Datasets:

Symato

/

fineweb_edu_10bt_shuffled

like 0

Follow

Symato Team 6

For Floridians, water is in our DNA. We’re surrounded on three sides by the Gulf, the Florida Straits and the Atlantic Ocean; lakes and rivers and springs and swamps and glades riddle the state with freshwater. The interconnectedness of our freshwater and marine ecosystems is a keystone of the Floridian environment, and it’s something that I am extremely passionate about protecting. That’s why I feel so privileged to work on behalf of Ocean Conservancy to help create a three-part documentary series, Ocean to the Everglades, to highlight the unique threats being faced by the South Florida aquatic environment. These three short films, directed by Miamian Isaac Mead-Long, beautifully depict the connection between South Florida’s ocean and Everglades environments. It documents my travels across South Florida, examining the region’s unique environmental challenges and opportunities with local advocates and leaders including former Miami Congresswoman Ileana Ros-Lehtinen, former Frost Science Museum Curator of Aquarium Content & Marine Science Rivah Winters, Florida Bay fishing guide and host of Guiding Flow TV Benny Blanco and others. The fates and futures of South Florida’s ocean and Everglades environments are deeply intertwined. We cannot save one without the other. At Ocean Conservancy, we aim to bring Floridians together to help conserve and restore Florida’s water environments, and we invite you to join us in this effort. Florida’s coral reefs (known as the Florida Coral Reef Tract) are a natural jewel of enormous proportions. From end to end, they stretch 360 miles—making this tract the largest reef system in North America and the third largest in the world. Unfortunately, this beautiful ecosystem is facing numerous threats like disease epidemics, ocean trash and ocean acidification. And when our coral reefs are sick, we know that our Everglades must be sick as well. The stories of sea level rise in the coastal Everglades are echoed in Florida’s cities. Fresh drinking water wells are becoming salty, home septic systems are failing from saltwater intrusion and in Miami, the streets are now regularly flooded on perfectly sunny days. The consequences of sea level rise could be dire for the Everglades. If sea levels rise just a few feet, vast portions of the Everglades might be lost forever. If you want to find hope for the future of Florida, you can find it right in Biscayne Bay, in the shadow of Miami’s skyscrapers. Several restoration projects are happening right near these waters and they are just one small part of the larger, multi-decade and multi-billion dollar restoration effort. Across Florida, people are fighting for the future of our ocean, and our Everglades. If we want to keep the beating part of Florida alive, we must act now. Love our content? Sign up for our emails!

<urn:uuid:a501af5e-40fb-4980-95f1-c46599057ebd>

A program at St. Cloud State University is teaching high school and college students how to better communicate with people from different backgrounds. It's a long-term project taking place during a difficult time in St. Cloud, as the area faces challenges that stem from rapid demographic shifts. The St. Cloud school district has come under fire for its handling of allegations of racial and religious bullying at two high schools. The high school students in this program say it's transformed how they deal with their peers when conflicts arise at school. Fardowsa Iman, a Somali student at St. Cloud Technical High School, says she's learning how to deal with conflict through "Communicating Common Ground" program. Iman is one of nearly 30 high school students from the St. Cloud and Sauk Rapids-Rice school districts participating in this program at St. Cloud State University. Iman said she is learning that people with differences, from cultural to religious, share more common goals and concerns than most people think. She's learning how to ask thoughtful questions and reflect on these differences. "You get more answers and you feel better talking it out than just fighting, because if you fight you really don't resolve anything," she said. "And talking it out usually makes you feel better and you're much happier, and (have) less consequences, too." Recently, Iman argued with one of her friends. While her friend decided to hit another student in their circle of friends, Iman decided to walk away from the situation. Her friend was expelled from school. Iman says before this program, she probably would have fought back. Iman and Tech High assistant principal Stacie Vos shared this positive example during the program's last session of the year. Vos says many of her seniors in the program have participated since they were freshmen. "And as seniors this year, I'm really seeing some nice leadership skills in them," Vos said. "For instance, we've had some conflict that occurs in classrooms or in the hallways that our students have now stood up to intervene and mediate and I'm very proud of the fact that they're doing that." Vos attributes these leadership skills to communication strategies her students are adopting during the project's sessions. She says these skills will be necessary at all levels into the future. "We realize that we have work to do, because we are always going to have new kids coming to us that need to be educated about each other and the better I become at finding different strategies to make that happen, the more peaceful our schools are," she said. St. Cloud State students enrolled in an intercultural communication course moderate these sessions. Professor Eddah Mutua-Kombo, who leads the program in partnership with the St. Cloud and Sauk Rapids-Rice school districts, said it gives students a comfortable space to get to know one another. Mutua-Kombo has trained about 30 of her students each spring semester for the past four years to help high school students respond to daily challenges they encounter based on their differences. She teaches students what happens when communities, such as St. Cloud, struggle with change. "For a very long time, St. Cloud was a racially and culturally homogeneous community," Mutua-Kombo said. "And then in the last 10-15 years, people from different cultures, with different religions, with different lifestyles come into this community that had been homogeneous for quite a while, so that in itself is going to create problems." Mutua-Kombo says these problems aren't unique to St. Cloud -- they happen all over the world. She has done extensive research on peace and conflict in Africa, including Kenya, Rwanda, and Uganda, which helps her understand how to manage conflict. "I truly believe (through) the experiences that I've had outside of the United States and here, I am able to develop a sophisticated way of looking at conflict and being very careful in the way I analyze conflict, being very patient, and looking at multiple factors that explain that state of discomfort, that state of misunderstanding," she said. "And not using or limiting myself to one given variable, because I recognize that there are too many of them that will cause that friction, tension, discomfort, and anger." She teaches her students the communication styles of different cultures -- western and nonwestern -- to avoid misunderstandings. For example, in some cultures, people are assertive, which may come off as rude, while others may become emotional when trying to communicate why they're upset. Mutua-Kombo said that may stem from living in a country with a bitter or oppressive history. Students are learning that conflicts can arise even within groups of people. The program started out as part of a national initiative that began in 2000 with more than 30 partnerships. The project was co-sponsored by the National Communication Association, the Southern Poverty Law Center, Campus Compact, and American Association for Higher Education. California State University in Northridge was among one of the first participating colleges that partnered with Ulysses S. Grant Senior High School, where tensions between Armenian-American and Latino students were long-standing. The project's goal is to help young people respect and understand diversity, in hopes that THAT will trickle into neighborhoods across the nation and reduce prejudice and discrimination. Now local projects, such as the one in St. Cloud, are continuing on their own. Mutua-Kombo said this isn't a quick fix to current tensions in the St. Cloud area, but rather a long-term project. "And that is why 'Communicating Common Ground' plays that role of preparing the future community members to be more receptive, to be more understanding, to have the vocabulary, to have the language, to have the consciousness for the future people that might come," Mutua-Kombo said. Technical High School Assistant Principal Stacie Vos says she and her students are starting their own mini-version of the project at their high school campus. They're getting together every other Friday during lunch to lead discussions on campus and reach out to students who aren't part of the St. Cloud State program. Fardowsa Iman says she's excited about that prospect. "In our school, [some students] have a hard time dealing with the Somali community and they have a lot of misconceptions and sometimes they don't know how to come up and ask [questions]," she said. "So I'm hoping that we just kind of educate the kids in our school and in our grade." Since 2006, about 175 college and high students have gone through this program. While tensions remain in St. Cloud, organizers say they believe this generation of students can help change the climate in the community down the road.

<urn:uuid:a3376f80-2817-43d5-843d-c3eb5bc5583b>

Every Step of the Way: The Journey to Freedom in South Africa From precolonial times to the present, this look at South African history provides fascinating personal and historical details and raises provocative questions about the choices, mistakes, contradictions, and key themes in the development of South Africa's complex society. A broad sweep of history is detailed—from the distant past of the hunter-gatherer and African farmer societies to colonial exploration and conquest, slavery, enforced segregation, and the struggle for liberation—and enhanced by intriguing human interest narratives that includes excerpts from the memoirs of Jan van Riebeeck and the writings of Rich Mkondo, poems by Wally Serote, song lyrics by Johannes Kerkorrel and Jeremy Taylor, and statements and recollections by Nelson Mandela. Observations by 19th-century novelist Anthony Trollope, academic Mamphela Ramphela, Nobel Laureate Nadine Gordimer, veteran journalist Allister Sparks and celebrated South African photographer Benny Gool are also included. Hva folk mener - Skriv en omtale Vi har ikke funnet noen omtaler på noen av de vanlige stedene. Andre utgaver - Vis alle 000 years ago Afrikaner ANC's apartheid armed became began Bleek Boer Botha Britain British campaign Cape Town cattle century colonial coloured Communist conflict Constitution culture Cyril Ramaphosa decades democracy democratic diamond Dutch early Eastern Cape economic election emerged European eventually farms fire force former freedom frontier FW de Klerk Griqua historian idea Inkatha Jan Smuts Johannesburg Khoe-San Khoekhoe killed Kimberley Klerk Krotoa labour land later leader liberation live Malan Mbeki mining missionaries Moshweshwe Natal National Party Nationalists Native negotiations Nelson Mandela Oliver Tambo organisations parliament past police political president prime minister prison protest PW Botha race racial recognised Robben Island settlement settlers slaves Smuts society Sophiatown South Africa southern Africa Soweto story struggle Thabo Mbeki things thousands trade Transvaal truth Union Verwoerd Vorster vote white South Wildebeest Kuil women Xhosa young Zulu Side 174 - The time comes in the life of any nation when there remain only two choices — submit or fight. That time has now come to South Africa. We shall not submit and we have no choice but to hit back by all means in our power in defence of our people, our future, and our freedom. Side 90 - It might be presumed that the native inhabitants of any land have an incontrovertible right to their own soil: a plain and sacred right, however, which seems not to have been understood. Europeans have entered their borders uninvited, and, when there, have not only acted as if they were undoubted lords of the soil, but have punished the natives as aggressors if they have evinced a disposition to live in their own country. Side 275 - I have walked that long road to freedom. I have tried not to falter; I have made missteps along the way. But I have discov-ered the secret that after climbing a great hill, one only finds that there are many more hills to climb. I have taken a moment here to rest, to steal a view of the glorious vista that surrounds me, to look back on the distance I have come. But I can rest only for a moment, for with freedom come responsibilities, and I dare not linger, for my long walk is not yet ended. Side 122 - I contend that we are the first race in the world, and that the more of the world we inhabit, the better it is for the human race. Side 170 - As a fellow member of the Commonwealth, it is our earnest desire to give South Africa our support and encouragement, but I hope you won't mind my saying frankly that there are some aspects of your policies which make it impossible for us to do this without being false to our own deep convictions about the political destinies of free men, to which in our own territories we are trying to give effect. Side 37 - THE low sun whitens on the flying squalls, Against the cliffs the long grey surge is rolled Where Adamastor from his marble halls Threatens the sons of Lusus as of old. Faint on the glare uptowers the dauntless form, Into whose shade abysmal as we draw, Down on our decks, from far above the storm, Grin the stark ridges of his broken jaw. Across his back, unheeded, we have broken Whole forests: heedless of the blood we've spilled, In thunder still his prophecies are spoken, In silence, by the centuries,... Side 212 - ... hooves, The ploughman drives, a slow somnambulist, And through the green his crimson furrow grooves. His heart, more deeply than he wounds the plain, Long by the rasping share of insult torn, Red clod, to which the war-cry once was rain And tribal spears the fatal sheaves of corn, Lies fallow now. But as the turf divides I see in the slow progress of his strides Over the toppled clods and falling flowers, The timeless, surly patience of the serf That moves the nearest to the naked earth And ploughs... Side 312 - In the second place, however, history makes itself in such a way that the final result always arises from conflicts between many individual wills, of which each again has been made what it is by a host of particular conditions of life. Thus there are innumerable intersecting forces, an infinite series of parallelograms of forces which give rise to one resultant — the historical event. Side 304 - I knew as well as I knew anything that the oppressor must be liberated just as surely as the oppressed. A man who takes away another man's freedom is a prisoner of hatred; he is locked behind the bars of prejudice and narrow-mindedness. I am not truly free if I am taking away someone else's freedom, just as surely as I am not free when my freedom is taken from me. The oppressed and the oppressor alike are robbed of their humanity.

<urn:uuid:71f6657b-3f4a-46d5-9fdc-9eb2a4dca9da>

Rundll32.exe is an application that is used to launch functionality stored in shared .dll files, because DLL (Dynamic Link Library) files can't be launched directly. Rundll32.exe is developed by Microsoft Corporation and is part of Microsoft Windows Operating System. It’s a system and hidden file. Rundll32.exe is usually located at \Windows\System32\rundll32.exe and its usual size is 36,864 bytes. Sometimes it’s called Windows host process (Rundll32). The rundll32.exe process is a command line utility and it performs its embedded functions along with the rundll.exe file. It operates by invoking a function that is exported from a specific 16-bit or 32-bit DLL module. Rundll32.exe is a process registered as a backdoor vulnerability, which may be installed for the purpose of getting access to your computer from remote locations to steal your personal data. This process is a security risk and should be removed immediately from your system. To determine whether Rundll32.exe is legitimate or not, check the location it runs from. We also recommend to scan your computer with Auslogics Antivirus to make sure it's not infected. Important: LINEAGE.BDP can mask itself as rundll32.exe. If you're experiencing rundll32.exe errors, read on. First of all, you'll need to try to find where the file is running from and what exactly is running it. If you're on Vista or 7, you can use the built in Task Manager to get the information you need, because they allow you to see the full path for any running application. To enable that option, go to View - Select Columns and check the Command Line option in the list: Now you can see the full path for the file in the list and check if it's the valid path for rundll32.exe in the System32 directory. If you browse down and find the file in question, you'll be able to see what it actually is when you hover your mouse over the file name: Another way to get the same information is to right-click on the file name, go to Properties, and go to the Details tab. If you're using Windows XP, then you can use Auslogics Task Manager to find the information you need. Once you know which file is causing the problem, you can start looking for specific help and figure out whether you want to disable it or not. Sometimes when the rundll32.exe file is missing, gets corrupted or infected, you may get an error message like this: "Windows cannot find C:\Windows\Rundll32.exe. Make sure you typed the name correctly and try again". First of all, scan your computer with a reliable antivirus program and get rid of any infections it might find. However, if a missing or corrupted file caused the problem, try looking for the rundll32.exe file in the C:\Windows\system32\dllcache folder. If it's there, copy and paste it into C:\Windows\system32. If it's missing from dllcache, look for it in C:\Windows\SericePackFiles\i386 and try cpying and pasting it into C:\Windows\system32. If all fails, try doing the following: 1. Put the Windows disk in the CD/DVD ROM drive. 2. Click Start and then click Run. 3. Type expand X:\i386\rundll32.ex_ c:\windows\system32\rundll32.exe in the Open box, where X is the letter of your CD ROM Drive. 4. Reboot your computer. 5. The problem should be solved. The rundll32.exe process is safe and disabling it can be dangerous, because programs on your computer need it to work correctly. Some other processes use the same file name. We also recommend optimizing your computer. Author: Microsoft CorporationPart Of: Microsoft® Windows® Operating SystemCommon path(s): %SYSTEM%

<urn:uuid:659f20f9-ad95-4dc1-8ebe-1bc0e37b6deb>

Licsun WongYoung 220 January 2018Chapter 19 Questions Before the industrialization, most large cities focused on commerce, creating more factories in the rural area, railroads lacked quite a bit and had seaports. But during industrialization, there were much manufacturing and the economy boomed quickly. The physical environment changes in cities during the late 19th century was transportation, more skyscrapers, more efficient usage of electricity, and suburbs were merged. People used cable cars and trolleys to go around the city in the late 1800s but led to a lot of traffic, so subways were created and helped expand railroads. The suburban was emerged by the wealthy businessman who built themselves fancy houses to isolate themselves from the pollution in manufacturing cities. Skyscrapers started to become more popular when steel was invented and elevators were more efficient. Skyscrapers allowed landowners to earn big bucks from selling a small piece of land. Innovation in technology created electric arc lamps that brightened the city streets Some patterns of the settlement were that immigrants contributed to the growing population, different ethnic groups established certain neighborhoods and cities, and departments were sorted by ethnicity. After the 1880s, there was an influx of southern Italian occurred because of the higher wages in America. The neighborhoods were based on ethnicity because of discrimination around the city and people found comfort when they were with people sharing their own culture. Some neighborhoods include Chinatown, Jewish Hayes Valley and Italian North Beach (San Francisco). Along with the race-based neighborhoods were districts, where they were divided based on class. (Immigrants were valued much). 90% of African American lived in the South, but at the turn of the century, increasingly sought new economic opportunity in the city. African Americans made up more than half the population like in Jacksonville and Montgomery but only make a 2 percent of the population in New York City. Africans dealt with even worse conditions that immigrant workers because they were turned away from many manufacturing jobs. Then there was the Atlanta Race Riot, where blacks were hated on by newspapers and excluded from white communities. The riot led to 24 deaths and around 100 deaths. The places people lived in was horrible, so the government attempted to reform by imposing a Tenement House Law. Most reforms was unsuccessful as industrial workers had to live in the city with limited space. The working class was depressed because industrial jobs were systematic and boring, laborers were working long hours, and granted very few rights. So, as a way to solve the depressing working environment, they turned to new working class environments like vaudeville, nickelodeons, amusement parks, and ragtime. Vaudeville was some made up shows that ranged from talking about beer bull variety to family-friendly entertainment. In the shows, it included acrobatics, magicians, comedians, and etc. Martin Beck’s Orpheum Circuit was a chain theatre. Nickelodeons were named for its price (nickel) and greek style of theater and evolved motion picture. Types of films included scenics, actualities, song and dance, comedies, melodramas, and sports. Ragtime was a musical style based on a “ragged” rhythm, where it heads steady beats in the base and off-beat rhythm in the treble. The musical based entertainment originated in Southern African American Communities and brought people’s attention (on the African American performers). Ernest Hogan was the first ragtime composers. The third amusement element were amusement parks, where it was popular amongst youth because it allowed youths to hang out with each other without their parent’s supervision. Also, the amusement parks were called trolley parks, used advanced mechanical engineering knowledge. A famous example of a popular amusement park in Coney Island. Single men were less encouraged to marry and praised for being bachelors. Many young women left their families in search of jobs and better opportunities. Young women and men traveled to public locations to find partners. Many relationships were based on money and rewards (maybe clothes and jewelry?). And there were more and more homosexual relationships. Since working-class women earned much less than working men, so women decided to date men to receive money and treat and were classified as charity girls. But many tried to maintain a pristine reputation and meet the standards of respectability, so they didn’t randomly date men. The rise of cities allowed for the flourishing of cultural institution included the establishment of symphonies, operas, museums, and libraries. And the elites built many cultural institutes that created the patrons of arts. Symphony orchestra emerged in Boston and New York the late 1800s. Metropolitan Opera in the New York City became more popular and had some performed works by Richard Wagner and Richard Strauss. The operas attracted large crowds because the operas provided musically innovative works. Then museums and libraries were added to the “high culture”. For example, the Corcoran Gallery of Art was the first major art museum opened in D.C. in 1869 and New York’s Metropolitan Museum of Art in 1880. Public libraries arose from small personal collections, like how Andrew Carnegie bulked up on books. In response, some artist started to criticize the high culture as older cultural norms were imposed again, like Folk music. Some people considered folk music as it represented the undaunted tenacity of spirit. The role of journalism brought some good, bad, and ugly changes. The good examples of good journalism include Helen Campbell’s The Prisoner of Poverty, where it reported the tenement conditions and Campbell advocated for more laboring women rights and better living conditions. And How the Other Half Lives by Jacob Riis really reflected the harsh condition of the people and influenced Theodore Roosevelt to investigate the darker side of the city. Some bad influenced was yellow journalism, a derogatory term used to describe the mass production of cheap journalism about murders, scandals, and certain stories to attract readers. An example of bad journalism was the Yellow Kid from Sunday Color Comics that started the new trend of bubble writing. An example of ugly changes was Pulitzer and Hearst, where it used false information to influence the Spanish American war, like false reporting the USS Maine scandal. A cause of the change was Hearst and the New York Journal competing for the Pulitzer and the New York World prize. Urban Political Machines were some political organization controlled by a few bosses and gave favors to supporters but were really corrupt. Many of the machines were scattered around the city to make it slightly more convenient. Some of the limitations on political machines was mass corruption, neglect of blacks, and manipulation of elections. For example, when the Muckrakers were exposed to industrial corruption for terrible, it caused the lower class workers to suffer. As for achievements, the political machines increased the employment rate, built functioning city services, and addressed the public health situation. City Reformers attempted to reclaim popular support and control of the cities form urban political machines by generating the city reform movement, getting the effort of reform-minded mayors, and establishing the commission and management system. The City reform movement started when the middle class saw the corruption in political machines. In the 1890s, when he economic depression struck the nation, it led to the dramatic shift to the Populist Party from being a supporter of political machines. In response, Democrats and Republicans demanded a reform by voting for a reform-minded mayor. Reform-minded mayors were ones that looked to form new public services and areas, willing to go against private business upon fares to regain political control, and sometimes modeled the European city government structure. Some of the more well-known reform-minded mayors include Tom Johnson, Hazen Pingree, and Josiah Quincy. Tom Johnson, who wanted to tax the rich and monopolies, was nominated by the Democratic Party in 1901 in Cleveland. The Commision and Manager System started after the devastating hurricane in Galveston, Texas, because people didn’t trust the city council with their money. So, governors appointed a small commission to govern as they try to rebuild the city. The commissions were viewed as undemocratic. In the early 1900s, around 500 cities adopted to the commission and manager plan because it some believed that it was a business came to take influence away from working class. While the cities became a place for cultural mixing, it became areas of poverty, disease, and violence, due to the lack of sanitation and overcrowding from the second wave of industrialization. Since the population became more and denser, it made the water unclean and spread waterborne diseases around the city. A way to solve was overhauling the sewage and drainage system, which cut the rates of cholera and typhoid fever and lowered the infant mortality rate. Children living in slums had to breath polluted air from the ghastly factories and risked their lives of getting food poisoning to survive. So urban reformers demanded the establishment of a better garbage and water collection system and promoted healthy habits to reduce the spread of disease. When the civil war ended, governments didn’t regulate drugs and food, so it was dangerous of the public. As a way to solve the problem, Congress passed the Pure Food and Drug Act and formed the Food and Drug Administration to enforce the guidelines. Away from the industrial regions were a more pristine place, known as the “City Beautiful Movement”, which arose in the early 20-century and aimed at forming better parks. Since sanitation and congestion affected both rich and poor, both of the classes supported the movement. Women were displaced from manual jobs because of the industrialization wave. And many women were domestically abused and stuck in low paying jobs which made women find quick money, which was prostitution. Initial Reactions by the public was creating Female Reform Groups, Temperance Unions, and directed they’re protested more on liquor than prostitution. (shut down red light districts). Other campaigns include a reform group that began perceiving prostitution as one of the horrors and calling it white slavery. As a way to support the campaigns, the Congress passed the White-Slave Traffic Act in 1910 to make commercial interstate transportation of women for the purpose of “prostitution or debauchery, or any other immoral purpose” a felony. The settlement houses was a reformist social movement that began in the 1880s in both Britain and the United States, with an aim of making the upper and lower class people live more closely together in an interdependent community. The main objective was in hope of sharing knowledge and culture and alleviate the poverty of low-income neighbors. The settlement houses provided services like education, healthcare, and daycare, which improved the lives of the poor in those areas. The Hull House in Chicago was a settlement house in the United States that was co-founded by Ellen Starr and Jane Addams in 1889. The settlement house was built near the west side of Chicago to open its doors to European immigrants and by 1911, the Hull House expanded to a total of thirteen buildings.The Triangle Shirtwaist Company fire in 1911 was one of the worst industrial disasters in New York City. The fire took a death toll of 146 workers (123 women and 23 men), the workers most likely have died of smoke inhalation or falling to their deaths. Most of the deaths were Italian and Jewish immigrant women who were aged between sixteen and twenty-three. The political aftermath of the fire demonstrated how challenges posed by industrial cities pushed politics in different directions, like transforming the government into helping the establishment of broader movements for reform. Also, to build the nation into a global industrial power. During the process, the government formed an electorate and community that was significantly more racially and religiously diverse than its previous years. And, from the tragedy, it led to the development of a list of laws and regulations that improved and protected the safety of laborers.

<urn:uuid:11b547ad-4794-48f2-a2d1-e92ba961b086>

All About Mary A: Since the Scriptures do not explicitly discuss this question, no one is certain of the answer. At one time, Joseph was assumed to be elderly when he married Mary . However, now we believe that Mary and Joseph were both in their teens when Jesus was born , around sixteen and eighteen respectively. She was 15 when she gave a birth to lord Jesus Christ . After the crucifixion Mary was associated with a beloved disciple in John’s gospel and Jesus says the beloved disciple is to take her to his home. In another tradition the disciple John goes to Ephesus and it’s assumed that Mary would have gone with him and spent the rest of her life in Ephesus. Mary was Mary , son of Heli, of the tribe of Judah. Mary was married to a fellow named Joseph, son of Javob. Jesus did not have a last name . He was known as Jesus of Nazareth, THE Christ . Jesus ‘ brothers and sisters The Gospel of Mark (6:3) and the Gospel of Matthew (13:55–56) mention James, Joseph/Joses, Judas/Jude and Simon as brothers of Jesus , the son of Mary . In both cases, the church doctrine of the Perpetual Virginity means that Joseph and Mary never had sexual relations. But virgin birth is possible, if you’re a reptile or a fish. The process is called parthenogenesis (literally ‘ virgin creation’). The animals that practise it (snakes, sharks and lizards) don’t have to worry about genomic imprinting, which does not occur in egg-laying animals. Summary of Jesus ‘ life He was born to Joseph and Mary sometime between 6 bce and shortly before the death of Herod the Great (Matthew 2; Luke 1:5) in 4 bce. According to Matthew and Luke, however, Joseph was only legally his father . Mary Magdalene as trusted disciple For its part, the Bible gave no hint that Mary Magdalene was Jesus’s wife . None of the four canonical gospels suggests that sort of relationship, even though they list the women who travel with Jesus and in some cases include their husbands’ names. In Pullman’s version of the story, Jesus has a twin brother named Christ . “I was intrigued, you see, by the difference between the two parts of the name Jesus Christ that we commonly use interchangeably,” Pullman says. Mary is also depicted as being present among the women at the crucifixion during the crucifixion standing near “the disciple whom Jesus loved” along with Mary of Clopas and Mary Magdalene, to which list Matthew 27:56 adds “the mother of the sons of Zebedee”, presumably the Salome mentioned in Mark 15:40. All About Mary Do we have any idea who the disciple was? A: John 19, 25-27 makes reference to the beloved disciple who traditionally (Canon Muratori) was identified as John the apostle and author of the fourth gospel, letters (1-3) and Revelations. Jesus does not have a last name. Last names were not common in those times. Christ is not a name, but a title. Christ means “anointed” or “Messiah”, so Jesus became the “ Christ ” or “Messiah” when he got baptized at the age of 30. Mary is almost always decked out in blue , while Jesus typically wears red. Throughout history, blue has been considered a sacred and valuable hue. |Born||c. 4 BC Kingdom of Judea, Roman Empire| |Died||AD 30 or 33 (aged 33–36) Jerusalem, Judea, Roman Empire| |Cause of death||Crucifixion| |Parent (s)||Mary Joseph|

<urn:uuid:2e9942ce-d661-433d-abb0-6e5b21378dd8>

NIPPUR nĭ poor’. An ancient Mesopotamian city about one hundred m. S of Baghdad or fifty m. SE of Babylon. It was founded by the “Ubaid” people c. 4,000 b.c. Although the city wielded no political power, it was the undisputed religious and cultural center from the early third millennium until the days of Hammurabi. From the 17th cent. until the 14th, datable material ceases. By the time of Hammurabi, Nippur had yielded to Babylon as a religious and cultural center, but it continued to be an important city down to Parthian times. Nippur was the seat of the cult of Enlil, and the ancient renown of this god insured his city the continued care on the part of the Babylonian kings. As late as the 7th cent. b.c., the Assyrian king, Ashurbanipal, restored Enlil’s temple. Nippur was the seat of Sumer’s most important “academy” and in the lit. composed and redacted in this academy, Nippur and its leading deities, Enlil, his wife Ninlil, and his son Ninurta, played a large role. Excavators found some 30-40,000 tablets and fragments at Nippur, and about 4,000 of these are inscribed with Sumer. works. Excavations were conducted in Nippur by American expeditions in 1890, 1893-1896, 1899-1900, 1948 and every other year thereafter through 1958. These excavations revealed parts of the Ekur “Mountain House,” the temple of Enlil and Sumer’s leading shrine, as well as the temple of Enlil’s consort, Ninlil. Also found were a large temple dedicated to the goddess Inanna, and a small temple dedicated to an unknown deity, as well as houses of the scribal quarter of the city. H. W. Hilprecht, The Excavations in Assyria and Babylonia (1904), 289-577; C. S. Fisher, Excavations at Nippur (1907); V. C. Crawford, “Nippur the Holy City” Archaeology 12 (1959), 74-83.

<urn:uuid:e2257481-815e-4bc9-9985-cd713b5b3e98>

(© Angel Torregrosa) THE BLACK HOLE NOT In most of articles about the black holes we can read that a star would be contracted until be a simple point. This represent a singularity so much of density as of space curvature (infinite density and curvature), furthermore of imaginary times in its interior. However I think that may exist something that would stop this final collapse toward a point and this is the detention of time. These problems of singularity can be avoided if we consider the idea that on the events horizon the time is stopped. We can suppose a star whose interior densities distribution will be such that the situation that characterizes an events horizon will be given in all the star volume. In this case the time would be stopped in all the volume of star (the events horizon would be a sphere, not a spherical surface) and therefore the collapse since this point will not occur even though it has been surpassed the bearable pressure by the neutrons, and the neutrons were being merged itself already. Thus in a star in collapse time, if this density distribution may occurr, the collapse'll be stopped because the time is stopped. To obtain that distribution we should see that the gravity inside a star is equal to that it would have if we removed a spherical wreath just above from this point . Thus the calculations are the same as for the surface but taking into account only the surface that remains below this point. Then we see that the relationship M' / r' (equation 4) must be a constant value in all the star, being M' the sphere mass with radio = r' and with center in the same center of the star. Thus we have and if we find the mass Moreover, the total star mass will be equal to the addition of all the mass differentials, being a mass differential equal to the density in a given sphere's point s (x) multiplied by the differential of volume, that it will be equal to the area of the spherical surface multiplied by a radio differential. Therefore we will obtain an equation with an integral between 0 and r', and An evident solution of s (x) such as the integral result Kr', is being x the distance from the point of the star we study to the center of the same. For greater depth we'll have greater density that will be inversely proportional to the squared of the radio. This carries us to an infinite density in the center of the star, but we should see that when the radio tend to zero the mass also tends to zero,. That idea is more acceptable situation. May be that this type of black hole would be common at the universe, because in a stellar implosion the fusion of neutrons would begin in the center of the star, and the stopped time situation would begin in the center of the star, preventing the fusion of more matter in that point. This situation would be extending cap to cap outwards creating a density distribution as the one I have calculated, and therefore a solid black hole from the events horizon toward the interior. Without singularity. index in spanish Mi Home page

<urn:uuid:38bfac68-fee3-4808-8277-5196c0739e71>

Resent research into internet use by teenagers conducted for GFI Software revealed that one in three parents do not know if Internet safety tips are being taught to their children, while nearly 25% of teens confirm they are not taught, or are not aware of being taught, about Internet safety at school. Furthermore, 31% of teens admit they have shared information with an acquaintance online that they would not have said face-to-face, while almost a third of teenage boys admit to visiting web sites intended for adults. Over half (53%) of those who have done so admit to lying about their age to gain access. “Ubiquitous use of social networking web sites has revolutionized the way we all communicate and interact. In particular, it has changed the way our children communicate with their friends and meet new people, while making it harder for parents to check on who their children are associating with,” said Mark Patton, general manager, security business unit at GFI Software. GFI encourages families to follow these simple steps to ensure they stay safe and secure online: Check links before clicking on them: With increased malicious use of short URL services to disguise links to malware and fake web sites, it’s important to be sure about the links you click on in emails, on social networking sites and on conventional web pages. Everyone should always hover over a hyperlinked word or sentence and view what the link is before clicking. If it is a short URL such as TinyURL or a Bit.ly-style link, always approach with caution and only click through if you are absolutely sure it’s from a trustworthy sender. Don’t reveal personal information online: Never post anything online that you wouldn’t share with a stranger you met in the street. Make sure that social networking settings, especially for children’s accounts, are set so that only approved friends can view information about you or your children, and vet who is following your family online. Never reveal your movements and your plans to be away from home online, especially on social networking services such as Facebook and Twitter. Don’t be afraid to check on children’s Internet use: You wouldn’t let young children play unsupervised, so you shouldn’t feel compelled to let them surf the Web without a watchful eye making sure they are safe. Do look at what your children are doing, share with them advice on being careful online and explain why they shouldn’t be doing things like talking to strangers in chat rooms and IM, or posting publicly-viewable personal details on social networking sites. Keep your PC safe and secure: Web filtering software can provide a handy safety buffer, preventing access to known dangerous web sites plus any sites that parents want to limit access to. Antispam software minimises exposure to unwanted and scam messages. But most importantly, ensure you have antivirus software that it’s up-to-date with the latest virus definition files. GFI’s research revealed that only 28% of parents update their antivirus software daily, and 24% are unsure if their antivirus software is updated at all. Internet safety goes beyond the web: Remember that internet access is not confined to PCs and web browsers. Gaming services on consoles also provide a means for strangers to engage with children via chat and IM within popular games, while mobile phones are starting to displace desktop and laptop PCs as the primary way that teens access the Internet according to research from the UK telecoms regulator Ofcom. Ensure parental controls are activated on all these services so that you can prevent, or at least check, when children are contacting or being contacted by strangers or new gaming contacts.

<urn:uuid:95df2f9a-e7aa-4499-9c6e-70947300cc0d>

When you picture a saxophone, most people will think of an alto or tenor saxophone. These are the two most common types and they’re found in almost every genre of modern music. The saxophone was first invented in the 1800s by a Belgian instrument inventor named Adolphe Sax. Since then, the instrument has been developed and tweaked with the modern version of the instrument being a far cry from the earliest models when it comes to intonation and design. In this post, we’re going to learn about all the other types of common and uncommon saxophones that exist today. Let’s jump in. The Saxophone Family If you are new to the instrument, you may not know there are multiple styles of the saxophone that come in a number of different shapes and sizes. They are arranged by size and are structured in the same way voices are stacked in a vocal choir: Soprano, alto, tenor, bass etc.. Although some of them differ in their shape and size, they all have a similar design, use a single reed mouthpiece and consist of conical tube with keys and hole covers with a flared bell at the end. Common Saxophone Types The following are the four most common versions of the saxophone used in concert bands, jazz ensembles, some classical music and pop acts around the world: The Soprano Saxophone The Soprano Saxophone is the highest-pitched of the common saxophones. It’s a transposing instrument and is in the key of Bb which means that when it plays a C, what actually sounds is a concert pitch Bb. It plays in a similar range to a Bb trumpet or Bb clarinet with its range being from around A♭3 to E6 depending on the musicians ability. The Soprano has a unique design in that it is the only saxophone that’s bore is straightened out, although you can find some rare versions of the other saxophones made this way. You’ll often find the soprano sax used in smooth jazz which is thanks to Kenny G, the artist that made it very popular in the 80s. The Alto Saxophone Up next we have the Alto Saxophone which is in Eb meaning that when you play a C on it, it sounds a concert Eb. The alto sax is the most popular saxophone for beginners due to its convenient range and its size which is small enough to accommodate the small hands of children first learning to play it. The alto sax is also very popular in jazz music with one of the most well known jazz musicians in history being Charlie Parker. The Tenor Saxophone The Tenor Saxophone is very similar looking to the alto, but is larger and lower in pitch. The tenor is in Bb like the soprano sax but is pitched an octave below. On first glance it looks almost identical to the alto, but with a closer look you’ll see it’s the first saxophone in the family to have a curved neck. Although not as common for beginners, the tenor sax may be the most widely-used saxophone, especially in pop, rock, and jazz music. This is because its range is almost exactly that of a male singer and has a darker tone quality make it a sonic fit for almost any genre. Many saxophone players consider the tenor to be the hardest saxophone to play from a control standpoint, but the rewards when it comes to tonal options and range are almost endless. The Baritone Saxophone The Baritone Saxophone, often referred to as “The Bari” is the lowest in pitch of all the common saxophones and is voiced an octave lower than the alto in Eb. It’s considerably larger than the other types of sax we’ve looked at so far and is about four feet long from end to end. Its low pitch helps it function in the same way that a baritone singer does in a vocal quartet holding the bottom of the harmony as support. Don’t let this fool you, though as the baritone sax has an extremely rich tone quality when it is used as a lead voice. One of my favorite baritone players is probably jazz musician Gerry Mulligan (check him out) but the most famous Baritone player of all time is actually fictional. It’s the instrument that Lisa Simpson from “The Simpsons” is known to play on the show. Uncommon Saxophone Types If you know all about the kinds of saxophones aove, you can talk to just about anybody about the instrument. But, there are some more rare types of saxophone that have been made over the years, including the following: The Sopranino Saxophone You may have deduced it by its name, but the Sopranino Saxophone is a smaller version of the soprano but is pitched an octave higher than the alto sax. It’s most commonly used in film scores, modern classical music, and some big band recordings. The sopranino is very small (about 12 inches long) so it requires some finger dexterity to be able to play. The C Melody Saxophone The C Melody Saxophone is unique amongst the saxophone family due it being the only saxophone that plays at concert pitch. This means when it plays a C, it sounds a concert C. It was fairly popular at the turn of the century and into the 1920s and 30s but is not as common today although you may still hear the instrument from time to time in a trad jazz ensemble. The Bass Saxophone It’s much easier to go bigger with instruments than to make them smaller, and that’s why the Bass Saxophone exists. It’s so big, it’s generally played while resting on a stand with the neck curving all the way down to about halfway down the body . It’s pitched a full octave below the tenor sax, giving it a rich supporting sound perfect for concert bands and larger jazz ensembles. The Contrabass and Subcontrabass Saxophones And lastly, just when you thought they couldn’t go any bigger, there is the Contrabass and the Subcontrabass Saxophone These massive saxophones stand at around 6 feet 4 inches and 7 feet 5 tall respectively. The contrabass sax is pitched a full octave below the bari and the subcontrabass is an octave below the bass sax. There is very little material composed for these versions of the saxophones and they’re mostly seen as collectible items. Some famous manufacturers, like Conn, have made quality versions of the Contrabass, though. Contrary to popular belief, the contrabass was part of the original saxophone family created by Adolphe Sax! Summing Up The Different Kinds of Saxophones If you are like most people new to the saxophone, you probably thought there were two or three versions of the instrument. Don’t worry, it’s a surprise to most that there are at least 8, not counting some experimental sax designs. But, it’s a good idea for new players to start playing on either the alto or tenor sax before branching out to some of the others. These are the two that are most common, so they have the most material to learn on. They are also the most manageable size-wise.

<urn:uuid:c9fa1c12-c839-4273-af05-10999e7a7312>

Samantha D. Farquhar VOLUME: 1 ISSUE: 1 Page No: 37-40 Samantha D. Farquhar Samantha D. Farquhar1,2 1Asian Institute of Technology, The School of Environment, Resources, and Development, Bangkok, Thailand 2Agriculture and Forestry University, Department of Aquaculture and Fisheries , Rampur, Nepal Samantha Danielle Farquhar, A brief review of gears associated with lionfish removals(2017)SDRP Journal of Aquaculture, Fisheries & Fish Science 2(1) Their success has been attributed to their environmental tolerance, broad appetite, high fecundity, prey naivety, and lack of predators. However, lionfish populations have been shown to be successfully managed through their removal with the most common method being spearfishing. However, this method is limited to areas that are easily accessible to divers, thus largely ineffective as a large-scale fishery. Yet, there has been other accounts of lionfish being successfully captured with other fishing gears. This study compiled sources from scholarly journals, press releases, and nonprofit scientific organizations and searched for methods used to successfully remove lionfish within the invaded area. Results show that the most popular removal method was spearing (45%) followed by handnet (37%). The remaining removal gears were fish trap (5%), hook and line (5%), trawl (3%), lobster trap (2%), and other (1%). This review illuminates other lesser known methods successfully used to remove lionfish with hopes to evoke new management options to combat the future of the lionfish invasion. Invasive lionfish, known as both Pterois miles and Pterois volitans have become regarded as the most ecologically and economically damaging marine fish invasive species . Since their accidental introduction in 1985 off the coast of Florida, lionfish have spread to the Atlantic Ocean, Gulf of Mexico, and Caribbean Sea [2–5]. Further, they have been found in all marine habitat types and depths in this invaded area. The lionfish invasion is still spreading. Most recently, they have reached Brazil . It is expected the invasion will only be limited by water temperature as their lethal limit is 10°C . Their success is fueled by lionfish’s high environmental tolerance, broad appetite, high fecundity, prey naivety, and [9–12]. Lionfish have been seen to occupy a wide range of habitats such as mangroves, estuaries, and rocky substrates in addition to reefs. Further, they have been found to depths of 1000m. They have the ability to spawn every four days with up to 30,000 eggs per spawn. In the invaded area, some predation from groupers, snappers, and the occasional shark have been noted, but this has not been observed as a means of consistent predation. All of these factors have proven to be a dangerous combination for local fish communities. It was observed that lionfish prey biomass was reduced by an average of 65% over a two-year-period . Further, another study saw a 79% reduction in fish recruitment in the presence of a single lionfish in only a five-week observation period . This type of predation by lionfish results in the over-consumption of herbivore fishes and leads to ecosystems shifts . Lionfish’s behavior is unique among apex predators. They lethargically hover close to some type of underwater structure [15,16]. When they attack, they stalk prey by maneuvering themselves slowly with their large pectoral fins extended to corral it before making a rapid strike . They also have been seen to extrude water jets at the prey to orient it towards the mouth before striking . The same fearless behavior that lionfish show towards other fishes is also shown towards divers. This lack of shyness has made them an easy target to remove with spears. Multiple movements have since been started to combat the lionfish invasion through their removal. Spearfishing tournaments or 'lionfish derbies' will often be hosted by coastal communities within the invaded area. These tournaments span a few days and encourage great participation resulting in mass cullings of lionfish. A recent lionfish tournament from Fort Lauderdale, Florida reported that in 2 days 1,250 lionfish were successfully removed . The culled lionfish are usually eaten. Their meat is described as white, flakey, and high in omega-3s . Thus, this has helped them become marketed in some restaurants as a tasty sustainable dish. Further, these tournaments also give scientists the opportunity to collect a vast amount of data over a short amount of time. Ali et al. has described the role of volunteers and group effort as essential in reducing lionfish, increasing awareness, and furthering the understanding the lionfish invasion . In some Caribbean nations, lionfish have made their way in the tourist market as well. Visitors can pay local dive shops to certify them as a 'lionfish hunter' then take them on a guided spearfishing tours or hunt on their own . Beyond the typical tourist merchandise of T-shirts and visors, the fins of speared lionfish are being used to make jewelry such as earrings and boost local economies . These types of removal efforts have proven effective in reducing lionfish abundance from various locations in the Caribbean [9,20,23,24]. For example, a study that compared fished and unfished areas of Bonaire over a two year period (2009-2011) found that lionfish biomass in fished locations on Bonaire was 2.76-fold lower than in unfished areas from the same island . However, while lionfish's sedentary behavior makes them easy to spear, it makes them difficult to remove with other fishing methods. This has impeded the anthropologic counterattack on lionfish as spearfishing is limited to warm, shallow, and clear water. There have been other accounts of using fishing gears other than spears to successfully remove lionfish, yet they are lesser known and not as popular. Thus, this review hopes to illuminate other fishing methods and gears used to remove lionfish with hopes to evoke alternative solutions to combat the lionfish invasion where spearfishing is not accessible. Sources were compiled from scientific studies in scholarly journals, press releases from local news networks, and scientific nonprofit science organizations such as the Gulf Caribbean Fisheries Institute and Reef Environmental Education Foundation. This led to a database filled with 150 records dating from 2005-2016. For each record, the method(s) described in the removal or capture of lionfish were noted along with the location and if specified, the species. From the compiled sources, 30 different island countries as well as U.S. states and territories throughout the Atlantic, Caribbean, and Gulf of Mexico were observed. Some records detailed more than one method used to collect lionfish. Of the records, the most common method of removal indicated was spearing at 45% followed by handnet at 37%. The remaining removal gears were fish trap (5%), hook and line (5%), trawl (3%), lobster trap (2%), and other (1%) (Figure 1.). Spearfishing records were associated with recreation and scientific experiments. All spear records indicated that lionfish were specifically targeted. Hook and line records suggested that lionfish were caught bottom fishing using live bait. In this case, some fishers specifically targeted lionfish while others lionfish were caught accidently. The few records that indicated that lionfish were captured while preforming a bottom trawls were accidental. Fish and lobster traps records indicated that lionfish were being caught as by-catch in the fishery. Later, fishers and scientists alike began using these to target lionfish. Collection bags and hand nets were largely associated with scientific experiments. The last gear category, other, included reports of robotic removal methods. Specifically, a lionfish removing ROV and an underwater vacuum-like device. Of all the removal records, it was observed that Pterois volitans was more commonly removed than Pterois miles and that the majority of the records came from the Caribbean. Results are likely due to location and accessibility. The waters of the Caribbean are consistently warm, clear, and shallow. This is conducive for recreational water activities such as spearfishing. Additionally, these conditions make research efforts more accessible explaining why more scientific records came from the Caribbean area. The results also indicated that Pterois volitans was more commonly removed than . This is due to the fact that P. volitans has a wider geographic range and is more dominant than P. miles. Of the Atlantic population, 93% of lionfish population consists of P. volitans, while the remaining 7% is P. miles . However, of the records compiled, misidentification by the collector could be a factor. Both species look and behave identically with the only difference between the two is meristic counts of fin rays. P. miles generally has 10 dorsal-fin rays and 6 anal-fin rays while P. volitans has 11 dorsal-fin rays and 7 anal-fin rays . It should be emphasized that these results only show popularity based on published records, not effectiveness. For example, despite the low use of lobster trap gears, they have shown promising results in capturing lionfish. Bermuda’s commercial lobster trap fishery reported that 1,666 lionfish were captured in their lobster traps over four fishing seasons . The lionfish invasion has prompted scientists and community members alike to research and troubleshoot new methods. This includes advanced ROVs to simple fish aggregating devices (FADs). This short communication goes to show that other solutions are available and being actively researched to help combat the lionfish invasion. Thus, the development of these gears into a consistent removal method for a variety of depths and locations will be essential in mitigation and management of the future of the lionfish invasion. Albins MA, Hixon MA. Worst case scenario: Potential long-term effects of invasive predatory lionfish (Pterois volitans) on Atlantic and Caribbean coral-reef communities. Environ Biol Fishes 2013;96:1151?7. doi:10.1007/s10641-011-9795-1.View Article Ricardo BR, Hines A, Arturo AP, Ort?? G, Wilbur AE, Freshwater DW. Reconstructing the lionfish invasion: Insights into Greater Caribbean biogeography. J Biogeogr 2011;38:1281?93.View Article Schofield PJ. Update on geographic spread of invasive lionfishes (Pterois volitans [Linnaeus, 1758] and P. miles [Bennett, 1828]) in the Western North Atlantic Ocean, Caribbean Sea and Gulf of Mexico. Aquat Invasions 2010;5.View Article Wilson Freshwater D, Hines A, Parham S, Wilbur A, Sabaoun M, Woodhead J, et al. Mitochondrial control region sequence analyses indicate dispersal from the US East Coast as the source of the invasive Indo-Pacific lionfish Pterois volitans in the Bahamas. Mar Biol 2009;156:1213?21.View Article Switzer T, Tremain D, Keenan S. Temporal and spatial dynamics of the lionfish invasion in the eastern Gulf of Mexico: Perspectives from a broadscale trawl survey. Mar Coast 2015. Morris Jr. J. Invasive lionfish: a guide to control and management. 2012. Ferreira CEL, Luiz OJ, Floeter SR, Lucena MB, Barbosa MC, Rocha CR, et al. First record of invasive lionfish (Pterois volitans) for the Brazilian coast. PLoS One 2015;10.View Article Kimball ME, Miller JM, Whitfield PE, Hare JA. Thermal tolerance and potential distribution of invasive lionfish (Pterois volitans/miles complex) on the east coast of the United States. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 2004;283:269?78. doi:10.3354/meps283269.View Article Barbour A, Allen M, Frazer T, Sherman K. Evaluating the potential efficacy of invasive lionfish (Pterois volitans) removals. PLoS One 2011.View Article Jud ZR, Nichols PK, Layman CA. Broad salinity tolerance in the invasive lionfish Pterois spp. may facilitate estuarine colonization. Environ Biol Fishes 2015;98:135?43. doi:10.1007/s10641-014-0242-y.View Article Morris Jr J, Akins J, Barse A. Biology and ecology of the invasive lionfishes, Pterois miles and Pterois volitans. Proc Gulf ? 2009;61:1?6. Green SJ, Akins JL, Maljkovi? A, C?t? IM. Invasive lionfish drive Atlantic coral reef fish declines. PLoS One 2012;7. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0032596.View Article Albins MA, Hixon MA. Invasive Indo-Pacific lionfish Pterois volitans reduce recruitment of Atlantic coral-reef fishes. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 2008;367:233?8. doi:10.3354/meps07620.View Article Lesser MP, Slattery M. Phase shift to algal dominated communities at mesophotic depths associated with lionfish (Pterois volitans) invasion on a Bahamian coral reef. Biol Invasions 2011;13:1855?68. doi:10.1007/s10530-011-0005-z.View Article Green SJ, Akins JL, C??t?? IM. Foraging behaviour and prey consumption in the Indo-Pacific lionfish on Bahamian coral reefs. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 2011;433:159?67. doi:10.3354/meps09208.View Article Morris JA, Akins JL. Feeding ecology of invasive lionfish (Pterois volitans) in the Bahamian archipelago. Environ Biol Fishes 2009;86:389?98. doi:10.1007/s10641-009-9538-8.View Article Albins MA, Lyons PJ. Invasive red lionfish Pterois volitans blow directed jets of water at prey fish. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 2012;448:1?5. doi:10.3354/meps09580.View Article REEF. Official Results from the Fifth Annual Fort Lauderdale Lionfish Deby July 16th, 2016. Key Largo: 2016. Morris JA, Thomas A, Rhyne AL, Breen N, Akins L, Nash B. Nutritional properties of the invasive lionfish: A delicious and nutritious approach for controlling the invasion. AACL Bioflux 2011;4:21?6. Ali F, Collins K, Peachey R. The role of volunteer divers in lionfish research and control in the Caribbean 2013. Farquhar S. Age And Growth Of The Invasive Lionfish: North Carolina, USA, vs Bonaire, Dutch Caribbean. Explorations 2016;XI:112?20. Ravensbergen S, Gray N. Marine Conservation and Volunteer Tourism: Examining Community Perceptions in Sarteneja, Belize. University of Guelph, 2016. de Le?n R, Vane K, Bertuol P, Chamberland V, Simal F, Imms E, et al. Effectiveness of lionfish removal efforts in the southern Caribbean. Endanger Species Res 2013;22:175?82. doi:10.3354/esr00542.View Article C?t? I, Akins L, Underwood E, Curtis-Quick J. Setting the record straight on invasive lionfish control: Culling works 2014. Hamner RM, Freshwater DW, Whitfield PE. Mitochondrial cytochrome b analysis reveals two invasive lionfish species with strong founder effects in the western Atlantic. J Fish Biol 2007;71:214?22. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8649.2007.01575.x.View Article Schultz ET. Pterois volitans and Pterois miles?: Two Valid Species. Copeia 2012;1986:686?90. doi:10.2307/1444950.View Article Pitt J, Trott T. Efforts to Develop a Lionfish-Specific Trap for Use in Bermuda Waters. Proc. 66th Gulf Caribb. Fish. Inst. Novemb. 4-8, 2013, Corpus Christi, Texas: 2013, p. 188?90. Bogandoff AK, Akins L, Layman CA, Morris Jr. J. Preliminary Observations of Lionfish Behavior and Attraction for Lionfish Aggregating Devices (LADs). Proc. 68th Gulf Caribb. Fish. Inst. Novemb. 9 - 13, 2015 Panama City, Panama, 2015.

<urn:uuid:cd925fbd-e1c8-4048-9492-90a2adc619aa>

Photo of strange tubular insect home My fiance has recently moved from Michigan to Noth Carolina. It is amazing how many more bugs live in a sub-tropical climate! Anyhow, she is terrified of these nests she has founbd on her new deck. Can you identufy these nests? Is this something she needs to be aware of or something that presents a possible danger? Thanks for the help, Charles W. Nivison What a very large photo of a very large ceiling with a little Mud Dauber Nest in the center. These are solitary wasps that build nests of mud and fill them with paralyzed spiders, grasshoppers, leafhoppers, flies or other insects that serve as food for the young. Each species of wasp has a very specific food source. The wasps can sting, but will only do so if provoked, by say, a broom knocking down their nest. Ed. Note: (09/06/2004) Eric just wrote in identifying the species as the Organ Pipe Mud Dauber, Trypoxylon politum, and informed us they prey on spides only.

<urn:uuid:b007b949-fd21-440e-a181-e33f0603395a>

The settling ponds where iron oxides and suspended matter sink to the bottom. For many years, the Vouters mine, which opened in 1855 in the municipality of Freyming-Merlebach in Moselle (E France), was one of the main coalmines in the Lorraine coal basin. The Vouters pit, the deepest in France at 1 327 metres, was active from 1962 to 2003. After its closure, safety work was completed in 2006 and the mine company continued to operate the plant pumping mine water from the central sector. The Lower Triassic sandstone aquifer underlies the entire Lorraine basin, reaching down as far as the impermeable Permian formation beneath. The carboniferous formation from which the coal was extracted is older than the Permian layer, which was fractured during mining operations, causing water from the aquifer to filter through into the mine workings. The water was pumped continuously to the surface so that mining could continue. When the mine closed, pumping also ceased, leaving the water to flood the underground chambers. An improved environmentally compatible passive treatment system To maintain the quality of the groundwater, it therefore became necessary to infiltrate water "artificially" into the mine reservoir to prevent the formation of mineralised plumes in the water and to control its rise to the surface, which is endangering derelict facilities around the mine. The Vouters treatment plant is the third of its kind in the Lorraine coal basin. Its purpose is to treat the mine waters to reduce their iron and manganese concentrations before they are released into the environment. The plant uses an environmentally compatible passive treatment system. A pumping station. Cascade aeration, settling ponds and lagoons The mine water pumped out of the reservoir is characterised by high concentrations of dissol- ved iron and manganese leaching out from iron pyrites. Iron and manganese are both water-soluble and precipitate after aeration, clouding the water with typically orange-coloured particles of iron hydroxide. The treatment plant reduces these iron and manganese concentrations to the permitted statutory levels (1 mg/l for manganese and 2 mg/l for iron). The treatment process at Vouters is referred to as "passive", since the oxidised particles settle naturally as the water moves through the different stages. Cascades with hollow steps that improve aeration and the precipitation of iron particles. The mine water is first channelled down a series of four aeration cascades, which allow for flexibility in the operations.Studies by the post-mining unit for Eastern France (UTAM Est) have produced innovations in this area. For example, the cascades have hollow steps to improve aeration and reduce turbulence. The water then flows into settling tanks where the iron hydroxide and other suspended matter fall to the bottom. The mine water, with a much reduced iron concentration, is then channelled into lagoons. These are planted with reeds whose extensive root systems complete the passive treatment process by filtration and oxidisation. By using broad nozzles, the water is evenly sprayed across the surface of the tanks and lagoons, which improves the settling process. After about two days of passive treatment, the purified water can be released into the environment, after tests for quality and quantity at the lagoon outlets. Results are very promising and the plant is now treating the mine water at a rate of 200 m3/h, which will increase to 500 m3/h in future. Treatment efficiency is fully in line with expectations. New features are in place to guarantee safety during the periodic sampling and maintenance operations undertaken by the plant managers.

<urn:uuid:ecbe6afd-48ae-4ed7-b55e-2a7388f54ee5>

On Jan. 14, 1963, America's leading segregationist, George Wallace, was sworn in as governor of Alabama. Even today, his defense of government discrimination proves depressingly resilient. "Segregation now, segregation tomorrow, segregation forever," Wallace bellowed in his inaugural speech. These words signaled a rallying cry for a dying resistance to the message of equal treatment for all. To him, the government had a right to treat people differently and withhold opportunities on the basis of race. As governor, he put these words into action. Wallace vehemently opposed efforts to force integration. In June 1963, he carried out his infamous "stand in the schoolhouse door" to personally and physically halt the enrollment of two black students at the University of Alabama. Later that year, he attempted to stop four students from enrolling in four separate elementary schools simply because they were black. In both cases, federal intervention overturned his efforts. Fifty years later, it is easy to see Wallace's use of government to preserve racial discrimination as desperate, repulsive and morally wrong. Unfortunately, our government still picks winners and losers based on race, and Wallace's intransigent message has been adopted by those who claim to stand for equality. In a 2006 speech to the NAACP, then-Detroit Mayor Kwame Kilpatrick proclaimed, "Affirmative action will be here today, it will be here tomorrow, and there will be affirmative action in the state forever." He was wrong. Shortly after his speech, Michigan voters overwhelmingly passed the Michigan Civil Rights Initiative, a constitutional amendment that ended preferential treatment on the basis of race, sex, ethnicity and national origin in public institutions. The measure passed by a margin of 58 percent to 42 percent, but not before being relentlessly attacked and smeared by radical, and sometimes violent, groups such as the Coalition to Defend Affirmative Action, Integration and Immigrant Rights and Fight for Equality By Any Means Necessary, also called simply By Any Means Necessary. The coalition lived up to its name in the fight against the Michigan Civil Rights Initiative. Its members harassed signature gatherers, threatened supporters, pressured signers to recant their signatures, and stormed a Board of Canvassers meeting attempting to keep them from certifying the initiative. When those measures failed to work, they asked a court to declare the signature gathering a "fraud" for confusing people with clear and simple language. They even went as far as to ask local officials to exercise "moral authority" and leave the initiative off the ballot. When all this failed and the people of Michigan chose equality over discrimination, the University of Michigan president ordered the school's legal counsel to pursue every legal option to bypass or undermine the ban on racial preferences. By Any Means Necessary and its allies promptly filed a lawsuit arguing that Michigan's prescription for equal treatment violates the Equal Protection Clause. On Oct. 15, the U.S. Supreme Court heard oral arguments in this legal challenge, Schuette v. Coalition to Defend Affirmative Action. On one side stand the people who understand that it is wrong to discriminate, employ different standards and deny opportunities to people because of race or ethnicity. On the other side stands By Any Means Necessary, calling for perpetual government discrimination and preferential treatment for favored races. By Any Means Necessary, however, is not alone. It has the Department of Justice pushing businesses to adopt racial quotas to avoid lawsuits for not employing the proper number of minorities and pressuring public schools to adopt race-based disciplinary policies. It has the traditional civil rights establishment peddling racial politics across the country. It has politicians who are only interested in opposing politically incorrect forms of discrimination. It has university presidents and administrators who wholeheartedly embrace "diversity" as an excuse for instituting race-based admissions policies. Though often driven by good intentions, these are the new George Wallaces. Through their actions, they continue to stand in the schoolhouse door, blocking the way to equal treatment for all. Jennifer Gratz, founder and CEO of the XIV Foundation, led the Michigan Civil Rights Initiative. Editor's note: In the late 1970s, Wallace renounced his segregationist past and apologized for it.

<urn:uuid:fff7d227-996d-4712-ab5b-6eb5e093bc98>

The Antikythera mechanism is more valuable than Mona Lisa! says professor Michael Edmunds from Cardiff University, who led a 2006 study of the mechanism! Honestly, this is one of the most mysterious, extraordinary, fascinating & interesting machines I’ve ever seen in my life! The Antikythera mechanism is one of the most remarkable inventions of the ancient world that came to light in 1900 when a Greek Sponge diver discovered the wreck of an ancient Greek or Roman cargo ship that had sunk off the Greek island of Antikythera around 80 B.C.E! We Humans, being a couple of feet high, weighing barely a quintal are capable of making & building things million times bigger & heavier than us & we have proved it. Hats off to those engineers who have built them ! So lets have a look at the top 10 biggest machines of all time which we’ve never imagined of ! Human being started using animals to carry load when it exceeded his carrying capacity. Then he started building machines to carry even more load & to transport faster. Today huge trucks carry massive amounts of load & the best example is the biggest truck in the world – The BelAZ 75710 which can carry 450 tons of dirt. Still, there was something left, something to be made to carry these massive rockets & space shuttles. So how are they transported ? The answer is – CRAWLER a true engineering marvel ! more “Crawler – The Rocket Transport !” Human started with just wheels for travelling & transportation purposes at first. Then came bikes, cars & trains which could be driven on land. The next difficulty was to overcome the vast oceans & seas which led to invention of ships. Engineers are still finding ways to make today’s vehicles more better & efficient even though we have achieved success in almost every mode of travelling & transportation. One of the extraordinary machine in history of vehicles is hovercraft. Lets see how does a hovercraft work ?more “How does a hovercraft work ? | Design & Application” It’s big… no it’s bigger… sorry it’s the BIGGEST truck in the world ! Whenever I see it, it gives me a feeling like the truck is trying to say me – GET THE HELL OUT OF MY WAY !!! You probably enjoyed the childhood by making the construction scenes, playing with the trucks making sounds – Vroom broom…! Our favorite among the collection of toys were the backhoe loader(well known as JCB) & the dump truck because they were different from others. We love to fill the bed with mud, rocks & made mechanical voices while dumping it. In real world dump trucks are used to haul loads of rocks, dirt, sand, coal etc. And obviously the more a dump truck can carry, the less it costs the mining company per load to haul the resources. For several years the largest dump truck was the Caterpillar 797B. This massive beast was so big that it couldn’t be driven even on a highway. Instead it had to be transported in pieces & assembled at the construction site. Unbelievable, isn’t it ? But, human nature – “never satisfies”. So the title of largest dump truck went to a new vehicle – The mighty BelAZ 75710. Now this thing is really really at the edge of massive-ness. It is manufactured by BelAZ in Belarus. So how big is it ? If u stand beside it, you would barely reach to the center of it’s tires or in a better way – the radius of tire is greater than your height ! Each tire costs $42,000 which also explains why this entire shit costs over $6 million ! It is as long as two buses parked end to end & believe me – it is more heavy than Airbus A380 – the world’s largest passenger airliner ! It is 20.6 metres long, 8.16 metres high, and 9.87 metres wide. The empty weight is 360 tons & it can carry 450 tons of load ! Instead of a single engine, the Siemens MMT 500 drive system is powered by two 65-litre 16-cylinder diesel engines, each with 2300 horsepower. 2 engines working together give a power of 4,600 hp – 4.6 times than the Bugatti Veyron Super Sport, the fastest car in the world ! Now, if you are wondering why BelAZ chose electric motors to drive this thing; the company wanted to maximise fuel efficiency while also meeting tougher environmental regulations that govern vehicle emissions related to mining operations. Now this is the first time I have used the exclamation marks so frequently – almost after every line. Well it had to be done. Yea, you know it expresses the feelings ! So once more… All hail mighty BelAZ 75710 !!!

<urn:uuid:9389cd4c-3387-46d6-b9be-8549cca2d046>

What Exactly Killed the Dinosaurs? (5) tv-14 Play video Select your TV provider to log in to have full access to videos Select your TV provider See all providers Don't see your TV provider? Learn more You can access this video on the free HISTORY® app. *You must verify your TV provider towatch this video on the App Your Parental Control settings do not allow you to view this content. What Exactly Killed the Dinosaurs? (5 min) tv-14 Scientists believe a combination of disastrous events may have led to the extinction of the dinosaurs.

<urn:uuid:e2a5729f-9378-49d3-8eb5-2f2a673f3cd1>

Places of Their Own African American Suburbanization in the Twentieth Century For most people, this cozy image of suburbia does not immediately evoke images of African Americans. But as this pioneering work demonstrates, the suburbs have provided a home to black residents in increasing numbers for the past hundred years—in the last two decades alone, the numbers have nearly doubled to just under twelve million. Places of Their Own begins a hundred years ago, painting an austere portrait of the conditions that early black residents found in isolated, poor suburbs. Andrew Wiese insists, however, that they moved there by choice, withstanding racism and poverty through efforts to shape the landscape to their own needs. Turning then to the 1950s, Wiese illuminates key differences between black suburbanization in the North and South. He considers how African Americans in the South bargained for separate areas where they could develop their own neighborhoods, while many of their northern counterparts transgressed racial boundaries, settling in historically white communities. Ultimately, Wiese explores how the civil rights movement emboldened black families to purchase homes in the suburbs with increased vigor, and how the passage of civil rights legislation helped pave the way for today's black middle class. Tracing the precise contours of black migration to the suburbs over the course of the whole last century and across the entire United States, Places of Their Own will be a foundational book for anyone interested in the African American experience or the role of race and class in the making of America's suburbs. Winner of the 2005 John G. Cawelti Book Award from the American Culture Winner of the 2005 Award for Best Book in North American Urban History from the Urban History Association. Chapter 1- The Outskirts of Town: The Geography of Black Suburbanization before 1940 Chapter 2- "Who Set You Flowin'?": The Great Migration, Race, and Work in the Suburbs Chapter 3- Places of Their Own: An African American Suburban Dream Chapter 4- "Forbidden Neighbors": White Racism and Black Suburbanites, 1940-1960 Chapter 5- Driving a Wedge of Opportunity: Black Suburbanization in the North and West, 1940-1960 Chapter 6- "The House I Live In": Race, Class, and Suburban Dreams in the Postwar Period Chapter 7- Separate Suburbanization in the South, 1940-1960 Chapter 8- Something Old, Something New: Suburbanization in the Civil Rights Era, 1960-1980 Chapter 9- The Next Great Migration: African American Suburbanization in the 1980s and 1990s ASA Community and Urban Sociology Sect.: ASA-Robert E. Park Award American Culture Association: John G. Cawelti Book Award Urban History Association: UHA-Kenneth Jackson Award

<urn:uuid:99edc85a-103b-44fa-942b-5d39131b50b1>

Boulders as big as motor cars were dislodged in Zimbabwe’s eastern Rusitu Valley by Cyclone Idai, sending a deadly torrent down a river and wiping out 160 houses in its path. The landslides in Rusitu and the nearby town of Chimanimani are the reason so many people are missing, presumed dead beneath the rocks and rubble. Chimanimani and Rusitu along Zimbabwe’s moist Eastern Highlands are areas that normally receive high rainfall, year after year. There is growing speculation that deforestation and poor land practices in the area have severely compromised its ability to withstand what nature hurls at it. “Large tracts of land are being denuded of trees which are being chopped for uses such as firewood, charcoal making and the , manager of Zimbabwe-based Greenline Africa Trust told RFI. “This deforestation has contributed to increased land degradation and landslides.” One long-time Chimanimani resident told RFI that changes in land use over the past 24 years had “most definitely” contributed to the landslides that devastated places like Ngangu suburb, where more than 100 were killed. The resident, who asked not to be named, said this included the building of houses higher up hillsides. She admits though that “there are areas which slipped where very little disturbance has occurred.” The government says it will be stricter on where people build their houses in future. Local Government Minister July Moyo told cabinet this week: “There is need to really study the ecosystem in Chimanimani, Chipinge and those affected areas and be able to say to ourselves: is this the way we want to settle people?” In contrast the Vumba mountains to the north of Chimanimani were able to withstand similar amounts of rain. The Vumba comprises mostly intact evergreen forest and natural grasslands. Writing on Facebook after Cyclone Idai Vumba resident Ben Freeth compared the area’s natural ability to absorb rain t.o “a person at a very drunken party who was somehow, against all the odds, able to hold their drink and remain sane and sensible and pleasant to be around and not fall over.” It’s not just in Zimbabwe where deforestation conc.erns have been raised. Researchers commenting on the destruction wrought by Cyclone Idai in neighbouring Mozambique say human factors worsened the floods. In a blog post the Western Indian ocean Deltas Exchange and Research Network (WIoDER) said denuded hills in catchment areas of major rivers meant the downpour could not “be slowed down, nor infiltrate into the soils, nor be absorbed by the (absent) vegetation.” Said Zimbabwe’s Hewat: “The question is, when will we human beings realise the importance of trees and stop the uncontrolled chopping?”

<urn:uuid:01f03856-0650-42bc-89ef-617fe04541d0>

Click here to get started today! 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica (from Lat. campus, field), a term used more particularly in a military sense, but also generally for a temporarily organized place of food and shelter in open country, as opposed to ordinary housing (see Camping-Out). The shelter of troops in the field has always been of the greatest importance to their wellbeing, and from the earliest times tents and other temporary shelters have been employed as much as possible when it is not feasible or advisable to quarter the troops in barracks or in houses. The applied sense of the word "camp" as a military post of any kind comes from the practice which prevailed in the Roman army of fortifying every encampment. In modern warfare the word is used in two ways. In the wider sense, "camp" is opposed to "billets," "cantonments" or "quarters," in which the troops are scattered amongst the houses of towns or villages for food and shelter. In a purely military camp the soldiers live and sleep in an area of open ground allotted for their sole use. They are thus kept in a state of concentration and readiness for immediate action, and are under better disciplinary control than when in quarters, but they suffer more from the weather and from the want of comfort and warmth. In the restricted sense "camp" implies tents for all ranks, and is thus opposed to "bivouac," in which the only shelter is that afforded by improvised screens, &c., or at most small tentes d'abri carried in sections by the men themselves. The weight of large regulation tents and the consequent increase in the number of horses and vehicles in the transport service are, however, disadvantages so grave that the employment of canvas camps in European warfare is almost a thing of the past. If the military situation permits, all troops are put into quarters, only the outpost troops bivouacking. This course was pursued by the German field armies in 1870-1871, even during the winter campaign. Circumstances may of course require occasionally a whole army to bivouac, but in theatres of war in which quarters are not to be depended upon, tents must be provided, for no troops can endure many successive nights in bivouac, except in summer, without serious detriment to their efficiency. In a war on the Russo-German frontier, for instance, especially if operations were carried out in the autumn and winter, tents would be absolutely essential at whatever cost of transport. In this connexion it may be said that a good railway system obviates many of the disadvantages attending the use of tents. For training purposes in peace time, standing camps are formed. These may be considered simply as temporary barracks. An entrenched camp is an area of ground occupied by, or suitable for, the camps of large bodies of troops, and protected by fortifications. Ancient Camps. - English writers use "camp" as a generic term for any remains of ancient military posts, irrespective of their special age, size, purpose, &c. Thus they include under it various dissimilar things. We may distinguish (r) Roman "camps" (castra) of three kinds, large permanent fortresses, small permanent forts (both usually built of stone) and temporary earthen encampments (see ROMAN ARMY); (2) Pre-Roman; and (3) Post-Roman camps, such as occur on many English hilltops. We know far too little to be able to assign these to their special periods. Often we can say no more than that the "camp" is not Roman. But we know that enclosures fortified with earthen walls were thrown up as early as the Bronze Age and probably earlier still, and that they continued to be built down to Norman times. These consisted of hilltops or cliffpromontories or other suitable positions fortified with one or more lines of earthen ramparts with ditches, often attaining huge size. But the idea of an artificial elevation seems to have come in first with the Normans. Their mottes or earthen mounds crowned with wooden palisades or stone towers and surrounded by an enclosure on the flat constituted a new element in fortification and greatly aided the conquest of England. (See CASTLE.) These files are public domain. Chisholm, Hugh, General Editor. Entry for 'Camp'. 1911 Encyclopedia Britanica. https://www.studylight.org/encyclopedias/eng/bri/c/camp.html. 1910.

<urn:uuid:d6e3a573-6805-458d-8348-cdc7b80f9c4f>

Heat rash (prickly heat) is a red or pink rash usually found on body areas covered by clothing. It can develop when the sweat ducts become blocked and swell and often leads to discomfort and itching. Heat rash may be affect in hot, humid climates. Heat rash looks like dots or tiny pimples. The rash can appear on the head, neck, and shoulders. The rash areas can get irritated by clothing or scratching. Watch for signs of infection, including: - Increased pain, swelling, redness, or warmth around the affected area. - Red streaks extended from the affected area. - Drainage of pus from the area. - Swollen lymph nodes in the neck, armpit, or groin. - Fever of 100°F (37.8°C) or higher, or chills with no other known cause. Most prickly heat rashes heal on their own. To relieve symptoms, start by removing or loosening your clothing and move yourself to a cool, shady spot. Let the skin air-dry. After the rash is gone, gradually expose yourself to warmer temperatures so that your skin can acclimate.

<urn:uuid:7e5eedc0-acc3-4b7e-a951-b13abca699f5>

On November 21, 1968, ninety-four African American students attending Wisconsin State University at Oshkosh (WSU-O) engaged in a dramatic demonstration within the university president’s executive office. Citizens of Oshkosh and surrounding communities in Northeast Wisconsin—most of whom had only previously witnessed the civil rights movement and the turmoil of the 1960s through news broadcasts carried through their television sets—were stunned by the demonstration and the damage left in its wake. The public and official university reaction to the events of that day (soon dubbed “Black Thursday” by the student newspaper) was swift and punitive. Over the next several months, controversies surrounding the expulsion of the “Oshkosh 94” demonstrators, the conditions that triggered the demonstration, and the limits of academic freedom raged on, thus protracting the most significant crisis in race relations to ever hit the region. This website draws from archival materials preserved at the University of Wisconsin Oshkosh Archives and the Wisconsin Historical Society, recently donated documents, newspaper and magazine articles, archived footage from Milwaukee news broadcasts, and over 130 oral history interviews. Taken together, the materials provided here gives students and teachers an opportunity to learn from Black Thursday’s historical legacy. As you consider these materials, you will hopefully learn something new about how issues of racial equality and justice were contested north of the Mason-Dixon line. Equally important, you will realize that the social and political divisions behind the “civil war” of the 1960s were so severe that even relatively quiet communities such as Oshkosh were not spared from them.

<urn:uuid:93e1f12d-97c3-4177-a24d-db9e9e69d87e>

It is good that an agreement concerning law regulating fiscal responsibilities is reached in our Parliament, involving whole political spectrum. It is great to put down the fire with common effort. It would be even better, however, if we agreed on reasons of this long fire of debt, who and how caused it. And one of the main reasons is the fact that politicans in many countries willingly listened to economic theories, whose implementation in economic policy led the world to today’s mess. In 1936, in answer to economic crisis then, British economist John Maynard Keynes published General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money. He formulated thesis that state should mitigate economic cycles, stimulate economy when it is in crisis and hinder it when it grows rapidly. He descibed in detail instruments, with which it can be achieved: expansive or restrictive budgetary politics of the government and expansive or restrictive monetary policy of the central bank. Including reaching deficit, if it is necessary. Keynes’ theory was very successful. It became dominant part of mainstream economy at that time, it found place in all standard economic textbooks. In practice it was reflected in Keynesian economic policy. Keynes gave politicians economic instruments, similar to brakes, gas and steering wheel in a car. Not only left-wing, but also conservatist and liberal politicians willingly used them. Result: today we live in a world of Keynesian institutions. They are active, interefere with functioning of the economy in a long run and often, the results of which we all have to face today. However, there were also economists, who did not agree with Keynesian prescriptions. Among the most determined and essential critics there was Austrian School of economics, whose representative was also Hayek. Austrian School of economics became famous when only a few years after formation of the Soviet Union in a discussion with socialist economists they argued that socialist economic system, based on public property and central planning, cannot function and has to fail. It turned out to be true in 1989. They always considered stimulating economy to be very harmful. By praising deficit financing according to them Keynes gave children matches and fire was just a matter of time. Now it is clearly visible that they were right. Today’s economic problems do not come as a surprise for Austrian School also for another reason. It has been fundamentally criticizing for a long time system of central banking, which in today’s reality is a monopoly of state to issue uncovered money, which „Austrians“ considered to be a central planning in banking system. Problem today does not concern euro or dollar, but money in general, when its value is not in any way objectively determined and central banks have free hand in its unrestricted production. When this system collapses as well, life will prove Austrian School to be right for the third time. Advice for politicans? Listen not to those whose prescriptions of activist economic policy leads world to the catastrophy, but those who predicted these consequences a long time ago, warned against them and attributed the role of creator of framework conditions to the state. Even though many may not like it, world according to the „Austrians“ would be much better place to live in than world according to Keynes and his followers, in which we live today. Translation: Martyna Bojarska

<urn:uuid:a6c58861-c318-4f0e-99d5-83a9d851a304>

2000 YEARS UNITY AND SEPARATION A didactic border trail from the Pax Romana to the Schengen Agreement About 12,000 BC the last ice age ended. Before this time, probably hunters and gatherers roamed the “Dreiländereck” (Tristate-area). In the stone age, from about 10,000 BC, more hunters and gatherers came into the region due to the improvement of the climatic conditions. Some stone tools were found dating from the time around 2,000 to 3,000 BC. In several places of the Saarland, ancient Celtic burial sites from the period of 200-50 BC have survived and thus give a first sure indication of a pre-Roman permanent settlement. However, it is likely that the Tri-state-area was already permanently inhabited from about 3,000 BC due to its favourable climate. The Celts, a nation consisting of different tribes, settled in the Tri-state-area and all western Europe in pre-Roman times, about 750 BC. The tribes settling in the greater region were called the Treveri and the Mediomatrici, with the Treveri probably settling in the Tri-state-area. From the time of the Romans, events in the Tri-state-area have been recorded in the form of written documents. (Peter Kiefer) 58 BC - 275: Romans in the Tri-state-area 58 BC: From 58 BC the Roman armies under Julius Caesar gradually conquered Gaul. The tribe of the Treveri surrendered in 56 BC and became allies of the Romans. The Roman Empire extended its influence from the Moselle in the direction to the Rhine. (GELZ / Peter Kiefer) 16 BC: After several uprisings of the Treveri, the Roman culture gained more and more influence. The Romans founded Trier and thus created a cultural center for the Upper Moselle region. (GELZ / Peter Kiefer) 70-275: The Treverers rebelled for the last time against the Romans in the year 70. The inhabitants of the Tri-state-area became increasingly "Roman”, however, the tribes preserved parts of their culture and religion. A leap in civilization was accomplished by the Romans. First roads were built. The Roman Road led from Metz towards Trier and from there towards the Rhine. The Roman Villa of Borg was situated right next to the Roman Road. There was limestone extraction on the Stromberg, Hammelsberg and Kolleberg. In Apach, there were iron-smelting plants who produced crude iron for the surrounding forges. Towpaths were built on the Moselle. Relatively large ships transported goods. The so-called "Gallo-Roman mixed culture" is the result of the fusion of Gallic and Roman culture. There was peace for more than 200 years. (GELZ / Peter Kiefer) 256 - 451: looting in the Tri-state-area In 256/ 257, the Franks, a collection of different Teutonic peoples, left their home in Northern Europe and migrated southwards. In 275/ 276, they plundered Trier and the Tri-state-area and destroyed, among other things, the Roman Villa of Borg. Under Emperor Diocletian, the Roman Empire experienced an upswing; In 318, Emperor Constantin promoted Trier to the status of an important administrative seat for all Gaul. Trier was home to some 60,000 people, one of the largest cities in Europe (GELZ / Peter Kiefer) 366: The Alemanni, a Germanic tribe, crossed the Rhine and plundered the Tri-state-area. Emperor Valentinian could push them back across the Rhine. In 401, however, large parts of the Roman army were withdrawn as the Visigoths attacked Italy. 410 to 435: Trier and the Tri-state-area were plundered by raiding Franconian armies four times in only 25 years. The Franks did not settle down, but the era of the Roman Empire was coming to an end. 451: Trier, Metz and the Tri-state-area were looted by the Huns. In the Catalan fields near Troyes, there was a great battle in which the Romans and their allies were victorious over the Huns and their allied Germanic tribes. However, the influence of Gallo-Roman culture continued to decline. (Gelz) 511 - 600: The Roman period in the Tri-state-area comes to an end The Roman period in the tri-state-region finally came to an end. The Merovingian Franks had ruled since about 485. When Chlodwig I died in 511, he had divided his empire into four parts. The three-state-area became part of the Austrasian subarea. The capital of King Teuderich I was first Reims and then Metz, so that the territory around the three-state-are experienced an economic upturn. (Gelz) In 600, the so-called "Franconian colonisation" starts. As in feudalism, the king distributes land to followers, who must then support him with service in return. Partially, the followers for their part distribute smaller areas to landlords. The Franks probably founded the smallholdings of Perl, Oberperl and Sehndorf as well as other villages. Gradually, a linguistic boundary develops, as in the western Franconian empire there are more long-time residents with Gallo-Roman influences, whereas in the eastern Franconian empire there are more Franks. This leads to the development of the Moselle-Franconian dialects, which will be the common language in the Tri-state-area for more than 1300 years. (Gelz) 800: Charlemagne is crowned Emperor Charles the Great was a well-known king of the Franks. In most cases, a son of the previous king became the new king. This principle is called hereditary monarchy. The Franks reigned over the territory of today’s France, Belgium, the Netherlands, and large parts of Germany. The Frankish empire reached its greatest extent under King Charles, who was born in 747 or 748. Charles' birthplace is unknown, but it may be that he was born in Thionville. Charles was crowned emperor in Aachen on 25 December 800. This was something special as he became the first emperor in a Western European country since the last Western Roman Emperor Julius Nepos. The Parish of Perl was founded not later than the year 800. A parish is a church community that has its own priest. The parish of Perl belonged to the cathedral chapter in Trier. Charles the Great died in 812, his son Louis the Pious became the new king. (Gelz) 843: Division of the Franconian territory by the Treaty of Verdun Already during the reign of Louis, there was dispute among his sons. Finally, the sons divided the Franconian territory into three parts by the Treaty of Verdun. His son Lothar received the middle Franconian empire. This country was then called "Lotharingen". The Tri-estate-area was located in Lotharingen, but was not far from the border to the East Franconian Empire. The name "Lotharingen" later changed into "Lorraine". The area of today's Lorraine region in France is, however, much smaller than the former Lotharingen. (AUST / HERRMANN / TASSELS) 870: The Hammelsberg in Perl becomes the state border for the first time 870: After the death of Lothar II, Lotharingen was divided between the East and the West Franconian empire by the Treaty of Mersen. The Tri-state-area became part of the East Franconian empire. The Hammelsberg near Perl was for the first time a state boundary and separated the kingdom of Louis the German from the kingdom of Charles the Bald. Perl belonged to Upper Lorraine. (Gelz) 900: Between 900 and 911, the central power disintegrated and the tribal duchies were established. 925: The border disappears again King Henry I restored the central power in the eastern part of the Franconian empire and reintroduced Lorraine as the fifth Franconian tribal duchy, together with Swabia, Saxony and Bavaria into the East Franconian empire. The Tri-state-area was again a few hundred kilometers away from the border. (GELZ) In 959, the duchy of Lorraine was divided into the Upper and Lower Lorraine. The border was drawn up north of Trier and Longwy. 1210: Lower Lorraine is divided into many duchies, Upper Lorraine remains a political entity called “the duchy of Lorraine” Between 1210 and 1360, Lower Lorraine was divided into numerous duchies and domains, such as the duchy of Luxembourg. In 1354, the County of Luxembourg became a duchy, extending thus its sovereignty. Around 1370 the county reached its greatest extent. The taxes were relatively high at the time: the counts of Luxembourg received 12% of the farmers' harvest and the church 10%. Due to the mild temperatures and the cultivation of wine, they generated relatively high income in the Moselle valley. (Pine) In spite of the disintegration of Lower Lorraine, Upper Lorraine remained in large parts intact as the “duchy of Lorraine”. Only the Duchy of Bar split off. Nancy became the capital. In 1380 the reunion of one half of the duchy of Bar with the duchy of Lorraine took place. 1430: Lower Lorraine falls to the dukes of Burgundy 1430-1473: Between 1430 and 1473, the dukes of Burgundy acquired the largest part of the Netherlands, namely the county of Hainaut, the duchy of Brabant, the duchy of Limburg, Luxembourg, the county of Holland, the province of Zeeland and the duchy of Geldern. In 1477 they formed the Burgundian heritage of the Habsburgs. 1475-1480: Burgundy and Lorraine were at war. Soldiers roamed and plundered the villages. In 1484 Pope Innocent VIII issued a decree against alleged witches and other heretics. Until 1648 almost 1,000 people were burnt as witches in the Electorate of Trier (Kiefer). 1552: Growing influence of France and looting in the Tri-state-area 1552: Metz became free imperial city, Sierck however remained in the duchy of Lorraine. The border of the Electorate of Trier and the duchy of Lorraine ran through the Tri-state-area. In contrast to Metz however, both regions were part of the Holy Roman Empire and under the sovereignty of German Emperor. In the years 1552 to 1557, German, French and Spanish armies repeatedly crossed the Tri-state-area. Many villages were plundered and partly destroyed. (AUST / HERRMANN / TASSELS) 1577: Spanish troops were moving through the Tri-state-area on their way from the Netherlands towards Italy at the time of the War of Independence. The soldiers seized food in the villages along their way for their approximately 15,000 people and 6,500 horses. (Pine) 1590: Again, soldiers of a German regiment plundered the Tri-state-area for several months. (Pine) 1596: The Perl parish includes Eft, Borg, Schengen, Apach and Merschweiler. (Gelz) 1632: The Tri-state-area becomes a battleground of the Thirty Years' War 1632-1635: In 1632, the Tri-state-area became part of the war zone during the confessional struggles of the Thirty Years' War. First, Swedish troops, allied to the French king, plundered the villages. Especially the former Lorraine regions suffered a lot. French soldiers conquered the district in 1633 and Sierck in 1634. In 1635, soldiers from Lorraine and Spain recaptured Sierck and plundered afterwards the Moselle. Perl was at that time a military camp of the French army, including also Scottish, Swiss, Italian and Spanish mercenaries who supported the French troops. Soldiers of the different conflict parties committed terrible crimes during the Thirty Years' War. Moreover, there were famines and plagues. In the administrative district of Saarburg, the number of citizen households dropped from 1,121 to only 269 after seven years. The villages of Keßlingen, Münzingen, Tettingen, Butzdorf and Wochern were completely destroyed. (AUST / HERRMANN / TASSELS) 1648: The Thirty Years' War ended. As a part of the peace conditions, the Witchcraft Trials also ended in the region of the Electorate of Trier. As early as 1659, however, French soldiers in the country plundered the Tri-state-area again. 1661: First French border in the Tri-state-area 1661: In the Treaty of Vincennes, the Duke of Lorraine had to relinquish the rule over Sierck-les-Bains and 30 other villages and yield them to the French king. This is the first time that the French border is part of the Tri-state-area. (AUST / HERRMANN / TASSELS) 1679: Lorraine falls back to France by the the Treaties of Peace of Nijmegen. As early as 1690, however, warfare and famine dominated again. (Peter Kiefer) 1697: In the peace of Rijswijk, Lorraine became independent again and large parts of the Tri-state-area were under the rule of the Duke of Lorraine. (AUST / HERRMANN / TASSELS) 1769: French-Luxembourg border is established After the death of Duke Stanislaus, Lorraine became part of France again due to a treaty in 1766. A few years later, in 1769, the French-Luxembourgian border, as it is today, was drawn. Some of the former Lorrain villages became French by this measure. (AUST / HERRMANN / QUASTEN). 1792 The Duchy of Luxembourg becomes part of the French territory A few years after the French Revolution, France declared war on the King of Bohemia and Hungary. After this, Prussian troops, allied with Austria, moved through the Moselle valley in August 1792 and crossed the border between France and Trier at Sierck-les-Bains. French Revolutionary Groups occupied large parts of the German Empire. In 1795, the duchy of Luxembourg was dissolved and became part of the French state as "Département Forêts". In the peace of Luneville in 1801 the whole area west of the Rhine was given to France. Thus, the entire Tri-state-area became part of France. This also had consequences for church affiliations, the villages of Apach, Belmach, Schengen and Merschweiler, for example, left the parish of Perl in 1803. (AUST / HERRMANN / TASSELS). (Gelz) 1814/1815: The 1st and 2nd Treaty of Paris 1st Treaty of Paris - 1814 Napoleon waged war in Europe until 1814. He was beaten in the German Campaign (German “Befreiungskriege”, lit. "Wars of Liberation"). On March 30, 1814, Paris surrendered. Napoleon was deposed on 2 April 1814, and he abandoned the throne on 11 April 1814. Louis XVIII became king. In the 1st Treaty of Paris in May 1814, the borders of 1792 were re-established. 2nd Treaty of Paris - 1815 Napoleon returned. He was finally defeated in the Battle of Waterloo.On 20 November 1815, the 2nd Treaty of Paris was signed. France had to yield Saarbrücken and Saarlouis to Prussia. Landau was given to Bavaria. France had to pay 700 million francs for war indemnities. 1815: Luxembourg becomes an independent Grand Duchy 1815: The Congress of Vienna made Luxembourg nominally an independent Grand Duchy, which was ruled together with the Kingdom of the Netherlands in personal union by the kings of the House of Nassau-Orange. Unlike the rest of the newly created kingdom, however, Luxembourg became part of the German Confederation. 1816: First cadastre is created and defines boundaries precisely - Moselle becomes condominium The territory of the Electorate of Trier and the Rhineland were given to Prussia by the Congress of Vienna. In addition, Prussia received all the former Luxembourgish territories east of Moselle, Sauer and Our, so that large parts of the Tri-state-area suddenly became Prussian. In order to straighten the border line, some villages were exchanged in 1829. Thus, Manderen became part of France. The territories were entered into a first land register, and the border was precisely defined - it is still the same border nowadays. Border stones were set up along the (now French-German) border. Controls were introduced and customs officers were hired. The Moselle became the border between Germany and Luxembourg. However, the river is a condominium, the opposite edge of the water represents the border for each country, so that the Moselle is, so to speak, part of two countries. (AUST / HERRMANN / QUASTEN) (YELLOW) 1871: Annexation of the Lorraine and development of the trade route 1871: After the German-French War and the German annexation of Lorraine, the border shifted far beyond Metz. (Gelz) 1889: The railway line Metz-Koblenz was opened and facilitated the transport of goods. In the same period, bridges were built in Schengen and Remich. (Gelz) 1919: The border moves closer again After the end of the first world war, Perl became once again a border town. On both sides of the border, customs posts were set up. In order to provide accommodation for the tax collectors, houses for them and their families were built in various places along the border, for example in Perl and Apach. According to the Treaty of Versailles of 28 June 1919, the Territory of the Saar Basin was placed under the control of the League of Nations until January 1935; after this year, the constitutional position should be determined by means of a popular vote. For the first time, the Saar territory represented a separate administrative unit. France wanted to annex the Saarland, but only received the coal mines. This means, however, that France had a strong economic impact. "The border shift separated the newly created Saar territory, which was under the administration of the League of Nations, from Germany. The French military administration (1918-1920), the presence of French troops until 1930, and the dominant French influence in civilian life characterized the Saar region until 1935." (Gerhild Krebs) 1936: Referendum and Second World War 1936-1945: "After the Saar status referendum (13 January 1935), the Saar region was integrated administratively into the NS-Reich and formed together with the Palatinate the “Gau Saarpfalz” from 1 March 1935. The mediaeval term “Gau”, which had originally designated specific landscapes and/ or legal structures, was used for this newly created Nazi administration level. In the Second World War, the French department of Moselle was annexed by Germany. From 1944 onwards the Tri-state-area became scene of the Second World War, since the Allied forces attacked for several weeks the so-called Orscholzriegel, a part of the Siegfried Line (German “Westwall”).Thousands of soldiers and hundreds of German, Luxembourgish and French civilians died. Maginot Line & Siegfried Line The Maginot Line, named after Defense Minister André Maginot, was planned as a consequence of the positional warfare in the First World War. It is 700 kilometers long. Behind natural obstacles, for example, West of the Rhine, France mainly installed casemates and shelters. It was considered that the border with the Palatinate and the Saarland was the most vulnerable. From 1937, the Siegfried Line was built with great logistical effort on the German side. The plans were never fully implemented, neither until the French campaign in 1939/ 40 nor until the winter of 1944/45, the last winter of war. Parts of the Siegfried Line and the Maginot Line can now be visited both in Lorraine and in the Saarland (for example, the Dragon's teeth fortification in Tettingen-Butzdorf and Orscholz) 1945: The post-war period After the end of the Second World War on 8 May 1945, Germany was placed under the administration of the Allies. The Saarland was placed under French administration for 10 years. The border shifted to Nennig (GELZ) 1957: The Saarland decides for the Federal Republic of Germany After long disputes between France and the newly founded Federal Republic of Germany, both countries agreed on a European statute for the Saarland. Before the referendum, a passionate election campaign was led. On 23 October 1955, the referendum was held - the population opposed the European statute, it was rejected. The reincorporation of the Saarland into the Federal Republic of Germany from 1 January 1957 was regulated by the Luxembourg Treaty. On 6 July 1959, the economic reintegration into the German economic area took place. The French franc was replaced by the Deutsche Mark. 1985: The Schengen Agreement Since the signing of the Schengen Agreement and its practical implementation from 26 March 1995 onwards, Schengen has been a symbol of open borders in Europe. It refers to an agreement to waive border controls at the internal borders of these States. Visas issued by a Schengen Member State have been valid throughout the "Schengen area". On 14 June 1985 the Secretaries of State from the Benelux countries, Germany and France met on board of the excursion boat MS Princesse Marie-Astrid to seal this milestone in European history. On 19 June 1990, a second agreement was signed at the same place (Schengen Convention), which stipulates the practical implementation in legal and technical terms. In the meantime, 26 countries have joined the Schengen area, almost all EU countries (except for Ireland, Great Britain, Cyprus, Bulgaria, Romania and Croatia), as well as Iceland, Norway, Switzerland and Lichtenstein. The binational German-Luxembourgish Schengen Lyceum in Perl At the binational German-Luxembourgish Schengen Lyceum in Perl, there are currently 120 teachers instructing 840 pupils from grade 5 to 12. The main goal of the school is the integration of pupils from both sides of the border to qualify them, by combining elements of both educational systems, to live and work in a cross-cultural Europe. Teaching is characterized by innovative pedagogical concepts in which pupil-centred teaching and independent learning are particularly important. At the German-Luxembourg-Schengen-Lyzeum, the pupils can obtain degrees of the Saarland and Luxembourg, up to the Abitur of Luxembourg and of the Saarland (A levels) after grade 12. As an all-day school, the Schengen Lyzeum offers special support and mentoring programs to pupils, which are designed to help them receive the highest possible degrees. It is of special importance for the Schengenlyzeum to bring about a change of the learning culture, including the use of latest technology and multimedia in teaching. In grade 5 and 6, all pupils are taught jointly, from grade 7 a successive differentiation takes place according to the skills, abilities and preferences of the students. German, French and Luxembourgish are compulsory in these grades, English is the third foreign language in grade 7. The main classroom language is German. From grade 5 onwards, various subjects are taught in French. After class 9, the pupils are oriented, depending on their achievement level, to the vocational branch (which is organized according to Luxembourgish law) or to the secondary education branch (which is organized according to the Secondary School Regulation of the Saarland). In both branches, the French language is particularly important. Europe investing in rural areas: The European Agricultural Fund for Rural Development (EAFRD): Europe investing in rural areas. This project „TRI-STATE-AREA - 2000 YEARS UNITY AND SEPARATION“ is funded under the Saarland development plan for rural areas 2014-2020 within the LEADER strategy of the Leaderregion Merzig-Wadern with funds from the European Union and the Saarland. more Informationen here www.eler.saarland.de and here https://ec.europa.eu/agriculture/rural-development-2014-2020_de

<urn:uuid:2bb4bd23-8fe6-43a2-9934-87e05ebc0783>

Over the holidays I spent a lot of time away from the computer (blogging, that is), but I did pull together plans for the new semester. Here’s what’s on the agenda: - We’ll be starting an earth science unit on weather, wind and water. We’ll be starting with an overview of the Earth’s 4 systems and then will learn about the atmosphere before continuing on to wind, weather, etc. - daily – switching off with history as needed (sometimes we don’t have time to cover both subjects) - ED will join us for our regular science lessons, but I have some other science activities that I want to go over with her as well… for example she’ll review animal classification again, the Earth’s biomes (rain forest, desert, savanna , etc.) - 2 days a week - Civil Rights Movement - Continuing to learn the location of all 50 states (we’ve done the northeast and southeast states) - Presidents song - After that we’ll move on to a long unit on China - daily – switching off with science as needed - This is working really, really well for us. We are going to continue with this model. We’ll have a brief mini-lesson on writing. Then, we aim for 10 minutes of writing every day; plus another 5-10 minutes of sharing/discussion. Plus, we’ll be reading a basic book about writing (10 minutes a day). - You can read this series on Creating a Writing Workshop to see how/why we came up with this model and how it works in our homeschool. - 4 days a week (I aim for all 5 days, but it doesn’t always happen) - All About Spelling; Write Source Skillsbook and my own grammar worksheets - 4 days a week (probably switching weekly – so 4 days of spelling then the next week 4 days of grammar practice) - Continuing with easy German stories and building vocabulary - daily (10-15 minutes) - Math Circles has become the kids’ favorite time of the homeschool day! We’ll add in other critical thinking materials this semester as well (more about that in a few days). - 15 minutes daily - Math – the kids will continue working on their math workbooks. LD will be moving on to decimals and percentages. DD is working on long division and basic arithmetic facts. ED is working on addition. - 15-20 minutes daily - Piano (10 minutes daily) - I would love for us to get to the music theory materials and games I have. I’m not sure if that’ll get added in. - LD sings in the children’s community choir. - My kids love to read. They generally do 45-60 minutes of independent reading. I’ll have them read Newbery books again this semester. - ED is still reading with me. She finished her phonics readers and she’ll be reading the Henry and Mudge series this semester (plus other assorted library books). I’ll also continue reading a lot of books aloud to her. We’re starting off with most of the books from the Five in a Row (vol.2). - We have Meet the Masters and hope to include more of that this semester. - We use lessons from Art Projects for Kids. - We have a HUGE piece of butcher paper — and that inspires a lot of art. (See the photo below-the paper roll sits near the window and just pulls up and over the table.) Whenever I pull out a new, clean piece the girls start twitching in anticipation to fill it with their artwork!!! - We don’t do PE in our homeschool because the kids are very involved in sports. LD is on team gymnastics. DD does parkour and aerial gymnastics. ED does preteam gymnastics and parkour once a week. (See this post Parkour, a Fun Sport for Kids.) The homeschool room is ready for our new semester! I mentioned in another post that I spent time over the break re-organizing our homeschool room. The kids and I both like the L-formation. There’s plenty of room to work together… and the kids also have their own work areas (LD’s desk is just to the right of that white table. The girls’ desks are not pictured.) Believe me, the kids need their separate work space too!! By the way, I read several books over the break that I really loved. They were incredibly motivating. You can read about them here: 3 Inspiring Books for Educators.

<urn:uuid:a232bd9e-f8a0-4dab-a997-d7e78c4eaf93>

Anxiety disorders are characterized by feelings of intense fear or worry that they are out of proportion to the situation or thing that triggers them. These emotional fears can be focused on separating from parents, physical illness, performing poorly, or embarrassing themselves. Or they can be attached to specific things, like dogs or insects or bridges. Anxiety disorders are a real medical condition that inflict not only psychological stress, but physical stress on one's health. Anxiety disorders and panic disorders can be classified into several different categories, most commonly including generalized anxiety disorder, social anxiety disorder, separation anxiety disorder and specific phobias. Symptoms of anxiety can range from restlessness and nervousness, to increased heart rates, gastrointestinal issues and sleeping issues. Depression is a very common medical condition that affects the way you feel, think and act negatively. People who struggle with depression experience extreme bouts of sadness, a loss of interest in activities, fatigue and trouble sleeping. People suffering with depression can also experience a lack of energy, change in eating habits, feeling worthless and difficulty maintaining a normal life. Fortunately, depression is highly treatable. Conservative treatment to depression relies on prescription medication to combat the condition. Integrative treatment to depression aims at getting to the root cause of the depression, which often lies in hormonal imbalances, preexisting fatigue syndromes, vitamin deficiencies, genetics or other causes. While commonly diagnosed in childhood, ADD (Attention Deficit Disorder) or ADHD (Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder) is generally diagnosed in people who have issues paying attention, sitting still and who have trouble focusing. ADD/ADHD generally presents in childhood, especially during school and times where they are expected to be attentive. ADD/ADHD can be diagnosed and treated in adulthood. Postpartum depression, or PPD, is depression that occurs after pregnancy. PPD presents with physical and emotional changes that can cause depression, anxiety and fatigue to name a few symptoms. While the days and weeks after childbirth are exciting, they can also be overwhelming. This combined with major ups and downs with hormones post pregnancy can lead to PPD and interfere with a woman's normal routines. Memory loss can be a short term or long term condition. Short term memory loss can be caused by lack of sleep, depression, anxiety, stress, smoking, nutrient deficiency, stroke or dementia. Alcohol and tobacco abuse are directly related to a large amount of deaths in the US and can be prevented by quitting. Anxiety and depression can make quitting alcohol and tobacco use difficult. Imbalances in brain chemistry and neurotransmitter levels can cause symptoms such as fatigue, weight gain, and poor sleep. Neurotransmitter testing can help uncover imbalances that can be evened out with integrative treatments, significiantly reducing symptoms. - Gastrointestinal Disorders - Vitamin Deficiency

<urn:uuid:6e87cf76-ce05-4d2e-a32e-75bc0ef5e7ae>

Iowa State University’s Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory (VDL) at Ames closely monitors the incidence of animal diseases, including those caused by swine influenza viruses (SIV). The VDL uses state-of-the-art molecular diagnostic technology to diagnose SIV, track seasonal trends for prevalence and monitor which SIV strains or subtypes are most prevalent. This helps veterinarians and producers understand herd health status and appropriate vaccine or control measures. The emergence of the H1N1 influenza A virus that sickened people has led ISU swine veterinarian and virologist K.J. Yoon and his team of molecular diagnosticians to analyze a bank of SIV viruses from case submissions from October 2008 to April 2009. The goal is to determine if the H1N1 flu virus is in the Iowa swine population. So far, screening of samples has not detected the Novel H1N1 virus in the domestic hog population. “Each day we are learning more about this novel influenza virus,” Yoon says. “We are particularly learning about its genetic makeup. This virus was originally coined the name ‘swine flu’ as it contains viral components that have been previously identified in influenza viruses causing disease in pigs. However, this novel H1N1 virus has been reportedly spreading primarily from direct human-to-human contact, which is more similar to how emerging strains of ‘seasonal influenza’ are commonly transmitted. It is also important to understand that influenza virus is transmitted by direct exposure to respiratory secretions, and is not a foodborne illness or food safety concern.” Diagnostic testing for the hybrid flu virus at the VDL is done by gene sequence analysis which takes up to seven days. ISU researchers are currently developing a high throughput polymerase chain reaction diagnostic test that will differentiate human, swine and avian viruses usually within 24 hours. “We have an excellent team of applied veterinary diagnosticians and researchers working diligently to serve the emerging needs of our stakeholders helping safeguard both animal and human health,” says Rodger Main, DVM, director of ISU’s Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory Operations.

<urn:uuid:2d5527b9-0dbc-408f-8654-44e4ad9d9b77>

Kids Boats is an iPad app through which students discover animals of different climate zones. In Kids Boats students navigate a boat down a river avoiding obstacles and collecting stars. Along the river students will find animals native to the climate zone that the river is in. At the end of each river students will see the animals of that climate zone. Students can make boats move through Kids Boats in three different ways. The simplest way to navigate the boats is to drag and move the boats. Students can tilt their iPads to make the boats move. The third way to make the boats move is to blow on the iPad (near the microphone) and the boats will move.

<urn:uuid:75c39801-61f8-44a5-a94a-ee190cda38b7>

Meat-Eating Dinosaurs Once Roamed Minnesota The American State of Minnesota might border North and South Dakota but despite the treasure trove of dinosaur fossils from the Peace Garden State (North Dakota) and the Mount Rushmore State (South Dakota), the Land of a Thousand Lakes (Minnesota) has yielded only a couple of dinosaur fossil finds to date. However, that may be about to change as researchers from the Science Museum of Minnesota, based in Saint Paul, have announced the discovery of a Theropod dinosaur’s claw bone. This is only the third documented dinosaur fossil discovery from Minnesota. Minnesota Dinosaur Claw Cretaceous Theropod Claw from Minnesota. Picture Credit: Mark Ryan, Science Museum of Minnesota The lack of dinosaur fossils, or indeed Mesozoic fossils in general can be explained by the fact that the rocks that may have held such fossils have been eroded away. Extensive glaciation in the north, central parts of the United States removed much of this material and indeed it is the action of glaciers that led to the unique geology and landscape of much of this part of America. In addition, for much of the Mesozoic, this part of America was underwater. The fossil claw that measures approximately four and half centimetres in length when measured with the curvature of the claw taken into account, was found at the Hill Annex Mine, part of the extensive iron ore rich Mesabi Iron Range in north-eastern Minnesota. Although it is difficult to assign a dinosaur family to this fossil, palaeontologists from the Science Museum of Minnesota have suggested that it is the claw from a Theropod dinosaur and that it dates from the Late Cretaceous, around 90 million years ago (Cenomanian/Turonian faunal stages). Informed sources have stated that this is only the third documented dinosaur fossil found from this State. Although many famous dinosaurs are known from the United States, the fossils of these long, extinct creatures are not spread uniformly across America. In fact, more than a dozen States in the Union have no record of dinosaur fossils whatsoever. With the discovery of a partial femur (thigh bone) from a Theropod dinosaur last year, Washington State become the 37th U. S. State to have fossils of the Dinosauria recorded within its boundaries. This prompted Everything Dinosaur team members to produce a map identifying which States in America had dinosaur fossils and which did not. To read more about which States have dinosaurs: Washington State the 37th U.S. State with a Dinosaur Researcher at the Science Museum of Minnesota, John Westgaard explained that it was not possible to identify a dinosaur genus, but when questioned further he suggested that the fossil claw could have belonged to a Velociraptor-like dinosaur. A spokesperson from Everything Dinosaur stated that it was not possible to be more specific about the fossil specimen but as the claw has been dated to around 90 million years ago, this was a significant discovery as little is known about the fauna of North America from this part of the Cretaceous. To read about the discovery of the dinosaur thigh bone from Washington State: Washington State’s First Dinosaur The other Minnesota dinosaur fossil finds are equally fragmentary and also date from the Late Cretaceous. An unknown genus of duck-billed dinosaur is known from a few bones and teeth.

<urn:uuid:d0c0c658-b8e4-4f44-8488-b58ff783459a>

Problem Solving Therapy in the Clinical Practice Evidence based or empirically supported psychotherapies are becoming more and more important in the mental health fields as the users and financers of psychotherapies want to choose those methods whose effectiveness are empirically shown. Cognitive-behavioral psychotherapies are shown to have empirical support in the treatment of a wide range of psychological/psychiatric problems. As a cognitive-behavioral mode of action, Problem Solving Therapy has been shown to be an effective psychotherapy approach in the treatment and/or rehabilitation of persons with depression, anxiety, suicide, schizophrenia, personality disorders, marital problems, cancer, diabetes-mellitus etc. Mental health problems cause personal suffering and constitue a burden to the national health systems. Scientific evidence show that effective problem solving skills are an important source of resiliency and individuals with psychological problems exhibit a deficiency in effective problem solving skills. Problem solving therapy approach to the treatment and/or rehabilitation of emotional problems assumes that teaching effective problem solving skills in a therapeutic relationship increases resiliency and alleviates psychological problems.The book, in the first chapters, gives information on problem solving and the role of problem-solving in the etiology and the treatment of different forms of mental health problems. In the later chapters, it concentrates on psychotherapy, assessment and procedures of problem solving therapy. At the end it provides a case study. - Provides a comprehensive appreciation of problem solving therapy - Contains empirical evidence and applied focus for problem solving therapy which provides a scientific base and best practices - Highlights the problem solving difficulties of persons with specific disorders

<urn:uuid:fb18112a-99a4-45d9-8131-054a1ffd677f>

The present contribution considers the Pannonian ‘inner fortifications’ in the context of the development of the infrastructure and urban fabric of selected sites on the Lower Danube. Using Sándor Sopronis’ thesis, which postulates that a multiple defensive system gradually expanded in Pannonia after the time of the Tetrarchy, as a starting point, this study concentrates on the inner fortifications founded in the middle third of the 4th century AD in the hinterland of the Limes (Környe, Tác / Gorsium, Keszthely-Fenékpuszta and Alsóheténypuszta) which, together with towns such as Sopianae, Mursa, Cibalae, Sirmium und Bassianae, constituted an inner line of defence. Whether they functioned in a civil or purely military context is a subject that has been, and still is, much debated. However, they appear to have played a significant role in the storage, distribution, and perhaps production, of the annona. A similar situation can be observed on the Lower Danube, in the provinces of Dacia Ripensis, Moesia Prima and Scythia. Here too a series of castra and towns, which took on similar functions in the course of the 4th century AD, are found some 30 to 50 km from the frontier. This area however saw a further development well into the late 6th century AD: several sites continued to play a central role as the sees of bishoprics in the Early Byzantine Period. The examples of Abritus and Tropaeum Traiani, which both possess elements that are strikingly similar to the Pannonian establishments, are used here to gain insights into the processes at work and to discuss the structural parallels comparatively. Go to article

<urn:uuid:55111946-035b-475b-a287-ec40d30198fc>

An ingrown toenail occurs when the edge of the nail, usually on the big toe, grows into the skin adjacent to it. This causes pain, and if left untreated may result in infection. Signs of an infection include redness, swelling, and discharge at the edge of the toenail. Inflammation may increase to the point where the skin at the edge of the toenail swells over the side of the nail. Risk factors for an ingrown toenail include: - Abnormal bone anatomy or position of the big toe - Abnormal bone growth beneath the nail - Poor-fitting shoes -- too tight at the toes or too loose - Trauma to the toenail If you think you are developing an ingrown toenail, keep pressure off the area and apply antibiotic cream or ointment. It is best to treat ingrown toenails early, at the first sign of pain or discomfort. This will minimize the chance or severity of infection. The ingrown part of the toenail is often deep beneath the skin fold, making it difficult to treat at home. Medical treatment will likely involve removing the ingrown piece of toenail, which may first require the toe to be numbed with a local anesthetic. If infection is present, oral antibiotics may be prescribed and sometimes an X-ray of the toe may also be prescribed. Some people will experience recurring ingrown toenails even if they cut their toenails straight across. A common toe shape that is prone to ingrown toenails is one that has a distal phalanx that is extended or "cocked-up". With this shape, the tip of the toe is elevated in relation to the rest of the toe. A treatment option for recurring ingrown toenails is the cauterization, or permanent removal of the part of the nail that ingrows, so that it does not grow back. Infected ingrown toenails rarely resolve on their own. Having the ingrown piece of nail removed usually resolves the pain and infection quickly -- most people who have their ingrown nail treated at their podiatrist's or family doctor's office will relate that the pain subsided a few hours after treatment and that the infection improved in a few days. In some cases, although infrequently, a long-standing infected ingrown toenail can spread to the toe bone beneath the nail -- this is why it's important to not let the infection linger and to seek prompt medical care.

<urn:uuid:25732b10-709b-4c0d-b7f5-0a9beefd797e>

WASHINGTON – The Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) are partnering to improve public awareness for National Flood Safety Awareness Week, March 18-22, 2013. The agencies’ goal is to improve understanding about flood risk among individuals, families, businesses and communities. Knowledge and the right precautions can protect families, homes and finances. “I’ve seen the devastation that can occur from floods. They can happen at any time, anywhere across the United States, which means we all need to be prepared now,” said FEMA Administrator Craig Fugate. “In addition to obtaining a flood insurance policy for your home or business, there are simple steps folks can do now to be prepared for flooding – develop a family emergency plan and have an emergency supply kit ready to go.” Floods are the most common hazard in the United States. However, not all floods are alike. Floods typically occur when too much rain falls or snow melts too quickly. Chunks of ice from a thawing river can block its normal flow and force water out of its banks. While some floods develop slowly, flash floods develop suddenly. Hurricanes can bring flooding to areas far inland from where they first hit the coast, as we witnessed two years ago from the devastating impacts of Hurricane Irene and Tropical Storm Lee, and last year from Hurricanes Isaac and Sandy. There are simple steps citizens can take today to reduce their risk to all types of floods. Flood Safety Awareness Week is an excellent time for people and communities to learn about their flood risk and implement precautions to mitigate the threat to life and property. “Flooding is dangerous and costly, killing nearly 100 people and causing an average of eight billion dollars in property damage in the United States each year,” said Dr. Louis W. Uccellini, director, NOAA’s National Weather Service, which produces an array of flood outlooks and forecasts, including watches and life-saving warnings. “A weather-ready nation is a prepared nation; one that will reduce flood losses by planning ahead, staying abreast of weather forecasts, and heeding the warnings.” Dr. Uccellini emphasized that a primary flood killer is flooded roadways. People should never attempt to drive through them, but should “Turn Around, Don’t Drown,” NOAA’s flood safety slogan. NOAA will issue the 2013 U.S. Spring Outlook and flood assessment on March 21. FEMA and NOAA will provide the public with key information related to flood hazards, and ways to protect yourself and your property each day of National Flood Safety Awareness week. Follow FEMA on social media (Facebook and Twitter) throughout the week to stay informed and to share the information with your social networks. For more information on flood safety tips and information, visit www.ready.gov. For information on how to obtain a flood insurance policy, visit http://go.usa.gov/2RdJ. FEMA’s mission is to support our citizens and first responders to ensure that as a nation we work together to build, sustain, and improve our capability to prepare for, protect against, respond to, recover from, and mitigate all hazards. NOAA’s mission is to understand and predict changes in the Earth’s environment, from the depths of the ocean to the surface of the sun, and to conserve and manage our coastal and marine resources. Join us on Facebook, Twitter and our other social media channels.

<urn:uuid:fe0761f6-1bf9-41df-b0b0-1047e2867b67>

Learning refers to a relatively permanent change in behavior brought about be experience. it does not include changes that occur due to maturation. For example, pubertal changes are maturational. Some learning occurs in formal contexts such as school while other learning occurs through observing others. There are two general approaches to learning theory. One is classical conditioning in in which two stimuli become associated. Pavlov's was the most famous classical conditioning experiment. In that experiment, his dog came to associate the sound of the bell with dinner and thus he learned to salivate. When you read Pavlov's study, keep in mind that conditioned means learned and unconditioned means unlearned. One area that has been studied extensively in terms of classical conditioning is food aversion. Does some food make you gag? Think back to what happened the first time you gagged on that food. It probably wasn't related to the food per se. The other major school of learning is that of B.F. Skinner. Skinner's work involves a focus on reinforcers and how they make it likely that a behavior will repeat. Remember that any reinforcer, be it positive or negative, will increase the likelihood of a behavior being repeated. Any punishment is intended to extinguish a behavior. If in first grade, your teacher had a chart in front of the room where you received stars for good behavior, that was a result of Skinnerian theory. Positive reinforcers are given to increase behavior. Negative reinforcers are escapes from unpleasant things that increase behavior. Why do you put on your seat belt? Is it to escape that annoying dinging? If so, you have been negatively reinforced. There is also observational or social learning that can occur. We can learn behavior through watching others, if we think the other is important (i.e. a role model). Social learning theory, formulated by Bandura, includes the use of reinforcement and punishment. Learning theory has been applied in many areas of life. Can you think of some specific examples?

<urn:uuid:b5d7f4f2-3a5d-4913-a205-24fde81d038c>

Amanda, victim of cyberbullyingWe’ve all heard stories about kids being bullied online, but few of us are aware of just how harmful this form of high-tech bullying can be. Of course, bullying of any kind is unacceptable, but when the powers of technology, particularly social media, are put in the wrong hands, the effects on an adolescent’s reputation and self-esteem can be both far-reaching and devastating. In fact, it can even be deadly. One Teen’s Tragic Story The story of Amanda Todd, a 15-year old girl who was stalked and bullied online for years before committing suicide on October 10, 2012, is a very visible example of the harm caused by cyberbulling, in large part due to the now-viral YouTube video Amanda made a little over a month before her tragic death. In the video, Amanda stands silently flipping through cards she created as a way of telling her story of “struggling, bullying, suicide, and self-harm.” Unfortunately, Amanda met someone online who she thought was a friend, but instead turned out to be a stalker who followed her from city to city and school to school, sharing “private” photos with her classmates, thus ruining her reputation and inviting a stream of incessant bullying that ultimately drove her to do the unthinkable. Cyberbullying and Teen Suicide Unfortunately, Amanda’s story isn’t an isolated incident. In fact, heartbreaking stories like these are becoming more common. There’s no doubt that bullying in any form is associated with suicidal thoughts and actions, but it appears that this connection is even stronger when the bullying takes place online. According to the Cyberbullying Research Center’s report, the risk of attempted suicide nearly doubles for teens who have been the victims of cyberbullying. What Parents Can Do While you may not be able to singlehandedly solve the epidemic of cyberbullying in the U.S., there are some things you can do to protect your own child from this type of online abuse. In addition to maintaining an ongoing dialogue with your child about his social life—both on and offline—make the extra effort to ensure an extra degree of protection between your youngster and anyone in cyberspace who intends to do him harm. How Qustodio Can Help With Qustodio, you can monitor your child’s social networking activity from any location, so children are always protected. With the ability to see who your child is talking to online and exactly what the conversations entail, you can keep a close eye on any potentially harmful relationships your child is forging online and put a stop to them before any irreparable harm is done. Do the responsible thing, and download Qustodio today. It could, quite literally, save your child’s life.

<urn:uuid:8d3b0fcf-7361-47b2-acf2-a2098c2bfd63>

This is the second in a series of posts that will appear throughout the year. When designing a wooden common press, there’s only so much information available in print. Printer’s manuals, like Caleb Stower’s 1808 manual, The Printer’s Grammar, describe the parts of a printing press, but not so thoroughly as to provide all dimensions. These manuals are useful, but nothing beats being able to measure the real deal.1 Our team was fortunate enough to visit the Mackenzie Printery and Newspaper Museum in Queenston, Ontario on February 20th to examine and measure the Louis Roy Press held there. Roy was the first King’s printer in Upper Canada and printed the Upper Canada Gazette, beginning in 1793. The museum is housed in the building in which William Lyon Mackenzie, an early Canadian statesman, published The Colonial Advocate, beginning in 1824. The museum houses its collection on three floors, with the first floor used to hold several presses and a print shop. On the second floor is the library and gift shop (which has some great printing-related gifts), and the basement is used for storing other portions of the collection not currently on display. The main room houses several presses, including the Roy Press, an early Albion, and a Hopkinson & Cope press. All of the presses, with the exception of the Roy, are regularly used and maintained. In the back room on the main floor are several newer presses, including a Heidelberg windmill. For me, the highlight of the back room was the fully-operational Linotype (coincidentally, the machine was formerly owned by RIT). One of the strengths of the museum is that nothing is behind glass; everything is set up as it would have been originally in a print shop. Any visitor can approach the presses or type cases and get an immediate and intimate sense of what the printing industry was like when hot lead still reigned. This arrangement is based in the museum’s origins. It was founded by retired individuals from the industry looking to house their “toys” and have some fun. Through an agreement with the Niagara Parks Commission the collection was moved to the Mackenzie site and opened to the public, where visitors are now able to tour the facility and participate in workshops. When we arrived, Ron Schroder, chairman of the museum, greeted us along with Melissa Bottomly of the NPC. We at first thought a third person was there to greet us, but quickly realized it was just the museum’s life-size mannequin of William Mackenzie! After a quick tour of the facility, we got down to business. We spent the better part of the day measuring and photographing the press, with a brief pause to discuss our project with local paper The Niagara Falls Review. At the end of the visit, we wound up with around 300 photographs and dimensions of many parts of the press. The origins of the Roy Press are not completely clear. In his 1970 census of common presses2, Philip Gaskell noted that the press (CDN 1) was “possibly imported from England in about 1780” and also notes that the maker’s name, Coates, stamped on the spindle, was not found in any directories. Since the time of his census, the press was subject to a restoration effort that rebuilt its missing hindposts, hindrails, gallows, and rounce. Upon our first inspection, the cap of the press appeared to be in very good condition, but looking at it from the top showed that the restorers had cut out the damaged sections of wood and replaced them with new wood. This invasive approach would not be taken today by conservators who seek to make reversible repairs. Having never been so close to a common press before, a few things struck me. I was immediately impressed by its size; standing over six feet high, five feet long, and three feet wide, the press looms over anyone standing beside it. Something else that became apparent was the simplicity of its construction. In his plenary address at the annual APHA conference this past Fall, Jeffrey Groves pointed out how easy it was to assemble and disassemble a common press, and being in the presence of one made that clear. As I wrote in my first post, there were incremental developments in printing press design and construction throughout the period during which wooden presses were used. Some of these changes have been described, such as differences in the design of the press’ hose. But others were a little less clear as the project got underway. The difference in hose design is largely a geographic one; box hoses existed in England and her colonies, and Blaeu-style hoses were prevalent in the Low Countries. These two styles experienced their own, separate evolutions, but the temporal differences in details were less clear. Thanks to our visit with the Roy press, we had an insight into the evolution of English-style presses. At the start of the eighteenth century, the bed assembly of the press rode on top of ten “cramp irons,” which are essentially solid iron bearings, arranged in two rows of five to sit on top of the rails of the press. This arrangement of cramp irons exists on the Franklin Press at the Smithsonian. On the Roy, however, is a later style of cramp iron; on it are a total of eight cramp irons, with six individuals (in two rows of three) in the middle, and one at each end spanning both rails. These end cramps irons have shoulders on them that capture the rails and guide the plank. By functioning as both a bearing and a guide, the guide boards previously seen on either side of the bed of a common press could be eliminated. Already we’re getting a better sense of what our press will look like when we build it. All of the presses that we’re aware of in North America postdate 1700, and those are the only presses we’ll be able to examine, so we’ve decided to build a press representative of the eighteenth century. As I’ve already described, there were further refinements during that time, and we’re still working to narrow our focus to represent a smaller window within the century. Soon, we’ll be taking a trip to New England to view at least three more historic presses, so stay tuned to read about the insights that trip brings! For photos of the project, check out our Instagram account, @UncommonPress. - 1 An excellent example of the kind of measurements needed to build a common press is Harris and Sisson’s The Common Press, which provides complete measurements of all parts of the purported Benjamin Franklin Press in the Smithsonian. - 2 Philip Gaskell, “A Census of Wooden Presses,”Journal of the Printing Historical Society, vol. VI, 1970, p. 6

<urn:uuid:c0753784-119e-4da0-be7e-947acc29e83d>

Common Public Radio Interface (CPRI) Protocol The Common Public Radio Interface (CPRI) protocol consists of a specification that enables flexible and efficient product differentiation for radio base stations and independent technology evolution for RE and REC. In other word, the goal of CPRI is to allow base stations manufacturers to share a common protocol and more easily adapt platforms from one customer to the other. Besides that, CPRI focuses on simplified radio base station architecture by dividing the radio base station into a radio and a control part, by specifying one new interface. The groups cooperating on defining CPRI specifications are Ericsson AB, Huawei Technologies Co. Ltd, NEC Corporation, Nortel Networks Ltd, Alcatel Lucent and Nokia Siemens Networks GmbH & Co. KG. Principal Advantages of CPRI The CPRI specification enables flexible and efficient product differentiation for radio base stations and independent technology evolution for RE and REC. In addition, CPRI has little overhead compared to the one in OBSAI, which makes it more advantageous to implement. Another significant advantage using CPRI is the bit error rate for the dataplane is 10-12, which is less strict than the OBSAI RP3 requirement of 10-15, to achieve a cost efficient solution on layer 1. CPRI Protocol Overview CPRI supports transmission of all IQ data between REC and RE in both directions compliant to 3GPP UTRA FDD, Release 5 (June 2004) radio standard in logical scope. CPRI supports a continuous range of distances between master and slave port. The minimum required range for the cable length is: - Lower limit – 0 m - Upper limit – > 10 km For the transfer of user plane, control and management information (C&M) as well as synchronization information between REC and RE, CPRI defines 2 layer protocols: - The user plane information is sent in the form of IQ data. These IQ data coming from different antenna carriers are multiplexed by a time division multiplexing scheme onto an electrical or optical transmission line. - C&M data are sent either as inband protocol (for time critical signaling data) or by layer 3 protocols (not defined by CPRI) that reside on top of appropriate layer 2 protocols. Two additional layer 2 protocols for C&M data, which are High level Data Link Control (HDLC) and Ethernet, are also supported by CPRI. These control and management data are time multiplexed with the IQ data. - Any type of vendor specific information is also transferred with the additional time slots. The information flows supported by the interface are: |IQ data||user plane information of in-phase and quadrature modulation data (digital baseband signals)| |Synchronization||data used for frame and time alignment| |L1 Inband Protocol||information related to the link and is directly transported by the physical layer for system start-up| |C&M data||control and management information exchanged between the control and management entities within the REC and RE| |Protocol Extensions||information reserved for future protocol extensions, may be used for more complex interconnection topologies or other radio standards| |Vendor Specific Information||reserved for vendor specific information| CPRI Basic Frame Structure A CPRI basic frame structure consists of 16 words indexed by W = 0…15 where the first word W = 0 is used for a control word. The word size on the CPRI depends on the link rate (which is also the line bit rate), where five different rates are defined in order to achieve the required flexibility and cost efficiency. It is compulsory that each REC and RE support at least one of the line bit rates listed below: |Link Rate (CPRI line bit rate)||Word Size in byte(s)| |1x (614.4 Mbps)||1| |2x (1228.8 Mbps)||2| |4x (2457.6 Mbps)||4| Notice that all CPRI line bit rates have been chosen in a way that the basic UMTS chip rate of 3.84 Mbps can be recovered in a cost-efficient way from the line bit rate taking into account the 8b/10b coding. For example, the 1228.8 Mbps correspond to an encoder rate of 122.88 MHz for the 8b/10b encoder and a subsequent frequency division by a factor of 32 provides the basic UMTS chip rate. The length of a basic frame is 1 Tchip = 1/3.84 MHz = 260.416667 ns. There are 256 basic frames in a hyper frame (HFN = 66.67 µs) and an UMTS radio frame consists of 150 hyper frames (10 ms). Below are CPRI basic frame structures: |B||bit index (0 to 7)| |W||word index (0 to 15)| |Y||byte index within a word (0 to 3)| |X||basic frame number (0 to 255)| |Z||hyper frame number (0 to 149)| |Z.X.Y||control words definition| Basic frame structure for 614.4Mbps CPRI line rate Basic frame structure for 1228.8 Mbps CPRI line rate Basic frame structure for 2457.6 Mbps CPRI line rate Three topologies are supported by AIF module in CPRI mode: Star chain: multiple point-to-point links between a REC and several Res Daisy chain: connection in series of REC and Res U Daisy chain: redundant connection of Daisy chain

<urn:uuid:97114fcb-c242-4ac4-a23b-af3e42767c61>

Chapter 1: Introduction and methodology Illegal logging and associated trade in illegally sourced wood products are important causes of deforestation and forest degradation in many developing countries. Forest destruction in turn contributes up to 20 per cent of global carbon dioxide emissions. Illegal logging also robs cash-strapped governments of vital revenues, has a devastating impact on the livelihoods of forest-dependent people, and fosters corruption and conflict. Over the last decade governments, the private sector and civil society have recognized these impacts and have made increasing efforts to tackle the problem. This study attempts to measure the scale and the effectiveness of the response to illegal logging. It examines the response in countries where illegal logging occurs and also in those countries which import, process and consume illegally sourced wood. In addition to measuring the extent to which illegal logging and associated trade has changed over time, the study examines how attention to the problem has changed and how governments and the private sector have responded. Various indicators and means of verification have been designed, tested and used by Chatham House to measure the response in five timber-producing countries, five consuming countries, and two countries whose timber trade is largely based on processing imported raw material The study finds that while illegal logging remains a major problem, the impact of the response has been considerable. Illegal logging is estimated to have fallen during the last decade by 50 per cent in Cameroon, by between 50 and 75 per cent in the Brazilian Amazon, and by 75 per cent in Indonesia, while imports of illegally sourced wood to the seven consumer and processing countries studied are down 30 per cent from their peak.

<urn:uuid:d1916f06-90ae-4427-9141-690df11793f0>

While we all wait to hear the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s (CDC) update on the widespread flu activity in the United States Friday morning, several states have made public announcements for their residents concerning their situation. In California, health officials note that flu activity in the state is widespread and at levels usually seen at the peak of the influenza season. This prompted them to encourage the public to get vaccinated. “With the increase in influenza impacting many communities across the entire state, it is important to get a flu shot now if you have not done so already,” said CDPH Director and State Public Health Officer Dr. Karen Smith. “Although influenza season usually peaks between December and February, flu activity can occur as late as May, which means it is not too late to get vaccinated.” Across the country in Delaware, the Division of Public Health (DPH) says lab-confirmed cases of influenza in Delaware have increased significantly over the last few weeks. The week ending Dec. 30, 2017, saw 142 confirmed flu cases, an increase of 48 percent over the previous week. “With a 48 percent increase in flu cases during this past week, I urge Delawareans to take the flu seriously, and if you have not already done so, to get your flu vaccine as soon as possible,” said DPH Director Dr. Karyl Rattay. “January is not too late to get a flu shot, and in fact, as long as flu is still circulating in the community, those who have not received a shot can still get one.” Finally in a follow-up on the situation in Arizona, The Arizona Department of Health Services released data Wednesday that shows influenza activity continues to rise statewide. There have been 11,515 cases of influenza reported this season, with 2,455 reported between December 31, 2017 and January 6, 2018. Compared to the 2016-2017 flu season, there were 1,109 total cases and 275 weekly cases reported for the same time period last year. “As kids return to school from winter break, we expect influenza cases to significantly increase,” said Dr. Cara Christ, director of the Arizona Department of Health Services. “Parents should make sure their kids are vaccinated and keep them home from school if they have flu-like illness or symptoms. Due to the severity of this year’s influenza season, it is critical that everyone is taking precautions to prevent the spread, including getting vaccinated right away, staying home when you’re sick, washing your hands frequently, covering your nose and mouth when coughing and sneezing, and avoiding touching your face.” Arizona hospitals statewide continue to experience long emergency room wait times due to the increased number of sick Arizonans. After consultation and request from healthcare and public health partners, ADHS is advising ill people to only seek emergency medical care if they are at high risk for serious complications or are experiencing severe symptoms. People with mild symptoms or at lower risk from complications from influenza should stay home and rest or call their healthcare provider. “If you’re at high risk or have symptoms such as difficulty breathing, chest pain, dizziness, confusion, persistent vomiting, cannot drink fluids, or have flu-like symptoms that improve but then return with fever or worse cough, seek emergency medical care immediately,” Dr. Christ said. - Ukraine: 12 kids admitted to Kiev hospital with measles since beginning of year - Brucellosis outbreak: 21 confirmed and dozens of suspected cases - Philippines: January is Schistosomiasis Awareness month - Suspected norovirus prompts closure of two Tacoma area restaurants - Indiana University: Measles confirmed on Bloomington campus

<urn:uuid:1939c74c-5d32-4809-b1fa-99f25f9c1615>

How we change what others think, feel, believe and do Extraversion vs. Introversion Extraversion and Introversion are one of the preferences used in the Jungian Type Inventory. The naming is unfortunately a bit archaic as extraversion is not about being loud and introversion is not about being shy. It is about where people get their energy and motivation from: other people or within themselves. The energy of extraverts is outward, towards people and things. They need a lot of stimulation and often express emotions. They get their motivation and 'recharge their batteries' from being with other people. Their batteries are drained when they are alone. Their often want to change the world (rather than think about it). Extraverts like variety, action and achievement. They do well at school but may find University more difficult. Their attitude is often relaxed and confident. They are understandable and accessible. They tend to act first and think later. At work, they seeks variety and action and like working with other people. They prefer work that has breadth rather than depth. Introverts may see them as being shallow and pushy. The energy of introverts is inward toward concepts and ideas. They get their motivation and recharge their batteries by having time by themselves ('me time'). Their batteries are drained when they are with other people, even if they are enjoying the company. They need little external stimulation - and in fact they can easily be over-stimulated. it is possible that they focus more on their inner worlds because they suffer from sensory overload if they spend too much time outside and focusing on other people. They thus bottle up their own emotions, which can explode if pushed too far. Rather than trying to change the world, they just want to understand it. They think deeply about things and often do better at University than they did at school. Their attitude is reserved and questioning and they can seem subtle and impenetrable. They tend to think before they act. Extraverts may see them as egocentric and passive. There is a view that introverts may act as they do because they are more easily overwhelmed by external stimuli, as opposed to extraverts who have a higher basic stimulation threshold and need the more visceral external stimulation to avoid boredom. And the big

<urn:uuid:8ff0be49-7864-4a4e-b9fe-bbfc095d6879>

(Medical Xpress)—Losing weight does not lead to improved fertility in women, but does improve sexual function, according to Penn State College of Medicine researchers. "Obesity in women has been linked to lack of ovulation and thus infertility," said Richard Legro, M.D., professor of obstetrics and gynecology. "Obesity, especially centered in the abdomen, among infertile women seeking pregnancy is also associated with poor response to ovulation induction and with decreased pregnancy rates." Obese women are often told to lose weight prior to conception, so researchers looked at changes in reproductive function after gastric bypass surgery. One way to learn more about the effects of obesity on reproduction is to study women after bariatric surgery, since a large amount of weight is lost in a relatively short period of time. Each person can be studied while obese and after surgery to detect changes. Researchers report their findings in the Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. Researchers followed 29 morbidly obese women—women whose body fat accumulated to the extent that it may have an adverse effect on health—of reproductive age for up to two years after Roux en Y gastric bariatric bypass surgery. Roux en Y is a procedure that creates a small pouch in the stomach that is directly connected to the midsection of the small intestine, bypassing the rest of the stomach and the upper portion of the small intestine. Ovulation frequency and quality was determined by collecting daily urine specimens over the course of a menstrual cycle and measuring ovarian hormones. The researchers were surprised to find that ovulation rates remained high (more than 90 percent at all time points before surgery and at one, three, six, 12, and 24 months after surgery). The quality of the ovulation also remained unchanged, and there was little effect on the ovarian cycle. The exception is a notable shortening of eight to nine days of the follicular phase. The follicular phase is the first half of the menstrual cycle, from the end of the previous menstrual flow until the release of the egg (ovulation). Three months after surgery, the phase is six and a half days shorter, and then up to nine days shorter by 24 months post-surgery. Obesity is associated with longer menstrual cycles, specifically because of an increase in the follicular phase. The reason the phase shortens with weight loss is not yet known. Sexual function at one year as detected by the Female Sexual Function Index, a self-reporting index of sexual health collected through questionnaires, is most noticeable. This improvement is independent of changes in hormone levels and body composition. Sexual desire and arousal increase the most. Researchers did not track sexual activity or desire to conceive. However, increased sexual desire may have led to increased frequency of sexual activity. "The effects of weight loss on reproductive function are more modest than we hypothesized. In terms of ovulation, there doesn't appear to be a window after surgery where fertility is improved," Legro said. "The door appears to be open at all times. Other factors may be involved with infertility in obese women, such as diminished sexual desire and thus less intercourse. This study, to our knowledge, is the largest, most comprehensive and longest study of female reproductive function before and after Roux en Y gastric bariatric surgery." Explore further: Timing crucial in achieving pregnancy

<urn:uuid:f533fddd-53b1-402c-92ff-82d970654869>

- 1 What is Greek mythology and when did it begin? - 2 Who invented Greek mythology? - 3 Are the Greek gods alive? - 4 Is Greek mythology older than the Bible? - 5 How was God created? - 6 Who was the first God? - 7 How were all the Greek gods born? - 8 How many Greek gods are still alive? - 9 What Greek gods are still alive God of War? - 10 What is Zeus the god of? - 11 Is there a Bible for Greek gods? - 12 Did Greek gods come before Christianity? - 13 Does the Bible say anything about Greek gods? What is Greek mythology and when did it begin? Around 700 BC, the poet Hesiod’s Theogony offered the first written version of Greek Mythology. Theogony tells the story of the universe’s journey from nothingness (Chaos) to reality, and details a family tree of elements, Gods and Goddesses who evolved from Chaos and descended from: Gaia (Earth) Ouranos (Sky) Who invented Greek mythology? The earliest known versions of these myths date back more than 2,700 years, appearing in written form in the works of the Greek poets Homer and Hesiod. But some of these myths are much older. Are the Greek gods alive? The Greek gods live in a cloud palace on Mount Olympus, however, they are often found traveling somewhere around Greece. Once Hermes is on your side, you can concentrate on the other ancient deities whose legends live on in Greece. Is Greek mythology older than the Bible? Researchers claim that many fairy tales are older than Greek myths and the Bible. Simply put, according to the researchers, many of these fairy tales are somewhere between 4,000 to 6,000 years old. How was God created? In monotheistic thought, God is conceived of as the supreme being, creator, and principal object of faith. God has been conceived as either personal or impersonal. In theism, God is the creator and sustainer of the universe, while in deism, God is the creator, but not the sustainer, of the universe. Who was the first God? It is possible that the oldest documented monotheistic religion was Atenism, in ancient Egypt. According to it, the first god, the creator of the universe was Aten. How were all the Greek gods born? When Rhea, his wife, gave birth to the gods and goddesses Cronus swallowed Hestia, Demeter, Hera, Hades, and Poseidon shortly after each was born. The gods were alive and unhurt, and together with Zeus they triumphed over Cronus and bound him in Tartarus. How many Greek gods are still alive? Estimates by people involved in it tend to place the numbers at around 100,000 active participants. Lower outside estimates place it closer to 2,000. However, this is an indisputable answer to the question of whether Greek mythology is still a religion. What Greek gods are still alive God of War? These lesser, sensible Olympians are: Phobos ( god of fear), Circe (magic), Amphitrite (Queen of the Sea), Triton (waves), and Nike (victory). Finally, several primordial gods – older than the Olympians – have assumedly survived the original God of War games. What is Zeus the god of? Zeus is the god of the sky in ancient Greek mythology. As the chief Greek deity, Zeus is considered the ruler, protector, and father of all gods and humans. Zeus is often depicted as an older man with a beard and is represented by symbols such as the lightning bolt and the eagle. Is there a Bible for Greek gods? There’s no one book, but the closest equivalents are: The Theogony – The Greek version of Genesis. Explains the origin of the universe, and the birth of the gods and men. The Homeric Hymns – Ancient songs to the various gods. Did Greek gods come before Christianity? Greek Mythology. Christianity came in the 1st CE century, while the mythology existed for millennia before Christianity, with its roots (namely the sorcery traditions of Europe) going back to even 80,000 BCE. The common European belief system evolved into different regional branches ( Greek, Norse, Celtic, etc.) Does the Bible say anything about Greek gods? Yes: in both the Old and New Testaments.

<urn:uuid:ba5f44aa-4c6c-4a16-b8b5-5c2f32605fe0>

May 28, 2022 Naval artillery is the expression that generically encompasses all fire pieces mounted on board a vessel, used to attack other vessels or targets on land. It is also referred to as "marine artillery", "ship artillery" or "ship artillery". The first pieces of fire to be mounted aboard ships were hunting pieces; that is, pieces mounted on the bow that fired forward when in pursuit of a vessel. There are references to fire pieces mounted on galleys in the Mediterranean used to facilitate the approach. With the increase in the power of the pieces, there was also an increase in their weight, which led to the passage from the bow to the deck. In the beginning the pieces were only placed on the upper deck, but their weight, with the appearance of increasingly larger and heavier pieces, caused problems with the vessel's balance. The passage to the lower decks was only possible with the appearance of the hatch. However, this passage to the lower decks was not without accidents, notably the sinking of the Mary Rose or the Vasa. This passage also implied a fundamental change in the tactics of naval combat, as well as the appearance of the warship as we understand it today. From a tactical point of view, the move from artillery to the sides of ships led to the adoption of the “line”; the opposing fleets advanced in parallel lines, bombing each other. This tactic led to the development of ships built from scratch to be exclusively warships, and which were called ships of the line. This would be the dominant tactic for over two hundred years, and it would only be called into question for the first time by Admiral Horatio Nelson at the Battle of Trafalgar.

<urn:uuid:627bc2ba-5123-45f0-ba96-29e09f7a882c>

Euphorbiaceae and Scrophulariaceae and Orchidaceae are universally present, the last in specially large proportions. Such are Papilionaceous flowers, Violaceae, many Labiatae, Scrophulariaceae and others. Advance has been along two lines, markedly in relation to insect-pollination, one of which has culminated in the hypogynous epipetalous bicarpellate forms with dorsiventral often large and loosely arranged flowers such as occur in Scrophulariaceae, and the other in the epigynous bicarpellate small-flowered families of which the Compositae represent the most elaborate type. The herbaceous vegetation does not differ greatly, generically, from that of the east, and many species of Primulaceae, Ranunculaceae, Cruciferae, Labiatae and Scrophulariaceae occur; balsams abound, also beautiful forms of Campanulaceae, Gentiana, Meconopsis, Saxifraga and many others. In the order Scrophulariaceae one of the two carpels is posterior and the other anterior, whilst in Convolvulaceae the carpels are arranged laterally. In Scrophularia the fifth stamen appears as a scale-like body; in other Scrophulariaceae, as in Pentstemon, it assumes the form of a filament, with hairs at its apex in place of an anther. 52); or along with the corolla, as in Ranunculus, and is deciduous; or it remains after flowering (persistent) as in Labiatae, Scrophulariaceae, and Boraginaceae; or its base only is persistent, as in Datura Stramonium. Thus in Campanula a five-cleft stigma indicates five carpels; in Bignoniaceae, Scrophulariaceae and Acanthaceae, the two-lobed or bilamellar stigma indicates a bilocular ovary.

<urn:uuid:54510469-538b-45c3-b9f1-0321e2d3ca47>

“You Were Born Rich” by Bob Proctor is a self-help book that explores the concept of abundance and wealth creation. Proctor argues that we all have the ability to create wealth and success in our lives, and that the key to doing so is by changing our thoughts and beliefs. The book provides practical tips and strategies for changing our mindset and achieving success in all areas of life, including relationships, career, and finances. Proctor emphasizes the power of positive thinking, visualization, and taking action towards our goals. Overall, “You Were Born Rich” is an inspirational and motivating book that encourages readers to take control of their lives and create the abundant and fulfilling life they deserve. The following are some of the key lessons in the book “You Were Born Rich” by Bob Proctor: is our natural state: Proctor argues that we are all born rich and that abundance is our natural state. He encourages readers to shift their mindset from one of scarcity to one of abundance. thoughts create our reality: Proctor emphasizes the power of our thoughts and beliefs in shaping our reality. He encourages readers to identify and change limiting beliefs that may be holding them back from success. is key: Visualization is a powerful tool for creating the reality we desire. Proctor encourages readers to use visualization to focus on their goals and desires. action: While visualization is important, it’s not enough on its own. Proctor emphasizes the importance of taking action towards our goals and yourself with positive influences: The people and influences we surround ourselves with have a big impact on our success. Proctor encourages readers to surround themselves with positive and supportive people and to avoid negative influences. failure: Failure is a natural part of the learning process. Proctor encourages readers to embrace failure as an opportunity to learn and grow. grateful: Gratitude is an important component of abundance. Proctor encourages readers to practice gratitude daily and to focus on the abundance already present in their lives. Overall, the book “You Were Born Rich” teaches readers how to shift their mindset from one of scarcity to one of abundance and provides practical tools and strategies for creating the abundant and fulfilling life they desire.

<urn:uuid:7626761d-80be-4535-90cc-f4e7323df791>

Pakistan (ancient region of Gandhara, probably Takht–i–Bahi) Stone; 6 x 7 in. (16 x 19.7 cm) Gift of The Kronos Collections, 1987 (1987.417.1) The Buddha's mother, Maya, delivered him miraculously in a garden in Lumbini, located in present-day southern Nepal. She stood beneath a tree and, with her right arm, clung to a branch for support. This pose mirrors one given to ancient Indian female nature spirits whose touch, it was believed, caused a tree to bloom and fruit. The figure of the Buddha-to-be, although somewhat damaged, can be seen emerging from Maya's side, his head surrounded by a halo. The child was received and bathed by attending gods, who stand to Maya's right. The woman to Maya's left is probably her sister, who raised the Buddha after Maya's death a week after his birth. The attendant on the farthest right holds a pitcher filled with water for the ritual bath.

<urn:uuid:9acaed20-f9fd-41c9-ad62-c0b506212e60>

Coming down with the flu can throw a major wrench into your daily life. Dealing with the symptoms is always less than pleasant, so it is no wonder there are always avenues of research looking to mitigate these symptoms and limit their duration as much as possible. While the flu vaccine is widely advertised as an effective preventative measure against the flu, this past season saw only 9 percent protection for seniors who are among the most at risk. The Center for Disease Control reported that across the population the vaccine was only about 56 percent effective. The flu is still responsible for more than 200,000 hospitalizations and almost 50,000 deaths per year. With statistics like these, it is no wonder that there is a strong movement towards different flu treatments. New research points to the use of fish oil in treating the flu. PD1, a compound derived from fish oil, was given to laboratory mice infected with the flu in conjunction with an antiviral drug. These mice were more likely to survive the flu, even when treatment came later than two days after contracting the viral infection. This is particularly significant considering that most antiviral drugs on the market drop in effectiveness after two days. Fish oils have been found to have anti-inflammatory properties, and it is suspected that this is what is helping to fight the flu the most. This research is following a trend of preventative medicine as well as more natural treatments for illness. It is suggested that the Western diet may negatively impact one’s health and increase the risk for intense inflammation. Adding healthy fats such as omega-3 fatty acids which are found in fish oils may help combat this risk, but further research is needed to confirm the true effectiveness. Any possible measure to help fight against the flu is a welcome addition to the treatments currently available. Read the entire article here: Fish Oil Could Lead to New Flu Fighters Powered by Qumana

<urn:uuid:e2b43cad-33e0-4a88-9805-b98f011d35cc>

Ever had an itch you can’t scratch? It may not be the most serious of physical ailments, but it certainly counts among the most annoying ones! Some Israeli and US scientists have now shown that some itchiness can be stopped by “silencing” the neurons that create the sensation. The results provide a basis for the development of novel therapeutic approaches for treatment of certain types of itching. - New Brain Stimulation Device Helps Smokers Quit - Study Shows Our Senses Are Not Confined To Different Brain Parts An itch is a complex and unpleasant sensation that in some respects resembles pain yet is different in terms of its intrinsic sensory quality and the urge to scratch. Though scratching is a natural defense mechanism of the human body, it can also damage the skin, especially with conditions that cause chronic itching. Histaminergic (histamine in short) itching is brought on when histamine, an organic nitrogen compound involved in local immune responses (such as allergies) that acts as a neurotransmitter, triggers an inflammatory immune response to foreign agents. This occurs during hay fever for example. Although some types of itches, such as hives, can be effectively treated with anti-histamine agents, the itch that accompanies most chronic itch-inducing diseases, such as eczema, is not predominantly induced by histamine. Therefore an understanding of the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying the sensation of itchiness is essential for the development of effective and selective treatment. Block the itch from reaching the brain Sign up for our free weekly newsletterSubscribe The study demonstrated the presence of distinct sets of neurons that detect and transmit itch-generating stimuli. The researchers were able to demonstrate that these neurons can be selectively targeted and silenced when they became active. This works for itching that is not induced by histamine like dry skin itch and allergic dermatitis. The researchers found that primary itch-generating neurons that carry messages toward the central nervous system code functionally distinct histamine and non-histamine itch pathways that can be selectively blocked. This is the first time it has been demonstrated that it is possible to block itch signals in the neurons that mediate non-histamine itch. The findings of the study were published in the journal Nature Neuroscience. These findings have a great clinical importance since they could be translated into novel, selective, and effective therapies for previously largely untreated dry itch and allergic dermatitis itch. The research was a collaborative effort led by Doctor Alex Binshtok at Hebrew University’s Department of Medical Neurobiology, the Institute of Medical Research Israel-Canada, and the Edmond & Lily Safra Center for Brain Sciences; along with Doctor Clifford Woolf’s group at the Boston Children’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School. In addition to the senior researchers, student major contributors to the project were Sagi Gudes and Felix Blasl from the Hebrew University. From Harvard Medical School student contributors were David Roberson and Jared Sprague. Photo: Rear view from a bald head man by Bigstock

<urn:uuid:eeb2f160-01fa-4614-bedd-2e1684df37a6>

The Federal University of Agriculture in Nigeria and the Newcastle University in the UK tested a novel flavoured creep feed in two housing systems. Creep feeding can benefit the growth and performance of piglets before and after weaning, especially if sow milk supply is reduced for any reason. However, creep feed intakes have been reported to be very low during lactation and ways of stimulating the exploratory behaviour and acceptance of creep feeds by piglets during lactation would be beneficial. It has been reported that piglets reared in more extensive lactation environments have higher weaning weights and reduced post weaning growth check because of better feed intake. To test this further, a study was set up to investigate the effect of increasing creep feed variety through the use of different sequential flavours on intake, growth and health of piglets (pre and post weaning) in two housing systems with different degrees of complexity and freedom for the sow. Thirty-six sows were randomly allocated to either a farrowing crate or a loose farrowing PigSAFE pen at five days before farrowing, while the litters were further allocated to either a standard or diverse flavour creep feeding regime on day ten of lactation. It was shown that the housing system had no main or interactive effect on the feed intake and weight gain of piglets in the lactation and post-weaning periods. Feeding five different flavoured creeps (Toffee, Apricot, Butterscotch, Apple and Red fruit) in a daily sequential order increased the hourly frequency of visits to the creep feeder on day 18 of life and increased the piglets' feed intake over days 15–22 of lactation and day 22 to weaning at 28d. Butterscotch flavoured creep promoted a higher intake than red fruit creep, with other flavours intermediate. The prior experience of flavour diversity significantly increased weight gain in the first two weeks after weaning on a standardised feeding regime for both treatments. The researchers suggest that dietary novelty may be a method to stimulate early exploratory behaviour, feed intake and performance. This study was published in Animal Feed Science and Technology (May 2014). To comment, login here Or register to be able to comment.

<urn:uuid:e96fd135-feb4-47e2-b7f6-74901999c0ec>

Mammalian development begins when an egg is fertilized by a sperm. Fertilization activates the first of six to seven cell cleavage cycles over a four day period that culminate in formation of a blastocyst containing 64 to 128 cells comprising two cell types (Fig. 1). The outer layer of cells comprises the trophectoderm that will form the placenta, while the inner cell mass consists of about 25 totipotent embryonic stem cells that will produce the embryo. The first round of DNA replication occurs in both the maternal and paternal pronucleus of the fertilized egg (1-cell embryo). About 4 hours later, the first mitosis occurs to produce a 2-cell embryo in which each "zygotic nucleus" contains a complete set of parental chromosomes. This cleavage event is rapidly followed by the second S-phase and expression of a small number of zygotic genes (~38 to 282). Changes in the totipotency of individual cells are first detected at the 8-cell stage, although clearly differentiated cells first appear at the blastocyst stage with formation of embryonic (inner cell mass) and extraembryonic (trophectoderm) lineages (reviewed in Nothias et al., 1995; Nothias et al., 1996; Majumder & DePamphilis, 1995; Schultz et al., 1999; DePamphilis, Kaneko & Vassilev, 2002). A growing mouse oocyte, arrested at diplotene of its first meiotic prophase, transcribes and translates many of its own genes, thereby producing a store of proteins sufficient to support development to the 8-cell stage. When an oocyte matures into an egg, it arrests in metaphase of its second meiotic division where transcription stops and translation of mRNA is reduced (Fig. 1). Fertilization triggers completion of meiosis and formation of a 1-cell embryo containing a haploid paternal pronucleus derived from the sperm and a haploid maternal pronucleus derived from the oocyte. DNA replication begins after formation of the pronuclear envelopes, and occurs in each pronucleus from 10 - 16 hours post-fertilization (hpf). The first mitosis occurs from 17 20 hpf to produce a 2-cell embryo containing two diploid "zygotic" nuclei, each with a set of paternal and a set of maternal chromosomes. Formation of a mouse 2-cell embryo marks the transition from maternal to zygotic gene dependence. Degradation of maternal mRNA is triggered by meiotic maturation and is ~90% completed in 2-cell embryos, although translation of maternal mRNA continues into the 8-cell stage. Late 1-cell embryos are transcriptionally competent. Transcription of endogenous genes also has been detected in late 1-cell mouse embryos where it begins at the end of S-phase. However, transcription-dependent protein synthesis does not begin until 2 to 4 hours after completion of the first mitosis and the beginning of S-phase in 2-cell embryos. Eight to 10 hours later during G2-phase of 2-cell embryos,expression of zygotic genes increases in both amount and complexity. Thus, ZGA has at least three recognizable phases: transcription without translation begins in late 1-cell embryos (phase I), but transcription coupled to translation does not begin until the early 2-cell stage in development (phase II), and robust transcription coupled to translation does not begin until the late 2-cell stage (phase III). The second phase of ZGA is specific for a subset of zygotic genes. In mice, ZGA is a time-dependent event referred to as the "zygotic clock" that is delayed for about 24 hours post-fertilization, and therefore begins after formation of a 2-cell embryo (Fig. 1). This clock allows ZGA to begin in S-phase arrested 1-cell embryos after they have advanced temporally to the "2-cell stage". Following fertilization, some proteins (e.g. transcription factor Sp1, TATA-box binding protein, RNA pol-II) are translocated from the cytoplasm to the nucleus. Moreover, the carboxyl-terminal domain (CTD) of the RNA pol-II catalytic subunit is hyperphosphorylated and transcriptionally inactive in mature eggs (RNA pol IIo). Fertilization triggers dephosphorylation of the CTD into a hypophosphorylated form IIa that is required for initiation of transcription and a reduced phosphorylated form IIe characteristic of somatic cells. Maternal mRNA degradation is triggered by meiotic maturation, and is about 90% completed in 2-cell embryos, although maternal protein synthesis continues into the 8-cell stage. Despite the fact that transcription is first detected in G2-phase 1-cell embryos, fertilized mouse eggs can delay expression of zygotic genes by uncoupling translation from transcription. An RNA polymerase II dependent gene can be transcribed prior to the first mitosis, but it is not translated until zygotic gene expression begins (up to 15 hours later). At this time, translation of RNA pol II transcripts becomes tightly linked to transcription (the second phase). Demethylation and remethylation also take place during embryogenesis (Fig. 2). The paternal genome is actively demethylated within the first 8 hours after fertilization, prior to DNA replication (Mayer et al., 2000; Oswald et al., 2000). In contrast, the maternal genome is passively demethylated by DNA replication in the absence of Dnmt-1 activity as cells undergo cleavage from the 2-cell to the morula and blastula stages. CpG methylation activity returns after implantation, and confers methylation patterns similar to what is observed in somatic cells. One approach to understanding regulation of DNA replication and gene expression at the beginning of mammalian development has been to inject plasmid DNA into the nuclei of mouse oocytes and preimplantation embryos. The injected DNA can replicate or express an encoded reporter gene only when specific cis-acting regulatory sequences are present and provided with their cognate transacting proteins. Moreover, replication and transcription of DNA or translation of nascent mRNA occur only when the cellular genome executes the same function during its normal developmental program. Using this approach, we made five important discoveries: (1) A zygotic clock (Fig. 1) regulates gene expression through trans-acting factors that operate on exogenous plasmid DNA as well as the endogenous chromosomal DNA (Wiekowski et al., 1991). (2) Once ZGA begins, the requirements for transcription can differ from those observed at later stages in development. Prior to cell differentiation, enhancer stimulation is observed in the absence of TATA-box cell differentiation (Majumder & DePamphilis, 1994; Davis & Schultz, 2000). This would imply that the TATA-less promoters that drive transcription of typical housekeeping genes can be stimulated selectively in cleavage stage embryos, but not in differentiated cells (Figs. 2). In fact, we discovered that oocytes are unique in that they express an E1A-like activity that may serve to stimulate genes in place of enhancer activity (Dooley et al., 1989). (3) Chromatin-mediated repression and the ability of embryo-responsive enhancers to stimulate DNA transcription or replication first appears at the 2-cell stage of mouse development (Fig. 2). One or more factors capable of repressing DNA transcription and replication are absent from 1-cell embryos; they are produced just prior to ZGA (Henery et al., 1995; Wiekowski et al., 1997). Thus, by delaying transcription and by preventing any transcripts that are made from being translated, the zygotic clock provides a window of opportunity for remodeling parental chromosomes in the absence of gene expression (Fig. 2). Repression exists in the maternal nucleus of oocytes and one-cell embryos, and the zygotic nuclei and cytoplasm of two- to eight-cell embryos, but not in the paternal pronucleus of one-cell embryos. The ability to repress all transcription appears only after formation of a two-cell embryo and correlates with changes in histone synthesis (onset of H1, H2A, H2B synthesis) and modification (H4 acetylation). Furthermore, although transcription always requires a functional eukaryotic promoter, the ability to use enhancers (sequences that can operate in either orientation and at a distance from the start site) to relieve chromatin-mediated repression also first appears with formation of a 2-cell embryo. This is the time when an enhancer specific co-activator, and sequence-specific enhancer activation proteins are first detected . (4) The most powerful of these enhancers requires the sequence-specific DNA binding protein, Tead (Martinez-Salas et al., 1988; 1989; Mélin et al., 1993), and only one member of this novel family of transcription factors (Tead2) is produced in the embryo at the onset of zygotic gene expression and for the subsequent 7 days (Kaneko et al., 1997). Thus, Tead2 is one of the first transcription factors expressed during mammalian development. Tead proteins all bind to the same DNA site, with the same affinity, and stimulate transcription of specific genes and activate the polyomavirus origin of DNA replication from 20 to >500-fold (Kaneko & DePamphilis, 1998; DePamphilis, Kaneko & Vassilev, 2002). We recently discovered that Tead-dependent transcription in mouse fibroblasts is regulated by the availability of a powerful transcriptional co-activator, YAP65 (Fig. 3; Vassilev et al., 2001). Since both TEAD2 and YAP65 are found in all embryonic, neural, and hematopoietic stem cells (Ramalho-Santos et al.2002), Tead-dependent transcription appears to play a pivitol role in cell differentiation. TEAD proteins are localized in the nucleus, but YAP is localized in the cytoplasm (Vassilev et al., 2001). When YAP is overexpressed in mouse fibroblasts, most of it forms a complex with 14-3-3 proteins, a family of proteins that binds a multitude of functionally diverse signaling proteins, and are involved in localizing proteins in the cytoplasm. 14-3-3 and TEAD proteins compete for the same binding site on YAP protein. A smaller fraction of YAP is associated with the multi-PDZ domain protein, MUPP1. PDZ domain proteins are involved in assembly of protein signaling complexes on membranes. Given the fact that YAP is the rate limiting factor for TEAD-dependent transcription, and the fact that YAP binds to the SRC/YES protein tyrosine kinase family via its SH3 binding domain, we suggest that TEAD-dependent transcription is regulated by the availability of YAP65, and the availability of YAP65 is regulated by the SRC/YES signal transduction pathway (Fig. 3). One way this might occur is if mitogenic signals are relayed via the SRC/YES family of proteins to release YAP from the plasma membrane and allow it to translocate into the nucleus where it activates TEAD-dependent transcription. Conversely, TEADdependent transcription can be terminated by releasing YAP to translocate back to the cytoplasm where it is sequestered by 14-3-3 proteins. The putative YAP/MUPP1 plasma membrane site could be reloaded from the YAP/14-3-3 pool. We are currently exploring the mechanisms that regulate activation of TEAD-dependent transcription, and identifying the genes activated by TEAD-2 at the beginning of mammalian development. Figure 3. Regulation of TEAD-dependent transcription in mammals depends on association of TEAD protein (localized in the nucleus) with YAP65, a transcriptional co-activator localized in the cytoplasm. (5) While searching for Tead2 regulatory elements, we discovered a novel single copy gene called Soggy (Sgy) 3.8 kb upstream of the Tead2 mRNA start site and transcribed in the opposite direction (Kaneko and DePamphilis, 2000). The same locus exists in the human genome, except that the two mRNA start sites are separated by only 1.5 kb. Thus, regulatory elements of these two divergently transcribed genes lie in close proximity and therefore provide a unique paradigm for differential regulation of gene expression during mammalian development. Sgy and Tead2 are coordinately expressed in mouse preimplantation embryos and ES cells, but differentially expressed in differentiated cells (they express either Sgy or Tead2 but not both). In adult tissues, Sgy mRNA is detected at high levels only in the testes, where it is localized to developing spermatocytes, and at low levels only in lymphocytes. During embryogenesis, Sgy mRNA is first detected during the onset of zygotic gene expression at the 2-cell stage and continues until the blastocyst stage (Kaneko et al., 2004). With the onset of embryonic stem (ES) cell differentiation, Sgy is repressed until day 15 when it appears in the developing dorsal root ganglia and in the cartilage primordium of the nasal septum (Krupnik et al., 1999). We considered the possibility that differential gene expression is regulated by differential DNA methylation, but extensive analysis of both primary and secondary cells and tissues revealed that DNA methylation was not the primary determinant of Sgy/Tead2 expression (Kaneko et al., 2004). Nevertheless, Sgy expression was consistently restricted to basal levels whenever downstream regulatory sequences were methylated, suggesting that DNA methylation restricts but does not regulate differential gene expression during mouse development. We are currently exploring the mechanism of differential regulation at theSgy/Tead2 locus using a variety of experimental approaches to detect insulator sequences, changes in mRNA start site selection, and the effects of site-specific DNA methylation. We have recently discovered that Soggy protein (SGY) localizes to the acrosome during spermatogenesis (Kohn, Kaneko and DePamphilis, submitted for publication). Thus, the highly restricted expression of Sgy in adult tissues, the similarity of SGY to Dickkopf proteins (secreted antagonists of Wnt proteins), and the localization of SGY to the acrosome all suggest that SGY plays a critical role in spermatogenesis and may be essential for fertilization.

<urn:uuid:f117a638-8133-4624-bfc9-da7f81f7ba78>

Stamping parts (also known as pressing) is the process of placing flat sheet metal((stainless steel, iron, aluminum, copper and other anisotropic materials) in either blank or coil form into a stamping press where a tool and die surface forms the metal into a parts shape. Stamping parts includes a variety of sheet-metal forming manufacturing processes, such as punching using a machine press or stamping press, blanking, embossing, bending, flanging, and coining. This could be a single stage operation where every stroke of the press produces the desired form on the sheet metal part, or could occur through a series of stages. The process is usually carried out on sheet metal, but can also be used on other materials, such as polystyrene. The metal mold is a special tool installed on the press, and the metal material is made into a part or product of a desired shape through pressure. Such a special tool is collectively referred to as a metal mold. (1). Analysis of materials (product materials, mold materials). (2). Bump mold gap size. (For parts with high dimensional precision and high perpendicularity, small clearance values should be used. For parts with low requirements for vertical section and dimensional accuracy, the blanking force should be reduced and the life of the stamping die should be increased. Larger gap values: The following empirical formulas and practical gap gauges are used: Soft material: t<1 mm, c=[3% to 4%] tt=1 to 3mm, c=(5% to 8%)tt=3 ~ 5mm ,c =(8% ~10%)t Hard materials: t <1mm, c = (4% ~ 5%) tt = 1 ~ 3mm, c = (6% ~ 8%) t = 3 ~ 8mm, c = (8% ~ 13%). ) (3). The pilot pins adequate quantity and position. (4). Consider whether the waste rebounds and whether the mold is discharged smoothly. (5). Whether the monitor is designed, the waste rebound sensor. (6). Positioning plate and floating jack selection appropriate. (7). The number of bolts (including discharge bolts), size, and position are selected properly. (8). Consider punching power and choose a punch press. The stamping process is a process of separating or forming a sheet to obtain a workpiece. Stamping is a kind of metal processing method. It is based on the plastic deformation of metal. It uses a die and a punching device to exert pressure on the sheet material to make the sheet material plastically deform or separate to obtain a part with a certain shape, size and performance. (Stamping). With the unprecedented consensus on the importance of the development of advanced manufacturing technology, stamping forming technology has achieved unprecedented progress both in depth and breadth. Its characteristics are combined with high technology, and great changes have taken place in methods and systems. The penetration and cross-fusion of computer technology, information technology, modern measurement and control technologies and other stamping fields have promoted the formation and development of advanced stamping forming technologies. 1, stamping is a high production efficiency, low consumption of processing methods. The stamping process is suitable for the production of large-volume parts, facilitates mechanization and automation, and has high production efficiency. At the same time, stamping production can not only strive to achieve less scrap, and even if there are scraps in some cases, it can be fully utilized. 2, the operation process is convenient, does not require the operator to have a higher level of skills. 3, stamped parts generally do not need to be machined again, with high dimensional accuracy. 4, stamping parts have better interchangeability. Stamping processing stability is better, the same batch of stamping parts. Can be used interchangeably without affecting assembly and product performance. 5. Because the stamped parts are made of plate material, its surface quality is better, which provides convenient conditions for subsequent surface treatment processes (such as electroplating and painting). 6, stamping processing can obtain high strength, high stiffness and light weight parts. 7. Stamping parts produced in batch with molds are inexpensive. 8. Stamping can create complex parts that are difficult to machine with other metal processing methods. Drive Structure: Manual Punching Machine, Mechanical Press, Hydraulic Press, Pneumatic Press, High Speed Mechanical Press, CNC Punch (AIDA High Speed Punch, Micron High Speed Punch, KYORI High Speed Punch) According to processing precision: ordinary punch, precision punch According to use range: ordinary punch, special punch Grouped equipment: Automatic Feeder, High Speed Roller Feeder, NC Servo Roll Feeder, Material Discharge Rack/Receiver, Material Straightener/Leveler, Triple Feeder Bridge Feeder, Second Machine One Thick Plate Feeder leveler, decoiling, leveling and shearing line Metal stamping parts application areas: the automotive industry's overall stamping parts, auto parts stamping parts, electrical parts stamping parts, daily-use stamping parts, stamping parts for household electrical appliance parts, aviation special stamping parts, 1. There are stamping and processing in aerospace, aviation, military, machinery, agricultural machinery, electronics, information, railways, post and telecommunications, transportation, chemicals, medical equipment, household appliances and light industry. 2. There are many large, medium and small stamping parts on airplanes, trains, automobiles and tractors. 3. 80% of bicycles, sewing machines, and watches are stamping parts; 90% of televisions, tape recorders, and cameras are stamping parts; 4, food metal shell, steel boiler, enamel bowl and stainless steel tableware, all stamping products using the mold; 5, computer hardware stamping parts. Hardness testing of metal stampings uses Rockwell hardness tester. Small, complex shaped stampings cannot be tested on an ordinary bench Rockwell hardness tester. Stamping processing includes punching, bending, deep drawing, forming, finishing and other processes. The stamped parts are mainly made of hot-rolled or cold-rolled (based on cold-rolled) sheet metal materials such as carbon steel sheets, alloy steel sheets, spring steel sheets, galvanized sheets, tinplates, stainless steel sheets, copper and copper alloys. Plates, aluminum and aluminum alloy plates. Clean the surface of the outer cover with a clean gauze. The inspector needs to wear a touch glove to touch the surface of the stamping part along the longitudinal direction of the stamping part. This inspection method depends on the inspector's experience. If necessary, whetstones can be used to polish the suspect area and verify it, but this method is an effective method of rapid inspection. 2, Whetstone Grinding 1> First clean the surface of the outer cover with a clean gauze, then grind it with whetstone, where it has arcs and hard-to-reach areas, grind it with relatively small whetstone. 2> the choice of oilstone particle size depends on the surface conditions. It is recommended to use fine-grained whey stone. The direction of grinding of the whetstone is basically in the longitudinal direction, and it fits well on the surface of the stamping part. Part of the special place can also supplement the horizontal grinding. 3, soft gauze grinding Clean the surface of the outer cover with a clean gauze. The surface of the stamping part is tightly attached to the surface of the stamped part by means of a flexible sand net, and it is ground to the entire surface in the longitudinal direction. Any pitting and indentation can be easily found. Clean the surface of the outer cover with a clean gauze. Then use a clean brush to evenly apply oil to the entire outer surface of the stamping in the same direction. The stamped parts coated with oil should be tested under strong light. It is recommended to place the stamped parts upright on the body. With this method, it is easy to find tiny pits and ripples on stampings. 1: galvanized, nickel-plated, chrome-plated, gold-plated, silver-plated, blackened, oxidized, electropolished, pickled, phosphatized, electrophoretically. 2: spray paint, spray, spray porcelain. 3: Polishing, brushing, grinding, shot peening, shot blasting, vibration grinding. 4: Plastic covered. (1) Stamping Part Plating: A part to be plated is immersed in an aqueous solution containing a metal compound to be deposited, and an electric current is passed through the plating solution so that the plating metal is precipitated and deposited on the part. General hardware standard parts are plated with galvanized, copper, nickel, chromium, copper-nickel alloys, etc., sometimes boiled (blue), phosphatized, etc. are also included. (2) Hot-dip galvanizing of stamping parts: This is accomplished by immersing the hardware parts of the carbon steel parts into a bath of zinc-dissolved zinc at a temperature of about 510°C. As a result, the iron-zinc alloy on the surface of the steel gradually becomes passivated zinc on the outer surface of the product. Hot dip aluminum plating is a similar process. (3), stamping parts mechanical plating: It is through the coating metal particles to impact the surface of the product, and the coating is cold welded to the surface of the hardware standard product. The cost of electroplating is generally 0.6-0.8 yuan per kilogram, hot-dip zinc is generally 1.5-2 yuan / kg, the cost is higher. Bright surface treatment methods: Galvanizing, copper plating, nickel plating, chrome plating, copper-nickel alloy plating, etc.

<urn:uuid:f9664ea1-1927-4613-a42a-4b4f9cfddbb7>

Ashoka University requires each student to take 9 Foundation Courses. These consist of 2 Critical Thinking Seminars and 7 other Foundation Courses, out of which Quantitative Reasoning and Environmental Studies are compulsory. These courses are not formal gateways into the Major programmes. However, it is advisable for students to take as many of these courses as they can before declaring a Major. There is no specific order in which students have to take the Foundation Courses. Apart from the Introduction to Critical Thinking (Semester 1) and the second Critical Thinking Seminar (Semesters 2 ), they can take the other 7 Foundation Courses whenever they want. The books in the Great Books course will come from different cultures, different time periods, different languages, and different subjects. But they all have something significant to offer us as we think about the world today. The curriculum and themes will vary between sections, but readings will include influential books such as the Kama Sutra, the Mahabharata, Smith’s Wealth of Nations, and Darwin’s The Origin of Species, among others. This course seeks to introduce students to the plurality of ideas that is at the heart of Indian Civilization. India is like a civilizational sponge that has absorbed various influences. The course will emphasize the mosaic character of Indian tradition through examples from history and from the writings of some eminent thinkers. In the process, the course will draw out aspects of dialogue, dissent, syncretism and tolerance. This course aims to give students an experience of contemporary Mathematics. One can see that Mathematics is driven by ideas, not by calculations, it is both beautiful and powerful, and it combines precision with the greatest creativity. En route, one develops a set of broadly useful problem-solving skills, gains experience in precise thinking and writing, and encounters some of History’s landmark ideas. Literature and the World This course poses questions about how literature has diversely imagined the world, and how the world has diversely imagined literature. What does it mean to tell a story about a specific place? How does one’s own place affect the stories one tells? How are we all story-tellers? And how is the act of reading always itself an act of story-telling (or re-telling)? Mind and Behaviour What kind of creature are you? A human being, no doubt. But what kind of creature is that? How ought such a creature live? We will critically explore influential models of human nature in the Indic and Western philosophical traditions and their implications both for how we ought to live and our place in the social world. We will also survey key psychological results that directly have a bearing on those philosophical models. Principles of Science This course equips students to function productively in a world that is increasingly driven by science and technology. Rather than looking at any particular scientific discipline, the course focuses on understanding the nature of scientific inquiry and the relevance of science and scientific thinking in our lives. By studying the history of the development of our current understanding of the world, this course aims at gaining an appreciation for the importance and wonder of the scientific worldview. Social and Political Formations The course introduces students to two of the most important concepts that frame the study of social sciences: the political and the social. What does it mean to be political? What is the difference between thinking politically and doing politics? What do we mean by social and political formations? How and why do these formations emerge? Are they similar and static across time and space? If not, then what explains their variation? What are some of the ways in which these issues have been studied? Importantly, how do we begin to understand these diverse and dense set of ideas?

<urn:uuid:8e789718-cb2e-4f55-8383-83488acabedb>

May 25, 2011 -- Close to 19% of young adults may have high blood pressure, and just half of them are aware of it despite this condition's strong link to heart attack and stroke risk, according to a new study. "There is a sleeping epidemic among young adults," says study researcher Kathleen Mullan Harris, PhD, the interim director of the University of North Carolina’s Carolina Population Center in Chapel Hill. "We tend to think of them as a rather healthy group, but a prevalence of 19% with hypertension is alarming." The new findings, which appear in Epidemiology, are much higher than previous estimates of the prevalence of high blood pressure in this same age group. The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2007-2008 showed that 4% of people aged 20 to 39 had high blood pressure. Exactly why there is such a wide gap between the two estimates is not fully understood. "Both were carefully done and highly reputable studies, and the true prevalence is probably somewhere in between these two estimates," says Harris. Both studies analyzed blood pressure measurements of similar age groups around the same time (2007-2008), and both studies defined high blood pressure as 140/90 or higher. The new 19% prevalence estimates are based on data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Add Health), which looked at more than 14,000 men and women aged 24 to 32. The Add Health study is one of the first to focus solely on the heart health of young adults. The participants have been followed for cardiovascular risk factors including obesity since 1995. When participants were aged 12 to 19, 11% were obese; five years later, 22% were obese; five to six years later when they were aged 24 to 32, 37% were obese, the new study shows. The study asks more questions than it answers at this point, says Steven Hirschfeld, MD, associate director for clinical research for the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development in Bethesda, Md. The findings "emphasize the need to continue to monitor high blood pressure in young adults, but don’t necessarily recalibrate what is normal or what is abnormal," he says. "We need to look at this report in more detail," he says. "It is too early to make any public health recommendations based on one study." The differences between the two studies could be due to the time of year that the blood pressure readings were taken, for example, he says. "We also don’t know what effect this measurement would have on health," he says. "It is a one-time measurement and we don’t know where these participants were 10 years ago and where they will be 10 years from now." Staying Vigilant About Hypertension George Bakris, MD, a professor of medicine and the director of the Hypertension Center at the University of Chicago, says that "the new prevalence rate is alarming because many young adults don’t even know they have a problem," he says. "Given the high salt and fat intake and tendency toward sedentary lifestyle, [the prevalence] is not a surprise." "Young adults and families of young adults should be more vigilant and aware of their blood pressure," he says. This starts with getting a proper measurement and finding out whether or not there is problem. "This problem is easily fixable if young adults are willing to alter their lifestyle," he says. Typically young adults may be able to control high blood pressure with lifestyle changes such as reducing sodium intake and losing weight. It’s worth it, he says. "Keeping your blood pressure down through your teen years can delay risk of heart attack or stroke by 10 to 15 years."

<urn:uuid:6599740a-9c40-4ede-a8c1-24c835a70f67>

Dust Bowl, the name given to areas of the U.S. prairie states that suffered ecological devastation in the 1930s and then to a lesser extent in the mid-1950s. The problem began during World War I, when the high price of wheat and the needs of Allied troops encouraged farmers to grow more wheat by plowing and seeding areas in prairie states, such as Kansas, Texas, Oklahoma, and New Mexico, which were formerly used only for grazing. After years of adequate yields, livestock were returned to graze the areas, and their hooves pulverized the unprotected soil. In 1934 strong winds blew the soil into huge clouds called "dusters" or "black blizzards," and in the succeeding years, from December to May, the dust storms recurred. Crops and pasture lands were ruined by the harsh storms, which also proved a severe health hazard. The uprooting, poverty, and human suffering caused during this period is notably portrayed in John Steinbeck's The Grapes of Wrath. Through later governmental intervention and methods of erosion-prevention farming, the Dust Bowl phenomenon has been virtually eliminated, thus left a historic reference. See D. Worster, Dust Bowl: The Southern Plains in the 1930s (1979); T. Egan, The Worst Hard Time (2005); K. Burns, dir., The Dust Bowl (documentary, 2012). The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright © 2012, Columbia University Press. All rights reserved. More on Dust Bowl from Fact Monster: See more Encyclopedia articles on: U.S. Physical Geography

<urn:uuid:386ac6a9-c3af-4ffb-8a9b-314828bc5a6f>

When charging multichemistry batteries with different cell capacities, the battery voltage can be higher or lower than the supply voltage at various stages of the charging. Thus, the supply voltage needs to be either boosted or attenuated to match the battery voltage. For example, a supply voltage of 3.3V must be attenuated, or bucked, when a single-cell NiMH (nickel-metal-hydride) battery with a typical voltage of 1.25V is being charged. When a single-cell, 4.1V lithium-ion battery is used, the input voltage needs to be boosted. Read more on EDN.

<urn:uuid:adfac71a-ab4f-4a3c-9739-6ec841c60034>

Everyone in education from pupils to teachers to S.L.T. hear the word progress on a daily basis. It is the thing we strive for everyday and what we all want for our pupils. The rate of progress for individuals changes depending on lots of factors, some terms, years is rapid whilst others is slow. Likewise when compared with each other progress differs from pupil to pupil. Progress Towards their Termly Target Progress Towards their End of Year (or KS) Target Progress Since the End of Last Year Progress Since the Last Keystage Progress Since Last Term However recent changes to the curriculum has led to changes in assessment of progress and attainment: As part of our reforms to the national curriculum, the current system of “levels” used to report children’s attainment and progress will be removed from September 2014. Levels are not being banned, but will not be updated to reflect the new national curriculum and will not be used to report the results of national curriculum tests. Key stage 1 and key stage 2 tests taken in the 2014 to 2015 academic year will be against the previous national curriculum, and will continue to use levels for reporting purposes. Schools will be expected to have in place approaches to formative assessment that support pupil attainment and progression. The assessment framework should be built into the school curriculum, so that schools can check what pupils have learned and whether they are on track to meet expectations at the end of the key stage, and so that they can report regularly to parents. Schools will have the flexibility to use approaches that work for their pupils and circumstances, without being constrained by a single national approach. Taken from - Myths and facts Curriculum and assessment DFE 27th February 2014 Russell Hobby, general secretary of the NAHT, said that it was crucial for schools to devise a common means of judging pupil performance. “The idea of 20,000 different models of assessment is not a good one,” he said. “We want schools to use broadly similar systems. Although levels weren’t brilliant, complete fragmentation is not good either.” Very confusing times ahead but what is clear is teachers on the chalk face must continue to using both summative and formative assessment to ensure the continued progress of their pupils, to do this we need to: - Be clear about the learning goals and the success criteria by which learning will be judged, sharing them with pupils using pupil-friendly language - Show pupils that all responses, views and opinions are valued and encouraging them to view errors as learning opportunities - Give specific, constructive feedback, which indicates how pupils can improve and the steps they need to take in order to do so (via written, scaffolded marking and verbal feedback) - Give time for learning to be absorbed (realistic achievable goals which still allow pupils to be stretched) - Encourage pupils to reflect upon their learning and to monitor their own progress, for example, by means of self and peer assessment. This means time to respond to marking, time to talk with their peers and teacher - Take every opportunity to observe learning rather than relying on test results or evidence in books - Questions, questions, questions - an essential assessment tool - It is also important that the focus is on improvement and that pupils understand what they need to learn or the skills they need to develop in order to improve and reach certain goals - Use present formal tests (statutory, optional or commercial) as they can provide useful evidence about what pupils know and can do moderation to inform assessments - Moderation can be described as a dialogue between teachers and other professionals, to agree and make judgments about what pupils understand, know or can do. Moderation activities can range from informal (for example, a discussion with a teaching assistant about an interesting observation of a pupil’s work) to a formal external process (e.g. local authority moderators reviewing teacher judgements). Moderation partners may include colleagues within your school, teachers from other schools (e.g. from a local school

<urn:uuid:cf15b0f6-a994-432a-9884-afe34be5ee8a>

Did you know that your teeth can repair and heal, just like bones? The composition of tooth enamel is 96% minerals, making it the hardest tissue in the human body . But despite being so strong, teeth are also porous, and can lose as well as absorb these minerals. This is both the bad news and the good news, because just as cavities form due to demineralization of the tooth enamel, you can heal and remineralize teeth by replacing vital minerals that your teeth require to be as strong as possible. How do your teeth lose minerals? Demineralization occurs when tooth enamel is broken down in an acidic oral environment, which is created as plaque bacteria feed on sugars from sweet or starchy foods. When this breakdown happens without something being done to reverse it, you get tooth erosion, which can lead to cavities. Reversing demineralization is called remineralization. When you take steps to remineralize teeth, you can actually heal and replace eroded tooth enamel before a cavity reaches the dentin layer beneath, requiring a dentist visit. Fortunately, remineralizing teeth and preventing tooth decay is a relatively easy thing to do naturally. Obviously, your first defense is to brush and floss to remove erosive plaque and the sugars that feed it, but there are several more ways to help teeth remineralize. 11 Ways to Remineralize Teeth at Home 1. Foster a More Alkaline Oral Environment The opposite of acid is alkaline, and while too much alkalinity can also be harmful, enough to neutralize decay-causing acid is a good thing. Rinsing with an alkaline mouthwash, brushing your teeth after meals, and eating more alkaline (non-acidic, non-sugary) foods will all help balance your mouth’s pH—which allows your teeth to remineralize naturally. 2. Eat Your Veggies Vegetables are high alkaline, high in essential vitamins, and provide minerals for teeth. They are also helpful for keeping plaque in check because they don’t provide the sugar it feeds on. 3. Limit Sugar Simply put, sugar causes cavities. Plaque bacteria feast on sugar and then create acids that break down your tooth enamel. When you eat sugary foods, it’s like taking your plaque bacteria to a Las Vegas buffet. Limiting sugar helps starve them and reduce their demineralizing effect on teeth. 4. Increase Saliva Flow Your saliva is an important part of your body’s process to remineralize teeth. Many people experience dry mouth as a result of medications or health concerns, and their teeth can suffer as a result. Stay properly hydrated and chew on sugarless gum to keep the good stuff flowing. 5. Pick a Glycerin-Free Toothpaste Brushing your teeth with the right toothpaste matters. Glycerin, a common toothpaste ingredient (even in natural brands), can make it more difficult to remineralize teeth. It creates a coating that makes teeth feel smooth but doesn’t allow the important minerals for teeth from saliva and other sources to be absorbed. 6. Try Xylitol 7. Cut Back on Processed Starches Turns out, processed starches are bad for teeth, too. A study4 put kids on a cereal-free diet for six months, and during that time period the initiation and spread of cavities was almost eliminated. Starch provides carbohydrates that decay-causing bacteria love, and reducing it helps tip the erosion-vs-remineralizing scales in your favor. 8. Enjoy a Mineral-Rich Diet Foods like nuts, legumes, whole grains, and dark leafy greens give your body what it needs to replace minerals in teeth. Foods like white beans, almonds, canned salmon, and broccoli are also helpful for the calcium they provide. 9. Get Your Vitamin D Vitamin D helps your teeth do a better job of remineralizing, so get out in the sunshine, and eat good whole-food sources of it like mushrooms, almonds, almond milk, tofu, organic eggs and wild-caught salmon. Combine Vitamin D with Vitamins K2 and A to get the full benefit, in supplements and food. Foods that contain K2 are egg yolks, organic organ meat, and full-fat organic dairy, and A can be found in organic eggs, leafy greens, and orange and yellow vegetables. Omelette, anyone? 10. Try Oil Pulling Oil pulling can help reduce bacteria5, which can reduce demineralizing, making your efforts to remineralize teeth more effective. To oil pull, take a tablespoon of organic coconut oil in your mouth, let it melt, and then swish it around between your teeth for 10-15 minutes. Then spit it into a garbage can (never into a sink, where it can re-harden quickly and clog). 11. Scrape Your Tongue Use a tongue scraper to remove more detrimental bacteria from your mouth. The fewer bacteria there are, the less damage being done. Remineralizing teeth is nature’s way of protecting against cavities and decay. Give your body a hand by utilizing the 11 strategies above—even a few small changes will pay off over time. - Ensanya Ali Abou Neel, Anas Aljabo, Adam Strange, Salwa Ibrahim, Melanie Coathup, Anne M Young, Laurent Bozec, and Vivek Mudera; Demineralization–remineralization dynamics in teeth and bone, Int J Nanomedicine - Sarita Arteaga; Demineralization and Remineralization: The Battle to keep teeth strong and healthy; Dentistry IQ - Miake Y, Saeki Y, Takahashi M, Yanagisawa T.; Remineralization effects of xylitol on demineralized enamel., J Electron Microsc. - May Mellanby and C. Lee Pattison; Remarks on The influence of a cereal-free diet rich in Vitamin D and Calcium on dental caries in children, Br Med J. - Asokan S, Rathan J, Muthu MS, Rathna PV, Emmadi P; Raghuraman; Chamundeswari; Effect of oil pulling on Streptococcus mutans count in plaque and saliva using Dentocult SM Strip mutans test: a randomized, controlled, triple-blind study, J Indian Soc Pedod Prev Dent This article may contain affiliate links, which allows you to support our mission (as well as demonstrate market demand for safer products) without costing you extra.

<urn:uuid:58bd8c0f-c8ab-4dc3-9581-84e1856cbc3f>

A-side and B-side originally referred to the two sides of 7 inch vinyl records on which singles were released beginning in the 1950s. The terms have come to refer to the types of song conventionally placed on each side of the record, with the A-side being the featured song (the one that the record producer hopes will receive radio airplay and become a "hit"), while the B-side, or flipside, is a secondary song that often does not appear on the artist's LP. History[edit | edit source] The earliest 10-inch, 78 RPM, shellac records were single sided. Double sided recordings, with one song on each side, were first introduced in Europe by Columbia Records and by the late 1910s they had become the norm in both Europe and the USA. There were no record charts until the 1930s; A-sides and B-sides existed, but neither side was considered more important, and for the most part, radio stations would play the song on either side of the record. The "side" did not convey anything about the content of the record. In 1948, Columbia Records introduced the ten- and twelve-inch long-playing (LP) vinyl record for commercial sales, and its rival RCA-Victor responded the next year with the seven-inch 45 rpm vinyl record, which would come to replace the 78 as the home of the single. The term "single" came into popular use with the advent of vinyl records in the early 1950s. At first, most record labels would randomly assign which song would be an A-side and which would be a B-side. (All phonograph records have specific identifiers for each side in addition to the catalog number for the record itself; the "A" side would typically be assigned a sequentially lower number.) Under this random system, many artists had so-called "double-sided hits", where both songs on a record made one of the national sales charts (in Billboard, Cashbox, or other magazines), or would be featured on jukeboxes in public places. As time wore on, however, the convention for assigning songs to sides of the record changed. Very early into the decade, the song on the A-side was the song that the record company wanted radio stations to play, as 45 records (or '45s') dominated the market in terms of cash sales. It was not until 1968, for instance, that the total production of albums on a unit basis finally surpassed that of singles in the United Kingdom. By the early 1970s, double-sided hits had become rare. Album sales had increased, and B-sides had become the side of the record where non-album, non-radio-friendly, instrumental versions or simply inferior recordings were placed. With the advent of cassette and compact disc singles in the late 1980s, the A-side/B-side differentiation became much less meaningful. At first, cassette singles would often have one song on each side of the cassette, matching the arrangement of vinyl records, but eventually, cassette maxi-singles, containing more than two songs, became more popular. With the decline of cassette singles in the 1990s, the A-side/B-side dichotomy became virtually extinct, as the remaining dominant medium, the compact disc, lacked an equivalent physical distinction. However, the term "B-side" is still used to refer to the "bonus" tracks or "coupling" tracks on a CD single. With the advent of legal methods of downloading music via the Internet, sales of CD singles and other physical media have declined, and the term "B-side" is now less commonly used. Songs that were not part of an artist's collection of albums are made available through the same downloadable catalogs as tracks from their albums, and are usually referred to as "unreleased", "bonus", "non-album", "rare", "outtakes" or "exclusive" tracks, the latter in the case of a song being available solely from a certain provider of music. Significance[edit | edit source] B-side songs are released on the same record as a single to provide extra "value for money". There are several types of material commonly released in this way: - a different version (e.g., instrumental, acapella, live, acoustic, remixed version or in another language/text) of the A-side or another track - another song from the same album, which the record company does not want to release on its own - a song not considered good enough for the album - a song that was stylistically unsuitable for the album - a song that had not yet been completed at the time of the album's release - a song that was intended to be [marketed as] a B-side in the first place - a cover of another song - in concept records: a song that does not fit into the story line. As well, it was common in the 1960s and 1970s for longer songs by soul, funk or R&B acts to be broken into two parts for single release. Examples of this include the Isley Brothers "Shout" (Parts 1 and 2), and a number of records by James Brown, including (amongst many others) "Papa's Got a Brand New Bag" (Parts 1 & 2); "Say It Loud - I'm Black and I'm Proud (Parts 1 & 2); and "Mother Popcorn" (Parts 1 & 2). "Part 1" would be the chart hit, while "Part 2" would be a continuation of the same recording. A major example of a non-soul hit with parts 1 & 2 was the single release of Don McLean's "American Pie". With the advent of the 12" single in the late 1970s, the Part 1/Part 2 method of recording was largely abandoned. Since both sides of a single received equal royalties, some composers deliberately arranged for their songs to be used as the B-sides of singles by popular artists, thereby making a fortune literally off the back of the A-side. This became known as the "flipside racket". On a few occasions, the B-side became the more popular song. This was usually because a DJ preferred the B-side to its A-side and played it instead. Then the B-side would in a sense become the A-side, by virtue of being the preferred side. Examples include "I Will Survive" by Gloria Gaynor (originally the B-side of "Substitute"), "Black Water" by the Doobie Brothers (originally the B-side of "Another Park, Another Sunday"), "Maggie May" by Rod Stewart (originally the B-side of "Reason To Believe"), and "Tequila" by the Champs (originally the B-side of "Train to Nowhere"). Even more rarely, both sides of the single would become hits, such as Queen's "We Are the Champions" and "We Will Rock You". This feat was achieved repeatedly by some artists, notably Ricky Nelson and later The Beach Boys and The Beatles. The song "How Soon Is Now?" by The Smiths started out as the extra track on the 12" of "William, It Was Really Nothing" but later gained a separate release as an A-side in its own right, as did Oasis's "Acquiesce", which originally appeared as a B-side to "Some Might Say" in 1995, but gained subsequent release in 2006 as part of an EP to promote their forthcoming compilation album, Stop the Clocks. Feeder in 2001 and 2005 had the B-sides "Just a Day" from "Seven Days In The Sun", and "Shatter" from "Tumble and Fall" released as A-sides after fan petitions and official website and fansite message board hype, and both charted at #12 and #11 in the UK. On some reissued singles the A- and B-sides are by completely different artists, or two songs from different albums that would not normally have been released together. These were sometimes made for the jukebox, as one record with two popular songs on it would make more money, or to promote an artist to the fans of another. For example, in 1981, Kraftwerk released their new single "Computer Love", with the B side of "The Model" from their previous album. After "The Model" found popularity, the single was re-released with the sides reversed, and "The Model" hit the UK No1 spot, three years after its album release. With the popularity of file sharing and mp3s it has now become common for fans to find all the released b-sides from album sessions to add them to the end of the album on mp3 players, largely expanding the album. Paramore are a good example for this as their recent album Riot! has been arranged with 9 extra tracks of b-sides, live versions, covers and alternative versions. B-sides have become a lot more important over the years because they give fans a little extra material to keep them satisfied until new material is to be released. It has also become common for fans to have high expectations for B-sides to be good and worthy album tracks; disappointment should not be an issue. In recent times it has become a lot more common for some album versions to include b-sides as bonus tracks, most commonly on digital releases (such as on iTunes) but also on some physical releases. Reggaeton artists have been known to release special editions of their albums with a few B-side tracks on them. These tracks are usually tracks that have been previously released on a hip hop producer's compilation album. Other Types Of B-Sides[edit | edit source] B-sides are different from unreleased material, outtakes and demos. "Unreleased material" is work that usually isn't released to the general public. On rare occasions, particularly for reissues, these songs are in fact placed on albums, often with that description after it. Artist Avril Lavigne has about 15 B-sides, which were never released onto any albums. "Outtakes" are songs recorded for an album but, either for technical or artistic purposes, not included in the released album. They occasionally appear on reissues of albums, billed as "bonus tracks". R.E.M.'s album Dead Letter Office, for example, is a collection of outtakes from previous albums that were later released as b-sides to various singles. "Demos" are early versions of songs which, like "unreleased material", seldom see the light of day. Demos of songs often have additional or alternative verses. Often more demos than full songs are recorded, as an artist goes back and retools what is already present. Singers Moby, Prince, and Billy Corgan of the group The Smashing Pumpkins are rumored to have large personal collections of demos. On occasion, artists release albums of compiled B-sides and rare tracks, making it easier for fans to listen to new and unheard material from discontinued singles. Examples: - The Beatles' Rarities a collection of B-Sides (plus a few non-album EP tracks and foreign-released recordings). The album was originally included in a 1978 boxed set of studio Beatles albums, and then released as a stand-alone album the following year. - Led Zeppelin's Coda - The Who's Odds and Sods, Meaty Beaty Big and Bouncy, Rarities Volume I & Volume II, Who's Missing, and Two's Missing - Anthrax's Attack of the Killer B's - Skid Row's B-Side Ourselves EP features five cover songs that the band used as B sides for singles. - The Clash's Super Black Market Clash - Adam Ant's "B-Side Babies" - Dannii Minogue's Unleashed compilation that featured unreleased material, remixes and rarities - Nick Cave & the Bad Seeds' B-Sides & Rarities - Ice Cube's Bootlegs and B-Sides - Nirvana's Incesticide - Oasis' The Masterplan - Prince's three disc set The Hits/The B-Sides of which one of the three discs was devoted entirely to B-sides (released 1993) - Queen's The Complete Vision - The Smashing Pumpkins' Pisces Iscariot - The Smiths Hatful Of Hollow, The World Won't Listen & Louder Than Bombs - Less Than Jake's B Is for B-sides (and indeed Losers, Kings and Things We Don't Understand) - Iron Maiden's Best of the B-Sides - Green Day's Shenanigans - The "Switched-On" series of compilations by Stereolab - The Feeder's 2004 release titled Picture Of Perfect Youth, a limited edition album which contained 36 b-sides across two CDs. - The Goo Goo Dolls' Greatest Hits Volume 2 - Silverchair's Rarities 1994 - 1999 - Pet Shop Boys' 1995 compilation of 30 B-Sides called Alternative - Gorillaz's G-Sides - Avenged Sevenfold's Diamonds in the Rough, released along with their "Live At The LBC" performance. - Relient K's The Bird and the Bee Sides, released 2008 - Megadeth's Hidden Treasures, released 1995 - The Killers's Sawdust, released 2007 - Fightstar's Alternate Endings, released 2008 - Pearl Jam's Lost Dogs, released 2003 - Tears for Fears's Saturnine Martial & Lunatic, released 1996 - Muse's Hullabaloo Soundtrack, released 2002 Double A-side[edit | edit source] Template:Confusing A "double A-side" is a single which has two featured songs. This practice was introduced by The Beatles in 1965 for their single "Day Tripper" which appeared on the same single with "We Can Work It Out," as the band and their label, Parlophone Records, found both songs to be equally marketable, and decided not to relegate one to B-side status. Following "We Can Work It Out" b/w "Day Tripper," the Beatles released a number of other double A-sided singles, including "Yellow Submarine" b/w "Eleanor Rigby", "Strawberry Fields Forever" b/w "Penny Lane", and "Come Together" b/w "Something." Some singles have also been designated double A-sides in retrospect, such as Elvis Presley's 1956 "Don't Be Cruel" which appeared on the same single with "Hound Dog"; this was done in retrospect because both sides became chart hits independently of one another. In fact, "Hound Dog" was the B-side of the single as originally released. Occasionally double-A-sided singles are released with each side targeting a different market. During the late 1970s, for example, Dolly Parton released a number of double A-sided singles, in which the A-side was released to pop radio, and the B side to country, including "Two Doors Down"/"It's All Wrong but It's All Right" and "Baby I'm Burning"/"I Really Got the Feeling". Many artists continue to release double A-side singles outside of the US where it is seen as more popular. A good example of a double A-side is the Pet Shop Boys' 1991 release of their cover/medley of U2's "Where The Streets Have No Name" and Frankie Valli's "Can't Take My Eyes Off Of You". The Pet Shop Boys were planning to release "How Can You Expect To Be Taken Seriously?" as their next single but decided they "needed a big hit" (quote: N.Tennant - Sleeve notes, Behaviour/Further listening). They therefore released the mentioned cover song and their own composition as a double a-side. Later on their PopArt hits collection (2003), they omitted "How Can You Expect To Be Taken Seriously?" as it received little if any radio airplay with "Where The Streets Have No Name/Can't Take My Eyes Off Of You" receiving all the airplay and being placed on the album by itself. |Creedance Clearwater Revival||6| |Nat King Cole||5| |The Four Seasons (group)||4| |Bill Haley and His Comets||3| |Jan and Dean||2| |Jan and Dean||2| Double B-side[edit | edit source] Double B-Sides are released to give further value for money in the hope of enticing a record buyer. On vinyl, a double A-Side single has one song on either side of the record, while Double B-Sides contain two songs on the same side (on the B-Side - altogether giving 3 songs). These would not quite qualify as EP singles - as that is generally 4 songs on a single. Paul McCartney's 1980 single "Coming Up" had a studio version of the song on the A-Side, while the B-Side contained two songs, a live version of "Coming Up" and a studio instrumental called "Lunchbox/Odd Sox." Ironically, in the United States, radio programmers made the live version of "Coming Up" the hit, although the other B-Side song, "Lunchbox/Odd Sox," was all but ignored. "Everybodys Jesus" was a double B-Side released by Australian hip hop group Butterfingers (2005). The CD single featured the songs "Jesus I Was Evil" and "Everybody's Ugly", the latter being included in the album The Deeper You Dig (2006). Joke B-side[edit | edit source] The 1988 single "Stutter Rap (No Sleep 'Til Bedtime)" by parody band Morris Minor and the Majors featured a song on the B-side entitled "Another Boring 'B'-side". The lyric describes how the band is in the studio simply to record three minutes of music to fill the B-side with as little effort as possible and then get back home. Similarly, parody band Bad News recorded a video b-side to the VHS version of their single "Bohemian Rhapsody". The B-side "Every Mistake Imaginable" features the band discussing the fact that they have to record an extra three minutes of footage for the single to be chart eligible. Comedienne and singer Tracey Ullman's hit "They Don't Know" was backed by a song entitled "The B Side" and featured Ullman in a variety of comic monologues - many of which bemoaned the uselessness of B-Sides. The single "O.K.?" based on the TV series "Rock Follies of '77" contained a song called "B-Side?". The song featured Charlotte Cornwell tunelessly singing about the fact that she is not considered good enough to sing an A-Side. The Fastest Group Alive's 1966 single "The Bears" was backed with a 35-second track called "Beside", whose lyric consisted of the repeated line "It's cotton picking time in the valley". John Safran's 1997 single "(Not The) Sunscreen Song" featured two B-sides "Track Two" and "Track Three"; both were simply Safran "saying" the titles of the respective song. The Rakes used their CD format B-side to "22 Grand Job" to have a go at Apple; this song was called "iProblem" (or one problem). The lead singer complained how their iPod was not working and naming the bands he had on there (these included Babyshambles and Bloc Party). This was staged as a one-man phone call to a help line. The B-side of the single "They're Coming to Take Me Away Ha-Haaa!" by Napoleon XIV was called "!aaaH-aH ,yawA eM ekaT oT gnimoC er'yehT" and the singer billed as "NOELOPAN VIX". It was the A-side played in reverse; in fact, most of the label affixed to that B-side was a mirror image of the front label (as opposed to being spelled backwards), including the letters in the "WB" shield logo. Inflatable Boy Clams copied this idea with a double single in 1981. Disc one had a track called "Skeletons," on the A-side, and the B-side was the same track backwards, labeled "Snoteleks." Shel Silverstein's 1971 recording "A Front Row Seat To Hear Ole Johnny Sing" had a 26-second-long song on the B-side, unsurprisingly titled "26 Second Song". B/W[edit | edit source] The term "b/w", an abbreviation of "backed with", is often used to refer to the B-side of a record. The term "c/w", for "combined with" or "coupled with", is used similarly.

<urn:uuid:cae24149-d950-4dba-b651-6ef5fd9a89c5>

Youth led program for more inclusive schools School is an important time in all of our lives. It’s when we explore what we like to do, learn social skills and begin to develop our identity. But school isn’t all self-discovery and excitement; students face pressure academically and socially. These things are challenging for everyone, but if a school doesn’t support its students to be fully included, it’s even harder. Unfortunately, this is the reality for many students who live with disability. When students who live with disability are separated from the rest of the students, not only do they miss out on developing social skills, but they miss out on developing their identity and self-belief that they do belong and can achieve whatever they want. But the loss is not theirs alone. The rest of the students miss out on learning within a diverse peer group and society misses out by not fostering and supporting young people who live with disability to become who they are capable of being. A group of seven adults, who are still young enough to clearly recall their own school experiences, have been changing the culture of inclusion in South Australian schools. They are mentors for a new initiative by JFA Purple Orange called the Inclusive School Communities Project. The mentors believe it is not disability that holds students back; it is practices and policies that are often well-intentioned but inadvertently lead to exclusion and low expectations. The mentors draw on their experience of being students who live with disability to guide schools toward a culture of inclusion and support. What is inclusive education? The project leader, Letitia Rose, told us inclusive education means, “students living with disability are fully included in the general classroom and receive the supports and modifications they need to be able to participate fully and to their best ability.” We spoke to mentors Angus, Madde, Leeanne and Nick about their involvement in this project. All of them agreed that they want to see better choice and control for students living with disability. Madde said, “It’s about actually giving them a voice and actually consulting with the students about which pathway they want to take throughout their high school journey.” Angus added, “When they’ve got the right supports, the right attitudes and enough resources, a young person is going to kick goals.” The Inclusive School Communities Project For the first phase of the project, the mentors are supporting five schools, More schools are expected to join later. The mentors are also supporting JFA Purple Orange, the steering group and the schools in creating a toolkit of resources to be used by any school who is trying to become more inclusive. Nick explained, “We like to look at it from more of a holistic approach and really sort of delve into what inclusion means.” They are also working closely with the schools involved to help them with their specific needs. For example one of the schools is refurbishing and expanding their campus. They’ve asked a mentor who lives with physical disability, to come to their meetings with the architect, planners and builders so that this mentor could inform accessible designs. Madde, who lives with vision impairment is working with schools to improve signage and resources for students living with vision impairment. Leeanne, who is autistic, is working with schools on social inclusion and support students with autism. There are mentors living with physical, sensory and intellectual disability. It is important to have this diversity of experience represented on the mentor team, so that each can assist in their own area of expertise. The power of first-hand experience The mentors are young people who’ve experienced first-hand what it is like to be a student who lives with disability. That is what sets this project apart from the rest. “It’s information straight from the source of people who have either gone through it or are still going through it,” Nick told us. Letitia explained further, “Given that young people are the beneficiaries of the project, we think it’s important that their voice and perspective and ideas are shaping it and that’s the way that Purple Orange works with everything because we know for things to be more successful, they need to include the people who are going to be affected or benefit.” United by a common passion All the mentors have had different experiences with education, but are united with a common passion - helping others to be more included. “I’m passionate about this project because I was one of those people who had quite a positive experience. I got in-class support, some modifications made and various other things. And I went through the same school all the way so my disability was normalised amongst my peers. That drives me to get a better understanding of what’s happening and what other people’s experiences are so I can advocate for the same opportunities as anybody else” – Angus “I have an interest in the education system. You always hear bad stories of different things that people have had to tackle, whether it be on a school or a societal level in the work place. I’m keen on helping others and trying to help make things better for everyone, step by step.” – Madde “I don’t know how we can expect society to change in terms of being more inclusive for people with disability if it’s not being modelled as students are going through the school system. If they see it happening there, when accessibility or inclusion is meant to happen in the workplace, it won’t feel so foreign and people may know what to do. Overall, if we’re going to create massive change it needs to be in those formative years rather than just trying to do it when the person is an adult and already set in their ways.” – Leeanne “In our everyday lives there are things we see and things we come up against that we know needs to change for lots of reasons. It’s about being given a platform to be able to share that and if we can make it better for other people, why would we not do that?” – Nick Where do we go from here? There is still a long way to go until Inclusive Education is the standard. Leeanne, a qualified teacher, told us it can take, “20 years from when information is known to when it is implemented at schools,” but the Inclusive School Communities project is a promising move in the right direction and the participating schools are keen to progress. “The schools are actively engaged,” Angus affirmed. “They’re very enthusiastic about working alongside people who live with disability who have been through the schooling system.” They are listening, learning and making changes and are well positioned to pave the way for other schools to follow.

<urn:uuid:8fe69f76-3401-4683-9e6e-280aa27646c9>

The following post is a part of a series that discusses 'managing risk for development,' the theme of the World Bank’s upcoming World Development Report 2014 . Income support is an essential part of crisis and disaster response. Time after time, governments, donors, and humanitarian agencies step in with support to people affected disasters and economic crisis. They often do this on an ad hoc basis, improvising how and what support to provide. Why not build systems that could respond quickly wherever and whenever crisis or disaster strikes? Disasters wipe out homes and livelihoods in an instant. Millions of workers lose their jobs in economic crises. Food price spikes put basic staple foods out of the reach of the poor. Governments often feel compelled to act in such situations. To be effective, support to crisis and disaster-affected people needs to be provided rapidly. Yet delivering early support to those suddenly in need requires systems that elude most developing countries. In principle, unemployment insurance to protect workers against job loss, disaster insurance for homeowners, and crop and livestock insurance for farmers are good solutions because they can be automatic, self-financing, and disburse rapidly. Yet because of informality and missing markets, most workers, homeowners, and farmers lack insurance. Unemployment insurance is common in Europe and Central Asia. Nevertheless, less than one-third of unemployed workers during the financial crisis were covered. Their benefit periods were short; workers who kept their jobs but had earnings reduced were not protected. Instead, social safety nets had to fill the void. How can governments improve income support to people facing major income shocks? The most important is to ensure that programs to provide income support are in place before shocks hit and that income support and other social services remain accessible during shocks and crises. This can be done by enhancing existing programs so they better capture the newly vulnerable and by adding new social protection programs geared for shocks and crises. This has fiscal implications: spending on social services should be counter-cyclical and strive to protect access to health, education, and social protection during crises. Keeping health, education, and vocational training free (or at least affordable) during crisis helps maintain enrollment, use of health services, and human capital. In part because schooling is free in most countries did the food, fuel, and financial crises that started in 2008 not precipitate declines in school enrollment–withdrawing children from school doesn’t add to the family budget; school lunches provide an added incentive to attend school in many countries. Health use, in contrast, declined markedly in some countries during the most recent crisis. Surveys in Armenia, Bulgaria, and Montenegro found that crisis-affected people reduced medical care and prescription drug use significantly. Some countries have built social protection systems in ways that facilitate provision of regular and reliable transfers to people faced with a shock. India’s Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act provides livelihood security by offering up to 100 days of casual day labor to rural households; uptake is voluntary and based on need. Ethiopia‘s Productive Safety Net Project is organized to deliver timely and predictable income transfers to households, in particular during drought: the program has financing, delivery, and early warning mechanisms in place to quickly scale up the number of beneficiaries in drought-stricken parts of the country. (Part II of this blog will examine Ethiopia‘s Productive Safety Net Project in greater detail.) The ability to scale back transfers once crisis recedes should be preserved. Romania increased pension benefits in the most recent crisis to reach half the population. This reduced poverty, but resulted in large fiscal pressure as pension spending escalated to 8% of GDP. Summing up, countries should prepare for shocks by strengthening their ability to protect people’s basic consumption and access to health and education during bad times. Programs for income support should be put in place during good times, along with fiscal frameworks to permit transfers and social services to continue uninterrupted during bad times. Income support programs need to be scalable and flexible to increase coverage in response to shocks and scale back once crises abate. Their targeting systems need to emphasize the shock-affected, not just the chronic poor. Next week we will examine Ethiopia’s Productive Safety Net Program. Independent Evaluation Group. "The World Bank Group's Response to the Global Economic Crisis - Phase II." Washington, DC: Independent Evaluation Group, The World Bank Group, 2012. The World Bank. "The Jobs Crisis: Household and Government Responses to the Great Recession in Eastern Europe and Central Asia ." In Directions in Development. Washington, DC: The World Bank Group, 2011. The World Bank. "Managing Risk, Promoting Growth: Development Systems for Social Protection in Africa ." In The World Bank's Africa Social Protection Strategy 2012-2022. Washington, DC: The World Bank Group, 2012. - WDR 2014

<urn:uuid:cfa3e4b2-13bf-4292-8846-68f7bf5a80ec>

What are the divisions for Sunnah or the Prophet PBUH’s actions as divided by the scholars in their books? Alhamdulillah, praise and thanks to Allah for the countless blessings He has blessed us all with. Blessings and salutations to the Prophet Muhammad PBUH, his wives, his family, companions and all those that follow his teachings to the day of judgement. Based on the above question, indeed, there are scholars who divide Sunnah into two which are tashri’iyyah and non-tashi’riyyah. Verily, this division is included under one of the divisions of Sunnah in which it is taken from the definition of the Sunnah itself. The Definition of Sunnah Sunnah lexically means a way of life which can either be commendable or not. While for the technical meaning, it is divided into two from the definition by the scholars of hadith and the scholars of usul: - For the scholars of Hadith: “Sunnah is everything related to the Prophet PBUH among his words, actions, taqrir (consent), khuluqiyyah attributes, khalqiyyah attributes and the life of the Prophet PBUH whether before or after the Prophet PBUH was appointed as a prophet.” [See: Qawaid al-Tahdith, 61] - For the scholars of Usul: “Sunnah is everything taken from the Prophet PBUH other than from al-Quran through words, actions and taqrir (consent) of the Prophet PBUH.” In conclusion, the scholars of hadith and usul decided to say that Sunnah is everything related to the Prophet PBUH either in the form of words, actions or consent from the Prophet PBUH. Division of Sunnah Based on the Definition Looking at the above definition, Sunnah can be divided into three divisions: - Sunnah Qawliyyah (utterance) Sunnah Qawliyyah is every utterance of the Prophet PBUH. For example: It is narrated by Umar bin al-Khattab RA where the Prophet PBUH said: إِنَّمَا الأَعْمَالُ بِالنِّيَّاتِ The reward of deeds depends upon the intentions Sahih al-Bukhari (1) - Sunnah Fi’liyyah (actions) While sunnah fi’liyyah is every action of the Prophet PBUH or whatever narrated by the Companions RA from the actions of the Prophet PBUH like the methods to pray, hajj, ethics and etc. For example: It is narrated by Malik bin al-Huwairith RA where the Prophet PBUH said: وَصَلُّوا كَمَا رَأَيْتُمُونِي أُصَلِّي and offer your prayers in the way you saw me offering my prayers Sahih al-Bukhari (631, 6008 and 7246) - Sunnah Taqririyyah (consent) While Sunnah taqririyyah is whatever consented (being silent without any prohibition from the Prophet PBUH to that matter) by the Prophet PBUH through words or actions that come from the Companions RA. For example: It is narrated by Ibn Umar RA where the Prophet PBUH said: " لاَ يُصَلِّيَنَّ أَحَدٌ الْعَصْرَ إِلاَّ فِي بَنِي قُرَيْظَةَ ". فَأَدْرَكَ بَعْضُهُمُ الْعَصْرَ فِي الطَّرِيقِ فَقَالَ بَعْضُهُمْ لاَ نُصَلِّي حَتَّى نَأْتِيَهَا، وَقَالَ بَعْضُهُمْ بَلْ نُصَلِّي لَمْ يُرَدْ مِنَّا ذَلِكَ. فَذُكِرَ لِلنَّبِيِّ صلى الله عليه وسلم فَلَمْ يُعَنِّفْ وَاحِدًا مِنْهُمْ "None should offer the 'Asr prayer but at Bani Quraiza." The 'Asr prayer became due for some of them on the way. Some of them decided not to offer the Salat but at Bani Quraiza while others decided to offer the Salat on the spot and said that the intention of the Prophet (ﷺ) was not what the former party had understood. And when that was told to the Prophet (ﷺ) he did not blame anyone of them. Sahih al-Bukhari (946 and 4119) In this hadith, some of the Companions understood literally the prohibition of the Prophet PBUH and delay their Asar prayer until it reached Maghrib time. However, some Companions understood it through the reason of mafhum (understanding) behind the prohibition of the Prophet PBUH is that the Prophet PBUH suggested that they should hasten their journey so they have the chance to perform their Asar prayer in its time. These actions of the Companions reached the Prophet PBUH and he PBUH acknowledged or agreed to both actions without denying any of them. [See: Fath al-Bari, 412/8] After we understand the divisions of Sunnah based on the definitions given by the scholars, so, we will go to another division of Sunnah or anything related to the Prophet PBUH’s actions which are tashri’iyyah or non-tashri’iyyah even we originally should follow the Prophet PBUH in every matter as in the saying of Allah SWT: قُلْ إِن كُنتُمْ تُحِبُّونَ اللَّـهَ فَاتَّبِعُونِي يُحْبِبْكُمُ اللَّـهُ وَيَغْفِرْ لَكُمْ ذُنُوبَكُمْ Say, [O Muhammad], "If you should love Allah, then follow me, [so] Allah will love you and forgive you your sins Surah Ali Imran (31) Divisions of Sunnah Actions of the Prophet PBUH Sheikh Dr Abdul Karim Zaidan in his book al-Wajiz expalined the actions of the Prophet PBUH that some of them become the source of tashri’ (تشريعية) and some do not become the source for tashri’ (غير تشريعية). Definition of Tashri’iyyah Sunnah tashri’iyyah is what comes from the Prophet PBUH by considering his position as a prophet as well as the messenger of Allah SWT. So, it is named as the source for Islamic law (tashri’iyyah). In addition, there are many examples that can be brought upon in explaining this Sunnah tashri’iyyah whether through words, actions of the Prophet PBUH and etc. the same as what we explained in the definition of Sunnah above. Normally, this type of Sunnah (tashri’iyyah) is related to commandment and prohibition. Among the example of the Prophet PBUH’s actions which are considered as Sunnah tashri’iyyah are as what is told by the Prophet PBUH that reciting istighfar for more than 70 times as narrated in Sahih Imam al-Bukhari: وَاللَّهِ إِنِّي لَأَسْتَغْفِرُ اللَّهَ وَأَتُوبُ إِلَيْهِ فِي اليَوْمِ أَكْثَرَ مِنْ سَبْعِينَ مَرَّةً "By Allah! I ask for forgiveness from Allah and turn to Him in repentance more than seventy times a day." Sahih al-Bukhari (6307) Definition of Ghair (non) Tashri’iyyah Sunnah non-tashri’iyyah or its other name is jibilliyyah is what comes from the Prophet PBUH either through words or actions of the Prophet PBUH which do not consider his position as a prophet or a messenger of Allah SWT, but as a normal human being or due to his experience pertaining to worldly matters. It is not included under matters or sources of Islamic law (tashri’iyyah) because those words or actions are categorized under the Prophet PBUH’s custom or habit as a normal human being. Normally, this type of Sunnah (non-tashri’iyyah) tells on the Prophet PBUH’s inclination to some matters like food and drinks which are loved by the Prophet PBUH. Among the examples that we can give is that the part of meat loved by the Prophet PBUH is the meat of the back of the animal. It is narrated from Aisha R.Anha that she says: كَانَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ صلى الله عليه وسلم يُحِبُّ الْحَلْوَاءَ وَالْعَسَلَ Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) used to love sweet edible things and honey Sahih al-Bukhari (5431) In understanding this hadith, scholars followed what has been mentioned by Sheikh Dr Wahbah al-Zuhaili in his book where he stated that everything that comes from the Prophet PBUH in the form of habits as a human-like the way he stands, sits, walks, sleeps, eats, drinks and other actions are not considered as a sanctioning. This is because those actions appear due to his human nature and not because it is sanctioned. The scholars named these actions with the name al-jibilliyyah unless there are dalils which command us to do so. At that time, it becomes a sanctioning due to specific reasons and not solely because it comes from the Prophet PBUH. For example, eating with one’s right hand is mentioned in a hadith narrated from Ibn Ummm Salamah: "Dear child, mention Allah's Name, eat with your right hand, and eat from what is next to you." [See: al-Wajiz fi Usul al-Fiqh al-Islami, 189] Some scholars categorised Sunnah into a third category on matters which came from the Prophet PBUH which is specified for the Prophet PBUH according to the dalil. The scholars have differing opinions in stating the amount of specified matters to the Prophet PBUH. Imam al-Qurtubi is of the opinion that there 37 matters specified for the Prophet PBUH, while Imam al-Suyuthi is of the opinion that there 65 and Imam al-Ramli said that there are 47. Among the matters are the Prophet PBUH prohibits zakat from being given to him and his family. The Prophet PBUH was permitted to marry more than 4 wives and his PBUH wives are not permitted to marry others after the death of the Prophet PBUH. [See: Af’al al-Rasul, 1/276] Hence, based on the above discussion, it can be concluded that there are three divisions in dividing the actions of the Prophet PBUH as what is divided by the scholars or its other name is jibilliyyah and the last one is matters specified only for the Prophet PBUH. In conclusion, following each and every teaching of the Prophet PBUH is a commendable act because it is the proof of our love towards the Prophet PBUH. In addition, by loving and obeying the Prophet PBUH, it will raise our love and obedience towards Allah SWT as stated in al-Quran: مَّن يُطِعِ الرَّسُولَ فَقَدْ أَطَاعَ اللَّـهَ ۖ وَمَن تَوَلَّىٰ فَمَا أَرْسَلْنَاكَ عَلَيْهِمْ حَفِيظًا He who obeys the Messenger has obeyed Allah; but those who turn away - We have not sent you over them as a guardian. Surah al-Nisaa’ (80) However, not everything that comes from the Prophet PBUH is a sanctioning (tashri’iyyah). This is because, there are some actions or matters did by the Prophet PBUH which do not come in the form of a sanctioning, while in fact, they are done due to the Prophet PBUH position as a normal human being. May Allah SWT gives us understanding in this religion as well as putting us in the ever after Paradise. Ameen.

<urn:uuid:684fcae4-3137-47b4-bd31-8fcd468fc11a>

... contains important information and a detailed explanation about fitter theory book multiple choice ... which is also related with , 8th grade poems with multiple choice questions pdf, spring 2009 ohio graduation tests ( ogt ) social, environmental science multiple choice questions. Fitter Theory Book Multiple Choice 1 Syllabus for the subject of TRADE THEORY-I & TRADE PRACTICAL-I Under CRAFT INSTRUCTOR TRAINING SCHEME (CITS) Trade: Fitter Re-Designed in Rationale for Provision of Multiple-Choice Questions The primary purpose of providing multiple-choice questions in this information bulletin is to offer insights ... Name:_____ Atomic Theory Test 3.1 Multiple Choice ___ 1. What is the total number of electrons in the 2p sublevel of a chlorine atom in the ground 2006 FURMATH EXAM 1 4 SECTION A continued SECTION A Instructions for Section A Answer all questions in pencil on the answer sheet provided for multiple-choice ... Waves and Optics Multiple Choice ... Answers to Modern Physics Questions . AP Physics Multiple Choice Practice . 1 The Biochemical Basis of Sports Performance Multiple Choice Questions and Test Questions 100 MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS HIGHLIGHTED IN Part A Multiple choice test. Part A 60 multiple choice questions with one correct answer each. Maximum points for Chemical crossword inorganic chemistry (8 points). List of Library Book Name of Book Fitter Trade Theory 1st Year CIMI ... Full page fax print Author: ITI SANGOD Created Date: 7/11/2012 10:19:04 PM . Download ethan frome multiple choice test pdf PDF file for free, Get many PDF Ebooks from our online library related with ethan frome multiple choice test pdf ... SYLLABUS FOR FITTER GENRAL INFORMATION 1. Name of the Trade : FITTER 2. N.C.O. Code No. : 842.10, 842.15. 3. Entry Qualification. : Passed in VIII Class

<urn:uuid:31a328f4-3a50-463c-abba-b4a783db3b79>

Explain the nutrition process in an Amoeba. The mode of nutrition in Amoeba is holozoic. The various steps involved in the process of nutrition are: Ingestion: Amoeba ingests food with the help of its finger-like extensions, called pseudopodia. When a food particle approaches Amoeba, it forms pseudopodia around it and forms a food vacuole inside the Amoeba. Digestion: Various enzymes from the cytoplasm enter into the food vacuole and break them down into simple soluble molecules. Absorption: The simple soluble food is absorbed by cytoplasm of Amoeba from food vacuoles through the process of diffusion. Assimilation: Amoeba cell obtains energy from the absorbed food through respiration. This energy is utilised by Amoeba for its growth and repair of the body. Egestion: When a considerable amount of undigested food gets collected inside Amoeba, its cell membrane ruptures and throws out the undigested food.

<urn:uuid:66ed3b56-f7e2-4322-8fa9-f9a67b10b0c0>

Prep to Year 6 Curriculum Samford State School continues to implement The Australian Curriculum in English, Mathematics, Science, History and Geography. All Queensland teachers are also required to plan, teach and assess the remaining KLAs – SOSE (refer to SSS SOSE overview), The Arts, HPE and Technology, as part of our mandated Queensland curriculum, utilising the Essential Learnings and Ways of Working from QCAR. The Samford State School P-6 Year Level overview documents incorporate the curriculums listed below and identify the content in order to provide a term-by-term scope and sequence. Australian Curriculum (C2C units) - English, Maths, Science & History QLD Curriculum (Essential Learnings) - The Arts, Technology, HPE & SOSE (yrs 1-7) The Early Years Curriculum Guidelines – social and personal learning, Health and Physical learning and the aspects in the Active learning processes not covered in the Australian Curriculum (for Prep) Teachers identify opportunities for teaching the content of C2C units, QCAR KLAs & EYCG alongside each other for the purpose of making learning meaningful for students through: developing deep knowledge and deep understandings; connectedness to the world and extension of the learning beyond the school context; connecting knowledge across subject boundaries. e.g. Links between Science & SOSE OR English, SOSE & The Arts. The outlines of the curriculum taught across the year levels at Samford State School can be found at Teaching and learning. The Australian Curriculum The Australian Curriculum website sets out the core knowledge, understanding, skills and general capabilities that are important for all Australian students. English, Mathematics, Science, Geography and History Curriculum into the Classroom (C2C) Samford State School has elected to adopt and adapt the C2C planning documentation, which interprets the Australian Curriculum. The Curriculum into the classroom (C2C) is an Education Queensland initiative to help introduce the new curriculum in Queensland state schools, and includes English, Mathematics, Science and History for Prep to Year 10. Curriculum Minimum Time Requirements The C2C English, Mathematics, Science and History materials for Prep to Year 6, meet the minimum curriculum time requirements per week. Staff have the flexibility to adjust the lessons plans, build in appropriate revision and extension time to assist with the range of student needs and adjust weekly hours to factor in blocks of teaching, special events, such as carnivals, excursions and public holidays. For a full breakdown of the weekly hours, please refer to the table in the Curriculum Minimum Time Requirements (PDF, 187 KB)

<urn:uuid:a9d2bc2e-eb54-4a49-bb5c-221f645dcdc0>

These policies can also provide information on how existing sex education laws may be interpreted by local school boards. Advocates for Youth. Read the text-only version of these graphics here. Of course many young students pick up sexual health information from sources other than school — parents, peers, medical professionals, social media and pop culture. We need to educate teens whenever and wherever they are. Medicaid waivers for family planning Medicaid-funded access to contraceptives and family planning services has abstinence only sex education effective in Mobile shown to decrease the incidence of unplanned pregnancies, especially among low-income women and teens . Chin, Helen B. Cultural beliefs and teenage pregnancy. Kathrin F. We used the most recent teenage pregnancy, abortion and birth data from all U. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. David W. Sex Res Soc Policy 5: Current HIV Research. Abstinence only sex education effective in Mobile вы Categories : Sex education Sexual abstinence Sexuality and society Opposition to sex education Social problems in medicine. Again, five are states that do not require sex ed to be taught in schools. Abstinence only education focuses on abstaining from sex while comprehensive sex education covers other pertinent topics such as pregnancy, parenting, and adoption. Journal of Health Communication. The institute has kept the numbers constantly updated since as the trend of lowered teen birth rates has continued to drop nationwide. Frank James. Accessed , May 8. Seattle, abstract , New York, NY: Routledge. In addition, it could be used as a communication tool between sex education teachers and their students. Abstinence only sex education effective in Mobile non homologous sex chromosomes pictures in City of London Jun 20, · The critics for abstinence only education include being ineffective and unrealistic while that of comprehensive sex education is encouraging premarital sex. Regarding education in the USA, comprehensive sex education which is viewed as more realistic and effective is more often endorsed as compared to abstinence only education. Aug 23, · But programs advocating abstinence often fail to prevent young people from having sex, noted that abstinence is the only percent effective form for abstinence-only education, Author: Sarah Mccammon. cofanetto sex and the city prezzo restaurant in Coffs Harbour Feb 21, · This take on sex education is known among educators as the "abstinence-only approach," in which totally refraining from sex outside of marriage (including masturbation) is generally the only. Abstinence-only sex education is a form of sex education that teaches not having sex outside of marriage. It often excludes other types of sexual and reproductive health education, such as birth control and safe sex. Comprehensive sex education, by contrast, covers the use of birth control and sexual abstinence.. Evidence does not support the effectiveness of abstinence-only sex education. recidivism sex offenders wa in Dorset Since , the federal government has spent over $2 billion on abstinence-only-until-marriage "sex education" programs. These programs must adhere to a strict eight-point definition, with the “exclusive purpose (of) teaching the social, psychological, and health gains to be realized by abstaining from sexual activity.”. They’re required to teach, among other things, that “sexual. Jul 16, · When the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention announced in April that teen birth rates in the U.S. hit a new low in and revealed which states had the highest and lowest rates, it prompted a question: Were these outcomes affected by individual states' requirements for sex education (sex ed) and/or abstinence-only education? filipino same sex relationship photos in Wood-Buffalo funding for abstinence-only education rather than for comprehensive sex education. ✓The Facts:Abstinence-only education programs are not effective at delaying the Phone: • Fax: • www.irandentist.info Funding for abstinence-only programs in 20was $ sex-education approach in the U.S., and to identify the most effective.

<urn:uuid:320404d8-af48-4aaf-b74f-a46f0202d4c6>

Scientists delight in extracting order from chaos—finding patterns in the complexity of the real world that pull back the curtain and reveal how things work. Sometimes, though, those patterns create more head-scratching than excitement. Such is the case with Benford’s law. One might expect a collection of real-world data—say, the half-lives of various isotopes, for example—to pretty much look like random numbers. And one might further expect the first (non-zero) digit of each of those numbers to also be random (i.e. just as many 2s as 9s). Oddly, one would (in many cases) be wrong. It turns out that 1s are more likely than 2s, which are more likely than 3s, and so on. Not only that, the probabilities match a logarithmic distribution, just like the spacing on a logarithmic scale. The number 1 will be the first digit about 30 percent of the time, 2 will occur nearly 18 percent of the time, all the way on down to 9 showing up only about 5 percent of the time. Law-abiding citizens everywhere will be happy to know our planet also obeys Benford's Law, with the duration and size of volcanic eruptions showing the same sort of pattern. This strange phenomenon was first expressed in 1881 by an astronomer named Simon Newcomb. While using printed tables of logarithms, he noticed that the pages containing numbers that start with 1 were much more worn than the others. After thinking it out, he proposed that the occurrence of digits in the log tables in fact followed a logarithmic distribution themselves. In 1938, the physicist Frank Benford rediscovered this idea, explored it more fully, and formalized the equation that describes it. He analyzed a number of data sets and showed that the relationship existed in the real world. It’s obviously not universal—it won’t be true of numbers in a telephone book, for example, which share assigned area codes and prefixes. Still, Benford’s law has held good for a truly bewildering variety of data sets, including the surface area of rivers, the specific heat of chemical compounds, mathematical constants in physics, baseball stats, street addresses, populations of US counties, and a number of mathematical tables and series. (Try a few more for yourself.) Perhaps most famously, Benford’s law has been used to detect financial fraud. Folks who cook the books assume that random numbers will look inconspicuous, not realizing that’s exactly what can make them look conspicuous. Dodgy rounding will also cause a data set to stick out like a sore thumb and get you caught red-handed. (You can hear about an example in this episode of WNYC’s Radiolab.) It’s often been suggested that Benford’s law should be applied to the results of suspicious elections, but the relationship can be unreliable unless numbers span multiuple orders of magnitude. The burning question that can get some people downright irritated with the whole business of Benford’s law is “why the hell should this be true?” No explanation is completely satisfying (unless you’ve got the fortitude for some mathematical heavy lifting), but a couple come close to de-spookifying the idea in at least some circumstances. Think of a number starting with a 1. What would it take for it to start with a 2? Well, you’d have to double it. Now consider a number starting with a 9. An increase of only 10% will have it back to starting with a 1 again. And, of course, the process repeats—this number will have to be double again before it will start with a 2. For this reason, financial growth (such as investments) will follow Benford’s law quite faithfully. Several years ago, researchers in the Earth sciences began taking an interest in seeing whether our planet's behavior followed Benford’s law. A paper published in 2010 applied the analysis to things like the length of time between geomagnetic reversals (when the Earth’s magnetic “north” pole flips to the opposite geographical pole), the depth of earthquakes, greenhouse gas emissions by country, and even the numbers of infectious disease cases reported to the World Health Organization by each nation. All of them showed a decent fit to Benford’s law. (As did some things out of this world, like the rotation frequencies of pulsars and masses of exoplanets.) In a recent paper published in Geology, a pair of Spanish researchers extend this to three more data sets: the area and ages of volcanic calderas and the duration of volcanic eruptions between 1900 and 2009. This is more than just a bit of fun with numbers, as we’re past the point where Benford’s law needs confirmation. The goal is to use it as a sort of simple truth-check on databases of geologic data. If these things don't follow Benford's law, then it could be a sign that a data set is unrepresentative of reality or contains some sort of pervasive error or bias. Benford’s law fit the eruption duration data very well. The fit for the caldera areas was pretty good, too, though a few digits differed just enough that the authors suspect some excessive rounding may have taken place. The caldera eruption ages, however, showed a marked deviation from Benford’s distribution. There were too many numbers starting with 2 and 3. When they looked closely, they saw this was due to a large number of North American calderas between 23 and 42 million years old. As it turns out, this is a well-known anomaly. It’s not clear whether there was really an unusual cluster of calderas at that time or this is simply a case of one area being studied more intensely. Regardless, removing those calderas from the analysis returned the data set to harmony with Benford’s law. In essence, Benford’s law provided another way to show that those calderas are anomalous. Because researchers often want to know whether the data they’re analyzing is a representative sample of the world at large, any technique that could help them do so is likely to get a serious look. The authors conclude, "Since the use of Benford’s law may serve as a simple and quick quality test of data, and provide new ways to detect anomalous signals in data sets, it could be used as a validity check on future databases related to volcanoes." In other words, before you go searching for patterns in a database, it might be prudent to make sure the database conforms to Benford’s pattern.

<urn:uuid:9b2aa569-e395-490c-81f6-c25ce2d97560>

A general belief by conservationists that fences can help prevent the spread of diseases, protect wildlife from poachers, and help manage populations of threatened species has been overturned by a new study that shows fences are actually causing extinctions and destroying ecosystems. The counterintuitive new findings, appearing in the journal Science, reviewed the pros and cons of large scale fencing for conservation and concluded that in nearly all cases, fencing should be a last resort. The study notes how the desire to separate livestock from wildlife in order to create zones free from diseases such as foot and mouth has resulted in extensive fencing systems, particularly in southern Africa. Some of these fences have had devastating environmental effects, such as a disruptive impact on predator-prey dynamics. Species such as the African wild dog, for example, have learnt to chase their prey into fences for easy capture. For migratory herbivores such as elephants and wildebeest, fenced areas can limit access to the vast areas of land needed to support their populations. Human-wildlife conflict is another issue that fencing is frequently used to tackle. However, a study of 37 fences in Southern India showed that almost 50 percent failed to prevent the passage of elephants, demonstrating the difficulty in designing and maintaining fences. As a barrier to people, fences can also spark hostility towards conservation efforts within local communities. “In some parts of the world, fencing is part of the culture of wildlife conservation – it’s assumed that all wildlife areas have to be fenced. But fencing profoundly alters ecosystems, and can cause some species to disappear,” said Rosie Woodroffe, lead author of the study. Woodroffe, from the Zoological Society of London, contends that the challenges of appropriate fence design, location, construction, and maintenance mean that fences often fail to deliver the anticipated benefits. Ironically, in some places, fences also provide poachers with a ready supply of wire for making snares. The researchers conclude that as climate change increases the importance of facilitating wildlife mobility and maintaining landscape connectivity, fence removal may become an important form of climate change preparedness, and so fencing of wildlife should be avoided whenever possible. “An increased awareness of the damage caused by fencing is leading to movements to remove fences instead of building more. Increasingly, fencing is seen as backwards step in conservation,” concluded study co-author Sarah Durant, also of the Zoological Society. Discuss this article in our forum Customizing animal scents to manipulate animal behaviors Loss of top predators causing widespread ecosystem disruption Predator-prey relationships a key driver in nature’s synchronicity Gay animals an inconvenient truth for BBC, claims study

<urn:uuid:f896b57d-6703-4915-970a-89f8dbdb6e36>

The First Creation were beings comprised purely of Spirit form, created as agents of the Divine to drive back chaos and establish the Realm of Eternity. From them would arise the origins of good and evil, for when some among them rebelled and became the evil that is known as Demons, those that remained became the good that is known as Angels. Since that time they have forever been at war with each other. While the angels power and numbers should have allowed them to easily defeat the demons, their lack of physical form prevented them from winning any lasting victory. Bound by the Laws of Creation, they could push the demons back, but never completely eradicate their evil. This gave rise to a second rebellion, when beings of the First Creation joined with willing beings of the Third Creation. Their offspring would become known as the Nephilim, embracing chaos as their birthright, in order to carry on the fight against evil. While the tale of the Nephilim is a mere fable, Angels are certainly known to exist, and even at times manifest in the Realm of Strife to aid the mortals under their care. Thus, the First Creation is divided into two separate orders: (See the Creation Mythos page for more information on the First Creation and their war with the Abomination of Creation)

<urn:uuid:2c9e008b-c3be-4ef4-bd64-853d171c0a54>

- Martinsburg was founded on the upper Potomac River in 1778 during the American Revolutionary War. - The very first United States post office was established in Martinsburg in 1792. - Martinsburg is the home of Belle Boyd, a known Confederate spy. Her home still stands as a historic museum open to the public, called "Belle Boyd House". - Several caves and tunnels lie beneath the town of Martinsburg that were once part of the Underground Railroad and were eventually used as hideouts by train bandits. - According to William Still, "The Father of the Underground Railroad", Robert Brown escaped from slavery in Martinsburg on Christmas night, 1856. - The Great Railroad Strike of 1877 began in Martinsburg. - The Interwoven Mills began operations in Martinsburg in 1891 and grew to be the largest manufacturer of men's hosiery in the world. - Over 1,000 Martinsburgian men fought in WWI. - During World War II, the Newton D. Baker Hospital in Martinsburg treated thousands of soldiers wounded in the war. In 1946 this military hospital became a part of the Veterans Administration. The VA Medical Center in Martinsburg still provides care to United States veterans. Pretty cool, huh? I have always been fascinated with history, so researching these facts about my hometown was a fun learning experience for me. I hope that you find them just as interesting! The city has grown and evolved in many ways, but despite the changes, it will always be the place that we call home. If you take a look at the picture of the map above, you will see a navy blue beard pasted in the far, right-hand corner of the state. That's where we are located, making all of the beard products you enjoy with lots of love. The next time a Mountaineer Brand product makes it's way to your doorstep or mailbox, take comfort in knowing that it was hand-crafted with care from our family to yours.

<urn:uuid:32ed862c-ece8-45a0-b5f3-c856ba2fa45f>

Statues of Confederate leaders and the explorer Christopher Columbus have been torn down in the US, as pressure grows on authorities to remove monuments connected to slavery and colonialism. The Knights of Columbus was once a nice fraternal organization for Roman Catholics in the United States, ala the Free Masons for non-Catholics or the Elks Club or the Lions Club for people in general regardless of religious affiliation. However, if founding Father Francis McGivney were to look in on the Knights tax filings today, he would be shocked to see that his organization and its leaders have become powerful and influential in ways unimaginable in 1882. For nearly two decades, under the leadership of a former political operative (Supreme Knight Sir Carl A. Anderson), the Knights of Columbus has increasingly used its enormous wealth to influence the direction of the church, underwriting think tanks and news outlets while gaining entrance into some of the highest levels of decision-making in the church. During this time, it has become a right-wing advocacy group, and people should know that their donations are going to assist in the Republican Party’s messaging and trying to push the Church in the direction of the Republican Party through strategic donations and spending on non-Church items and on the Church directly in areas that they think will favor Republicans, as well as in their internal messaging. Carl Anderson, the current Grand Knight, has at times right near elections used member funds to take out newspaper ads calling out people like Joe Biden as “Bad Catholics.” The time for being complacent is over What to do? Change the name. Language Creates Reality Etymology. The word knight, from Old English cniht (“boy” or “servant”), is a cognate of the German word Knecht (“servant, bondsman, vassal”). The meaning of cniht changed over time from its original meaning of “boy” to “household retainer.” A narrowing of the generic meaning “servant” to “military follower of a king or other superior” was the common understanding by 1100 CE. Eventually, a knight was a person granted an honorary title of knighthood by a head of state (including the pope) or representative for service to the monarch, the church or the country, especially in a military capacity. Columbus is important. He initiated a turning point in our history. But he should not be someone to be celebrated. (Harvard Graduate School, 2019). Christopher Columbus did not “discover America,” but his voyages began the Columbian exchange, a turning point in world history involving the massive transfers of human populations, cultures, ideas, animals, plants, and diseases. Understanding controversies — what Columbus did, how he did it — builds skills that are fundamental for understanding history and establishing a more honest understanding of the past, especially for those who have been victimized. In recent years, conversations about Columbus have broadened our understanding of the violent abuse of indigenous peoples, the launch of the transatlantic slave trade, and the introduction of a swath of lethal diseases to an unprepared continent. Such conversations have been empowering especially for traditionally underrepresented people like women and people of color. Continue the good work that has been done through the organization. Current members might consider the dissolution of the organization and reforming as something that continues the same good works, but is no longer part of the national organization and no longer kicks funds up the ladder for a political agenda. It might finally become a more inclusive organization, welcoming women into equal membership and not restricting its membership to “practicing Roman Catholics.” And please, let’s get rid of the silly costumes: swords, baldrics, plumes! Think about becoming the Servants of St. Oscar Cardinal Romero or the Compassion of St. John of God. The three symbols of K of C emblem: fasces: military or executive power sword: military power, violence or destruction anchor: traditionally meant “to hold in place,” bound.

<urn:uuid:b78e0e78-dfce-4985-a6c2-f90a19422449>

Picture the scene – crashing waves, beautiful windswept clifftops, the air full of the cries of thousands of nesting seabirds – and pieces of plastic waste scattered all around. The Greenpeace ship Beluga II is travelling around Scotland on a scientific expedition, to document and expose the threat of plastic pollution on our most iconic wildlife and most remote and biodiverse areas in the UK. And what we’ve seen so far is shocking. On our journey around this beautiful coastline, the crew have seen plastic floating in the sea, washed up on beaches and even in the beaks of seabirds. As well as the obvious risks of entanglement, seabirds and other marine life can mistake plastic pieces for food, filling their stomachs until there’s no longer room for the real sustenance they need to survive. And that’s just the plastic that’s big enough for us to see. The crew on board the Beluga II have been carrying out scientific sampling for microplastics in the water. These tiny bits of plastic can enter the sea as microbeads or are pieces of plastic that have broken down over the years. Last week, we sailed through Gunna Sound where the crew spotted huge basking sharks. These giant but gentle creatures feed by filtering tiny particles out of huge amounts of water – putting them at risk of eating microplastics. Spread the word about ocean plastic pollution. The beautiful beaches of these remote islands should be spotless. But whilst plastic continues to flow into our oceans (at a rate of a truck-load every minute), it will continue to find its way to even the most secluded spots. Our End Ocean Plastics voyage continues for another 3 weeks – next, we’ll be heading to the Shiant Isles, home to a huge seabird colony, where the crew will continue to sample their feeding waters for plastic, and document plastic pollution they find (as well as hopefully spotting lots of puffins!) With thanks for all you do, Alice, Aakash and the Oceans team

<urn:uuid:53cb3b57-aac4-4bfc-a372-1b705e9502b6>

Valiant Five who fought for our rights to be regarded and treated as people. Here is an excerpt from "Canadian Encyclopedia" on this great woman: In 1911 the McClungs and their 4 children moved to Winnipeg, where their fifth child was born. The Winnipeg women's rights and reform movement welcomed Nellie as an effective speaker who won audiences with humorous arguments. She played a leading role in the 1914 Liberal campaign against Sir Rodmond ROBLIN's Conservative government, which had refused women suffrage, but moved to Edmonton before the Liberals won in Manitoba in 1915. In Alberta she continued the fight for female suffrage and for PROHIBITION, dower rights for women, factory safety legislation and many other reforms. She gained wide prominence from addresses in Britain at the Methodist Ecumenical Conference and elsewhere (1921) and from speaking tours throughout Canada and the US, and was a Liberal MLA for Edmonton, 1921-26. Forgotten for a decade, she was rediscovered by feminists in the 1960s. Although some criticized her maternalistic support of the traditional family structure, most credited her with advancing the feminist cause in her day and recognizing the need for further progress such as the economic independence of women.

<urn:uuid:3b96ba74-cfad-4f88-a350-896f505f5414>

Shoulder MRI scanMRI - shoulder; Magnetic resonance imaging - shoulder A shoulder MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) scan is an imaging test that uses energy from powerful magnets and to create pictures of the shoulder area. It does not use radiation (x-rays). Single MRI images are called slices. The images can be stored on a computer or printed on film. One exam produces dozens or sometimes hundreds of slices. Related tests include: How the Test is Performed You may be asked to wear a hospital gown or clothing without metal snaps or zippers (such as sweatpants and a t-shirt). Make sure you take off your watch, jewelry, and wallet. Some types of metal can cause blurry images. You will lie on a narrow table, which slides into a large tunnel-like tube. Some exams require a special dye (contrast). The dye is usually given before the test through a vein (IV) in your hand or forearm. The dye can also be injected into the shoulder. The dye helps the radiologist see certain areas more clearly. During the MRI, the person who operates the machine will watch you from another room. The test most often lasts 30 to 60 minutes, but it may take longer. How to Prepare for the Test You may be asked not to eat or drink anything for 4 to 6 hours before the scan. Tell your doctor if you are afraid of close spaces (have claustrophobia). You may be given a medicine to help you feel sleepy and less anxious (sedative). Your doctor may also suggest an "open" MRI, in which the machine is not as close to the body. Before the test, tell your health care provider if you have: - Brain aneurysm clips - Certain types of artificial heart valves - Heart defibrillator or pacemaker - Inner ear (cochlear) implants - Kidney disease or dialysis (you may not be able to receive contrast) - Recently placed artificial joints or surgery with metal plates and screws - Certain types of vascular stents - Worked with sheet metal in the past (you may need tests to check for metal pieces in your eyes) Because the MRI contains strong magnets, metal objects are not allowed in the room with the MRI scanner: - Pens, pocketknives, and eyeglasses may fly across the room. - Items such as jewelry, watches, credit cards, and hearing aids can be damaged. - Pins, hairpins, metal zippers, and similar metallic items can distort the images. - Removable dental work should be taken out just before the scan. How the Test will Feel An MRI exam causes no pain. You will need to lie still. Too much movement can cause errors. The table may be hard or cold, but you can request a blanket or pillow. The machine produces loud thumping and humming noises when turned on. You can wear ear plugs to help reduce the noise. An intercom in the room lets you speak to someone at any time. Some MRIs have televisions and special headphones to help you pass the time. There is no recovery time, unless you received medicine to relax. After an MRI scan, you can go back to your normal diet, activity, and medicines. Why the Test is Performed MRI is useful for diagnosing and evaluating sports injuries. It can provide clear pictures of parts of the shoulder (such as soft tissues) that are hard to see clearly on CT scans. Your provider may order this test if you have: - A mass that can be felt during a physical exam - An abnormal finding on an x-ray or bone scan - Shoulder pain and fever - Decreased motion of the shoulder joint - Fluid buildup in the shoulder joint - Redness or swelling of the shoulder joint - Shoulder instability - Shoulder weakness - Shoulder pain and a history of cancer - Shoulder pain that does not get better with treatment A normal result means no problems were seen in your shoulder and surrounding tissue in the images. What Abnormal Results Mean Some possible causes of abnormal results may be: - Degenerative changes due to age - Bone infection (osteomyelitis) - Broken or fractured shoulder bone - Bursitis in the shoulder area - Biceps tear - Abnormal Osteonecrosis (vascular necrosis) - Rotator cuff tear - Rotator cuff tendinitis - Shoulder inflammation (frozen shoulder) - Tumor (including cancer) - Labral tear - Cyst in the shoulder This list does not include all possible problems. Talk to your provider with any questions and concerns. MRI contains no radiation. No side effects from the magnetic fields and radio waves have been reported. It is also safe to have MRI performed during pregnancy. No side effects or complications have been proven. The most common type of contrast (dye) used is gadolinium. It is very safe. Allergic reactions to the substance rarely occur. However, gadolinium can be harmful to people with kidney problems that require dialysis. If you have kidney problems, please tell your provider before the test. The strong magnetic fields created during an MRI can cause heart pacemakers and other implants not to work as well. It can also cause a piece of metal inside your body to move or shift. Please make sure you do not bring anything that contains metal into the scanner room, it can become projectile and dangerous to you. Tests that may be done instead of an MRI of the shoulder include: A CT scan may be preferred in some emergency cases, since it is faster and usually available right in the emergency room. Anderson MW, Fox MG. MRI of the shoulder. In: Anderson MW, Fox MG, eds. Sectional Anatomy by MRI and CT. 4th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2017:chap 2. Rossy WH, Frederick SS, Abrams JS. Subscapularis injury. In: Miller MD, Thompson SR, eds. DeLee, Drez,& Miller's Orthopaedic Sports Medicine. 5th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2020:chap 48. Van Thielen T, van den Hauwe L, Van Goethem JW, Parizel PM. Current status of imaging of the spine and anatomical features. In: Adam A, Dixon AK, Gillard JH, Schaefer-Prokop CM, eds. Grainger & Allison's Diagnostic Radiology. 7th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2021:chap 47.

<urn:uuid:63ae151d-f79f-4dd7-b625-9e45c2223f7b>

WHEN DOES SPRING START? seem obvious that for Christians springtime revolves around the three days between Good Friday and Easter. The cold dark force of Winter is overcome and Spring blossoms forth. This is not as simple as it seems. Good Friday was celebrated by Jesus Christ as Passover and just happened to be on Friday that year. He died on the 15th day of Nissan, which in the Jewish calendar is automatically the Full Moon. All four Gospels say that he died on Friday. One of many possible dates for this is the 3rd of April in the year 33 when it is known there was a partial lunar eclipse. Easter was mandated to be on Sunday by the Council of Nicæa effectively making it not just a sun- and moon-based holiday, but since it revolves around the days of the week, also a human-based holiday. The simple definition of Easter is that it is the first Sunday after the Full Moon that occurs on or after the Vernal Equinox. If the Full Moon falls on a Sunday then Easter is the next Sunday. So for Eastern Orthodox Christians, who follow the Julian sun and moon based calendar, similar to the Hebrew calendar, it always falls after Passover. Even for Jews, however, exactly when the Vernal Equinox and the New Moon begin was based entirely on observation until the destruction of the Second Temple in 70 CE. Since then all decisions have been based on calculations, and so the dates come out differently for different groups. For Catholics, who follow the Gregorian sun based calendar, it is also somewhat unclear. Just when the Equinox and the Full Moon occurs changes, according to your place on the earth. Yet from a scientific perspective, it is quite clear that we can tell the exact moment of both the Vernal Equinox and the following Full Moon. Just look in any almanac. The ecliptic is the ring of constellations (the zodiac) that the sun traces through the year. When the ecliptic crosses the celestial equator each spring we have the vernal equinox. This time is known exactly. For instance the last one was March 20, 2006 18:25 UTC (GMT). Next year it will be March 21, 2007 00:07 UTC moment of the Full Moon is that time when the Moon is opposite to the Sun in the sky, and can also be found in any almanac. So for instance the first Full Moon after the last Vernal Equinox was April 13, 2006 16:42 UTC (GMT) on a Thursday. The next Full Moon after the next Vernal Equinox will be April 2, 2007 at 17:16 on a Monday. Technically speaking, Passover begins about then, but is calculated based on the Jewish system relating to time zones in the middle east and on the ancient sun and moon based calendar, so it is never quite exact according to our modern conceptions. And now, of course, we have progressed from the sun-based Gregorian calendar to Universal Time Coordinated (UTC) which is based on a cesium atomic clock, corrected and coordinated with Greenwich Mean Time (GMT). that leave us? We all know that Easter symbolizes the new year of springtime growth. Just when it starts can be calculated according to the four systems mentioned above. We start with the Sun and the Zodiac to get to the Vernal Equinox, which we can calculate exactly now. This seems to relate to our highest spiritual ambitions as human beings, as in Christianity we refer to the light within. Next we have the Sun and the Moon to get to the Full Moon. We can also now calculate this exact time. This seems to relate to the human world we know so well, of thinking, feeling, and willing. After this we come to the Moon and the Day to get to Friday and Sunday. This seems to relate to the world of nature around, of our society, our commerce, our agriculture, and our leisure activities. And finally we come to the Atomic Clock. We are able to know the exact millisecond that Easter starts anywhere on earth in our time zone. And now we are able to know exactly when Easter starts. If only we could all agree on all of the above! And so, when will we say that Spring starts? If by Spring we refer to the seasons and to our soul and spirit, it would seem that we should stay with the calendar of the sun and moon. After all, we can now calculate exactly when that is, and there will be no argument about it. My recommendation is that next year on April 2, 2007 at 17:16 on a Monday we start with the following verse, and I hope that consensus comes: aus den Weltenweiten Die Sonne spricht zum Menschensinn Und Freude aus den Seelentiefen Dem Lich sich eint im Schauen, Dann ziehen aus der Selbstheit Hülle Gedanken in die Raumesfernen Und binden dumpf Des Menschen Wesen an des Geistes Sein. from afar the sun breaks forth To warm the hearts and minds of men, Then joyful souls commune with truth And vision springs to life again. Then thoughts emerge from depths of soul To spread like gleaming light, And thereby join man's ways and goals To the ways of spiritual heights. commentary, and the translation of Rudolf Steiner's weekly verse from the Calendar of the Soul, is by John Riedel MD on 10/23/2006.

<urn:uuid:43c73b86-b9c8-4a5b-92f9-e678e651ec5c>

OMEGA-3 FATTY ACIDS – WHAT ARE THEY? They are commonly known as fish oils, which are a group of essential polyunsaturated fats which means that our body can’t produce them and therefore they must be obtained through food or supplements. There are three types of omega-3 fatty acids: - Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). These are found in dark oily fish such as salmon, sardines, and mackerel (Atlantic mackerel, King mackerel is higher in contaminants). - Alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) – This is found in vegetable oils, nuts, and seeds such as flaxseed oil, walnuts, and chia seeds. It is also found in dairy products of animals fed on grass – in much smaller amounts though. The conversion rate of ALA in our body to EPA and DHA is very limited and for this very reason, vegetarians need to have Omega -3 supplements to close the gap in EPA and DHA deficiency. When they are consumed through our diet, they are incorporated into the cell membranes of all tissues in our body. They also take part in the production of hormones that regulate blood clotting and are anti-inflammatory. They have been shown to help prevent cardiovascular diseases, help control skin inflammation, and reduce acne breakouts (1). Clinical study results have shown that omega-3 supplementation may contribute to the improvement of general skin conditions. In the UK, NHS recommends two portions of oily fish consumption per week. Pregnant women, women who are trying to get pregnant, lactating women, and children under the age of 16 should avoid consuming marlin, swordfish, and shark as they are high in marine contaminants. It is best to get your fish oil from your food as you will also be intaking a wealth of vitamins and minerals as well as EPA and DHA. For recipe ideas check out my delicious and vibrant Beetroot Marinated salmon. If you don’t eat fish or other seafood, supplements may be beneficial to you. Vegans and vegetarians can supplement their EPA and DHA deficiency through Algae oil (ALGAL EPA & DHA) supplements. If you are pregnant or planning to get pregnant you should avoid supplements containing Vitamin A or retinol and always consult with your doctor before taking any supplements. People who are on anticoagulant/ blood-thinning medication such as warfarin and aspirin should avoid taking Omega oil supplements and always consult with their doctor. FROM FISH OR KRILL? Fish oil is derived from oily fish and krill oil is derived from a shrimp-like small crustacean called Antarctic krill. Whilst both contain similar amounts of EPA and DHA, the structure of the Omega-3 fatty acids in Krill oil is in phospholipids form- different from the ones in fish oil which is in triglycerides form. Some studies show that the difference in the structure increases the absorption rate of fatty acids in krill oil, however, there are not enough research studies to conclusively support this. In addition, Krill oil is a rich source of a super antioxidant called astaxanthin which is not present in fish oil. Since fish oil is more widely available, it is more affordable than krill oil. REMEMBER! Supplements should not be used as a substitute for a varied and balanced diet and healthy lifestyle. What factors should you consider when you choose your supplements? - Purity: is the supplement purified to eliminate the potential contaminants? - Stability: Is it stabilised so that it does not go rancid? - Format: Liquid supplements are easy to swallow whilst it may have some fishy smell. Capsules may be preferred by those who are averse to fishy smell. - Flavour: If flavoured, is it natural or artificial? - Allergens: Always check the label for allergen information. - If pregnant: check the label that it is free from Vitamin A or retinol and is safe for pregnancy. - ALWAYS READ THE LABEL AND CONSULT WITH YOUR DOCTOR IF YOU ARE UNDER MEDICAL SUPERVISION BEFORE TAKING SUPPLEMENTS.

<urn:uuid:4bd47a8f-bc4f-4fc7-b7c4-4e08a6a06a6e>

When we rely entirely on willpower to change our habits, we often find ourselves falling short. This is because willpower is a limited resource, and we have even less of it when we are stressed or fatigued. To help facilitate change, we need to shift our focus away from self control, and towards self regulation. Self control is about forcing yourself, and self regulation is about helping yourself. We can increase the behaviors that we want to do more of by putting supports and strategies in place to make them easier. · Identify barriers to habit change. · Examine ways to support habit change. · Develop rituals and routines. Details: 22 page PDF

<urn:uuid:2692d378-5116-474e-bd07-c11a2430d123>

Scientists searching for worlds outside of the Solar System say that three such planets — distant gas giants that resemble Jupiter — are surprisingly dry. The atmospheres of these exoplanets, known as ‘hot Jupiters’, contain between one-tenth and one-thousandth water vapour than predicted, measurements from the Hubble Space Telescope show. The findings, published 24 July in Astrophysical Journal Letters, are at odds with theories of how planets form. The study re-analyses observations of the exoplanets HD 189733b, HD 209458b and WASP-12b, which are 20–270 parsecs (60–870 light years) away from Earth. As each exoplanet crossed in front of its host star, Hubble observed the spectrum of infrared light filtering through the planet’s atmosphere. A team led by Nikku Madhusudhan, an astronomer at the University of Cambridge, UK, then used atmospheric models to determine the combination of elements that produced each planet’s spectrum. The results suggest that the environments of all three hot Jupiters are drier than Jupiter itself. HD 209458b, which yielded the most precise measurements, seems to be the driest — its atmosphere is 1,000 times drier than Jupiter's, and 100 times drier than the Sun's. Under current theory, planets should accumulate molecules such as water faster than their host stars, write the authors. Hot Jupiters typically form in water-rich areas of solar systems and migrate toward their host stars. But Madhusudhan says the new findings suggest that these theories may have to be revised. However, some scientists favour another possible explanation. Clouds at high altitudes above the exoplanets could be obscuring Hubble’s view of the water vapour buried deeper in the atmosphere. If this is true, “their results are completely undermined,” says Adam Burrows, an astronomer at Princeton University in New Jersey, who was part of the team whose data on HD 209458b were analysed in the current study. He was not involved with the latest study. Madhusudhan thinks that it is possible, but not likely, that clouds are skewing his results. The particles would have to be high in the atmosphere, above the water vapour, for this to be true. That would place the clouds in the thinnest part of each exoplanet's atmosphere, but they could be too heavy to stay aloft. The clouds would also need to survive in the wide range of temperatures the three planets' atmospheres span — 900–2,200 ºC — which models can't yet explain. “There is just no candidate cloud composition or physics that can do it,” he says. But the fact that is is unclear how such clouds could be made doesn’t mean they don’t exist, says Zachory Berta-Thompson, an astronomer at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in Cambridge. He and his colleagues have studied a hot rocky planet named GJ 1214b and determined that clouds were present high in its atmosphere, in a layer even thinner than those that Madhusudhan are considering3. “It’s a little bit frustrating that these planets are slightly more complicated than we’d like them to be,” Berta-Thompson says. Researchers hope that telescopes now in development, including NASA’s James Webb Space Telescope and some large ground-based facilities under construction, will provide higher-resolution data that can dispel some of the current confusion. This story originally appeared in Nature News.

<urn:uuid:b280c536-8615-4c71-aa5b-098bcb4ceb9a>

Using nonfiction text is challenging for me. My district requires elementary teachers to focus on nonfiction text during the 2nd quarter. (Fiction is focused on during the 1st quarter and a mixture of fiction and nonfiction text are suggested for the 3rd and 4th quarters.) As a first grade teacher, I have not found many quality text that I can incorporate into my guided reading groups because most of the texts are too challenging for beginning readers. To solve this issue, I began using nonfiction as part of my shared reading. During this time, I read the text aloud to the students and we work together to extend their thinking. Since Thanksgiving has been our topic of discussion for the last several weeks, I used a number of resources to build my student’s background knowledge. One week, we discussed Pilgrims, the next Native Americans, and last turkeys. At first, I thought this might be information overload for the kids, but they really soaked up the lessons! A few years ago, I stumbled upon ReadWorks. This site provides differentiated passages for K-12 students. Finding this website was a lifesaver! No more creating text or having to edit the ones I did find for my struggling readers. I love this website because you can search by topic, level, or skill. There is something for all student’s needs. I used ReadWorks in my Thanksgiving unit by displaying various articles about the subject matter each day. Together, we created an anchor chart using a circle map to describe the Pilgrims and a separate map describing Native Americans. After reading a passage each day, we added additional information that we learned to the map. Then the next week, we used both circle maps to create a double bubble map, comparing and contrasting these groups of people. While discussing turkeys, I came across this turkey resource by A Year of Many Firsts, a first grade blog that I follow. (Yes, I used teachers pay teachers!) I like the fact that the author uses vocabulary about turkeys throughout her unit. For example, she has created an anchor chart with the word, the meaning, and a picture of the word. This was helpful for students to be able to connect a picture with the word while discussing the topic. I placed these posters throughout my classroom and I saw students using them, even in their independent writing time! (I also appreciate that the author used photographs throughout this lesson. My students and I discussed the fact that photographs are used with nonfiction text and illustrations are used with fiction text. It was hard breaking the news to my students that turkeys don’t look like your hand and they have more than 4 feathers!) I also use EpicBooks during the computer time of literacy stations. EpicBooks provides educators with free access to various types of books that students can read. Last week, I asked students to read a book entitled It’s Thanksgiving. After reading, the students had to take a short quiz and then they could play a game on a different site. The only downfalls that I don’t like about this website is that there is no listening component. This means, my struggling readers may have difficulty reading some books. Also, the quizzes at the end of each story are not pre-created. I like this so that each teacher has the freedom to choose which information is important. How do you incorporate nonfiction text within your lessons?

<urn:uuid:5dab82b9-d696-4659-b5e6-b85c4e209b92>

LA: Read and comprehend informational texts, including history/social studies, science, and technical texts, at the high end of the grade level text complexity band independently and proficiently. LA: Conduct short research projects to answer a question, drawing on several sources and refocusing the inquiry when appropriate. LA: Report on a topic or text, tell a story, or recount an experience with appropriate facts and relevant, descriptive details, speaking clearly at an understandable pace. MATH: Convert like measurement units within a given measurement system. SS: Describe ways in which language, stories, folktales, music, and artistic creations serve as expressions of culture and influence behavior of people living in a particular culture. SS: Give examples and describe the importance of cultural unity and diversity within and across groups. SS: Give examples of and explain group and institutional influences such as religious beliefs, laws, and peer pressure, on people, events, and elements of culture. SS: Explore ways that language, art, music, belief systems, and other cultural elements may facilitate global understanding or lead to misunderstanding. VA: Intentionally take advantage of the qualities and characteristics of art media, techniques, and processes to enhance communication of experiences and ideas. VA: Select and use the qualities of structures and functions of art to improve communication of ideas. VA: Use subjects, themes, and symbols that demonstrate knowledge of contexts, values, and aesthetics that communicate intended meaning in artworks. VA: Analyze, describe, and demonstrate how factors of time and place influence visual characteristics that give meaning and value to a work of art.

<urn:uuid:3f0aad05-6ee6-4143-8863-739d21133a47>

THE LATEST LOOK at obesity among Irish children shows that 20 per cent of children here are obese – but the rate is stabilising among some groups. However, among disadvantaged groups, the obesity rate is not stabilising or decreasing. The statistics from COSI, the European Childhood Obesity Surveillance Initiative were published by the HSE today. COSI monitors childhood obesity levels by measuring children in sample schools all over Europe, and these latest figures are from 2012. They involved a nationally representative sample of 7, 9 and 11 year old children from a mix of Irish urban, rural and disadvantaged (DEIS) schools. Dr Stephanie O’Keeffe, National Director of Health and Wellbeing, HSE, said that the 2012 COSI results show that more than 20 per cent of our children remain overweight or obese. But she added that rates have either decreased or stabilised in some age groups. “This is welcome news, but the overall concern about the level of overweight among our children remains,” said Dr O’Keeffe. The study, by the National Nutrition Surveillance Centre, UCD for the HSE, comprises 12,236 children’s measurements in 163 schools collected in 2008, 2010 and again in 2012. Professor Cecily Kelleher from UCD said that the rates of overweight and obesity have shown decreases at age 7, and stabilisation at age 9. Critically, the observed reduction or leveling off is not happening in DEIS or disadvantaged schools, and this has implications for all, including health and public service partners, particularly those working on implementation of the Healthy Ireland framework. Dr O’Keeffe said that tackling childhood obesity “requires the whole of government and whole of society response”. In September 2014, the health services will introduce a pilot growth monitoring programme in primary schools, as part of the school health check for 5-6 year olds. This will commence in four pilot HSE areas – Mayo, Laois-Offaly, Dublin 15 and Cork City. Parents will be given feedback on their child’s growth, and if required, advice on steps they can take at home to ensure they rebalance diet and activity levels as their child grows. Any children whose growth results show signs of clinical obesity will be offered a community-based lifestyle intervention programme, based on the successful W82GO programme delivered by the Children’s University Hospital, Temple Street. - Support resources for keeping children healthy and fit can be found at SafeFood, and Get Ireland Active.

<urn:uuid:a9b4c423-e6d2-442c-8000-bb6ecf1d0163>

Note that some links will break as pages are moved, websites are abandoned, etc. If this happens, please try searching for the page in the Wayback Machine at www.archive.org. "Reflexology goes back to a form of treatment developed by the Indian tribes of North America…..Reflexologists describe their therapy as the "practice of working on reflexes in such a way as to produce a relaxation and response in the corresponding body regions. By applying controlled pressure with the thumbs or index fingers to the reflex points and areas on the feet, the body is stimulated to achieve its own state of equilibrium and good health. Pressure on the reflexes not only affects the organ or region of the body but it also influences the relationship between the different functions, processes and parts." The foot, ear, hand, back and other body locations are believed to represent "holographic reiterations of the anatomy of the body," or a "perfect microcosm or miniature map of the whole body," or a "scanner screen-recording bodily functions." Maps were drawn up where one particular area of the foot's sole is assumed to represent one particular internal organ or organ system. These maps are based on the assumption that 10 "energy zones" run longitudinally through the body. Each foot has five of these lines, and all body organs are believed to lie along one or more of these lines. Reflexologists postulate that a malfunctioning organ or body system leads to deposits of uric acid or calcium crystals. These, in turn, impinge on the nerve endings on the feet or obstruct the lymph flow. Treatment aims at breaking down the deposits so that they can be re-absorbed and eliminated. Reflexologists also believe that treatment can improve blood flow and that reflex points are nerve receptors whose stimulation will induce "deep relaxation" or emit "impulses to all parts of the body." Other hypotheses involve the lymphatic system, suggesting that the body's waste products are removed through reflexology massage, and the general enhancement of the body's inherent balance. All of these theories are unsubstantiated. A scientific rationale for reflexology simply does not exist." Article by Professor Edzard Ernst, The Independent (1st December 1998)

<urn:uuid:3d477d2e-0bd5-4214-8d70-5dafa6ef3bbf>

When a disk rolls on a surface without slip, the velocity of the point of contact of the disk with the surface is zero and the friction force is less than the maximum allowable value of mu_k*N. The relative velocity equation is used to relate the velocity of the mass center to the angular velocity of the disk. a) What is the maximum value of P such that the disk rolls without slip? b) What is the angular acceleration of the disk for this value of P? The disk has a radius of 0.20m, and a mass of 1.8kg. Force P acts at the center of mass, and the coefficient of kinetic friction (mu_k) is 0.25. I know that the value of P is: 3/2 m*r*alpha. (alpha being the angular acceleration), and I know that the eventual expression for the max value of P is 3*mu_k*m*g. I also know the value of the ultimate acceleration from this particular P value = 24.5 rad/s^2. The problem I am having is how to show where the Pmax = 3*mu_k*m*g comes from. I need to see a derivation for this quantity.

<urn:uuid:fa131063-a36c-418e-a4ab-f107efdcf231>

RESEARCH TRIANGLE PARK, N.C. -- For the first time, scientists built a synthetic biologic system with compartments like real cells. This Army project at the University of Massachusetts Amherst could lead to materials that provide new avenues to deliver medicine, treat wounds and purify water for Soldiers. The Army Research Office, an element of the U.S. Army Combat Capabilities Development Command's Army Research Laboratory, funded the project. The research, published in Chem, takes advantage of differences in electrical charge to create an all-aqueous, water-in-water construct that achieves compartmentalization in a synthetic biologic system. "This ability to program stable structure and chemical functionality in all-aqueous systems that are environmentally friendly and bio-compatible will potentially provide unprecedented future capabilities for the Army," said Dr. Evan Runnerstrom, program manager in materials design at ARO. "The knowledge generated by this project could be applicable to future technologies for all-liquid batteries, water purification or wound treatment and drug delivery in the field." Runnerstrom said the research could lead to the development of materials that are stable in water and bio-compatible, which for Soldiers could mean, a material available in the field that comes pre-loaded with medicine such as blood clotting factors. With an engineered stimulus, such as opening the packaging and applying a wound dressing, these water-in-water structures could be made to release the medicine. Postdoctoral researcher Ganhua Xie at University of Massachusetts Amherst used two polymer aqueous solutions, one of polyethylene glycol, orPEG and water, the other dextran and water, with different electrical charges; they can be combined but do not mix, like the non-mixing wax-and-water in a lava lamp. Next, Xie used a needle to send a high velocity jet of the dextran-plus-water solution into the PEG-plus-water solution, something Dr. Thomas Russell, the paper's lead author calls, "3D printing water-in-water." The operation creates a coacervate-membrane-stabilized aqueous or water-filled tubule where the path-length of the tube can be kilometers long. The 3D water-on-water printing forms a membranous layer of a coacervate that separates the two solutions. "Our results point to new opportunities for manipulating and improving continuous separation and compartmentalized reactions," said Russell, distinguished professor, Polymer Science and Engineering Department at University of Massachusetts Amherst and the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. "I feel we have developed a strategy to mimic the behavior of living cells. I think this is the first time this has been demonstrated." Another feature of the water tube formed this way is that electrical charge regulates whether and in which direction a material can pass through the coacervate membrane. A negatively charged dye or other molecule can only pass through a negatively charged wall of the asymmetrical membrane, and likewise for positively charged materials. "It effectively forms a diode, a one-sided gate," Xie said. "We can do a reaction inside this tube or sac that will generate a positively charged molecule that can only diffuse into the positive phase through the coacervate. If we design the system right, we can separate things out easily by charge, so it can be used for separations media in all-aqueous compartmentalized reaction systems. We can also trigger one reaction that will allow a coordinated reaction cascade, just as it happens in our bodies." Xie explains that 3D water-on-water printing allows them to direct where they put these domains. "We can build multi-layered structures with positive/negative/positive layers. We can use the sac-shaped ones as reaction chambers," he said. Advantages of separating functions and materials in cells by compartmentalization include allowing many processes to occur at once, many different chemical environments to coexist and otherwise incompatible components to work side-by-side. Among other tests and experiments, the researchers report on how they designed an all-aqueous tubular system and attached needles and syringe pumps at each end to allow water to pump through the entire structure without leakage, creating a flow-through coordinated reaction system. "Once we'd done it, we looked at the biological mimicry," Russell said. "There have been lots of efforts to mimic biological systems, and a biologist might object and say this is too simple. But I do think that even though it involves simple materials, it works. It's treading very close to vasculature, and it mimics any place where chemicals flow through a membrane. Is it in the body? No, but it does mimic a real metabolic process, a compartmental reaction." "There is a lot of power in the bio-mimetic approach with this research, where certain molecules or ions can be compartmentalized, just like in real cells, without using any organic solvents or oils, just water," Runnerstrom said. "This could give us new avenues to deliver medicine and drugs in a more controlled way for both the military and civilians." # # # The CCDC Army Research Laboratory (ARL) is an element of the U.S. Army Combat Capabilities Development Command. As the Army's corporate research laboratory, ARL discovers, innovates and transitions science and technology to ensure dominant strategic land power. Through collaboration across the command's core technical competencies, CCDC leads in the discovery, development and delivery of the technology-based capabilities required to make Soldiers more effective to win our Nation's wars and come home safely. CCDC is a major subordinate command of the U.S. Army Futures Command.

<urn:uuid:6a5545c1-e27c-4ef8-97a6-336fbda7f601>

בראשית ברא אלקים את השמים ואת הארץ: והארץ היתה תהו ובהו וחשך על-פני תהום וגו’ In the beginning of G-d’s creating of the Heaven and the Earth. The land was unformed and empty, and darkness on the surface of the deep… Our Sages teach us that it was predetermined that the Jewish people would undergo four periods of subjugation. These periods were caused by four kingdoms, all alluded to in scripture: Babylonia, Persia / Media, Greece, and Rome. The verse that describes the early process of creation says that the land was tohu (unformed), bohu (empty), and darkness on the surface of the deep. Tohu refers to Babylonia, vohu refers to Persia / Media, darkness refers to Greece, and the deep refers to Rome. Our Sages clarify that the reason that Greece is referred to as darkness because they darkened the eyes of the Jewish people with their decrees. How are the other kingdoms alluded to with these adjectives? Continue reading “Chanukah 5781” Hashem’s ways of judgement בארבעה פרקים העולם נידון וכו’ בראש השנה כל באי עולם עוברין לפניו כבני מרון שנאמר היוצר יחד לבם המבין אל כל מעשיהם On four occasions the world is judged…on Rosh Hashanah all of the world’s inhabitants pass before Him like benei Maron, as it is written: “The One who makes together their hearts, The One who understands all of their actions” Our Sages teach us that on Rosh Hashanah every individual on Earth passes before Hashem for judgement, like benei maron. What does benei maron mean? The gemarra provides three explanations: like a flock of sheep, like the steps of the House of Maron, or like the soldiers of King David. A flock a sheep refers to when a shepherd wants to count his sheep, he counts them one-by-one as they pass through a narrow entrance. The steps of the House of Maron was a narrow path that not even two people could walk up side-by-side. The soldiers of King David’s army would be counted one-by-one as they went out to wage war. These three explanations seem to all be saying the same thing: Hashem judges every individual on Rosh Hashanah one after the other. What then is their dispute? Continue reading “Rosh Hashanah 5781” The price of ingratitude לא-יבא עמוני ומואבי בקהל יקוק גם דור עשירי לא-יבא להם בקהל יקוק עד-עולם: על-דבר אשר לא-קדמו אתכם בלחם ובמים בדרך בצאתכם ממצרים ואשר שכר עליך את-בלעם וגו’ לקללך An Ammonite and a Moavite shall not marry into the congregation of Hashem. Even the tenth generation shall not marry into the congregation of Hashem, for all time. Due to the matter that they didn’t present you with bread or water when you were traveling from Egypt, and for having hired Bilaam…to curse you The Torah informs us that a convert from the nation of Ammon or Moav cannot marry into the Jewish people. The reason is twofold: they didn’t present us with bread or water when we were traveling from Egypt, and because they hired the non-Jewish prophet Bilaam to curse the Jews. If we were to pick the worse of the two crimes, seemingly the second one is more severe. If Bilaam had successfully cursed the Jews, there would be no remnant left. His goal, as well as those who hired him, was to obliterate the Jewish people from the face of the Earth. Shouldn’t that be enough of a reason not to intermarry with them? Why then does the Torah also need to mention the reason that they didn’t offer us bread and water? That was simply a lack of showing honor and respect, or at the very least of generosity. It’s surely not as severe as wanting to annihilate them. Further, why is the sin of not giving bread and water listed first, implying it’s worse than the second one? Continue reading “Ki Seitzei 5780” A defense mechanism ואת-העם צו לאמר אתם עברים בגבול אחיכם בני-עשו הישבים בשעיר וייראו מכם ונשמרתם מאד Command the people, saying: “You are passing through the territory of your brother, the children of Eisav, who dwell in [the land of] Seir. They fear you tremendously, and you shall be very cautious” The book of Deuteronomy begins with Moshe recounting to the Jews their forty-year journey throughout the wilderness. They were about to enter the land of Israel, and Moshe was about to pass on from this Earth. Moshe wanted them to glean lessons from their failures and experiences throughout their travels, so that they’ll be better equipped for what’s to come. Towards the end of their journey, they began approaching the land of Seir, where Eisav dwelled. Moshe informed the Jewish people that the nation of Eisav feared the Jews tremendously. They should be very cautious as they pass through their land. In the end they weren’t able to pass through, so they had to circle around their borders. What lesson is Moshe giving the people by recounting to them this episode? Continue reading “Devarim 5780” אלה שמות האנשים אשר-שלח משה לתור את-הארץ ויקרא משה להושע בן-נון יהושע These are the names of the men who were sent by Moshe to scout out the land. Moshe called Hoshea the son of Nun: Yehoshua When the Jews had almost arrived at the land of Israel, they had the idea to send spies to scout out the land. They wanted to know not only about the landscape, but about the inhabitants. Were they a conquerable force, or not? Twelve men, one for each tribe, were selected for the task. One of them was Moshe’s faithful student, Yehoshua. He was originally called Hoshea, but Moshe, as a form of prayer, added the letter yud to his name, making it Yehoshua. Moshe was concerned that the spies had evil intentions, and would falsely give a negative report. He therefore added a letter from G-d’s name to Yehoshua’s, pleading that Hashem should save Yehoshua from the council of the spies. What prompted Moshe to give this name change to Yehoshua? One explanation is that Moshe saw Yehoshua’s great humility, and thus felt he needed this prayer. What does one have to do with the other? Continue reading “Shelach 5780” Elevation with ash removal צו את-אהרן ואת-בניו לאמר זאת תורה העלה היא העלה וגו’ ואש המזבח תוקד בו: ולבש הכהן וגו’ והרים את-הדשן וגו’ והאש על-המזבח תוקד-בו וגו’ Command Aharon and his sons, saying: “This is the law of the Olah offering. It is the Olah…the fire of the altar should be ignited by it. The Kohen will adorn…he will lift the ash [off the alter]…The fire on the altar shall remain burning… The Olah offering is one of the many kinds of offerings in the Temple. It’s called an Olah offering because of what makes it unique. It’s entirely consumed by the altar fire. No person is permitted to eat from its flesh. Olah means elevation, as the offering is considered to entirely elevate towards Heaven. The Torah states that it is about to detail the laws of the Olah offering, and then proceeds to discuss something else entirely. There’s a mitzvah for the Kohen to scoop up the ash from the altar once a day and place it on the side of the altar. This is known as terumas hadeshen. There’s also a mitzvah to put wood on the altar so the fire doesn’t extinguish. Instead of the Torah describing the laws of the Olah, it details these two mitzvos. Why then does it give this seemingly misleading introduction? Continue reading “Tzav 5780” Separation by lamb blood החדש הזה לכם ראש חדשים ראשון הוא לכם לחדשי השנה: דברו וגו’ ויקחו להם איש שה לבית-אבת שה לבית: ואם-ימעט הבית מהית משה ולקח הוא ושכנו הקרב אל-ביתו וגו’ ולקחו מן-הדם ונתנו על-שתי המזוזת ועל-המשקוף על הבתים אשר-יאכלו אתו בהם: והיה הדם לכם לאת על הבתים אשר אתם שם וגו’ ואתם לא תצאו איש מפתח-ביתו עד-בקר: ועבר יקוק לנגף את-מצרים וראה את-הדם על-המשקוף וגו’ ולא יתן המשחית לבא אל-בתיכם לנגף This month will be for you the beginning of the months; for you it is the first for the months of the year. Tell [the Jewish people that]…they will take for them, each man, a lamb for the fathers’ homes, a lamb for each household. If the lamb will not suffice for the household, they and the neighbor close to their house will take…Take from the blood and place it on the two doorposts, and the lintel of the house that you will eat [the offering] in. The blood will be for you a sign on your houses that you will be in…and you shall not leave, each person, from the door of their house, until morning. Hashem will pass by to afflict the Egyptians, and will see the blood on the lintel…and He will not let the Destroyer come to your houses to afflict Before the plague of the death of the firstborn, Moshe instructed the Jews with several mitzvos. He started by informing them about the Jewish calendar, in which Nissan is the first of the months. This included details of the mitzvah to sanctify the New Moon, establishing the months accordingly. Subsequently, he informed them of the mitzvah of the Pesach offering. This included instructions on selecting a lamb for each household, taking its blood and putting it on the doorposts, and staying indoors until morning. How are we to understand the juxtaposition of these two mitzvos? As well, upon careful examination, we’ll observe that the first mitzvah given to the Jewish people as a whole is the mitzvah to sanctify the New Moon. Why was this mitzvah held in such high esteem that it merited to get the position as the first mitzvah? Finally, with regards to the Pesach offering, why is there so much emphasis on the house? It’s repeated and stressed multiple times. What could be the reason? Continue reading “Bo 5780” Rebuking the impetuous ראובן בכורי אתה כחי וראשית אוני יתר שאת ויתר עז: פחז כמים אל-תותר כי עלית משכבי אביך אז חללת יצועי עלה Reuven, you are my firstborn, my strength, the first of my vigor. [Potentially] exceeding in position and exceeding in might. Hasty as water, you will not exceed, since you went up on your father’s bed. Then you profaned that which went upon my couch As Yaakov’s life was ending, he took the opportunity to give his children their final blessings. While accenting their unique traits, he also informed them of their shortcomings. He started with his firstborn Reuven by rebuking him for an incident that had happened decades earlier. When Yaakov’s wife Rochel died, he moved his bed into Rochel’s maidservant Bilhah’s tent. Reuven felt this was an affront to his mother Leah, who should have become Yaakov’s primary wife. Reuven audaciously moved his father’s bed out of Bilhah’s tent and put it into Leah’s. At the time, Yaakov said nothing. Now that Yaakov’s life was ending, it was now or never to rebuke Reuven. Continue reading “Vayechi 5780” The goblet of the wise הלוא אשר ישתה אדני בו והוא נחש ינחש בו וגו’ Is [this goblet] not that which my Master drinks from? He also divines with it… Yosef, as the viceroy of Egypt, had his brothers fooled. They didn’t recognize him as their brother, and he sent them home without a clue. More than that, Yosef had a plan to set up his brother Binyamin. Yosef had someone plant his precious goblet in Binyamin’s bag. As the brothers journeyed home, they were arrested for theft. What was Yosef’s purpose for this whole ruse? Continue reading “Mikeitz 5780” Gifts of persuasion אמרי נא אחותי את למען ייטב לי בעבורך וחיתה נפשי בגללך Please say that you are my sister, so that it will be good for me for your sake, and my life will be spared because of you Due to a severe famine in the land of Canaan, Avraham and Sarah journeyed to the land of Egypt. Knowing full-well the morality of such a place, Avraham was very concerned. His wife was tremendously beautiful, and if the Egyptians knew they were a married couple, they would have no problem killing Avraham and taking Sarah as their wife. However, if they represented themselves as siblings, they would be safe. They would assume Avraham, as Sarah’s “brother”, was her protector, and could be persuaded to give her away in marriage. Continue reading “Lech Lecha 5780”

<urn:uuid:ca34811f-d7a1-4167-876a-6d1d3edd200a>

Bilingualism Matters carries out research and public engagement on the benefits of language learning. It is the basis of an international network. In 2008 Professor Antonella Sorace founded the Bilingualism Matters (BM) programme to share her research findings with the wider public. Sorace wanted to fight some common misconceptions about bilingualism, and instead focus on its benefits. In particular, Sorace wanted to address the myth that bilingualism is bad for children’s cognitive development. BM’s purpose is to make current research on bilingualism more accessible, and help people make informed decisions about language learning. BM aims to reach a wide audience, including parents, educators, health professionals, and policy makers. Multilingual families are more and more common in the UK and Europe thanks to increased mobility. Professor Sorace founded the Developmental Linguistics Group at the University of Edinburgh in 2001. Along with the arrival of several other researchers, this marked the start of an important development in research into multilingualism and bilingualism. The Edinburgh approach The University of Edinburgh is one of the few places globally that studies language-learning at all ages, as well as its effect on thought and mental skills across the lifespan. The Centre is based in the school of PPLS, bringing together research perspectives from linguistics, child development, and cognitive psychology to explore how language and thinking develops. Bilingualism vs monolingualism Researchers compared bilingual children and adults’ language-acquisition and mental flexibility with those of monolinguals – people who speak only one language. This meant researchers could learn about the effect of early bilingualism on children’s language. They found that, although bilinguals may have smaller vocabularies than monolinguals, this tends to equalise in older bilingual children. They also found that second-language learning can be more effective when it begins before the age of 4. Researchers also found that people who start learning a language later in life show some of the same mental benefits as people who learnt multiple languages as young children – including Dr Thomas Bak’s work suggesting a delay in the onset of dementia symptoms. BM has provided facts about bilingualism to the public, contributing to a change in attitudes. Families and teachers Sorace and other BM representatives have provided talks and workshops to teachers, parent groups and community groups to promote bilingualism. In 2010 the European Commission invited Sorace to Brussels to advise on its Piccolingo campaign to promote multilingualism. She was given EU-Lifelong Learning funding to support children in Scotland learning a language with their parents. The EU has funded a follow-up project to speak to schools and migrant families. BM aims to keep health professional up-to-date on the latest research about bilingualism. This ensures that they are well informed, and do not give families out-of-date information. BM has run many training sessions for speech therapists, childminders, paediatricians, and other health professionals in Scotland and elsewhere. Dr Vicky Chondrogianni is building partnerships with NHS Lothian to improve the assessment of bilingual children referred to Speech and Language Therapists. BM members have organised more than 100 information seminars for international organisations such as the European Central Bank, Council of Europe and European Commission. The Scottish Government has consulted Sorace in developing its policy on language-learning in primary schools, which aims to introduce two languages in primary schools. Regional and global language communities BM is now a Europe-wide network with branches in Croatia, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, Netherlands, Norway, Slovenia, Spain, and the US. Several of these branches were set up with the support of the EU-Commission funded project Advancing the European Multilingual Experience. In Scotland, Sorace worked with Bòrd na Gàidhlig feeding into reports by the Curriculum for Excellence Gaelic Excellence Group. Farther afield, BM and Sorace have contributed to Sardinian language policy. BM’s research has also led to other research into specific language communities.

<urn:uuid:1fc072af-c7e9-4922-8a28-03d41d9194d3>

This course will introduce fundamental concepts and paradigms underlying the design of modern programming languages. For concreteness, we study the details of an object-oriented language (e.g. Java), and a functional language (e.g., Scheme) . The overall goal is to enable comparison and evaluation of existing languages. The programming assignments will be coded in Java 5 and in Scheme. College of Engineering and Computer Science

<urn:uuid:a21244b2-91e0-4dde-8cf9-c12202c4ec8c>

Statistical inference is the process of drawing conclusions about populations or scientific truths from data. There are many modes of performing inference including statistical modeling, data oriented strategies and explicit use of designs and randomization in analyses. Furthermore, there are broad theories (frequentists, Bayesian, likelihood, design based, …) and numerous complexities (missing data, observed and unobserved confounding, biases) for performing inference. A practitioner can often be left in a debilitating maze of techniques, philosophies and nuance. This course presents the fundamentals of inference in a practical approach for getting things done. After taking this course, students will understand the broad directions of statistical inference and use this information for making informed choices in analyzing data. Acerca de este Curso Habilidades que obtendrás Universidad Johns Hopkins The mission of The Johns Hopkins University is to educate its students and cultivate their capacity for life-long learning, to foster independent and original research, and to bring the benefits of discovery to the world. - 5 stars57,41 % - 4 stars23,21 % - 3 stars10,08 % - 2 stars4,53 % - 1 star4,74 % Principales reseñas sobre INFERENCIA ESTADÍSTICA Excellent course. After completion, I really feel like I have a great grasp of basic inferential statistics and this course introduced ideas that I had not even considered before. For starters, it will demand a lot of out of class studies. It took me three months to go through the basics in Khan Academy before attempting it - and after that it was straight forward. Very intensive and demanding course with interesting examples. Students without previous knowledge in statistics will likely need additional resources to complete the course. This course covers the very basics of statistical inference which will help to strengthen your base concept. I loved doing the course especially the practice assignments on swirl. ¿Cuándo podré acceder a las lecciones y tareas? ¿Qué recibiré si me suscribo a este Programa especializado? ¿Hay ayuda económica disponible? ¿Tienes más preguntas? Visita el Centro de Ayuda al Alumno.

<urn:uuid:023a0cd0-0cfd-4740-9d91-79ebca5cb511>

Select two Y columns of values (or subranges from two Y columns). If there is an associated X column, X column supplies X values; otherwise, sampling interval of the Y column or row number is used. Select required data. From the menu, choose Plot > Basic 2D : Bubble. Click the Bubble button on the 2D Graphs toolbar. Bubble.OTP (installed to the Origin program folder). For each row, the two Y column values determine the display of the data points. The first Y column provides the Y data point values. The second Y column controls the data point symbol size in units of points. By default, a bubble scale will be added to the bubble graph upon creation and works as a legend.

<urn:uuid:9a2c714a-dbd0-4737-a1a6-2755a4dfef13>

“So long as men praise you, you can only be sure that you are not yet on your own true path but on someone else’s.” “Wow!” “You rock!” “Good job!” “Awesome!” “You’re the best!” When a child begins to learn to read and write it is only natural to praise him for his accomplishments. Praise is certainly good for all of us, but lavishing extravagant praise on your child might actually be detrimental to building both self-esteem and creativity. Praise generally focuses on the result, rather than the process. Constant praise leads a child to believe that the glory is not in the absorbed and engaged feeling she had during her endeavors, but in how successful the results have been. Children may begin to depend on a continuous loop of praise from adults in order to determine the worth of their efforts. When a child offers you her first efforts at printing asking if she did it right, it is important to remember, that in answering the question in either a positive or negative way the result is that, in the child’s mind, what you are praising or criticizing is the product and not her perseverance and persistence. Parents too quick to correct, “It’s great, honey, but your L is backward, let me fix it.”, although they have every good intention in mind, give a clear message to their child that they were expecting better. Children begin to strive for perfection in order to be to be applauded, rather than becoming one with the extensive and deeply creative process of learning. When I was in school there was a hierarchy of stars given out for various achievements –red, green, and blue were on the lower end of the reward spectrum, silver was second best, but gold was parceled out stingily and only for excellence. In our goal oriented schools, with their focus on achieving higher and higher test scores, the overriding missive is: You are worth what others think of you, not what you think of yourself. Children are thrown off course early, desiring their parents and teachers praise, they work, not for the joy of satisfying their innate curiosity to learn, but for the highest grade. They want to make the team and get the biggest trophy, instead of enjoying the exhilarating feeling that comes over your body and mind when you are doing your personal best at any activity from reading to running. Encourage your child by commenting on how hard he has tried. Ask your child questions about his work, why he chose a particular subject or color. In this way we individualize our praise, showing value for our children’s choices rather than the final effect. One child may take a long time drawing a butterfly which looks nothing like a butterfly. Ask her why and you may be surprised at the response, rather than a lack of fine motor skills, the child may tell you that the butterfly is flying around a garden, or hatching out of chrysalis. This use of imagination is far more valuable in establishing and strengthening the creative cognitive skills of true intelligence, than is the drawing of a “perfect” butterfly by rote. Sadly, it is the child with the perfect drawing that normally gets his work displayed and the child who happily scribbles, lost in his own world, that stops drawing because nobody noticed. It is not only important in terms of understanding your child to ask about what she has done, and why she has done it, it also builds language skills, so necessary in early literacy. Writing down your child’s words on her drawing further extends these skills by reminding the child that writing is, simply, the spoken word on paper, a means to communicate to all. This subliminal lesson in the purpose of reading is invaluable. My experience is that children are very particular about the words they tell you to write, often speaking slowly and asking you to read their own words back to them so that they know you got it right. In small attentive ways we continuously show a child our interest and respect without, the sometimes, hallow words of praise. Celebrate your child for who he is and not what he can do and self-confidence will grow. Praise sets up a fear of failure in the same way that criticism does. The child believes that perhaps what he attempts won’t be good enough, so he stops trying. Although no loving adult would tell a child that his work is awful, praise and criticism revolve around the same basic point – is my work good or is it bad? Ironically, no one can learn, either socially, artistically, academically, or physically, without failing. Therefore, fear of failure is paralyzing. When adults express either pride or disappointment they overlook the vast field of learning that lies between the two. Independence leads to self-esteem. If a child is working to please someone else he is not developing independence, but interdependence. He is not trying his own inventive ways to get to a particular solution, but relying on those around him to tell him the “right” way to do it. So, gently encourage rather than overly praise, and you will see your child blossom. Whether children are learning to read, to play a musical instrument, or to hit a ball with a bat, share your joy in their efforts rather than their achievements and they will naturally gravitate to the things that they are passionate about doing-the true secret of success.

<urn:uuid:07750905-0a7e-4f2f-bf9d-d4eebd584dcb>

Guest post by Imogen European countries generally call it football, whereas North America and Australasia almost always refer to it as soccer. The average Englishman will adamantly argue that the right name is football, and may even argue that the word soccer is some kind of American invention, but he would actually be wrong. In fact, the word soccer originated in Britain, so read on to find out the interesting course of events that led to the creation of the much disputed word soccer. Football played with the feet and football played with the hands To understand why two words exist for the same sport, more explanation about another sport being played in Britain is needed. During a game of football played with the feet, at the Rugby School in England, a student called William Webb Ellis decided to pick up the ball and run it over the goal line. When he asked the referee if it was a goal, the ref replied, “No, but it was a jolly good ‘try’”. The sport of Rugby Football progressed from there, with the adoption of ‘try’ as a scoring term, and the name of the sport is taken from the school. The Rugby Union organisation was eventually formed in 1871, and in addition, schoolboys at the time gave the game the nickname ‘rugger’, which is still used today. As Rugby football became a popular sport in England, a distinction had to be made between rugby, where the hands are used, and football, where just the feet are used. It all began with the creation of the Football Association, or FA, back in 1863. Football had been played in England for many years before this date, but no formal set of definite rules had been decided upon. A group of teams decided that they would play all their games according to the rules set out by the Football Association, and many more followed suit. From here the modern game of football or soccer flourished, but where did this new name come from? Origins of the word soccer The term football was a common name used for both rugby and football, so with the creation of the Football Association, football began being referred to as association football. As with the nickname of Rugby being ‘rugger’, soon enough a nickname was used for association football – soccer. The story goes that not long after the formation of the Football Association, an Oxford student called Charles Wreford-Brown was asked by friend whether he would like to join in with a game of ‘rugger’ they were about to play. Charles replied by saying no to a game of rugby because he preferred to play ‘soccer’. The birth to the two names for these two games explains how the words came into existence, but doesn’t explain why is there a distinction between who uses ‘soccer’ and who uses ‘football’ This is even more relevant seeing as English people will often declare football as the proper name, even though the term soccer originated in England. How British society shaped the use of soccer and football In the second part of the 19th century, these two organisations governing the two sports of football, association football and rugby football, were establishments of the upper class educational system. Universities like Cambridge and Oxford endorsed the implementation of a set of rules for each game, and began to create competitions that pitted teams from each university against each other. The love of creating nicknames for things was a common thing for schoolboys of the time to do, and students at these schools for the privileged made the words rugger and soccer their own. The reason why football has become much more widely used than soccer in England is down to social factors (much like drug addiction varies in England depending on social class and background with many footballers sadly falling into addiction in retirement, a fate less common for those who played rugby). The terms rugger and soccer were common words for the upper class, but there was a big distinction between people from these more fortunate backgrounds and the rest of England’s people. When these sports were introduced to the masses soccer was the all-out winner, but the word soccer belonged to the privileged Victorian schoolboys that invented it. Instead, the masses reverted back to simply calling it football, and a large reason for this would be because the game is playing using a ball and your foot, unlike rugby. So there you have it, the reason behind why one sport has two names.

<urn:uuid:0f52e69d-446d-4f81-a913-95bbaa59ccf4>

Once everyone was safely on land, they realized the place was called Melita (known today as Malta). Melita was named by Phoenician sailors, and it is a Canaanite word meaning refuge. Paul’s knowledge of Hebrew would have been especially useful here in that the natives were so friendly and hospitable toward the people. Luke’s reference in Acts 28:1 to the fact they knew the island was called Melita may very well mean it was well named. The sailors may have recognized the island or the natives themselves may have disclosed the name, but it was the kindness and hospitality they had shown the shipwrecked people that Luke seems to mean when he says “they knew that the island was called Melita.” What occurred next is a bit of a controversy. Luke tells us that, while Paul was gathering wood for the fire the natives had built to warm the shipwrecked people, a ‘viper’ bit him and while it was hanging onto his hand, Paul shook it off and it fell into the fire (Acts 28:3, 5). Today, Malta has no vipers, but this is not controversial, since it may very well be that as the population increased, the vipers were destroyed. What is controversial is that the ‘viper’ hung onto Paul’s hand. Vipers don’t do that. They bite and move on. However, if Paul (as the text claims) placed the wood he gathered onto the fire, and the viper came out of the wood which was placed on the fire, where would the beast go for safety? It seems to me that the beast not only bit Paul in defense, but held on for the same reason—to get out of the fire. The natives, when they witnessed what occurred, presumed Paul to be an evil man and fate would not permit such a one to escape the violence of the shipwreck and survive. However, when nothing evil happened to Paul—i.e. he didn’t swell up or die—the natives then presumed he was a god (Acts 28:4, 6). At this point, Luke introduces us to Publius, the ‘chief man of the island’ or its governor. Luke tells us that he entertained and lodged “us” for three days (Acts 28:7). There would be little wonder why he would show hospitality to Julius, the captain and owner of the shipwrecked vessel, and perhaps the more important of the passengers, but why would he entertain and lodge the prisoners, of whom Paul was one? The idea that all 276 people (Acts 27:37) are included in “us” doesn’t seem practical. So, who is “us” and why would Paul, a Roman prisoner be included in this expression of magnanimous hospitality? It seems to me that the natives, some of whom may well have been Publius’ servants/slaves, told him of the viper incident and their impression that Paul was a ‘divine man’ of sorts. For this reason Paul and company were probably invited and entertained, as well as Julius and anyone else of notable standing. However, just as Barnabas and Paul at Lystra (cp. Acts 14) wouldn’t permit the locals to continue to presume they were gods, neither would Paul permit the idea to continue here either. When he found out Publius’ father was ill, Paul prayed and laid hands on him and he was healed (Acts 28:8). The fact that Paul prayed shows he had no power in himself to do the things he did. The power came from the one Paul served, namely Jesus, whom, no doubt (though the text is silent concerning this) he also preached during the three months he spent on the island (Acts 28:11). Additionally, Luke shows that many others brought their sick to Paul when they heard about his healing Publius’ father. This is reminiscent of what Jesus did for Peter’s mother-in-law in Luke 4:38-40. In both cases the relative of the healer’s host was healed and there followed additional healings for many others in the locale. In the case of Jesus’ healings, Luke clearly reports it in the context of the coming Kingdom of God. There is absolutely no reason to believe that Paul administered his office as healer or that Luke records the account of what Paul did for a different reason than this. See F.F. Bruce, The Book of Acts, page 520-21. See David G. Perterson, The Acts of the Apostles, page702.

<urn:uuid:4213bc0b-c3e0-4a83-86f8-2cf1e3fbc4e0>

CHEM 3322 – Instrumental Methods of Analysis Reports should be 1.5 lines spaced. Word and page limits should be maintained. Abstract: (Maximum 200 words) Summarize in a concise paragraph the purpose of the report, data presented and major conclusions. What was done, why was it done, how was it done, what were the results and what conclusion(s) can be reported? Analytical abstracts must contain actual values when available. Read a few abstracts from published papers for additional guidance. Introduction: (1 page max) - Define the subject of the report: “Why was this study performed?” - What is the significance and relevance? In other words, why did we do this? - Outline scientific purpose(s) and/or objective(s): “What are the specific hypotheses and the experimental design for investigation?” Materials and Methods: (2 page max) - List chemicals used, any preparation required, who made them (vendor) and their concentration, purity and lot number where appropriate. - List all equipment used (instrumentation, columns etc.). Listing common equipment like glassware is not required. - Provide step-by-step procedure with enough detail for the reader to understand the experiment. Make sure to note weights, volumes, and any special glassware and equipment where appropriate. Results: (Page length as needed) - Concentrate on general trends and differences and not on trivial details. - Summarize the data from the experiments without discussing their implications • Organize data into tables, figures, graphs, etc. as needed. - Provide titles for all figures and tables; include a legend explaining symbols, abbreviations, or special methods if necessary - Number figures and tables separately and refer to them in the text by their number, i.e. 1. Figure 1 shows that the activity…. 2. The activity decreases after five minutes (fig. 1) Discussion: (2 pages max) - Interpret the data; do not restate the results - Relate results to existing theory and knowledge - Explain the logic that allows you to accept or reject your original hypotheses • Speculate if necessary but identify it as such - Provide an explanation for poor or unexpected results. Put some thought to what may have caused these results Conclusions: (1 Paragraph) - Summarize the laboratory exercise and final outcomes Additional Guidance Length Reports are typically 4-8 pages in length including the title, data and references. Rarely if ever below 5 pages and occasionally above 8-10 pages if a significant amount of data/chromatograms are requested. Do not ever exceed 15 pages per report. Double spacing, large font and other ‘creative’ efforts to make the report appear longer are not impressive to the reviewer. Great reports are not necessarily long reports. Brevity in scientific writing is an important skill to master. General Appropriate grammar and readability of reports is required. If you have concerns with your ability to write effectively in English you must seek help from outside of this course. Please let me know if you have any questions. Abstracts for analytical reports should contain actual values/results and should not exceed 200 words. I want to know what you did in the experimental section, not just cut/paste from the lab manual and use of words such as approximately to describe amounts such as volumes and weights. Lab reports must be written in MS Word and submitted electronically through TurnItIn in Blackboard. Please use the convention M8G4Hall (Module #, Group #, Last Name) when naming files. Some guidance on point values and issues to look out for with laboratory reports: Note: This list is not all-inclusive but represents some of the most common errors and resulting point deductions. 1-point deductions: 1-point, Typos/Misspellings/Incorrect language, grammar 1-point, use of colloquial/non-scientific language 1-point, name and module number not provided on report 1-point, proper labeling of figures below and tables above 1-point, proper referencing 1-point, minor technical issues 1-point, incorrect filename convention 3-point deductions: 3-points, Questions must be written out and answered in a defined section of the report Variable Point Deductions: 1-5points, the manufacturer/model of all instruments as well as solutions prepared or provided must be included in the materials/methods section. Whenever possible organize consumables into tables or bullet points rather than embedded within a paragraph. 3-5points, Moderate to significant technical issues/concerns 3-5points, 200 word limit for abstract. 200 = -3, >250 = -5 3-5points, discretionary. Limited discussion. Lacking pertinent information. Module 14 – Instrumental Analysis Lab (Jared Auclair, Ph.D.) Intact Protein Analysis of Ubiquitin, Myoglobin, and Bovine Serum Albumin using Ultra High Pressure Liquid Chromatography Mass Spectrometry Background Biopharmaceuticals are gaining front-page attention with the recent FDA approval of the first biosimilar drug, Zarzio®, a biosimilar version of Amgen’s Neupogen®. A principle component of FDA drug approval is analytical characterization using mass spectrometry. In particular, using protein mass spectrometry to validate the quality of protein drugs. The mission of the Biopharmaceutical Analysis Training Laboratory (BATL) is to train scientists in protein mass spectrometry and then apply those skills to real world problems in biopharmaceutical analysis. Of utmost importance in the analysis of proteins using mass spectrometry is to ensure that there are no clinically significant differences between different lots of protein drugs. Thus, protein mass spectrometry allows us to analyze the intact mass of a given protein along with any given posttranslational modifications that may be present (eg. glycosylation, phosphorylation, amongst others). This information is vital in determining the quality of a given protein. Objective In this laboratory module we will explore a variety of proteins (ubiquitin, myoglobin, and bovine serum albumin). We will cover the preparation and analysis of these samples and considerations that need to be taken into account for proper analysis. In addition, we will modify these proteins with hydrogen peroxide and look for oxygen modifications in the intact mass spectrum. We will analyze the samples by UPLC-MS and interpret the resulting data. Safety Considerations As with all laboratory experiments personal protective equipment should be used including: a lab coat, goggles, and gloves. No open toe shoes or shorts will be permitted in the lab. Experimental Design Considerations Part #1: Preparation of samples for LC-MS analysis Ubiquitin ~ 8 kDa; Myoglobin ~15 kDa; BSA ~ 66kDa Part #2: Ubiquitin, Myoglobin and Bovine Serum Albumin Analysis: unmodified and modified. Each lab group should analyze an unmodified protein (either Ubiquitin, Myoglobin, or BSA) and a modified form of the same protein. Part #3: Interpretation of data. Critical Instrument Parameters Experimental Design Each student will conduct each of the sections with the supervision of the instructor. Data will only be shared amongst the members of the lab group (2-3) present on the day of the BATL visit. Each student will report on their own data and the data obtained by their lab partner. Data will not be shared amongst all members of the lab group. (1.1) Preparation of the Intact Protein: Desalting 1. Take a Millipore Amicon Ultra-4 with a 10,000 Da molecular weight cut-off and fill it with 4 mL 10 mM ammonium bicarbonate, pH 8.0. 2. Add 50 µL 10 mg/mL protein solution (Ubiquitin, Myoglobin or BSA) to the amicon. Cap the tube and invert 3 times to mix your sample. 3. Spin for 20 minutes at 3500 RPM in the swinging bucket centrifuge. Note: the maximum speed for this rotor is ~3800 RPM. 4. After the 20-minute spin, remove the filter ensuring the sample stays in the filter part of the amicon and decant the liquid that passed through the filter into the sink. 5. Add 4 mL of HPLC water to the amicon tube (top filter part) and resuspend by inverting. 6. Spin for 20 minutes at 3500 RPM in the swinging bucket centrifuge. 7. Repeat steps 4-6, 3 more times. In an effort to save time, during Step 6 (centrifugation), move to Step 1.2 below. 8. After the last spin the final volume of sample your sample should be 50 µL. As the sample loss is usually minimal, we’ll assume the concentration remains at 10 mg/mL. 9. Prepare a 1 mg/mL stock of your protein by diluting a 10 mg/mL stock 1:10: add 2 µL of the 10 mg/mL stock to 18 µL of HPLC water. (1.2) Preparation of the oxidized sample: Prepare your oxidized protein by incubating with hydrogen peroxide. Incubate a 10 mg/mL protein sample with 10 mM hydrogen peroxide for 1 hour at room temperature. Incubate 10 µL of 10 mg/mL protein with 1 µL of 100 mM hydrogen peroxide. After the one-hour incubation spin in the microcentrifuge for 5 minutes at 14,000 RPM to pellet any precipitate. Prepare a 1 mg/mL stock of your protein by diluting a 10 mg/mL stock 1:10: add 2 µL of the 10 mg/mL stock to 18 µL of HPLC water. (1.3) Calibration of the Waters Xevo G2S Q-Tof: Sodium cesium iodide clusters will be used to calibrate the Q-Tof using direct injection from the “C” injection valve. Using the instrument parameters from above, we will calibrate the instrument in the intact protein mass range of 500-4000 m/z using the instruments calibration sequence. (2.1) Ubiquitin, Myoglobin and Bovine Serum Albumin Analysis: unmodified and modified: Each individual will place 10 uL of their 1 mg/mL unmodified protein sample in an autosampler vial with a preslit cap and 10 uL of their 1 mg/mL modified protein sample in a separate autosampler vial with a preslit cap. Then add them to the sample manager and take note of which position you placed your tubes. We will run your samples using a C18 reverse phase column and the gradient below. Note: buffer A is water/0.1% formic acid and buffer B is acetonitrile/0.1% formic acid. Each student will add their samples to the sample table using a sample name to include their initials, date, and protein. The injection volume will be 2-3 uL per sample (2-3 ug total protein injected). (3.1) Interpretation of data: Data will be manually interpreted where possible. This will include a discussion of the charge state distribution, determining individual charge states, and how to calculate molecular mass using this information ([m/z * z]-z). In this case, the instructor will use previously collected data from SOD1. In addition, we will discuss determining a theoretical mass for your protein using uniprot.org and expasy.org. Also, we will use the maximum entropy 1 function to have the computer software deconvolute our data and translate into the mass domain (Da). Results, Calculations and Discussion 1.) What is the importance of sample preparation? Why did we desalt your sample? 2.) Calculate the theoretical molecular weight of your protein to two decimal points. 3.) Identify the charge state distribution associated with your unmodified protein? Use this information to calculate the molecular weight of your protein; select the most prevalent peak and any other smaller (modified) peaks. How does this compare to your maximum entropy deconvoluted molecular weight? How does this compare to your theoretical molecular weight? What modifications do you see (in daltons; eg +32 Da, etc.)? What might they be? 4.) Answer the same questions from number 3 for your modified sample. Did the hydrogen peroxide treatment change your protein in any way? Do you think oxidation of your protein will affect its function? 5.) If your total ion chromatogram wasn’t well resolved (you had overlapping proteins eluting at the same time) what might you do to get better resolution? 6.) What role does protein mass spectrometry play in modern day biotechnology? Report Data LC/MS data (2 total chromatograms and selected MS data) should be included in the report for all sections of this lab.

<urn:uuid:6fbd3391-567a-4cbc-bf3f-85ed33a79dbb>

Methods for Teaching Medicine Kelley M. Skeff, MD, PhD, MACP and Georgette A. Stratos, PhD Teaching medicine is highly gratifying yet enormously complex. Medical teachers must be concerned with teaching a large amount of ever-changing content in a variety of settings, while ensuring that the needs of the patient and learner are being met. Methods for Teaching Medicine explores not only the traditional methods of teaching medicine but also those that are more cutting edge and identifies the criteria teachers can use to decide which method to use. Exploring the most important instructional methods of modern medical education, this book includes: - A systematic framework for understanding medical teaching developed by world-class medical educators - Innovative ideas for matching goals of teaching with specific formats of instruction - Advantages and limitations of a variety of teaching methods, including lectures, small-group discussions, and workshops - Tips for preparing and presenting effective lectures, creative ideas for organizing workshops, and insightful guidelines for leading small-group discussions - New approaches to continuing professional development Methods for Teaching Medicine may be purchased online from the American College of Physicians.

<urn:uuid:609b6c98-8cc4-42ab-bbd6-977cf95ec9c8>

KENNEDY SPACE CENTER, Fla. — An extensive effort is underway to save NASA's last remaining flight-configured rocket of the same type that launched the first Apollo astronauts 50 years ago. The surviving, mostly-intact Saturn IB booster, which for decades has laid on its side, spanning the length of the Rocket Garden at NASA's Kennedy Space Center Visitor Complex in Florida, is now receiving a much-needed restoration. The 220-foot-long (68-meter) artifact was never used, but briefly stood ready for a launch. "It is getting completely refurbished, inside and out," said Therrin Protze, the chief operating officer at NASA's Kennedy Space Center Visitor Complex. "We want to make sure it is preserved properly." [Space History Photo: Wernher von Braun and Saturn IB on Launch Pad] The Saturn IB (pronounced "one-B") was the smaller, less-powerful forerunner to the Saturn V rocket that famously lofted the first astronauts to the moon. It was a Saturn IB rocket that launched Apollo 7, the first successful mission of NASA's lunar landing program, with the United States' first three-person crew to enter orbit together — Wally Schirra, Donn Eisele and Walt Cunningham — in October 1968. Later, after the lunar landings had been completed, it was again the Saturn IB that was used to launch all three crewed launches to the Skylab space station in 1973, and boost the U.S. half of the first joint mission with Russia, the Apollo-Soyuz Test Project, in 1975. In total, NASA launched nine Saturn IB rockets between 1966 and 1975, out of the 14 such vehicles that were at least partially assembled. Today, parts from only two of the unused rockets still exist. (The stages of Saturn IB SA-211 are on display in Alabama; the upper stage at the U.S. Space & Rocket Center and the lower stage at the Ardmore Welcome Center.) The Kennedy Space Center Visitor Complex exhibits SA-209, the only Saturn IB to still be in its launch configuration. In 1973, the rocket was prepared as the rescue vehicle for the last Skylab crew, going as far as being rolled out to the launch pad that December. Fortunately it was never needed, and so it then became a back-up booster for the Apollo-Soyuz Test Project before transitioning to an artifact in 1975. SA-209 began its long-term horizontal display at the Kennedy Space Center after briefly being exhibited in Japan as part of the 1978 Space Expo in Tokyo. Outfitted with cutouts (since painted over) so the public could see the upper stage (S-IVB) J-2 engine, the Saturn IB was further modified by the replacement of its eight first stage H-1 engines with replicas. Now, decades later and behind recently raised walls that surround the rocket and feature plexiglas windows so the public can watch, conservators and engineers are beginning 16 months of work to repair and fortify the booster. NASA, which still owns the rocket, has contracted Conservation Solutions of Maryland and Guard-Lee of Florida, as well as Ivey's Construction of Florida, to conduct the restoration. The work will include temporarily separating the rocket into its stages to access its interior structures. One component already identified for restoration is the "spider beam," an octagonal framework that holds the first stage propellant tanks together. While much of the work will be done in place where the public can watch, some of the restoration will require moving components to specialized facilities. "Some of it is being done on site, some of it will be going back to Guard Lee," said Protze in an interview with collectSPACE. By October 2019, around the same time as the 51st anniversary of the Apollo 7 mission, SA-209 is expected to be fully restored and ready to debut back on view. "We have discussed enclosing it, but those plans are not finalized yet," said Protze. "We brought the best of the best in to redo the rocket, inside and out, and so I feel confident that if it was to stay outside, it would be good for another 20 to 25 years." Funding for the Saturn IB restoration, as with the other rocket and artifact displays at the Kennedy Space Center Visitor Complex, is underwritten by admissions and concessions sales. The budget for the Saturn IB restoration was not released. See more photos of NASA's last intact Saturn IB rocket under restoration at collectSPACE.

<urn:uuid:6ad7ea7e-1c40-438c-a277-09aaeb69e149>

Mining EHR Data for Improved Outcomes Increasing use of EHRs makes them a valuable source of important clinical data. Currently, three large academic medical centres in the U.S. are working with Google to explore how the company’s machine learning technology can be used to spot patterns in EHRs. "Machine learning is mature enough to start accurately predicting medical events – such as whether patients will be hospitalised, how long they will stay, and whether their health is deteriorating despite treatment for conditions such as urinary tract infections, pneumonia, or heart failure," Google Brain Team researcher Katherine Chou points out. In particular, Google Brain is interested in putting machine learning to work predicting and preventing healthcare-associated infections, medication errors and hospital readmissions. The company will be helping "to harmonise the different ways data appears" among its partner hospitals. Google's partners in this machine learning research project are Stanford Medicine, UC San Francisco, and University of Chicago Medicine. As part of this research, the healthcare partners ensured that patient data was appropriately de-identified prior to sharing, according to Chou. The team then used Google Cloud’s infrastructure to keep the data stored securely with the highest level of protections and to strictly follow HIPAA privacy rules. "The records are kept separate from consumer data and will only be used in our partnership research projects," Chou says. Advanced machine learning can discover patterns in de-identified medical records to predict what is likely to happen next, and thus, anticipate the needs of the patients before they arise, she explains. Google's deep learning technology, working in tandem with HL7's FHIR interoperability standard, can help automate standardisation and data exchange, making the data easier for researchers to access, Chou continues. Source: Healthcare IT News Image Credit: Pixabay Published on : Mon, 29 May 2017

<urn:uuid:9169c2cf-70da-4339-ad27-54f15aafff95>

Pew Internet has released an extensive new report titled, “Civic Engagement in the Digital Age.” The research, based on over 2,000 phone interviews during the summer of 2012, begins to paint a picture of civic engagement, particularly political engagement, during a period of explosive growth in the use of social networking sites. Among the report’s findings: - 48% of adults directly take part in a civic group or activity. - 39% of adults recently contacted a government official or spoke out in a public forum via offline methods. - 34% did those things via online methods. - 39% of adults do political or civic activities on social networking sites. Download the full report here. There is a good piece by Courtney Martin, on the Stanford Social Innovation Review site titled: Transforming Democracy Through Digital Technology. Martin reports from the recent TEDxWomen conference, on the democracy/technology connection. Among her lessons learned: - It’s not just you. No one’s got it quite right yet. - Don’t build it. They won’t come. - You are not the target user. - Data is where it’s at. - Optimism is the technology we need most. Read the details at ssireview.org “The thought is father to the deed, at least when it comes to the relationship between online social interactions and offline activities. A new survey shows that more than half of users on four of the top five social platforms have taken offline action directly as a result of an online interaction. The findings suggest that businesses and organizations can grow their customer base, increase revenue and drive greater participation by linking online behaviors to offline activity.” Read the full article at mashable.com “. . . we are nowhere close to realizing the full potential of technology for engagement. Many projects have a limited impact and uncertain duration. Others make government more efficient, yet not more effective at building community and drawing in residents as part of the solution. In fact, we will only begin to realize technology’s potential when we use this kind of engagement to not just fix potholes, as useful as that is, but to bring people together to tackle the major social problems and issues of our times.” Read the full article here. As we get closer to that time of year when more people are thinking about that part of civic engagement that involves politics and voting, people may be looking for a place to help them get their arms around things. A new site called EveryVote, refers itself as “The Civic Engagement Social Network Platform.” The site is non-profit and open-source. It is designed to help users find the objective political information most relevant to them, and offers a variety of tools that make political engagement at any level less difficult. Check it out for yourself. If you live in North Quincy and Wollaston, Massachusetts or Detroit, Michigan, you can participate in city planning via an online engagement game called Community PlanIt. Last September and October, Boston Public Schools used Community PlanIt for a project around measuring school quality. An impressive 450 people registered and those people shared 4600 comments. “The Civic and Political Significance of Online Participatory Cultures and Youth Transitioning to Adulthood” Joseph Kahne – Mills College, Nam-Jin Lee – College of Charleston, Jessica Timpany Feezell – UC Santa Barbara Digital Media and Learning Central http://dmlcentral.net/resources/4422

<urn:uuid:ded73e67-dc51-45a9-8935-58fdf68f35b1>

What is Glutathione? So what exactly is Glutathione? Glutathione is a very simple molecule that is produced naturally all the time in your body. It is a combination of three simple building blocks of protein or amino acids — cysteine, glycine and glutamine. Glutathione is the secret to staying healthy and preventing aging, cancer, heart disease, dementia and more, and necessary to treat everything from autism to Alzheimer’s disease. It is the mother of all antioxidants, the master detoxifier and maestro of the immune system. The secret of its power is the sulfur (SH) chemical groups it contains. Sulfur is a sticky, smelly molecule. It acts like fly paper and all the bad things in the body stick onto it, including free radicals and toxins like mercury and other heavy metals. Normally glutathione is recycled in the body, except when the toxic load becomes too great. Antioxidants (the most well known of which are vitamins C and E) are important for good health because they neutralise free radicals, which can build up in cells and cause damage. Because glutathione exists within the cells, it is in a prime position to neutralise free radicals. It also has potentially widespread health benefits because it can be found in all types of cells, including the cells of the immune system, whose job is to fight disease. Get FREE health updates! Subscribe to our newsletter and get the latest in health delivered straight to your inbox!

<urn:uuid:637d10ff-df66-4aa7-aceb-e7e523be8d36>

Cleaning up the Dirty Coal-Burning Schiller Power Plant Protect Seacoast families from On Tuesday, June 11, 2013, voters in the town of Eliot will decide whether to send a Clean Air Act letter to U.S. Environmental Protection Agency asking it to investigate Schiller’s air pollution and to work with the owners of the power plant to clean it up to meet current federal health and safety air quality standards. To learn more about the issues, see the resources below and to get involved in the Yes on 2 campaign in Eliot, contact us at data from the EPA concerning the Pierce Island Air Monitor. The Schiller Station coal plant is a bad neighbor. Located on the banks of the Piscataqua River in Portsmouth on the Maine-NH border and built more than half a century ago, Schiller is a major polluter that threatens the health and safety of families in the Seacoast. The City of Portsmouth and the Maine towns of South Berwick, Eliot, and Kittery are directly in the "plume" of Schiller'ssulfur dioxide pollution. The Schiller Plant's dangerous emissions are predicted to cause York County, Maine to fail the federal health standard for the powerful pollutant sulfur dioxide, which worsens adult and pediatric asthma, chronic bronchitis, emphysema and other respiratory and pulmonary diseases. Schiller puts peoples health at risk: In Maine's York County, 42,452 children and 30,512 adults ages 65 and older are at-risk for chronic respiratory and pulmonary illnesses such as asthma, chronic bronchitis, emphysema, cardiovascular disease, and diabetes, according to the American Lung Association. Maine's Department of Health and Human Services reports that 16% of 5th and 6th graders in York County were diagnosedwith asthma in 2009, and nearly 1,140 emergency department visits were due to asthma in 2008. It's time to clean up Schiller Station. Since the 1950's the Schiller coal plant has been spewing pollution into the air making kids sick and raising health care costs. But we can protect Seacoast families by urging the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to enforce Clean Air Act health-based standards to clean up Schiller Station. Contact us at to get involved.

<urn:uuid:dc37d097-bdd1-406f-b2cb-a5033dda9196>

The concepts of Left and Right are very salient in the political discourse. They are probably the labels most frequently applied to describe parties’ political views. They are often used by political scientists, politicians, or simple citizens. The pervasiveness of the Left vs. Right opposition reflects the idea that political conflicts are structured by a single dimension. Debates on a range of issues, including the welfare state, immigration policy and national defence, can be expressed in terms of a Left-Right contrast. Political competition, thus, seems to take place along a single overarching ideological dimension. At the same time, much research in political science shows that two dimensions are necessary to adequately describe the configuration of political positions: an economic dimension and a socio-cultural dimension. The first one relates to issues such as the welfare state, taxation, or economic regulation, while the socio-cultural dimension corresponds to issues such as immigration, traditional moral and values, or law and order. This two-dimensional conception is reflected in the use of “political maps” to present the positions of parties or candidates. This type of representation has become particularly popular following the development of Voting Advice Applications, such as Smartvote in Switzerland or the EU Profiler for European Parliament Elections. The following figure is a recent example of this type of political map. It represents the positions of the candidates in the upcoming election of the executive of the city of Zurich. The predominance of the Left-Right dimension in describing the nature of political competition is thus something of a puzzle. If political competition takes place along a single dimension, relying on two-dimensional representations is an unnecessary complication. In contrast, if two dimensions are necessary to describe the possible configurations of party positions, the concepts of Left and Right may be misleading. How can citizens and political actors orient themselves in a two-dimensional political world by referring to a single Left-Right dimension? In a recent CIS working paper, I try to solve this puzzle by investigating the relations between citizens’ preferences on various political issues and their Left-Right orientations, in five different countries. I suggest that the Left-Right dimension corresponds to a curve on the two-dimensional political map, rather than a straight line as this is usually assumed. The above figure illustrates this in a telling way. The three largest parties in the local parliament are the left-wing Social Democrats (SP, red), the centre-right Liberals (FDP, blue), and the right-wing Swiss People’s Party (SVP, dark green). SP and FDP candidates differ strongly from one another on the horizontal axis, i.e., on the economic dimension; but they share quite similar preferences on the socio-cultural dimension. Moving from the centre-right (FDP) to the right (SVP), in contrast, means moving along the vertical or socio-cultural dimension. The data I have analyzed reveal a similar pattern in a large majority of the 19 elections considered. This suggests that movements along the Left-Right dimension do not always mean the same in terms of issue preferences. They sometimes imply changes in economic issue preferences, sometimes in socio-cultural preferences, sometimes in both.

<urn:uuid:ccfc1b2c-e085-433c-9cc0-4de949cc673c>

Face it, we all have something in us that wants to be in control sometimes. We want to be the puppetmaster, making the universe bend to our whims. It's what fantasies of all kinds are made of. And, whether we realize it or not, it's what nearly all creative arts. But most people, especially educators, have a hard time associating computer programming with creative arts. Why is that? Perhaps it's because of the domains where computing technology came from - accounting and theoretical mathematics. Both fields are typically defined by straightforward procedures and precise answers, the antithesis of creative arts. And most people would frankly not call either of those things, "fun." But computers are a lot different now than they were half a century ago, and they are part of every area of our lives. It also doesn't take a lot of advanced knowledge to be able to create applications that are both useful and fun. When making a new program today, we have a lot of flexibility in how we do it, which leaves a lot of room for creativity. For someone who has never tried to make their own program before, and comes from a more creative background, I would recommend cutting your teeth in an environment called Scratch (http://scratch.mit.edu). For starters, it doesn't look like a programming language. It looks more like a multimedia designer, with sprites, backgrounds, music, and animations being the primary focus. The social aspect of Scratch is probably what makes it as successful as it is. While MIT hasn't really done a very good job of explaining the "What is it good for?" and "How do I use it?" questions, there are many other web sites that fill that gap. One in particular I was very impressed with is consultant Dick Baldwin's (http://www.dickbaldwin.com/homeschool/Hs10000.htm). In future blog entries, I'll show examples of how Scratch can be integrated into a lesson to improve reading, writing, public speaking, creative art, social studies, and a host of other skills in addition to the expected math and problem solving skills expected in a 21st century classroom. In some studies, the use of computers has helped improve the academic performance of exceptional learners. Even if you aren't a teacher or in a classroom, learning how to create increasingly complex Scratch projects is at least as great a way to maintain mental acuity as a regular dose of crossword puzzles or learning a foreign language. And because it's on the computer, it can be a great way for the older generations to connect with their children or grandchildren by working on a project together. And when it comes to a cheap hobby, the only investment you're making is your time. If you've never considered making your own computer programs before, or thought it was too hard or something just for geeks or kids, I strongly encourage you to give Scratch a try. You may find a lot of your earlier notions "byting" the dust.

<urn:uuid:273d2de8-b699-4421-9343-6c15dfcc5677>

Why do we focus on the most important places? As on land, some places in the ocean are more important than others. Marine Conservation Institute focuses on winning protection for the oceans’ best places. As marine scientists, we know that certain important things occur only in certain places. On land, every real estate agent will tell you that location really matters. That’s equally true in the sea. We can seldom see these places from a vantage above the sea surface, but fishermen, marine scientists and scuba divers all know that some places have species or processes that don’t happen everywhere. Corals form reefs only in certain places. Groupers converge from large areas to spawn only in certain places. Great white sharks cross entire oceans to feed only in certain places. Right whales raise their young only in certain places. Seabirds and sea turtles lay their eggs only in certain places. And young fishes and lobsters seek refuge and food only in certain places. The United Nations’ Convention on Biological Diversity calls such places Ecologically and Biologically Significant Areas. They are places that are special for their: · Uniqueness or rarity · Importance to life history stages of species of special concern · Vulnerability, fragility, sensitivity to human activities · Species diversity We help decision makers protect these key places. Right now, only about 1% of the oceans are marine protected areas. 1% isn’t enough to save the living oceans. That’s why we work to win protection for more.

<urn:uuid:a40ac4cc-6752-4d79-851f-e70c48ee3b17>