first sight of the new land. Later they would sail around the point to land at Plymouth, Massachusetts, where they would set up their first colony. It would also be the site of America’s first “Thanksgiving Feast”. The year was 1620 and that feast has been celebrated ever since in the last week of November, give or take a few Presidential proclamations. Flash forward to the present day You can tell that we are closing in on the busiest season for holiday shopping as the normally quiet foothills of the American Rocky Mountains, especially Fort Collins, Colorado are bustling with activity. If you would look towards the “Mount Rushmore National Memorial,” in the black hills of Dakota, you will see national park rangers dangling in front of the four Presidents (George Washington (1732–1799), Thomas Jefferson (1743–1826), Theodore Roosevelt (1858–1919), and Abraham Lincoln (1809–1865) who are all carved into its side, brushing desert dust off them to ensure they are all spic and span for the traditional “Thanksgiving Feast” and they are not alone. Yes, as well as park rangers, the friendly team of BargainBrute.Com, voted the best place to shop online in 2019 are also hard at work. With their 49 separate stores spread out not only in Fort Collins, Colorado but throughout the country they will be up against it. However, do not fear they have done this before. Distributing their stock of over 3 million different high-quality products to their network of 97 different warehouses spread throughout America to make sure all are delivered mostly same day of order, directly to their customer’s front door is the norm for them, they have done this since they have been in business. The amount people spend during the holiday season is extraordinary, absolutely mind-numbing as some people put it. Last year Americans dipped into their pockets and spent a staggering $5 billion in online shopping in the space of just one day. If you find that confounding then what analysts are predicting Americans will fork out for the whole season between the beginning of November and the end of December will astound you further. It is estimated that consumers will spend a total in excess of $1 trillion. With that gigantic figure spinning around in your head, I will leave you to contemplate what is, the most significant holiday season anywhere on the planet, and look forward too seeing you on the inside at America's favorite place to shop online. Happy Thanksgiving, keep safe and God Bless. The Team at BargainBrute.Com

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2. Dr. Victor Frankenstein Frankenstein is a prototype for all mad scientists. While his initial intentions are not evil, he gets carried away in his quest for knowledge. Frankenstein was an isolated workaholic. His thirst for knowledge and symptoms of mania such as a decreased need for sleep fueled him to do what should have been scientifically impossible: breathe life into a collection of spare human parts. After this terrible accomplishment, Frankenstein showed alarming signs of psychosis, including hallucinations. His family died in the horrible fallout of his actions, plummeting Frankenstein into a major depressive episode before he was murdered by his own monster in the Arctic. + Diagnosis + Axis I: Major depressive disorder, severe, recurrent; psychotic disorder not otherwise specified (hallucinations); bereavement Axis II: No diagnosis Axis III: History of malnutrition Axis IV: Lives in harsh environmental conditions (the Arctic) Axis V: GAF = 30 Very serious impairment: suicidal ideation; major depression; insomnia

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The UK is the only country in Europe where alcohol consumption increased during the early months of the coronavirus pandemic – possibly because the nation was more stressed than the rest of the continent due to the higher death toll and economic hit, according to a new study. Researchers found that alcohol consumption fell in every European country except for Ireland – where decreases and increases varied between people and more or less evened each other out – and the UK, where it actually increased by nearly 10 per cent. Germans drank about 5 per cent less, while consumption fell by around 8 per cent in Poland and Denmark and about 37 per cent in Albania. Most of the reduction in Europe was driven by decreases in binge drinking, the study found. i's guide to helping the planet in your everyday life “The UK finding was surprising and, in European comparison, it is remarkable,” said Carolin Kilian, of Technische Universität Dresden. “People in the UK may have experienced higher levels of pandemic-related stress due to very high numbers of Covid-19 cases and deaths in spring 2020, as well as due to other financial or social pressures, which is a known risk factor for alcohol use, particularly for those already drinking,” she said. “Another hypothesis is that the availability of alcoholic beverages was less restricted during the survey period in the UK, where alcohol was classified as an ‘essential good’. Restrictions in the availability of alcohol and in the number of social drinking opportunities may have led to a mean decrease in consumption in the European sample,” she added. The study is published in the journal Addiction. It surveyed 32,000 people in 21 countries about their alcohol consumption from late April to late July 2020. The study did not cover the period since the vaccination programme began so it’s not clear whether Briton’s are still drinking more.

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Researching the Arctic Holtedahls research group onboard "Blaafjeld" during the Novaya Zemlya expedition in 1921 - Arctic research in mineralogy, volcanology, geochemistry and mineral resources - Paleontological collections and research - Svalbard and adjacent Arctic areas - Zoological research projects related to the Arctic Norway has long traditions in Arctic and polar research, and scientists from the University of Oslo were among the pioneers in the 19th and early 20th centuries. Geographically, this research has mainly been confined to the Svalbard archipelago and Norwegian Arctic waters. The natural sciences have traditionally been and still are the main scientific disciplines within polar research. This type of research has a prominent place in most countries, including Norway. The Natural History Museum and its precursors have conducted comprehensive research within various disciplines in Svalbard and other Arctic regions, and its scientific collections comprise a large number of samples from the Arctic. Many of the samples originate from the well-known Norwegian polar expeditions, including the Fram-, Gjøa-, and Maud-expeditions, and later on from fieldwork conducted by the museum,s own scientists. The geologist Baltazar Mathias Keilhau from the University of Oslo was the first Norwegian scientist who carried out scientific field work in Svalbard during the first geological to the archipelago in 1827. He collected important geological, paleontological and botanical samples that still are parts of the collections at the Natural History Museum. The geologist Adolf Hoel was the leading Svalbard researcher in the first half of the 20th century. He conducted geological fieldwork in Svalbard every summer during the period 1907-1926 and made a comprehensive mapping of the geology of Svalbard. In 1911 he started his long-term career at the University of Oslo. Besides his work as an associate professor at the university, he was instrumental in the establishment in 1928 of Norges Svalbard- og Ishavsundersøkelser (Norway´s Svalbard and Arctic Ocean Research Survey), which he headed until 1945. Hanna Resvoll-Holmsens "Svalbards flora" from 1927 Olaf Holtedahl (professor in geology from 1920) was the other Norwegian pioneer in Arctic geology. He participated in expeditions to Svalbard in 1909-11 and was the leader of the well-known Norwegian geology expedition to Novaya Zemlya in1921. Among the pioneers in Svalbard within the field of paleontology were Johan A. Kiær, Anatol Heintz and his daughter Natascha Heintz. The Arctic activities of the museum have contributed to the study of early fishes (Devonian), Ordovician trilobites, radiolarians and paleogeography, as well as late- Paleozoic bryozoans and conodonts. During the last decade, a large group of scientists from the museum, headed by Jørn H. Hurum, has conducted comprehensive fieldwork and excavations of vertebrate fossils from the upper Jurassic period in Svalbard. During the 19th century, most biological work in Svalbard was conducted by Swedish scientists. In 1907, however, Hanna Diset (later Resvoll-Holmsen) started her botanical field investigations in Svalbard. She was the first Norwegian female polar scientist, and she was later appointed as an associate professor in plant geography at the University of Oslo. In 1927, she published "Svalbards flora" (The Flora of Svalbard), which became the standard reference work on Svalbard plants for the next 40 years. Hanne Resvoll-Holmsen was also a pioneer in nature conservancy issues, and her botanical studies were used as important background material for the establishment of plant protection areas and hunting ban on reindeer in Svalbard in the 1920-ies and 1930-ies. The Natural History Museum has in recent years continued the university’s long traditions of research in the Arctic and participates presently in a whole range of natural science projects in Arctic regions. Three polar bears feasting off a beached whale in Van Keulen fjord, 2006. Photo: Hans Arne Nakrem

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Frequently Asked Questions Explore this page to find answers to the most commonly asked questions we get. Our aim is to provide you as the consumer with the knowledge you need to make informed decisions about your choice of insulation! What is R-Value? R-Value was invented to measure fiberglass insulation. In the late ’50s, when insulation became code to be installed in our homes, fiberglass insulation was the only insulation available. In return, R-Value was established to measure the fiberglass resistance to heat flow. In order to better explain why R-Value was established for fiberglass, we need to look at the definition of R-Value and the three heat transfers that happen on any building or structure. The Three Types of Heat Transfer: - Conductive-transfer of heat flow through any given material. - Convection-air movement (EPA states 40% of monthly utility bills are contributed to air movement). - Radiation – rays from the sun. Fiberglass insulation only reduces one of the three heat transfers- conduction. It does not stop convection or radiation. Spray foam insulation stops or controls all three of the heat transfers that occur on any building or structure. This is what makes spray foam insulation so effective by saving up to 50% on monthly utility bills, better indoor air quality as well as its ability to never shrink or settle. Where do you apply spray foam? Spray foam is installed to the roofdeck, underside of the roof in the attic, for most attic applications. We will remove your old insulation, then spray foam is installed to the roofdeck. This allows for the attic to be used as storage space and future wiring can be installed as needed throughout the attic without competing with blown insulation to dig into. Spray foam also protects your HVAC system as ducts are then enclosed in a better environment for operation. Make sure to talk with your HVAC company regarding the different needs for homes that use spray foam insulation vs. fiberglass. What is the difference between open and closed cell spray foam? When it comes time to actually put the spray foam product in your home or commercial building structure, you must identify whether you will use 0.5 lb./cu. ft., open cell foam, or 2.0 lb./cu. ft. closed cell foam. This makes a big difference in cost, application methods, and performance. With the open-cell vs. closed-cell issue, there are two major factors to understand and consider. The first is the nature of the foam. It is either open-cell foam, where the tiny cells of the foam are not completely closed. They are broken and air fills all of the “open” space inside the material. This makes the foam softer feeling than closed-cell foam. Closed-cell foam differs in that all of its tiny foam cells are closed and packed together. Density is measured by weighing one solid cubic foot of foam material The advantages of closed-cell foam compared to open-cell foam include its strength, higher R-value, and its greater resistance to the leakage of air or water vapor. The disadvantage of the closed-cell foam is that it is denser, requires more material, and therefore, is more expensive. Even though it has a better R-value, typically the cost per R is still higher than open-cell foam. The choice of foam can also be based on the requirements for the other performance or application specific characteristics such as strength, vapor control, available space, location of installation, etc. Both types of foam are commonly used in most building applications and the choice for which to use can depend on many of the factors discussed above. Some foams are inappropriate in specific applications. For example, you typically would not use open-cell foam below grade or in flotation applications where it could absorb water; this would neutralize its thermal performance because water is a poor insulator compared to air. Closed cell spray foam is best used in ground floors, wine cellars, and masonry walls. Open cell spray foam is best used on roofdecks, interior, and exterior walls. What is an unvented attic system? Unvented attics are beneficial for many reasons. First and most importantly by helping to seal the building system, which in return allows the central air conditioning system to operate more efficiently and effectively- removing moisture and reducing temperature. By placing the duct work in a climate controlled space, the dehumidified air from duct work and interior of home has less opportunity to create condensation as temperate difference of interior of home and attic space will not differ by large amounts. By sealing the building system you can prolong the life of your properly sized HVAC as well as prevent outside allergens and pollutants from entering your home. Homes with a properly sealed building system also benefit greatly on energy savings for life of the home. Why do you remove the old insulation when upgrading your insulation? Insulation that exists on the floor of the attic ceiling and any vapor retarder on the floor of the ceiling should be removed to allow for heat and moisture transfer through the ceiling. This is how the unvented attic space becomes indirectly conditioned space and the temperature and humidity in the attic can be controlled. By removing the existing insulation on the ceiling of the attic, you can be ensured that the unvented attic will provide the energy performance improvements intended by your insulation upgrade. What happens to spray foam when it gets wet? If a leak or roof damage occurs with open cell spray foam as your roof deck insulation material– you will instantly be able to identify the area and source of exterior roof damage. Upon repair, it is easily cut away and the leak or damaged area can be replaced. Upon repair and proper drying time, the area is efficiently able to be re-insulated with open cell spray foam. We recommend closed cell spray foam on ground floor (crawl space) areas and multiple other applications to provide five full barriers of protection including: moisture, vapor, air, radiant, and as hurricane adhesive/ structural strength additive to your ground floor, outside decking, and other specialty applications. Does spray foam support mold, mildew, or insect infestation? No. Spray foam insulation can not support mold, mildew or insect growth or nesting Does cellulose support mold, mildew or insect infestation? Different brands and manufactures of cellulose insulation provide different products and results. The only cellulose material we install is environmentally friendly and does provide protection from mold, mildew and insect/ vermin infestation. Which insulation products provide maximum energy savings? Spray foam provides a complete air seal of your home system and provides maximum energy savings. In addition to energy savings a spray foam home is also a more healthy home due to reduction of allergens and outside pollutions. How does spray foam impact other construction aspects? Your insulation has an impact on your options for both remodeling and new construction projects. - 2X6 walls are not required for higher R-value and energy savings. - Spray foam is applied directly to the roof deck; therefore leaving the attic and area over garage usable for storage and/ or bonus rooms. - The HVAC needs to be properly sized for spray foam and this reduces the cost of HVAC system by up to 30%. - No ridge vents or venting soffits. - Provides superior insulation for metal buildings and air port hangers vs. alternative insulation options. - Using spray foam for both residential and commercial insulation uses eliminates other costly energy savings techniques and can help meet newest energy codes. For maximum benefits in our humid climate, we recommend installing a dehumidifier with your system. Can you spray foam around electrical wiring? Yes. Spray foam is an excellent product to provide full insulation benefits even around electrical wiring. How long does spray foam insulation last? Spray foam insulation does not settle or lose R-value throughout the life of your home or office. What factors impact pricing and how much will my insulation cost? Insulation pays for itself over time with energy savings and lower utility bills. Different products have different needs and factors to consider upon installation. For spray foam both in new construction and remodeling applications these construction variables will all impact pricing: - Roof pitch - Weatherization of windows and doors For a free on-site estimate and consultation call or click (850) 685-9709 or [email protected]. Not ready for an on-site consultation- our staff can meet to discuss and review plans as well to provide accurate estimate. What is the difference between Polyurethane and Polystyrene Foam Insulation? There are many differences between polyurethane and polystyrene foams. Aside from the material composition differences with these two foams, there are also large differences in how they provide insulation benefits. The side-by-side comparison uses closed cell spray foam for most comparable side-by-side of these two insulation materials. Exact specs will vary by manufacture; variance would not alter comparison results below. How is GCI unique from other companies? We are a local family owned & operated company committed to providing superior quality installation and products that enhance our customers’ quality of life by making their homes and businesses safer, quieter, more comfortable, and less expensive to operate. Our Company At-A-Glance - Our sales force includes only owners/ managing members and a reliable family member. - We have the ability to use for detection and also verification infrared camera imaging to guarantee accurate results. - All employees undergo background checks, DMV record reports, mandatory training as well as meeting Drug-free Workplace Program criteria. - Our company is OSHA certified, ORCA certified & fully CCR registered. We are experienced in certified payroll reporting and adhere to all Department of Labor laws. - Our installation equipment is completely customized and unique- built by us for our climate, area, products, and uses. Our Daily Goal: Provide quality installation, service & dependably. Done with this page, and still have a question? Simply contact GCI and a friendly and professional insulation specialist will assist you.

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This BTN story discussed Bionic Body parts and the effect they have created around the world. Bionic Body Parts are created for people who have inactive body parts, lost body parts or if you where born with no or only a little bit of a body part. Bionic body parts haven’t been around for too long. In 1970 Australia created one of the first Bionic body parts, the bionic ear, which is now being used all around the world. Scientist believe people can have 60% of the human body recreated, which was shown by the Smithsonian Museum who created ‘Rex’ the bionic man. But people are unsure if bionic technology is the future of our life today. The Smithsonian Museum has been able to create a man competely from bionic body parts. This is a great achievement for the world. ‘Rex’ is able to move and see like a human except ‘Rex’ is still not able to move and see at the same standard as a human. The Museum has also created lungs, hearts and kidneys that can partially work like a human. They have also created blood from plastic. There have also been some very succesful scientists from the USA who have been able to create small parts of a mice, rat and monkey brain that can be used in those living animals. And there are so many more bionic body parts that are out there. There is a fake cartalige, organs and eyes that scientists have been able to create. For example scientists have creted an artificial heart that can be used in a living sheep. But with the help of 3D printers scientists will be able to create even more. And with these bionic body parts we will be seeing many more stories just like Alex’s. Alex was born with a partialy developed right arm which meant he was unnable to use his right arm. So he was given a bionic body part to get him back on his feet (or arms), but I would say he might even be happier that he got to meet iron man. So I have to ask will we be seeing more bionic equipment in the future?

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His knowledge in communication disorders has helped a wide range of patients, including both adults and children with hearing loss. He provides screenings, hearing tests, aural rehabilitation and has an extensive knowledge of both conventional and digital hearing instruments. Find Out More About Noel Top tips to look after your hearing Sounds and noises, hustle and bustle. They make life interesting and vibrant. And sound can help us switch off too. But how do we keep our hearing safe? Read on for our tips from the experts. Are your headphones too loud? Our headphones let us disappear into a private world of music or a podcast. These days, it’s normal to see people with earbuds in their ears or giant headphones on their heads. However, it’s important to keep the volume down to a safe level. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), the sound intensity produced in headsets can reach the same level as a rock concert. In fact, 1.1 billion young people worldwide are at risk of hearing loss due to unsafe listening practices. Expert tip: Check the coloured indicator on your audio device to see if the volume is approaching dangerous levels. Can you feel when you’re in danger of hearing loss? It would be good if we could feel when our hearing is in danger. Unfortunately, there’s no reliable way to know for sure if you are in danger of hearing loss. However, there are some hearing loss warning signs that you shouldn’t ignore. 3 warning signs that your hearing is in danger - Tinnitus. If your ears are ringing or whining after a loud event, it’s a clear indication they have been exposed to high volume sound. What is tinnitus? - ‘Muffled’ hearing, known as temporary hearing loss. This can occur after a loud event such as a music concert, or going to the cinema, or even a fitness class. - You need to raise your voice to make yourself understood. Expert tip: If you notice any of these warning signs, avoid loud noises until your hearing has returned to normal. What is a safe volume level? 85 decibels are considered the highest safe exposure level for continuous noise. Above this level, hearing damage can occur. Take a look at the illustration. At the lower end, we have safe sounds like a normal conversation or a vacuum cleaner. The output of personal audio devices may range from 75 dB to as high as 136 dB. Expert tip: Download a sound level app for your smartphone Safe listening isn’t just about volume, it’s the duration The maximum safe exposure time at 85 dB is eight hours. When sound levels get up above 85 dB – the level of a busy road – the amount of time that you are exposed to it starts to matter. Once the sound level gets up to 104 dB, as produced in some nightclubs and bars, and by some power tools such as chainsaws, it takes just 15 minutes before you are at risk of hearing damage. Expert tip: When listening with earphones for long periods of time, be especially careful to ensure the volume level is safe. 4 ways to prevent hearing loss Here’s some good news! Noise-induced hearing loss is preventable. You simply need to stay aware of your noise exposure and minimise it whenever it approaches dangerous levels. 1.Use well-fitted earphones and noise cancelling headphones Because a good fit stops sound leaking out, it allows you to hear your chosen audio clearly without having to turn the volume up towards dangerous levels 2. Wear earplugs (and fit them correctly) If you know you are going to be in a noisy place or doing a noisy activity, wear earplugs. Earplugs can help to reduce the level of exposure considerably, by up to 45 decibels. 3.Take listening breaks Whether you’re at a loud venue or absorbing an audiobook, it’s a good idea to give your ears a rest from time to time. This reduces your continuous exposure and gives your ears a chance to recover. 4.Get regular hearing check-ups A hearing test lets you see how you are hearing now. This gives you peace of mind and gives you insights into any listening challenges you may not be aware of. Regular hearing tests allow you and your hearing care expert to track how your hearing develops over time and treat it appropriately. Book a Free Hearing Test at Hidden Hearing Hidden Hearing is Ireland’s leading private provider of hearing care solutions, and our national network includes over eighty branches and clinics. We provide free hearing tests and our experienced team of audiologists will help you to find the best solution for your lifestyle.

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At Jewish Academy of Orlando, our Whole Child focus includes implementing the tenets of Positive Judaism in everything we do. Positive Judaism is a platform that blends traditional Jewish values and practice with the elements of Positive Psychology. Positive Psychology is the scientific study of the strengths that enable individuals and communities to thrive. Positive Psychology has found that every person, regardless of culture, religion or age, possesses 24 character strengths including kindness, teamwork, bravery, creativity, and more. It focuses on well-being, happiness, and optimal living. Similarly, positive Judaism focuses on the virtues that enhance life and that drive living a meaningful life. In the Jewish tradition of Mussar, there are 48 Jewish virtues or values (in Hebrew middot) that serve as the basis for the study of a variety of Jewish texts. All of these virtues have corresponding Jewish values, teachings and practices. Each week, our students are introduced to one of these character strengths, or Middot in Hebrew. Throughout the year, these strengths are incorporated into everything we do from minyan (religious services) to playing a sport in PE class. “The goal of Positive Judaism is for individuals and communities to increase their positive effect on the world. And simultaneously, to flourish, thrive, and find authentic happiness in their lives.” Rabbi Darren Levine, D.Min We were fortunate to have Rabbi Darren Levine, the founder of Positive Judaism speak with us about “How to Raise a Mensch (a smart thoughtful child).” He shared that positive psychology and the science of well-being and happiness intersects very organically with Jewish living and Jewish wisdom. He touched on strengths-based parenting which is how to parent or teach a child from a place of their strengths. Since happy and well-adjusted children generally have positive influences in their lives that help them perform better in school, positive Judaism tells us that a child's well being and their happiness has to do with their feelings of emotional security which can be achieved through strengths-based parenting. These children who are well and happy, they are very in touch with their strengths. And the adults in their lives are helping them become aware of their strengths, and helping them to focus on their strengths rather than on their weaknesses, which is a very common parenting mistake. “Character education has always been a part of Jewish education. However; there is a new urgency in today’s world to make social-emotional wellness a priority and to truly live the values that are at the core of Judaism. As we build our program, our Jewish values will be the bedrock, creating a whole-school movement that embraces each individual and fosters growth. Our goal is to help our students, staff, and families recognize their own incredible potential.” -Amy Polacek, Director of Academics

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The American Cancer Society has guidelines for the early detection of a number of cancers, as well as for cancer prevention and surveillance, and survivorship. Read complete versions of all our guidelines, find patient-friendly versions, and learn more about how ACS develops its recommendations here. Information for Health Care Professionals Get the latest figures and trends on 11 cancer types, alcohol, nutrition, physical activity, UV exposure, tobacco use, and occupational exposures. View or download PDF presentations on risk factors, prevention, and early detection for major cancer sites and other topics. The abridged versions provide a less detailed overview of each subject that could be presented in about 20 minutes. These flyers give a brief overview of American Cancer Society screening guidelines and healthy living recommendations. These PDFs provide easy reading information about dealing with side effects of cancer treatment. These fliers can be printed and distributed to cancer patients and caregivers with low health literacy or limited English proficiency. Some fliers are also available in Spanish. The American Cancer Society offers information about cancer including prevention, early detection, treatment, and managing side effects in many languages. Get easy reading handouts in multiple languages here. This flyer will help your patients understand what breast density is and how it can affect their breast cancer risk and mammogram findings. The American Cancer Society offers free materials to help you continue encouraging colorectal cancer screening among your patients 50 and older.You play the most important role in getting people screened for colorectal cancer. If your patients don't hear about screening from you, they may not think they need it. Our clear, concise materials can help you explain colorectal cancer tests to patients. The American Cancer Society (ACS) recommends that men have a chance to make an informed decision with their health care provider about whether to be screened for prostate cancer. These tools and resources will help you explain the pros and cons of prostate cancer testing to your patients so they can make an informed decision about whether to be tested. The American Cancer Society offers medical journals, consumer books, and more. As a leader in cancer control since 1913, the American Cancer Society is committed to saving lives from cancer and reducing the global threat of the disease. In collaboration with a worldwide network of partnerships, we are urging governments and international organizations to recognize that cancer is a global priority requiring an urgent response. The American Cancer Society is committed to reducing cancer health disparities and has created strategic priorities for eliminating such disparities through research, education, advocacy and service. Learn more here. The American Cancer Society Circle Of Life program provides a holistic, culturally sensitive and interactive means for native and tribal communities, families, and individuals to learn about cancer. Topics include reducing cancer risk through healthy lifestyle choices, how different cancers are diagnosed and treated, coping with the emotional and physical side effects of cancer, caregiving, and coping with the end of life.

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Remember to Breathe You’re sitting in the midst of an afternoon work meeting and feel that familiar, tiny tap on your wrist. It’s your Apple watch reminding you to take 60 seconds to focus on breathing. How stressed out must I be that my watch is reminding me to be mindful of my breathing? Pretty smart, right?Although your smart watch isn’t necessarily able to detect your stress levels, tech giant Apple was thinking ahead when they designed a watch feature to promote slow, conscious breathing. I’m sure you’ve heard your personal trainer remind you to, “Take a deep breath and slowly exhale!” or “Don’t forget to breathe!” Why is this so important? When you exercise and your muscles work harder, your body uses more oxygen and produces more carbon dioxide. Your circulation also increases to the oxygen to the muscles so that they can keep moving. Proper breathing is key when you’re working out. And a good pattern of breathing will make sure that your muscles get the oxygen they need to keep contracting. Proper Breathing During a Workout The most common breathing technique when working out is to inhale on the way down, and exhale on the way, or the pushing phase. For one example, think about doing a body squat. Breathe in before you lower your body to the ground, and then exhale through the heels to stand. Breathing and Mental Health Calming, centering you, and forcing focus, deep breathing and meditation prepares both your mind and body for whatever you have in store. As a practice, meditation is linked to improving overall health and well-being, lowering blood pressure and reducing anxiety, depression, and insomnia. For mental health, meditation and controlled breathing is the key to achieving balance, finding joy and experiencing deep gratitude. For more tips on how and when to breathe throughout your workout, let Wilmington’s top personal trainer, Matt Johnson, teach you some new techniques!

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5 Books Kids who Love Cats - Welcome aboard the journey to the world of education printable worksheets in Math, English, Science and Social Studies, aligned with the CCSS but universally applicable to Pupils of grades. Lively graphs, engaging activities, practice exercises, online quizzes and templates with obviously laid-out info, illustrations and many different tasks with diverse levels of difficulty provide help to pupils in classroom and homework activities. Get started with our free sample worksheets and subscribe to the entire treasure trove. books kids who love cats come along with answer keys helping in immediate validation. Women Poop Sometimes At Work Get Over It The New York Times from books kids who love cats , source:nytimes.com Our books kids who love cats cover the full assortment of elementary school mathematics abilities from numbers and counting through fractions, decimals, word issues and more. Windows at Tiffany & Co from books kids who love cats , source:elledecor.com Whether your child needs a little math increase or is interested in knowing more about the solar system, our free worksheets and printable activities cover all the educational bases. Every worksheet was created by a professional instructor, so you understand your little one will learn critical age-appropriate facts and concepts. Best of books kids who love cats , lots of worksheets across a variety of topics feature vibrant colours, cute characters, and intriguing story prompts, so kids become excited about their learning adventure. Kokila Ka Mast Matka from books kids who love cats , source:snapdeal.com Free Cat Coloring Pages to Print Coloring Coloring Pages from books kids who love cats , source:sfmoe.org Search results for Selected Digitized Books Children s from books kids who love cats , source:loc.gov books kids who love cats are an perfect learning tool for kids that are only learning how to write or want to practice at home. Turtle Diary recognizes the significance of educating educational content through writing, so we offer an assortment of free printable worksheets in topics like language arts, math, and sciencefiction. Worksheets familiarize students with displaying their job in a written format and offer them the opportunity to get feedback on mistakes or jobs well done. Be sure to check out our fun and colorful worksheets for children below.

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A University of Arizona research team is exploring the evolutionary origins of protein structures. Their findings will help people better understand how proteins evolved to carry out the instructions encoded in the genes of every living thing. Protein molecules are made up of chains of amino acids. These chains bend and fold into a dizzying array of three-dimensional shapes and structures, depending on the order of the amino acids in a given chain. Those varied structures are part of what allow the proteins – which are assembled based on instructions coded in DNA – to regulate everything from an organism's growth and metabolism to the ways messages are transmitted from cell to cell. Protein structures are at the heart of how organisms function. However, the evolution of those structures is still poorly understood, because there are few observed examples of proteins that have clearly evolved from one shape to another. "The origin of the diversity of protein structures is a major unsolved problem," explains Matthew H.J. Cordes, a member of the UA's BIO5 Institute and an associate professor of biochemistry and molecular biophysics. Cordes' lab is solving that problem. Two graduate students in his lab, Christian M. Roessler and Branwen M. Hall, have located protein molecules in two different viruses that have dramatically different structures: One protein has a helical, or corkscrew, shape, while the other is shaped more like a hairpin. Yet these very different proteins have similar amino acid sequences and perform similar functions – binding to DNA to help the viruses replicate and spread – making it likely that they had a common ancestor. "Somehow, mutations converted the corkscrew structure to the hairpin structure," Cordes says of the finding, which was recently reported in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. While this isn't the first example of structural differences among proteins with a common ancestor, it may be the most dramatic natural example of related proteins retaining clear similarity in amino acid sequence while undergoing major reorganization of their structure. "This finding strongly confirms that evolutionary processes produce new protein shapes," Cordes says. "It could become a textbook example of the reality and beauty of evolutionary changes in structure." He adds that some proteins in this family with the hairpin shape bind to DNA more strongly than those with the corkscrew shape, though it is too early to tell if this is always the case. It's not yet known whether such an advantage helped drive the hairpin structure's evolution. Cordes' graduate students found their protein pair via an unusual method: Roessler and Hall used a stepping-stone technique to make a series of small "jumps" among closely related proteins, following minute structural changes from one protein to another until they "landed" at a protein that was dramatically different from the one they'd started with, yet was still related to it. Cordes' lab is now working out the details of the specific mutations that might have caused their two proteins to diverge from one another. They also plan to use their stepping-stone technique to shed light on the evolutionary links among other proteins. "This is like space exploration," Cordes says. "We're journeying through the protein universe, step by step." Source: University of Arizona Explore further: Empathy chimpanzees offer is key to understanding human engagement

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The World War I Chateau-Thierry American Monument, designed by Paul Cret, is located on a hill two miles west of Chateau-Thierry, France, and commands a wide view of the valley of the Marne River. It commemorates the sacrifices and achievements of the Americans and French before and during the Aisne-Marne and Oise-Aisne offensives. The monument, also known as the American Aisne-Marne Memorial or Le Monument américain à cote 204, consists of an impressive double colonnade rising above a long terrace. On its west facade are heroic sculptured figures representing the United States and France. On its east facade is a map showing American military operations in this region and an orientation table pointing out the significant battle sites. German advances in late May 1918 led to the 3rd Division joining the fight. Its units assisted French troops in preventing the Germans from crossing the Marne River. The 3rd Division held the south bank of the Marne until the French American counteroffensive forced German withdrawal. It earned the nickname “Rock of the Marne.” At the nearby cemeteries rest those Americans who gave their lives in the service of their country. A 2,000 square-foot visitor center opened at Chateau-Thierry American Monument in May 2018. Entrance to the visitor center is free, and tickets nor reservations are required. The visitor center is open daily, except Christmas Day and New Year's Day, from 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. The Chateau-Thierry American Monument is located on a hill two miles west of Chateau-Thierry, France. It's four and a half miles southeast of Aisne-Marne American Cemetery, and 17 miles southwest of Oise-Aisne American Cemetery. The monument is also known as the Hill 204 American Monument. Travel via Car From Paris travel via toll autoroute A-4. Take the Montreuil-aux-Lions exit (#19), then travel via N-3 (also called D1003), following the Château-Thierry sign. Stay on the main road until you see the sign indicating American Monument on your right, about one mile from Château-Thierry. Two stone pylons mark the entrance of the access road. From Reims travel via toll autoroute A-4. The Monument can be reached by taking the Château-Thierry exit (#20). Proceed to the center of Château-Thierry and then follow the Aisne-Marne American cemetery signs in the direction of Meaux/La Ferté sous Jouarre via D1003. About one mile after exiting Château-Thierry, you will see a sign for American Monument on your left. Two stone pylons mark the entrance of the access road. Travel via Train There is a rail service from Paris (Gare de l'Est) to the train station in Château-Thierry. The journey takes about one hour. It's a ten minute taxi ride from the Château-Thierry train station to the monument. Travel via Airplane Paris is about 55 miles from the monument. Travel via Public Transportation Public transportation is not available to the monument. News & Events Experience the history of World War I, “The Great War,” through an interactive timeline and map. Plan a visit to an ABMC site on Veterans Day to honor the fallen. Ceremonies are planned in France, England, Belgium, Luxembourg, the Philippines, and the Netherlands. During Veterans Day weekend ABMC sites paid tribute and honored those men and women that are buried and memorialized overseas.

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Friday marks the 77th anniversary of the attack on Pearl Harbor. While the day has always been a solemn reminder of the cost of war, it is increasingly becoming a reminder of the cost of time, as well. The country is fortunate enough to have five remaining survivors who were aboard the USS Arizona on December 7, 1941. According to a report from Hawaii News Now, every year, some of these American veterans have been present at the Pearl Harbor memorial ceremonies in Hawaii. This year, however, none of them could make it. The report explains that Lou Conter, Don Stratton, Ken Potts, Lonnie Cook and Lauren Bruner are all at an age where traveling is difficult. After all, it’s been 77 years, and all of them are in their 90s. As the number of World War II veterans, Pearl Harbor survivors, Holocaust survivors and indeed any person who carries such rich living history with them continues to dwindle, the threat of losing perspective on critical events begins to surface. That’s why, experts say, it’s important to not only preserve that history, but also to realize how deeply events like World War II continue to reverberate in the present. An irreplacable legacy “Pearl Harbor started the process by which America got engaged in World War II, became a world power, and became the country we live in today,” says Rob Citino, senior historian at the Natonal World War II Museum in New Orleans. “It involved the whole globe, hundreds of millions of people, and in many ways, the effects of those conflicts are still being played out.” The museum houses more than 10,000 oral histories from people who lived through World War II. That kind of memory keeping, says Citino, is becoming more and more important as those people pass on. “Clearly, you can do the math,” Citino says. “If you were 20 at the end of the war, you’re 95 today. Those who work in the public history sphere take that very seriously.” “[Survivors and veterans] have the ultimate irreplaceable quality,” he says. “They were there. It wasn’t the pages of a book – it was your life. It was your mother, your brother. It was your house going up in flames in bombings. And it isn’t just World War II. The same thing happens for any important period.” The Pearl Harbor Visitors Center in Hawaii expects scores of people at Friday’s ceremonies. Some will be veterans or relatives of those who fought or lived through World War II, ready to take up the memories that Pearl Harbor survivors have carried for so many years.

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When it comes to unit conversions, knowing how to convert 114 cm to inches can be a valuable skill in various areas of our daily lives. Whether you’re working on a DIY project, following a recipe, or simply needing to understand the size of an object, being able to convert 114cm to inches accurately is essential. The Importance of Measurement Conversion: Measurement conversions are vital for effective communication and precise calculations. Understanding how to convert between different units of measurement allows us to work with consistency and accuracy. In this article, we will explore the process of converting 114cm to in and provide a step-by-step guide to help you master this conversion. The Conversion Process – 114 cm to inches Converting 114 cm in inches is a straightforward process. Follow these simple steps to obtain the accurate measurement in inches: Step 1: Understand the Conversion Factor: In the metric system, 1 inch is equal to 2.54 cm. This conversion factor serves as the basis for converting between centimeters and inches. Step 2: Apply the Conversion Formula: To convert 114cm in inches, we can use the following formula: Value in inches = Value in centimeters ÷ Conversion factor Step 3: Perform the Calculation: Let’s apply the conversion formula to our example: 114 cm ÷ 2.54 = 44.8818 in Therefore, 114 cm is equivalent to 44.8818 in. Conversion Chart – 114 cm to inches: For your convenience, here’s a conversion chart showing the equivalent values of 114centimeters in inches, as well as other common metrics: Frequently Asked Questions – 114 cm to inches: Q: How Many Inches Are in 114cm? A: To answer the question, there are 44.8818 inches in 114 centimeters. By utilizing the conversion factor of 1 inch equals 2.54 cm, we can easily calculate this conversion. Divide 114 centimeters by 2.54, and the result is 44.8818 inches. Q: Is 114cm equal to 6 inches? A: No, 114cm is approximately 44.8818 inches. Q: How big is 114cm? A: 114cm is approximately 44.8818 inches. Q: How big is 114 inches? A: 114 in is approximately 289.56 cm. Converting 114 cm to inch is a simple process once you understand the conversion factor. By the steps outlined in this guide, you can easily obtain accurate measurements in inches. Whether you’re working on a project or simply need to understand the size of an object, being able to convert between centimeters and inches is a valuable skill. So, the next time you come across 114 cm, you’ll know exactly how many inches it corresponds to. Read More: 113 cm to Inches Conversion: A Quick Guide

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