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Symato Team 6

This guide explains how to engage individuals with dementia and their caregivers with art. The methods can be used with groups or one-on-one, and can be adapted for various settings, from art museums and galleries to care organizations and private homes. These foundations can help to create meaningful experiences in any environment. Engagement with art can have significant benefits for people with dementia and their caregivers. This is true whether the experience involves looking at and discussing art or creating art. In both cases, art can be used as a vehicle for meaningful self-expression. Indeed, engagement with art, through close looking and discussion, offers a person with Alzheimer's disease the chance to: In addition to the above benefits, caregivers also gain from art experiences by exploring their own interests in art while the person in their care is present, safe, and engaged. In some settings, such as museums and care organizations, they can interact socially with other caregivers, share stories, and learn in a supportive environment where they are relaxed both physically and mentally. Furthermore, their relationship with the person in their care may be enhanced because art programs provide singular opportunities for communication and connection. Finally, participants learn about each other in a new context and gain new insights into each other's ideas and interests. Definitions of art vary greatly among theorists, philosophers, art historians, artists, and art educators. Indeed, one of the aims of individual artists and one of the primary characteristics of modern and contemporary art movements is the constant redefining of what constitutes art. Getting a sense of what is meant by "art" is important, regardless of how open-ended we leave that definition, since our concept of art dictates what objects or images will be discussed and how participants will engage in these discussions. Overall, in this book, our use of the terms art, the arts, or artworks refers to works generally included in the categories of visual arts—namely, sculpture, painting, drawing, prints, film, photography, architecture, design, and multimedia projects. All of these mediums are represented in MoMA's collection and whether on exhibit in the galleries or accessible online are freely labeled "art." They can all be used to spark engagement and discussion. The most essential steps for preparing an art-looking experience are listed below and explained in detail on the following pages. A sample module for a museum program is included in this section. Select a theme that is appropriate and relevant for individuals with cognitive impairment but that captures the interest and imagination of all participants. Your theme should be general enough to be accessible for everyone and appropriate for an adult audience. Possible themes include: You could also focus on a single artist (such as Pablo Picasso or Vincent van Gogh), an art movement (like Impressionism or Cubism), art from a geographical region (South America or Europe, for instance), or art from a certain time period (such as the Renaissance or the nineteenth century). If you are working with individuals or a group that you know—or if you learned of their interests in Advance—try to choose a theme you think will pique their interest. Once you have selected a theme, choose four to six relevant works. It is possible that you might not fit all the works within the allotted time, but it is better to be prepared with too many works than not enough. You may select the theme and the works simultaneously. You might have certain works in mind that you want to talk about, and you might select a theme that accommodates those works. You can create positive and purposeful experiences with almost any work of art. Choose works that you find interesting, that you are comfortable speaking about, and that you think will engage the audience. You can focus on just one medium (such as painting, sculpture, or photography) or present works in different mediums. If you will be viewing original works in a museum or gallery, be aware of their scale and how they are installed. Very small works may be hard for a group to see, and works that are installed close to others may be difficult to focus on. Also keep in mind where the works are in relation to one another and the level of mobility of your group. The sequence in which you view the works should offer a helpful way to connect them in the context of the theme you have chosen. It should be coherent in terms of the thematic connection between one work and the next and the location of works relative to one another (if using original works in gallery spaces). If the works are scattered throughout a museum or gallery, their various locations will influence the sequence. It may simply be chronological, from the oldest work to the newest or vice versa. The order will also depend on the questions you plan to ask and the ways you will link the works to each other. As a rule of thumb, it is often better to begin with works that are simpler in composition and move to those that are more complex or to move from more figurative works to those that are more abstract. Alternatively, you can begin with works that fit your theme in a literal fashion and move toward those that relate more metaphorically or conceptually. While selecting the works and determining the sequence, ask yourself: Using online resources, exhibition catalogues, wall labels, and books, research the works and the artists that you will be discussing. Look into each artist's practice, the time period in which he or she lived and worked, and information regarding any movements or artist groups he or she was a member of. You can also include information about the subject matter, quotations from the artist, or quotations from contemporary critics about the work or the artist's general style. Of all this information, select a few main ideas that are relevant to the work and your theme and are conducive to conversation. Settle on a limited number of points for each work (three or four); this will help you avoid lecturing and encourage a wider range of participation. Art-historical information should be used throughout the discussion to strengthen participants' understanding and appreciation of the work and help place the work in the context of developments in art and world history. When discussing a work, always share the information typically found on a museum label with your participants—the name of the artist, date of the work, and materials used. This can be done at the beginning, the end, or at a relevant moment during the discussion. You can give the title of a work as a way to encourage further discussion. You might say, "Picasso titled this work Girl before a Mirror," and then follow with, "Does knowing the title change the way you think about the work? How?" Provide additional information during the program as it becomes relevant based on participants' responses. For example, if you're looking at Broadway Boogie Woogie by Piet Mondrian, and someone says, "This looks like a map of Times Square," you could mention that when Mondrian painted this picture in 1942–43, he had recently moved to New York City. Remember that this is a conversation and not a lecture. Your goal is not only to provide art-historical facts but also to encourage the participants to engage in a discussion and share their own opinions. Sharing art-historical information can validate participants' responses and spark new conversation. Prepare three to five questions to frame the discussion of each work as it relates to your theme, knowing that when you are actually in front of the work you will inevitably ask many more questions based on participants' responses. Below are some helpful tips to keep in mind throughout the discussion: It is essential to use inquiry-based techniques to facilitate the experience. That is, do not lecture or continuously provide information but rather ask questions to allow participants to reach their own interpretations through a lively discussion. In order to understand what types of questions to prepare and ask, it is important to familiarize yourself with the different parts of a discussion: Observation, Description, Interpretation, Connection, Small-Group Conversation, and Summary. While the framework for discussing a work of art that follows is designed for a group, it can be easily adapted for a one-on-one conversation. For an example of how this method can be applied directly to a specific work of art see In Front of London Bridge. Invite participants to approach the work and take a close look before they take their seats. Make sure each participant has an unrestricted view of the work. Tell the group that the first step is to look closely, and provide a timeframe for this observation. Participants should have adequate time to look at the work and not feel like they are being rushed. Encourage them to take a "visual inventory" of the work of art quietly, focusing on it and noticing details for about one minute. Next, begin to describe the work as a group to establish a fundamental understanding of what is being seen. It is useful to start by simply listing what everyone sees. Description rests upon the exploration of the formal properties of the work, as well as naming recognizable subject matter. Touch on: This process allows a wide range of participation and will benefit future interpretation. If participants immediately interpret the work, ask them which visual clue led them to that idea. Once you feel that the group has thoroughly described the work, summarize all the elements mentioned and point out any important details that have been missed. Now you are ready to interpret the work. Interpretation rests on assigning meaning to various elements of the work and thinking about its overall significance. Responses can vary widely. Encourage breadth and variety, and use ideas generated to expand the conversation. Ask questions that prompt participants to reflect on what is not clearly visible in the work but perhaps merely suggested. Touch on: Follow your inquiries with deepening questions, such as, "Could you say a little bit more about that?" or, "What do you see that makes you say that?" Balance your questions by sharing art-historical information relevant to the responses you receive from the group to validate individual interpretations, make connections, and encourage further discussion. Allow for a wide range of interpretive freedom. Repeat remarks and link ideas. Enable participants to come to their own conclusions, instilling in them a sense of pride, accomplishment, and a deeper understanding of the work. Encourage members of the group to connect the works to their life experiences. This process will help the participants gain new insights and will make the works more relevant to them. Ask if the participants like the works, and feel free to share your own opinions, making it clear that your remarks are subjective. There are various ways of making connections to: When working with a group, conversations in smaller groups provide a chance for individuals to share stories and connect on a more personal or imaginative level to the work. This activity also gives participants who are more reticent in the larger group a chance to engage on a more intimate level. At some point during the program have each pair of participants (the person with dementia and his or her caregiver) join one or two other pairs (for a total of four or six people in each smaller group). It is best to do this toward the middle of the program. Make sure to go through the observation, description, and interpretation phases before initiating the Turn and Talk. Tell the groups to discuss a particular idea or theme that relates to the work of art. Your prompt should be straightforward and appropriate to the participants' cognitive abilities. The discussions should last no longer than ten minutes. At the end of the period bring everyone back together and encourage participants to share their conversations with the whole group. Toward the end of the discussion of each work (and at the end of the program), bring together the various threads of conversation, summarizing and synthesizing the points you have touched on. Thank the participants and open up the discussion to final comments. We have included a list of questions for different parts of the discussion of Derain's London Bridge, the first work in our example program, The City in Modern Art. Before we begin our discussion, why don't we take a minute to look closely at this painting? What are some recognizable buildings or structures in this painting? Where is this scene? Indoors or outdoors? Are the artist's brushstrokes visible? If so, describe them. What colors do you see in the water? What about the sky? What is the overall feeling you get from this London scene? Why do you think Derain chose to paint this bridge? Do you think it held special meaning for him or that he saw it often? Why do you think the water is painted green and yellow? What time of day do you think this scene represents? What title would you give this work? Why? How does this scene relate to your experience of the city? The most prominent aspect of this work is the bridge. When you think of bridges, is there one in particular that comes to mind? Why? Is this a place you'd like to visit? Why or why not? Can you think of other artists who painted city scenes? How do they compare? Certain facilitation strategies can help create a supportive environment. Throughout the program be sure to: The communication strategies below address the specific needs of individuals with dementia. If you are working with a group it can be difficult to balance the interests, abilities, and personalities of each of the participants. Below are a few tips that will help keep the entire group engaged and involved. Inevitably, challenging situations will arise, whether you are working with a group or one-on-one. Consider what you might do if the following scenarios occur: a participant is very enthusiastic and starts monopolizing the discussion; a participant makes a comment that seems to have little to do with the artwork being discussed; several people in your group seem reluctant to speak no matter what strategy you use to draw them out; a caregiver and a person with dementia keep having side conversations; a participant repeats the same point during the entire program. There are many ways to handle these different scenarios, but in all cases you should take into consideration the following when responding to the situation: After the tour, you might feel that you could have handled a situation better than you did on the spot. Do not be too hard on yourself. Learn from each experience and strategize how you will handle similar situations in the future. Overall, your enthusiasm and sincerity will lead to positive experiences. Being well prepared and constantly aware of the dynamics at work one-on-one or in the group will go a long way in creating a positive atmosphere and a great interaction. For an upcoming tour at MoMA, we selected the theme The City in Modern Art. For our tour, we chose five paintings: Because our tour focuses on a specific type of landscape (cityscape), we purposely selected works by artists who worked at different times and were from various geographical regions. The works present an interesting overview of several key styles and techniques while showing very different interpretations of the modern city. These points offer intriguing opportunities for discussion and allow participants to tap into their own lives and experiences. We decided to use a chronological sequence for our selected works. Doing so allows us to organize our discussion through a logical progression in time. In addition, this arrangement progresses from a concrete, representational image to more abstract compositions. It also allows us to discuss developments in the history of modern art through various artists' depictions of similar subject matter. Here is some information about each work that we plan to bring into the conversation at appropriate times. Derain was a member of the French movement that came to be known as Fauvism. The Fauves, or "wild beasts," were known for their unbridled use of color. Their disregard for the natural coloring of objects shocked their contemporaries. In this painting, Derain applies wild color in his depiction of the heavily trafficked London Bridge, with multiple boats and barges in the River Thames below. Derain was encouraged to visit London in the early 1900s by the dealer Ambroise Vollard. While there he painted many different views of the city, focusing mainly on the various monuments and bridges along the Thames. Street, Dresden, by Ernst Ludwig Kirchner Kirchner was a member of the German Expressionist group Die Brücke (The Bridge). The artists of Die Brücke explored the emotional effects of color and composition in the depiction of contemporary life. Through the use of bright, unrealistic colors, Kirchner energized this scene of Königstrasse street in Dresden. Boccioni was a key figure of the Italian Futurist movement. This group of motivated writers, musicians, and visual artists sought to abandon the air of nostalgia that they felt was restricting Italian society. They encouraged their compatriots to embrace the infinite potential of the future powered by technological advancements and humans' will for change. Boccioni uses "lines of force" to communicate this idea of progression in his dynamic composition of a city being built. Lawrence's family was one of the thousands of African American families to migrate to the North around the time of World War I. They eventually settled in New York City's Harlem neighborhood, where Lawrence began taking art classes. In 1940 he began The Migration Series, a multipanel series of images that narrates this great migration in American history. Each panel was worked simultaneously, resulting in a uniformity of palette and similarity in overall composition among the sixty panels. Through the course of his career Mondrian abandoned representation to focus on the depiction of "pure" forms. For Mondrian this meant the exclusive use of primary colors and geometric shapes. In 1940 he moved from London to New York City. There he joined a vibrant society, constantly in flux. He was influenced not only by the rhythm of city life but also by the syncopated beat of jazz music. At Kirchner's painting we invite participants to imagine a busy street in New York City and think of how they would depict it. What medium would they use? What colors and techniques? How would those choices relate to the overall feel of that busy street? At Jacob Lawrence's work, we discuss societal transformations in the United States in past decades, including shifts in public policy and initiatives in social reform. The first activity is more imaginative, while the second relates to participants' personal histories. We do not necessarily do two activities in one tour, as they may take a long time. We've included these examples to demonstrate the variety of opportunities for integrating a small-group conversation. In addition, it always helps to have several activities prepared and to introduce the relevant ones based on the overall dynamics of the participants and the tour itself. If you are interested in reproducing images from The Museum of Modern Art web site, please visit the Image Permissions page (www.moma.org/permissions). For additional information about using content from MoMA.org, please visit About this Site (www.moma.org/site). © Copyright 2009 The Museum of Modern Art

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Marathon season is here. Thousands of runners are hitting the pavement, preparing for the long 26.2 miles ahead of them. While it may seem that marathon training is a great way to get into shape, studies show that it can actually make you sick. The downside to marathon training On 1 March 1987, thousands of runners took to the streets of Los Angeles for the annual city marathon, unaware that many of them were about to provide crucial evidence for a study that would inspire three decades of research into the relationship between exercise and the immune system. Monitoring the race closely was David Nieman, a scientist at Appalachian State University in North Carolina, and a keen marathon runner himself with a PB of 2:37. Nieman had become interested in the connection between intense exercise and our susceptibility to colds or viruses some years earlier after suffering a debilitating bout of flu while at the peak of his training for an upcoming race. Intrigued as to whether there was a link, he got in touch with the organisers in Los Angeles, detailing his plans to set up a study monitoring the competitors and recording how many fell foul of infection both before and after the race, compared to non-runners in the same city at the same time. Over 2,000 of the competitors that year took part in his study, and the results seemed to confirm Nieman’s suspicions: nearly 13% fell ill in the week following the race compared to just 2% of the normal population. Nieman’s results paved the way for a theory called the “elite athlete paradox”. While exercise is good for physical and mental health, extremely intense exercise can actually lead to a suppression of the immune system for a couple of hours – an open window for infection. When Nieman published his findings in 1990, the elite athlete paradox was a groundbreaking new idea, leading to a wealth of interest from human performance experts to immunologists who began researching the underlying molecular processes in more detail than ever before. They found that exercise actually stimulates a powerful anti-inflammatory response, a key part of the body’s naturally built-in healing processes. While intense, long duration exercise sends this response into overdrive – thus temporarily compromising the body’s ability to defend itself – regular moderate-intensity exercise can combat the low-grade inflammation underpinning many chronic diseases ranging from diabetes and cardiovascular disease to dementia, various cancers and depression. From an evolutionary perspective, it’s thought that this anti-inflammatory reaction occurs because our bodies have evolved with movement. Regular bursts of moderate-to-high intensity exercise have formed part of our daily lives for most of the past 200,000 years, acting as a natural cleansing mechanism from any lingering inflammation. Full Story: The elite athlete paradox: how running a marathon can make you ill thumbnail courtesy of theguardian.com

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The Spectacular Puerto Rican Parrot The Puerto Rican Parrot (Amazona vittata), also known as the Puerto Rican Amazon, has been on the endangered list since 1967. Their numbers, both in the wild and in captivity are dangerously low. The Puerto Rican Parrot Recovery Program has been working tirelessly to raise awareness to the plight of this remarkable bird species. The program has been working together with the U.S. Forest Service, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, the U.S. Geological Survey and the Puerto Rico Department of Natural and Environmental Resources to ensure that the Puerto Rican Parrot has a future to look forward to. Identification of the Puerto Rican Amazon is relatively easy as its brilliant green plumage with blue edging is hard to miss. Its forehead is covered in red feathers and has a white outline around its eyes. But it is when these spectacular birds spread their wings that one really appreciates their beauty as the underside of their wings are bright blue in color and their tails have a faint glow of yellow. The Puerto Rican Amazon is a relatively small parrot and measures between twenty-eight to thirty centimeters in size. The male and female birds look exactly alike and can only be distinguished by DNA testing or during breeding season by observing their behavior during this time. The diet of the Puerto Rican Parrot includes leaves, fruits, nectar, bark, seeds and flowers. They are found in wooded areas and spend most of their time in the tree canopy. Sexual maturity is reached at approximately four years of age and breeding pairs will remain mates for the duration of their lives. Nests are built high off the ground in tree hollows to guard against predators. The female can lay between two to four eggs. The incubation period for the eggs is twenty-four to twenty-eight days and the chicks will remain under their parents care for a maximum period of sixty-eight days. Even though the chicks have left the nest, they will remain with their parents until they find their own partners in the next breeding season. The conservation of the Puerto Rican Parrot is high priority, as their numbers in the wild hang dangerously in the balance. Over and above their natural predators, such as falcons, hawks and mongooses, capture by humans and natural disasters also threaten the survival of this species. Conservation, protection and education can assist in the preservation of this magnificent bird. Even if you have never done bird watching before, it will be worth your while to take some time to observe this fascinating Puerto Rican bird.

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What is a urinary catheter? A urinary catheter is a flexible hollow tube inserted in to the bladder to drain urine and this is usually inserted by a doctor or nurse. The catheter is inserted through the urethra (the tube which urine passes through to the outside of the body) or through a man-made channel through the abdominal wall known as suprapubic catheterisation. The catheter is retained gently in the bladder by inflating a small balloon and can be short term, 2 weeks, or long term up to 12 weeks. Why do I need a catheter? There are many reasons why people may need a catheter. The bladder may have lost its ability to contract and empty, there may be an obstruction of the urethra or it may be due to other health related problems. The need for a catheter may be for a short period of time or it could be permanent. Your healthcare professional will discuss the need for a catheter, how long it may be needed or you may be given an appointment for a trial without a catheter. The catheter may feel uncomfortable at first and you may feel some urge to pass urine. You may even experience some bladder spasm which may cause urine to leak around the side of the catheter, this usually settles down within 24 to 48 hours. Securing your catheter To help prevent pulling or accidental dislodgement of the catheter there are a range of devices available. Elasticated straps can be worn round the thigh or abdomen to help stabilise the catheter or drainage tubes. Adhesive devices adhere to the skin and a clip helps to stabilise the catheter. Urine Drainage Bags A sterile drainage bag which collects urine is secured to the leg using elasticated straps or a sleeve providing discreet storage of urine under clothing. The bag should be emptied when ¾ full and manufacturers recommend a maximum use of 7 days before changing. The valve allows the bladder to fill with urine and is to be emptied at regular intervals during the day by opening the valve. Manufacturer’s recommendations are up to 7 days usage. Suspended from a belt around the waist, a larger volume drainage bag. Manufacturer’s guidelines for use up to 28 days before change. Large capacity urine bag used for overnight drainage which is secured into the end of the tap of the leg bag/catheter valve, the tap is then opened to allow urine to collect in the larger bag overnight. A night stand or bed hanger can help to support the weight of the bag and aid drainage. These bags are normally single use with a new bag each night. How do I dispose of my used catheter products? Empty any urine contents down the lavatory or into a collecting receptacle. Wrap the product in a disposal bag. Dispose of in household waste or in accordance with manufacturer’s guidelines. Practicing good hand hygiene by washing your hands before and after handling catheter equipment and wearing gloves during the procedure is a simple yet effective way to prevent the spread of germs which may cause infection. The catheter entry site into the body should be washed twice a day using mild soap and water and dried thoroughly. Creams and talcum powder should be avoided as they may affect the material of the catheter or may cause clogging. When bathing or showering your drainage bag should be emptied beforehand and left in place. Always wash your hands before and after draining or changing the urine bag. Diet and Fluids with a Catheter It is important to eat a balanced diet of fruit, vegetables and fibre to avoid constipation. If your bowel is full, which happens when you are constipated, it can press on your bladder, reduce urine drainage or may result in leakage around the catheter. Drink about 1.5 to 2 litres (6-8 glasses) of fluid each day unless you have been advised otherwise by your healthcare professional. Avoid excess caffeine, alcohol and fizzy drinks as these may irritate your bladder. Your urine should be a clear light yellow colour, if it is dark yellow it can suggest that you are not drinking enough.

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While the particulars of family finance practices may vary, one thing remains the same: kids need to learn how to manage money from a young age. And yet amazingly, many teenagers will graduate high school this year with no knowledge about budgeting, loans, credit, taxes, or managing bank accounts. Because of this, the responsibility for teaching money management falls to the parents. And April is Financial Literacy Month, so there’s no better time to start than now! Here are three tips to help you get kick things off. 1. Teach them to manage their allowance. Children need to learn good spending habits, and one of the best ways to do that is by practicing with their own money. There are many ways to set up an allowance system; many parents create a chore-based system where the kids have to work to earn cash. Whatever system you choose to go with, BusyKid helps to create a real life situation by giving kids a choice when they’re deciding how to spend their money. As adults, we’re familiar with this conundrum…and it’s called budgeting! Kids have four spending options in the BusyKid system: - Save – On “Payday”, the kids’ allowance money is transferred from your bank account to theirs. They have the option to save all of it if they want. - Share – BusyKid believes and research shows that donating money to real causes is an important part of basic money management. Kids can set a percentage of their earnings per week to share. - Spend – Kids learn quickly the principle of saving their money for the thing they really want. This teaches them appreciation for hard work and hard-earned money. - Invest – BusyKid lets them purchase fractional shares of a real stock and then watch the ebb and flow of their investments. 2. Expand their financial vocabulary. No matter your child’s age, there are financial terms they can learn. Here are a few vocabulary examples, broken down by the age at which they are generally able to start understanding each concept. - Savings (Savings Account), Age 4+ – This is one of the easier ones for kids to grasp, because it’s easily demonstrable. Give your child two of his or her favorite treat during the day, and tell them they can eat one now, but to save the other in a special place. Do this daily for a week, and watch their reaction when they get the bag of those saved treats at the end of the week. Explain that saving your money works is the same – set aside a little bit at a time and it gradually adds up to a large amount. - Budget, Age 8 – BusyKid’s app is a great way to teach this concept, with the four spending options (Save, Share, Spend, Invest). Any earned money is divided between the categories at the child’s discretion (which the parents’ help). - Loan, Age 8 – Most kids grasp the basic concept fairly easily because at some point, they’ve probably lent something to someone and expected to get it back. Explain some of the reasons people decide to take out loans. 3. Show them how to make smarter money decisions. Teach your kids about common financial pitfalls, like debt or impulsive buying. Start the money discussions when your children are young and build on them as they grow and are capable of understanding more complex concepts and nuances. Look for teachable moments. If you’re at the store and you use a credit card for your purchase, take that opportunity to explain what credit is and how it works. When you make it a regular part of their lives, financial literacy for kids comes more naturally and easily than you’d expect.

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Lipitor during Pregnancy & Breastfeeding The FDA—or Food and Drug Administration—lists Lipitor as a pregnancy class X drug. This means that Lipitor has been proven to cause defects or death in unborn animal and human fetuses in clinical trials. Some of the problems found that were attributed to the use of Lipitor during pregnancy were low birth weight of the infant, poor infant weight gain, possible developmental delays and a possibility of skeletal malformation. Women who are pregnant or who could become pregnant are discouraged from using Lipitor; physicians are encouraged to find alternate treatment methods during the pregnancy but should only do so if the risk to the mother is not immediately life-threatening. Treating high cholesterol with Lipitor is a very long term thing. It could take years or even decades for high cholesterol to have a serious effect on the health of the mother. Therefore, it has been concluded that stopping the use of Lipitor for the short term that a woman is pregnant is not harmful to her long term health. And since Lipitor has been found to cause fetal problems in animals and in humans that did not realize they were pregnant and kept taking Lipitor, it is always recommended by physicians that the use of Lipitor be stopped during pregnancy. In pregnancy, cholesterol is necessary for the development of the fetus, and cholesterol usually does rise in expectant mothers. This is normal and the extra cholesterol is needed by the fetus in order to develop properly. Because it doesn't pose a long term health risk to the mother to stop using Lipitor for the short period of time that she is pregnant, it is always highly recommended that Lipitor's use be stopped during this time. Breastfeeding and Lipitor Breastfeeding is also not recommended if taking Lipitor, and if a mother intends to breastfeed, she should not take Lipitor during that time. A similar drug was found to be transferred in breast milk, but it hasn't been positively proven that Lipitor transfers into the breast milk. Still, it is advised that the mother either does not breastfeed if she is taking Lipitor, or discontinues its use while breastfeeding. Patients should always consult their physicians before discontinuing any medication.

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Austin : One of the largest and diverse studies conducted of transgender youths have found that giving the right to transgenders to opt for their chosen name at places of work, financial institutions, hospitals, school, home or at community organizations drops the risk of depression and suicide. “We showed that the more contexts or settings where they were able to use their preferred name, the stronger their mental health was”, said professor Stephen T. Russell, Human Development and Family Science. The research was conducted in the US by interviewing transgender youths ages 15 to 21 and were asked whether young people could use their chosen name at school, home, work and with friends. Compared with peers, who could not use their chosen name in any context, young people who could use their name in all four areas experienced 71 percent fewer symptoms of severe depression, a 34 percent decrease in reported thoughts of suicide and a 65 percent decrease in suicidal attempts. Reports also state that the transgender youths, having suicidal thoughts at nearly twice the rate of their peers, with about one out of three transgender youths reporting considering suicide. According to the research conducted, transgender youths are estimated to be only about 1 percent of the population and are difficult to reach, so the research team worked with community organizations. The research has been published in the Journal of Adolescent Health. (ANI)

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50 ‘most charged’ crimes defined WHAT IS A CRIME? “Crime” means a felony or a misdemeanor. Violations and infractions are not defined as crimes. There are no “common law” crimes. That means that you cannot be arrested for bad behavior. You can only be arrested and charged with violating a written criminal law. Only the legislature can create criminal statutes. Courts and the police cannot create a “new” crime. You can only be convicted if the state can prove you committed each and every element of the crime. Failure to allege and prove each and every element will result in an acquittal.

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Category - Contractions Contractions can be confusing for kids! But practicing joining two words to make a contraction is fun with these FREE printable hands-on activities for first, second, and third grade students. Homeschool, teachers, and parents will love the extra practice children will get making contractions with these contraction games, contraction activities, and apostrophe worksheets. These are a great english games for kids in grade 1 and grade 2.

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There is a ton of context and history behind this photo that should be known. I made this post yesterday, which should help explain why some Ukrainians were initially so welcoming of the Nazi invasion. Copy-pasting This photo was taken in the city of Kharkov at the height of the Holodomor. The Holodomor refers to the 1932-33 famine that affected Soviet Ukraine, but during this time famines struck other parts of the USSR too. Most historians now believe that the Holodomor was a man-made famine that occurred due to Stalin's "collectivisation" and "dekulakization" policies. But there are still huge debates about the Holodomor's death toll, its status as a "genocide", and whether it was deliberately planned or mostly caused by Soviet incompetence. It comes up often as a point of contention between Russia and Ukraine. Denial of the Holodomor is still a thing just like Holocaust denial. Timothy Snyder (in my opinion) is one of the best researchers of the Holodomor; he believes that though the death toll is lower than most believe ("only" 3.3 million died), Stalin did deliberately starve Ukraine to target kulaks and Ukrainians. Thus it is not surprising why Ukrainians, who suffered horrifically under Soviet rule, would welcome the Germans in 1941. Many hoped the Germans would grant them autonomy or even full independence. This was not what happened. Instead the Reichskommissariat Ukraine was set up to govern the area. The policies they enacted quickly drove much of the population into resistance. During the Nazi occupation millions of Ukrainians died. After the end of WW2, anti-Soviet resistance continued but was eventually crushed.” How soon the Ukrainians forget, eh? Specially the Eastern ones…and also explains the antipathy of the Western Ukrainians to Russia.

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The student is introduced to the geographical features of the European continent — its rivers, mountains, and seas, as well as the flora and fauna of the diverse terrain. Most important to this study is a portrait of the diversity of the people and their way of life who inhabit the various countries that comprise the nations of Europe. Land of 188,000 lakes, Finland is more lake than land in its southern regions. It has more lakes than any country in the world. Sculpted by a continental glacier in the last Ice Age, the lake basins lie typically in a northwest-southeast direction. Where the glacier stopped can easily be seen on a map of Finland. Left on its rim is the Salpausselkä Ridge, just south of the Lake District. In this region, which covers almost one third of the country, many rivers flow toward the Baltic Sea. Before roads were built here, the lakes and rivers were the principal means of transportation connecting towns and villages. Today, there are still passenger ships to travel by. Finland lost a lot of weight from on top of her with the disappearance of the continental glacier. Ever since then, the land mass has been rising at a rapid pace. It has risen 12 inches in the last 100 years along the Gulf of Finland and 36 inches over that time along the Gulf of Bothnia! Its total land mass increases by about 2.7 sq. mi. (7 sq. km) each year! The southern part of the country is primarily a rural landscape of gently rolling hills. In the north are more hills, covered by the boreal forests that extend around the globe. This is the “Land of the Midnight Sun,” where the sun does not set for 70 days, beginning in mid-May. After a 50-day period of sunsets, there is a nearly six-month long period of darkness in the winter. It’s during the dark time of year that one can most easily see the “Northern Lights” — Aurora Borealis — a frequent display of shimmering veils of light. Two thirds of Finland is forested. Offshore in the southwest lies an archipelago of 17,000 tree-covered islands and skerries — a yachtsman’s paradise. Farthest away are the Åland Islands, which have been largely autonomous from Finland since 1920. Helsinki, the modern day capital, and Turku, the former capital, both lie on the southwestern coast of Finland. Turku has an impressive medieval castle and cathedral. Helsinki (pop. 500,000) has a flavor which is both Swedish and Russian. It has been compared to St. Petersburg, and has such a similarity to it that several American movies whose setting was in Russia were filmed in Helsinki. The ancestors of Finland’s people, of a different ethnic stock than the rest of Scandinavia, are believed to have migrated long ago from central Asia. The Finnish language is somewhat related to Hungarian but, not being an Indo-European language, it is unlike any other in Europe. It has more vowels than consonants! Since Finland was for a six-hundred year period (1200-1809) under Swedish rule, the Swedish language is still taught at school, and street signs in Helsinki are also printed in Swedish. Finns are bilingual, though 93% of Finns speak Finnish as their first language, versus only 6% Swedish. Gypsies, the largest ethnic minority, have their own language, as do the Sami, or Laplanders, in the far north of the country. Today, there areonly appr. 2000 pure-bred Sami left. Their customs are still centered around their nomadic lifestyle, as they follow great reindeer herds across the northern realms of Russia, Finland, Sweden, and Norway — irrespective of national boundaries. The kota, their traditional dwelling, looks similar to a Native American tee-pee. From 1809 until 1917, Finland was under Russian rule as an autonomous “Grand Duchy.” As the Finns began to drift away from Russian dominance in the early 20th century, the Russians clamped down on the Finns. As an example of the Finns doing things their way, Finland was the first country in Europe to extend the right to vote to women, in the early 1900’s. With the advent of the Russian Revolution, the Finns saw their opportunity to break away from Russia. The civil war that followed in Finland led to the creation of its constitution in 1919. Finland has a thriving ship building industry — especially ice-breakers. More than one half of the world’s icebreakers are produced there. Icebreakers stay busy during the long Finnish winters in order to keep shipping lanes open in the Gulf of Bothnia and Gulf of Finland, which can freeze over completely in severe winters. A magnificent tourist activity is afforded passengers on icebreakers from December to May in the northern Gulf of Bothnia, the site of Europe’s largest continuous ice field. In former, less prosperous times, many Finns emigrated to Sweden — even more to the US — most of them settling in the Upper Peninsula of Michigan, in northern Wisconsin and in Minnesota. The Finns have one of the highest literacy rates in the world. Reading is a favorite pastime. Finland has many writers, and about one half of them are women. Scandinavians drink a lot of coffee — and not just when they’re reading — but The Finns drink more per capita than anyone else in the world. The Orthodox Church (from Russia) is the 2nd largest church in Finland, after the Protestant Lutheran Church. The Finns have exploited their vast forests — a source of pulp. Finland is, after Canada, the world’s 2nd largest exporter of paper and cardboard products. Acid rain, a result of air pollution farther south in Europe, is becoming an increasing problem to the timber industry, with large areas affected. Finland is renown for its telecommunications network and industry. NOKIA is Finland’s gift to cell phone users all over the world. Throughout the year, Finns love to recreate in the out-of-doors. Famous as cross-country skiers, Finns flock to mass skiing events which are held each weekend in winter time. Each year, more than 10,000 skiing enthusiasts participate in the 47-mi. (75km) Finlandia Skiing Marathon. Speaking of Finlandia, Jean Sibelius is Finland’s most well-known composer, and Finlandia is his most famous composition. A great tradition of folk poems, called runes, still lives on in Finland. The runes are sung, rather than spoken. Rune singers accompany themselves on the kantele, an ancient, harp-like instrument. Traditionally, men sing the epic poems (such as the Kalevala), while women sing lyric poems. The craft of rune singing is passed down from parent to child. The Kalevala is Finland’s national epic. It is customary for a pair of men who sit, straddling a log or bench, to sing the Kalevala. They hold hands at arm’s length and rock back and forth as they sing in rhythmic fashion and tell the story. The Kalevala is a compilation of ancient epic poems, assembled by Elias Lönnrot, who lived from 1802 to 1884. He worked several years to “finish” it (pardon the pun). The 50-canto work was published in 1849. Before that, the Kalevala was handed down only in oral form. Much of it was collected from rune singers in Karelia, in southeast Finland, where rune singing is still practiced today. Think “Finland,” and the first thing most people think of is the sauna. In olden times, the sauna was traditionally a bath-house. In the forests, where many people lived, they had a separate log cabin where a fire was kept going. There they could relax and wash themselves. Babies were born inside the sauna, since it was the only warm place. Before houses had running water for showers or baths, weekly trips to the sauna was the usual method of bathing. Lesson Activity Smørrebrød Using the description in the lesson on Denmark, make and serve a meal of Danish open-face sandwiches. Spilt pea soup, served with “flatbread,” is a good first course. In addition to slices of your favorite cheeses, suggested toppings/garnishes include: liver spread w/slices of sweet pickles; slices of hard-boiled egg or scrambled eggs w/fresh parsley; thin-sliced ham or roast beef w/ thin cucumber slices. Make sure everyone at the table follows proper smørrebrød etiquette. Lesson Activity Finnish Sauna It’s still very much a custom for families and friends to relax in the sauna. Now, as much as ever, it’s a social ritual. Many homes have a private sauna. Every apartment complex has them. Vacation homes usually have, as in olden times, a separate house for the sauna. Inside, sauna-goers use bundles of birch twigs with which to hit each other, in order to invigorate the skin and blood circulation. Birch leaves are used instead of soap — with the same effect. Food, or at least coffee, is served. Salty dishes are preferred, in order to replenish salt lost through perspiration. Of course, one takes a quick dip in the lake (or pool) or rolls in the snow between trips to the sauna. Ah-h-h! If you know someone with a Finnish style sauna, politely invite yourself over! Offer to bring a dish of food and the bundle of birch twigs. Lesson Activity Kalevala Read excerpts from the Kalevala, Finland’s national epic (Land of Heroes — a Retelling of the Kalevala, by Ursula Synge, published by Atheneum Press, is a good student version to read). Write a description of one or more of the heroes or heroines in the main lesson book. Illustrate the narrative either with a drawing or water color painting. - Materials Needed – Resources - Lesson 1 Europe, Continent Close by the Sea - Lessons 2 and 3 Major Mountain Chains - Lesson 4 The Alps - Lesson 5 Major Rivers - Lesson 6 The Mighty Volga - Lesson 7 Northern Europe; Denmark and Finland - Lesson 8 Norway - Lesson 9 The Channel Countries; Ireland and The Netherlands - Lesson 10 The United Kingdom - Lesson 11 Middle Europe; Switzerland - Lesson 12 Germany - Lesson 13 France - Lesson 14 Southern Europe; Serbia and Greece - Lesson 15 Italy - Lesson 16 Spain - Lesson 17 Eastern Europe; Poland - Lesson 18 The Russian Federation - Lesson 19 Countries and Capitals - Lesson 20 Changing Europe – The European Union

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The Life and Thought of Caspar Schwenckfeld von Ossig SOMETIME IN 1518, or perhaps 1519, Caspar Schwenckfeld experienced what he refers to as a “visitation of the divine” (in German, Heimsuchung Gottes, literally “home-seeking of God"). He admits that he was not particularly religious during his early years as a court advisor, but his pattern of behavior changed after 1518. The visitation to which he refers was not the only change in his life at the time. He was directly affected by his reading of Luther’s writings, and he undertook a serious study of the Scriptures at this point in his life as well. Shortly before September 1519, his father died and not long after that Schwenckfeld began to lose his hearing, an event which forced him to return to his family estate at Ossig (now run by his brother Hans) and to serve Duke Friedrich as only an occasional advisor, although he did remain highly influential at the court. By 1521 he was seriously supporting the cause of reform, and had won his Duke to his programme by 1522. But from the very beginning Schwenckfeld’s position seems to have differed from Luther’s, and by 1524 the differences were abundantly clear. In June of that year he published an Admonition to the Silesian preachers in which he attempted to rectify problems he saw arising from Luther’s theology. He was concerned above all that the five principles at the center of Luther’s position were misleading the simple people of the day. These were (1) that faith alone justifies, (2) that an individual does not have free will, (3) that we cannot keep God’s commandments, (4) that our works are of no avail, and (5) that Christ has made satisfaction for us. The Nature of Faith Ever concerned with the practical results of theology, Schwenckfeld did not reject these principles out of hand in his Admonition. Indeed, he had been initially drawn by their very “practicality” for the reform he supported. But by 1524, he had come to believe that if pressed too far, these keystones of reformation could prove ultimately destructive of their very intent. To grasp the issue it might be best for a moment to stand back from the specifics of Schwenckfeld’s argument and look at the debate over the first principle, “that faith alone justifies,” in its full context. The traditional theology that Schwenckfeld had inherited had always taught that an individual is justified by grace through faith—that was a Catholic as well as a Protestant position. The problem arose in regard to the nature of the faith by which one is justified. Catholics in Schwenckfeld’s day (and ours) teach that justifying faith must be understood in the context of Galatians 5:6: “For in Christ Jesus neither circumcision nor uncircumcision is of any avail, but faith working through love." It was this last phrase, “working through love,” which had led to the problems Luther pointed to. When simplistically interpreted by some theologians, this phrase had come to mean for many that the faith which availed was dependent on the acts of love through which it worked. Worse yet in the hands of ecclesiastical bureaucrats “works of love” came to be understood as the fulfillment of institutionalised religious regulations. In this setting, one can understand both Luther’s and Schwenckfeld’s sense of release when they read Ephesians 2:8: “For by grace you have been saved through faith.” Here “faith” stood alone; the words “working through love” were missing, and the remainder of the verse emphasized the fact: “this is not of your own doing, it is the gift of God—not because of works.” Faith availed in itself for salvation and required no “working through love,” certainly not in the sense of keeping the particular rules set down in a code of church law, or by reciting formulaic prayers. Unlike Luther, Schwenckfeld did not proceed to limit his theology by this insight (Luther’s so-called “canon within the Canon"). He was always more concerned with the results of a theological system on the life of individuals and the society in which they lived. He often spoke of his work as a “middle way” between what had become in the early sixteenth century two warring positions. Thus he would continue to uphold the need for Christian works of love while supporting what he considered the central insight of the Wittenberg Movement. The results were to be expected: He was viewed by both sides as supporting their opponents. The Sacramental Center of Faith Surprisingly enough, it was not over the issues noted in the 1524 Admonition that the real debate between Schwenckfeld and Luther erupted. To find a middle way between two opponents, as was the case in the so-called “faith-works” issue is one thing; it is quite another when a topic arises in which there are three conflicting opinions. This was the case regarding the Lord’s Supper. By the middle of the 1520s this debate was already in full flower. Catholics maintained that when the priest elevated the bread at the altar and pronounced the words of consecration, the bread became the body of Christ (this position is called transubstantiation). The Swiss, under the leadership of Uldrich Zwingli, on the other hand, rejected such a position altogether and insisted that the bread merely represented the body of Christ. [See our earlier issue on Zwingli, Vol. 3, No. 1 for a discussion of Zwingli’s view of the Lord’s Supper.] In a sense, in this disagreement, Luther’s position was the middle way. Those who followed him taught that more than simple representation occurred in the sacrament, but they rejected any interpretation which might lead one to think in terms of magical transformation. The body of Christ they taught, was “in, with, and under” the bread (called consubstantiation). For Schwenckfeld all three explanations were unsatisfactory. Once again, what troubled him more than the divisive theologies of the Sacrament were practical results. Those who eat and drink of the body and blood of Christ unworthily, he believed with St. Paul, are “guilty of profaning” the body and blood (1 Cor. 11:27). What constituted unworthy participation more than doing so while anathematizing one’s fellow Christians? All three groups celebrated this central rite of Christian faith and unity while in open warfare with other Christians. The situation was an open offence to the Faith, and Schwenckfeld was early concerned with it. He and his learned friend, Valentine Crautwald, had discussed the issue at length and the latter was greatly troubled over it. Crautwald returned home after attending early communion on 16 September 1525 to consider the matter. After a full day of reflection he fell asleep for a short time and awoke before dawn on September 17. Suddenly all the passages of Scripture relating to the problem were before him, and a “sweet voice” opened them to him. The vision he experienced and the ten days following it which were spent in detailed examination of its implications, he described in a letter to Schwenckfeld. Schwenckfeld in turn developed the results of the vision along with Crautwald. The disputed words of institution should be read as follows: “My body is this, namely, food.” “It was not until the disciples had eaten the bread and drunk the wine that Christ spoke the words. Bread is not a food until the grain has been grown, threshed, ground, baked and eaten; bread when eaten nourishes and strengthens the body.” The word “is” in the words of institution means “is,” not “represents,” but one must distinguish between the physical and the spiritual. “Give the physical to the body, the spiritual to the poor soul which is spiritual; let physical bread nourish the physical body, the invisible [bread], the invisible soul." By faith, then, one truly does eat the spiritual body of Christ, and in time Schwenckfeld and Crautwald would work out the implications of their theology, teaching that the spiritual grain thus eaten by faith grows in the believer, transforming him or her toward the full image of God, the person of Christ. On 30 November 1525 (two months after Crautwald’s vision), Schwenckfeld traveled to Wittenberg to present their findings to Luther. He was rebuffed by the great reformer, and from then on their paths would clearly separate. The Suspension ("Stillsand") of the Sacrament In spite of Luther’s rebuff, Schwenckfeld seems to have remained hopeful that his “middle way” might yet become a reality. He returned to Liegnitz and there with the aid of his duke and the brotherhood that had formed around him, worked avidly for the reform of the church in his area He supported the foundation of a university in Liegnitz and encouraged extensive catechetical work, both of theoretical and practical nature. He also continued to write and speak on behalf of his explanation of the Lord’s Supper. But what of the practice of the Supper? Christians were still fighting with one another and now Schwenckfeld as well had entered the fray. On 21 April 1526 he, Crautwald, and the preachers and pastors of Liegnitz issued a circular letter reflecting the tension they then felt, and their solution for the impossible situation in which they found themselves. "The fact of the matter is this: Since we and many others, including some of the populace, have felt and recognized that little betterment is resulting as yet from the preaching of the Gospel,” something must be wrong. And what could be more wrong than the improper celebration of the central Christian rite? “[Since this is the case,] we think that the Holy Sacrament or mystery of the body and blood of Christ has not been observed according to the Gospel and command of Christ.” Those who eat and drink unworthily, eat and drink judgement unto themselves, and therefore, “we admonish men in this critical time to suspend for a time the observance of the highly venerable Sacrament." The suspension did nothing to ease tensions within Christendom; for the next four years the bulk of Schwenckfeld’s writing was directed to this issue. His duke, Friedrich II supported him, but as the heat of the reformation debate increased, Friedrich increasingly found himself in a dilemma. Politically it was necessary for the Silesians to draw closer to the Lutheran position, but with a counselor of so high a profile as Schwenckfeld expressing an anti-Lutheran position, this was difficult. Finally in 1529, to avoid bringing his duke further embarrassment, Schwenckfeld went into voluntary selfexile. The most reasonable place for him to take refuge was the city of Strasbourg, then undergoing a reform under the direction of Martin Butzer. Time in Strasbourg Strasbourg was remarkably tolerant for the time, and as a result attracted persons of widely differing religious opinions. It was here, for example, that Schwenckfeld met the Anabaptist Pilgram Marpeck with whom he would enter a lengthy debate in the 1540s. It was also here that he seems to have come to know the thought of Melchior Hofmann, whose position on the celestial body of Christ had much in common with his own, although he always maintained that Hofmann had borrowed ideas from him and not he from Hofmann. Although he maintained a peaceful tone in the debate at the time, Schwenckfeld held a firm debating position. He supported his ideas with learning and care, and he did attract enough followers that his opponents were forced to take him seriously (his position as a member of the nobility also seems to have required this). Nevertheless, his point of view was a minority one during the period and was never supported by a powerful political leader. What this meant was that he was ever forced to debate without the possibility of winning. That pattern would remain throughout his life. We must take care not to romanticize the results. Like other supporters of unpopular theological positions at the time, Schwenckfeld undoubtedly suffered persecution, and it is clear that he never settled permanently in one place for the rest of his life. However, he was able for significant periods of time to find the physical stability necessary for the study and production of his numerous theological treatises and letters. Confessor of the Glory of Christ In 1541 he was living near the south German town of Kempten and had for his use the library of the Benedictine monastery there. It was here in the same year that he completed his longest and most complex work, The Great Confession on the Glory of Christ. Schwenckfeld’s thought on the nature and person of Christ was fully developed by 1538 at the latest, but he had been reflecting on the question from his earliest writings on the sacrament in the 1520s. What he was ever concerned with was that the body of Christ not be disparaged, or, to put it positively, that the glorified body of Christ be properly confessed. Because Schwenckfeld’s christology was not accepted by his contemporaries or later generations (indeed, it was considered heretical by many), it continues to be noted as one of the most “peculiar” aspects of his thought. But, peculiar or not, it was the center-point of his work, and, in honor of this core doctrine, his followers continued to call themselves “Confessors of the Glory of Christ” until the eighteenth century. The obscure theological details and their source in the writings of the early church need not detain us at this point. Simply put, Schwenckfeld distinguished two natures (a divine and a human) in the person of Christ, as does Christian orthodoxy. But he thought of the human nature in terms of a “celestial flesh.” Jesus’ flesh, he taught, was increasingly divinised by his divine nature during his earthly sojourn, so that it was transfigured and thereafter resurrected, taken up, and glorified at the right hand of the Father. It is on this glorified flesh that the believer feeds by faith; it is this flesh which by faith believers spiritually partake of, and which, in turn, grows like a grain of mustard in them as they grow daily in the image of Christ. Whatever one might think of Schwenckfeld’s christology today (whether it can be defended or not as orthodox as he thought it could) is a separate question. What we need to understand is Schwenckfeld’s intention in developing such a doctrine. He never thought simplistically or literally. The glorified body of Christ which sits at the right hand of the Father is the body of which one partakes in the Sacrament. It is not to be separated from the body of Christ in which believers live and move and have their being and which they call by the name “Church." Thus one eats and drinks judgement upon oneself, according to I Corinthians 11:29, when one eats and drinks of the body and blood of Christ in the Lord’s Supper “without discerning the body"; “body” here referring to the bread which is the spiritual body of Christ—the community of believers throughout the world, or the Church—and referring to the glorified body of Christ itself. By approaching the sacrament without discernment—without recognizing that the Church is the universal (catholic) body of Christ, and not merely the physical social-political entity made up of those who hold particular doctrines in common against others—one disparages the Glorified Christ. Looking Above for Peace It was for this reason that Schwenckfeld so strongly opposed the Anabaptist Pilgram Marpeck. Marpeck and the Anabaptists (later Mennonites) attended to the historical Jesus of Nazareth. Schwenckfeld was not opposed to this attention and certainly not to the Anabaptists’ attempt to imitate the life of the earthly Jesus. What he asked of them in addition was that they “lift up their hearts” to the image of the Glorified Christ so as not to become only caught up in concerns for purity of their local and limited congregational life. And the theology of the Glorified Christ is also the context in which Schwenckfeld’s often-noted concern for religious toleration arises. His is not a political position (as is that of, for example, the American Constitution); it is a theological one. One confesses the glory of Christ not by supposing that all religious opinions are of equal value, and effectively holding that they are makers of taste and that in such maker one person’s opinion is as good as another’s. For Schwenckfeld religious toleration depended not on looking below oneself but on contemplating above one’s possibilities: Only when all believers had raised their sights to the One above all others, would the suspension of the sacrament come to an end in reality, a hope toward which he reached throughout his life, and for which he still yearned, we are given to understand, when he died in the home of friends in the city of Ulm in 1561. By Peter C. Erb [Christian History originally published this article in Christian History Issue #21 in 1989] An Ancient and Undying Light The Waldensians from the 12th Century to the Protestant Reformation.Dr. Giorgio Bouchard. Awakenings in America: Seasons of the Spirit Spiritual awakenings have brought lasting benefits to the Church and the surrounding culture. Have we forgotten our great heritage of renewals?the Editors A 12th Century Man for All Seasons The Life and Thought of Bernard of Clairvaux Bernard's life and teachings have a persistent appeal and timeless meaning and value.Tony Lane The Life & Times of D. L. Moody How an awkward country boy with a grade-school education became the greatest evangelist of the Gilded Age.Dr. David Maas Subscribe to magazine Subscription to Christian History magazine is on a donation basisSubscribe Christian History Institute (CHI) is a non-profit Pennsylvania corporation founded in 1982. Your donations support the continuation of this ministryDonate

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How to Add Distortion on Audacityby Chris AnzaloneUpdated September 22, 2017 Audacity is a digital recording program for Mac OS X and Windows, which allows you to record and manipulate audio files using a straightforward interface. Among its other editing options, Audacity offers an effects menu, complete with custom filters that you can apply to your music and other audio files. If, for example, you want to record a guitar riff and then apply a rock-and-roll, electric guitar atmosphere, you can add distortion to your recording. This effect is useful in other audio projects as well. Open Audacity and create your audio recording if you have not already done so. You can connect a guitar, microphone or other analog instrument to your PC by attaching a 3.5mm adapter to your instrument cable and connecting it to your computer's "Line-In" jack. To record, press the "Record" button at the top of your Audacity window. It looks like a large red circle. To stop recording, just click the space bar on your keyboard. Highlight the portion of your recording to which you want to apply the distortion effect. Just click your mouse over the start point or the end point, and drag it along the entire area that you want to cover. If you want to apply the effect to your entire recording, you can skip this step. Click "Effect" on your menu bar and select "Leveller" from the list. When the "Leveller" window appears, select "Heaviest" on the "Degree of Levelling" menu, and select a number between "-25db" and "-35db" for your "Threshold." Select lower numbers for more distortion, or higher numbers for less distortion. Click "OK." Click the green "Play" button to listen to your recording. If you feel satisfied with the amount of distortion, you can proceed with the other aspects of your audio recording project. If you feel that the amount of distortion is insufficient, however, click "Effect" on your menu bar and select "Repeat Leveller" from the top of the list.

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Friday, April 25, 2008 This day in history . . . April 25, 1947 Truman Inaugurates White House Bowling Alley President Harry S. Truman officially opens the first White House bowling alley on this day in 1947. The two-lane bowling alley, situated in the West Wing, had been constructed earlier that year. According to Smithsonian Magazine, a group of Truman’s fellow Missourians funded the construction of the bowling alley in honor of the president. They had intended to open the alley as part of Truman’s 63rd birthday celebration on May 8, but construction was completed ahead of schedule. Truman’s favorite pastime was poker and although he had not bowled since he was a teenager, he gamely hoisted the first ball, knocking down 7 out of 10 pins. One of the pins is now on display at the Smithsonian Institution. Truman did not use the alley much himself, but supported a group of White House employees in forming a White House Bowling League in 1950. Teams included Secret Service agents, household staff, secretaries, switchboard operators and groundskeepers. The teams competed in tournaments across the country; many opponents were surprised to discover that the players were from the “real White House.” Eisenhower closed the alley in 1955 and turned it into a mimeograph room. Later, another alley was opened next door in the Old Executive Office Building (now the Eisenhower Building), which President Johnson and his wife Lady Bird used frequently. Nixon used that second bowling alley until he had an additional one-lane alley installed underground directly beneath the North Portico entrance of the White House. Bowling is just one of the many recreational facilities presidents have enjoyed the use of at the White House--over the years, the presidential residence has also been outfitted with putting greens, swimming pools, a jogging track, a tennis court and a pool table.

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One of the epidemics of our current culture is a sluggish, under-active colon. Do to over processed foods, overeating, too much animal consumption, and a lack of fiber in our modern diet, many of us have bowels that aren’t working at their peak performance. What is Plyllium Husk and Bentonite Clay? Psyllium husk comes from a shrub like herb called Plantago ovate, which grows worldwide but is most common in India. For centuries, psyllium husk has been used in the ancient traditional medicine of Ayurveda to promote the body’s overall health and well-being. Psyllium husk powder is known as one of the most effective fibers for maintaining regular digestive health and it’s a prebiotic. Once its ingested it expands, forming a gel like mass by drawing water in from the colon. It promotes easy, healthy elimination by sweeping waste out of the colon more quickly and efficiently. Psyllium is best known for its uses in digestive health but can also help provide health benefits such as helping lower cholesterol and helping to maintain healthy blood sugar levels. Bentonite clay, also called calcium bentonite clay or Montmorillonite clay is a product composed of ash taken from volcanoes. The clay is dried in the sun, filtered and then sold commercially in several form. Today the clay is harvested mostly in the U.S, France and Italy. Bentonite clay and its healing properties stems back far in history. Several traditional cultures living in regions of the Andes, Central Africa and Australia have been applied and consumed volcanic clays in numerous ways for centuries. Bentonite clay can help to expel toxins and heavy metals (such as mercury, cadmium, lead and benzene) by binding with them due to its chemical composition. Then it acts like a magnet and sponge, absorbing harmful substances so they can be removed from the body. Bentonite clay has negatively charged molecules, and most toxins and heavy metals have positively charged molecules. This allows the two to bind together easily and stay united while its expelled from the body. It also has antibacterial properties and fights off various pathogens responsible for disease, such as E. coli and the virus that causes staph infection. It contains different nutrients, including calcium, magnesium, silica, sodium, copper, iron and potassium. What are the benefits of using psyllium husk and bentonite clay to support your detox journey? All the toxins that you eat, drink, breathe, and absorb through your skin end up processed by your gastrointestinal system. Psyllium husk and bentonite clay are two powerful allies when it comes to detoxification. The combination of two can help the body with deep colon cleaning by flushing out toxins and as a result improving your health. Balances the PH level in the blood Helps with weight loss Effective at fighting Candida Decreases risk of colon cancer The Psyllium – Bentonite Shake Recipe 1 Tbs. bentonite clay powder (or liquid form) 2 tea sp. Psyllium husk powder 8 oz of water 2 oz apple juice for flavor (optional) Mix all the ingredients in a shaker cup or Mason jar. Drink it quickly as the psyllium husk thicken and begin to coagulate. Drink an additional large glass of water right after. For the best results, do not take bentonite clay within an hour of food. Also avoid taking it within two hours of medications or supplements, since it can interact with other substances. Start with consuming one drink in the morning before eating breakfast, and then you can work your way up to five shakes. Eat a very light clean diet while you trying to detox. Some people prefer to fast while taking the sakes making it easier to ensure the successful cleanse. To ensure a successful cleanse it is important to drink plenty of water. Common symptoms are headaches, pains in your muscles or joints, increased energy, and a lighter feeling.

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Reverse Osmosis Systems Reverse osmosis is a process which drives water (with contaminants) through a semi permeable membrane, effectively "filtering" the water. Imagine the reverse osmosis semi permeable membrane being an extremely fine filter which only water can pass when forced through under pressure. Reverse Osmosis is capable of removing up to 99%+ of the dissolved salts (ions), particles, colloids, organics, bacteria and pyrogens from the feed water. Reverse Osmosis is very effective in treating brackish, surface and ground water for both large and small flows applications. Due to the pressure requirements a pump is required and included in most systems to generate the high pressures required.

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A LITTLE HISTORY The history of the jewelry had three basic functions that played in history, as an ornament, also an amulet and as a symbol of wealth, which have finally remained constant to this day. The jewels in the Stone Age. Man used natural mineral objects and animals as personal ornament, to reinforce his image or personality. minerals as their first tools and their first weapons, His jewels were first bones, teeth, shells, snails, soon began to look for the fewest precious stones, to make tools, for its cutting characteristics and durability, able to cut other materials and separated the precious stones of color or with a special shine , for ornament jewelry or as amulets. Jewels in the Bronze Age Weapons and tools became metal with the discovery of copper and then in the Iron Age, with the development of the technology of this material, the stones were relegated as weapons or tools and remained fundamentally for their function as jewel and talisman, maintaining these characteristics until today. The first techniques of goldsmithing are developed, among them the embossing, the granulation and the filigree of metals such as gold or silver. The metals and precious stones most valued as jewels were always the scarcest, their possession conferring symbolic values of social status, nobility or wealth to their possessor. Jewelry in Mesopotamia and Assyria Very advanced civilizations that developed an extraordinary jewelry, techniques of jewelry that developed highlights the granulate, which was a decorated surface using gold grains, or filigree and inlaid precious or semi-precious stones. The jewels in ancient Egypt The ancient Egyptians were true enthusiasts of ornamentation and design and introduced an intense renovation in jewelry. The jewels had a great importance in the Egyptian culture, they had two functions, the gems were valued as much for their beauty as for the magical protection that they provided, that is, they were both talismans and jewels. They identified metals and minerals with their gods and with certain therapeutic powers, Copper and Malachite identified with their god Hathor and gold with the Sun god, the name of Lapis Lazuli and Turquoise were synonymous with joy and pleasure. The amulet served them to avoid danger and ward off evil spirits and was the source of the magical forces that protected them. The jewels in ancient Greece Philip V of Macedonia Since the first settlers in Greece it is known to use gold jewelry and precious stones. The ancient Greeks inherited the jewelry technology of the artisans of the Mycenaean culture The first Greek jewels were of simple design and manufacture, although of very differentiated style from the gems of other cultures, with time, the designs of jewels, the goldsmith's techniques and the range of materials used in their jewelery increased in complexity. They made luxury objects of great beauty, such as amber beads for necklaces and bracelets, gold jewelery, pins with a head of rock crystal and dish-shaped vessels also of the same semiprecious stone. The Greeks were the first to create a new jewel: the cameo The jewels in ancient Rome Jewelry is of great importance in the Roman world, in all its ages, the so-called ornamenta or products of personal beautification, combs, hair needles, earrings, rings, necklaces, containers for perfume, in bone, ivory, bronze, ceramics etc. they are used by all Roman social classes. The hairstyle, and the hair jewelry, were an exponent of the social position, In ancient Rome we find the ring, the precursor of the current engagement ring that was a simple iron ring, It was a simple iron ring, which in the ancient Roman tradition, was given as a symbol of the cycle of life and eternity and constituted a public promise that the marriage contract between a man and a woman would be respected. In the time of Pliny (from 23 to 79 after Christ) the ring was made of iron. The gold ring was introduced later, in the second century AD. The Christians adopted the Roman custom, making the ring a part of the marriage ceremony. Marie Antoinette necklace During the Middle Ages, commercial caravans from the East, brought to Europe precious and semi-precious stones, both for use in the jewelry of kings and nobles and for ecclesiastical jewelry. In France, citizens were not allowed (by law) to wear girdles or garlands made of pearls, precious stones, gold or silver, other similar laws existed in England, this delayed the advancement of the jewelery of the time.

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STANDARD UK DELIVERY £3-95 (2 - 3 Working Days)|Free delivery on orders over £50 Last Guaranteed Post for Christmas 20th December| July 27, 2019 Eight million tonnes of plastic end up in our oceans every year, killing and harming marine life. Together, we can help to put an end to the plastic surge by cutting out small, everyday plastic use. Here are ten tips to help reduce your plastic waste. Carry a reusable coffee cup or flask. Around 2.5bn coffee cups are thrown away every year in the UK alone – that’s seven million a day! Less than 1% of these can be recycled, meaning most spend up to 50 years in landfill, after lasting just minutes in your hand. Lots of coffee outlets offer a discount when you use your own cup and there are many eco-friendly options out there. Why not go for one of our Bambroo re-usable mugs. Look on our site for some fun designs. Plastic bottles are one of the most frequently found items on beach cleans globally. The lids commonly end up in seabirds’ stomachs. Take a re-usable metal bottle. By reusing your plastic cutlery or going for a compostable alternative, you could personally save 466 items of unnecessary plastic every year. It’s thought that we use plastic cutlery for just 3 minutes before throwing it away! Straws are sucking the life out of our oceans. But there is an easy fix to this one, if you don’t need one, don’t use one. Plastic straws and stirrers can take up to 200 years to decompose. Opt for paper straws or ditch them altogether and try the age-old sipping technique. Is it really worth taking a plastic straw with your Strawberry Daiquiri when the straw could remain in landfill long after your 100th birthday? Or purchase a set of our stainless steel straws to maintain your cocktail / cool drink experience. Re-usable and easy to clean with the supplied straw brushes. Unlike cling film that cannot be recycled, foil is recyclable. So if you are using foil, make sure you put it in the recycling bin after use! Another alternative is the new Beeswax wraps that we supply. Made using 100% cotton, Pine Resin, Jojoba Oil and local Beeswax they are 100% natural and environmentally friendly. This means no nasties will leach into your food whilst it’s stored, they’re reusable and compostable. Plus, they come in fun patterns! Use loose leaf tea with a tea strainer instead of teabags that are sealed with plastic. Or give plastic free tea Pukka Tea and Teapigs a go! Disposing of teabags ultimately leads to microplastics entering our waterways and eventually our food chain. Things are changing, though: PG tips are bringing in biodegradable teabags this month, and we hope other brands will soon follow. Britons are the second biggest consumers of gum in the world, chewing an estimated 130 sticks per person each year. Chewing gum (made from plastic itself) can be swapped for plastic free alternatives such as Glee or Chewsy! Glitter is made from plastic of such a small size it’s especially lethal to our oceans. This microplastic can eventually end up in our food chain as plankton and shellfish can ingest it. But don’t worry, you can still sparkle guilt-free! There are many ranges of eco-friendly, biodegradable glitter out there. Consider getting your milk delivered in glass bottles which are reused and recycled instead of your usual plastic pint. Many milkrounds also offer fruit juices too. Join the 4% of the British population who still get their milk delivered! What’s more satisfying, popping a cork or the modern screw top? Choose wine bottles with natural cork stoppers instead of plastic stoppers or metal screw caps (which contain BPA, an industrial chemical used to make certain plastics). Visit recork.org to explore the range of wines using cork stoppers. Thanks for visiting and helping to preserve our beautiful planet and wildlife. Yours in cooking. April 15, 2020 October 23, 2019 October 18, 2019

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Bed bug are parasitic insects that feed exclusively on blood. The bed bugs are best known as it prefers to feed on human blood. The name “bed bug” derives from the preferred habitat of warm houses and especially nearby or inside of beds and bedding or other sleep areas. Bed bugs are mainly active at night, but are not exclusively nocturnal. They usually feed on their hosts without being noticed. A number of adverse health effects may result from bed bug bites, including skin rashes, psychological effects and allergic symptoms. They are not known to transmit any pathogens as disease vectors. Certain signs and symptoms suggest the presence of bed bugs.

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On this day in 1929, David Dunbar Buick, the founder of the Buick Motor Company, dies in relative obscurity and meager circumstances at the age of 74. In 1908, Buick’s company became the foundation for the General Motors Corporation; however, by that time David Buick had sold his interest in the company. Buick was born in Arbroath, Scotland, on September 17, 1854, and moved with his family to Detroit, Michigan, as a child. As a young man, he worked in the plumbing industry and developed, among other inventions, a successful process for bonding porcelain enamel to cast-iron bathtubs. During the 1890s, Buick became interested in automobiles and the gasoline internal combustion engine. In 1903, he founded the Buick Motor Company. The following year, William Durant, a titan of the horse-drawn carriage industry, invested in Buick’s company, which was by then based in Flint, Michigan. That same year, the company made a total of 37 autos, known as the Model B. By 1906, Buick had lost control of the business and sold his stock, which would later be worth millions of dollars. Two years later, in 1908, William Durant made the Buick firm the cornerstone of his newly formed holding company, General Motors. Durant soon acquired Cadillac and Oldsmobile, among other car companies. In 1923, Buick built its 1 millionth vehicle. The Buick brand would play a key role in General Motors’ rise to become the world’s largest automaker by the early 1930s (a title it held until 2008, when it was surpassed by Japan-based Toyota). Today, Buick is GM’s entry-level luxury brand and one of the auto industry’s oldest nameplates. After selling his interest in his company, David Buick became involved in a series of unsuccessful oil, real-estate and automotive ventures. He eventually returned to Detroit, where he worked menial jobs before his death in 1929.

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Tyre Pressure Monitoring Systems (TPMS) constantly monitor tyre pressures using tyre sensors in all four tyres and alert the driver with a visual and/or audible warning if there is any change in pressure or temperature. Having TPMS fitted to your vehicle improves your safety as the system checks tyre pressure every few seconds reducing your chance of a blow out or accident related to incorrect tyre pressures. TPMS can also save you money as having the correct tyre pressure maximises tyre life and also helps improve fuel efficiency. New vehicles fitted with TPMS and registered from 1st January 2012 will also have their TPMS system tested as part of the first MOT test carried out. This means if your vehicle falls into this category and the TPMS is not functioning correctly, you could fail your MOT test. The first Tyre Pressure Monitoring Systems (TPMS) were equipped to premium vehicles in the early 1990s on models such as Mercedes S-Class, 7 Series BMW and the Audi A8 so they aren’t new by any means. TPMS are now common fixtures in Peugeot and Citroen models along with many other popular vehicles and it’s estimated that by 2013, around 6 million cars in the UK will be TPMS equipped. The rationale behind fitting TPMS is to provide an early warning system for the driver when there is a change or loss of tyre pressure. This saves you time and energy in routinely checking tyre pressure manually, as advised by all car and tyre manufacturers for your safety.Having TPMS improves your safety as it constantly monitors pressure, helping to avoid potential blow outs or accidents linked to a change in tyre pressure.Having the correct pressure also helps save you money. Incorrectly inflated tyres causes uneven tyre wear and tyres need to be replaced sooner than normal. By having tyres correctly inflated at all times, they wont have to be replaced as often. The correct pressure improves fuel efficiency too, since under inflated tyres mean more tread is hitting the ground, causing friction (this is known as rolling resistance) and so more power – and therefore fuel – is required to drive the car forward. By having the correct tyre pressure, rolling resistance and also the amount of fuel used is reduced, saving you money. This in turn is beneficial to the environment as it cuts down on carbon dioxide emissions too. New EU legislation requires all new models of passenger cars sold in the EU to have a TPMS system installed from November 2012, and every new car from 2014. New vehicles fitted with TPMS and first registered from 1st January 2012 will have their TPMS system tested as part of the first MOT test the vehicle has carried out.The legislation has been driven by environmental concerns as part of the EUs commitment to reducing CO2 emissions, as well as safer motoring. TPMS facts and figures Data analysis shows that a new tyre will leak 3psi – 8psi over a year which results in around a 2% increase in fuel consumption and a 25% reduction in tyre life.The EU estimates that the under-inflation of tyres is globally responsible each year for: - 20 million litres of unnecessary fuel consumed - 2 million tonnes of CO2 emissions - 200 million prematurely worn tyres - 9% of accidents involving fatalities - 41% of accidents involving injury How does TPMS work? On the majority of vehicles, TPMS works via a sensor valve fitted in each wheel which sends a low frequency signal to the car’s Engine Control Unit (ECU) giving information on tyre pressure and temperature. If the tyre pressure drops by more than few pounds (PSI), the sensor valve is damaged or the sensor valve battery has expired, a warning normally lights up on the dashboard to alert the driver. Why do TPMS sensor valves need to be serviced? Sensor valves can be expensive to replace with single units costing anywhere from £45 to £150. Theoretically sensor valves should last for years, but due to wear and tear, corrosion or damage to the valve stem sleeve and nut, valve cap, valve core and rubber grommet which all help to ensure an air-tight seal, the sensor valve can become faulty or even fail prematurely. For these reasons Roundhouse Tyres offer a sensor valve service – this helps extend sensor valve life considerably by the fitment of a new service kit when a new tyre is repaired after a puncture or replaced with a new tyre. Why do TPMS sensor valves need to be replaced? A sensor valve normally requires replacing after around 5 years or up to 100,000 miles, although this can vary depending on vehicle use. High mileages and frequent low pressure alerts can reduce this considerably and given the position of the sensor valves in the wheel, they are also vulnerable to damage and corrosion which means they may be required to be replaced sooner. How does the car ‘recognise’ a TPMS new sensor valve? The car’s ECU stores the unique identity number of each valve. When a valve is replaced, the new identity number has to be programmed into the ECU. On some cars this has to be done with a diagnostic tool which plugs into the vehicles On Board Diagnostics through a sixteen pin socket usually found under the dashboard (although on some cars it is located elsewhere). On some models the car “self-learns” simply by being driven.

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from The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, 4th Edition - n. Philosophy A theory, especially in ethics or aesthetics, that conceptions of truth and moral values are not absolute but are relative to the persons or groups holding them. from Wiktionary, Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License - n. The theory, especially in ethics or aesthetics, that conceptions of truth and moral values are not absolute but are relative to the persons or groups holding them. - n. A specific such theory, advocated by a particular philosopher or school of thought. from The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia - n. The philosophical doctrine of the relativity of knowledge. See relativity. from WordNet 3.0 Copyright 2006 by Princeton University. All rights reserved. - n. (philosophy) the philosophical doctrine that all criteria of judgment are relative to the individuals and situations involved Diversity rooted in relativism is the faith of our age, and it is not difficult to catch the spirit. We cannot say that relativism is true, because to assert that something “is true” is to assert that there is a standard of truth that is factually the case regardless of which set (s) of conventions we use to describe it. Once again, your moral relativism is predictable and pathetic. Moral relativism from the right wing bigot, shocker! This can be done in a number of ways: Cognitive relativism is a school of philosophic thought that holds that an idea is only true if it [...] Cognitive relativism is a school of philosophic thought that holds that an idea is only true if it is true within a particular conceptual framework that is subjective to an individual or a particular social group. For a so-called "conservative" state, this kind of moral relativism is just amazing to me. It becomes even more appaling when some twisted argument of cultural relativism is made to downplay the crimes the governments of many countries commit against LGBT people. The moral relativism is either schizoprhenic or downright embarrasing. So we're left with an anti-relativism argument that traffics in relativism, an anti-corporate argument framed in corporate terms, and an Adorno/Horkheimer name-drop without enough self-realization to notice that the exclusionary schema it's propping up is a mirror-image recapitulation of what Adorno and Horkheimer were warning against.

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IRON AGE DANUBE ROUTE The Iron Age Danube Route addresses one of the most fragile, though imposing and attractive prehistoric archaeological phenomenon, the Iron Age landscapes. Characterized by monumental structures, such as burial mound cemeteries, flat cemeteries, fortified hilltop settlements and oppida, as well as elements indicating the complex organization of space, Iron Age landscapes belong to the period between the 9th and the end of the 1st century BC. In addition, the Iron Age is a period marked by an extraordinary corpus of movable, as well as intangible heritage, which is kept in numerous museums of the Danube region, including the most important regional and national institutions. The first concept for the Iron Age Danube Route stemmed from the Danube Transnational Programme “Monumentalized Early Iron Age Landscapes in the Danube River Basin” INTERREG project, a RegioStars finalist for 2018. Twenty partner institution from Austria, Croatia, Hungary, Slovakia and Slovenia that collaborated on the project put forward the idea of joint approach to researching, managing and protecting complex prehistoric landscapes. After the Iron-Age-Danube project ended, the partnership continued with the support of the Routes4U project of the Council of Europe. Compiling existing sources of knowledge and creating a strong interdisciplinary and international network of expert institutions from Austria, Croatia, Hungary and Slovenia in the fields of archaeology, cultural heritage protection, tourism, as well as local stakeholders, the Iron Age Danube Route Association was founded in July 2020 with the aim of further development and management of the IADR. Along with the efforts of the Iron Age Danube Route Association, the Iron Age Danube Route is going to be advanced through the Interreg Danube Transnational project “Virtual archaeological landscapes of the Danube region” (July 2020 - December 2022). This project centers around making archaeological landscapes of the Danube region more visible and attractive for their successful integration into sustainable cultural tourism on regional, national and international levels. In May 2021 the Iron Age Danube Route became certified Cultural Route of the Council of Europe, which opens many new and exciting opportunities for the Route, its members and partners, as well as a responsibility to further develop our network in order to better promote, protect and research our common Iron Age heritage.

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STANFORD, Calif. — Researchers at the Stanford University School of Medicine and Lucile Packard Children's Hospital have identified several gene mutations responsible for the most common childhood brain tumor, called medulloblastoma, adding evidence to the theory that the diagnosis is a group of genetically distinct cancers with different prognoses. These and accompanying findings are likely to lead to less-toxic, better-targeted treatment approaches over the next two years, the researchers said. "We tend to treat all medulloblastomas as one disease without taking into account how heterogeneous the tumors are at the molecular level," said Yoon-Jae Cho, MD, an assistant professor of neurology and neurological sciences at Stanford, a pediatric neurologist at Packard Children's and the senior author of the new research. "This paper represents a finer-grained view of the genetic landscape of these tumors and provides us with some leads on how to develop new therapies." The research, which will appear online in Nature July 22, is part of a large, ongoing effort to characterize genetic errors in medulloblastoma. Two companion studies on which Cho is a co-author will be published simultaneously with his paper. The three papers came from a consortium that involves scientists at Stanford, Packard Children's, the Broad Institute, Children's Hospital Boston, the Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, the German Cancer Research Center, Brandeis University and the Hospital for Sick Children in Toronto. Current treatment for medulloblastoma, which originates in the cerebellum and affects about 250 U.S. children each year, begins with surgery to remove as much of the tumor as possible. Patients then receive a combination of radiation and chemotherapy, but the treatments are not tailored to the tumor's genetic characteristics. Cho's team extracted DNA from 92 medulloblastoma tumors and compared it with DNA from matched blood samples from the same patients, uncovering 12 significant "point mutations" — single-letter errors in the genetic code — that occurred frequently in the brain cancer. A handful of the mutations had been previously identified in smaller studies of medulloblastoma, but several mutations were novel in both medulloblastoma and in cancer. Among the newly identified mutations was one in an RNA helicase gene, DDX3X, which Cho said is the second-most common mutation in medulloblastoma tumors. "Mutations in this gene have now also been identified in other tumor types, such as chronic lymphocytic leukemia, and head and neck tumors," he said. However, the researchers found that it was rare for the same gene mutated in several different patients' tumors. More commonly, mutations involving a set of genes regulating a single biological pathway were found in the tumors — a pattern that is emerging across cancer genome sequencing efforts. Though no single tumor in the study carried all 12 mutations, the researchers were able to categorize the tumors according to which mutations they possessed. "We now understand that there are certain tumors with particular genetic signatures that are really resistant to standard treatments," Cho said. Children with medulloblastoma do not routinely have their tumors' genetic signatures characterized, but Cho believes that such characterization coupled with targeted therapies could greatly enhance tumor treatment. About two-thirds of medulloblastoma patients now survive five years past diagnosis, but many survivors suffer lasting physical or intellectual side effects from their cancer treatments. Drugs tailored to a tumor's genetic profile have the potential to save more patients while reducing side effects, Cho said. Several of the mutations discovered affect cellular signals that switch large groups of genes on and off. "The dysregulation of these 'epigenetic programs' is becoming a common theme not only in medulloblastoma but across cancer," Cho said. Such pathways may be good targets for cancer drugs; indeed, drugs targeting one such pathway (histone methyltransferases) are currently in pre-clinical development, while agents against another pathway (Hedgehog signaling pathway) are entering phase-2 clinical trials for medulloblastoma. Cho is the co-chair of a committee within the Pediatric Brain Tumor Consortium that guides which drugs should be moved into clinical trials next. "Our plan is that within the next one to two years we will be able to offer kids a new set of compounds that have a clear biological rationale based on our genomic studies." Cho said. "We want to make sure we're being careful of what we move forward with, but at the same time, for some of these kids we don't have many, if any, effective and durable treatment options." Cho's collaborators at Stanford included research associate Furong Yu; Gerald Crabtree, PhD, professor of pathology and of developmental biology and a member of the Stanford Cancer Institute; and life science research assistant Amanda Kautzman. The research was funded by the National Institutes of Health, a St. Baldrick's Foundation Career Development Award, the Beirne Faculty Scholar endowment at Stanford University, German Cancer Aid, the BMBF ICGC-PedBrain project, the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, the Pediatric Brain Tumor Foundation, the Canadian Institutes of Health Research, the Hospital for Sick Children and the Mullarkey Research Fund. Cho consults for Novartis to help develop biomarkers for the company's clinical trial design. Information about Stanford's Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, which also supported this research, is available at http://neurology.stanford.edu/. The Stanford University School of Medicine consistently ranks among the nation's top medical schools, integrating research, medical education, patient care and community service. For more news about the school, please visit http://mednews.stanford.edu. The medical school is part of Stanford Medicine, which includes Stanford Hospital & Clinics and Lucile Packard Children's Hospital. For information about all three, please visit http://stanfordmedicine.org/about/news.html. Lucile Packard Children's Hospital at Stanford is an internationally recognized 311-bed hospital, research center and leading regional medical network providing the full complement of services for the health of children and expectant mothers. In partnership with the Stanford University School of Medicine, our world-class doctors and nurses deliver innovative, family-centered care in every pediatric and obstetric specialty, tailored to every patient. Packard Children's is annually ranked as one of the nation's best pediatric hospitals by U.S. News & World Report and is the only Northern California children's hospital with specialty programs ranked in the U.S. News Top 10. Learn more about us at www.lpch.org and about our continuing growth at growing.lpch.org. Friend us on Facebook, watch us on YouTube and follow us on Twitter. PRINT MEDIA CONTACT: Erin Digitale at (650) 724-9175 ([email protected]) BROADCAST MEDIA CONTACT: Robert Dicks at (650) 497-8364 ([email protected]) AAAS and EurekAlert! are not responsible for the accuracy of news releases posted to EurekAlert! by contributing institutions or for the use of any information through the EurekAlert! system.

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Resilience isn’t really about ‘bouncing back’. And it’s not rare. And it’s not a place we ‘arrive at’. In fact, we are born with it and we use it every day. These were words shared with us earlier this year when the Institute for Positive Psychology hosted a webinar for our community. We thought that now, more than ever, these 12 tips can help as it is the ability to adapt successfully in the face of stress, challenge, and adversity, that defines resilience. Although we sometimes forget, we all have resources available for us to cope: - External – your family, a supportive club, a teacher, an old friend (the tools outside of our body that enable us to cope. The more powerful they are the better we can cope). - Internal – our minds, our brains, our bodies – these we can most easily control. But how do we develop and optimize resilience through these elements? When internal and external are combined, we have the package that allows us to be resilient in the face of adversity. This webinar focuses on the internal resources, and on what each of us can do to strengthen them. 12 EVIDENCE-BASED TIPS TO HELP OPTIMIZE RESILIENCE Printable Summary (PDF) - Greet Each Day as an Opportunity. Engaging with life is the best predictor of mental health. Young kids who are engaged have higher prosocial behavior and academic success. We become engaged if we see each interaction as an opportunity. - Set Yourself a Goal. We know humans are a goal-oriented species. When we have clear goals, we become solution-focused. It energizes us in a meaningful way and helps us have adaptable thoughts. - Exercise Your Mood. We know that exercise metabolizes stress. It eats away stress. And we optimize the brain for learning. The right neurochemical cocktail. - Eat Well. Nutritional science is the most under-utilized resource. We are starting to understand that eating well makes us perform well and do good. Refined sugars cause immune responses that are not helpful to our body or brain. - Learn How to Rest and Sleep Well. Diet and nutrition is the easiest hack. But sleeping is right up there. Massively related to resilience. About restoring and regenerating our resources. - Learn How to Quiet Your Mind. Referencing the concept of prayer or meditation, this is the practice of being still with your thoughts. - Believe in Something Bigger Than Yourself. Meaning and purpose are directly linked to resilience. Victor Frankl, psychiatrist and holocaust survivor stated, “Those who have a WHY to live for, can bear with almost any HOW”. We can draw on resources when we have connectedness with something bigger than ourselves. - Develop a Sense of Gratitude. Practicing gratitude is “an antidote to negative emotions.” - Learn the Art of Good Communication. The better we can listen to others the more resilient we become. Remove the elephants from the room, the unspoken. - Be Around People. The more support we give to others, the more we receive. Reach out, be open to others. - Learn and Grow from Adversity. When we see adversity as normal and part of pursuing a meaningful life, we are able to change the narrative. We can start to view adversity as not pervasive (everything is wrong), not personal (only me), and not permanent (will last). - Go Easy and Be Kind to Yourself. Don’t speak poorly to yourself. Connect with the common humanity. We all go through it.

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“A happy mountaineer always pees clear” is a simple rhyme that does a great job to remind climbers about the importance of hydration. The rhyme stems from the fact that urine color is an excellent indicator of your hydration level. And if you’re looking for a way to tell if you’re drinking enough water during this climbs, urine luck. Climbers in the mountains should monitor the colour of their pee because it can tell you if you’re getting enough fluids. As the summer days get hotter and longer, you risk losing more water than you’re taking in. When you sweat or breathe out more fluid than you take in, that’s dehydration. Some signs of dehydration include increased thirst, headaches or muscle cramps, tiredness or weakness, dry skin and lips, confusion or dizziness and dark urine and/or decreased urine production. What’s the ‘proper’ urine color? Along with “a happy mountaineer always pees clear” always remember “an unhappy fellow always pees yellow.” But yellow comes in different shades, see the chart below to see when you should worry. If you are dehydrated, then, other than the obvious — drinking plenty of fluids — a dehydrated person should rest in a shady place or air-conditioned vehicle or building. Of course, food is fuel, too, so make sure you’re eating plenty of energy-dense food throughout your adventures. It’s easy to forget about drinking water when you’re having fun in the sun, but drinks lots of water to keep that pee clear.

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How To Write A Book Recommendation Third Grade A detailed overview can assist new writers conquer the intimidating parts of composing a publication, allowing them to remain focused as well as optimize their creative thinking. Pick up from the very best Share on twitter Share on facebook Share on pinterest Share on your network Jump To Section What to Consider Before Writing a Book Exactly how to Write a Book Wish to Learn More About Writing? Dan Brown Teaches Writing Thrillers Writing an whole book can be a overwhelming task, especially for brand-new authors. It needs hard work, extreme passion, as well as intense technique. Even for successful writers of bestsellers, the hardest part of the composing procedure can be simply taking a seat to write the very first web page. If you take it one action at a time, however, composing a book is an obtainable goal. Meet One of Your New Instructors What to Consider Before Writing a Book Whether you’re a successful author servicing your next book or a first time author whose goal is self-publishing, there are a few crucial concerns to ask on your own prior to beginning work with your book idea. - Do you have the time and also psychological energy to devote to writing a entire book? You must be willing as well as able to stick to a daily writing schedule as well as sacrifice other quests in the process of composing. - Are you prepared to create potentially unknown abilities, like self-editing and re writing? Writing a brand-new publication will typically reveal your weaknesses and staminas , as well as a great deal of time will be committed to fine-tuning those abilities. - Do you have a basic grasp of your main characters, plot, or topic? You don’t require to have everything worked out, but it’s handy to have a sensible suggestion of the form as well as direction of your publication before you the real writing starts. Exactly how to Write a Book As soon as you’ve carved out the moment and considered your plot and also personalities, the real book writing can begin. Complying with these step-by-step composing tips will certainly help you create your own publication: 1. Develop a consistent creating room. If you’re going to create a wonderful book, you’re going to need a fantastic space to compose. Whether it’s a house office, your sofa, or a coffee shop, the setting where you work should allow you to focus, undisturbed, for hrs at a time. 2. Hone in on your publication suggestion. Probably you already recognize precisely what your publication has to do with, or perhaps you’re attempting to choose in between a million different big ideas. Possibly all you have is an picture for guide cover. In any case, to ask yourself a couple of basic inquiries before you start writing. What is my publication about? Why is the tale fascinating or vital ? What attracted me to this suggestion in the first place? That will wish to review my book? Try using creating motivates to obtain started if you’re still browsing for a book idea or battling with author’s block. 3. Detail your story. Great writers invest plenty of time describing prior to creating books. Regardless of your approach, what’s crucial is that you have a roadmap for your future creating sessions. 4. Do your research. If you’re creating a non-fiction book, you’ll likely desire to invest time in archives as well as libraries , soaking up everything you can about your subject. Research is handy for fiction writers as well, as it can give practical context for the time period or personality archetypes that you’re composing around. 5. Start composing and also stick to a regular. Study, detailing, as well as concept growth are all essential actions to composing your first publication, however there may come a time when prep work becomes procrastination. At a specific point, it’s time to start writing your harsh draft. Schedule writing time and also put it in your calendar so that you won’t skip it. 6. Complete your first draft. As you’re creating your first draft, you’ll come across insecurity, absence of inspiration, and writers’ block. That’s normal. Attempt going back to your overview or research for ideas Whenever you really feel stuck. Attempt to handle your expectations as well. Your first book is likely not mosting likely to be a generational masterpiece or New York Times bestselling publication, and that’s alright. You’re doing your job a disservice if you compare on your own to literary greats. All you can do is keep creating up until you reach the end. 7. Revise as well as edit . Every excellent publication undergoes several rounds of revisions. You can sustain the editing and enhancing procedure on your own or ask a close friend or specialist editor to assist. Regardless, you need to have an truthful, fierce eye on your writing so that you can know what needs re-working. Seek sentences that count on cliché tropes or extremely typical descriptors. If you’re creating fiction, try to figure out where there are character incongruities, story openings, or voids in logic. Create a system to keep track of your edits. 8. Write your 2nd draft. The second draft is your opportunity to use your edits and modifications . It’s additionally a possibility to think about bigger, overarching questions that can only be answered after you currently completed your initial draft. Does your book have a constant tone? Exists an overarching theme that can be developed and strengthened? Are there weak parts of guide that can be reduced completely? The 2nd draft is also a possibility to address more granular questions. Does the book have a solid opening hook? An impactful verdict? 9. Release your book. It’s time to publish when you’ve finished your last draft. With the increase of online markets and e-readers like the Kindle, self-publishing is less complicated than ever. If you desire to go the standard path, you can send a book proposition to a publishing home, preferably with the aid of a literary agent. Once you’ve successfully published, all that’s entrusted to do is relax, loosen up, and begin working with your second book. Also for effective authors of bestsellers, the hardest component of the composing procedure can be just sitting down to create the first page. Writing a brand-new publication will certainly often expose your weaknesses and also strengths , and also a lot of time will be committed to refining those skills. If you’re going to compose a wonderful publication, you’re going to need a terrific room to compose. Excellent writers spend lots of time describing before creating books. Research, laying out, as well as idea advancement are all important actions to writing your first publication, yet there may come a time when preparation comes to be procrastination.

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Samson observed an instance in which a fibrinous effusion formed upon the sciatic nerve, with consequent pain. This accomplished, with a pair of scissors the fibrinous tumors were snipped off. fibrinous casts are characteristic of fibrinous bronchitis, but may also be found in diphtheria of the smaller bronchi. Many of these cases are associated with a fibrinous pleurisy. The vesicles soon undergo rupture, and the resulting ulcers coalesce and become covered with a fibrinous exudation. Still again, the inflammation may be so changed as to make a fibrinous flow to this second series of bladders. Some fibrinous exudation may even organize into a membrane stretching across, and more or less completely occluding, the pupil. fibrinous coagula and polypous concretions may be found in the cavities of the heart. Sometimes the valves become covered by fibrinous, fleshy, or hard vegetations, or excrescences. Subpleural hemorrhages, thickening of the pleura, purulent or fibrinous pleurisy are common lesions. fibrin fi·brin (fī'brĭn) An elastic, insoluble, whitish protein derived from fibrinogen by the action of thrombin and forming an interlacing fibrous network in the coagulation of blood.

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Where were the authors of color in Dina Strasser’s recent recommended list of speculative fiction for YA readers? Dina revisits her December post and considers why she overlooked women of color. Her commitment to being more inclusive includes new titles and future reviews. Science classrooms, with all their teamwork, are great places to help students learn to “choose kindness,” says teacher and NGSS consultant Kathy Renfrew. At the same time, we must ensure equity, “where all learners have access to the tools they need to find success.” Meaning well and teaching well are not the same – a painful truth that ELA teacher Dina Strasser’s exponential learning about race has helped her realize. She uses the story of her unit based on Gary Paulsen’s “Nightjohn” to underscore the difference between intent and impact. To meet the learning needs of students with diverse abilities in inclusion classrooms, NBCT Elizabeth Stein suggests a focus on equity. She offers four key strategies (with supporting resources) that align specifically with co-teaching strengths and student abilities. Sharing Your Education Expertise with the World helps educators contribute their professional know-how to the larger education community. NBCT Rita Platt reports it is packed with great tips and resources for educators to widen spheres of influence and accelerate careers. The practical format of Regie Routman’s Literacy Essentials makes reading this robust, idea-packed book a pleasure. Its many examples, pictures, anchor charts, lesson plans, and lists make the advice easy to access and implement, writes improvement specialist Deana Jones. Leafing through Regie Routman’s Literacy Essentials feels not so much like reading a book as like talking with a master teacher, or maybe wading in and out of a calm ocean, writes teacher Sarah Cooper, who finds it a compendium of wisdom about teaching and about life. Is it time for science fairs to make way for STEM fairs? Anne Jolly takes a close look at traditional fairs – the drain on time, equity issues, questionable competition, and curriculum disconnect – arguing that STEM team activities offer a more purposeful fair framework. To level, or not to level? Like many educational dilemmas there is no simple right or wrong answer. Literacy coach and author Regie Routman explores the limited role book leveling might play in supporting students to become engaged, deeply comprehending, joyful readers. In Literacy Essentials, Regie Routman delivers a thoughtful and thought-provoking book that will challenge and inspire educators on their professional journeys as they seek to provide empowering instruction to all their learners, writes literacy coach Pam Hamilton.

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Service Robotics is the branch of robotics aiming at the development of robots able to assist humans in their environment. Service robots are going to be the major application field for technologies developed by the autonomous robot research community. Service robots must be designed to interact with people, so human-robot interaction technologies are crucial for service robotics. An important ability they will have is the capability to entertain and play with humans. In a word they can be “companions” to humans with specialized abilities. Possible applications for service robots will be to assist elderly people or to allow parents to stay close to their children through telepresence, or they can act as physical avatars for virtual meetings. Moreover, they may be used for surveillance and security within houses or company buildings. The purpose of this Robotics Research Campus is to facilitate the integration of different research activities in order to foster the development of commercial service robots. Research topics such as autonomous navigation, object and people recognition, human-robot interaction, object manipulation, ethical issues, and many others, currently treated as separate independent problems, have to be combined in order to produce effective solutions to achieve effective robots. Robots are about to move out of the research lab and enter into our everyday life, more or less like computers did in the early 1980s. Progress depends on supporting the enablers for this transition, and this is what we are about. | Cloud robotics: connect robots to a cloud computing and allow robots to off-load more computationally intensive tasks and even originate a more flexible and cooperative machine learning mechanism. Application Store: adopt standards and robots architecture to provide a common framework for developers of robotic services, functionalities and capability ‘Hw independent”. | Identify and set up a community with university, research institutes and companies to sharing and developing common interest solutions. Real applications: important focus on the dissemination and transfer of technology.

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Domain VS Hosting | Difference Between Domain and hosting Domain VS Hosting | Difference Between Domain and hosting To a web developer, tasks like registering domains and domain hosting are self-explanatory. However, if you’ve never set up a website before, not understanding the difference between these concepts can make it harder to get started. There are a number of steps to setting up a fully functioning WordPress website and getting it running. Understanding those steps and what they entail can make your life as a website owner simpler. For example, you might not know that you can register a domain without having a website to go along with it yet. You can also find web hosting and create a fully working website before you ever register your domain. In this article, we’ll go over the difference between registering URLs and hosting a website, and explain how both aspects affect your site. Let’s get started! What Is a Domain Name? Domain name’ is the term used to refer to URL wordpress.org. When you type in a domain, your browser looks up what site it’s assigned to and then takes you there. It’s important to understand that domain names are fluid. You can register a new one at any time and use it to replace all of your site’s URLs. Along with enabling users to access your site, domain names offer several other benefits, such as: Reinforcing your branding.Chances are you’ll use a URL that includes your site’s name or a variation on it, which means it’s a vital part of your branding efforts. Making your website easier to remember. In most cases, people tend to prefer shorter URLs that are easier to type, probably because they’re easier to recall. Letting people know what your site’s about. You can use your domain name to let visitors know what to expect from your site. The process of registering a domain name is quite straightforward. All you have to do, in most cases, is look up any URLs you’re interested in and check out which of them are available: If the domain you want is already occupied, you can either try a different name or use a separate Top-Level Domain (TLD) (such as .com, .org, or .net). Once you’ve landed on the perfect name for your website, you’ll need to provide some personal information to claim ownership of it, and of course pay for your new domain. Keep in mind that domain registrations aren’t permanent. You’ll need to pay for at least a year up front, and then renew your ‘ownership’ every so often. You can do this using either a dedicated domain registrar – which is a company that focuses on these services – or in many cases through your web hosting provider. What Does It Mean to Host a Website? Hosting a website is an entirely different concept from registering a domain name. With hosting, you are essentially renting ‘space’ where your website will reside online. Most web hosts offer a variety of plans that vary depending on the resources you need. Generally speaking, the more popular your site becomes, the more expenses you’ll incur due to hosting fees. It’s worth mentioning that not every web host is made equal. Here’s why it’s important to choose a good one: It affects your site’s performance. Your choice of web host and plan have a direct impact on your site’s speed and uptime. You get access to better features. Generally speaking, more expensive services usually translate to better features, such as automatic backups, security scans, and so on. It affects how many visitors your site can handle. Shared hosting plans, for example, will often struggle if you start receiving lots of visitors in a small amount of time. You can sign up for an account on a web host, choose a plan, and get to work on a website before registering a domain name. In most cases, your provider will give you a link you can use to access your site in the meantime, but they’re often long and unwieldy, which makes them poor alternatives to regular domains. It’s often better to have a domain ready from the get-go, so you don’t run the risk of losing the name. Plus, domain registrations are pretty cheap, and the process of linking a URL with your website is straightforward. Should You Use the Same Company for Your Domain Registration and Hosting? As we mentioned earlier, you can often use the same platform to both host your website and register your domain. In fact, this is often the smart thing to do because: It makes your job easier. If you use different platforms for these two tasks, you’ll need to jump back and forth between them to make any changes. This is a small hassle, but one that cause frustration over time. You can centralize your expenses. Both hosting a site and maintaining a domain registration costs money, and having the same platform makes it more convenient to manage both. It’s often simpler to link domains and websites on the same platform. Linking a domain to a site on a different platform can be a bit tricky the first time you do it. However, if you get both services from the same provider, the process tends to be much more straightforward. The main potential downside of using the same platform to register your domain and host your website is that you’re more vulnerable in the case of a security breech. This can be avoided by choosing a providerwith a record for both quality and security, which can handle hosting and domain registration with ease. Domain and Hosting Conclusion There are plenty of concepts you’ll need to get acquainted with once you start working on your first website. It’s important that you understand how they all relate to each other. For example, registering a domain and hosting a website are two key steps that can be separate, but can also be performed using a single platform. Let’s recap what those two concepts mean and how they are related: A website can exist without a domain by using a local setup, but we don’t recommend this if you want to create a public project. Registering a domain only means you’re claiming ownership of an URL, which is something you can do without a working website. Once you have a functional website, you can link it to any domain you own (or vice versa).

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Hepatitis E Virus hepatitis E virus A virus that causes hepatitis (inflammation of the liver). It is usually spread through food that has been handled by an infected person, or through drinking water that is contaminated with human waste. Last updated: 2014-02-26 Source: The National Cancer Institute's Dictionary of Cancer Terms (http://www.cancer.gov/dictionary)

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The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) is a specific and highly sensitive method for quantification of cytokines and other analytes in solution. It was first developed in 1971 and has since become one of the most widely used techniques in clinical and research laboratories. The ELISA can be used in a variety of formats from testing only a few individual samples to fully automated high-throughput screening. The assay involves a specific monoclonal antibody (mAb), which is used to coat a microtiter plate. After addition of the sample, the specific antibody on the plate will capture the protein of interest (e.g. a cytokine). A second mAb, which is used for detection, binds a different epitope on the protein. The detection antibody is labeled with biotin, which allows subsequent binding of a streptavidin-conjugated enzyme. Any unbound reagents are removed by washing. After addition of a substrate, a color reaction will develop that is directly proportional to the amount of protein bound. The concentration of protein in the sample is determined by comparison with a standard curve of known protein concentrations. Sensitivity: The sensitivity of an ELISA mainly depends on the affinity of the antibodies and on the amplification system used. The detection limits for cytokine ELISAs are typically in the low pg/ml range. The standard range for the assay indicates the upper and lower limits of analyte concentration that can be determined linearly with precision and accuracy. Accuracy: The accuracy of the cytokine ELISA is commonly established by calibration with an external reference standard. International standards are available from the National Institute for Biological Standards and Control (NIBSC) for calibration of the most widely used cytokine ELISAs. Analysis of serum and plasma can be hampered by heterophilic antibodies present in the samples. Heterophilic antibodies found in human serum/plasma are capable of binding to both the capture and detection antibodies used in capture ELISA. Heterophilic antibodies are found in a majority of human individuals and can, by cross-linking the assay antibodies, result in false positive signals. The ELISA diluent and Assay buffer developed by Mabtech for dilution of samples prevent the heterophilic antibodies from cross-linking the capture and detection antibodies. The cytokine content of serum/plasma samples can therefore be measured without interference by heterophilic antibodies. The lack of interference by heterophilic antibodies has been validated using plasma/serum samples from normal healthy human blood donors. Please note that heterophilic antibody interference in samples from human subjects with various diseases or other conditions has not been assessed.

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Most learners just review the content they’re given, but creating your own content can increase what you understand and remember. In this video, learn how to summarize content with a screencast. - It's not enough just to read text or watch videos. Research shows that summarizing the content you review can increase how much you understand and how much you remember by around 20% each. Taking notes is a good way to summarize, but you're gonna go one step further. Research also shows that students who are asked to teach someone else remembered important information better than students just expecting to take a test. That's because you have to organize the information and put it into your own words. So pretend that you're teaching the idea to someone else by recording a screencast video on whatever mobile device you want, a laptop, a tablet, or a smartphone. Here's an app to help you do that. First of course, open the app Explain Everything. If you haven't used it before, you'll need to create an account. Start with the free 30-day trial. Here we are in Explain Everything, where I'll start creating a screencast. Create a new project. Select your whiteboard pattern, and choose either portrait or landscape view. I'll choose the grid, and landscape view. On the first slide, list the main ideas you need to remember for a test. Use the text or pen tool from the menu on the left. Then use the add slide button in the bottom right corner. Add a slide or two to explain each main idea with supporting information. Use the add tool to insert a picture, webpage, equation, or audio or video clip. If you'd prefer making Google Slides presentations, you can import one from the cloud. When you're ready to teach the concept, it's time to record. Click the red record button. If it's your first time, Explain Everything will ask to access your microphone. Then start your presentation. For each slide, record brief sound bytes, no more than a minute or two, then stop the recorder. If you don't like the recording for a slide, you can do it over. Use the highlighter or pen tool to emphasize key points as you talk. When you're finished, you have a video that you can use to study. Share it with your friends, and ask them to share one with you. If they wonder why, tell them that making screencast summaries of what they've learned can increase what they understand and remember. - Learning how to learn - Improving basic skills - Developing workforce skills - Personalized learning - Social learning - Social assessment and activities - Combining mobile learning with media like games

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Color lures in orb-weaving spiders: a meta-analysis Ximenes, Nathalia; Moraes, Vinicius; Ortega, Jean; Gawryszewski, Felipe (2019), Color lures in orb-weaving spiders: a meta-analysis, Dryad, Dataset, https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.tb2rbnzwr Lures are deceptive strategies that exploit sensory biases in prey, usually mimicking a prey’s mate or food item. Several predators exploit plant-pollinator systems, where visual signals are an essential part of interspecific interactions. Many diurnal, and even nocturnal, orb-web spiders present conspicuous body coloration or bright color patches. These bright colors are regarded as color-based lures that exploit biases present in insect visual systems, possibly mimicking flower colors. The prey attraction hypothesis was proposed more than 20 years ago to explain orb-web spider coloration. Although most data gathered so far has corroborated the predictions of the prey attraction hypothesis, there are several studies that refute these predictions. We conducted a multi-level phylogenetic meta-analysis to assess the magnitude of the effect of conspicuous orb-web spider body coloration on prey attraction. We found a positive effect of in favor of the prey attraction hypothesis, however, there was substantial heterogeneity between studies. Experimental designs comparing conspicuous spiders to painted spiders or empty webs did not explain between-studies heterogeneity. The lack of theoretical explanation behind the prey attraction hypothesis makes it challenging to address which components influence prey attraction. Future studies could evaluate whether color is part of a multi-component signal and test alternative hypotheses for the evolution of spider colors, such as predator avoidance and thermoregulation.

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Mystery Picture Worksheets – Super Teacher Worksheets – Printable Mystery picture worksheets. Student plot the points on the graph paper and connect the lines to make a picture. These can be use to teach coordinate grids and ordered Draw Shapes On A Grid Worksheets – Math Worksheets Center Worksheets that help students identify coordinates and review shapes. Spring Coloring Pages– Seasonal Theme, Printables, Worksheets Grid Coloring: Heart (easy) Color and Write: Flower (primary) Color and Write Prompt: Flower (elem) Coloring Page: Easter – Easter Basket with Bunny Spring Theme Unit – Worksheets and Printables Spring theme printables, worksheets, activities, word puzzles, coloring pages, craft projects & more to supplement lessons and thematic units.

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The Four-Fold Way™ Program is an educational experience that demonstrates how to “walk the mystical path with practical feet.” It is designed to increase our respect for nature and each other, and enhance our ability to work cooperatively and creatively in teams. The program inspires “spirit in action” using the cross-cultural components of leadership and communication skills, creative problem-solving, health care, and education. The Four-Fold Way™ Program emphasizes four major principles that integrate ancient cultural wisdoms into contemporary life. The Way of the Warrior or Leaderis to show up, or choose to be present. Being present allows us to access the human resources of power, presence, and communication. We express the way of the Leader through appropriate action, good timing, and clear communication. Components of leadership include: - Four universal taboos and values - Six universal aspects of success The Way of the Healer or Caretaker is to pay attention to what has heart and meaning. Paying attention opens us to the human resources of love, gratitude, acknowledgment, and validation. We express the way of the Healer through our attitudes and actions that maintain personal health and support the welfare of our environment. Components of healing include: - Four universal addictions - Eight universals sustaining health and well-being The Way of the Visionary or Creative Problem Solver is to tell the truth without blame or judgment. Truthfulness, authenticity, and integrity are keys to developing our vision and intuition. We express the way of the Visionary through personal creativity, goals, plans, and our ability to bring our life dreams and visions into the world. Components of vision include: - International formula for negotiation and conflict resolution - Six steps to creative problem-solving The Way of the Teacher or Counselor is to be open to outcome, not attached to outcome. Openness and non-attachment help us recover the human resources of wisdom and objectivity. We express the way of the Teacher through our constructive communication and informational skills. Components of wisdom include: - Six ways to access our own guidance and wisdom - Seven essential skills for working with any group Optimum health is expressed in most cultures as a balance in all four areas: Leading, Healing, Visioning, and Teaching. Cross-culturally these four areas reflect the four human resources of Power, Love, Vision, and Wisdom. Most of us tend to over-express one area, while leaving the others underdeveloped. It is important to understand that these four ways are universal and available to all humankind, regardless of context, culture, structure, and practice. The Four-Fold Way™ Program is structured to develop all four areas with equal emphasis to support optimum health, both individually and collectively, in our family, workplace, and communities. The Four-Fold Way™ Program was researched, created, and synthesized by cultural anthropologist Angeles Arrien, Ph.D. The program is designed to fit a variety of formats, which accommodate time and location needs. It is currently being used in medical, academic, and corporate environments. Introductory Evenings for our 2014 programs! The Four-Fold Way® educational programs are designed to increase your respect for nature, each other, and enhance your ability to work collaboratively in your family and profession. The programs provide time-honored tools, practices, and skills that develop and strengthen leadership, teambuilding, and communication skills. By using the four universal principles and archetypes listed below, participants learn how to be more effective both personally and professionally. THE WAY OF THE WARRIOR/LEADER Show up and choose to be present THE WAY OF THE HEALER Pay attention to what has heart and meaning THE WAY OF THE VISIONARY Tell the truth without blame or judgment THE WAY OF THE TEACHER Be open to outcome, not attached to outcome Four-Fold Way Free Introductory Evenings - Wed. Nov. 13, 2013 - Wed. Dec. 4, 2013–CANCELLED! - Wed. Jan. 22, 2014 - Tues. Feb. 11, 2014 Location: Angeles’ Teaching Room, Sausalito, CA, from 6:30-7:30pm You are invited to attend a free introductory evening to hear Angeles speak about the Four-Fold Way® programs for 2014 programs. These free intro evenings are open to all new and old participants, so please bring your friends, colleagues, or family members who might be interested in learning more about the Four-Fold Way® programs, to see where we are located and meet Angeles. Attendance at one of these sessions is suggested to begin the Foundation Four-weekend programs. Please call for information and a map to the Teaching Room: 415-331-5050. Note: if you are not able to join us for an Intro evening and wish to sign up for our 2013 classes, call the office at 415-331-5050, and we will answer any questions!

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It is well known that a diet providing a balance of nutrients is essential to the maintenance of good health. Essential Fatty Acids (EFAs) are an important part of a balanced diet. They impart fluidity to cells, and function as an integral component of cell membranes. Omega-3 fatty acids have also been recognized for their contribution to the brain's normal growth and functionality. Today's hectic lifestyle has led to alterations in dietary habits, with an increased intake of convenience foods that are not nutritionally balanced. These habits can contribute to a deficiency of various nutrients, including Omega-3 fatty acids. Kids Omega DHA™ has been developed to supplement a child's diet to support healthy brain functions such as learning and memory, while also supporting eye health and the normal functioning of cells and nerves. Kids Omega DHA™ is a unique, concentrated DHA formulation available in a powdered form to create a delicious, naturally flavored wild berry drink, which kids will love.** Click for more information

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On August 6, 1945, the United States dropped its first atomic bomb, a uranium gun-type bomb nicknamed “Little Boy,” on Hiroshima. It exploded with approximately 15 kilotons of force above the city of 350,000, causing a shockwave of destruction and a fireball with temperatures as hot as the sun. Kimura Yoshihiro, in third grade at the time, saw the bomb fall from the plane. “Five or six seconds later, everything turned yellow. It was like I’d looked right at the sun. Then there was a big sound a second or two later and everything went dark” (Rotter 197). Those at the epicenter of the blast were vaporized instantly. Others suffered horrific burns or were crushed by falling buildings. Hundreds threw themselves into the nearby river to escape the fires that burned throughout the city. As Doctor Michihiko Hachiya recalled, “Hiroshima was no longer a city, but a burnt-over prairie” (199). Sadako Kurihara also expressed the aftermath in her poem “Ruins” (226): Hiroshima: nothing, nothing- old and young burned to death, city blown away, socket without eyeball. White bones scattered over reddish rubble; above, sun burning down: city of ruins, still as death. Three days later, the United States dropped a second bomb, a plutonium implosion bomb called “Fat Man,” on Nagasaki, home to an estimated 250,000 at the time. Koichi Wada, two miles away from ground zero, remembered, “The light was indescribable - an unbelievably massive light lit up the whole city.” Sumiteru Taniguchi, fourteen at the time, was blown completely off his bicycle by the force of the blast. “The earth was shaking so hard that I hung on as hard as I could so I wouldn’t get blown away” (Southard 43). Katsuji Yoshida, only a half mile from the explosion, recalled, “Blood was pouring out of my flesh. I know it sounds strange, but I felt absolutely no pain. I even forgot to cry” (48). To read more accounts from the survivors of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, click here. The Japanese military quickly sent a three-member documentary crew to record the bombings for possible propaganda use, though there would be too much chaos to use the footage. Yamahata Yosuke, the photographer on the team, remembered, “One blessing among these unfortunate circumstances is that the resulting photographs were never used by the Japanese army… in one last misguided attempt to rouse popular support for the continuation of warfare” (79). The surrender of Japan was announced on August 15, six days after the bombing of Nagasaki. The end of the war disenchanted the survivors. Nagasaki resident Seiji Nagano recalled, “‘Why?’ we asked. ‘After everything we did to try to win the war! What purpose did it serve? So many people died. So many homes have burned down. What will we do now? What will we do? What will we do?’” (95). In the days after the bombings, families in Hiroshima and Nagasaki were advised to leave the cites. Some left with what little provisions they could find, but many had nowhere to go. They made primitive huts on the edge of the cities, or slept in train stations and burned-out train cars. Meanwhile, symptoms of radiation poisoning began. These included hair loss, bleeding gums, loss of energy, purple spots, pain, and high fevers, often resulting in fatalities. Rumors quickly spread that the mysterious illness was contagious. Hibakusha were turned away from homes, and some farmers even refused to give them food. The Japanese government’s report on August 23 describing radiation poisoning as an “evil spirit” did not help the situation (Hogan 133). It would not be the last time the hibakusha faced discrimination. Although Japanese doctors began to guess that the outbreak of illness was caused by radiation, they had little means for treatment or research. Doctor Tatsuichiro Akizuki compared it to the Black Death of the Middle Ages: “Life or death was a matter of chance, of fate, and the dividing line between the man being cremated and the doctor cremating him was slight” (Southard 99). The United States, whose knowledge of radiation poisoning was only marginally better than that of the Japanese, was of little help. While Manhattan Project scientists did anticipate that the bomb would release radiation, they assumed that anyone affected by it would be killed by the blast. Furthermore, as Stafford Warren would later explain, “The chief effort at Los Alamos was devoted to the design and fabrication of a successful atomic bomb. Scientists and engineers engaged in this effort were, understandably, so immersed in their own problems that it was difficult to persuade any of them even to speculate on what the after effects of the detonation might be” (107). Hymer Friedell, the deputy medical director at Oak Ridge, echoed these sentiments: “The idea was to explode the damned thing. . . . We weren't terribly concerned with the radiation” (Malloy). The American lack of understanding led General Leslie Groves to dismiss reports of radiation sickness as Japanese propaganda. In a September 1945 article in The New York Times, Groves stated, “The Japanese claim that people died from radiations [sic]. If this is true, the number was very small.” In November, Groves also testified before the Senate that radiation poisoning was “without undue suffering” and “a very pleasant way to die” (Southard 113). Almost immediately after the Japanese surrender, General Douglas MacArthur issued an occupation press code, restricting Japanese journalists from reporting on anything related to the bombings or the effects of radiation, and limiting foreign journalists. Official censorship would not be lifted until the end of the occupation in 1952. Additionally, the hibakusha were limited by their own self-censorship. Many felt shame because of their injuries and illness, guilt from the loss of loved ones, and, most of all, a desire to forget the past. Nevertheless, news of the hibakusha began to spread. Australian journalist Wilfred Burchett, the first foreign journalist to visit Hiroshima after the bombings, sent his report by Morse code to London to avoid censorship. It was published in the London Daily Express, and was promptly distributed worldwide. American journalist and writer John Hersey also told the stories of six survivors in his book Hiroshima, originally published in The New Yorker in August 1946. It sold over a million copies worldwide within six months, but would be banned in Japan until 1949. Over time, Japanese writers also began to tell the stories of the hibakusha. Doctor Takashi Nagai, a Nagasaki survivor, wrote Nagasaki no Kane (“The Bells of Nagasaki”) in 1949. Occupation officials insisted on the addition of an appendix, The Sack of Manila, with detailed information on Japanese atrocities in the Philippines in 1945. Nagai became known as the “saint of Nagasaki” for his writings and Christian faith before his eventual death from radiation poisoning in 1951. In addition to written censorship, images of the bombings and their aftermath were strictly controlled. Documentary footage of Hiroshima and Nagasaki shot by a 32-man Japanese crew was confiscated by the United States in 1946. Some of the first depictions of the bombings in Japan were therefore not photographs but drawings. Toshi and Ira Maruki, who were not at Hiroshima but rushed there soon after to find their relatives, published their collection of drawings, Pika-don (“Flash-bang”), in 1950. The Atomic Bomb Casualty Commission Japanese medical research into the effects of radiation was also strictly controlled by occupation forces. The only sanctioned research was American: the Atomic Bomb Casualty Commission (ABCC). At the time of the bombing, very little was known about the long-term effects of radiation, which could affect a person’s health decades after the bombing. In June 1946, Lewis Weed, the head of the National Research Council of the National Academy of Sciences, brought together a group of scientists to consider the possibility of a scientific study on the survivors of the atomic bomb. The scientists recommended a “detailed and long-range study of the biological and medical effects upon the human being,” asserting that it was “of the utmost importance to the United States and mankind in general" (Lindee 32). President Truman would formally establish the ABCC in 1947. The ABCC was officially a collaboration between the American National Research Council and the Japanese National Institute of Health. The success of the Commission was dependent on Japanese cooperation, not only from Japanese physicians but from the hibakusha as well. It was evident from the beginning, however, that the doctors did not trust each other. As one American doctor stated, “Just the thought of what the Japanese would do if they had free unrestrained use of our data and what they might publish under the imprimatur of the ABCC gives me nightmares.” On the other side, Nagasaki doctor Nishimori Issei countered, “The ABCC’s way of doing research seemed to us full of secrets. We Japanese doctors thought it went against common sense. A doctor who finds something new while conducting research is obligated to make it public for the benefit of all human beings” (Southard 182). While the Commission provided medical examinations, it did not provide medical care because its mission had a no-treatment mandate. In the 1940s, medical treatment for human subjects was uncommon in most scientific studies, and the ABCC considered diagnosis a form of treatment in and of itself. The Commission also claimed that it was protecting the economic security of local doctors, despite frequent urging from Japanese physicians to treat the survivors. Furthermore, treatment would have violated occupation policy. Colonel Crawford Sams, head of the Public Health and Welfare Section, told ABCC officials that they had “no authority to request examinations, obtain specimens or do operations on Japanese patients” (Lindee 131). Treatment itself became a political issue because, in the public eye, treating the hibakusha could have constituted American atonement for the bombings. Nevertheless, the policy was controversial within the ABCC, and in practice it was not strictly enforced. American physicians did sometimes treat the hibakusha, particularly when their work involved home visits or pediatrics. On the other hand, many of the hibakusha never received treatment, and were merely photographed and then sent home. Norman Cousins, an American activist, criticized the ABCC for the “strange spectacle of a man suffering from [radiation] sickness getting thousands of dollars’ worth of analysis but not one cent of treatment from the Commission” (Southard 184). Needless to say, this approach angered the hibakusha. Many were also upset that the ABCC was conducting studies on the bodies of the deceased. In the end, the majority of victims were willing to participate and to allow autopsies of their loved ones because they hoped that the research would ultimately help their cause. Others, like Mineko Do-oh, remained more resistant: “I refused to cooperate because of the way I was treated. I felt like an object being kept alive for research - and my pride wouldn’t allow this to happen” (193). The ABCC was officially disbanded in 1975. Some of its programs, such as the Life Span Study (established in 1958), were taken over by Japanese institutions and continue to track the lingering effects of radiation to this day. The end of censorship in 1952 brought a new opportunity for the hibakusha to tell their stories. Photographs of the bombings and its victims, such as those in Yosuke Yamahata’s Atomized Nagasaki, were finally published. Life magazine would also publish a series of photographs from the bombings in 1952, including some taken by Yamahata. Nevertheless, the hibakusha faced discrimination in their own society. They were denied entrance to public baths, job opportunities, and even marriage due to their status. Children with visible injuries were taunted by their classmates. Koichi Wada later explained, “A lot of rumors circulated back then that the hibakusha were carriers of serious diseases or that if two survivors got married, they would have disabled children” (Southard 204). Because of this, hibakusha often tried to hide the fact that they were survivors of the atomic bomb. Sumiteru Taniguchi recalled wearing long-sleeved shirts year round: “I didn’t want people to see my scars. I didn’t want them to gawk at me with weird expressions on their faces” (209). Hibakusha also suffered from the long-term effects of radiation exposure. Beginning in 1947, doctors began to notice a higher incidence of leukemia as well as other cancers. Most of the conditions that the hibakusha suffered from were not covered under Japanese health care laws, while the terms of the 1951 San Francisco Peace Treaty prevented them from suing the United States for damages. A legal movement to provide governmental support for the hibakusha began, as well as fundraising campaigns to support the victims. The 1957 Atomic Bomb Victims Medical Care Law eventually provided some benefits, but there were stringent requirements including proof of location at the time of the bombing, which was very difficult to obtain. The Hibakusha Relief Law, passed in 1995, was more comprehensive and officially defined the hibakusha as those who were within two kilometers of the blasts or visited the bombing sites within two weeks. By this definition, there was more than a million hibakusha at the end of the war. Nevertheless, as Taniguchi explained, “The law is very hard to understand, and the procedures for applying for and receiving support from the government are very complicated” (300). Despite discrimination, the hibakusha slowly found ways to rebuild their lives. They petitioned the American government for the confiscated video footage of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, and it was eventually released in 1967. They also petitioned for the return of the hibakusha autopsy specimens during the 1960s, and the ABCC ultimately agreed. As the Japanese scientific community became more established after the war, the Radiation Effects Research Foundation (RERF) was created to calculate exact dose estimates of the survivors. The Atomic Bomb Disease Institute was also established at Nagasaki University. Perhaps most importantly, the hibakusha became more comfortable publicly expressing their experiences, and many found a new purpose in doing so. Taniguchi went on a speaking tour, explaining that he owed it to the “hundreds of thousands of people who wanted to say what I’m saying, but who died without being able to” (250). To this end, one of the most important cultural products of the period was Keiji Nakazawa’s comic Barefoot Gen, originally published in 1972 and 1973 in the weekly magazine Shonen Jump. Nakazawa survived the bombing of Hiroshima and lost most of his family when he was six years old. Barefoot Gen is thus semi-autobiographical, and tells the story of Hiroshima from the prewar era to the aftermath of the bombing. In the end, Gen, the hero, leaves Hiroshima to go to Tokyo and become a professional cartoonist, declaring “I’ll go on living whatever it takes! I promise.” Unlike other hibakusha works, Barefoot Gen shows issues such as Japanese propaganda and restrictions on freedoms as well as postwar discrimination against the hibakusha. As Nakazawa later recalled, “It was the first time people had heard the truth. That’s what they told me everywhere I went” (Szasz 114). The Anti-Nuclear Movement Since the bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Japan has been a world leader in the anti-nuclear movement. This movement was also prompted in part by American hydrogen bomb tests in the Marshall Islands in 1954. During the Castle Bravo test, the largest ever conducted by the United States, fallout reached a Japanese fishing boat named Daigo Fukuryū Maru or “Fifth Lucky Dragon,” located 80 miles east of the test site. All 23 members of the crew, as well as their catch, were exposed to radiation. One crewmember died several months later, although the cause of his death remains disputed. The Lucky Dragon incident prompted outrage across Japan. Hiroshima mayor Shinzo Hamai declared that humans were facing “the possibility of self-extinction” and needed “total abolition of war and for the proper control of nuclear energy throughout the world” (Hogan 181). A group of Tokyo housewives started a petition to ban nuclear weapons worldwide, collecting an extraordinary 32 million signatures, roughly a third of Japan’s population at the time. The Atomic Bomb Casualty Commission’s offer of free treatment to the Lucky Dragon crew in exchange for participation in the radiation study also set off an uproar among the hibakusha, who saw this as proof that that the ABCC was using them as guinea pigs. The anti-nuclear movement even found its way into Japanese popular culture. In 1954, producer Tomoyuki Tanaka imagined, “What if a dinosaur sleeping in the Southern Hemisphere had been awakened and transformed into a giant by the Bomb? What if it attacked Tokyo?” (Tsutsui 15). The result was Godzilla, or Gojira in Japanese. As Tanaka would explain, “The theme of the film, from the beginning, was the terror of the Bomb. Mankind had created the Bomb, and now nature was going to take revenge on mankind” (18). Movements for peace also began, such as the “peace declaration” read by the mayor of Nagasaki on the anniversary of the bombing every year since 1954. The Hiroshima Peace Memorial Park and Hall and the Nagasaki Peace Statue and Peace Park were opened in 1955. In 2015, the Hiroshima site received 1.5 million visitors, including more than 300,000 foreigners. In 1955, Hiroshima also organized the First World Conference Against Atomic and Hydrogen Bombs. Members of the hibakusha spoke at the second conference, held in Nagasaki in 1956, and press coverage of the event amplified their voices. Although the suffering of the hibakusha is without a doubt unique to them, higaisha ishiki (“victim consciousness”) quickly took a central role in Japan’s collective national identity. This was foreshadowed and perhaps started by Emperor Hirohito in his radio speech announcing Japan’s surrender on August 15, 1945: “The enemy has begun to employ a new and most cruel bomb, the power of which to damage is indeed incalculable, taking the toll of many innocent lives. Should we continue to fight, it would not only result in an ultimate collapse and obliteration of the Japanese nation, but also it would lead to the total extinction of human civilization.” While Germany in large part confronted and, from a national identity perspective, dealt with its crimes during World War II, Japan did not go through the same process. In establishing its post-war identity, Japan focused on the suffering of the atomic bombings rather than the atrocities it committed in the years leading up to and during the war. Japanese brutality included the invasion of Manchuria, where the infamous “Unit 731” conducted human medical experiments, POWs were used for slave labor, and thousands of women were forced into sexual slavery as “comfort women” for the Japanese Army. Equally brutal was the invasion of the Philippines, where the Bataan Death March saw the deaths of thousands of American and Filipino POWs. The Tokyo Trials of Japanese war criminals lasted almost three times as long as those in Nuremberg, and all 25 “Class A” defendants were found guilty. The United States made use of mass media during the occupation to spread the news of Japanese war crimes, but it did not take root. While many Japanese were shocked to learn of the atrocities their army had committed, they also viewed all soldiers who saw combat as “victims” of the war and many believed the war to be legitimate self-defense. The victim narrative persisted in large part because of political conservatism in the Japanese government under the Liberal Democratic Party. Historian John W. Dower described how “nuclear victimization spawned new forms of nationalism in postwar Japan - a neonationalism that coexists in complex ways with antimilitarism and even the ‘one-country pacifism’ long espoused by many individuals and groups associated with the political Left” (Hogan 124). Victim consciousness was reflected, for example, in history textbooks which often shortened or completely left out Japan’s role in the war. Even the National Showa Memorial Museum, opened in 1999 in Tokyo, played down Japanese atrocities and was instead established “to commemorate Japanese suffering during and after World War II.” Perceptions of the Hibakusha in the United States For the most part, early reactions in the United States to the bombings were triumphant. Censorship meant that few stories of the survivors reached the United States. Government personnel, such as Secretary of War Henry Stimson in his article “The Decision to Use the Atomic Bomb,” defended the bombings, and it had a marked effect on public perception. As physicist Eugene Rabinowitch wrote in 1956, “With few exceptions, public opinion rejoiced over Hiroshima and Nagasaki as demonstrations of American technical ingenuity and military ascendency.” Over time, however, the American public gained a better understanding of the experiences of the survivors. In 1955, the hibakusha were brought to national attention when a group of 25 women (dubbed the “Hiroshima Maidens”) came to the United States for reconstructive surgery. The project had its origins with Kiyoshi Tanimoto, a Methodist minister who was one of the six hibakusha featured in John Hersey’s Hiroshima. Tanimoto sought to help the women, who suffered from extreme deformities as a result of their injuries, but plastic surgery in Japan at the time was not as advanced as in the United States. Tanimoto enlisted the help of magazine editor and activist Norman Cousins. Over the objections of the State Department, which feared that the surgeries could constitute an admission of American guilt, the Maidens came to New York City. 138 operations were performed over 18 months at Mount Sinai Hospital with mixed results; one of the women died of cardiac arrest. Tanimoto was featured along with the two of the Maidens on an episode of This is Your Life in May 1955. Without informing his guests in advance, host Ralph Edwards arranged for Captain Robert Lewis, the co-pilot of the Enola Gay, to appear as well. An ashen-faced Tanimoto shook hands with Lewis, who appeared overcome with emotion. (It was later reported that Lewis was in fact drunk - upon hearing that he would be appearing with victims of the bombings, he was so distraught that he headed straight for the bar.) Following the visit of the Hiroshima Maidens, a new wave of literature and film on the bombings appeared in the United States. “Nuclear War in St. Louis,” written by anti-nuclear activists in St. Louis, was republished in Cousins’ Saturday Review in 1959. Betty Jean Lifton produced A Thousand Cranes, a documentary on children survivors, in 1970. Her husband, physician Robert Jay Lifton, also published Death in Life: Survivors of Hiroshima in 1967, featuring accounts from 70 hibakusha. As Robert Lifton later explained, “We require Hiroshima and its images to give substance to our own terrors... They have kept alive our imagination of holocaust and, perhaps, helped to keep us alive as well” (Hogan 160). Nevertheless, the memory politics associated with the bombings remained controversial in the United States, just as they did in Japan. In 1995, a proposed Enola Gay exhibit at the National Air and Space Museum was canceled after protests from military veterans as well as heavy criticism from the media, historians, and even Congress. The exhibit had planned to show hibakusha testimonies and photographs, as well as a section on Japanese wartime atrocities. The effects of the atomic bombings of Japan continue to the present day. The very word “Hiroshima,” in Japan and in the United States, conjures images of the horrors of nuclear weapons and modern warfare. Historians, scientists, and politicians continue to debate the moral and strategic justifications of the bombings. In 2011, the Fukushima Daiichi plant accident in Japan caused the worst nuclear meltdown since Chernobyl. It also prompted a major shift in the Japanese anti-nuclear movement toward protests against nuclear power, and the Japanese government is currently moving to phase out nuclear power plants completely. Victims of the accident are also called hibakusha. (Although the word uses slightly different characters than that of atomic bomb victims, in this case meaning “victims of radiation from a nuclear accident,” the two are pronounced the same.) A 2017 survey reported that 62% of the 348 Fukushima hibakusha who were interviewed have experienced discrimination. Although in recent years Japan’s narrative stemming from victim consciousness has softened somewhat, it still exists. During his visit to Pearl Harbor in 2016, Prime Minister Shinzo Abe spoke of “the spirit of tolerance and the power of reconciliation” and offered his “sincere and everlasting condolences to the souls of those who lost their lives,” but made no apologies. Abe, a member of the Liberal Democratic Party, nevertheless faced political criticism in Japan for making the visit at all. In May 2016, Barack Obama became the first U.S. president to visit Hiroshima. “We stand here in the middle of this city and force ourselves to imagine the moment the bomb fell,” he said. “We force ourselves to feel the dread of children confused by what they see. We listen to a silent cry. We remember all the innocents killed across the arc of that terrible war and the wars that came before and the wars that would follow.” Additionally, Obama called for limits on nuclear weapons, asserting, “We may not realize this goal in my lifetime, but persistent effort can roll back the possibility of catastrophe. We can chart a course that leads to the destruction of these stockpiles. We can stop the spread to new nations and secure deadly materials from fanatics.” Obama also added two paper cranes to a memorial to Sadako Sasaki. Two years old at the time of the bombing, Sasaki became famous for folding paper cranes because of a Japanese legend that anyone who folds 1000 cranes will be granted a wish. She died from leukemia in 1955, and inspired the 1977 children’s book Sadako and the 1000 Paper Cranes. Today, paper cranes carry a symbolic importance for Japan. The Sadako Legacy, a nonprofit organization dedicated to carrying on Sasaki’s message, has donated her cranes to memorials around the world, including the World Trade Center and Pearl Harbor. As of 2016, an estimated 174,000 hibakusha remain alive today. They and their descendants still face discrimination in Japan, particularly with marriage. Many continue to conceal the truth of their history and the suffering that their families endured. Dower, John W. Embracing Defeat: Japan in the Wake of World War II. New York, NY: W. W. Norton & Company, 1999. Dower, John W. Ways of Forgetting, Ways of Remembering: Japan in the Modern World. New York, NY: The New Press, 2012. Hersey, John. Hiroshima. New York, NY: Random House, 1989. Hogan, Michael J. Hiroshima in History and Memory. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996. Lindee, Susan M. Suffering Made Real: American Science and the Survivors at Hiroshima. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2014. Malloy, Sean L. “‘A Very Pleasant Way to Die’: Radiation Effects and the Decision to Use the Atomic Bomb against Japan.” Diplomatic History 36, no. 3 (June 2012): 515-45. Rotter, Andrew J. Hiroshima: The World's Bomb. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008. Southard, Susan. Nagasaki: Life After Nuclear War. New York, NY: Penguin Books, 2015. Szasz, Ferenc Morton. Atomic Comics: Cartoonists Confront the Nuclear World. Reno, NV: University of Nevada Press, 2012. Tsutsui, William. Godzilla on My Mind: Fifty Years of the King of Monsters. New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan, 2004.

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Geometry helps people describe the world around them through the study of geometric shapes, structures, and their characteristics and relationships. Through the study of geometry, students will learn about shapes and dimensions around them and how to analyze spatial relationships in everyday life. Spatial visualization—building and manipulating mental representations of two-and three-dimensional objects and perceiving an object from different perspectives—is an important aspect of geometric thinking. An understanding of the attributes and relationships of geometric objects can be applied to diverse contexts. In the first grade, children continue to build and draw 2- and 3-dimensional shapes. Composing and decomposing plane or solid figures (e.g., putting two triangles together to make a quadrilateral) helps to build an understanding of part-whole relationships, as well as the properties of the original and composite shapes. As students combine shapes, they recognize them from different perspectives and orientations, describe their geometric attributes, and determine how they are alike and different. These activities help students develop the background for measurement and for initial understandings of properties, such as congruence and symmetry. Through the decomposition of shapes, students also begin to develop an understanding of fractions and equal shares.

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Comment regarding reports of a steep rise in self-harm among girls aged 13 to 16. Katharine Sacks-Jones, Director of Agenda and co-chair of the Department of Health’s Women’s Mental Health Taskforce says: “The rise in self-harm among girls is an alarming symptom of a growing mental health crisis. “It is not enough to blame this on social media and body image pressures alone. “Poor mental health among women and girls is often closely linked to violence. “Girls face sexual pressures, exploitation and abuse on our streets and in our homes, and harassment and violence at school. We ignore this at our peril. “The Government and health service need to take urgent action, investing in services in schools and in the community that take into account experiences of trauma. “But we also need to tackle this culture of sexualisation and violence directed at girls and young women.” Find out more about Agenda’s Women in Mind campaign.

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News Release 08-197 - Video Joel E. Cohen discusses his work on developing math models to predict human migration patterns. This material is available primarily for archival purposes. Telephone numbers or other contact information may be out of date; please see current contact information at media contacts. Joel E. Cohen of Rockefeller University and Columbia University discusses his work on developing mathematical models to predict human migration patterns. The growing pace of globalization has increased the level of human migration as individuals and families move from one country or continent to another in order to escape hardships or to seek a better future. The world's future stability will require the various countries who will lose and receive people to be prepared for this trend. In this interview, Cohen discusses how he and his colleagues tackled this problem by developing a sophisticated mathematical model that gives policy makers an better estimate of which countries and regions will face declining populations and which ones will grow as people move around the world. The United Nations and other agencies are interested in using this new approach, which is a departure from traditional population modeling and was supported by the National Science Foundation. Credit: National Science Foundation/Rockefeller University

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For Picasso, paper was both a tool to explore his ideas and a material with limitless possibilities. He experimented with everything from newsprint and napkins to decorative wallpaper. He spent decades investigating printmaking techniques, sourcing rare and antique paper from as far as Japan – and all without losing his compulsion to draw on every last scrap. From effortlessly expressive drawings that led to towering sculptures to the colossal collage, Femmes à leur toilette, Picasso’s work with paper spans his entire lifetime and showcases his constant drive to invent and innovate. See Picasso’s creative process in remarkable documentary footage of the artist at work, studies for Guernica, and sketchbooks where the seeds of revolutionary masterpieces first took shape, including Les Demoiselles d’Avignon. This is the link: Letters, illustrated poems and photographic collaborations with Dora Maar also offer glimpses into the artist’s life. Immerse yourself in Picasso’s world of paper and discover how – with this everyday material we know so well – he found the means to explore the furthest reaches of his creativity. Exhibition organised by the Royal Academy of Arts, London and the Cleveland Museum of Art in partnership with the Musée national Picasso-Paris.

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Sketches of the Third Maryland Artillery. The disastrous expedition to Sherman's rear. The movement of Hood 's army to Sherman 's rear began on the 29th of September, 1864. The Chattahoochee river was crossed on the 30th, and part of the army proceeded to Lost Mountain , while another part made for Ackworth and Big Shanty and captured the garrisons at those places. Marching by way of Dallas , Van Wert and Cave Spring , the army next reached Cedartown , where the wagon train, the sick and the shoeless , with all the artillery except one battery of each battalion were left behind; while the remainder of the army proceeded to Resaca 's division started on the 9th of October, at noon, and the Third Maryland was the battery chosen to accompany it. It was the intention of General Stephen D. Lee , who commanded the corps, to capture the garrison at Resaca , and he made forced marches in order to take it by surprise. On the 12th it was surrounded by approaches made from the north, and its unconditional surrender demanded. in command of the post refused to yield, however, and General Lee did not think it worth while to compel him, and proceeded on his way. On the 14th he passed through Snake Creek Gap to Villenow, where he joined the two other corps. The latter under Stewart , had been sent to Tilton to capture those places, and tear up the railroad as far as Tunnel Hill , which they did. The march continued through Chattanooga Valley to Gadsden, Ala. , where the wagon trains and artillery rejoined the army. On the 23d the army started for Tennessee , marching across Sand Mountain to Decatur, Ala. , and thence to Florence on the south bank of the Tennessee river The pontoon bridge was soon ready and on the 6th of November Johnston 's battalion crossed and rejoined the corps, which had passed over several days before. 's corps crossed on the 13th and Stewart 's a few days later. By the 20th of November all the troops had crossed the Tennessee river , and through rain and snow the advance upon Nashville The weather was intensely cold, and the march was rendered the more cheerless by the barrenness and poverty through which it led during the first few days. Rations and forage were very scarce, though the more needed by reason of the bitter weather. When within a mile and a half of Columbia , on the 26th, the whole army was put in order of battle, and so advanced till within three-fourths of a mile of the enemy's works. The town was evacuated on the night of the 27th, and the the Third Maryland was the first Confederate force to enter the next morning. A section of the battery under Lieutenant Ritter , was sent three miles below town to prevent the destruction by the enemy of the railroad bridge over Duck River , but on its arrival found the bridge in flames. When on the 29th, the right section rejoined the left, it was found on the south bank of the river, in the cemetery at Columbia , engaged with the enemy. The Federals on the other side of the river had massed their artillery upon a hill commanding the town, and were opposing the crossing of the Confederates ; the latter had six batteries replying to them, two of them planted above and four within the town. 's brigade, of Stevenson 's division, was thrown across the river, preparatory to a charge upon the enemy's works; and while it was forming under the river bank, the Confederate artillery increased the intensity of its fire till it became terrific, and effectually prevented any active movement on the part of the enemy. charged their works as soon as his formation was completed, and drove them out with but slight loss on our side. Three men of the Third Maryland were wounded in this artillery duel, two of them dangerously. Their names were D. Lynch , T. Barnes and J. H. Hoffman . Colonel Beckham was mortally wounded and was succeeded in command of the artillery regiment by Major Johnston A few days before the battle, General Hood had accompanied Stewart 's and Cheatham 's corps across the river above the town, to cut off the enemy's retreat. With this force he reached Spring Hill on the night of the 29th in time to intercept the retreating column, but unaccountably failed to bring on an engagement, though the enemy passed within a few hundred yards of him. The darkness of the night was the only plausible reason ever offered for this strange neglect to improve a fine opportunity for achieving the object of the expedition. The battle of Franklin. Early on the morning of the 30th the advance in the direction of Franklin was renewed and when the battery was within six miles of the town, an order was received from General Hood to move up at a trot, as it was only needed ‘to press the enemy at this point and the campaign would be over.’ The scene of action was reached about 4 o'clock P. M., when the battalion was placed in reserve and did not take part in the action that followed. It was one of the most remarkable, and certainly one of the bloodiest battles of the war. Cheatham 's and Stewart 's corps charged over an open plain of six hundred yards in width, under a severe fire from the enemy's artillery and infantry, the latter occupying a double line of defences on the brow of an elevation of some fifteen feet. The charge was a brilliant one and was successful, as part of the enemy's line was captured, but it was a fearful loss on our side. The loss of the Confederates , in officers, was unprecedentedly heavy. Eleven General officers were killed and wounded; among the killed were Cleburne The army was thought to have become discouraged by the numerous disasters that had befallen it for many months past, and the officers, on this occasion, seem to have felt it to be their duty to give nerve to their troops by exposing themselves, to an extraordinary extent, to the dangers of the battle. All the field officers remained mounted during the charge. At daylight on the morning after the fight, Lieutenant Ritter rode over the field, and in the part of the line where Cockrell 's Missourians charged the enemy's defences, he found the dead lying thick, piled one upon another, till the earth was hid by the woeful spectacle. Near this point, upon the right, General Lewis 's horse was found lying upon the top of the works, and fifty yards within the enemy's main line of fortifications, a single Confederate soldier was found, face down, his head towards the enemy, having penetrated thus far alone, before he was shot. At midnight the Third Maryland was ordered to the front. Several hours later, on the morning of December 1st, the enemy evacuated their works and crossed the Harpeth River under fire from our batteries, before daylight. The Confederate army followed them in the afternoon, and after marching a few miles, encamped for the night. Early the following morning they entered upon the last day's march that intervened between them and Nashville The battle of Nashville. On arriving within six miles of Nashville 's corps was deployed at right angles with the Franklin pike , and the batteries formed in columns of sections; in this way the whole body moved up to within a mile and a half of the enemy's earthworks, and during the night fortified upon the ground gained. battery occupied a hill on the right of the Franklin pike , and parallel with it; Corput 's occupying a small valley upon the left. On the night of the 3d, we advanced our line a half mile further, and again fortified. On the 10th Stevenson 's division charged the enemy's picket line, driving them from their works, and a half mile beyond. Two days after, in order to straighten the line, the troops fell back a few hundred yards, and again fortified. The weather at this time was intensely cold; snow several inches deep covered the ground, and was frozen hard. It was through this that men poorly clad, poorly fed and poorly supplied with tools, were so often compelled to dig, to protect themselves from the numerous artillery of the enemy. and Private Colter were sent out on the 14th to buy supplies for Christmas , but the supplies fell into the enemy's hands, together with the Lieutenant and his man, being captured by a raiding party. was sent to Johnson's Island , and consequently did not rejoin the battery during the war. On the morning of the 15th the enemy charged the Confederate right wing, but were repulsed with heavy loss. They next moved a solid column against the left, with better success, causing the whole army to fall back rapidly for the distance of one mile. Lee 's corps was then moved to a range of hills a mile to the left, and in rear of the old line, to support the retreating left wing, and again fortified. By this time it was growing dark, and as the enemy's position was not accurately known, Lieutenant Ritter requested permission to ride to the front to make a reconnoissance. Their videttes were not found till he reached the foot of a range of hills occupied by Hood 's army, in the morning. This information was reported to the Adjutant General At 11 o'clock P. M., the battalion was removed to a field to the left of the Franklin pike , and at about 8 on the morning of the eventful 16th of December, the Third Maryland was ordered to a hill in an open field, a quarter of a mile to the left of the pike. Defensive works for the battery were at once commenced, and rails to be used in fortifying were brought from a fence some two hundred yards in front. The enemy, discovering the working party, opened on them with six guns. As they fired by battery, the men were able to continue their work in the intervals of firing, lying down when the Lieutenant , guided by the smoke from the enemy's guns, directed them to do so. When the coming shells had passed over them, they renewed their work. The horses were without cover, and suffered severely till removed to a position behind the hill. Whilst passing to the rear to attend to this, Lieutenant Ritter thought that he heard a shell coming, and on looking back, saw that it was coming straight for him. He jumped behind a tree, at the same moment the shell struck the tree on the other side, without doing much damage. On returning to the battery, the Lieutenant was sent back to the caissons to relieve Lieutenant Doncaster , and take charge of the men engaged in supplying ammunition to the guns, and instruct them as to the distances for which the fuses should be cut. About this time the enemy planted two more batteries, one to the right and another to the left, making a total of eighteen guns, whose fire was concentrated on the Maryland Indeed, all along their line their batteries seemed to outnumber ours three to one. Their fire now became fearfully hot, and Captain Rowan , wishing to return it with the greatest vigor, called on the drivers to assist the ‘fives’ and ‘sevens’ in bringing up ammunition. The nature of the ground was such that the horses could not be effectually sheltered from the enemy's battery on the right, and they were falling rapidly. The drivers were being wounded, and the trees cut down, while the air was resonant with the howl of passing shells, and the lighter whistle of the more searching minies. , who had charge of the horses, their drivers and the ammunition, asked leave to take the horses to a safer place, but it was not thought expedient to separate them as far from the guns as would be necessary to secure their safety. A Parrott shell passed through the head of a wheel-horse near him and exploded, cutting the Lieutenant 's sword in two, and killing his saddle-horse. The men engaged in furnishing ammunition also suffered severely. Major John W. Johnston now coming up, ordered the horses to be removed, and those that remained were thus saved. At half past 12, Captain Rowan was struck by a piece of shell, and instantly killed. The shell came in through the right flare of the embrasure of the second gun, bursting the moment it cleared the parapet, and sending a fragment through the Captain The same fragment also wounded private Early Every effort was made to bring the Captain 's body off the field. It was carried a short distance to the rear and an ambulance sent for, but its coming was prevented. secured a promise from Major Johnston that it should be taken to the field hospital, and instructed his Orderly Sergeant to see that it was done before he proceeded to the front to take command of the battery. The works were deep with mud, as it was raining, and the enemy's fire was unabated. At about 3 P. M., the left wing of the army was forced back, and the troops to the left of the position held by the Third Maryland, abandoned the line in disorder. So rapidly did they retreat, and so promply did the enemy follow, that the Lieutenant saw at once that there would be no chance to bring off his guns. to remain with them and work them upon the enemy to the very last. After driving the Confederates from their works, the enemy poured in on Stevenson 's left, and forming a line perpendicular to his, swept along within the defences toward the Third Maryland. At the same time another line was moving up in front, and both seemed to be aiming to form a junction at the battery to overwhelm it. The men stood at their guns and continued to pour a heavy fire of canister into the solid masses approaching in front till they mounted the works. They mounted first upon the left, planting the United States flag on the left gun and capturing sixteen men. As they showed their heads above the works, Lieutenants Ritter and Sergeant Pendley , who were on the right, started and ran down the line fifty yards, then left it and struck diagonally across the field for the pike. The Federals cried, ‘Halt! to no purpose, and on the refusal of the fugitives to obey, pursued them about three-quarters of a mile, firing at them all the while. The enemy had a battery on the road when the three men reached it, and were firing at some Confederates ahead of them, while a section of their own battalion was replying with canister from a hill near by; so that the three found themselves in a very ugly position, under this fire from both sides. They escaped unhurt, however, and continuing some four miles to the rear, overtook the few horses that were left to the battery. It was here that Lieutenant Ritter first learned that Captain Rowan 's body had been left on the field to fall into the hands of the enemy. ‘The dead Commander.’ Captain John B. Rowan was a native of Maryland , and at the beginning of the war, resided at Elkton, Cecil county , where he devoted himself with success to the practice of the law. Though still young, he had already attained considerable prominence as a public man. His manners were winning; in speech he was easy and graceful, in action generous and manly, and all things promised the success which his character deserved. When the war broke out, true to his noble instincts, he devoted himself to the cause of the South , leaving his profession, wife and children—all that he held most dear—to take up arms in her defense. Through the many trying phases of military life, he passed unscathed. Cool in the hour of danger, serene amid defeat and disaster, kind alike to his fellow officers and to his men, generous to a fault, he was, as one who knew him long and well has said, ‘Of his company, the very life; of the battalion, the leading star, and the common pride of us all.’ He was cut off in the flower of his age before he had seen his thirtieth year, and died like a true soldier, in defence of principles dear to himself, and which he firmly believed were of inestimable value to those who might come after him. In the long absence of years, he never once forgot the ties of home and kindred, but often expressed a wish to see his wife and children at his Maryland home, again to enjoy tranquility and peace. The losses of the Third Maryland at Nashville were four killed, eight wounded, and sixteen captured, exclusive of Lieutenant Giles and Private Colter , captured two days before the battle. Killed: Captain John B. Rowan , Privates S. Aultman , E. R. Roach and A. Wills Wounded: A. Dollar , D. Beasley , N. Beverly , W. J. Brown , T. Early , H. A. Davis , E. M. Herndon and J. Nichols Captured: Corporals A. G. Cox , S. Hylton and B. Bradford ; Privates J. M. Carey , J. J. Colter , J. Foley , B. Garst , J. Hoffman , H. Kitzmiller , J. G. Martin , F. M. Newton , W. Rogers , G. R. Shipley , M. L. Welsh and I. Zimmerman

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You would be surprised the amount of people who are totally ignorant about the role of black troops in both World Wars, and even in subsequent wars. Furthermore, the use of Black troops in European armies was extremely controversial in the first part of the 20th Century. Africans have been depicted both positively and negatively in Wartime propaganda, they have also been the specific targets of leaflet campaigns from the Germans, Japanese and Koreans. Here are a few examples of Wartime propaganda. The allies emphasised the use of black troops in propaganda to ensure that troops from the colonies would sign up. for hungry soldiers! (1921) However the use of African colonial troops as an occupying force, was not popular with many European countries. The French were criticised and mocked for their deployment of Senegalese Troops. An example of a Colonies Wartime Propaganda, in the West Indies. Adolf Hitler, was opposed to the relationships between Germans and African soldiers who had been stationed in the Rhineland. The Children who were born into such relationships were a particular irritation to Hitler. In his book Mein kampf, he spoke of his solution for the “Rhineland Bastards”. Black American troops were deployed in Italy, Mussolini tried to spread fear and mistrust amongst Italians, by depicting African American troops as barbarians.

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Waterboat Point (Spanish: Península Munita) is the low westernmost termination of the peninsula between Paradise Harbor and Andvord Bay on the west coast of Graham Land. This feature has "island" characteristics, but it is only separated from the mainland at high water and is more usefully described as a "point". Chile's González Videla Antarctic Base is located at Waterboat Point. The coast in this vicinity was first roughly surveyed by the Belgian Antarctic Expedition in 1898. The point was surveyed and given its name by Thomas W. Bagshawe and Maxime C. Lester who lived here, in a hut improvised from a water boat, from January 1921 until January 1922. Although only the base of the boat, foundations of doorposts and an outline of the hut and extension still exist, the remains and immediate environs have been designated a Historic Site or Monument (HSM 56), following a proposal by Chile and the United Kingdom to the Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting. - SCAR Composite Gazetteer. Waterboat Point - "List of Historic Sites and Monuments approved by the ATCM (2012)" (PDF). Antarctic Treaty Secretariat. 2012. Retrieved 2014-01-03. |This Danco Coast location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.|

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You are here Fact Sheet: Non-pharmaceutical measures to prevent the transmission of influenza This fact sheet is for public health professionals. It provides a brief overview on specific non-pharmaceutical measures to be used in community settings. Such measures can prevent the spread of influenza by interrupting the transfer of viruses from objects or people through the use of personal protective equipment or changes to behaviour. The content is primarily based on the NCCID article “Non-pharmaceutical measures to prevent influenza transmission: the evidence for individual protective measures” by Crabtree and Henry. |Publication Date||May 18, 2015| |Posted by NCCEH||May 19, 2015|

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Once posses twenty-five colleges, twenty-five churches, twenty-five convents, twenty-five professors and twenty-five arches of its bridge; but the last alone remain intactcolleges, churches, convents and professorships have alike fallen; their destruction, begun by the French, having been finished by the law, which was made for the sake of plunder under Queen Isabella II., that no corporate body could hold any property. The university, which boasted above ten thousand students in the fourteenth century, has now little more than one thousand, and the splendid collegiate buildings, palaces worthy of the Corso of Rome or the Grand Canal of Venice, are either in ruins or let out to poor families, with the exception of San Bartolome, which is turned into the house of the civil governor, and El Arzobisbo, whose beautiful “cinque-cento” buildings are now given up to the Irish college. This formerly was situated in another part of the town; it contains only nine students now, but the original foundation was magnificent, and bore witness to the anxiety of its founder, Philip II., to spite his sister-in-law Elizabeth of England. Day by day Salamanca becomes more entirely a city of ruins, and presents much the same appearance which Oxford would do were its revenues all stolen by the Government, and Christ-Church, Merton, Magdalen, University, etc., abandoned to the rats and owls. The few students who remain are lodged in private houses in the town, and go up for their “classes” to the building of the University proper, which answers to that called “the Schools” at Oxford, and has a gorgeous plateresque front and a curious Convocation House. The little square behind it, surrounded by collegiate buildings, is much like one of our college “quads.” In its center is a statue of the ecclesiastical poet Fra Luiz de Leon, who is numbered, with Cervantes, Saarvedra, and Cardinal Ximenes, among the eminent students of the University. The library contains many original letters of his, together with a splendid collection of MSS., chiefly brought from confiscated monasteries, and a large number of printed books of the fifteenth century. A volume of the Lord’s Prayer in one hundred and fifty-seven languages, ordered by the first Napoleon, is exhibited with great pride by the librarian. The reading-room is used by natives of Salamanca to a degree which shames the more populous Oxford; a day seldom passes without as many as ninety students availing themselves of it. The university buildings face the cathedral, which was begun in 1513. Its florid gothic is excessively rich in detail, but wanting in general effect, and the brilliant yellow color of its stone annuls all appearance of antiquity; the interior, however, would be exceedingly magnificent if it were not so sadly blocked up by the Coro. In one of the chapels the Mosarabic ritual has been continued, as at Toledo. A few pictures deserve notice, especially those by Luiz de Morales, who here merits his epithet of “the Spanish Perugino,” and those by the rare master Fernando Gallegos, who was a native of Salamanca, where he died in 1550. From the north aisle one passes into a second and older cathedral, built in 1102 by the famous Bishop Geronimo, the confessor of the Cid, who fought by his side in all his battles, and supported his dead body on its final ride from Valencia to San Pedro de Cerdena. He is buried here, and above his tomb hung for five hundred years “El Christo de las Batallas,” the famous bronze crucifix of the Cid, which he always carried with him. This has now disappeared, and is not to be found even in the Relicario, but the canons know of the hiding-place, where, in this age of church robbery, it has been secreted. The tomb of Geronimo was opened in 1606, when it is affirmed that the body of the holy warrior smelled truly delicious. The retablo, which follows the curved form of the apse in the old cathedral, contains a number of paintings interesting from the poetical character of their subjects. In that on “Angels came and ministered to him” a table-cloth spread with food is held by several angels be-fore the Savior in the wilderness, while others, kneeling, present fruit and a cup of wine. The exterior of this church is half a fortress, and gave it the epithet of “Fortis Salamantina”; the vaulted lantern has a low, crocketed spire and a scalloped stone roof. From the cathedral, San Esteban is approached by the Calla del Colon, a memorial of Christopher Columbus and his residence in the neighboring Dominican convent, whose friars under Deza the Inquisitor upheld him and his scheme, when the doctors of the university found it to be “vain, impracticable, and resting on grounds too weak to merit the support of the Government.” In gratitude for the hospitalities he received from the Dominicans, Columbus used the first virgin gold imported from the New World in gilding the retablo of their church, and most gorgeous is still its appearance, as seen from under the dark, elliptical arch of the coro, through which the church is entered with such effect, leaving the view unbroken toward the high-altaras at El Parral, and San Tomas of Avila. The western exterior is a labyrinth of plateresque gothic decoration, like that of the university. In the little convent of Las Buenas close by, Santa Teresa had one of her famous visions, when she came hither to found the eon-vent of her own order outside the gates. Travelers in early spring will observe the quantities of pet lambs in the streets of Salamanca, generally decorated with bunches of red worsted. By a curious custom, a general slaughter of these takes place on Good Friday upon the doorsteps the little creatures being executed by their own mistresses, who stab them in the throat. Valladolid, which was the capital of Castile under Juan II., and one of the most flourishing cities of Spain under Charles V. and Philip IL, has been a mere wreck of its former self since the French invasion, in which many of its most important buildings were destroyed. Its situation is dreary in the extreme, in a barren, dusty plain quite devoid of natural beauty. Two small rivers, the Pisuerga and the Esqueva, meet under its walls and water its flat, ugly gardens. The great Plaza is vast and imposing; the cathedral, the work of Herrera (1585), is imposing too, and grand in its outlines, but intensely bare and cold. Near it stands the beautiful church of Santa Maria 1’Antigua, with a picturesque western steeple of the twelfth century and a ruined cloister, and there are several other churches where the architect will find interesting bits. All travelers, however, should visit San Pablo, a Dominican convent rebuilt in 1463 by Cardinal Torquemada, who had been one of its monks, and was the ferocious confessor of Isabella the Catholic, from whom he extorted a promise that she would devote herself “to the extirpation of heresy for the glory of God and the exaltation of the Catholic faith.” Under his influence “autos da fe” frequently took place in the Plaza Mayor of Valladolid, attended by the Court then, as bullfights have been in late years, and in which the victims were arrayed in yellow shirts painted with flames and figures of devils. Torquemada, how-ever, was also a great patron of art and literature, and the inscription “operibus credite,” in reference to the splendor of the buildings which he founded here, was repeated round his tomb. This monument was destroyed by the French, but the facade of San Pablo is still a miracle of labyrinthine Gothic tracery quite splendid of its kind, and so is the neighboring facade of San Gregorio, founded in 1488 by Bishop Alonzo of Burgos. Close by is the curious old house in which Philip IL was born. The Museo must be visited, for, tho its upper story is filled with atrocious rubbish, pictorial art in wood is nowhere so well represented as in the collection of figures which occupies the ground floor. The best of these are from the hands of the violent Juan de Juni, remarkable for his knowledge of anatomy when it was generally unknown in Spain, or from those of the gentle Gregorio Hernandez (1566-1636), who, like Fra Angelico and Juanes, devoted himself to religious subjects, and never began to work without preparing his mind by prayer. At the end of the principal gallery, which is surrounded by the beautiful choir-stalls of San Benito, are the splendid bronze effigies of the Due and Duchess of Lerma, by Pompeio Leoni.

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Esophageal pH Monitoring for Reflux Esophageal pH monitoring is an outpatient procedure that measures how much acid flows from the stomach into the esophagus in a 24 hour period. This test is used to help discover what’s causing symptoms such as heartburn, chronic cough or chest pain. Preparing for Esophageal pH Monitoring To prepare for the esophageal pH monitoring procedure: - Do not take proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) seven days prior to the procedure. - Do not take H2 blockers 48 hours before the procedure. - Do not take antacids six hours before the procedure. - Abstain from eating and drinking for four to six hours before the procedure. Esophageal pH Monitoring Procedure The test consists of a small device at the end of a tube being gently inserted through your nostril and down your throat. The device sits near the bottom of your esophagus, about two inches above the lower esophageal sphincter. The other end of the small tube is attached to a small unit that you’ll wear around your waist or on your shoulder. - For the next 24 hours, you’ll input information into the unit such as the occurrence of reflux symptoms as well as times when you eat or lie down. - It’s important that you follow your usual routine as closely as possible. Doing things differently may weaken the results of pH monitoring. - You’ll have to avoid taking a bath or shower for the 24 hours since the equipment cannot get wet. - Remain standing throughout the day unless napping or lying down is part of your regular schedule. - Keep notes of times when you start and stop eating, as well as when you lie down and get back up. After the 24 hours, your doctor will remove the tube and download the information off of the monitoring unit to be analyzed. You may experience throat pains from the tube after the procedure. Lozenges or hard candy may help relieve these symptoms. After the results of the pH monitoring have been properly analyzed, your reflux doctor will likely know the cause of your symptoms and be able to properly treat them, either through medications, surgery or otherwise.

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Myalgic encephalomyelitis (ME), previously called chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS), is a complex, debilitating multi-system, chronic disease with a serious impact on one’s quality of life. While “ME/CFS” is the preferred name by many, this disease has also been called systemic exertion intolerance disorder (SEID), chronic fatigue immunity deficiency syndrome (CFIDS), or post-viral fatigue syndrome (PVFS). An estimated 836,000 to 2.5 million Americans suffer from ME/CFS. About 90% of people with ME/CFS have not been diagnosed, yet ME/CFS costs the U.S. economy about $17 to $24 billion annually in medical bills and lost incomes. Some of the reasons that people with ME/CFS have not been diagnosed include: limited access to healthcare, and a lack of education about ME/CFS among healthcare providers. Most medical schools in the United States do not have ME/CFS as part of their physician training. The illness is often misunderstood, and might not be taken seriously by some healthcare providers. More education for doctors and nurses is urgently needed so they are prepared to provide a timely diagnosis, and then appropriate care for patients. At this time, the cause of ME/CFS is not fully understood. There is no diagnostic test, no FDA-approved treatment, so patients often suffer for life. Who Gets ME/CFS? Everyone is at risk. ME/CFS may begin as early as age 10, and as late as age 77. Although research has shown that ME/CFS is about two to four times more likely to occur in women than men, ME/CFS strikes people from every age, racial, ethnic, and socioeconomic group. The seven key symptoms for making a diagnosis of ME/CFS are: 1. Post-exertion malaise or symptom exacerbation: the key diagnostic feature of ME/CFS is the way in which symptoms worsen after activity is increased beyond what the patient can tolerate. Such activity, physical or mental, has a characteristically delayed impact, which may be felt later the same day, the next day or even later. This is followed by a period of relative recovery which may last for days or even weeks. 2. Activity-induced muscle fatigue: precipitated by trivially small exertion (physical or mental) relative to the patient’s previous activity tolerance: which may be accompanied by muscle pain. Affects on the nervous system 3. Cognitive dysfunction: problems with short-term memory, working memory (the ability to deal with tasks quickly), problems with concentration and attention span, inability to plan or organize thoughts or problems with word-finding abilities anomia (difficulty in naming common objects) and dysnomia (inability to give objects a correct name). These problems are often referred to as ‘brain fog’ by people with ME/CFS. Cognitive dysfunction is exacerbated by physical exertion, stress, and can be more prominent where there is clinical depression. Cognitive dysfunction alone is often severe enough to cause a substantial reduction in occupational, educational, personal and social activities, and so debilitating for others, that any one of these activities is impossible. 4. Pain: that can be persistent and difficult to control. Pain is often muscular, but it can also be rheumatic or neuropathic (nerve pain) 5. Sleep disturbance: non-restorative sleep, with hypersomnia (early in the illness) and insomnia, reversal of sleep rhythm (especially in children), vivid dreams and ‘restless legs’. 6. On-going, flu-like malaise: feelings of ‘being unwell’ that is accompanied by sore throat, tender lymph glands and problems with temperature control (e.g. feeling feverish, sweating episodes). These symptoms are also found with Ebstien Barr Virus 7. Autonomic symptoms: orthostatic intolerance (an inability to sustain upright activity), which occur after standing up from a recumbent or resting position, or after prolonged standing. These symptoms include lightheaded, spatial disorientation, feeling faint, sweating, palpitations and fainting. While extremely frustrating, individuals with ME/CFS learn over time what works best for them. What is effective for one patient may not be effective for someone else. Sleep problems, pain, heart-rate irregularities, gastrointestinal difficulties, allergies, and depression are some of the symptoms that can potentially be relieved by treating with medications. Because these symptoms are common with other illnesses, which also lack a diagnostic test or bio-marker, one could be diagnosed with one of the following, and so the whole picture might be overlooked. Fibromyalgia—Orthostatic intolerance--IBS--Interstitial-cystitis--TMJ joint disorder Chronic pelvic pain--MS--Multiple chemical sensitivity disorder

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The leading cause of preventable death after injury is bleeding. Someone who is severely bleeding can bleed to death in as little as five minutes. With three quick actions that can control life-threatening bleeding, you can make those minutes count and be trained to save a life. A bleeding injury can happen anywhere, and we have all seen them happen too often – whether on the news or in everyday life. The person next to a bleeding victim may very will be the one most likely to save them. With AVERT, you'll learn to be an immediate responder, a person who recognizes life-threatening bleeding and can act right away to apply bleeding control measures. AVERT instructors use training materials that have been specially developed to teach you proper bleeding control techniques. You can be assured that the instructors will keep working with you until you are confident in demonstrating the proper skills in controlling life-threatening bleeding. Instead of being a witness during an attack, accident, or disaster, you can move forward with the confidence that you have the knowledge and skills to be an immediate responder. Regardless of the size or type of your organization, AVERT training and Kits can be a vital supplement to your Emergency Action Plan (EAP) by making sure your people have the training and confidence to respond quickly and appropriately to a situation. Through our AVERT training, you will learn three quick emergency bleeding control techniques that can help save a life:

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Now, tech for touchless touchscreen to prevent virus spread through contact. Scientists from Bengaluru have reported an affordable solution to develop a low-cost touch-cum-proximity sensor — popularly called touchless touch sensor — through a printing technique. Pointing out how Covid-19 has triggered efforts to make lifestyle more adaptable to pandemic scenarios, the researchers said their actions were driven to reduce the risk of viruses spreading, particularly in public places where touchscreens on self-service kiosks, ATMs and vending machines are inevitable. This work by a team led by Prof GU Kulkarni of Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced and Scientific Research and co-workers, was funded by DST-Nanomission at the Centre for Nano and Soft Matter Sciences (CeNS). The findings were recently published in the journal ‘Materials Letters’. Both JNCASR and CeNS are autonomous institutions of the department of science and technology (DST). “...Scientists from CeNS and JNCASR have set up a semi-automated plant for the production of printing-aided patterned (resolution of around 300 µm) transparent electrodes, which have the potential for being utilised in advanced touchless screen technologies,” DST said. Dr Ashutosh K Singh, a scientist working on this project, said the team fabricated a touch sensor which senses a proximal or hover touch even from a distance of 9cm from the device. “We are making a few more prototypes using our patterned electrodes to prove their feasibility for other smart electronic applications. These patterned electrodes can be made available to industries and R&D labs on a request basis to explore collaborative projects,” said Indrajit Mondal, a co-author in the research. DST said the novel low-cost patterned transparent electrodes have tremendous potential to be used in advanced smart electronic devices like touchless screens and sensors and assist in preventing the spread of viruses through contact. (This is a slightly modified version of an article originally published in Times of India. The original article can be found at https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/new-technology-for-touchless-touchscreen-to-check-virus-spread/articleshow/90278955.cms )

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Girls in Kenya miss an average of 4.9 days of school each month because of their periods. In fact, the United Nations Children’s Fund says one in 10 African girls skip school during menstruation. Some drop out entirely because they lack access to sanitary products. 83% of girls in Burkina Faso and 77% in Niger have no place to change their sanitary menstrual materials at school. Similar issues affect girls in India, Cambodia and Iran. In WaterAid’s report on menstruation, Menstrual Hygiene Matters, a woman from Tanzania about her first period. She remembered, “I didn’t know what was happening or what to do to manage menstruation. I used cotton wool, pages from an exercise book, leaves from trees. I suffered much embarrassment at school because I leaked and stained my uniform.” It’s not just girls’ education that suffers during menstruation, but overall health. For instance, 70% of all reproductive diseases in India are caused by poor menstrual hygiene – it can also affect maternal mortality. In urban India, 43%-88% of girls use reusable cloth during menstruation, yet they are often washed without soap or clean water. Moreover, girls also suffer from social exclusion due to inaccurately held social beliefs about menstruation. Helen Walker of Afripads, a social business in Uganda that manufactures and sells cost-effective reusable sanitary pads, says, “menstruating women and girls are wrongly considered to be ‘contaminated, dirty and impure’. Girls suffer stigma.” Such stigma can be found in dozens of cultures across the globe and in different eras (the Roman author Pliny thought menstruating women had the power to turn wine sour), and they limit access to hygiene, community and family time. There is evidence that in some developing countries, girls are not allowed to access water fountains because of wrongly held beliefs about menstruation. Until 2003, Nepali communities forced menstruating women and girls to engage in chhaupadi a practice that forces women and girls to sleep in separate huts or sheds (and subjects them to other harsh restrictions). The practice is now illegal but it is still observed in many rural areas. Today is the second Menstrual Hygiene Day, founded to “create a world in which every woman and girl can manage her menstruation in a hygienic way – wherever she is – in privacy, safety and with dignity”. The day aims both to end the silence around menstruation and highlight positive solutions for managing periods. So what are NGOs doing to address this global challenge? Nancy Muller, senior programme officer at international health NGO Path, who works on designing solutions to good menstrual hygiene, gives one example of a recent initiative. “We were trying to determine whether we could turn agricultural waste – bananas, rice and so on – into an absorbent pulp, which women and girls could then use to make their own pads. But we’ve moved away from that now: girls go to school for long days, so the pads need to be adaptable to different absorbent materials.” For another initiative, Path gave women and girls disposable cameras to take pictures of their sanitation systems. “We wanted them to record their relationships with menstrual hygiene,” says Muller. Afripads provides girls in Uganda with washable sanitary pads. Helen Walker says these are preferable to disposable pads, because they “come close to what girls and women in Uganda are already used to”. Reusable pads are also more suitable for women and girls in refugee camps: “Since our pads last for at least 12 months, [aid workers] don’t need to distribute them as regularly as they would need to do with disposable pads. Plus you don’t have the issue of disposal. Now you have latrines at refugee camps filling up rapidly because girls and women throw their pads in the latrines.” One problem facing NGOs in this sector is cost. Many sanitary products are simply too expensive for women and girls to buy, so they must rely on aid. But solutions to this problem are being developed. Arunachalam Muruganantham discovered his wife could not afford to maintain good menstrual hygiene and set about designing a machine to help women manufacture their own low-cost sanitary products. Since then, he has supplied machines to 1,300 villages in 23 Indian states. He told the BBC that his sanitary pads are “by the women, for the women, and to the women”. But most NGOs agree the main obstacle to securing good menstrual hygiene for girls is a culture of silence around periods. Nancy Muller says, “people prefer not to think about it or talk about it. It’s a challenge to secure funding because menstruation is not seen as a critical or life-threatening issue.” Helen Walker agrees, “we need to raise more awareness that this is a very important issue, affecting so many girls and women in so many ways.” There is still squeamishness around menstruation that affects most women across the world. This creates a twofold challenge for organisations wishing to improve menstrual hygiene: on one hand, it is hard to convince partners in developed countries to talk about supporting menstrual hygiene initiatives. On the other, it is difficult to convince women and girls in developing countries to take up support because of the stigma of coming forward. Nevertheless, those working in the sector remain sanguine. “It’s an amazing opportunity to reach girls at a really formative time in their lives,” says Muller. “Menstruation is a critical gender issue. We’d love to have conversations with boys about girls, puberty and gender too.” Her colleague Laura Wedeen, a senior policy adviser in the reproductive health division, agrees: “Menstrual hygiene is a critical entry point for talking about sexual health more generally.” And though Wedeen concedes menstrual hygiene is not a well-developed element of sex education globally, she says: “I am very optimistic that we will get there. We just have to have these conversations.”

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Education for Children with Disabilities and the Next Attorney General The confirmation hearings for Alabama Senator Jeff Sessions, the nominee for U.S. Attorney General, are being held this week. Many people in the disability community are concerned that Sessions may fail to uphold the educational rights of children with disabilities. In a 2000 speech to the U.S. Senate titled, Education Discipline and IDEA, Sessions argued that “special treatment for certain children…may be the single most irritating problem for teachers throughout America today.” He was referring to children with documented disabilities who meet the strict eligibility criteria for receiving special education services. The underlying message in the speech is that children with disabilities who exhibit behavioral challenges should be disciplined or segregated from their peers in general education. Behavioral issues that result from a disability are as valid as physical symptoms of a medical condition. We do not punish a child who uses a wheelchair and cannot climb stairs — we build elevators and ramps. With support and accommodation, children with behavioral issues can participate meaningfully in the academic and social life of their local public schools. A recent series of events in my 10-year-old son’s education highlights this point. For years, our son had behavioral problems in school, including some aggression. For several months in the fall of 2015, things escalated. We received emails nearly every day from our son’s teacher stating that he was exhibiting very aggressive behavior, including hitting, biting, and pulling hair. At times, he needed to be restrained. In January 2016, things improved. His episodes of aggression dropped to one or two brief mild acts per week. We often received texts from the teacher saying he had a “fantastic” day. What caused the dramatic change in such a short time? A new medication, therapeutic intervention, or family transition? It was not any of these. The biggest change was in the classroom setting. Our son has fragile X syndrome, which is a genetic disorder affecting 1 in 3600–4000 boys that causes a spectrum of challenges, including intellectual disability, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, sensory issues, and some characteristics of autism. For years, he had been inappropriately placed in a classroom for children with severe autism that triggered his behavioral issues. We were deeply concerned about our son’s behavior, the safety of other children and staff, and the effect on his development. Our son’s main communication to us about his school day was, “I hit the teacher. No rewards!” In the mornings, he said, “No school!” repeatedly. We were informed that he was at risk of being suspended, and it was recommended that we look into special schools that support children with serious behavioral issues. We considered various ways of addressing the behavior, including medications, therapies, and reward systems at home. We were reluctant to try anything too drastic because our son’s most challenging behaviors did not appear in any other settings. He did much better at home, in his after school program for children with disabilities, and on community outings, including local and international travel. The difference between our son’s behavior at school and in all other settings made it clear the problem was due to a poor fit between his needs and the classroom environment. We hired a lawyer to help us with the process of getting our child into an appropriate placement. Our son was moved to two different classrooms. First, he was placed in a classroom in which the children are at or close to grade level, but need some extra academic support, and later, moved to a classroom focused on supporting children with intellectual/developmental and other disabilities. The first classroom change was very unsuccessful, and resulted in increased behavioral problems, but the positive change was immediate and sustained in the second. He seemed happier and more relaxed, and started telling us about things he did at school — including reading, singing, cooking, using a computer, and playing sports. In the mornings, he began to say, “I go to school now.” The ecological model used in social work suggests that people need niches in which they can thrive. We do not expect a polar bear to survive in the tropics or a delicate flower to grow in the ice. Humans also need specific environments to support their well-being. Often, it is easier, more ethical, and more effective to change the environment than the person. This is particularly true for children, who have a very limited ability to control their environment, and so sometimes exhibit behavioral symptoms as a way to communicate. We are very fortunate that our son now has an appropriate school placement, and that we had the resources to help him get into a classroom that met his needs. We worry about all of the families who don’t have these advantages. If we hadn’t pushed for a new classroom, he might be in a restrictive school, with no access to typically developing peers, and exhibiting more challenging behaviors, for which he would need more medications and behavioral interventions. This is especially true given his pre-adolescent age and increasing size and strength. We feel certain that if this negative feedback loop had not been stopped, the difficulties would have increased. We wonder how many other children with behavioral issues just need a change in setting to thrive. Supporting children like our son in public schools is possible with compassion, flexibility, and accommodation. Children who exhibit behavioral issues do not necessarily need stricter discipline or more restrictive settings. Under the Individuals with Disabilities Act, they have the right to be included to the maximum extent possible with their general education peers in public schools. The next U.S. Attorney General must uphold the educational rights of children with disabilities.

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Issue: July 19, 2008 Carrots not growing may need better soil I live in Alamogordo, and am trying to raise carrots. I have tried growing them in my garden plot and also in pots. They grow only 3" if I am lucky and some of them have shapes similar to an hourglass. I have tried purchasing "long" carrots as was stated on the package, and also "short" carrots. Would growing spurts cause the hourglass shape? Can you suggest something I may be doing wrong? I am sure the carrots I am growing are not what were intended by the seed companies! Your problem growing carrots is probably related to the soil. The soil should be well loosened and amended with compost. Rocky soil is often the cause of misshapen carrots. The rocks interfere with the growth of the carrot roots. They cause forked roots, twisted roots, and other shape abnormalities. If your soil is not rocky, it may just be too hard for the carrot roots to properly form. The addition of organic matter in the form of well decomposed compost creates a soil that is better adapted for carrot growth. Deep digging when incorporating the organic matter is very helpful. The soil should be loosened more deeply than the length of the carrots you plan to harvest. The shorter forms may be a good choice while you are developing the quality soil that you need to grow good carrots. It would be wise to have your soil tested to determine the nutrient and mineral salt levels. When you submit a soil sample for testing, be sure to tell what you intend to grow in that soil. You can get information regarding soil testing and where to send your soil sample from your local NMSU Cooperative Extension Service office. There is an insect that feeds on the roots of carrots. This may be the cause of the hour-glass shape. If the insects chewed around the middle of the root, that would produce the observed effect. Uneven soil moisture, as you have suggested, can also result in poor carrot root formation. The organic matter recommended above will help the soil hold moisture and maintain the even levels of moisture needed for good carrot root development. It is not too late to plant again. When you purchase seeds, look at the information on the packet that tells how long it will take for the crop to mature. Add a week or several weeks to that time for an extended harvest and schedule planting according to this information. In the case of carrots, you can cover them with straw when cold weather comes in your part of the state and continue harvesting from under the straw for an even longer harvest period. You will note that as the soil cools, the carrots will become sweeter. Summer planted carrots for a fall harvest are a great idea. For more gardening information, visit the NMSU Extension publications World Wide Web site at http://www.cahe.nmsu.edu/pubs/_h. Send your gardening questions to: Yard and Garden, ATTN: Dr. Curtis Smith NMSU Cooperative Extension Service 9301 Indian School Road, NE, Suite 112 Albuquerque, NM 87112 Curtis W. Smith, Ph.D., is an Extension Horticulture Specialist with New Mexico State University's Cooperative Extension Service. New Mexico State University is an equal opportunity/affirmative action employer and educator.

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Russian Prime Minister Vladimir Putin is embroiled in a tiff with the Poles over World War II. Like U.S. interventionists, Putin takes the position that World War II constituted a great victory for the Soviet Union, the United States, and the Allied Powers. They defeated Nazi Germany, after all, saving Poland and the rest of Eastern Europe from Nazi tyranny. What better evidence of victory than that? Alas, however, the Poles take a different position, much to the chagrin of Putin and U.S. interventionists. First of all, the Poles point out that the Soviet Union invaded Poland soon after Nazi Germany did and that this was done pursuant to a secret pact between Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union. (Interestingly, while Great Britain and France declared war on Germany purportedly to save Poland, they did not declare war on the Soviet Union.) Second, soon after the Soviet invasion of Poland, Soviet forces rounded up thousands of Polish military officers, policemen, and others and shot them dead in cold blood in Poland’s Katyn Forest. It was a war crime of the first magnitude. Yet, no Soviet official was ever brought to trial for the murders. Perversely, the Soviet Union even served as one of the judges at the Nuremberg War Crimes Tribunal, where Nazi officials were placed on trial for war crimes. Poland has never forgotten that mass murder, and many Poles remain angry over Russia’s failure to acknowledge and sufficiently repent the Katyn atrocities. Third, what the Poles recognize — and what U.S. interventionists and Putin fail to recognize — is that being saved from Hitler and the Nazis only to be turned over to Stalin and the communists was no victory, at least insofar as the Poles were concerned. Look at this way: Suppose you were given a choice between living under the Nazis or the Soviet communists. Which would you prefer? It’s not really a meaningful choice, is it? In principle, there was no difference between the Nazis, the Soviet communists, Hitler, and Stalin. They were equally cruel, murderous, and brutal. At the end of World War II — after tens of millions of people had been killed — Poland has been saved from Nazi oppression, only to be subjected to subsequent decades of communist oppression. Thus, it’s not surprising that Putin would consider that a great victory. But why do U.S. interventionists consider it a victory for the United States, especially since soon after the war, the interventionists converted “our” ally, the Soviet communists, into “our” new official enemy, launching the Cold War, two hot wars in Korea and Vietnam, and ever-soaring military budgets?

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Kid Science: Hot Air Balloon Bottle Every year in New Mexico, the world’s premier balloon event takes place called the Albuquerque International Balloon Fiesta. The event runs from October 5-13 and is considered the largest ballooning event on earth! Over 600 hot air balloons will take to the skies and cameras will be at the ready. In fact, this event is said to be the most photographed event on earth, and the largest annual international event held in the United States. Can’t make it to New Mexico? Why not have a little balloon fun of your own? Your children will love watching as their very own “hot air balloon” fills with air before their very eyes. You will only need a few things from your kitchen, so let’s get started! You will need: 1 empty 2-liter bottle, cap removed 1 round balloon (preferably larger than 5″, see package for size) 1 sheet of paper towel 1 tablespoon baking soda 1 liter white vinegar Food coloring (optional) Begin by filling the 2-liter bottle halfway with white vinegar. Cut or tear the paper towel into 4 equal pieces. Place one tablespoon of baking soda on the paper towel square. Fold that square up burrito style. You want the baking soda to be inside so the reaction with the vinegar does not happen immediately, giving you time to add your balloon. Don’t wrap it too tightly or your children will get bored and tired of waiting for something to happen! Drop the paper towel packet into the bottle and quickly add the balloon to the top of the bottle. Watch as the balloon begins to fill with air as the vinegar penetrates the paper towel and reaches the baking soda. So what’s happening here? Well, according to ThinkQuest, the acetic acid in the vinegar reacts with sodium bicarbonate (a compound that’s in baking soda) to form carbonic acid, the gas that fills the balloon. You can add a few drops of food coloring to the vinegar for a fun colorful look. The food coloring does not affect the reaction or play any other part aside from adding color. Hint: You can lift the bottle and swirl it around a bit to see if there is any baking soda left in your paper towel. If there is, you will see the reaction fizz again and it may even add more air to your balloon. An alternative to using the paper towel is to add the baking soda to your balloon (using a funnel is helpful). Then carefully place the balloon over the top of the bottle, being careful not to let any of the baking soda leak into the bottle. When you are ready, lift the balloon and allow the baking soda to drop down into the bottle. Amanda Formaro is a well-known craft expert and has been writing and crafting on the Internet for over fifteen years. Find out more on her blog, Crafts by Amanda, where she shares tutorials with step-by-step photos for adults and kids alike.

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Do you only eat when you’re hungry? If you’re like many people, you may sometimes engage in what’s known as “emotional eating.” Emotional eating is defined as responding to stress by eating high-carbohydrate food with low nutritional value (think ice cream, chips, cookies, pizza, brownies, etc). Even though emotional eating is typically triggered by stress, other emotions that are associated with it are boredom, sadness, anger, guilt, or frustration. So yes, if you have ever sat down with a tub of ice cream because you failed your exam or a relationship didn’t go well, then you are guilty of emotional eating. But not to worry! We’ll talk about ways to overcome this bad habit later in the article :). As you can imagine, emotional eating is not exactly a healthy way to deal with stress. Emotional eating has been linked to obesity, among other things (1). With emotional eating, stress is really the underlying factor. The increase in cortisol that occurs with our “fight or flight” response actually increases our appetites, which means that too much stress can effectively make you fat. If you are under chronic stress, then you are at an even greater risk for emotional eating. Another risk factor is the way you view food. If you view food primarily as a source of pleasure, or you tend to associate happiness with certain foods, then you are at a higher risk for emotional eating. However, if you look at food as fuel for your body, then you are much less likely to engage in emotional eating. Take the test! If you think you are about to engage in emotional eating, you can take what’s known as the “broccoli test.” If you think you’re hungry, imagine eating a piece of broccoli (or an apple). If you’re actually hungry, you would eat the broccoli/apple. But with emotional eating, you would much more likely choose something less healthy. If you wouldn’t eat it, then most likely you are about to engage in emotional eating So what can you do? Since stress is typically what causes emotional eating, stress reduction techniques are usually very effective for overcoming emotional eating. Exercise and meditation are some of the best ways to reduce stress. While I will be talking more about exercise in future posts, I want to briefly talk about meditation. In my opinion, meditation is a very underutilized tool for stress relief. Personally, I have been meditating on and off for the past 3 years or so, and I have found it to be invaluable. If you have never tried meditation and would like to know where to begin, check out this link. It has really good instructions and tips on how to meditate. And don’t worry, you don’t need any special equipment! I also find that listening to music helps me relieve my stress. What do you guys do for stress relief? Let me know in the comments!

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Which projects have to comply? The Federal Fair Housing Act covers newly constructed multi-family housing projects that are first time occupancy residential. The projects must also have more than four dwelling units. In an a building with elevators, ALL dwelling units must comply with the guidelines. In a building without an elevator, only the first floor units must comply. If the building is only two story units, then none of them must comply. In addition to the Fair Housing Act, some municipalities have also adopted the ANSI A117.1 for their residential dwelling units. These dictate that a certain percentage must be built as with mobility features (for the mobility impaired) and a percentage with communication features (for the hearing and visually impaired) The Fair Housing Act Guidelines have seven requirements for the covered residential dwelling units. Here is the definitions. This newsletter will just give an overview and will not describe all the details for each requirement. We will plan to explain in more detail in future newsletters: Accessible Building Entrance on an Accessible Route: Covered multifamily dwellings must have at least one building entrance on an accessible route, unless it is impractical to do so because of terrain or unusual characteristics of the site. For all such dwellings with a building entrance on an accessible route the following six requirements apply. Accessible and Usable Public and Common Use Areas: All doors designed to allow passage into and within all premises must be sufficiently wide to allow passage by persons in wheelchairs. Accessible Route Into and Through the Covered Dwelling Unit: Light Switches, Electrical Outlets, Thermostats and Other Environmental Controls in Accessible Locations: All premises within the dwelling units must contain light switches, electrical outlets, thermostats and other environmental controls in accessible locations. Reinforced Walls for Grab Bars: All premises within dwelling units must contain reinforcements in bathroom walls to allow later installation of grab bars around toilet, tub, shower stall and shower seat, where such facilities are provided. Usable Kitchens and Bathrooms: Dwelling units must contain usable kitchens and bathrooms such that an individual who uses a wheelchair can maneuver about the space. Requirement 1 of the Fair Housing Act states that an accessible entrance is required to the dwelling units. This photo shows three steps up to the stoop which leads to the entrance, and no ramp or lift to get them to the stoop. This unit does not meet the requirement. February 24th: “How Accessible is Your Work Space” at Herman Miller Showroom in Dallas, Texas If you are interested in Building Code seminars check out my colleague Shahla Layendecker with SSTL Codes If you want to learn more about these standards, be sure to check out my books:

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Contribution to GTI Roundtable "Farming for a Small Planet" Lappé’s essay packs lucid argumentation citing exciting research. Perhaps most important, however, she elegantly frames the issues surrounding agroecology and its structural impediments as political negligence rather than inevitability. Her convincing counterexamples melt deflationary perspectives of predetermined outcomes and the supremacy of industrial agribusiness’s overwhelming power, exposing the rich and varied minor histories and subaltern resistance of farmers and governments the world over (but especially in the Global South) simply following the engaged relational interface with the land traditional farming practices entail. In essence, the 2013 report of the UN Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) and many other such reports in the last several years agree on the necessity for a sort of devolution of farming practices.1 Decentralization means less monocropping, which, because of synergistic nutrient cycles, requires fewer nutrient inputs and more vitamin-rich soil (and hence more nutritious vegetables). Rather than increasing monopolization and chemical inputs, regionalism, agroecological and relational food practices contextualizing fulfillment of human needs with the fortification of a resilient local ecology, is quickly gaining foothold. The one word conspicuous by its absence from Lappé’s essay that warrants appending is permaculture. In the tradition of restoration ecology, permaculture is the scientific study and practice of planting and land cultivation which meticulously composes agroecological settings so as to provide the maximum amount of food, biodiversity, and vegetal flourishing for the minimum amount of exogenous inputs.2 The contours of agroecology and permaculture overlap significantly, and each has much to add to the conceptualization and practices of the other. A major difference is that while agroecology tends to emphasize the human dimensions of ecologically astute agriculture, permaculture tends to focus on the nutrient systems of agroecology and the compositional science of these sorts of farming practices. Insofar as the “feeding the world” question is concerned, Lappé is on point in her critique of industrial, chemically-driven agriculture that requires ever-increasing inputs. An exhaustive study comparing organic agricultural practices to conventional, chemical-driven ones found that in the North, going organic is just shy of comparable with conventional in terms of efficiency, while in Southern countries, agroecological practices produced greater quantities of food with the same work as conventional means.3 The net energy and resource savings of going agroecological&mash;not to mention the second-order benefits for birds, animals, insects, groundwater, and soil quality—give added impulse for agroecology as the only viable paradigm for farming practices. By historically contextualizing the rise of the poison, chemical, and fertilizer industries as a recent aberration of farming’s 10,000-year varied past, it makes much more sense to return to agroecological practices that support all links in the production process. 1. United Nations Conference on Trade and Development, Wake Up Before It Is Too Late: Make Agriculture Truly Sustainable Now for Food Security and Changing Climate (Geneva: UNCTAD, 2013). 2. Bill Mollison, Permaculture: A Designer’s Manual (Sisters Creek, Australia: Tigari Publications, 1988). 3. Catherine Badgley et al., “Organic Agriculture and the Global Food Supply,” Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems 22, no. 2 (2007): 86-108.

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The Vavilov-Frankel Fellowship enables outstanding scientists from developing countries to carry out research on the conservation and use of agricultural and forest biodiversity. The research involves collaboration with an academic institution outside of the fellows’ home countries. To date, 41 scientists from 25 countries from all regions of the world have received the Fellowship. Many studies have focused on crops and species of significant economic, nutritional and cultural importance to the Fellows' home countries; examples include wild and domesticated populations of cactus, ebony, pistachio, cacao, common vetch, peach, oat, wild potato, Grewia optiva, sorghum, fluted pumpkin, oriental beech, emmer wheat and barley. The call for 2015 applications is now closed. Thanks for your interest. Keep checking back or follow us on Twitter @bioversitylearn for latest Fellowship news. Bioversity International established the Vavilov-Frankel Fellowship in 1989 to commemorate the unique and pioneering contributions to plant science made by Academician Nikolai Ivanovich Vavilov of Russia and Sir Otto Frankel of Australia. Vavilov was one of the first scientists to recognize the value of genetic diversity in domesticated crop plants and their wild relatives to crop improvement. Perhaps his most lasting contribution was the identification of eight geographic areas, known as 'centres of diversity', that contain a large proportion of this diversity. Frankel was an early advocate of the importance of landraces for plant breeding. He also played a major role in raising international awareness of the urgency of conserving plant genetic resources. "During four months of training and research work under the instruction of my supervisors and laboratory staff, I learnt a lot and acquired important skills in a wide range of research areas. The training gave me a valuable opportunity to update my knowledge on plant breeding and to learn techniques in virology and plant genetic resources conservation and utilization." Research Title: Identification of the causal agent of mungbean yellow mosaic disease (MYMD) in Vietnam and resistance screening of the Vietnamese mungbean germplasm collection.

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5 Tips Stop the Biting Habit of Your Dog A dog’s lovable features make them a great friend, but unfortunately, most dogs also exhibit unacceptable habits, such as biting, which may cause their owners a great deal of embarrassment. In this article, you’ll learn in these 5 simple tips on how to teach your puppy not to bite. Dogs often resort to biting one another for a variety of reasons, including play, self-defense, and establishing dominance in the pack when they are upset by other animals or people. Dogs may be able to inflict minor injuries on one other by biting because to their thick skin, but humans are vulnerable to bites due to our lack of protective fat and to the sharpness of their teeth. Whether they’re trying to play, defend themselves, or assert their dominance in the household, it’s important that they know when and how to use their sharp teeth. Your dog’s biting behavior has to be controlled so that he doesn’t become a danger to others. Dog bites are a major health concern and should always be treated by a doctor. When to Start Dog Bite Prevention Training: If your dog bites, it’s best to put an end to the habit while he’s still a puppy, ideally before he turns six months old. Some owners of puppies excuse their pet’s biting behavior by saying it’s part of the normal course of play or that the puppy is teething, rather than seeing it as a severe behavioral issue that needs to be addressed. Whatever the cause of your dog’s biting behavior, it is your responsibility as a dog owner to put an immediate end to it so that you may teach your pet the proper behaviors and establish yourself as the pack leader. Every dog should be educated early on not to bite, as it is a very harmful behavior. Stop Your Dog’s Biting Habits: 1. Avoid rewarding your dog if he tries to mouth you The vast majority of dog bite victims are bitten by family pets or friends’ dogs. Biting is a common canine habit, but it may be prevented if you know how to stop your dog from behaving that way. Tell him it’s not okay for him to use his mouth or teeth to play with you or grab your attention. 2. Don’t hit or punish your dog Using physical force on your dog might make him fearful and more likely to act aggressively. If you wish to prevent your dog from biting other people or objects, yelling at and striking him is not an effective form of punishment. Instead, when he starts using his mouth or starts biting, stop playing with him, withdraw all attention, and take away all the things he enjoys most. 3. Maintain your dog’s good health Be proactive about keeping your dog healthy by getting him or her vaccinated against distemper and rabies. Avoiding skin and other ailments requires that he be free of fleas and ticks. Maintain his good health with a balanced diet. Your dog’s demeanour will change if his health declines. When a dog isn’t feeling well, it might get irritable and bite. Make sure your dog won’t use his illness as an excuse to bite if you wish to cease his biting behavior. 4. Educating your dog to engage with other canines (Socialization) One of the greatest methods to teach your dog the right conduct and put an end to bad behaviors like biting is to introduce him to new people gradually. Due of their sociable nature, dogs should never be left at home alone. An unsocialized dog is more likely to exhibit negative behaviors, such as aggression or danger. If you live in an area where there are dog-specific playgroups or kindergarten programmes, your pup can get the socialization he needs with other dogs and people. If your dog has a biting problem, you may assist him or her stop by exposing him or her to new social situations gradually. It’s important to gradually introduce your dog to new people and environments in a safe environment. If you want your dog to be happy and healthy, you need to give it safe things to do so. This will alleviate his discomfort from teething and teach him proper chewing habits. Also, this is a great way to keep your dog from becoming bored. An increase in undesirable behavior is common in bored dogs. Keeping him active and engaged prevents him from becoming bored and developing negative behaviors such as biting. Keep your dog occupied to prevent him from returning to his biting ways. 5. Be consistent in training your dog to stop biting: The key to successfully training your dog to behave is to be consistent with your instructions. Visitors to your home, including family and friends, should know that they are not permitted to ignore your dog’s tendency to bite. Your dog will become confused if some members of the household playfully allow him to gnaw or bite while others do not. In the event that he begins biting or chewing on unsuitable objects, instruct him to do so only on approved toys. If he bites down on the right things, be sure to tell him how great he is. With our 5 tips, we hope that you have a better understanding of why your dog might be biting and how to stop the biting behavior without resorting to punishment. Remember that all dogs are different, so it is important to take the time and effort necessary in order for them to learn what behaviors are acceptable or not. With patience and consistency, you can help your pup understand which actions will be rewarded with love and attention from their owners – an invaluable lesson for any dog! Read more here: 5 Dog Behavior Factors That Affect Dog Training at Home

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- Find s stickers and put on S - Color and assemble Letter S Book - Go to library and get S books - Put out S words (stove, shelf, soap, sink, stool, stairs…I highly recommend using masking or painting tape so nothing is ruined when you pull it off) - Streamer dancing: Tie streamers to wrists and put on a fan — I didn’t even put on music. She had so much fun dancing in front of the fan. - Video: Olive and the Rhyme Rescue Crew - Fill in S Outline and s Outline with: sprinkles and drew suns (Other options: salt, sand, string, straws, sticks, seeds, stamps, staples, stickers, squares, sequins, silver, silver glitter, sponge painting) - Draw with stencils - Play with sequencing puzzle we have (We have this one.) - Starfall Computer Activity - Video: Get Squiggling! - Spin (on tip toe, fast, slow, low) - Try “Sally Sells Seashells” tongue twister - Sound activity: feel throat while talking/singing and plug ears and sing/listen - Activity Sheet 1 - Activity Sheet 2 - Video: Sesame Street and the Letter S - Side steps (had a hard time with this), try skipping (not able to do this, but tries) - Letter to a friend whose name starts with S - Make a sound song: clap=star, stomps=squares, tongue click=circle…make a symbol to represent the sound, put down lines of symbols and then make the “song.” She liked this one. It was hard though. She really had to concentrate. But, she was really into it. She also made up sounds (ba, la, thatha) and we put them to numbers and she wrote a song, and we sang that. She even remembered them later on when she sang them to her dad. - Snowman: Draw circles in ascending sizes onto white paper. One circle for each letter of her name. Glue them from largest at the bottom to smallest at the top onto colored paper. Draw face, arms, hat, whatever they’d like. Using a white crayon, draw snow. (Can see it in the next picture. She used the same marker to color it in, so the letters disappeared. 🙂 ) - Activity Sheet 3 - Activity Sheet 4 - Gather up any toys (animals are especially great for this) that start with the letter. Create a centerpiece and display the items. (Those are apparently space beds…and those scissors were quite impressive and made at night with no help from the little one. I think my husband enjoys letter of the week as much as my daughter. 😉 And in case you didn’t notice, a squirrel at a steering wheel, a soldier on a scooter and a squirrel on stairs. 🙂 ) - S dinner (Silly S Supper) This was so much fun. She loved it. A lot! Appetizers and dinner were a surprise, but she helped make dessert.Appetizer: Strawberry “Drink”: I told her I had her strawberry drink, used a cup that wouldn’t show what was in it and a straw. I held it for her to drink out the straw first before letting her see what was in it. Hilarious! Cheese and crackers: cut up apple rectangles (that’s how we cut our cheese) and cheese circles. I called her over for cheese and crackers and she came over and called her dad, and then stopped in her tracks when she saw it. Toook her a second to figure out what it was. Super cute! Dinner: First course — spinach — I was going to make these cauliflower “wings,” but ran out of time. So, I scrounged in the fridge and saw spinach, but that isn’t very funny. So I served her a “drink” of spinach and just put it in a small glass. 🙂 She was not successful at drinking it, so I gave her a fork. By the way, I only separated the courses because the potatoes were taking a long time to cook, not because I’m fancy. 😉 2nd Course — Sausage Meatloaf Cupcake (half chicken sausage and half ground turkey, egg, mustard, thyme, carrots and peas…with a whipped mashed potato frosting. I put real sprinkles around hers. By the time I served it, she knew what it was, but I think she enjoyed the thinking it was cupcakes, then seeing them without frosting and being confused. And then figuring out in the dining room that the frosting was mashed potatoes. You’ll notice too, that the frosting doesn’t look very professional, but that’s exactly how any frosting would look if I made it…which I never do! Lol!) Dessert: Sushi and Sashimi (Sushi: caramel small rice cakes, tiny piece of dried mandarin orange and green apple fruit roll-up. The kind that’s in the produce department. That way, I only had to buy one. Sashimi: Marshmallow Treats from Trader Joes, dried mandarin oranges wrapped in green apple “seaweed.” They’re made with vegan marshmallows, so no unknown gelatin product. Yay! Here’s what they look like — don’t buy them here though, that’s way too expensive. They’re much cheaper in the store.) (Other options: smoked salmon, shepherd pie, snickerdoodles, sugar snap peas, sausage, sauerkraut, soup, steak, stew, sourdough, spaghetti, spaghetti squash, salami, seven layer dip , string beans, sweet potatoes, sandwiches, salsa, squash, stroganoff, scalloped potatoes, spumoni, shortcake, starfruit, sub sandwich, salad, sorbet, sweet and sour _________, samosas, scone, snow peas, sweet tea, Swiss cheese, Swiss roll, sun chips, Stromboli, stuffing) - Bible Story: Samson, Sarah, Samuel, Satan, Saul, Simon, Solomon, Stephen, Susanna All Letter of the Week Posts Click here for Alphabet Pinterest Board To see more themes and what my four year old learned this year, click here.

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The hot days of summer are here, and while it can feel great to soak up some sun, too hot days can create a real risk for those 65 and older. There are a few reasons for this: - As we age, our bodies don’t adjust as quickly to sudden changes in temperature. - Pre-existing conditions such as high blood pressure and heart and lung disease can upset the body’s normal response to heat. - Those in this age group are more likely to be taking regular medications, some of which can interfere with the body’s ability to regulate temperature. Whether you personally are at an increased risk for heat stroke or heat exhaustion, or you have a family member, friend or neighbour who might be, here is what you should watch for and how to respond. Symptoms of heat-related illnesses - Heat rash is a skin irritation caused by excessive sweating. It looks like a cluster of red pimples or small blisters and may be visible on the neck and upper chest and in the elbow creases. Heat rash can be treated by moving to a cooler, less humid environment, drying the affected area and applying unscented talcum powder. Avoid ointments and creams because they keep the skin warm and moist. - Dizziness and fainting due to heat are the results of reduced blood flow to the brain. Instead, blood flow increases to the skin and pools in the legs, and that can lead to a sudden drop in blood pressure. You may experience light-headedness before fainting. If someone is feeling dizzy or light-headed due to the heat, get them to a cooler area and have them lay down. Put a cool cloth over their forehead and have them rehydrate with water. - Heat exhaustion is a serious condition that can develop into heatstroke. Heat exhaustion comes on due to excessive sweating that reduces the volume of your blood. Warning signs include sweating, paleness, rapid heart rate, headache, nausea, and vomiting. Treatment for heat exhaustion includes removing the person from the heat, getting to a cooler location to lay down, increasing fluid intake, applying damp cloths to the skin, and seeking medical advice. - Heatstroke is a medical emergency that requires urgent attention. It occurs when the core body temperature rises above 40.5°C (104.9°F) and the body’s internal systems start to shut down. They may appear delirious or confused, stagger, have a fit, or even collapse and become unconscious. In the case of heatstroke call 911 immediately, get the person into a cooler area and have them lay down. Do not offer any fluids. If the person is unconscious, ensure they are laid on their side and their airway is kept clear. Amintro is the social app designed exclusively for those aged 50 plus. Membership is free and enables you to connect with like-minded individuals online and then meet with confidence face-to-face. It is a safe, easy, and effective way to increase your social engagement. By Christine Tompa

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We have all identified who we are and what our world is, whether we are aware of it or not. While our identity may seem static, objective, and given -- in truth it is fluid, subjective, and chosen. In every moment we can rediscover and recreate ourselves. From an Existential-Humanistic perspective, this change takes place when we discover that who we are in the moment is not congruent with how we have identified ourselves. We then have the opportunity to redefine ourselves in order to align with what is most true in the present. To do so, we may need to reinterpret what cannot be denied from our past (George Kelly, Ph.D.). We may also begin to re-envision who we want to be in the future in a more congruent way as we shift this part of our identity into what is authentic in the present. This is an ongoing process because our authentic identity changes throughout our life in response to the impact of our life experiences. For example, Bill views himself as someone who is nice and has a positive attitude. He sees the best in people and overlooks anything that is contrary to that view. Bill is good at pleasing people and he takes pride in that. No one’s feelings are going to get hurt on his watch. This is the identity he created as a result of a childhood in a chaotic family where there was too much mean-spiritedness, invalidation, and negativity. Bill was going to be different. This served him well as he grew up because it allowed him to feel more positive about his life. However, he is also aware of feeling exhausted and depressed at times, and is not sure why. He decides to see a therapist even though the idea is an uncomfortable one. He is a kind and positive person, so what is there to complain about? The Existential-Humanistic therapist facilitates Bill to explore all that goes on inside of him around his tiredness and depression right here, right now. Bill discovers how draining it is to be nice to everyone and to always be positive. He realizes that he actually feels one of his close friends is extremely narrow-minded. As a result, Bill considers whether he wants to talk to his friend about it or ignore it. He also becomes aware he has an impulse to tell his wife how much her family hurts him at family gatherings because they ignore him. These are awarenesses he hasn’t acknowledged. It shakes up his world. He questions whether he is a nice and positive person after all. He comes to the realization that he has choices. If he denies the awarenesses, he will keep the identity he has established intact, for it feels too scary for him to challenge it. This identity has allowed him to feel okay about himself, yet the price he pays for it is exhaustion and depression. If he accepts the awarenesses, he can be with the shakiness of these new found awarenesses and what they mean to him. He realizes he is not as nice and positive as he thought he was. In this realization, there is also relief. He doesn’t need to expend so much energy forcing himself to be nice and positive if he doesn’t feel that way. In being more genuine, both his exhaustion and depression will ease. He has changed his identity to one that fits him more now. He acknowledges that he is often a nice and positive person. Also, sometimes, he won’t be, and that is okay. He realizes having a range of feelings is part of being human. Being open to his range of feelings allows him to be engaged in more authentic relationships. He can choose to talk to his friend about his concerns and he no longer has to hide the fact that his wife’s family has hurt his feelings. While at times it is challenging, Bill much prefers this new way of being. Thus, the dance for all of us is our engagement with who we thought we were and the discovery of who we are now in the moment. This will allow us to modify our old identity to a more authentic identity. This wonderful and courageous process will hopefully continue throughout our lives.

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July 25, 2013 3D Printed Rocket Part Tests A Success Lee Rannals for redOrbit.com - Your Universe Online NASA has tested 3D printed rocket parts, showing that the future is bright for the less-expensive methodology.Engineers decided to try 3D printing rocket parts in order to help save NASA and the industry some money, as well as open up new affordable design possibilities for rockets and spacecraft. Now, NASA is saying that tests have shown these rocket engine parts are comparable to those made the old-fashioned way. NASA engineers at the Marshall Space Flight Center built two sub scale injectors with a specialized 3D printing machine and completed 11 main stage hot-fire tests, accumulating 46 seconds of total firing time at temperatures nearing 6,000 degrees Fahrenheit while burning liquid oxygen and gaseous hydrogen. "We saw no difference in performance of the 3-D printed injectors compared to the traditionally manufactured injectors," said Sandra Elam Greene, the propulsion engineer who oversaw the tests and inspected the components afterward. "Two separate 3-D printed injectors operated beautifully during all hot-fire tests." Engineers also tested a more complex assembly of 3D printed injector and thrust chamber liner made by Directed Manufacturing, Inc., of Austin, Texas. "Rocket engines are complex, with hundreds of individual components that many suppliers typically build and assemble, so testing an engine component built with a new process helps verify that it might be an affordable way to make future rockets," said Chris Singer, director of the Marshall Center's Engineering Directorate. "The additive manufacturing process has the potential to reduce the time and cost associated with making complex parts by an order of magnitude." Rocket injectors for early SLS acoustic tests took six months to fabricate, had four parts, five welds and detailed machining and cost more than $10,000 each. Engineers built the same injector in one piece by sintering Inconel steel powder with state-of-the-art 3D printer in just three weeks for less than $5,000. "It took about 40 hours from start to finish to make each injector using a 3-D printing process called selective laser melting, and another couple of weeks to polish and inspect the parts," explained Ken Cooper, a Marshall materials engineer whose team made the part. "This allowed the propulsion engineers to take advantage of an existing SLS test series to examine how 3-D printed parts performed compared to traditional parts with a similar design." NASA said the SLS injector tests are just one example of its efforts to fabricate and test 3D printed parts in relevant environments similar to those experienced during missions. The test series complements a series of liquid oxygen and gaseous hydrogen rocket assembly firings at NASA's Glenn Research Center, which tested an additively manufactured laser melted injector. "At NASA, we recognize ground-based and in-space additive manufacturing offer the potential for new mission opportunities, whether printing rocket parts, tools or entire spacecraft," Singer said. "Additive manufacturing will improve affordability from design and development to flight and operations, enabling every aspect of sustainable long-term human space exploration."

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1.How does a power plant work? 2. How does a generator work? 3. Do magnetic fields only exist at the poles of a magnet? Explain. 4. What is electromagnetic induction? 5. Why does lightening happen? 6. How does an electromagnet work? 7. If you have a circuit consisting of a battery and a wire, what two factors determine the amount of current in the circuit? 8. What happens to the current in a circuit when resistance increases and voltage stays the same?

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When Intel and AMD launch new processors, they compare the performance of the new generation processors with the previous one. Among single & multicore performance improvements, they also put a spotlight on the IPC performance improvement. But what exactly is the IPC of a CPU & why CPU manufacturers are highly focused on it? You should know about this because it plays a major role in boosting a CPU’s performance. And this article is all about explaining the IPC. So, without any delay, start wondering. What is a CPU IPC & How Does it Work? IPC or Instruction Per Clock is actually a metric that counts or measures the number of works a processor completes in each clocking time. That means the number of instructions a processor executes at a certain clock. That determines how one core performs based on the CPU frequency. The more improved IPC means the better the CPU is. That’s why two different generation processors might have the same clock speed, but there is a huge difference in performance. Modern-gen processors are so much faster, even though they share the same single-core clock speed as the older ones. So, what’s the catch here, and how two different processors with the same clock speed & core can outrun one another? The magic lies in the CPU micro-architectures and how those instructions are executed. Suppose, two persons were instructed to arrange 100 books on a shelf, and both have the same working speed. Even with the same speed, one person finished arranging those books within 15 minutes, whereas another one finished it in 10 minutes. So, how’s that possible? The trick is, the winner knows better how to arrange those books in a faster way. Similarly, two different processors with the same 3.2 GHz clock speed per core can outrun one another because of the higher IPC. Among these two, the CPU which has a better-optimized data execution algorithm & balanced architecture will execute all the instructions faster. IPC Working Procedures A CPU’s IPC works like a mechanism that helps two cores to communicate with each other. IPC handles the data sharing between cores and gives coordinates to achieve any task faster. That’s why a processor, with better IPC, can handle all the work between the cores more effectively. IPC can be designed in many ways, but the most common structure is the shared memory segment among the threads. Don’t get confused! Let me explain. When the CPU executes any instruction, it needs data. That’s why the first core requests the data from the shared memory, and the second core collects that data from the shared memory. Then, it passes that data to the first core. How CPU’s IPC is Calculated IPC calculation is achieved by running several codes, calculating the required number of machine-level instructions, and high-performance timers to count the required number of clock cycles to complete it on the main hardware. To simplify, divide the number of instructions executed by the number of the clock cycle within a specific time period. So, the IPC calculation formula is as follows: IPC = Number of instructions executed / Number of clock cycles. However, the CPU performance counters count the number of instructions that are executed, and the CPU clock frequency obtains the number of clock cycles. So, what’s the main goal of this IPC calculation? Well, from this, you can determine the executing instructions efficiency of a CPU. Hence, the digit of executed instruction per clock cycle isn’t consistent for a given processor. If you compare different IPC instruction sets, you’ll notice that even with a simpler instruction set, it is possible to achieve a higher IPC than a complex one. Is IPC More Important than Speed? Speed does matter if you compare two CPUs with the same architecture, but speed won’t be a factor when you are comparing two CPUs with different architectures. If you look at the recently launched AMD Ryzen Zen3 processors, it gained almost 19% uplift for better IPC than its previous Zen 2. Zen 2 came up with a 12 nm architecture, whereas Zen 3 changed the game by landing the processor market with a 7 nm. Well, there are major factors for IPC uplift, which are as follows: - Better cache prefetching - Execution engine - Brunch prediction - Micro-op Cache - Front end AMD’s Zen 3-based Ryzen 5-5600X processor outperforms Zen 2-based Ryzen 5-3600X with its higher IPC when all six cores are locked at 4 GHz. That’s why IPC is a fact over clock speed. Moreover, the CPU’s architecture is also a fact in delivering higher performance. That’s why architecture is important, and it’s changing constantly. By any means, if you are curious to know your current CPU’s architecture, you can know that through some methods. Which CPUs Have Higher IPC? Recently, Intel launched its 13th gen Raptor Lake, which outperforms AMD’s 7000 series by a massive margin. Along with core count, Intel also uplifts the IPC, that’s where Intel flips the coin and changes the game against AMD. So, IPC improvement makes Intel the king again. Before launching the i9-13900K, AMD’s Ryzen R9 7950X was the king of ultimate performance by surpassing every other same-level processor. But don’t misjudge the 7950X, it lost to 13900K after a head-to-head battle. Both these processors have higher clock speeds & IPC. These processors can deliver top-level performance while gaming. After these two, intel’s 12th gen core i9-12900K has a higher IPC too. Now, let me show you the benchmark of the IPC test of these three mentioned processors. Here is the benchmark of IPC test between i9-13900k, Ryzen R9 7950X, and i9-12990k in a graph: So, from this IPC benchmark test with Cinebench, you can clearly see which one has the higher IPC. Pros & Cons of Using CPUs IPC IPC is important for measuring CPU performance because it measures the time taken for two different methods to communicate with each other on the same processor. The technique for communicating with each other is more responsive for a CPU with a higher IPC. As you know, IPC can measure the number of work done by the process in a CPU. Plus, it helps with instruction optimization and bottleneck detection. But it has both merits & demerits. Let’s get into the pros of IPC first. Below are a few pros of using CPU IPC: - IPC optimizes coding performance. - A CPU with a higher IPC minimizes the load on the system. - Along with speed, it provides stability for applications. So, these are the few positive sides of IPC, but nothing comes with perfection. That’s why using IPC comes with some demerits. Why not put a light on that too? The followings are some cons or drawbacks of using CPU IPC: - IPC can sometimes slow down the entire performance. - Without improper implementation, IPC may lead to code vulnerabilities. - Developing custom code libraries to utilize IPC takes time and lots of money. - IPC may cause communication problems between threads and trigger instability. - It’s difficult to debug IPC’s bugs. So, these are the pros & cons of using IPC on CPUs. I hope you got all the points clearly. Remember, higher IPC will improve a CPU’s performance for sure. But you have to count the clock speed too because GHz is a matter in terms of delivering higher performance. How to calculate my CPU IPC? To calculate your CPU’s IPC, you must divide the number of instructions executed by the number of the clock cycle within a specific time period. How to calculate CPU times using IPC? You can calculate CPU times using IPC with a simple formula, and that is, CPU Time = IC * CPI / Clock Rate. Here, IC = Instruction Count of a Program, CPI = Cycles Per Instruction. Does Higher GHz mean a faster CPU? A CPU with higher GHz is faster, and it’s true when you’re comparing the same brands and the same generation’s CPUs. IPC or Instructions per clock is crucial when you want the best performance from a processor. In this article, I have explained all the significant facts about CPU’s IPC, including their working procedures and why it is sometimes crucial over the CPU’s clock speed. Therefore, now you have a clearer understanding of IPC. If you need more info, ask me in the comment box below. Have fun learning new things!

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WASHINGTON — The judgment against Congolese former rebel commander Germain Katanga marked a milestone for the International Criminal Court (ICC). For the first time in its 12 years, the court ruled on charges of sexual violence, although the result was disappointing, barely a whimper. The ICC found Katanga guilty of crimes against humanity and war crimes including murder and pillage in the eastern Congolese village of Bogoro. It acquitted him on all charges of rape and sexual slavery. Katanga’s conviction is an important step toward greater accountability for mass atrocity. But his acquittal of rape and sexual slavery reinforces a long-standing gap in international criminal justice and signals a hard truth that extends beyond what happened in Bogoro: the court is failing to adequately address sexual and gender-based crimes. Sexual and gender-based violence in armed conflict is a global epidemic. Widespread impunity has allowed it to continue. Rebel and army commanders use systematic rape and sexual enslavement as a military strategy to instill fear, rupture social networks and establish control. The impact of these crimes causes ripple effects that extend beyond the battlefield and include trauma, displacement and life-threatening disease. The ICC found that rape and sexual slavery were part of the brutal Bogoro attacks. In their ruling, the court said the attacks even rose to the level of war crimes and crimes against humanity. The court could not find Katanga responsible, however, because prosecutors were unable to show that these particular acts of brutality were tied to the criminal purpose driving the attack. Prosecuting sexual violence as a war crime is uniquely challenging and requires targeted expertise and funding. Physical evidence of rape is difficult to obtain for rape cases anywhere. In a context like eastern Congo, bereft of adequate health facilities where data can be collected, it is nearly impossible. Moreover, survivors and witnesses face reprisal attacks and severe stigma for testifying or even sharing information with investigators. Yet their testimony and cooperation is often the lynchpin of a successful case. If survivors and witnesses are afraid to testify or harmed for doing so, the strength of evidence will suffer. Dropped charges and acquittals for sexual violence will go on, entrenching the taboo and invisibility that surrounds and perpetuates these crimes. Investigators and prosecutors need more sophisticated protections in remaining anonymous, gender-sensitive investigation and deposition training, and funding for better relocation and emergency medical care for survivors who assist investigations. The court also needs to add staff with expertise in sexual violence-related trauma, rights-based protective measures and investigating sexual violence perpetrated by organized criminal networks. The ICC’s chief prosecutor, Fatou Bensouda, has recently increased her commitment to improving the court’s approach to sexual and gender-based violence. Her office is currently drafting new policies to strengthen sexual violence investigations and prosecutions. But the court is only as strong as the commitment of its member states. Bensouda needs the finances, experts and political support necessary to refine and implement her new plan. Member states should encourage the new initiative and contribute earmarked support to the court to provide the staff, training, and equipment necessary to execute it. The United States must also support the court’s renewed approach. Despite its failure to join the ICC, the US has found ways in recent years to improve the court’s arrest strategies and it should do the same to advance sexual violence prosecutions. The State Department recently extended its “Rewards for Justice” program to certain ICC indictments, offering to pay up to five million dollars in exchange for information leading to the arrest of some of the ICC’s most wanted. It has dispatched military advisors and equipment to assist the Ugandan army and African Union forces find and apprehend Joseph Kony, who was under indictment by the ICC. The Obama administration should show the same commitment to prosecuting sexual violence in armed conflict as it does to arresting war criminals. It can do so by helping the court improve investigation equipment, protection measures, training, and cooperation with host governments to end impunity for rape and other gender-based crimes. Trials like Katanga’s deliver a robust measure of justice to victims and remind the world’s worst criminals that their day of judgment looms large. But without high-level convictions for sexual violence in armed conflict, rape and sexual slavery will continue, leaving destructive legacies of psychological trauma, fractured communities and fear. With the support of the international community, the court should address the issue with urgency and sophistication, never again casting sexual violence off as a side effect of war. Holly Dranginis is a policy associate at the Enough Project, an organization that fights to end genocide and crimes against humanity, focused on areas where some of the world’s worst atrocities occur.

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British Airways will experiment with food leftovers and household waste to make jet fuel, writes Nick Galvin. If all goes to plan, by 2014 you could find yourself aboard a British Airways flight powered by lawn clippings, food leftovers and other waste. The airline has announced plans to set up what it claims is the first ''sustainable jet-fuel plant in Europe'' to power part of its fleet. The plant, in east London, will take 500,000 tonnes of domestic and municipal waste each year and convert it into jet kerosene. ''Domestic waste is pretty good as it has got a high biomass content,'' says the airline's head of environment, Jonathon Counsell. ''Food waste is perfect.'' Initially, the waste is heated to very high temperatures to break it down into hydrogen and carbon monoxide, then those molecules are rebuilt into jet fuel using a chemical reaction know as the Fischer-Tropsch process. ''It is basically jet fuel,'' Counsell says. ''The only thing that is different is the source material. What we have made is exactly the same molecules as jet fuel so it performs in exactly the same way. What we have improved is the source - it has come from biomass as opposed to refining crude oil.'' The technology employed at the plant has been around for a long time, so Counsell is confident it will work. He says the main purpose behind the project is to learn about the economics of using waste to power planes. This announcement from British Airways is the latest effort by the aviation industry to improve - or in some cases be seen to improve - its disastrous environmental performance. Biofuel made from crops such as wheat or sugar cane has been touted as one solution but has come in for heavy criticism for diverting resources from the production of food crops. British Airways claims its process gets around this by using feedstock waste that would otherwise have gone to landfill. There is the added benefit of not allowing the waste to rot and produce methane, a potent greenhouse gas. Environmental critics argue the aviation industry's efforts with biofuels, which also include attempts to make fuel from algae, are largely intended merely to polish their green credentials. The main game, they say, should be reducing the number of flights and switching travellers to ''greener'' transport such as high-speed rail. Greenpeace says it has ''serious concerns that faith in biofuels as a silver bullet for climate change is a dangerous distraction from rising emissions from the aviation industry''. British Airways' biomass plant will provide, at best, only 2 per cent of the airline's annual 302 million-litre fuel requirement. But Counsell argues the experience gained from running the relatively small plant will allow the airline to figure out how to scale up production in future. In the end, Counsell says, airlines will never eliminate carbon emissions, which means airfares will inevitably rise as the price of carbon is factored into the cost of flying. ''We have to pay for our carbon emissions,'' Counsell says, ''and the customer will decide … based on what the new price of travel becomes, whether they want to fly or not.''

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All the dramatic exposés and denouncements about the production and consumption of bear bile have done nothing to shake the popular belief that it is a medicinal panacea, a survey has found. Conservationists have called for Vietnam to strengthen awareness campaigns to dispel this ingrained belief, and to promote the use of officially-recognized herbal alternatives. Of around 3,000 people surveyed in three major Vietnamese cities, 22 percent reported having used bear bile in the past while 13 percent admitted they had tried it over the last two years, says the latest survey by Education for Nature-Vietnam, a local non-governmental organization. The survey, results of which were released Tuesday (November 23), interviewed respondents in Hanoi, Da Nang and Ho Chi Minh City to analyze motivation and attitudes toward bear bile consumption. "It's disappointing that widespread use of bear bile has continued in Vietnam, despite alternatives being available and a ban being in place," said Chris Gee, wildlife programs manager of the World Society for the Protection of Animals. It is illegal in Vietnam to hunt, kill, transport, buy, or sell either bear species or their parts and derivatives, including bear bile. Seventy-three percent of the respondents said they believed that bear bile is mainly used to treat specific health problems, while 24 percent thought it is also used for general health improvement. In Vietnam, bear bile has been touted as a cure-all for a slew of health problems including muscle complaints, bruises, digestive problems and even cancer. The survey also found that well-educated people are more likely to use bear bile than those with lower education levels. Bear bile consumption also rises with age and the use of bear bile is different between age groups, it added. "Overall, the survey confirmed our suspicion that the older and more affluent population tend to use bear bile more than the younger generation," said Tuan Bendixsen, Vietnam director of Animals Asia Foundation, a Hong Kong-based conservation group which seeks to eliminate cruelty to animals. "People with higher education levels tend to have better jobs, therefore more money to spend on bile. Also, they have better access to information or know how to access them and are thus more aware of the product," Bendixsen said. Among Hanoians, 35 percent said they have used bear bile in the past, while only 16 percent of those in HCMC and 15 percent in Da Nang said that they have tried the product. The study's authors urged the Vietnamese government to heighten awareness and promote medical alternatives to bear bile and its ineffectiveness as reported by former users. "It is clear that, across Vietnam, herbal alternatives are already being used by many," said Gee of the World Society for the Protection of Animals. Stronger laws and effective enforcement is critical to phase out bear farming and eliminate bear bile consumption in Vietnam, the survey authors said. In 2005, the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development issued a directive on phasing out bear farming in Vietnam through attrition, permitting owners to keep their bears but prohibiting the acquisition of new bears. Farmers who already had captive bears were allowed to maintain them as tourist attractions. Thanks to this legal loophole, some bear farms continue to extract bile and sell it to Korean and Chinese visitors. Bile is regularly extracted from the bears' gall bladders, in an agonizing procedure for the animals, for use in traditional medicine and also for entertainment purposes. Usually, between 100-120ml is withdrawn at a time and sold for between $3 and $6 per milliliter. Around 3,500 bears are being farmed in Vietnam, concentrated mostly in the north. "We need to make a tough choice," said Vu Thi Quyen, founding director of Education for Nature-Vietnam (ENV) and author of the survey. "Vietnam can't have its bears and bear bile too." "But ultimately, it's like the drug trade without approaching the issue of demand from consumers, we really cannot win this battle," said Douglas Hendrie, ENV's technical advisor. As Seoul hosted the G20 summit earlier this month, animal rights campaigners used the opportunity to drive home the message that the farming of bears for their bile is something that could discredit the nation. South Korea, where some 1,200 bears are being farmed, is one of a few countries in the world to legalize bear farming. The other countries are Vietnam and China. "Our national image is being harmed and we are trying to resolve the situation," Choi Jong-won, an official at the Korean Environment Ministry, was quoted by BBC News as saying on November 7. "But the bears are private property and it's difficult to abolish the practice overnight." Secretly filmed footage at a bear farm in a northern Vietnamese province broadcast last month by Korean Broadcasting System (KBS), the largest of four television networks in South Korea, has succeeded in heightening awareness of the issue of bear bile farming in the prosperous peninsula, conservationists said. The film featured people tasting the bile and tourists purchasing bear bile products from the farm. "We experienced the impact of the exposure during an awareness demonstration held shortly afterwards and found that the exposé had alerted many previously oblivious Seoul residents to the existence and horrific nature of the practice," said Kelly Frances McKenna, founder of Bear Necessity Korea, a conservation group campaigning for the rights of Asiatic Black Bears. "We heard testimony from professionals in the travel industry that such tours were becoming scarce because of the negative attention," McKenna said. ENV's Hendrie said his people were in the process of adding Vietnamese subtitles to the KBS film and will distribute it to Vietnamese senior lawmakers and relevant ministries shortly. "We are trying to use this film to highlight the fact that this activity is still going on [in Vietnam] despite all our efforts," Hendrie said. "Everybody tries to stop it but the bear farmers just don't care. The laws apply to everyone else, not to them."

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The origins of nation music might be present in southern Appalachian with fiddle recordings made at the end of 1910. How it helps: Music works on the autonomic nervous system – the part of the nervous system chargeable for controlling our blood stress, heartbeat and mind function – and also the limbic system – the part of the brain that controls feelings and emotions. This German-language online bibliography has protection again to 1936, together with monographs, master’s theses and doctoral dissertations, articles and opinions from journals, Festschriften, conference proceedings, yearbooks, anthologies, and essays from essential experiences. Evolutionary speculations have tended to concentrate on single-source causes reminiscent of music as an indicator of biological fitness, music as a method for social and emotional communication, music as social glue, music as a way of facilitating caretaker mobility, music as a way of tempering anxiousness about mortality, music as escapism or transcendental that means, music as a supply of pleasure, and music as a means for passing time. In addition to material by Alexander Malcolm (1685-1763) which had appeared within the 1781-6 version of Chambers’s Cyclopadia, 5 it’s recognized that Burney made intensive use in his Rees articles of the writings of previous authors: Rousseau , Jean-Benjamin de La Borde , Giovanni Battista Martini , Johann Christoph Pepusch , Sébastien de Brossard and so forth. Recognizably musical actions seem to have been current in every recognized tradition on earth, with historical roots extending back 250,000 years or more (see Zatorre and Peretz, 2001 ). The ubiquity and antiquity of music has impressed appreciable hypothesis relating to its origin and function.

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The ancients of antiquity put in place foundations for long term, settled society. Unlike today’s abstract rationalism and holistic incoherence, ancient societies recognized a home and best fit for everything at each level of organization. Degree of importance ascended to the highest levels approaching whole system in scope and beyond – that which they believed made all systems possible. As components, individuals were less important, depending upon where they fit within the structure. Compared to present societies constantly reinventing themselves in political and economic upheaval, past civilizations were stable for the long term. Maybe they were better organized because their concepts for human settlement were aligned with reality, which is how nature works. The muslims teach of greater and lesser struggle, maintaining first the inside and then the outside. Maintenance against disorganization or decay is probably the best way to understand this struggle. We need our own strength, ideas and inner drive before we can effectively engage with the world at the next level of organization. If we are exhausted or scatterbrained, the world will have its way with us instead. This is how survival of the fittest works. The inner jihad or warfare seen spiritually and esoterically can be considered therefore as the key for the understanding of the whole spiritual process, and the path for the realization of the One which lies at the heart of the Islamic message seen in its totality. The Islamic path towards perfection can be conceived in the light of the symbolism of the greater jihad to which the Prophet of Islam, who founded this path on earth, himself referred. Confucius spoke of an hierarchal organization for civilization. Individuals are at the most basic level and the whole cosmos is at the most complex level. Similar to the idea of jihad, struggle, or maintenance, Confucius would have us put in order our most basic level of organization, ourselves, prior to moving on to the next level in complexity, a group of us. To put the world right in order, we must first put the nation in order; to put the nation in order, we must first put the family in order; to put the family in order, we must first cultivate our personal life; we must first set our hearts right. Combining the Islamic and Confucian concepts, we now have a comprehensive model for organizing ourselves as a stable, coherent whole. This is possible if everyone, like musicians in an orchestra, is on the same sheet of music. |Order||Greater struggle||Lesser struggle| |1.||set our hearts right||personal life| Modern individualism, the people power of a democracy and the chaos of laissez faire markets are clearly incompatible with a structured civilization having a long term purpose. No culture and therefore no goal more meaningful than the next stock update or street protest is possible without everyone pulling in the same direction. Perhaps more than anyone else, Libertarians will have a difficult time with this concept. It is as if they have correctly perceived a snapshot of the process at work, at the individual struggle level, but more complex organization for them is not ‘fair play’. When Tyrants, with their own ideas of ‘fair play’, such as Mandatory Equality, hurl the Have Nots in all their millions against such individuals, will the inconsonant Libertarians prevail? If we choose to extend this analogy, we would also consider that the orchestra is led by a conductor, who serves as the focal point from which the actions of each individual musician is reflected back into the group. The conductor himself is by no means the source of the music; he is merely a spiritual leader who guides the energy of the movements a symphony. Further still, we could suppose that the conductor has arranged the piece with care to faithfully convey the original emotion that composer had projected through what are ultimately nothing more than mathematical and physical phenomena which, when placed in a certain pattern or series, results in aesthetic appeal. What we see here, and what can be gleaned from this ideal, is an appeal to order. And, if we trace the hierarchy up through to its ultimate reality, we may find that each of us inherently participates in this appeal to order by placing our trust in something greater than us. If each of us were to submit a point of ignorance to a greater authority, which is the essential logic behind the structure of class or caste, then the chain will continue until it has reached its termination an appeal to Nature and all of its Laws. The defining principle of any ideal is to seek something with internal validity and consistency–what greater exemplar than the ineffable reliability of Nature!?

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NO. 34 DATE 08/01/00 By: John E. Gross CSIRO Davies Laboratory Queensland, Australia The twelfth in a series of 13, Session 4 Most free-ranging horse populations in the United States inhabit Bureau of Land Management (BLM) lands and the BLM is mandated to manage these herds. Wild horse populations have the ability to rapidly increase in size, and land managers are thus faced with the need to control the size of a rapidly increasing population. Because the management objective for many horse populations is small (<150 horses), there are also concerns about the long-term genetic viability of these small populations. Managers are thus faced with conflicting needs to minimize population size to control habitat damage or forage use, and to maximize population size to preserve genetic variation. To evaluate consequences of population control strategies that used contraception, periodic removals, or a combination of the two, I developed a population viability model that simulated population dynamics and changes in genetic variation and applied the model to horses on the Pryor Mountain Wild Horse Range. Simulated management actions were applied to horses that were young, old, or a random selection from the population. Computer simulations were used to evaluate management alternatives that included changes in population objective (AML), contraceptive treatment, and removals. Management actions (contraception and/or removal) focused on treatment/removal of young horses, old horses, or a random selection of individuals. Population responses included average population size, variation in population size, population age structure, growth rate, changes in genetic variation (heterozygosity), and loss of alleles. Model results showed that simulated control strategies had striking differences in terms of population structure and persistence of genetic diversity. When comparing contraceptives to removal, it was found that use of contraceptives can greatly reduce the variation in yearly population size, and average population sizes remained much closer to the objective. However, population growth rate is relatively insensitive to low levels of infertility, and there are sharp contrasts between the dynamics of populations controlled by harvest or contraception. With contraception, populations can increase rapidly if a high level of infertility is not achieved, but population size declines slowly because natural mortality is typically low. In contrast, removals permit managers to rapidly reduce population size, modify sex ratio, or adjust the age structure of the population. For most wild horse populations, about 70% of all reproductively active females will need to be maintained in an infertile state to achieve a stable population size. For the conditions simulated, the age of animal treated had a huge impact on the rate of loss of genetic variation. Control strategies that delayed the age of first reproduction, such as contraception or removal of young animals, greatly reduced loss of genetic variation. In contrast, strategies that emphasized reproduction by young animals (contraception or removal of old horses) increased the rate of loss of genetic diversity. To retain genetic diversity, a particularly poor suggestion is to permit a horse to reproduce and then rendering it infertile. These effects result from changes in generation time rate of loss of genetic variation is directly proportional to generation time, and strategies that increase generation time (e.g., delaying reproduction) reduce the rate of loss of genetic resources. For the sizes of populations simulated (AML of 90 to 180 horses), the age of treatment had a greater effect than an overall change in AML (total population size). Regardless of control strategy, genetic variation is lost much more slowly if young animals are treated (e.g., removed or rendered temporarily infertile). The most practical control program will likely involve both contraceptives and periodic removals. Contraceptives can reduce growth rate and are likely to be cost-effective, while removals permit managers to rapidly adjust sex ratio, age structure, or overall population size. If single-year contraceptives are used to maintain infertility, a very intensive management program will be necessary. In small populations, changes in the age of horses treated will likely have more impact on loss of genetic variation than changes in the number of horses in the population. John E. Gross, PhD. CSIRO Davies Laboratory PMB Aitkenvale Queensland, 4814 Australia phone 61 7 4753 8509 fax 61 7 4753 8600 Return to Resource Notes Index Search | Browse | BLM Home | DOI Home | Feedback | Sitemap Products & Services | NSTC Directory | Organization Chart | S & T Project Review Board | BLM Library | Resource Notes Air Quality | Engineering | Ecosystem Modeling | GIS | Wildfire P.O. Box 25047 Bldg. 50, Denver Federal Center Denver, Colorado 80225-0047 FAX (303) 236-6450 Before continuing, please read this disclaimer and Point of contact for technical issues: You are visitor since xx/xx/xxxx.

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Jump to navigation Jump to search See also: korean - Corean (obsolete) Korean (not comparable) - Of or relating to the Asian Peninsula comprising North Korea and South Korea. - Of or relating to the Korean language. relating to the Korean Peninsula - (uncountable) Official language of the people residing on the Korean Peninsula, and language of approximately 60 million people, in Asia, North America, and elsewhere. - (countable) Designation given to the indigenous or naturalized people occupying the Korean Peninsula on the Asian continent, in either North Korea or South Korea. - Wiktionary's coverage of Korean terms - Appendix:Korean Swadesh list for a Swadesh list of basic vocabulary words in Korean

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Pain in the English offers proofreading services for short-form writing such as press releases, job applications, or marketing copy. 24 hour turnaround. Learn More Joined: August 23, 2011 Comments posted: 1 Votes received: 1 No user description provided. Wow, this is quite a thread! This discussion started with the proper way to answer a phone when saying "This is she/her." Is there something special about the word "this"? For example, is there anyone who would claim that the following is correct? "Who is Jane?""That is she." Can we all agree that that question is more properly answered "That is her"? Why, then, does it become an issue when you are referring to yourself with "this"? The two cases seem identical to me. If these cases are different, why are they? If they are the same, then would anyone argue that the rules of copulative verbs and nominative cases and such would indicate that, when pointing out another person, one should say "That is she"? August 23, 2011, 9:25am ©2016 CYCLE Interactive, LLC.All Rights Reserved.

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STRESS AWARENESS MONTH STRESS AWARENESS MONTH It’s hard to believe the novel coronavirus began sweeping the nation almost one year ago. In the blink of an eye the entire world was turned upside down. Shelves went bare in grocery stores, businesses closed, jobs were lost, and social distancing became the “new normal”. Many people were forced to find creative solutions to work from home while also caring for their family. All of these factors created the perfect storm for life to feel very heavy and stressful. During the pandemic, about 4 in 10 adults in the U.S. have reported symptoms of anxiety or depressive disorder. This number was previously lower, averaging about 1 in 10 adults who reported the same symptoms in 2019. A recent poll from the Kaiser Family Foundation (KFF) in July 2020 found that many adults are reporting specific negative impacts on their mental health and well-being, such as difficulty sleeping (36%), increases in alcohol consumption or substance use (12%), and worsening chronic conditions (12%), due to worry and stress over the coronavirus. TINNITUS & STRESS Clinically, more patients seem to be reporting an increase in tinnitus (noises in the ears) since the pandemic started. However, this isn’t surprising, considering stress is known to have an effect on tinnitus. With all of the additional burdens and stress people are facing, it’s no coincidence their tinnitus decided to resurface. At the present moment, there is no formal data that suggests contracting the coronavirus leads to hearing loss or tinnitus. However, many studies have demonstrated that tinnitus is exacerbated by factors such as stress, lack of sleep, and unhealthy diet. Heavy alcohol consumption or large quantities of caffeine are also thought to negatively impact tinnitus. Additional daily worries with managing the family, job security, and interpersonal relationships have increased stress and negative feelings. Not to mention anxieties about contracting the virus or spreading it to someone you care about. Throughout the pandemic, it’s safe to say many people have found themselves relating to at least one or several of these factors mentioned. Many people find coping with tinnitus to be very challenging. There are products sold on the internet that make claims to “get rid of tinnitus”, but many of these supplements are not evidence based or clinically proven to work. In fact, some of the most important strategies to help manage tinnitus come from retraining your brain and learning to manage stress…which is certainly easier said than done! LESS STRESS, PLEASE! So what can be done to help reduce stress? April is Stress Awareness Month, and who doesn’t benefit from strategies to keep our mental and emotional health in tip top shape? Listed below are some ideas suggested by the CDC to help cope with stress: - EAT HEALTHY: Nourish the body with wholesome, healthy foods. Avoid large quantities of alcohol or caffeine. - EXERCISE: Spring has sprung (hopefully in your area!), so get outside and move your body. Sunshine and fresh air do wonders for the mind. Exercise boosts energy levels and releases endorphins that can help improve your mood. - TAKE A BREAK: Hit pause on those social media platforms that keep you mindlessly scrolling. Give yourself permission to take a break from negative or biased media sources. - BE MINDFUL: Practice yoga, stretch, or meditate! Some of these things may not come naturally at first, but practice makes perfect. - UNWIND: Find an activity or hobby you enjoy. Learning a new skill can be a positive, fun outlet. - STAY CONNECTED: Check in on family and friends with phone calls, texts, FaceTime, Zoom, etc. Technology is a blessing and a wonderful way to stay connected, especially during times of social distancing. - SEEK HELP: Do not be afraid to talk to someone about how you’re feeling. Seek help and guidance from a trained professional if needed. Let’s kick stress and jump into the spring season feeling refreshed! Implementing simple self-care steps can seem small and insignificant, but truly make a difference. By creating healthy habits we can positively influence our mental and emotional well being. If you feel burdened by stress or are suffering from tinnitus, please contact our office. Our job is to walk through this with you and help provide solutions to improve your quality of life! Baigi A, Oden A, Almlid-Larsen V, Barrenas ML, Holgers KM. (2011) Tinnitus in the General Population With a Focus on Noise and Stress – A Public Health Study. Ear & Hearing. 32(6):787-789. Canlon, B., Theorell, T., & Hasson, D. (2013). Associations between stress and hearing problems in humans. Hearing Research, 295, 9–15. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2019). Stress and Coping. Accessed on February 24, 2021. Marshall D. (2020) Taking Care of Your Mental Health in the Face of Uncertainty. Accessed on February 24, 2021. Nirmita Panchal, Rabah Kamal, and Feb 2021. “The Implications of COVID-19 for Mental Health and Substance Use.” KFF, 10 Feb. 2021, www.kff.org/coronavirus-covid-19/issue-brief/the-implications-of-covid-19-for-mental-health-and-substance-use/. Pan T, Tyler R, Ji H, Coelho C, Gogel S. Differences among patients that make their tinnitus worse or better. Am J Audiol. (2015) 24:469–76. doi: 10.1044/2015_AJA-15-0020 Vindegaard N, Benros M. COVID-19 pandemic and mental health consequences: systematic review of the current evidence. Brain Behav Immun. (2020) 89:531–42. doi: 10.1016/j.bbi.2020.05.048

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Here’s a little basic math, that most of us can easily grasp, that clearly demonstrates the fact that unemployment in America is being inaccurately reported. Based on Labor Force Statistics from the Current Population Survey provided by the Bureau of Labor Statistics for April (seasonally adjusted) there are currently 155,421,000 people in the American workforce. WASHINGTON (CBSDC/AP) — Despite the unemployment rate plummeting, more than 92 million Americans remain out of the labor force. The amount (not seasonally adjusted) of Americans not in the labor force in April rose to 92,594,000, almost 1 million more than the previous month. If the American workforce totals 155,421,000, and you subtract the 92,000,000 of us that are actually out of work, you get the real unemployment rate of 59%! This is more than double the peak unemployment rate of The Great Depression, which was approximately 25%! How can the unemployment rate be “plummeting” with so many of us out of work? Why would the unemployment figures be reported in the 6% range on a constant basis, if this was true? We’ll leave that “math” for you to do.

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The Four Levels of Speech are a fundamental detail that underlies the Vedic perspective. It is the nature of how the world comes to be. 4 distinct levels of speech: Para – absolute, Self, totality Pashyanti – first impulse, faint feeling but undifferentiated, flow Madhyama – ‘middle one’ – sound on level of mind Vaikhari – fully expressed speech, vocal cords. This was formerly a longer post but I plan to write a more comprehensive article later.

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Beijing; An earth observation satellite jointly developed by China and Brazil that will help in crop estimation and survey of geological disasters was today put into operation. The China-Brazil Earth Resource Satellite-04 (CBERS-04) was sent into orbit on December 7 last year. Tests on the satellite's application and operational systems during orbit were found to meet the general requirements of the design, China's State Administration of Science, Technology and Industry for National Defence said. The satellite was developed by China's Academy of Space Technology and Brazil's National Institution of Space Research. It can cover terrain the size of China in 26 days and provide images of medium solution, state-run Xinhua news agency reported. Data from the satellite will be used in crop estimate, survey of geological disasters and other fields, and will be provided to African and Latin American countries for free, the administration said. China and Brazil signed the satellite cooperation agreement in 1988. The two countries have sent three earth resource satellites into orbit in 1999, 2003 and 2007, respectively. Earth observation satellites are satellites specifically designed for Earth observation from orbit, similar to spy satellites but intended for non-military uses.

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PROFESSIONAL HYGIENE FOR CHILDREN Children under 9 years old have their teeth cleaned with special pastes and brushes. For children older than 9, AirFlow stain removal system is applied, with the use of fine sodium bicarbonate particles. PROFESSIONAL HYGIENE FOR ADULTS During adult patient's first visit, bacterial culture samples are taken from their oral cavity and a periodontal chart is created. Bacterial swab test gives a possibility to analyze the microflora of the oral cavity which causes inflammation and find a way to cure it. Periodontal chart will help to track the dynamics of periodontal tissues. METHOD: ULTRASONIC SCALING Solid supragingival dental deposits are being removed. The procedure itself is pain-free, but in some cases, when the patient is experiencing discomfort, SonicFlex air scaler is used. Ultrasound has a destructive effect on bacteria, leaving the surface almost sterile. This system has a wide range of tips, suitable for working both under and over the gum, or with implants. METHOD: PROPHYFLEX AIR POLISHING DEVICE Cleaning with Prophyflex system and a special powder based on chalk. Powder combined with water and air rolls across tooth surfaces under pressure. This method allows not only to clean the teeth in hard-to-access areas but also smoothly polish them. The powder is non-allergenic and non-toxic and has rounded edges which cause no damage to enamel or soft tissues. The final stage of prophylaxis is polishing with brushes and pastes of different abrasiveness which polish to a shine and saturate them with fluoride. Frequency of the procedure is determined individually and depends on the condition of the oral cavity of a patient. Some people need therapeutic and preventive procedures once in three months, but for most of the people, it's enough to have 1-2 sessions a year.

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Modern transport relies on a wide range of invisible yet essential lubricants. But moving people and cargo with cars, trucks, planes and ships has a huge impact on our planet’s health. Our industry has to ask itself a big question – what can we do to make transport more sustainable and combat climate change? First, the cold, hard facts. According to the European Commission, transport is responsible for nearly a quarter of the EU’s greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. This makes it the second biggest emitting sector – after energy. And there is more: despite all the efforts to make the industry more sustainable, its contributions to total greenhouse gas emissions increased by 33% between 1990 and 2007. In contrast, other sectors reduced their share by 15%. Lowering these numbers for transport is a challenge that calls for immediate action. Understanding the challenge to lower emissions Until now, every generation of humans has increased its resource use. This is a challenge for the lubricant and base oil industry, as the raw materials it uses – mostly crude oil – are not renewable. Additionally, fossil-based fuels are the main source of increased levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. Climate change – and the dangers associated with it – are pushing industries worldwide to act, and the lubricant and base oil industry should do the same. As a matter of fact, some steps have already been taken towards sustainable development, as Apu Gosalia, VP of Sustainability (CSO) & Global Intelligence, FUCHS PETROLUB SE explains: “Generally, our lubricants industry reduces more CO2-emissions with its finished products in the use phase at customers’ applications, than it actually produces in making these products. Thus, it is important that we start working toward measuring, managing and modifying impacts and optimization potentials at every point in our process and value chain. This will be one of the tasks in our recently launched UEIL Sustainability Task Force.” The ability to reduce greenhouse gas emissions hinges on our understanding of the impact these products have on sustainability and the accuracy of our emissions projections. To this end, life cycle assessment (LCA) is a valuable tool that provides quantitative measurement of the greenhouse gas emission per kg of product or per energy unit (MJ) of a product. But the challenge in adopting LCA for lubricants is that it is seldom used in the industry, with one key issue being the difficulty in establishing commonly accepted system boundaries for the breadth of data sources used in LCA calculations. In other words, despite the fact that there are general and specific standards for conducting LCA analyses it remains difficult to compare results across sectors and to date, no specific LCA rules for lubricants exist. Should any and all processes that have an environmental impact during a product’s lifecycle be taken into account? Or can some – like sea transport to a lubricant plant – be omitted because of their potentially small impact? As numerous options are available and taken into account in different scenarios, the end result can vary a lot, depending on how the boundaries for the assessment are set. And not to even mention all the other impact categories in addition to climate change and greenhouse gas emissions that could be considered in LCA. A simplified solution to a complex situation One effective way to address this challenge is to implement a cradle-to-grave approach in assessing the total life cycle of lubricants. This methodology covers every step, from sourcing raw materials and processing them into base oils to the assessment of processed lubricants in use and their eventual disposal - incineration in the end releases the carbon in the hydrocarbon molecules into the air as carbon dioxide. This comprehensive approach can be used to determine the carbon footprints of lubricants and provide clear indicators of their lifecycle stage during which the most substantial greenhouse gas emissions can be reported. This, in turn, shows where there is the most room for reductions. A cradle-to-grave approach also grants the industry unique insight into the possibilities for developing new, enhanced and sustainable products of the highest quality. Reducing emissions where it matters A simple example shows how this approach could be applied. Take a European passenger car using regular engine oil, with an average fuel consumption of 6 litres/100 km. On a 30,000 km drive one oil change is needed. For the entire journey, this translates to 1800 litres of fuel burnt and 10 litres of oil used. A higher quality oil that is optimized for fuel economy and has double the lifetime would shrink these numbers substantially. Assuming this simple solution would lower fuel consumption by 1% and engine oil consumption by 50% translates to 18 kg CO2e /kg long-life oil emissions saved. Considering the carbon footprint of the vehicle’s fossil-based engine oil is assessed at 4.5 to 5.5 CO2e/kg lubricant by life cycle assessment, the greenhouse gas savings achieved by the enhanced lubricant in use can be seen as considerably greater. Both fuel and emission savings can be made even greater with further developments such as enhancing the quality of the lubricant’s main component – base oil – while manufacturing it from renewable waste and residues. Although a consensus still needs to be reached regarding LCA calculation methodology, the power of this simple example can already be put into perspective by applying it to hundreds, thousands or millions of cars. It is important to understand that when responding to climate change, the preferred course of action in our industry should be to focus on areas with the greatest potential for improvement, usually found in energy or fuel savings enabled by lubricant technology. One of these is long-life engine oils used in transportation. An optimistic view of the possibilities is shared by industry representatives, as John Uhran, Director of Strategy & New Business development, The Lubrizol Corporation, explains: “I see great opportunity in connecting product development with sustainability. By identifying where lubricants and fuels can have the greatest impact, highly beneficial advancements should be achievable both in the short- and long-term. I also believe that sustainability will continue to increase in importance as a factor in how lubricants are assessed.” Transform expenses into profits Ultimately, one of the most important questions that any business will ask itself is “how much will the move towards sustainability cost us?” But that question should be “how can my business profit from investing in sustainability?” One example demonstrates the power of this question and its answer. A little over a decade ago, Neste entered into renewable fuels by establishing a new business unit. This move initially required investments in developing the needed technologies, patenting them and even constructing specialized production plants. Despite the profitless years invested in developing the market, in the long run, these actions have provided a visible return on investment. The renewable products business unit yielded almost 1 billion EUR in profits in 2018 alone! Concurrently, it helped eliminate nearly 8 million tons of greenhouse gas emissions – equivalent to removing 3 million cars from roads worldwide annually. What should be noted in this example is not only the return on investment. The commitment and faith in positive outcomes are probably even more important as there are no quick wins for such bold initiatives. Furthermore, an industry-wide change does not happen overnight, but instead comes when key players are determined to reach goals, even if the objectives seem unachievable at first. In short, sustainability efforts need to be approached with a positive mindset and confidence. Making the planet a better place for future generations is possible, and it can be combined with creating new sources of revenue. Now is the time to unite our industry in this vital cause. The summary of this article has been published in the June 2019 digital edition of Lubes'N'Greases EMEA. Read more industry news, market insights and facts at the Neste Base Oils website: neste.com/companies/solutions/base-oils

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Scientists have developed rechargeable batteries that can operate at temperatures low enough to operate in hostile environments such as Antarctica or the warmer regions of Mars. The performance of current lithium batteries declines below minus-20 degrees Celsius, dwindling to 12% by minus-40. This means, for example, that the batteries that power the Mars Rovers need to be heated to keep them from grinding to a halt. However, research published in the journal Joule unveils a lithium battery design with good performance as low as minus-70 degrees Celsius. The design substitutes conventional metal electrodes for organic polymers and employs a low-freezing-point electrolyte – the chemical which carries the current within the battery. The research team, led by Yong-yao Xia and Yonggang Wang from Fudan University in China, used a cathode (a negatively charged electrode) made out of polytriphenylamine and a positively charged anode made of snappily named 1,4,5,8-naphthalenetetracarboxylic dianhydride-derived polyimide. As an electrolyte the researchers used ethyl acetate, an ester with a freezing point of minus-84 degrees. “Compared to the transition-metal-containing electrode materials in conventional lithium-ion batteries, organic materials are abundant, inexpensive, and environmentally friendly,” says Xia. The organic polymer electrodes perform well at low temperatures because they use a different process to that used by metal-based electrodes for storing lithium atoms. Metal-based electrodes integrate the lithium into the structure of the metal as they charge up, a process called intercalation. As they discharge, the lithium is released, but this slows to a snail’s pace at low temperatures. Polymers, on the other hand, absorb the lithium onto their surface and into gaps between molecules, a fast process that is not as strongly affected by low temperatures. As the temperature dropped, the performance of the team’s battery stayed unchanged to around minus-40 degrees. At minus-55 it performed at up to 90% of room temperature performance and at minus-70 was still strong, at up to 70% of room temperature performance. Despite the polymer-based battery’s good performance, Xia cautions that it is no match for commercialised lithium batteries yet, because of its low specific energy (the energy per unit of mass). He suggests the design be used in combination with conventional technology “as an auxiliary power source to provide short-term power for the start-stop process”. “But even though it has low specific energy, it provides the most promising potential in special field applications,” he adds. Phil Dooley is an Australian freelance writer, presenter, musician and videomaker. He has a PhD in laser physics, has been a science communicator for the world's largest fusion experiment JET and has performed in science shows and festivals from Adelaide to Glasgow. Under the banner of Phil Up On Science he runs science pub nights around the country and a YouTube channel. Read science facts, not fiction... There’s never been a more important time to explain the facts, cherish evidence-based knowledge and to showcase the latest scientific, technological and engineering breakthroughs. Cosmos is published by The Royal Institution of Australia, a charity dedicated to connecting people with the world of science. Financial contributions, however big or small, help us provide access to trusted science information at a time when the world needs it most. Please support us by making a donation or purchasing a subscription today.

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Valentine’s Day is full of sugar and spice and everything nice. It is a guarantee that your kiddos will be excited for this fun filled February day. As teachers we know how to embrace the chaos while sprinkling in those important learning opportunities. These Valentine’s Day activities are a perfect way to fill your day with Valentine’s Day learning fun. The suspense for Valentine’s Day in your classroom is all too real. Your students will have already carefully picked out their cards for their friends and the anticipation for the card exchange is sure to be felt in the air. What’s going to be difficult is focusing all those eager minds on the learning objective of the day. You probably know by now that I approach holidays with a motto: “Embrace it and use it to increase engagement.” With this motto in mind, here’s some fun Valentine’s Day activities your students will love. No Prep Valentine’s Day Activities Bundle Before Valentine’s Day, or any classroom holiday, there is lots to be done. Being able to fill your lesson plans with some engaging activities that don’t require a lot of extra prep time is the perfect answer for a busy teacher. Let’s take a peek to see how these no prep Valentine’s Day activities will have your students working with vocabulary words and spelling in a fun and engaging way. 1. Valentine’s Day Word Scramble This word scramble is a great morning work activity that will have your students working on spelling and vocabulary. Students can complete this fun brain puzzle independently or with a partner. Have them exercise those brains while they unscramble letters to create extra special Valentine’s words like candy, pink, and envelope. Challenge them to see how many words they can unscramble on their own. Then, provide some hints for any unknown words. Don’t worry, the answer key is provided too! After all the words are unscrambled, students can use them to reveal a special message at the bottom of the page. And no worries . . . you don’t have to use this in the morning. It’s a great addition any time of the day! 2. Valentine’s Day Word Search Who doesn’t love a good word search? But don’t be fooled by this popular activity into thinking it doesn’t belong in the classroom. A word search is a great way to introduce new vocabulary and spelling patterns. It’s a great word work activity that feels a lot less like work and a lot more like fun. The perfect activity for a classroom holiday! Feel like you need to ramp up the rigor? Once students complete the word search have them turn the paper over and challenge them to write a story using as many of the words from the word search as possible. This not only introduces the vocabulary but also gives them an immediate opportunity to put those words into practice. 3. Secret Valentine Message This activity reinforces many words from the previous puzzles and gives students the next step of writing the words. After reviewing the words in three different activities, they will be on their way to mastering these sweet words. Surprise them with a Valentine’s Day spelling test. Instead of their “normal” spelling words, use words from these three Valentine’s Day activities. It is sure to be a spelling test they won’t soon forget. 4. Not Just Coloring Pages Coloring has some therapeutic values that help to calm people of all ages. Tap into that with these Valentine’s Day coloring pages. Enjoy some downtime from that sugar high and have students complete one or both of the coloring pages. But don’t stop there! Encourage them to turn the paper over and write a special Valentine’s Day note on the back. This makes a special Valentine that your students will love to share with their family, friends or another teacher. If you’re feeling extra brave, give them some sequins and glitter to decorate with. 5. Pennant Banner - Create and use as some holiday decor in your classroom. - Let students create their own banner to decorate the front of their desk. - Create a Valentine’s Day acrostic poem by using each letter of the banner as the starting letter for their poem. Students can write their acrostic poem word inside each pennant. What Are You Waiting For? You can find all of these No Prep Valentine’s Day Activities in the Appletastic Learning store. Your students will love them and you are sure to make lots of memories while covering important skills along the way. Need Valentine’s Day activities for other content areas? So now you are covered with word work activities and some writing extension activities too. But if you are still looking for some fun and engaging academic activities for your lesson plans then make sure to check these out too! 1. Candy Themed Reading Unit This Candy Themed Reading Unit is a popular packet which includes a reading passage with comprehension questions, a fact and opinion game, an idiom memory game, practice with text structure and much more. 2. Valentine’s Day Math and Language Arts Mystery Your students are going to LOVE this Valentine’s Day mystery. Even the most reluctant of learners will love trying to solve The Case of the Missing Valentine Bags. Since we all know that a day like Valentine’s Day isn’t the best day to introduce a lot of new skills and concepts, use it to review instead. 3. Valentine’s Day Project Based Learning Check out this blog post to find out all about using Project Based Learning in your classroom this Valentine’s Day. It will walk you through everything you need to know to engage your kids on this special day. Save these Valentine’s Day Activities Just pin this to your favorite classroom Pinterest board so you save these fun Valentine’s Day activities for your students.

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Geneva, Switzerland may soon revolutionize public transport in urban areas with its TOSA charging station. TOSA (Trolleybus Optimisation Système Alimentation) is designed to literally cut the cables associated with electric buses. The system was developed by ABB Group, a Zurich-based company. The TOSA system is placed along an electric bus' route, around every third or fourth stop. When the bus is stopped and passengers are getting on and off, the arm on the TOSA lines up with the charging pod on the roof (a laser guidance system is used.) The arm shoots a 15-second burst good for 400 kilowatts of energy. The bus batteries are charged periodically throughout its route, and a full recharge takes only three to four minutes once the route is completed. The TOSA charging station is powered entirely by hydroelectricity, making the system free of emissions. Stats for Rapid Electric Bus Chargers Trending: Older & Chilly Research: 308 clicks in 152 w Interest: > 3 minutes Concept: TOSA Charging Station Related: 60 examples / 46 photos Segment: Neutral, 18-55 Comparison Set: 22 similar articles, including: leafy vehicle juicers, eco-friendly parking protectors, and fast food car chargers. Rapid Electric Bus Chargers More Stats +/- Eco-Friendly Parking Protectors Leafy Vehicle Juicers Fast Food Car Chargers Promotional E-Car Chargers Wireless Car Charging

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James Butler, 1st Duke of Ormonde James Butler, 1st Duke of Ormonde PC (19 October 1610 – 21 July 1688) was an Anglo-Irish (from English and Irish family) politician and soldier. From 1641 to 1647, he was the leader in the fight against the Irish Catholic Confederation. From 1649 to 1650 he was top commander of the Royalist forces fighting against Oliver Cromwell who wanted to invade Ireland. In the 1650s he lived in exile in Europe with Charles II of England. When Charles II was put back on the British throne during the restoration in 1660, Ormonde became very important in English and Irish politics. The Duke of Ormonde The Duke of Ormonde, by William Wissing (c. 1680–1685). |Born||19 October 1610| Clerkenwell, London, England |Died||21 July 1688 (aged 77)| Kingston Lacy, Dorset, England |Resting place||Westminster Abbey| |Occupation||Anglo-Irish politician and soldier| The Butlers of Ormonde were an Old English dynasty. They had been very important people the southeast of Ireland since the Middle Ages. His father was Thomas Butler, Viscount Thurles. Thurles is a place in County Tipperary. James was the oldest son. His father died in 1619, when he was 9 years old. He became Viscount Thurles. His mother took him to England where his grandfather (Walter Butler, 11th Earl of Ormond) made him go to a Catholic school. James I was King at the time. James I was a Protestant, and wanted to make sure that James would also be a Protestant. This would give him power in Ireland once James Butler went back to Thurles. James I placed James Butler under the care of archbishop George Abbot. When he was fifteen he went to live with his grandfather at Drury-lane." It became very important in his life that he was a Protestant. Almost all his relatives were Catholics. This made his family not like him very much. They had land and possessions taken from them, and they were not treated fairly because they were Catholics. This did not happen to James. In December 1629, he married Lady Elizabeth Preston. In 1634, on the death of his grandfather, he became Earl of Ormonde. Rebellion and Civil WarEdit In 1633 Thomas Wentworth, 1st Earl of Strafford became head of government in Ireland. He liked Ormonde. He wrote to Charles I saying that Ormonde was "young, but take it from me, a very staid head". Ormonde became Wentworth's friend and supporter. Wentworth planned to take land from the Catholics in Ireland. He did this to get money for the British king. He also wanted to break the political power of the Irish Catholic gentry. Ormonde supported this plan. The plans made his relatives very angry, and many of them opposed Wentworth. This led to armed rebellion. The opposition to Wentworth helped an impeachment of the Earl by the English Parliament. He was executed in May, 1641. When the Irish Rebellion of 1641 started, Ormonde was in command of government troops based in Dublin. Most of the country was taken by the Catholic rebels, who included Ormonde's Butler relatives. Rebel leader Richard Butler, 3rd Viscount Mountgarret, was Ormonde's cousin. In spring 1642 Mountgarret and Ormonde were the commanders of the two sides at the battle of Kilrush, with Ormonde's side winning. In spring 1642 the Irish Catholics formed their own government, the Catholic Confederation. The capital was Kilkenny. They started to organise their own troops. Also in early 1642 the king sent in troops from England and Scotland to help with the fight. The Irish Confederate War had started. Ormonde cleared the area around Dublin of Confederate forces. He got control of the area historically known as the Pale. In March 1643 Ormonde brought his troops to New Ross. This was deep in the territory of the Catholic Confederation. He won a small victory there (Battle of New Ross) before returning to Dublin. However, Ormonde was in a very difficult situation. The Confederates held two thirds of the island. The English Civil War had started in September 1642. This meant that there were not going to be more troops from England to help him. The King had even asked to send back the troops he had sent before. Isolated in Dublin, Ormonde agreed to a ceasefire (to stop fighting) with the Catholics, which began in September 1643. The greater part of Ireland was given up into the hands of the Catholic Confederation. This left only districts in the north, the Dublin Pale, round Cork City, and certain smallish garrisons in the possession of Protestant commanders. This truce was strongly opposed by the Lords Justices and the Protestant community in general in Ireland. In November 1643 the king appointed Ormonde as Lord Lieutenant of Ireland. This was the highest post in the Irish government. Ormonde was told to stop the king's Parliamentarian enemies being helped from Ireland. He also had to deliver more troops to fight for the Royalist side in England. He was also given the king's authority to make peace with the Catholic Confederation. They could then allow their troops to fight against the Parliamentarians. Negotiations with the Irish ConfederatesEdit Ormonde had a difficult job to do. The Old native Irish and Catholic Irish of English descent ("the Old English") had their own government in Confederate Ireland. They would support King Charles I of England if he would allow them freedom to be Catholics, and give them self-government. On the other side, any deals he made with Catholic Confederates meant that his support among English and Scottish Protestants in Ireland would become less. On August 25, 1645, Edward Somerset, 2nd Marquess of Worcester, acting on behalf of King Charles, signed a treaty (peace agreement) in Kilkenny with the Irish Catholic Confederates. He did not talk about this with the Irish Protestant community. Irish Protestants were strongly against this, and Charles was forced to undo the treaty almost immediately. He was afraid that almost all Irish Protestant would give support to the other side in the English Civil War. On March 28, 1646, Ormonde, on behalf of the king, signed another treaty with the Confederates. This one gave them religious and other rights. However, the Confederates' General Assembly (their government) in Kilkenny did not like the deal. This was in part because of what the pope's ambassador (nuncio) Giovanni Battista Rinuccini said. He did not want the Catholics to compromise. The Confederates arrested those among them who had signed the treaty with Ormonde. Ormonde then judged that he could not keep the Confederates out of Dublin. He asked for help from English Long Parliament and signed an agreement with them on June 19, 1647. At the beginning of August Ormonde handed over Dublin, together with 3000 royalist troops under his command, to the Parliamentarian commander Michael Jones. He had arrived from England with 5000 Parliamentarian troops. Ormonde in turn sailed to England. He said about his surrender that he "preferred English rebels to Irish ones." The royalist and parliamentarian troops were fighting on different sides in the English Civil War. But in Ireland, they fought together against the Catholic Confederates. The combined troops won a major battle against the Confederates soon afterward near Dublin (Battle of Dungan's Hill). Commander of Royalist AllianceEdit In March 1648 he joined the queen and the Prince of Wales in Paris. In September he went back to Ireland. He was going to try to get the Irish Confederates and the Irish Protestants to support the king now that the pope's nuncio was gone. The Irish Confederates wanted to make a compromise now. Their battle against the English Parliamentarian forces was not going well. On 17 January 1649 Ormonde signed a peace with the rebels which said that they could practice their religion freely. After Charles I was executed in 1649, he stated Ireland's support for Charles II. Ormonde was put in command of the Irish Confederates' armies and also the English Royalist troops who had come to Ireland. Almost all of Ireland was under his control before August 1649. Yet Ormonde was not able to stop the conquest of Ireland by Oliver Cromwell in 1649-50. Most of the English and Protestant Royalist troops left Ormonde's side and went to fight for Cromwell in May 1650. The Irish Catholic troops were the only ones left under his command. They did not trust him. Ormonde was made to leave his command in late 1650. He returned to France later that year. In Cromwell's Act of Settlement 1652, all of Ormonde's lands in Ireland were taken from him. Ormonde was great friends with Charles II and the queen mother in Paris. He went to Aix and Cologne with Charles when he had to leave France. He played an active part in the secret planning of the Restoration (the plan to put Charles II back on the throne of England.). Ormonde's career after Charles II became KingEdit After Charles II became king, Ormonde got a lot of different responsibilities and titles from the king. He was made - commissioner for the treasury and the navy, - Lord Steward of the Household, - a Privy Councillor, - Lord Lieutenant of Somerset, - High Steward of Westminster, Kingston and Bristol, - chancellor of Trinity College, Dublin, - Baron Butler of Llanthony and Earl of Brecknock in the peerage of England, - Duke of Ormonde in the Irish peerage - Lord High Steward of England for Charles's coronation that year. He also got back his lands in Ireland. On 4 November 1661 he became Lord Lieutenant of Ireland again. He did not like it when Charles II stopped importing cattle from Ireland. In return, he stopped importing cattle from Scotland. In March 1669, Ormonde was removed from the government of Ireland. He did not mind. He made sure that his sons and others that listened to him stayed in their posts. He was chosen as Chancellor of the University of Oxford on 4 August 1669. In 1670 an attempt was made to kill the duke by an adventurer named Thomas Blood. Ormonde was attacked by Blood and his helpers while driving up St James's Street on the night of 6 December 1670. He was pulled out of his carriage, and taken on horseback along Piccadilly. They wanted to hang him at Tyburn. Ormonde managed to escape. In 1677 the king decided that he would become the Lord Lieutenant of Ireland once again. On his arrival in Ireland he set up a tax system, and reorganised the army. After the Popish Plot (1678) in England, Ormonde at once took action that would make Roman Catholics powerless. There were far more Catholics than Protestants in the country (15 Catholics for every 1 Protestant). In 1682 he went back to London at the request of the King, who he supported. The last thing he did as lord lieutenant was to declare Irish support for James II of England after the death of Charles II. - Carte, Thomas; The Life of James, Duke of Ormond, Volume 1. - Thomas Carte, Life of the Duke of Ormonde (3 vols., 1735–1736; new ed., in 6 vols., Oxford, 1851) - Thomas Carte, Collection of Original Letters, found among the Duke of Ormonde's Papers (1739) - Carte Manuscripts in the Bodleian Library at Oxford - Sir Robert Southwell, "Life of Ormonde", printed in the History of the Irish Parliament, by Lord Mountmorres (i 792), vol. 1. - Correspondence between Archbishop Williams and the Marquess of Ormonde, edited by B. H. Beckham (reprinted from Archaeologia Cambrensis, 1869) - John Milton, Observations on the Articles of Peace between James, Earl of Ormonde, and the Irish-Rebels - Hist. MSS. Comm. Reps. ii.-iv. and vi.-x., esp. Rep. viii., appendix, p. 499, and Rep. xiv. App.: pt. vii. - Manuscripts of the Marquis of Ormonde, together with new series; Notes and Queries, vi. ser. v., Pp. 343~ ~al1 - Gardiner's History of the Civil War - Calendar of Slate Papers (Domestic) and Irish,1633 – 1662, with introductions - Biographia Britannica (Kippis) - Scottish Hist. Soc. Publications: Letters and Papers of 1650, edited by S. R. Gardiner, vol. xvii. (1894) |This article includes text from the public domain 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica. Please add to the article as needed.| |Wikimedia Commons has media related to James Butler, 1st Duke of Ormonde.|

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Above are pictures that I made of the beautiful ironwork at the main entrance of ROCKEFELLER UNIVERSITY as well as fence panels displaying the pioneering scientific discoveries of the university's world-renowned scientists. Founded by John D. Rockefeller, the ROCKEFELLER INSTITUTE FOR MEDICAL RESEARCH was incorporated on June 14, 1901. It was the first institution in the United States devoted solely to biomedical research aimed at understanding the underlying causes of disease. It was renamed ROCKEFELLER UNIVERSITY, and has a become a leader in basic scientific research and graduate education. Among their many discoveries, scientists at Rockefeller have discovered that genes are made of DNA, found the Rh factor in blood, pioneered the physiology and chemistry of vision, demonstrated the connection between cholesterol and heart disease, developed vaccines against meningitis, introduced methadone to manage heroin addiction, discovered that distribution of proteins to various cellular compartments is accomplished by a "ZIP code" system, determined that cancer can be caused by a virus, and developed the AIDS “cocktail” drug therapy. In its history, Rockefeller has been associated with 23 Nobel laureates. The Rockefeller University shares the intersection of York Avenue and East 68th Street with Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center and New York-Presbyterian Hospital/ Weill Medical College of Cornell University. The university's main entrance is at 1230 York Avenue (at East 66th Street) on Manhattan's Upper East Side.

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Entrepreneurship and the U.S. Economy Entrepreneurship plays a vital role in the growth of the U.S. economy. As the primary source for information on the nation’s labor market, the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) collects data on new businesses and job creation. The following highlights from data series produced by BLS Business Employment Dynamics (BED) program provide insight on the contribution of young and small businesses to the overall number of businesses and jobs in the economy. Business establishment age The BED data series on age of establishment tracks cohorts of new business establishments “born” in the same year and reports on their associated employment. The number of new business establishments (establishments that are less than 1 year old in any given year) tends to rise and fall with the business cycle of the overall economy (see chart 1). (Data by age are not available prior to 1994.) The number of jobs created by establishments less than 1 year old has decreased from 4.1 million in 1994, when this series began, to 3 million in 2015. (See chart 2.) This trend combined with that of fewer new establishments overall indicates that the number of new jobs in each new establishment is declining. New business establishments make an important contribution to the economy; however, it is inevitable that some of these establishments will eventually fail. The BED age series tracks cohorts of new business establishments to measure how many survive from year to year. (For a full listing, see www.bls.gov/bdm/us_age_naics_00_table7.txt) Survival rates follow a similar path, regardless of the birth year, as seen in chart 3, which compares birth cohorts from different years. Survival rates for establishments vary by industry. The health care and social assistance industry, for example, consistently ranks among the industries with the highest survival rates over time, while construction ranks among the lowest. (See chart 4.) Establishment births and deaths In addition to annual birth cohorts identified by age, BLS also publishes BED data on business births and deaths on a quarterly basis. The birth and death data series is the most timely source of data available on new private sector business establishments in the United States. As shown in chart 5, the period from 1993 to 2006 was marked by an increase in the number of births and deaths, indicating a higher amount of business “churn”—that is, new business establishments entered and old establishments exited the economy in greater numbers. After the most recent recession began in December 2007, establishment births experienced the steepest decline in the history of the series. The downward trend reversed in early 2010 and establishment births have since returned to pre-recession levels. The number of jobs created from establishment births peaked in the late 1990s and has experienced an overall decline since then. The decrease in birth-related employment during the latest recession is the largest in the history of the series, followed closely by the period of “jobless recovery” after the 2001 recession. Small businesses are typically the entry point for entrepreneurs as they develop ideas and build a customer base before deciding whether to expand. Of the nine size classes in the BED series, the six smallest (249 employees or smaller) have seen their shares of private sector employment decrease since the early 1990s, while the three largest size classes (250 or more employees) have seen their shares of total employment increase. (See chart 7.) More information and data can be found on the BED page of the BLS website at www.bls.gov/bdm/. Also, see the following: Last Modified Date: April 28, 2016

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Rosen provides definitions and distinctions of people in terms of their generation and technological knowledge and use: Baby Boomers, Gen-Xers, Net-Geners, and iGeners all use technology in different ways. It is obvious that students of today are not like the students of yesterday. In order for teachers to be effective in the classroom, teaching methodology needs to meet the needs to of the iGeneration. Rosen also explains the thirteen distinct traits of iGen students. Excerpts of the conversation are shown below.

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The focus of this week’s non-native invasive species article is the harlequin ladybird… The harlequin ladybird (Harmonia axyridis) is native to central and eastern Asia. It was intentionally introduced to several European countries as a biological control agent of coccids and aphids. The ladybird arrived in the UK by flying across the Channel, via fruit, vegetables and flowers from Europe and in packing cases from Canada. Since its’ introduction in 2004, it has spread rapidly in the UK, extending its range by 100km per year over the first four years of establishment. Harlequin ladybirds are found in a variety of habitats – towns, orchards, gardens, woods and hedges. Identification & Ecology The harlequin ladybird is also known as the Multicoloured Asian Ladybird and the Halloween Ladybird. It has a very variable appearance, which can make it difficult to tell apart from our native ladybirds. Adults are 5-8 mm in length and occur in three colour forms: yellow-orange to red with 0 to 21 black spots, black with two red spots and black with four red spots. Larvae are covered with branched spines and have orange sides. Harlequin ladybirds are found mainly in towns but are spreading to other habitats within the wider countryside. They occur especially on lime and sycamore trees, which support large aphid populations in late summer. The ladybirds fly readily between aphid host plants during breeding periods and can migrate over long distances. An adult produces 20-50 eggs per day (1000-4000 eggs per lifetime). In temperate regions the egg stage will take four to five days, the larval stage about three weeks and the pupal stage one week. The adults typically live for a year and are reproductively active for about three months. They have two generations a year in the UK. Harlequin ladybirds are larger than most other predators of aphids, and often predate on the larval stages of other ladybirds. They also reduce aphid populations, leaving less food for other species. Both of these effects lead to a reduction in the population size of some native species. A research paper published in 2017 detailed a study that examined changes in ladybird communities at four sites in East Anglia, England, over an 11-year period (2006–2016) following invasion by the harlequin ladybird. Overall, the harlequin ladybird represented 41.5% of all ladybirds sampled in 2006 up to a high of 70.7% in 2015, and was over three times more abundant than the second commonest species. The proportion of native ladybirds declined from 99.8% in 2006 to 30.7% in 2016 (this decline was not seen across all of habitats studied). Legislation which attempts to control the distribution of harlequin ladybirds, includes Schedule 9 of the Wildlife and Countryside Act, 1981 (as amended), which makes it illegal to distribute or allow the release of harlequin ladybirds into the wild. At present, there are no means of controlling harlequin ladybirds in the wild, since any actions taken against them would also be harmful to native aphid predators and other insects. In addition, they are now so well established and abundant that destroying a few in one area would make little difference to their overall numbers. There is however, evidence to suggest that native insects may now have adapted to prey on the harlequins, helping to keep numbers in check. Header Image: GBNNSS ©Remy Ware - Native ladybird decline caused by the invasive harlequin ladybird Harmonia axyridis: evidence from a long-term field study, 6 October 2017. Peter M. J. Brown & Helen E. Roy. Wiley Online Library. - Royal Horticultural Society. - Non-Native Species Secretariat (NNSS). - The Harlequin Ladybird Survey. About the Author: Kate Priestman (CEnv, MCIEEM) has over sixteen years experience as an ecologist. Prior to setting up her own consultancy business in 2012, Kate worked in London for over a decade, providing the lead ecology role for a number of high profile projects. Kate works as an artist, author, writer and editor.

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Renaissance music at Écouen, Paris November 12, 2013 | by Carolin C. Young | King David and some Musicians, artist unknown, c. 1500–1510. One of three oil on wood panels. Musée National du Moyen Âge-Musée de Cluny, Paris. © Rmn-Grand Palais, photograph by Jean-Gilles Berizzi. Those seeking a lyrical repose from the bustle of the Parisian art world should head to France’s National Museum of the Renaissance at the Château d’Écouen for an exhibition devoted to music of the sixteenth century. Featuring historic instruments, treatises, paintings, drawings, and objects, the show elucidates the crucial roles of both sacred and profane music in this period. It is the first to focus on this time period, but it is only the latest in a growing number of exhibitions to examine the links between music and art. A Renaissance Air: Music in the Sixteenth Century • National Museum of the Renaissance, Château d’Écouen, France • to January 6, 2014 • musee-renaissance.fr

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Average inter-item correlation is a way of analyzing internal consistency reliability. It is a measure of if individual questions on a test or questionnaire give consistent, appropriate results; different items that are meant to measure the same general construct or idea are checked to see if they give similar scores. For example, it might be used to see how consistently a set of ten questions intended to test reading comprehension seem to be at honing in on the test subject’s reading abilities; or how well a questionnaire recorded true opinions by presenting three questions, each worded slightly different, on the subject. Calculating Average Inter-item Correlation Calculating average inter-item correlation is a three step process: - Identify the questions or items meant to test the same thing or construct, - Calculate the correlation between all pairs. For example, if you had three questions (a, b, c) meant to identify a test subject’s ice cream preference, you would calculate the correlations ab, bc, and ac. If you had six questions, a, b, c, d, e, and f, you would need to calculate correlations: ab, ac, ad, ae, af, bc, bd, be, bf, cd, ce, cf, de, df, and ef. - Find the mean of all those correlations. The ideal range of average inter-item correlation is 0.15 to 0.50; less than this, and the items are not well correlated and don’t measuring the same construct or idea very well (if at all). More than 0.50, and the items are so close as to be almost repetitive. - Trochim, William. Web Center for Social Research Methods: Types of Reliability. Retrieved from http://www.socialresearchmethods.net/kb/reltypes.php on April 24, 2018 - Phelan & Wren. Exploring Reliability in Academic Assessment. Retrieved from https://chfasoa.uni.edu/reliabilityandvalidity.htm on April 24, 2018 - FSSE, Faculty Survey of Student Engagement. Internal Consistency Reliability. Retrieved from http://fsse.indiana.edu/pdf/pp/2013/FSSE13_Internal_Consistency_Reliability.pdf on April 24, 2018 Need help with a homework or test question? With Chegg Study, you can get step-by-step solutions to your questions from an expert in the field. Your first 30 minutes with a Chegg tutor is free! Comments? Need to post a correction? Please post a comment on our Facebook page.

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For the best experience on the Abcam website please upgrade to a modern browser such as Google Chrome Each Microtubule is composed of 13 protofilaments of α-tubulin and β-tubulin heterodimers. Microtubules are highly dynamic polymers that continuously grow and shrink during interphase and mitosis, with the rate of microtubule polymerisation to depolymerisation called the ‘catastrophe rate’ (2). In many cell types, the microtubule network organises in a radial manner, with the minus end of the microtubule embedded close to nucleus and the positive end exploring the cytoplasm (1). During microtubule polymerisation GTP-loaded β-tubulin is added to the plus end of the microtubule. Shortly after the addition GTP is hydrolysed to GDP. Stabilisation of microtubules requires the maintenance of a GTP-bound β-tubulin ‘cap’ to prevent depolymerisation. Removal of the ‘cap’ results in GDP-bound tubulin subunits adopting a curved conformation, the breaking of lateral bonds and microtubule catastrophe (1). Microtubules are required for the accurate separation of chromosomes during mitosis and the maintenance of genetic integrity. During mitosis microtubules form the mitotic spindle through the formation of a bipolar array of microtubules emanating from the centrosomes or the spindle pole body (3). During prometaphase microtubules emanate from the microtubule organising centres (MTOCs) and extend and shorten until they become amphitelically attached to chromosomes at their kinetochores. Activation of the spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC) during prometaphase prevents cells transitioning to anaphase until correct bipolar attachment of microtubules to chromosome kinetochores occurs (4). However, if the correct microtubule kinetochore attachment is not achieved in a timely manner due to monotelic, syntelic or merotelic attachment of microtubules to kinetochores, the cells arrest in pro-metaphase/metaphase-like state. Failure to resolve defective microtubule-kinetochore attachment can eventually result in cell death (5). Completion of metaphase and the onset of anaphase occur following satisfaction of the SAC following correct attachment of microtubules to chromosomes. Finally, during anaphase chromosomes are distributed evenly to polar spindles, allowing each daughter cell to receive the correct genomic information. Taxol (Paclitaxel) was originally isolated from the bark of a yew tree (Taxus brevifola) by Monroe Wall and Mansukh Wani in 1967 (6). Taxol was approved for clinical use in 1995 and is now used to treat a range of malignancies such as breast cancer, kaposi’s sarcoma, ovarian cancer and non small cell lung cancer (7). Taxol binds tubulin heterodimers with a 1:1 stoichiometry along the surface of microtubules, thus, stabilising microtubules and resulting in microtubule bundle formation (8,9) Due to the highly dynamic nature of microtubules and the key regulatory roles they play in mitosis, compounds that alter microtubule function have been highly successful in cancer treatment. Microtubule targeting agents can be divided into two main groups based on their ability to depolymerise or hyperpolymerise microtubule filaments. Such families of compounds include the taxanes and the vinca alkaloids which were first identified over 40 years ago and members of both drug families are currently in clinical use to treat a range of cancers (7). The microtubule depolymerising agents, which are capable of inhibiting microtubule polymerisation at high concentrations, include members of the vinca alkaloid family vincristine, vinblastine, vindesine, colchicines, combrestatins and nocodazole. Microtubule destabilisation by depolymerising agents occurs through the binding of the drugs to either the vinca domain or the colchicine domain of β-tubulin, resulting in the inhibition of microtubule dynamics and the destruction of the mitotic spindle (6). The suppression of microtubule dynamics by MTAs results in the inhibition of microtubule spindle formation, kinetochore-microtubule attachment and prevents chromosome bi-orientation. This in turn leads to the activation of the SAC, prolonged mitotic arrest and subsequent cell death (10). However, to date the link between prolonged mitotic arrest and the initiation of cell death is poorly understood.

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Also please note that fresh roots, flowers, and leaves of Eastern Skunk Cabbage should never be consumed as they contain oxalate crystals. Drying, heating, or tincturing is necessary to render the medicine safe. A purple flower blossoms in the still-frozen swamps of New England in March. Beneath the surface, tentacle-like roots draw down energy from the spathe at the flower’s center, melting the earth around them.If the water dries up, the roots will slowly expand and contract, moving the plant to a new location. Through this mechanism, some Eastern Skunk Cabbages (Symplocarpus foetidus) are able to survive to be 1,000 years old though swamps expand and recede around them. Since I began working with Skunk Cabbage, I’ve understood the plant as a gatekeeper between worlds -- earth and water, above and below, conscious and unconscious, waking and dreaming. Herbal traditions of many cultures teach that a purple flower is one sign of a plant that will shift consciousness. And the shape of the flower of the Eastern Skunk Cabbage is uncannily similar to the shape of the pineal gland, which produces the Melatonin that helps to regulate or cycles of sleep and dreaming and possibly the DMT that is implicated in the ecstatic experiences connected with childbirth, orgasm, and death. Skunk Cabbage is also the first food eaten by black bears when they emerge from “hibernation.” Across many cultures, bears are associated with medicinal knowledge, and especially the knowledge of roots, in part because people in many places learned about root medicines by watching which plants the bears would dig. The bears’ descent underground in winter also connects them with dreams and the watery darkness of the underworld and the womb where all things sleep awaiting their birth. Chemically, Eastern Skunk Cabbage contains 5-hydroxy-tryptamine, an analogue to one of our own neurotransmitters (Serotonin.) At low doses, the tincture of the root induces a deep sense of stillness and calm, like the waters of a vernal pool. William Cook described it as “a simple and reliable nervine, of the most innocent and effective soothing character." At higher doses, the tincture begins to have an entheogenic effect. The world becomes more fluid. Distinctions between thought and emotion dissolve. Tryptamines work to reorder the ways in which we process the information we get from the world. As entheogens, both Eastern Skunk Cabbage and Western Skunk Cabbage (Lysichiton americanus) seem to work with the integration of the rational consciousness of the brain and the emotional and transpersonal consciousness of the heart. (Its not clear whether L. americanus contains tryptamines. But Stephen Harrod Buhner first observed this phenomenon with a snuff made from L. americanus roots, and I’ve observed similar effects with the tincture.) Eastern Skunk Cabbage has a strong affinity with the lungs (contemporary and traditional use as a stimulating expectorant), the heart (traditional Menominee use for “weak heart”), and the waters that flow through our bodies (affinity for the kidneys and uterus.) Thus, at commonly used medicinal doses, Eastern Skunk Cabbage will help to clear the physical manifestations of grief that gets buried in the lungs. At entheogenic doses, it begins to address such grief at a soul level through reconnection to the dreaming mind of the Earth. In both cases, the healing work is not to be undertaken lightly -- the pain released needs a container, and the journey back to the self is a journey through a world fraught with its own perils and challenges. Ecstatic methods require focus to avoid becoming purely chaotic and unleashing unintended consequences. The journey begins with confronting our fear of seeing ourselves in the mirrors of the dark waters of the world from which the Skunk Cabbage emerges.There is a mythic resonance here with the story of the Fisher King. The Fisher King sits on a throne by the water's edge, blood pouring from a gaping wound in his thigh. And because the king is wounded the land has become barren. The wound never heals because everyone is afraid to ask the one question that would stop the bleeding and restore the king and the land to health -- “What is the source of the wound?” The answer to the question lies beneath the waters the king is afraid to dive into. Skunk Cabbage can be a vehicle for traveling beneath the surface of the waters of consciousness, to encounter the source of the wound, and move through it and past it, undoing its power to shape consciousness and define identity. The perils lie in the potential to become so immersed in the pain and grief that the journey is never completed. But when the journey is completed, the wound is transformed from a source of pain to an opening between worlds that initiates the traveler into the compassion that comes from understanding grief and into the wellspring of healing that lies beneath the surface and comes from the heart of the universe and rises from the center of our heart from whence it flows outward, blessing and transforming all worlds. The Jungian analyst, Robert Johnson writes that “fisher king wound is the preparation for consciousness (our modern word for shaman power) and the suffering is the training for the future healer or genius." The mirror image of the Fisher King is the tarot’s King of Cups who has dived into the waters of the unconscious, come to terms with the darkness, and emerged transformed -- he sits on his throne holding a cup that overflows with healing water. As the bearer of the chalice he is a servant of the Great Goddess, the cup a symbol of her womb and the sacred blood of its mysteriesHaving healed his own wounds, the King of Cups has access to the power to bring the world around him back to life.For the heart that is prepared. Skunk Cabbage can offer an opening to the realms where such transformation is possible. (Photo by Darcey Blue)

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Wow, the week's are just flying by... In English this week, we have been learning all about The Beatles. We're already really excited about our trip to Liverpool next week. We have been learning lots of facts about who they were and how they started. We found out that John Lennon's middle name was Winston. He was named after Winston Churchill, the Prime Minister during the war. John was born during an air raid. When he met Paul McCartney he was impressed with how Paul could tune a guitar and how he could remember the lyrics to songs. On Friday, we wrote a paragraph about John Lennon and included lots of the facts that we had learnt. In Maths, we have been revising the concepts we have covered so far in Year 4. We have covered Place Value, Addition and Subtraction and Multiplication and Division. Phew! That's a lot of work right there. On Friday, we did an assessment against what we have learnt. We did pretty good, even if we have to say so ourselves. Finally, take a look at our dance from this half term. This dance was really, really tricky. We still weren't sure of the moves when we started PE this week -but after 20 minutes or so, we had it. A little more practice, and we would have if perfect. Drop in next week when we'll tell you all about our Liverpool trip. Bye for now.

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1499 YamagaCity Yamaga The Yachiyoza Theater was built with the support of the Yamaga Chamber of Commerce and Industry in 1910. At that time,Yamaga was prosperous as a center of commerce and industry in the northern area of Kumamoto Prefecture.and was famed for its hot springs throughout Japan. The Theater was built for two reasons,the first of which was the desire of the people of the Chamber of Commerce and Industry to invite their clients out to express their appreciation . And the second points was the high interest shown by the people of Yamaga in popular culture of all types, including the theater. The Yachiyoza Theater opened in 1911, presenting a kabuki drama peformed by the Matsushimaya Famiry. The paerformance created a sensation throughout the town. (Photo:Aug31 to Nov.14 2010 Bandou Tamasaburo & Nakamura Shido) The Yachiyoza reached peak of its popularity in the latter half of the Taisyo(1912-1925) and the early Showa(1926-1988)eras. In the Taisyo era, other forms of entertainment such as silent movies and naniwa-bushi recitals also became popular, joining tarditional theater and kabuki drama. In paticular, the kabuki drama performed by women proved extremely popular with the people of Yamaga. in1917, Tolstoy's "Resurrection" was performed, and a song from the play became a super hit. In the Showa era, the Yachiyoza Theater began to offer a variety of events; lectures, composite plays where actors performed on stage against images projectted on the screen, and competitions for judo,sumo wrestling and boxing. With the end of World War Ⅱ in 1945,violin recitals and ballet performances were held., inviting famous artists from across the nation. Between 1955 and 1964, the movie industry was in its most vigorous period, and countless movies were screened at the Yachiyoza Theater. Yachiyoza Theater was used until the early 1970, but then closed due to the continued decline in business. Closed and without maintenance, the Yachiyoza Theater gradually decayed, and was on the verge of being demolished. Around 1980, however, a grass-roots movement emerged among the residents to preserve the Yachiyoza Theater for the next generation. They conducted a fund-rising campaign, and took the first step toward full restoration by repairing the leaky roof. On December 19, 1988 , the Yachiyoza Theater was designated aｓ a national important cultural asset, the third theater to be so honored in japan. Since 1990, regular performances by Bando Tamasaburo, the famous kabuki actor, have attracted many tourists from throughout Japan. (top:Bando Tamasaburo centennial Opening paerformance)

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Thursday 5 July 2018, British Museum. ‘Access through Language’ explored how museums provide access to museum collections through the languages they use to engage visitors. Access through language takes us beyond the realms of spoken and written language to gesture, movement, intention and multi-sensory experiences. Key themes included: language of diversity, access and inclusion; language of interpretation; language of community. Holly’s Blog: The Multilingual Museum MAP meeting “Access Through Language”, 10 July 2018, British Museum “A museum of the world, for the world, MUST represent the world.” This powerful statement from Freddie Matthews, Head of Adult Programmes at the British Museum, opened the MAP meeting on “Access Through Language”. But how do we represent? According to the BBC, Britain has the largest number of community languages in Europe, with 300 being identified in London schools alone. This is before we discuss the expansion of “language” to include British Sign Language (BSL), Braille, regional, community and generational dialects, and the gulf between academic jargon and accessible expression. Looking at the museums sector from the outside, it is generally perceived that museums speak with one voice in the “language” of a homogenous people, be it a national community, a community of shared identity, or the concept of a universal “expert”. This event looked at the ways in which this perception is false, the ways in which it is true, and what it means to be a truly multilingual museum. The meeting opened with Liz Ellis, (Policy Advisor Communities and Diversity, HLF), speaking about the importance of access. “Unequal access damages all of us”, cutting swathes of the population off from learning and enjoyment and cutting ourselves off from countless ideas and experiences. Liz outlined some great case studies that emphasised the breadth that access programmes encompass. A real highlight was a project by Intoart pairing artist mentors and mentees with learning disabilities and creating a book of their work. A crucial message to take from this was the importance of making programmes and resources produced for outreach as high quality as any others: these audiences are not small, not added extras; we need to demonstrate that we value them. Fired up to talk access and inclusion we then got a chance to explore the British Museum and its language work with its excellent team of freelancers. Liz Porter and Janet Solomon gave a touch-based tour of the sculpture gallery; Laila Sumpton used haikus to explore the Africa Galleries; Rebecca Mileham, Julian Walker and Deanne Naula reflected on the barriers we create in text and interpretation; Andrew David and Sophie Dave looked at the BM’s script history collections and how ancient languages make a compelling topic for ESOL groups; Jo-Anne Sunderland-Bowe put a new spin on the museum’s Rodin exhibition with a workshop on dance and body language; and Katharine Hoare led a playful session on creating multi-sensory routes into collections. These workshops showcased a vast variety of ways we can communicate if we break away from traditional methods, shining a light on the breadth of what counts as language. This was really motivating, you don’t need to speak multiple languages or invest in expensive projects to surmount linguistic barriers. The workshops let us get hands-on and have some fun. Communication done well is electric and museums constructed well can be lightning rods – it’s always good to be reminded of that! With our brains buzzing we went into the Project Slam, in which six speakers gave short talks about their access through language work. It started with Liz Porter asking: how do we talk about access? How do we use terminology like “equality”, “diversity”, “inclusion”, “communication”? How many ways are there to express yourself? She invited us to think critically about the way we frame the conversation. She in particular led the charge for representation in the workforce. Museum collections “represent the world”, we want our audiences to do so too, we tend to think of our staff last. But it is vital that audiences see themselves mirrored in the human side of the museum, not just the display cases, if they are to feel really included and have their voices championed. Ellen Adams followed this with the Museum Access Network for Sensory Impairments, discussing BSL and Audio-Description (AD) in museums. Continuing the theme of representation, she emphasised that we can’t keep these versions of our text behind the desk or in closed tours. Having accessible interpretation only available on special request implies that those looking for it are only welcome on special occasions. What’s more, if we integrate BSL, AD, etc. into the galleries then the benefit can ripple out, raising awareness of and normalising these languages. Being Deaf isn’t a problem, lack of awareness of Deafness is. (For more theory on this idea, have a look at the development from the medical model of disability, which views disability as an individual problem to be treated, to the social model, which views disability as an individual difference that society disempowers). This led smoothly into Becki Morris’ talk on the Disability Cooperative Network, again calling for greater support for a diverse workforce. She pointed out that museum workers tend to stay in the sector for a long career and are bound at some point to need physical, sensory or neurological support, even if they didn’t arrive with that need. A sector prepared for this doesn’t only open to a more diverse (and so more effective) workforce, it also keeps its existing talent from moving away. Becki also spoke about demystifying the museum. Many people have interest or talent in heritage and never find out because text is such a huge barrier. Neurodiverse interpretation opens the museum for those with dyslexia, dyspraxia, and other neurological differences. It also engages anyone who simply doesn’t learn through reading and pushes museums to resist the temptation to write academic panels that throw up barriers for the majority of visitors. I couldn’t help but be reminded of the famous Einstein quote, “If you judge a fish by its ability to climb a tree, it will live its whole life believing that it is stupid.” Museums have too long been mystifying places, places that have made most of us feel like a tree-climbing fish at some point or another. Neurodiversity is not just a term for the disability conversation, it is imperative that we stop leaning on heavy text while it holds us back from encouraging strong swimmers. Next up we shifted focus to community engagement with Jenny Siung of the Chester Beatty Library. She talked about delivering community ambassador tours in different languages, but also reminded us that it’s OK to review your methods if something isn’t taking off. Though many of the tours were well-attended, the Library found that not all communication had to be this in-depth. Social media became equally useful in breaking through language barriers, with posts and videos in different languages allowing the same informal engagement that English-speakers experience. Foreign language projects can be intimidating for the significant knowledge and resources attached to them. Jenny challenged this with bitesize, approachable communication. Jatinder Kailey followed this, talking about community access partnerships in Historic Royal Palaces. She advocated putting control into the hands of audiences, having them lead the creation of their own resources. No amount of consultation can as effectively ensure that resources meet your audience’s needs! But she also emphasised that this doesn’t mean turning away from our collections and narratives. There is always a relatable story or an interesting perspective to find. In HRP’s case, it was comparing King George I to ESOL groups: he too travelled from another country to make his home in the UK and had to learn English as he adapted. This not only provided an enjoyable link, but was a pleasant reminder that there is probably nothing more British than migration. Finally in the Project Slam was Dom Sergi on working with ESOL in the Horniman Museum. His key message was to trust our audiences. The discourse of sharing power in cultural institutions frequently includes what it takes for us as experts and educators to give up the reins, often hinting at angst over “toning down for the uninitiated”. Dom stressed that we should have faith in the intelligence of participants. The Horniman’s question-led approach developed deep and complex conversations. Out of it grew volunteering and employment opportunities, taking the museum forward professionally. The day ended with group discussions sharing our own work. This kind of activity is at the heart of MAP and with such inspiring speakers and workshops it was a lively atmosphere. I came into this event asking if it was true that museums speak with a single voice in a single language. Listening to the MAP network I would say it is not, but we also need to keep working to be truly multilingual. From partnerships to co-production, from giving access to the outside world to cultivating a workforce that reflects it; once these steps have been taken there’s no going back to piecemeal tokenism. I’ll sign off with the two questions Liz Ellis asked us to consider: What does access mean to you? And how can you improve your practice in the next two weeks? We at MAP hope this event inspired you to start taking those steps, bearing in mind the huge scope of communication in our world. In Liz Porter’s words, “language affects our lived experience, our learned experience”. There is no such thing as “just words” and words are far from the end of language. Holly Bee, MAP volunteer and GEM education officer

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Summary: Populism has arisen from the lower middle class, Americans abandoned not just by the Right (owned by the 1%) but the Left as well. Populists are the swing vote in modern elections. Who they choose to ally with might create a coalition that rules for another generation. It was the Left in the New Deal. And now? Either way, populism will last beyond Campaign 2016. Decline of the middle class in America This report by Gallup shows the fracturing of the middle class, as they are slowly ground down. We’re near the historic moment when more Americans identify as “working and lower class” than “middle class” — a milestone in the Right’s long project to reverse the New Deal. This shows the force powering the political fires now ignited. We’re just discussing what form it will take. Americans are considerably less likely now than they were in 2008 and years prior to identify themselves as middle class or upper-middle class, while the percentage putting themselves in the working or lower class has risen. Currently, 51% of Americans say they are middle class or upper-middle class, while 48% say they are lower class or working class. In multiple surveys conducted from 2000 through 2008, an average of more than 60% of Americans identified as middle or upper-middle class. The Left abandons the working class The pressure was building for an insurgency within both political parties, as their platforms increasingly side with their donors rather than voters. See “Why Trump and Sanders Were Inevitable: It was only a matter of time before we had a populist backlash to 30 years of flawed globalization policies that both parties embraced,” by Michael Hirsh, Politico Magazine, 28 February 2016. The Left’s response to this has been to spurn these working class voters, which guaranteed that their anger would surge as populist — not progressivism. What are these people looking for? See this insightful report by Working America: “‘Front Porch Focus Group’ Explores Appeal of Trump’s Right-Wing Message to working-class voters.” Like most on the Left they’re blind to the overlap in views of Trump and Sanders. - While most of Trump’s support comes from the staunch Republican base, 1 in 4 Democrats who chose a candidate showed a preference for Trump. - Good jobs/the economy, which is historically the priority concern of Working America constituents, remains the top issue among voters we talked with, at 27%, with homeland security and terrorism next (14%) and health care as the third most frequently cited priority (10%). - Immigration was the top issue for only 5% of all those canvassed, but for Trump supporters it was the third–most-important issue (cited by 14%), after good jobs/the economy (29%) and homeland security and terrorism (21%). Voters for whom immigration is the priority issue are often Trump partisans (48%), but overall, those who prioritize immigration are a relatively small number. Thomas Frank is one of the major chroniclers of the Left’s decline in America. While most describe it as a cartoon, evil defeats the Avengers, he describes it as suicide. For an introduction see “Millions of ordinary Americans support Donald Trump. Here’s why ” (The Guardian, 7 March). For more detail see Listen, Liberal: Or, What Ever Happened to the Party of the People? (2016), which describes Clinton’s “neoliberal” achievements: North American Free Trade Agreement, expanding and filling the Federal prisons, bank deregulation, and shrinking welfare. Here’s an excerpt from a longer excerpt at Salon. What did Clinton actually do in his eight years on Pennsylvania Avenue? While writing this book, I would periodically ask my liberal friends if they could recall the progressive laws he got passed, the high-minded policies he fought for — you know, the good things Bill Clinton got done while he was president. Why was it, I wondered, that we were supposed to think so highly of him? It proved difficult for my libs. People mentioned the obvious things: Clinton once raised the minimum wage and expanded the Earned Income Tax Credit. He balanced the budget. He secured a modest tax increase on the rich. And he did propose a national health program, although it didn’t get very far and was in fact so poorly designed it could be a model of how not to do big policy initiatives. Other than that, not much. No one could think of any great but hopeless Clintonian stands on principle; after all, this is the guy who once took a poll to decide where to go on vacation. I’ll turn the microphone over to anthropologist Maximilian Forte for an excerpt from “Terminal Condition: Neoliberal Globalization” (at Zero Anthropology, 13 March 2016). The neoliberal elites …are seized by an absolute panic as they see the fundamental tenets of neoliberalism come under mass, electoral repudiation in the heart of the international capitalist system, the US itself. Discussion of the collapse of the neoliberal imperial disorder is therefore far from premature; it is overdue. Nobody should have believed that the end of neoliberalism would be smooth, peaceful, harmonious or pleasant. There is absolutely nothing to say that movements that are politically right-wing cannot be the ones to bring an end to this order. Once we put these two forms of wishful thinking aside, that is, that there will be a peaceful transition and it will be led by “progressives,” we can be better prepared to grasp current realities. …What has brought neoliberal globalization to a terminal point is that now the inequality in the social spread of benefits from this system has become more or less evenly spread, meaning that even in the global economic centres such as Europe and North America, poverty, decline, and despair have become visible and palpable. The real challenge to this order is not in finding economic solutions to economic problems — but to find political solutions to the power imbalances that created these economic inequalities. …For several years now on this site, I have offered the opinion (often in passing), that in the US the most successful and direct challenges to both US military interventionism abroad, and neoliberal free trade, would come from the political right and not the left. I am seeing nothing to challenge the foundations for that opinion. If correct, then another schism will likely result where “the left” is concerned: one either commits to supporting the left (whichever left), no matter what, as if support for the left is an end in itself, or one works to support the most likely avenue of success in defeating the neoliberal free trade regime and global military expansionism. Much depends on which path the Left takes, as populists cannot win alone. If the Left continues to see them only as racists, they will ally again with the Right — perhaps forging an anti-New Deal coalition that rules for another generation. This might be a pivotal time for America. “It is impossible to know how deep the water is just by looking at it.” For More Information Also: Trump’s foreign policies are those of populism, with deep roots in our past. See “Trump’s 19th Century Foreign Policy: His views aren’t as confused as they seem. In fact, they’re remarkably consistent — and they have a long history,” by Thomas Wright, Politico Magazine, 20 January 2016. - Why the Outer Party hates Trump and will waste this opportunity for reform. - Populism carries Trump to the nomination. He’s completed 1 of 4 steps to victory. - Trump wins because he says some sensible things which journalists can’t conceal. To understand the coming reformation of American politics I suggest starting with David Harvey’s A Brief History of Neoliberalism and Thomas Frank’s Listen, Liberal: Or, What Ever Happened to the Party of the People? (2016).

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On November 8th we, as Canadians, honor and celebrate the great contributions and sacrifices that Aboriginal peoples have made in defending Canada during times of war. Aboriginal veterans have participated in all major wars since the war of 1812 and enlist in higher proportion than any other group in Canada. The BCGEU is honored this year to sponsor the luncheon for veterans at the Vancouver Aboriginal Friendship Center after the ceremony at the Victory Square cenotaph. For many, enlisting presented many challenges such as: learning English, leaving their communities for the first time, or leaving behind family. As challenging as these are, they were also expected to adjust to a new culture. As we have seen throughout history, as with all Aboriginal peoples, they showed their strength and resilience and not only adjusted but excelled. Many of Canada's most decorated soldiers have been Aboriginal. Canada's military continues to see many Aboriginal recruits. Today we honor Aboriginal veterans – and those currently serving – by giving thanks for their contributions and sacrifices. Their contributions to the freedoms we enjoy in Canada cannot be forgotten. Do you like this post?

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No human being has ever experienced anything like going to Mars. The journey would be the longest in human history, and as such, might require some drastic measures in order to be successful. To meet some of the risks, scientists at the European Space Agency (ESA) and the University Hospital of Dresden Technical University in Germany (TUD) have used 3D printing to produce their first bioprinted skin and bone samples. And to prove that the system could work in low-gravity, they did the 3D printing upside down. “A journey to Mars or other interplanetary destinations will involve several years in space,” says Tommaso Ghidini, head of ESA’s Structures, Mechanisms and Materials Division, in a press statement. “The crew will run many risks, and returning home early will not be possible. Carrying enough medical supplies for all possible eventualities would be impossible in the limited space and mass of a spacecraft." "Instead," Ghidini continues, "a 3D bioprinting capability will let them respond to medical emergencies as they arise. In the case of burns, for instance, brand new skin could be bioprinted instead of being grafted from elsewhere on the astronaut’s body, doing secondary damage that may not heal easily in the orbital environment." If astronauts were to get injured on their journey to Mars, or any other planet, the TUD experiment shows that they would create a skin graft through a limited but readily available resource—their own blood. “Skin cells can be bioprinted using human blood plasma as a nutrient-rich 'bio-ink,' which would be easily accessible from the mission crewmembers,” explains TUD's Nieves Cubo in the press statement. Under normal conditions on Earth, that might be enough. But low gravity means plasma's fluid consistency wouldn't work. After accessing their own plasma, the injured astronauts would then turn to plants and algae, scientists say, to complete the transformation. Cubo says their team, working with the life sciences experts at Blue Horizon, "developed a modified recipe by adding methylcellullose and alginate to increase the viscosity of the substrate. Astronauts could obtain these substances from plants and algae, respectively, a feasible solution for a self-contained space expedition." Both methycellullose and alginate act as thickeners and binders, making things less likely to fall apart. In space, keeping everything together is crucial. And on a mission to Mars, storage capacity would be equally important; every square inch taken up by medical supplies is another that would mean less food, or scientific equipment. While medical needs are obviously a priority that can't be avoided, finding a way to make them more compact is vital for future exploration. 3D printing's promise as a medical tool is increasingly being explored both for space travel and right here on Earth. Earlier this year, scientists were able to 3D print working replicas of human lungs.

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