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What Is Friendship? Friendship is one of life’s treasures, in which a stranger suddenly becomes a confidant and ally in life’s travails. Like two musical notes or two colors that enhance each other, friends bring out the best in each other. How can we promote friendship? We must search for it and recognize it, but also test it and nurture it. Ultimately, our life will depend on the loyalty and love of our Competing interests: No competing interests

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Revision as of 19:51, 19 October 2006 by Dwarf Lord This article or section is a stub. Please help Tolkien Gateway by expanding it. Haradrim were the proud and warlike people of the Harad, in the south of Middle-earth. The ancient enemies of Gondor, they allied with Sauron during the War of the Ring. Tolkien provides a description of one of their dead in the Lord of the Rings: - "...a man fell, crashing through the slender trees, nearly on top of them Frodo and Sam. He came to rest in the fern a few feet away, face downward, green arrow-feathers sticking from his neck below a golden collar. His scarlet robes were tattered, his corslet of overlapping brazen plates was rent and hewn, his black plaits of hair braided with gold were drenched with blood. His brown hand still clutched the hilt of a broken sword..." - ― The Two Towers

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An administrator is attempting to recover corrupted data from a four disk RAID group. However, the administrator does not know which RAID level was used. When investigating the volumes, the administrator notes that there is a duplicate of all data on two of the disks. Which of the following RAID levels was in use? A. RAID 0 B. RAID 5 C. RAID 6 D. RAID 10 What determines which bits in an IP address represent the subnet, and which represent the host? What can you do with the DBMS_LOB package? A. Use the DBMS_LOB.WRITE procedure to write data to a BFILE. B. Use the DBMS_LOB.BFILENAME function to locate an external BFILE. C. Use the DBMS_LOB.FILEEXISTS function to find the location of a BFILE. D. Use the DBMS_LOB.FILECLOSE procedure to close the file being accessed. Examine the parameters for your database instance: ————————– ——————————- ————————— undo_management string AUTO undo_retentioninteger 12 00 undo_tablespace string UNDOTBS1 You execute the following command: SQL> ALTER TABLESPACE undotbs1 RETENTION NOGUARANTEE; Which statement is true in this scenario? A. Undo data is written to flashback logs after 1200 seconds. B. Inactive undo data is retained for 1200 seconds even if subsequent transactions fail due to lack of space in the undo tablespace. C. You can perform a Flashback Database operation only within the duration of 1200 seconds. D. An attempt is made to keep inactive undo for 1200 seconds but transactions may overwrite the undo before that time has elapsed. You need to create a table for a banking application. One of the columns in the table has the following requirements: 1) You want a column in the table to store the duration of the credit period. 2) The data in the column should be stored in a format such that it can be easily added and subtracted with date data type without using conversion functions. 3) The maximum period of the credit provision in the application is 30 days. 4) The interest has to be calculated for the number of days an individual has taken a credit for. Which data type would you use for such a column in the table? D. INTERVAL DAY TO SECOND E. INTERVAL YEAR TO MONTH You notice that the performance of your production 24/7 Oracle database significantly degraded. Sometimes you are not able to connect to the instance because it hangs. You do not want to restart the database instance. How can you detect the cause of the degraded performance? A. Enable Memory Access Mode, which reads performance data from SGA. B. Use emergency monitoring to fetch data directly from SGA analysis. C. Run Automatic Database Diagnostic Monitor (ADDM) to fetch information from the latest Automatic Workload Repository (AWR) snapshots. D. Use Active Session History (ASH) data and hang analysis in regular performance monitoring. E. Run ADDM in diagnostic mode. *In most cases, ADDM output should be the first place that a DBA looks when notified of a performance problem. *Performance degradation of the database occurs when your database was performing optimally in the past, such as 6 months ago, but has gradually degraded to a point where it becomes noticeable to the users. The Automatic Workload Repository (AWR) Compare Periods report enables you to compare database performance between two periods of time. While an AWR report shows AWR data between two snapshots (or two points in time), the AWR Compare Periods report shows the difference between two periods (or two AWR reports with a total of four snapshots). Using the AWR Compare Periods report helps you to identify detailed performance attributes and configuration settings that differ between two time periods. Reference:Resolving Performance Degradation Over Time As part of archiving the historical data, you want to transfer data from one database to another database, which is on another server. All tablespaces in the source database are read/write and online. The source and target databases use the same compatibility level and character sets. View the Exhibit and examine the features in the source and target database. Which of the following steps are required to transport a tablespace from the database to the target database: 1.Make the tablespace read-only at the source database. 2.Export metadata from the source database. 3.Convert data filed by using Recovery Manager (RMAN). 4.Transfer the dump file and data filed to the target machine. 5.Import metadata at the target database. 6.Make the tablespace read/write at the target database. A. 2, 4, and 5 B. All the steps C. 2, 3, 4 and 5 D. 1, 2, 4, 5 and 6 If both platforms have the same endianness, no conversion is necessary. Otherwise you must do a conversion of the tablespace set either at the source or destination database. Which two statements correctly describe the relation between a data file and the logical database structures? (Choose two.) A. An extent cannot spread across data files. B. A segment cannot spread across data files. C. A data file can belong to only one tablespace. D. A data file can have only one segment created in it. E. A data block can spread across multiple data files as it can consist of multiple operating system (OS) Which two statements below could explain why the vSphere Client is reporting N/A for hyperthreading? (Choose two.) A. The physical CPUs in the host do not support hyperthreading. B. Hyperthreading is disabled in the host’s BIOS. C. The physical CPUs in the host are not multi-core. D. The number of CPUs meets or exceeds the maximum without hyperthreading. The VMware vCenter Server Appliance has been deployed using default settings. What user name and password are used to log in to the administration interface to configure the appliance? A. The initial user name and password must be supplied on the first login attempt. B. The initial user name and password must be supplied during deployment. C. The initial user name is root and the password is blank. D. The initial user name is root and the password is vmware. A user has a perimeter firewall and up-to-date antivirus software. The user is asking what else they can do to improve their security. Which of the following will have the MOST impact on network security? (Select TWO). A. Install additional antivirus software B. Disable screen savers C. Conduct a daily security audit D. Assign security rights based on job roles E. Use strong passwords To improve security, assign security rights based on job roles. You need to give least amount of privilege to users so that they can do their jobs without having access to resources that have nothing to do with their job roles. Small form factor PCs that utilize full-height PCI and PCI-Express cards need which of the following supplementary items to allow for proper installation? A. FireWire cards B. Riser cards C. Storage cards D. Network cards Evaluate the following CREATE TABLE commands: CREATE TABLE orders (ord_no NUMBER(2) CONSTRAINT ord_pk PRIMARY KEY, CREATE TABLE ord_items qty NUMBER(3) CHECK (qty BETWEEN 100 AND 200), expiry_date date CHECK (expiry_date > SYSDATE), CONSTRAINT it_pk PRIMARY KEY (ord_no,item_no), CONSTRAINT ord_fk FOREIGN KEY(ord_no) REFERENCES orders(ord_no)); The above command fails when executed. What could be the reason? A. SYSDATE cannot be used with the CHECK constraint. B. The BETWEEN clause cannot be used for the CHECK constraint. C. The CHECK constraint cannot be placed on columns having the DATE data type. D. ORD_NO and ITEM_NO cannot be used as a composite primary key because ORD_NO is also the FOREIGN KEY. The CHECK constraint defines a condition that each row must satisfy. The condition can use the same constructs as the query conditions, with the following exceptions: References to the CURRVAL, NEXTVAL, LEVEL, and ROWNUM pseudocolumns Calls to SYSDATE, UID, USER, and USERENV functions Queries that refer to other values in other rows A single column can have multiple CHECK constraints that refer to the column in its definition. There is no limit to the number of CHECK constraints that you can define on a column. CHECK constraints can be defined at the column level or table level. CREATE TABLE employees salary NUMBER(8,2) CONSTRAINT emp_salary_min CHECK (salary > 0), Which of the following protocols operates at the HIGHEST level of the OSI model? An administrator has a network subnet dedicated to a group of users. Due to concerns regarding data and network security, the administrator desires to provide network access for this group only. Which of the following would BEST address this desire? A. Install a proxy server between the users’ computers and the switch to filter inbound network traffic. B. Block commonly used ports and forward them to higher and unused port numbers. C. Configure the switch to allow only traffic from computers based upon their physical address. D. Install host-based intrusion detection software to monitor incoming DHCP Discover requests.

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Dr Libby on quinoa Labelled a superfood, quinoa has exploded in popularity from a strictly health-food shop item to appearing on the menus of many cafes and restaurants. Sacred to the Incas, it was such a critical component of their diet that it is referred to as the “mother of all grains’’. Legend has it that quinoa was what the Incan soldiers used to eat to increase stamina before going into battle. Quinoa is not technically a cereal grain. It belongs to what is called a “pseudo-cereal” group, a name for foods that are cooked and eaten like grains and have a similar nutritional profile. Quinoa is actually more closely related to beets, chard and spinach than it is to any of the grains, although it is the seed-like component that is consumed. It is one of the few plant foods that can be considered a complete protein, providing all nine essential amino acids. Being gluten-free it can be a helpful and nourishing addition to a gluten-free diet. Unlike a lot of gluten-free alternatives quinoa is a good source of fibre, meaning it helps to keep you feel full for longer. There’s no surprise then, that many people consider it a superfood! It is a good source of magnesium which helps to relax blood vessels and muscles. In some studies magnesium has also been found to help regulate blood glucose, which can help decrease sugar cravings. Quinoa is also a source of the amino acid tryptophan, which is involved in the synthesis of serotonin, our happy, content and calm hormone. It is therefore believed to have mood-boosting qualities. Quinoa also contains a significant amount of riboflavin (vitamin B2), which is great for energy. Combined with its protein content, quinoa is a great addition for any athlete and could be used pre or post training. In fact because of its beneficial nutrient profile and protein content, quinoa is a great addition to breakfast, lunch or dinner. It is easy to prepare and is often cooked using the absorption method. One tip before cooking quinoa is to make sure you rinse it well, as it can grow a bitter coating, called saponin, which is a natural defence mechanism from the plant to fend off pests. Quinoa is so versatile it can be used as a more nutrientdense replacement for pasta or couscous to absorb the flavour and sauce from a casserole; in place of rice in sushi or as a breakfast porridge. Quinoa may just become one of your pantry staples. There are many wonderful uses for quinoa: - Use quinoa wherever you would use pasta, orzo or couscous - Use a mixture of red, black and white for visual appeal in salads - Quinoa makes an especially delicious tabboulet - add extra parsley for a real nutrient boost - Puffed quinoa is a delicious addition to a homemade muesli - Cook quinoa and sweeten with pure maple syrip, cinnamon and blueberries for a breakfast porridge - Use quinoa flour in gluten-free baking Dr Libby Weaver is a leading voice on health, nutrition and well-being. Her approach involves cooking with “real” food and maximising nutritional value in every meal. It’s all about being delicious and nutritious. For more visit drlibby.com

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Located in the northern part of the U.S. state of Utah the Great Salt Lake is the largest salt lake in the western hemisphere and the 37th largest lake on Earth. The lake covers an area of around 1,700 square miles (4,400 km2) but fluctuates due to its shallowness and time of year. The Jordan, Weber and Bear rivers, the lake’s three main tributaries, deposit around 1.1 million tons of minerals in the lake every year. The Great Salt Lake is the largest remnant of Lake Bonneville that covered much of western Utah and areas of Nevada and Idaho during prehistoric times. At its peak Lake Bonneville’s surface area was nearly as large as Lake Michigan, 22,400 square miles and considerably deeper. According to historian Wilford Woodruff’s Journal, the leaders of the pioneer settlers journeyed to the south shores of the inland lake on July 27th 1847. They bathed in the lake and were thrilled to find that they did not sink, “No person could sink in it, but would roll and float on the surface like a dry log. We concluded that the Salt Lake was one of the wonders of the world.” They decided then to name their city “City of the Great Salt Lake.” This was later changed to Salt Lake City. A few years after the pioneers settled in the area the Colifax Party, a group of men touring the continent, visited the Great Salt Lake to bathe and picnic on the beach. Mr. Bowles, a member of the party, in his book Across the Continent gives a flowing description of the wonders of bathing in the lake and the beauty of its surroundings. The Great Salt Lake provides habitat for millions of native birds, waterfowl and brine shrimp. The lake is home to a large population of Wilson’s Phalarope, a small, salt-loving, wading bird. There are no fish in the Great Salt Lake due to the high salinity. The lake has 11 islands, though this number varies depending on the level of the lake. From largest to smallest these islands are: Antelope, Stansbury, Fremont, Carrington, Dolphin, Club, Badger, Strongs Knob, Gunnison, Goose, Browns, Hat (Bird), Egg Island, Black Rock and White Rock. There are also a small number of unnamed islands. The Great Salt Lake is one of Utah’s largest tourist attractions and attracts hundreds of thousands of visitors every year.

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Delays in fresh fruit logistics do not only cost time, but also can potentially harm the value of products and profits. Nevertheless, transport disruptions are common. Let’s assume a bridge is closed. To save a shipment from spoilage, one can either travel on alternative routes (i), switch mode of transport (ii), wait for the disruption to be over (iii) or, in case of a long-term disruption, fulfill demand from a backup supplier (iv), but which option is the best in each particular situation? In a recent work, an agent-based simulation to study the impact of rail disruptions was developed (Publication on ScienceDirect). Although not directly considering food specific characteristics, it shows major impacts not only on the disrupted rail connection, but also on detour routes and terminals due to higher traffic volumes. Consequently, even if a shipment is not directly affected by a disruption, major delays can occur. As a result, in food logistics, where time is often critical, paying special attention to transport disruption and research into corresponding optimization and risk-management procedures is of importance. – Fikar, C, Hirsch, P, Posset, M, Gronalt M (2016) Impact of transalpine rail network disruptions: A study of the Brenner Pass. Journal of Transport Geography 54, 122-131. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2016.05.018, Kudos: http://goo.gl/j1R9B9

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Scripting a story can be an organic process, and methods of screenwriting will vary depending on the writer. You’ll see the variances between completed scripts of different scribes. A shooting script, however, is not a completed work, like a novel is. A shooting script is a road map – a set of instructions to be really basic about it – to a movie yet to come. That’s why clear and consistent formatting of the shooting script is essential. What if the character is “unknown” when first appearing? When, for example, the character “Fred” is first off screen and speaks the lines labelled in the script as “Voice” or “Unknown Voice”, revealling himself later in the scene to the rest of the on-screen characters… well, the set crew cannot be certain the “Voice” lines are Fred’s and not someone else. To retain the writer’s intention, and to make the road map clear to the shooting crew, in this type of case, label Fred’s off-screen lines as: “Unknown Voice (Fred)”. What if the character changes names during the story? Say “Fred” began in the story as “Mr Smith” and only became “Fred” as the other characters got to know him. As your guide, consider… will the different characters (2 different character names) be played by two different performers or by one? If the answer is one performer, then use the same principle as for the “Unknown Voice” above. In this example, start “Fred” as “Mr Smith (Fred)” and let him become “Fred” as the characters get to know him. Alternatively, of course you can label him as “Fred Smith” all the way through the script; however, with this choice, you’ll never really know when the writer intends for Fred to change his name among the other characters in the story. Overall, remember that yes, you’re creating a road map (of instructions) for the shooting crew, but you must try to keep the writer’s intention wherever possible. The writer’s intention is an integral part of the road map too! Cheers & happy script formatting to you!

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NTU's $7 million research lab can help cut production costs for films and games A $7 million research lab that could significantly cut the cost of making films, animation and games was launched on Tuesday by the Nanyang Technological University (NTU). The Future Studios Research Lab, which is sited in NTU, is already poised to help home-grown production company Richmanclub Studios reap cost savings for a movie that it is currently making at the lab. Entitled The Boy And His Robot, the science-fiction live action film is slated to be released at the end of this year or early next year. By using the lab's equipment and technologies to create the film's visual effects instead of traditional production methods, the movie's production costs and the number of workers needed are expected to be slashed by up to 80 per cent and 30 per cent, respectively. The lab's equipment include computer servers from HP and high end Nvidia graphics cards.

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Tooth Decay is the process of destruction of teeth. This process normally results from the interaction of bacteria in the food and teeth. Bacteria present in food stick to the tooth surface as a sticky film. This is called Plaque. Posts Tagged ‘Tooth Decay’ Flossing is a good habit. It helps in fighting plaque, tooth decay and several other oral problems. If you never flossed then you will need to learn the procedure of flossing. It is not difficult to learn. Teeth are very important, as they are used in eating. Good teeth make your smile better. Good teeth enhance your confidence. Parents should take care of teeth of their babies. Good eating and caring habits right from the early age ensure healthy teeth and avoid certain dental problems. A Recent Study revealed that incidents of tooth decay in children are on increase for last few years. Frequency of cavities in baby teeth of children of age below 5 years is increasing. Normally people think that baby teeth are to be replaced by adult teeth and no need to take baby teeth seriously. This is a big misconception and cause of worsening the issue. Excessive use of food with low pH value can cause dental and oral health issues. Low pH foods include, but not limited to, alcohol, cola and soft drinks, fruit juices, fresh fruit, tea, coffee, pickle and yogurt. One of the damages of such food is dental erosion. Dental erosion is the breakdown of tooth structure caused by the effect of acid on the teeth. Dental enamel is the thin, outer layer of hard tissue. This tissue helps in maintaining structure of tooth and shape. It also protects it from decay. Tooth decay in infants or young children is called Baby Bottle Tooth Decay. It occurs due to prolonged contact of sugary liquids (both natural or artificial) with teeth. Bacteria in the mouth interact with sugar and create acids, which damage the tooth. Smoking is normally considered hazardous to general health. Whenever people talk they focus on heart problems, stroke or cancer. Few people consider the negative consequences of smoking to oral health. It is a fact that oral cavity is the first area of the body which comes in contact with hazardous smoke.

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Vladimir Lipunov, a professor at Moscow State University, announced the find in a short documentary, "Asteroid Attack," posted on the website of the Russian Space Agency on Sunday. Mr. Lipunov says the asteroid, which he calculates is 370 meters in diameter, could hit the Earth with an explosion 1,000 times greater than the surprise 2013 impact of a bus-sized meteor in Russia. That object entered Earth’s atmosphere over the city of Chelyabinsk, resulting in a series of ferocious blasts that blew out windows and damaged buildings for miles around. In the film, Lipunov says it's difficult to calculate the orbit of big objects like 2014 UR116 because, as they hurtle through the solar system, their trajectories are constantly being altered by the gravitational pull of nearby planets. "We need to permanently track this asteroid, because even a small mistake in calculations could have serious consequences," he said. There is little indication that this particular asteroid could hit the Earth in the next few decades, though over a much longer period a collision looks quite likely, says Natan Esmant, an expert with the official Space Research Institute in Moscow. A more serious issue, he says, is the estimated 100,000 near-Earth objects, such as asteroids and comets, which can cross our planet's orbit and are large enough to be dangerous. Only about 11,000 have so far been tracked and cataloged. "Every couple of days new ones are being discovered," he says. "Scientists have increasingly powerful tools to do this work, but there's a lot still to be done. Every object that crosses the Earth's path can be a potential threat." Since the Chelyabinsk meteor, which came as a complete surprise to experts, scientists have been warning about the danger and trying to pool their data in order to get a clearer picture of the swarms of debris that are lurking in space. Scientists use conventional telescopes, radar and infrared detectors to hunt asteroids. The first satellite specifically designed to identify asteroids was launched last year. A movement of scientists, astronauts, musicians, and businesspeople have launched a campaign to dramatize the danger and seek ways of protecting Earth from what seems like an inevitable destructive collision. They declared June 30, 2015, the world's first Asteroid Day. Other Articles Of Interest:Mountain Size Asteroid On Path With Earth Russian Scientist Spinosaurus: The New Evidence. European Parliament Vote To Break Up Google Guy Jumps On Dead Whale Can Eating These Seven Fish Harm You Bird Rolls Off Car Only In Chicago Ionic Wind Thruster The New Jet Engine Dental Scrap Processing What You Need To Know When You Are Dealing With Gold Easier Airport Security Another Jurassic Park Builder Series on Youtube Liberian Hospital Overwhelmed Inside UFO Base Half Life 2 Part 3 Airboat Ramming has been released Rare Sea Creature In The Gulf Of Mexico Medical Articles Of Interest:Zirconium, The New Leader in Dentistry The New Crown in Town More research needed to validate Stem Cell use for Cosmetic surgery Early Detection Key to Surviving Oral Cancer Protect yourself from Oral Cancer Other Videos Of Interest:Naples Botox Dentist Naples Fl Real Estate Video Real Estate Marketing Naples Web Designers in Naples Digital Marketing Agency Naples Real Estate For Sale Dental Scrap Gold Real Estate Naples Florida © 2014 All Right Reserved

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Ball clay is mineral of Kaolinite group; possess the unique property of plasticity when suitably tempered with water. It is extremely rare mineral, founds in very few places around the world. Ball clay forms by the weathering (a mechanical and chemical action of water, wind, glaciers, carbonates, human acid, etc.) of igneous rocks. Ball clays usually contain 20-80% Kaolin and 10-65% Quartz; in addition, there are other minerals, metal oxides and some carbonaceous material present. Ball clay in Bikaner division is of sedimentary nature and may be classified as secondary clay. The major mineralogical constituent is kaolinite (Al2O3.2SiO2.2H2O) having impurities as fine silica (quartz), hemetite, iron hydrozide, rutile, un-decomposed feldspar, and in some cases lime kankers. The particle size of Bikaner Ball clay is very finer even less than 1 micron with excellent particle size distribution ratio. Our processing of Ball clay includes proper winning through hydraulic excavators by cutting it in benches, regular lumps size formation and reduction of steals, open drying, hard shorting, quality control and loading backup. - White Color, High Shrinkage, Highly Plastic - Highly Plastic, Creamish Color - Ultra Fine Clay With Controlled PSD - High MOR Clay Types of Available Materials - Ceramics: The traditional ceramic bodies manly consist of Clay, Quartz and Feldspar. Ball clays have the major role of green strength, working feasibility, and produce a workable, malleable raw material. AceCone is providing ball clay for all major and minor ceramic industries with best suitable properties as per their requirement. - Sanitary-ware: Suitable PSD, High Plasticity and MOR, suitable viscosity and white firing color. Typical composition is 25-35% - Vitrified Tiles: Suitable PSD, High Plasticity and MOR, low fired absorption - Crockery: High Plasticity, Good White-Fired Color, High MOR - Wall and floor tiles: Controlled Shrinkage, Suitable Water Absorption, High Strength - Glazes and Engobes: Perfect Finishing, Suitable light reflection - Refractory clays: Controlled thermal expansion, high refractoriness |Fired Colour||Creamish /Off White||Al2O3||25-39| |Residue Over 340 mesh||0.5-1.5||MgO||0.4-0.8| |Particle Size > 2 Micron||30-34||CaO||0.3-1.2| |Particle Size > 10 Micron||9-13||Na2O||0.6-1.2| |% Dry Shrinkage||4-6||K2O||0.3-0.75| |% Fired Shrinkage @12200C||8-10||LOI||8.5-13|

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I have an assignment and its quite difficult to me to make because im still a beginner and I badly need this before 12 midnight. My assignment goes like this: The tortoise and the hare, in this project you will recreate one of the truly great moments in history, namely the classic race of the tortoise and the hare. Our contenders begin the race at “square 1” of 70 squares. Each square represents a possible position along the race course. The finish line is at square 70. The first contender to reach or pass square 70 is rewarded with a pail of fresh carrots and lettuce. The course weaves its way up the side of a slippery mountain, so occasionally the contenders lose ground. The two animals take turns in moving positions. Your program should randomly adjust the position of the animals according to the following rules: Animal Move type Random No. Actual move Tortoise Fast plod 1-5 3 squares to the right Slip 6-7 6 squares to the left Slow plod 8-10 1 square to the right Hare Sleep 1-2 No move at all Big hop 3-4 9 squares to the right Big slip 5 12 squares to the left Small hop 6-8 1 square to the right Small slip 9-10 2 squares to the left Keep track of the positions of the animals (values from 1 to 70). Start each animal at position 1 (i.e. the “starting gate”). If an animal slips below position 1, move the animal back to position 1. Generate a random integer i in the range 1 to 10. For the tortoise, perform a “fast plod” when i is between 1 and 5, a slip when 6 to 7 or a slow plod when 8 to 10. Use the same technique to move the hare. Begin the race by printing “Bang!! And they’re off!!”. For each turn, update the race track. Occasionally the contenders will land on the same square. In this case, the tortoise bites the hare and your program should print “Ouch” beginning at that position. Test if either animal has reached or passed square 70. If so, then print the winner and end the program. I already made a program but it doesn't repeat. Please help me.

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1 million children are at risk of dying of malnutrition in Africa's Sahel region, a 1000-kilometer belt between the Sahara and the Sudanian Savannas, UNICEF warns. According to UNICEF, over 15 million people in eight African countries are directly affected by the crisis. Oxfam reports that malnutrition levels in some regions rise beyond the emergency threshold level of 15 percent. “If we are not able to mount the appropriate response, it could reach up to 1.4 million severely malnourished children, so we’re talking about a lot of lives which are at stake here,” UNICEF's Director of Emergency Programs, Louis-Georges Arsenault, said in a statement. "Millions of people are on the threshold of a major crisis. All signs point to a drought becoming a catastrophe if nothing is done soon. The world cannot allow this to happen. A concerted aid effort is needed to stop tens of thousands dying due to international complacency," said Mamadou Biteye, Oxfam Regional Director for West Africa. According to the World Food Program, the combination of drought, high food prices, displacement, and chronic poverty may lead to a full-scale nutritional crisis. In addition, many families have not yet fully recovered from past crises in 2005, 2008, and 2010. Food shortages are common in the Sahel -- the region annually fights shortages in the time between harvests and reports show that even during good harvest years parts of the population are undernourished. Yet aid agencies warn this year's scarcity could develop into a full humanitarian crisis and it is crucial to take swift action. A report by Oxfam and Save The Children showed that many died needlessly in last year's famine in East Africa because the international community failed to act on early warnings. "There were clear early warning signs many months in advance, yet there was insufficient response until it was far too late," the organizations concluded in the report A Dangerous Delay. The crisis in the Sahel also has been aggravated by fighting in Mali, where thousands of refugees have fled to neighboring Mauritania, Niger and Burkina Faso. See the maps below courtesy of UNICEF.

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Gout is chief among the brutal inflammatory health conditions that a person may suffer. It manifests mainly on the big toe, but it may affect other joints as well. With gout, the affected joint becomes tender, swells, is painful, may reveal some redness, and feel warm or hot. Gout is prevalent, and many keep asking the question, “can you die from gout?” We will help you answer that question. Just read on. Can you die from gout? Yes and no. The yes applies where having gout increases the risk of death from the chronic risk factors or health conditions that may develop. The no applies whereby, if you suffer from gout and keep it under control through medication, it can be treated, and you won’t die from it. Gout will not directly kill you. However, it can lead to serious health problems that increase your risk of dying. Choosing to leave your gout untreated and not focusing on lowering the bloodstream’s uric acid levels also raises your death risk. Gout and premature deaths Studies have found that those with gout are at a higher risk of premature death than those that do not. Causes of gout play a significant role in mortality rates, and the occurrence of gout is linked to premature deaths. Why? You may ask. Gout is associated with the development of other health conditions that can cause eventual death. Gout is associated with metabolic syndrome – a combination of metabolic and cardiovascular health risk factors including hypertension, diabetes, renal failure. Having these conditions puts you at a higher risk of death. These conditions are chronic and will all somehow be connected. They mainly occur alongside each other. Such a combination makes these conditions even more dangerous because they increase the risk of death. If you have gout, you are at more significant risk for a heart attack or stroke. You can also suffer from insulin resistance, whereby there is a deterioration in the ability of the body to use insulin to reduce blood sugar. Hypertension can damage blood vessels in the kidneys and eventually cause renal failure. A diabetic patient is likely to suffer from high cholesterol levels and high blood pressure. This can bring forth cardiovascular conditions. Having uncontrolled high blood pressure raises the risk for a heart attack. Untreated, chronic, or severe gout is a death risk Mostly, gout is treatable with medications. However, the risk of death increases if it goes untreated to become chronic. This is usually evident, especially for those that take this inflammatory condition lightly. Some may view it as a simple intermittent episode of joint pain. The truth is that inflammation is always “busy” on the joints for gout patients. Inflammation keeps happening even when symptoms of acute gout improve. Simply having a chronic condition increases your risk for an earlier death. Those with gout need to receive urate-lowering medicine. However, only a small number of people get the treatment, and fewer stay on the medication consistently or long enough. Due to this, the uric acid crystals keep triggering the underlying and chronic inflammation. – Febuxostat For Gout – Is It A Valuable Remedy? – Indomethacin And Gout – How Are These Two Linked? – Prednisone For Gout in 5 Steps – The Ultimate Guide – Aspirin And Gout – Is Aspirin A Good Pain Reliever For Gout? Gout and serum uric acid levels Critical to improving a gout patient’s survival rate is reaching the recommended serum urate target- 3.4-7.0 for males and 2.4-6.0 mg/dl for females. Having more than the recommended level puts you at a greater risk of death. Due to that, medications to lower higher urate levels must be administered. Some previous studies reveal that the inability to reach the targeted serum urate level is independently a predictor of gout patient mortality. – Gout in Neck – Can you Get Gout in Your Neck? – Is Gout Contagious? – Everything You Need to Know – Gout And Genetics – Diet Or Genetics? – Gout in Dogs – Can Dogs Get Gout? – Is Gout Hereditary? – Everything You Need to Know – Gout and Sleep Apnea – Is Gout Related to Sleep Apnea? – Gout And Erectile Dysfunction – Can Gout Cause Erectile Dysfunction? The Gout Eraser™: The all-natural guide for permanent gout removal The Gout Eraser™ is a short, to the point guide on how to reverse gout symptoms without ever leaving your home. The guide goes into extensive detail on exactly what you need to do to safely, effectively and permanently get rid of gout, and you are GUARANTEED to see dramatic improvements in days if not hours. To learn more about The Gout Eraser™ system, check out the following free video presentation: The Gout Eraser™

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Analysis of the basic placement order of components on a printed circuit board The usual order of placement of components on a printed circuit board: placing components in a fixed position that closely fits the structure, such as power outlets, indicators, switches, connectors, etc., after the device is placed, use the LOCK function of the software. Lock it so that it will not be mistakenly moved in the future; place special components on the line and large components such as heating elements, transformers, ICs, etc.; place small devices. The distance of the component from the edge of the board: if possible, all components are placed within 3mm from the edge of the board or at least greater than the thickness of the board. This is due to the line slot in the mass production of the plug-in and wave soldering. In use, at the same time, in order to prevent the edge portion from being damaged due to the shape processing, if there are too many components on the printed circuit board, if it is necessary to exceed the 3mm range, a 3mm auxiliary edge can be added to the edge of the board, and the auxiliary side is opened V-shaped. The tank can be cut by hand during production. Isolation between high and low voltage: There are high voltage circuits and low voltage circuits on many printed circuit boards. The components of the high voltage circuit are separated from the low voltage parts. The isolation distance is related to the withstand voltage. Usually, At 2000kV, the distance between the boards should be 2mm. On this basis, the ratio should be increased. For example, if you want to withstand the 3000V withstand voltage test, the distance between the high and low voltage lines should be more than 3.5mm. In many cases, to avoid Crawling, also slotting between high and low voltage on the printed circuit board.

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Stainless steel application development prospects will be more and more widely, but the development of stainless steel applications to a large extent determine the extent of its surface treatment technology development. First, stainless steel commonly used surface treatment methods (A) Introduction to stainless steel varieties Stainless steel main components: generally contain chromium (Cr), nickel (Ni), molybdenum (Mo), titanium (Ti) and other high-quality metal elements. Common stainless steel: chromium stainless steel, containing Cr ≥ 12% or more; nickel-chromium stainless steel, containing Cr ≥ 18%, containing Ni ≥ 12%. From the stainless steel metallographic structure classification: austenitic stainless steel, for example: 1Cr18Ni9Ti, 1Cr18Ni11Nb, Cr18Mn8Ni5. Martensitic stainless steel, for example: Cr17, Cr28 and so on. Commonly known as non-magnetic stainless steel and with magnetic stainless steel. (B) common stainless steel surface treatment methods Commonly used stainless steel surface treatment technology has the following methods: surface whitening treatment; surface mirror bright processing; surface coloring. Surface whitening treatment: stainless steel in the processing process, after the coil, bar edge, welding or artificial surface roasted heating treatment, resulting in black oxide. This hard gray-black oxide is mainly NiCr2O4 and NiF two kinds of EO4 ingredients, before the general use of hydrofluoric acid and nitric acid for strong corrosion method to remove. But this method cost, pollution of the environment, harmful to humans, corrosive, and gradually be eliminated. Stainless steel surface mirror bright treatment methods: According to the complexity of stainless steel products and user requirements can be different mechanical polishing, chemical polishing, electrochemical polishing and other methods to achieve specular gloss. Surface coloring: Stainless steel coloring not only gives a variety of colors of stainless steel products, increase the variety of products, but also improve the product wear resistance and corrosion resistance. search keyowrds：small peristaltic pump

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Before Valley View Mall grew out of a cotton field, the Preston Road property belonged to the Byrd-Pierce family for five generations. The expansive farm disappeared in the 1960s, but North Dallas’ Marjorie Pierce Beard was determined to preserve her family’s history. In the late 1980s, she researched and wrote “Growing Up on Preston Road: A Family Portrait.” The 120-page book was distributed to her expansive family. “Through the years, it was swept under the rug,” says Marla Bush, a member of the Pierce family. “Nobody knows what was on that property long ago.” Their ancestors, James and Mary Byrd, were among Dallas’ earliest pioneers. In 1844, the Tennessee natives trekked to what was then Nagadoches County, enticed by the prospect of owning their own piece of the city. People were hesitant to live in Texas, still a wild and often unlawful land, after it won its independence from Mexico. Dallas wasn’t a city yet, and the area’s only occupants were Native Americans. “An Act Granting Land to Emigrants” was an incentive for people to relocate to the republic. A man could homestead 640 acres if his family settled in Texas before July 1, 1844. The couple built their new home near White Rock Creek. James, a member of Dallas’ first Methodist Society, was a cotton farmer and raised horses, Pierce Beard writes. He and Mary raised eight children together. The family acquired another 1,960 acres after their parents’ death. When James and Mary’s granddaughter, Martha Elizabeth Byrd, married Andrew Pierce, a family feud erupted, and her father banned her from the property. After the couple began having children, her father forgave her and gave them 90 acres of his land, according to a 1965 Dallas Times Herald article. They moved into a house that stayed in the Pierce family for a century. The family maintained the acreage until Andrew Pierce died. Her great-grandmother, Martha, sold pieces of the cotton farm to make ends meet, Bush says. The McCutchin family purchased some of the property and sold it to Trammel Crow, who constructed Valley View Mall. When Sears offered them money for the remaining land, the family moved off Preston Road for the first time in decades. Alecia Milliken’s father, Ray Pierce, was the final generation that grew up on Preston Road before it became a retail destination. She didn’t listen to her father’s ramblings about the family when she was young, she says, so the book is giving her a glimpse of what she ignored. She’s also reconnected with family members, like Bush, through posting about her family history on Facebook. “People just go crazy over this stuff when you’re a native, native Texan.” Click to sign up for the Advocate's weekly news digest and be the first to know what’s happening in Preston Hollow.

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- Healthy food staples every family needs in their kitchen - June 22, 2020 - Feel Bloated but You Don’t Know Why? Find Out now - June 7, 2020 - What is the Best Anti Bacterial Hand Sanitiser? - June 1, 2020 Key message: Gut health is an important factor in the wellbeing of mothers and their babies. Researchers have discovered that gut health starts as early as in the womb, and can be influenced by factors including diet during pregnancy, medicines given in the first few years of life, and birth and feeding choices. Action point: Watch the documentary Microbirth, a fascinating documentary on how the events at birth shape our future. Nurturing the health of our little ones also means taking care of another tiny creature – our microbiome We all want our babies to have the best possible start in life. Most of us know the choices we make during pregnancy and the first few years of our babies’ lives affect their long-term health. Now science is discovering that baby’s health may well start in an often-overlooked area of the body – the gut. In the past decade there has been growing awareness of the important role of the human microbiome – all the bacteria, viruses and fungi that live on and in our bodies. Imbalances in this population, which lives in many of our tissues but is particularly concentrated in the gut, have been linked to diseases from diabetes to dementia. Researchers are now finding that gut health starts as early as in the womb, and can be influenced by factors including diet during pregnancy, medicines given in the first few years of life, and birth and feeding choices. Check out these three research facts about infant and mother gut health: Research fact one: A mother’s diet may have a significant role to play in their unborn baby’s immunity. Until recently it was generally thought that babies are born with a sterile gut and they pick up microbes on their journey through their mother’s vagina which migrate to colonise the gut. Additional microbes are collected from their environment over the first few years of life. This theory was challenged when bacteria were found in the meconium, a baby’s first stool passed within hours of their birth. Now, thanks to a new US study, we have a clue to where these bugs are coming from. The study found that the placenta harbours a unique ecosystem of bacteria, which may have a surprising origin – the mother’s mouth. According to the researchers, different nutrients in the mother’s diet are a huge determinant of which microbes take up residence in the placenta. Further more, disturbances of the placenta’s bacterial community may explain why some women give birth prematurely, and could also be one of the ways that a woman’s diet affects her offspring’s gut bacteria and, as a result, the child’s disease risk. Aagaard K et al (2014) The Placenta Harbors a Unique Microbiome. Sci Transl Med. 6:237ra65. DOI:10.1126/scitranslmed.3008599 Research fact two: Exposure to more than three courses of antibiotics in the first year of life is associated with a significantly increased rate of food allergy. In a retrospective case – control study researchers found an almost two-fold increase in food allergy in children exposed to three or more courses of antibiotics between the ages of seven and 12 months. According to the researchers, the increase in food allergy may be related to a disruption of normal gut flora. Systemic antibiotics not only kill bacteria causing an infection, they are also distributed to other parts of our body where they can kill susceptible bacteria that are part of our normal flora — especially in the gastrointestinal tract. Johnson, K (2013) Antibiotic Exposure in Infancy Linked to Food Allergies. In American Academy of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology (AAAAI) 2013 Annual Meeting: Abstract L14. Presented February 26, 2013. Accessed online May 2015. http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/780023#vp_1 Research fact three: Cesarean delivery and bottle-feeding influence the gut microbiota in infants. The study found formula-fed babies had more abundant bacteria in stool samples at age four months, with over-representation of Clostridium difficile (C.diff), compared with exclusively breastfed infants. C. diff is a part of the normal group of microorganisms found in the gut. But it is also a major human pathogen. It can sometimes take advantage of disruptions in our bacterial flora to cause disease. Infants born by C-section had significantly fewer bacteria of the Escherichia-Shigella and Bacteroides species, while elective cesarean was associated with “particularly low bacterial richness and diversity.” Whether those factors are critical for a healthy microbiota or if it’s more important to acquire a particular combination of specific types of bacteria remains unknown, the researchers pointed out. The researchers also commented that passage through the birth canal gives infants a natural inoculation with bacteria from the mother, whose milk also shapes the baby’s intestinal colonisation. Furthermore, these changes in the developing microbiome could explain susceptibilities to a variety of conditions later in life, such as obesity, diabetes and GI conditions. Freelance journalist and editor Kat Boehringer specialises in health communications including health writing, health promotions, and social media management. In her spare time she works as a massage therapist and aspiring novelist. Connect with her at LinkedIn.

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Frances Benjamin Johnston Since closing MCHS on March 17, students have participated in academic work on Schoology, but many have not recited the Pledge of Allegiance. At school, the Pledge was spoken over the PA system every morning, but many students fail to recite the Pledge on a day-to-day basis. Even before the COVID-19 pandemic, there was substantially less enthusiasm to say the Pledge—which is okay. At home or at school, people should feel comfortable choosing not to recite the Pledge of Allegiance as they are educated about the meaning of the flag that represents their country. Students were taught to stand for the Pledge of Allegiance before they were taught the meaning behind the words in the Pledge. Some students cannot remember being taught the meaning behind the Pledge at all, so they had to do research on their own. This is how many high schoolers discovered that they wanted to protest the Pledge of Allegiance by sitting down. Joseph Kalisek, a special education teacher at west and an Army veteran of 30 years, ensures that all of his students were given proper instruction on the Pledge of Allegiance. “In my classroom,“ he says. “From the beginning of the year to the end, there are fewer than 10% who remain seated and that is allowed only because I have educated them on every word, pause, meaning and reasoning for the flag etiquette we have in our country.” A student at MCHS, who prefers to remain anonymous, believes that it’s not the teacher’s job to encourage a student to stand up during the Pledge of Allegiance. “If a student doesn’t want to stand up that’s their choice,” says a student at MCHS who prefers to remain anonymous, “However if a teacher still wants to stand and say the Pledge, they should be able to.” However, since Kindergarten it’s always been the teacher’s responsibility to show students flag etiquette. Many students don’t mind reciting the Pledge of Allegiance respectfully, however, in some cases, they lack enthusiasm. So, if the classroom is not loud, or there are not many people standing saying the Pledge of Allegiance, then they too will choose not to participate. Regardless, if the classroom is as quiet as sitting in the library, I still stand. All it takes is one person to rise, and another person will join in. Learning about flag etiquette is important going into adulthood because there are proper ways to fold flags, and even dispose of flags. Teaching students the Pledge of Allegiance is just the basics. Since symbols are controversial, it is important for people to respectfully, agree to disagree, on the symbolism of the flag. If students today do not understand why they stand for the flag, they should be concerned, for the tradition is already crumbling. The flag is more than a representation of our society; it honor the country and all who have sacrificed their lives for our freedom.

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What Is the Sun Made of? Components, Features, and Parts of the Sun What is the sun made of? This is a common question that I think has never gotten the right answer. Read on to find the right answer! But first, what exactly is the sun? The sun, also known as the solar, is a star that was formed approximately 4.6 billion years ago. The celestial body was formed from a collapse of a giant cloud that consisted mainly of hydrogen and helium. It is the brightest component of the solar system and the primary source of energy for life on earth (Aller, L.H). Most people think that the solar is red or yellow in color, but the truth is that the celestial object is white in color. It has a defined structure, but lacks a solid surface. The surface is composed of hot gases and other elements that are at a temperature of approximately 6,000 Kelvin (Aller, L.H, Wilk, S.R). In this article, I will discuss the components, features and parts of the sun and their importance. So get to know what is contained in this largest star. In Brief, What is the Sun Made Of? Well, Here are the Components of the Sun - Hydrogen and helium - The core - The radiative zone - The convective zone - The photosphere - The solar atmosphere - Radio emissions 1. Hydrogen and Helium - Major Components of the Sun The sun is chemically composed of hydrogen and helium. The two elements came from the Big Bang process and account for 98% of the celestial object's mass. The remaining percentage is accounted for by oxygen, carbon, neon, iron, magnesium, nickel, chromium, sulfur and silicon (Parnel, C, Aller, L.H, Hansteen, V.H, Leer, E, Holzer, T.E). 2. The Core According to astrophysicists, this is the hottest zone/part of the sun. It is believed to be at a temperature in the region of 15.7 million Kelvin and under a very high pressure. The high temperature and pressure cause nuclear fusion which involves the atoms of hydrogen and helium combining together. The process gives out light and heat which penetrate through the other zones to the earth and remaining parts of the solar system. The core occupies 25% of the star's radius (Mullan, D.J, Aller, L.H, Cohen, H, Zirker J.B). 3. The Radiative Zone In this zone, the temperature is much lower than in the core. It ranges from 2-7 million Kelvin, depending on the distance from the core. The ions of hydrogen and helium are responsible for energy transfer in this layer. Radiations from the core lose a lot of energy when passing through this zone to the earth. Life would be unbearable or there would be no life on the earth if this region doesn't absorb some of the radiations' energy. The region takes 70% of the star's radius, making it the largest in the celestial body (Tobias, S.M, Mullan, D.J, Cohen, H, Zirker J.B, Aller, L.H). 4. The Convective Zone This is the outermost layer of the sun. It consists of heavier materials that are partially ionized. The temperature falls to about 6,000 Kelvin and heat transfer takes place through convection. The zone extends to another layer surrounding the star known as photosphere (Cohen, H, Mullan, D.J, Aller, L.H, Zirker J.B, Tobias, S.M). 5. The Photosphere This is the part of the sun that we see from the earth. Its upper region is cooler than the lower region, and this is the reason why the center of the solar is brighter than the edges. Studies show that there exist some water and carbon monoxide molecules in the cooler region. The temperature of this zone is less than 6,000 K (Zirker J.B, Mullan, D.J, Aller, L.H, Cohen, H). 6. The Solar Atmosphere - Important Part and Feature of the Sun The solar atmosphere is divided into three zones: chromosphere, corona and heliosphere. Chromosphere. This is a 2,000 km-thick layer that is filled with a colored flash of emissions and magnetic flux lines. It is the innermost layer of the atmosphere and consists of a partially-ionized helium. Its temperature lies between 6,000 K to 20,000 K (De Pontieu). Corona. This is the second hottest zone of the star, after the core. Its temperature ranges between 1million Kelvin and 20 million Kelvin, and it consists of darker, less hot regions known as coronal holes or sunspots (Parker, E.N). Another interesting feature of the corona is the solar wind, which consists of waves that blow away from the zone to other parts of the solar system. The waves are commonly known as coronal plasma or loops (Rusell, C.T). Heliosphere. This is the outermost layer of the solar atmosphere. It is filled with energetic particles as well as the solar wind, and is believed to be felt in all planets (Space Ref, Rusell, C.T). 7. Other Features and Components - Neutrinos- Micro particles produced during the fusion reactions. - Radio emissions- Formed when magnetic field lines interact with elements on the surface. - X-rays- Formed when the sun’s magnetic field gets twisted up. - Prominence- A bright, loop-shaped feature that extends above the surface. - Flare- A sudden, bright flash that happens near the surface. These are the major components, features, parts, zones and layers of the sun, and I hope that that now you have understood what makes up the sun. But one more interesting thing about this celestial body is that the solar luminosity is not constant: it is on the rise. Scientists believe that the increasing luminosity is likely to evaporate all the water on the earth in a few billion years. Lastly, now that you have known what the sun is made of, you would definitely also want to know what the moon is made of! Visit this page to know all the components, features and parts of this natural satellite! - Mullan, D. J. "Solar Physics: From the Deep Interior to the Hot Corona". Springler Science & Business Media. Print. 11 Sept, 2000. - Stix M. The Sun: An Introduction (Astronomy and Astrophysics Library). 2nd Edition. Springer Publisher. 2002. - Parnel, C. "Discovery of Helium".solar.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk. University of St Andrews. 22 Mar, 2006. - Wilk, S.R. "The Yellow S' Paradox". osa-opn.org. Optics & Photonics News. 16 Dec, 2009. - Aller, L.H. "The Chemical Composition of the S' and the Solar System". adsabs.harvard.edu. Harvard University. 30 May, 1968. - Cohen, H. "Table of Temperatures, Power Densities, Luminosities by Radius in the S". webarchive.loc.gov. Contemporary Physics Education Project. 9 Nov, 1998. - Haubold, H. J.; Mathai, A. M."Solar Nuclear Energy Generation & The Chlorine Solar Neutrino Experiment". adsabs.harvard.edu. AIP Conference Proceedings. 06 Nov, 1994. - Zirker, J. B. "Journey from the Center of the S". Princeton University Press. Print. 03 Dec, 2002. - Tobias, S.M. "The Solar Tachocline: Formation, Stability and its Role in the Solar Dynamo". Fluid Dynamics and Dynamos in Astrophysics and Geophysics. CRC Press. pp. 193–235. 18 Feb, 2005. - Hansteen, V.H. Leer, E. Holzer, T.E. "The Role of Helium in the Outer Solar Atmosphere". adsabs.harvard.edu. The Astrophysical Journal. 16 Jul, 1997. - UCAR. “Parts of the S”. scied.ucar.edu. UCAR Center for Science Education. 17 Apr, 2012. - Russell, C.T. "Solar Wind and Interplanetary Magnetic Field". Space Weather (Geophysical Monograph) (PDF). American Geophysical Union. pp. 73–88. 07 Aug, 2001. - Parker, E.N."Nanoflares and the Solar X-ray Corona". Astrophysical Journal. adsabs.harvard.edu. Harvard University. 26 Jan, 1988. - Space Ref."The Distortion of the Heliosphere: Our Interstellar Magnetic Compass". spaceref.com. European Space Agency. 22 Mar, 2006. Were you aware of some of these things that make up the sun? Questions & Answers What is the sun flare made of? Magnetic energy, radiations, rays, heat etcHelpful 8 What is solar prominence? A large, bright, gaseous feature extending outward from the Sun's surface, often in a loop.Helpful 3 How do the elements in the sun work together? They just react resulting in heat and other elements/compounds. Does the core mean the heart of the sun? Yeah, as heart sometimes refers to the center. Where do the elements in the outer layers of the sun come from? From the inner layers or from atmosphere, especially when atmospheric elements are made to react on the surface of the sun. © 2015 Januaris Saint Fores

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Forty-five years ago this month, the USAF/North American XB-70A Valkyrie reached three times the speed of sound for the first time. The historic aviation achievement took place on the 18th anniversary of the breaking of the sound barrier by the USAF/Bell XS-1. When it comes to legendary aircraft, aviation enthusiasts speak in almost reverent terms about the XB-70A Valkyrie. Indeed, few aircraft have evoked such utter awe or symbolized better the profound majesty of flight than the “The Great White Bird”. Though its flight history was brief, the XB-70A’s influence on aviation has proven to be of enduring worth. The Valkyrie measured 185 feet in length, had a wingspan of 105 feet and an empty weight of 210,000 pounds. With a GTOW of 550,000 pounds, it was the heaviest supersonic-capable aircraft of all-time. The aircraft was powered by a six-pack of General Electric YJ93-GE-3 turbojets totaling 172,200 pounds of thrust in afterburner. To enhance lift-to-drag ratio and directional stability at high Mach number, the Valkyrie was configured with wing tips that could be deflected downward as much as 65 degrees. Each wing tip was the size of an USAF/Convair B-58A Hustler wing panel. To this day, the XB-70A deflectable wing tip is the largest control surface ever used on an aircraft. The XB-70A was originally intended to be a supersonic strategic bomber. The aircraft’s mission was to penetrate Soviet airspace at Mach 3 and deliver nuclear ordnance from an altitude of 72,000 feet. However, the rapid ascendancy of Soviet surface-to-air missile capability would compromise the type’s military mission before it even flew. As a consequence of the above, the Valkyrie ultimately became a high-speed flight research aircraft. Only two (2) copies were constructed and flown. Ship No. 1 (S/N 62-0001) made its maiden flight on Monday, 21 September 1964 while Ship No. 2 (62-0207) first took to the air on Saturday, 17 July 1965. XB-70A Ship No. 1 became the first Valkyrie to hit Mach 3. It did so while flying at an altitude of 70,000 feet on Thursday, 14 October 1965. The flight crew consisted of North American Aviation test pilot Alvin S. White (aircraft commander) and USAF Colonel Joseph Cotton (co-pilot). The XB-70A aircraft flew all of their flight research missions out of Edwards Air Force Base in California. Between September of 1964 and February of 1969, a total of 129 XB-70A research flights took places; 83 by Ship No. 1 and 46 by Ship No. 2. A total of nearly 253 flight hours was amassed by the aircraft. The XB-70A Program made significant contributions to high-speed aircraft technology including aerodynamics, aerodynamic heating, flight controls, structures, materials, and air-breathing propulsion. Lessons-learned from its flight research have been applied to numerous aircraft developments including the B-1A, American SST, Concorde and the TU-144. XB-70A Ship No. 1 survived the flight test program while Ship No. 2 did not. The latter was destroyed in a mid-air collision with a NASA F-104N on Wednesday, 08 June 1966. Today, XB-70A Ship No. 1 can be seen at the National Museum of the United States Air Force at Wright-Patterson Air Force Base in Dayton, Ohio.

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In what is probably his most well-known book, How Should We Then Live?, Francis Schaeffer uses history, religion, philosophy, art, music, literature, and culture as a background for a discussion of society and how we should be living if we are under God's direction. This book has been instrumental in the recent renewed interest in worldviews among Christians. Schaeffer approaches worldviews from a Reformed Protestant perspective. While most of what he writes is valid, his Protestant perspective skews his presentation to make it appear that most postive cultural developments came about as a result of the Reformation. Nevertheless, whatever your religious perspective, this is a very thought-provoking book. Schaeffer discusses artists, authors, and philosphers as though he expects his audience to already be familiar with them. If you don't already have a strong classical education, you might find the breadth of information and ideas presented overwhelming. A video series by the same title is a little easier to understand than the book, so you might consider it as an alternative. (Videos are available through Christian Book Distributors, and other sources.) Also check out other books by Francis Schaeffer such as The God Who Is There.

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Experts believe that by 2040, in the American agrarian sector, large-scale production of agricultural products will be occupied by huge corporations. Few agribusinesses will take over the production of the lion’s share of agricultural products in the country, writes “Agro-Center”. Small farmers who focus on specialized markets can also succeed in this model. However, middle farmers might not survive the competition. By 2040 there will no longer be federal support for agriculture in the United States. Editing of genes will become the main technology. Analysts are confident that middle farmers will experience the biggest problems. Buyers will deal with a limited number of large manufacturers and simplify their supply chain. In order to succeed in the US agricultural industry, manufacturers should be highly effective managers, understand marketing and be able to quickly adapt to the market. Currently, farmers are actively buying land, especially if there is a market nearby.

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Personal Life Resources Duke prohibits discrimination on the basis of race, color, religion, national origin, disability, veteran status, sexual orientation, gender identity, gender expression, sex, genetic information, or age in the administration of its educational policies, admission policies, financial aid, employment, or any other institution program or activity. Discrimination refers to the unfair or unequal treatment of a person or group based on factors like age or race. To learn who to contact if you feel like you’ve been subjected to prohibited discrimination or if you have questions about the policy, click HERE. Duke Office for Institutional Equity (OIE) Duke aspires to create a community built on collaboration, innovation, creativity, and belonging. To achieve this, it is essential that all members of the community feel secure and welcome, that the contributions of all individuals are respected, and that all voices are heard. The Duke Office for Institutional Equity (OIE) is dedicated to serving the Duke communities through diversity, inclusion, affirmative action, employment equity, harassment prevention, and other work-related initiatives focused on the quality of life and effort at Duke. The Duke OIE offers a range of services that uphold values of equity and diversity as well as support compliance efforts in the areas of equal opportunity, affirmative action, and harassment prevention. The Duke OIE has ombudspeople who offer neutral and confidential guidance on a variety of issues for all students and faculty at Duke. Some of the primary roles of the ombudsperson include providing a neutral, safe, and confidential environment to talk in; listening to concerns and complains and discussing appropriate options; assisting students in resolving problems and mediating conflicts. To learn more and to contact your ombudsperson, click HERE. Visit the Diversity and Inclusion Strategy Services site for more information on how they can help the Duke Community create a climate where everyone feels valued, respected, and included. Access & Accommodations The Nicholas School is committed to supporting equal opportunity employment opportunities and reasonable accommodations for students, employees, and visitors with disabilities. The Nicholas School is also committed to creating a space that is free from discrimination based on disability. It is essential that everyone have the opportunity to learn and work in a safe and inclusive environment. To learn more about the Nicholas School’s Access and Accommodations policy, click HERE. The Student Disability Access Office (SDAO) is the office on campus that has been charged with and is committed to providing educational opportunities for students with disabilities in compliance with Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973, the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 (ADA), and the ADA Amendments Act of 2008. Services and accommodations are provided to students with a variety of disabilities including, but not limited to, Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorders, blindness/low vision, deafness/hard of hearing, learning disabilities, psychological disorders (including Autism Spectrum disorders), mobility, and chronic health as well as other medical conditions. Student requests for reasonable accommodations for a disability are submitted to the SDAO through the Duke Disability Management System. Harassment & Sexual Misconduct Harassment is unwelcome conduct that is serious enough to significantly interfere with an individual’s work, education, living conditions, or participation in university programs and activities. It includes harassment based on age, color, disability, national original, gender or sex, genetic information, gender identity, gender expression, race, religion, veteran status, or sexual orientation. It also includes sexual harassment. The Nicholas School of the Environment Policy abides by Duke University’s anti-harassment policy. Duke has in place explicit and clear prohibitions against harassment. Individuals have the right to come forward with concerns or complaints and Duke Policies prohibit retaliation against them for doing so. If you need more information or believe you are being harassed by a professor or staff member, please go HERE. For information about sexual harassment or sexual violence, please visit the Duke Sexual Misconduct Prevention and Response site. The Nicholas School of the Environment (NSOE) strives to demonstrate respect and dignity in all of our interactions. NSOE is committed to creating a space that is free from all forms of unlawful harassment, including sexual harassment, sexual violence, and other forms of misconduct, as well as unwelcoming behavior in our community. Read more about the NSOE Anti-harassment and Sexual Misconduct policy HERE. ITEHP has Harassment Prevention Advisors (HPAs) who have been trained to help students with harassment concerns or complaints, including those involving Title IX (sexual misconduct). The current HPAs for ITEHP program include: - Joel Meyer, Director of Graduate Studies (DGS): Phone: 919-613-8109, Email: [email protected] Additional Nicholas School HPAs are listed on this page (Scroll to section: Allies for students and employees within the Nicholas School Community) NOTE: When responding to harassment concerns or complaints, HPAs are unable to guarantee confidentiality. If you are seeking confidential support for gender violence (sexual assault, intimate partner violence, stalking, sexual harassment), contact the Duke Women’s Center at 919-684-3897 or 919-970-2108 after hours. Students in Need or Distress: DukeReach DukeReach directs faculty, staff, parents, and others to the resources available to help a student in need. If you are concerned about a fellow student’s health or behavior (including your own), you can share those concerns in several ways: - For Emergencies, call Duke Police (DUPD) at 919-684-2444, or dial 9-1-1. This number will be answered by Duke Police on campus, and by Durham Police off campus. For emergencies after business hours, you can also call the Dean on-call (DOC) pager at 919-970-4169. The DOC pager may not accept international numberse; if you are calling from an international number, please call DUPD directly at 919-684-2444. - During business hours, you may contact DukeReach at 919-681-2455 or [email protected]. They will connect you to the proper resources. - If you are concerned about a student’s health or behavior, please complete a DukeReach report via the web or call 919-681-2455. Though there is no Duke suicide hotline, Duke Police can be reached 24/7 for assistance by calling 911 from any Duke phone or by dialing 919-684-2444 and asking to be connected to the Duke Police. The Dean on-Call and Residence Coordinator on-Call are available 24/7 to respond to students in crisis, and will consult with the Counseling and Psychological (CAPS) on-call team for students expressing suicidal ideation. A student experiencing a clinical emergency after regular business hours can contact the Duke University Paging Operator at 919-684-8113 and ask to speak with the Psychiatric Resident on-call at the Duke Hospital. During regular business hours a student may contact CAPS at 660-1000 and ask to speak with the clinician on consult. Resident Assistants and Duke Police can also connect students to psychiatric resources at any time of day. Counseling & Psychological Services (CAPS) Stress is a fact of life and is normal, expected part of graduate school. But when you have too much of it or it lasts too long, stress can take a physical and psychologically toll on your health and well-being. Counseling and Psychological Services (CAPS) helps Duke Students enhance strengths and develop abilities to successfully live, grow and learn in their personal and academic lives. CAPS offers many services to Duke undergraduate, graduate, and professional students, including brief individual and group counseling, couples counseling, and more. For more information, visit the CAPS website. Student Health & Wellness Duke Student Health is the primary source for a wide range of healthcare services for all Duke Students. Please visit the Student Health site for more information about making an appointment, health insurance, physical therapy, and more. You may also call Student Health at 919-681-9355. The Duke Student Wellness Center provides all students with exceptional care and coaching, assists with health needs, and supports your path to greater personal success and happiness. The Duke University Women’s Center is dedicated to helping every woman at Duke become self-assured with a streetwise savvy that comes from actively engaging with the world. The Center welcomes men and women alike who are committed to gender equity and social change. Contact information to the Women’s Center can be found HERE. The Women’s Center provides confidential crisis support for people of all genders who are survivors of gender violence, including sexual assault, intimate partner violence, stalking or unwanted contact, or harassment. If you or someone you know has experienced gender violence, can call 919-684-3897, email [email protected], or visit the Women’s Center at 001 Crowell Building East Campus during office hours (M-F 9:00am-5:00pm) to speak to a counselor. No appointment is necessary. For CONFIDENTIAL gender-violence related support after-hours, call the on-call number: 919-970-2108. Center for Sexual & Gender Diversity (CGSD) Duke’s Center for Sexual and Gender Diversity (CGSD) strives to achieve an inclusive campus climate for students, staff, faculty, and alumnx with marginalized sexual orientations, gender identities, and gender expressions through education, advocacy, support, mentoring, academic engagement, and providing space. CGSD provides education and resource guides; promotes visibility, awareness, networking, and community; and creates access to student groups, programs, events, and more! Graduate & Professional Student Council (GPSC) The Graduate & Professional Student Council (GPSC) is the umbrella student government organization for Duke’s nine graduate and professional schools. The GPSC serves as a resource for incoming and returning students in the areas of academic and administrative concerns, as well as social networking. Some of the important GPSC resources provided for students and student groups include: - Community Pantry: Open to all graduate and professional students(located in the GPSC House, 306 Alexander Ave.). The pantry is stocked with nonperishable foods, childcare items, school supplies, and gently used professional clothing. It is open Wednesdays 5:00-8:00 pm and Saturdays 3:00-6:00 pm. More information about the Community Pantry can be found HERE. - Emergency Travel Fund: Provides students with partial reimbursement for medical emergency or bereavement related travel - Lawyer Assistance Program: Provides students with legal counseling, risk reduction, and mitigation of legal issues - Resources / Funding for Student Groups ITEHP has one GPSC representative each academic year, appointed in August. The ITEHP GPSC representative for 2019-2020 is Dillon King. Personal Finance @ Duke Personal Finance @ Duke is a program designed to empower Duke Students and Alumni to make informed financial decisions today and be prepared for the financial responsibilities of tomorrow by providing them with financial management knowledge and skills necessary to navigate life events that affect every day financial decisions, discuss issues surrounding personal finances, and plan for the future. The Office of Personal Finance offers seminars and one-on-one counseling sessions. Contact Personal Finance @ Duke at [email protected] or 919-660-3630.

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Small however mighty, the hippocampus is a place of your brain that’s tasked with various capabilities related to reminiscence formation and emotion regulation. Unfortunately, as we age, this powerhouse tends to stutter, because of things like shrinkage, irritation, and problems with cellular signaling. Previous studies have found that there are lifestyle behaviors that can make a distinction—maximum appreciably caloric restrict and exercise. But how a lot pastime do you need to hold the location firing up the manner it should? New studies indicate the answer isn’t as a lot as you would possibly assume. In truth, even one exercising session can make a difference. In a observe published within the Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, researchers targeted on semantic memory—that is the capacity to don’t forget words, concepts, and numbers—and exercising’s outcomes on hippocampus activation. They recruited 26 individuals aged 55 to eighty-five and had them go through either rest or 30-minute desk bound biking on separate days. Immediately afterward, they’d MRI scans whilst being asked to keep in mind well-known and non-famous names. The postexercise session resulted in much bigger gains in phrases of memory, as compared to whilst the participants absolutely rested for a half of hour. Not most effective became there greater activation within the hippocampus, however different parts of the brain additionally lit up as well. “From previous studies, we know that regular exercise can growth the overall volume of the hippocampus, and our study shows that even one consultation of exercising could have a widespread effect,” said lead writer J. Carson Smith, Ph.D., accomplice professor of kinesiology on the University of Maryland School of Public Health. In phrases of mechanism, that’s less clean, Smith brought. There are some of the opportunities as to why exercise makes the brain so fired up. He advised that it could do with a growth in neurotransmitters like norepinephrine and dopamine, which growth the “signal-to-noise ratio,” meaning that it is able to prompt neural networks greater correctly. The expanded keep in mind potential for the have a look at individuals persevered for about an hour after each workout consultation, he said. But even supposing the results tended to vanish a bit after that factor, everyday exercising can also advantage the neural networks and hippocampus in a manner much like “schooling” your brain inside the identical manner that you’d construct muscle mass over time, he said. “We don’t have long-time period observe up that can affirm that, but based totally on this examine and different research, it’s very viable that through the years, the mind adapts to exercising within the equal manner that the body does,” he said. “It will become stronger.” First of all, permit me to let you know that I am 70 years antique and had been doing this fundamental workout program, together with some other activities for numerous years. Since you won’t be acquainted with isometric sporting events, just a short run down. These are sports finished wherein one muscle group, for instance, the biceps (front of upper arm… Curls the arm), pulls or pushes in opposition to either some other muscle group, as an instance the triceps (returned of upper arm… Extends the arm), or, an immovable object. The muscle is tensed in contraction or extension for among seven and ten seconds. I constantly do a slow rely upon ten, myself. Caution, even as the advice for most rapid outcomes is too traumatic the muscle to seventy-five % of its most potential, you haven’t any way of measuring this, and, at first, you are at more threat of damage, so, as you begin, just traumatic till you sense resistance and step by step you’ll begin to feel the “sweet spot”. Also, supporting muscular tissues may not be as robust as the principle muscle being exercised, and also you do not need to ought to prevent due to the fact you have got injured a few smaller muscle.

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Check out this recap of resources in our social media posts from October 2018 for National Bullying Awareness Month! How to make a difference October is National Bullying Prevention Month! There are many ways you can help reduce bullying. Check out this resource from PACER for some ideas on what you can do to make a difference! Be kind, take the pledge Be supportive of others who have been bullied, be kind to others, accept other people’s differences, include those who are left out. Click here to take the pledge! Delaware’s Bullying Prevention Law Are you aware of Delaware’s school bullying prevention law? Did you know Delaware offers a bullying hotline? Check out this website for resources on how to get help if you or a loved one is affected by bullying How you can help For National Bullying Prevention Month, we want to know, what do YOU do to stop the bullying? Check out what these people did, and tell us in the comments what you can do to help. Bullying doesn’t stop when people leave high school. It happens at work too. The Workplace Bullying Institute (WPI) has been working for 20 years “to research and understand, to educate the public and to teach prevention and correction of abusive conduct at work.” Here’s how WPI defines workplace bullying: “Workplace Bullying is repeated, health-harming mistreatment of one or more persons (the targets) by one or more perpetrators. It is abusive conduct that is: • Threatening, humiliating, or intimidating, or • Work interference — sabotage — which prevents work from getting done, or • Verbal abuse This definition was used in the 2014 WBI U.S. Workplace Bullying Survey. Its national prevalence was assessed.” If you are being bullied at work, here are some tips to help you overcome it. Bullying and Disabilities According to PACER, statistics show that students with disabilities are more likely to be bullied. Their website provides a wealth of information to help. Learn about rights and policies, self-advocacy, peer advocacy, person first language, activities, and more.

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The H5N1 avian flu virus has now reportedly reached South Korea, though no cases of human infection have yet been confirmed. According to the Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs, a duck farm in Gochang, North Jeolla Province — about 186 miles from the capital, Seoul — may have been the origin of the H5N1 outbreak among poultry. Tests are being carried through to identify whether the Gochang duck farm was indeed the source of the virus, and the results will be available in the next few days. The provincial government has also ordered a cull, or slaughter, of over 20,000 poultry at the contaminated farm, Reuters reports. Twenty-four more poultry farms in four different provinces will also be quarantined as preventative measures. In the past decade, there have been four major outbreaks of bird flu in South Korea. In 2011, more than 3 million birds were slaughtered after the country experienced an outbreak. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), H5N1, also referred to as highly pathogenic avian influenza A, is a strain of bird flu that is highly contagious, though it’s not typically found in humans. It's also impossible to transmit the virus from human to human. Most H5N1 cases are reported after the victim has had contact with contaminated poultry. Up to 60 percent of those infected die from the illness. Nearly 600 cases of human infections, have been reported since 2003 — throughout 15 different countries. About 150 people throughout Asia have been infected by the newest strain of bird flu, H7N9, since it emerged in China last year. Forty-six people have died, and cases have been reported in China, including Hong Kong, as well as Taiwan. The World Health Organization (WHO) reported 62 human cases of the virus in 2011, with 34 deaths that occurred in five countries: Bangladesh, Cambodia, China, Egypt, and Indonesia. These countries along with India and Vietnam currently have ongoing infections.

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After the tuition and textbook bills are paid, do college students know how to manage the money that needs to last for the rest of the semester? The list of costs still remaining could include gas money, date nights, groceries, rent, electricity, car insurance and cell phone bills. Unfortunately, those expenses come up on a different schedule than the rush of money at the start of the semester. Perhaps to no one’s surprise, there’s likely to be a learning curve involved. Mary Johnson, a consumer advocacy person for Higher One, a company that handles student deposit accounts at Wayne State University and other colleges across the country, has seen and heard a lot of stories about rookie finance mistakes. Specifically, commuter students who are new to living on their own “really have to budget their money,” she said. But she also has noticed a willingness to learn as young adults get more hands-on with their finances. And while not all colleges have financial literacy programs for students, she recommends participating in those programs where they are offered. Those workshops often go beyond required student loan counseling to explaining everyday details such as why it is important to track where your spending money went. Ms. Johnson’s tips for the college student demographic include: You are responsible for your own money. Don’t let someone else manage it. Students who are dependent on their parents need to have detailed discussions as to who pays for what expenses and make sure that’s where the financial aid or scholarship money goes. Ms. Johnson shared a story of a student who learned to her surprise that her mother had used the student’s financial aid card to pay for household bills. Set aside an emergency fund. Most students will not have to worry about certain household expenses such a major appliance repair. But a student might need an emergency fund to pay for a plane ticket home on short notice. Live below your means. ”I try to encourage students to find free things to do on campus,” she said, adding that some students tend to forget that a paid-for cafeteria plan provides food for less money out of pocket than going out. Know your money personality. Those who are spenders may want to develop personal guidelines for money that someone who is a saver has no need for. One of the effects of financial literacy among the college students, she said, is to help students graduate on time. The Monroe on a Budget column runs Mondays in The Monroe Evening News. For money-saving tips throughout the week, go to www.monroeonabudget.com.

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Historic preservation buildings have customarily grown up with the community which built them and have often become fixtures for a century or more. In certain stories, historical buildings are characters themselves and are as important to the plot as the protagonist. That’s not to say an old building can’t get some modern attributes, as that is the growing theme with green roofs on historical preservation buildings. Why just get a historical roof restoration when you can get a green roof? What Is a Green Roof? A green roof is a layer of plants or flora which is planted over a waterproofed system installed on a flat or slightly askew roof. These roofs are also known as vegetative or eco-roofs. The major purposes for installing a green roof are to achieve environmental benefits,1 including improving the air quality, reducing storm water runoff, saving energy, cooling the building, and reducing the temperature in the surrounding environment, especially in urban areas. Green roofs fall into three groups: - Extensive Green Roof: These typically have a depth of 3-5 inches and have a maximum weight of 15-25 lbs./square feet. The plants are mostly mosses, sedums, herbs, and some grasses. One of these is low maintenance and has a lower cost. - Semi-Intensive Green Roof: This type of roof is between 5-7 inches in depth and weighs roughly 25-40 lbs./square feet. The plants are mainly perennials, sedums, grasses, and shrubs. Instead of being a low maintenance roof, this acts as a habitat. - Intensive Green Roofs: These roofs are 7 inches and deeper, and they weigh at least 35 lbs./square feet. These consist of lawns, rooftop farms, shrubs, and trees. These fields automatically irrigate/flood themselves, and they are ideal for making a park or a garden. The Rise of Green Roofs and Government Buildings. Green roofs are being used on historic buildings because they enhance their energy-efficiency and sustainability. Granted, a green roof doesn’t fit on some historic buildings, but the ones it does fit on can make a major difference in reducing the temperature on the roof. The U.S. Government, which owns many historic buildings, began to reinvent its real estate by transforming buildings into more energy-efficient establishments. One of these National Historic Landmark buildings is the U.S. Coast Guard Headquarters in Washington, D.C. The building was designed to be low and blend into the hillside. That hillside forms a portion of the “green bowl” around the District of Columbia. The green roof is expected to reduce the urban heat-island effect and add insulation to the roof, which cuts down on heat gain. Since its location is also a courtyard, occupants can enjoy the public space and enjoy the scenery. This is the second-largest green roof in the USA, and the 3rd largest in the world, with 557,000 square feet. To date, over 100 historic buildings have been transformed in this way. Elani Reed at the U.S. General Services Administration (GSA) believes that “sustainability and preservation must go hand in hand” in terms of preserving a historic building and making it greener at the same time. One of the key things to consider is the building’s structure itself. A green roof does increase the weight on top of the building, and it adds moisture and the potential of root penetration through the waterproofing layer. These issues must be addressed, and the Secretary of the Interior’s Standards for Rehabilitation must be met before a green roof can be added. Most importantly, it cannot alter the structure of a historical building, and any vegetation cannot be visible above the roofline from the public view. With that, a green roof can be a welcome addition to a turn-of-the-century building and improve the environment at the same time. More government buildings are expected to undergo this process, as the documented benefits are almost too good to be true. Besides, just because a building has been in a community since the late 19th century, it doesn’t mean it can’t include 21st century innovation. - http://www.gsa.gov/portal/mediaId/158783/fileName/The_Benefits_and_Challenges_of_Green_Roofs_on_Public_and_Commercial_Buildings.action (page 8) Contact us today to learn more about green building and historic roof preservation!

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By Todd Blackhurst In Chinese culture, the Dragon Boat Festival is one of the more important festivals. It is celebrated on the fifth day of the fifth lunar month. This year it will be celebrated on May 29 & 30. It’s origin was to remember the well loved poet Qu Yuan. There are many differing stories about his life, so I’ll share the most popular and well known one here. During the decline of China in the end of the Zhou Dynasty, Qu Yuan served as minister to the Zhou Emperor. Qu Yuan was a wise and articulate man well loved by the common people. However, when the Emperor decided to ally with the increasingly powerful state of Qin, Qu was banished for opposing the alliance and even accused of treason. During his exile, Qu Yuan wrote a great deal of poetry. Twenty-eight years later, The Qin captured Ying, the Chu capital. In despair, Qu Yuan committed suicide by drowning himself in the Miluo River. It is said that the local people, who deeply loved and admired him, raced out in their boats to save him or at least retrieve his body. When his body could not be found, they dropped balls of sticky rice into the river so that the fish would eat them instead of Qu Yuan’s body. This is thought to be the origin of ZongZi 粽子 and the dragon boat races. During the Dragon Boat festival, there are various beliefs and traditions that traditional Chinese participate in, such as racing dragon boats, eating glutinous rice dumplings (粽子), hanging calamus and moxa on the front door, drinking special drinks, children wearing fragrant sachets, as well as standing an egg at 12:00 noon. For most people, it is a time to gather with friends and family and celebrate some much needed time off. In Taiwan, there are multiple locations to watch Dragon Boat Races. However, be warned, it is usually very hot, so take an umbrella and drink lots of water, but be sure to enjoy this great tradition with some friends. For those of you living in Taichung, an easy place to visit is Lukang. Here is a map link to the location where the races are held.

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- Conventional Medicine Conventional Medicine is the type of medicine practiced in any General or Family Practice office. It is mainstream, good old-fashioned medicine. Dr. DeBruin believes that the patient-physician relationship, not rules and regulations, should form the foundation of medical care. Dr. DeBruin strives to provide the highest quality care, emphasizing a comprehensive approach to prevention and disease management.

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Vincent van Gogh 1853 - 1890 Vincent van Gogh (March 30, 1853, Zundert-July 29, 1890) was a Dutch draughtsman and painter, classified as a Post-Impressionist. His paintings and drawings include some of the world's best known, most popular and most expensive pieces. The fact that he cut off part of his left ear is very well known, as is the belief that he was driven to an early suicide by lack of recognition of his genius. Here reality and myth are intertwined, and although he certainly suffered from recurrent bouts of mental illness, his suicide was preceded by growing praise for his work from radical critics and fellow avant-garde artists-something which paradoxically caused the painter considerable anguish. Van Gogh spent his early life as an art dealer, teacher and preacher in England, Holland and Belgium. His period as an artist began in 1880 and lasted for a decade, initially with work in sombre colours, until an encounter in Paris with Impressionism and Neo-Impressionism accelerated his artistic development. He produced all of his work, some 900 paintings and 1100 drawings, during the last ten years of his life. Most of his best-known work was produced in the final two years of his life, and in the two months before his death he painted 90 pictures. Following his death, his fame grew slowly, helped by the devoted promotion of it by his widowed sister-in-law. -Wikipedia (Read more...)

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Our group of 23 genealogists was divided into two groups for a guided tour of the premises. Currently the Landeshauptarchivs preserves 56 kilometers of documents. The tour began in an area normally not accessible to non-authorized persons. Our group was first shown the storeroom with the most precious books and documents. It is climate controlled and equipped with a CO2 extinguishing system. Old documents and books have several enemies. As light accelerates the aging of parchment, vellum, and paper, the building in which the archives reside has only very small windows. The storeroom is kept at a constant temperature as changing temperatures and humidity can also cause damage. The precious treasures in the storeroom are preserved in archival safe boxes or bindings. Anyone who has ever experienced flooding or fire knows water and books do not mix. If a fire should break out, the storeroom is flooded with CO2 which, by displacing oxygen, smothers the fire. To protect document surfaces from marks made by oily or sweaty hands our guide used thin cotton gloves while showing us several objects. She removed a vellum document from the 12th century from its protective sleeve, unfolded it and allowed us to examine the seal hanging from it on a ribbon and make a guess about the purpose of the document and who may have had it drawn up. Usually seals are made of wax – this one was made of lead. It was a lead papal bull on a document drawn up by a pope. She also showed us the Codex Balduini Trevirensis, a book made in 1341 telling of Henry VII’s expedition to Italy from 1310 to 1313 to obtain a papal imperial coronation. The Codex is best known for the illustrations once found in the front of the book and removed due to their historical importance. Blank pages were added in place of the illustrations which were on exhibition in the Landesarchiv in 2000. Document Restoration and Bookbinding Department I found this part of the tour the most interesting. It began with the first steps in cleaning up paper material. Dry sponges are used like erasers to remove dirt and grime, a soft brush is used to remove dislodged materials before the object is placed in a dusting unit where air is circulated and dust is removed by a suction system. Once a document has been cleaned the damage caused over the years needs to be brought to a halt. In the background of the above photo is a document with ragged edges. In the foreground is document that has been filled in where areas where missing. On the damaged document at the top, what looks like dark smears (see arrow on right), are scraps of very lightweight Japanese papers. They are made from long, strong, flexible fibers that produce a lasting repair. Japanese paper does not discolor or become brittle and is translucent making it suitable to repair text areas in documents. The technique used to repair missing areas on paper documents is similar to paper making. The damaged paper is placed on a screen (miniature at left used for explanation) and lowered into a water bath of the leaf casting machine. Paper or fiber scraps of similar color to the item being repaired are mixed in a blender with water and pumped over the screen. The suction is turned on and the water level recedes and the holes are filled with pulp. The sheet is then slid off of the screen onto a draining area. Covered with a blotter sheet the paper is flipped and covered with another blotter sheet and dried under pressure in a paper press. Blotter sheets are replaced on a daily basis until the document is completely dry. To stiffen and protect the paper it is then treated with a glutenous paste which is applied with a wide short-bristled brush similar to those use when wallpapering. Seals attached to documents with ribbons are also restored in this department. After cleaning, they fill the cracked areas with same colored wax, molding it to blend in but without reproducing the missing design. It sounds very simple but from the looks of the work space it is a slow process. Colors need to be matched and seals are hung to dry during each step before continuing the miniscule work. A short demonstration on how books are bound was given. I had recently watched a video on the subject but seeing it in person is even more fascinating, especially for a book lover. Our next stop was the reading room where patrons are allowed to view the material they are interested in. Everything you bring into the building has to be locked up in a locker near the reception area. Laptops are allowed in the reading room as well as pencil and paper for taking notes. Images of documents can be saved to a flash drive purchased in the reading room. The documents in the archives are open to persons with a legitimate interest in, for example, academic research of the past or for genealogical and private research. However you cannot drop in and request to see records. If you plan to do research in Koblenz please check out the Rheinland Archives’ very informative website which is unfortunately only in German. Any document collection you want to view needs to be requested per email at least two weeks in advance. Lunch and Afternoon Activities Following our visit to the archives we took a short walk to the Josef-Görres Square (Josef-Görres Platz) which is noted for its 13 meter high history column, Historiensäule, that tells the history of Koblenz. We had lunch at a restaurant on the square before once again dividing up into two groups. The largest group went on a sightseeing tour of the city fortifications. I joined the group of five who went back to the archives to do research. We were taken to the back room of the reading room where the microfilm readers are located. All records requested were brought in on a cart and were soon spread out on the table. I had requested birth, marriage, and death records for the towns of Ernzen and Ferschweiler. For the period I was interested in there are no civil records and the church records are housed in Trier in the Catholic archives. As I couldn’t do research I helped one of the others in my group. He had ordered marriage records from 1900 to 1910 for Welschbillig. It was fun to see his reaction when he found a record he was searching for. As he was not familiar with the handwriting I read the important facts from the documents: names, dates and places of birth, parents’ names and residences, date of marriage, while he inputted them into his computer. The more experienced researcher (in me) cringed at his entering the data without citing the source of each fact. He did note the number of the marriage document and I hope he takes time to add a full citation. While I was busy helping my new friend, an archive employee reviewed the list of requested material and made a note of microfilm with ten-years lists of births, marriages, and deaths for Ernzen and Ferschweiler and other material that could be ordered in advance if and when I plan on going back. Our time ran out too soon and we had to meet our bus for the return trip home. As always the trip was well organized and everyone enjoyed a wonderful day of sightseeing and/or research. © 2015 Cathy Meder-Dempsey

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(WYC/MNN) — Every once in a while you hear about the rush to preserve a dying language. It can seem like a lot of effort for little pay-off when that language is only spoken by a few hundred people, especially when you have so many thousands of languages that seem at stake if a language dies? Take a moment to consider what it is beyond a means of communication. It's a unique storehouse not just of words, but also of cultural identity. analysts predict that more than half of the world's nearly 7000 languages will disappear by the end of this century. Radio New Zealand News noted that at the top of the list are Australian indigenous languages. extinction of the language means a disconnect from history and little heritage left to broaden the diversity of the human story. This is the case with many of the indigenous languages of Australia. Wycliffe Bible Translators, many indigenous tribes in Australia have no Scripture. If their language isn't preserved and strengthened, speakers frequently succumb to pressure by their country's government and majority language groups to assimilate. indigenous people group with written Scripture for the first time is like providing them with the tools for survival. Two years ago, the team embarked on a 2,000km walk to turn the spotlight on 2,000 languages without the Scriptures. All told, that's 350 million speakers of these languages who didn't have access to God's Word in written form. Wycliffe's involvement, their history can be written, documented, remembered, and celebrated. Unique tribal identities can grow as they gain more confidence interacting with other people groups. preserving a local language through Bible translation means its speakers will gain access to God's Word in the language that truly speaks to their heart. If a language dies out before it can be written and Scripture translated into it, how will the Gospel become personal to them? How will they know that God speaks for ways you can pray for indigenous languages and Wycliffe projects in

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NCERT Solutions for Class 10 English First Flight Chapter 11 THE PROPOSAL Thinking About the Play What does Chubukov at first suspect that Lomov has come for? Is he sincere when he later says ‘And I’ve always loved you, my angel, as if you were my own son”? Find reasons for your answer from the play. At first Chubukov suspected that Lomov had come to borrow money as he was in his evening dress. He was not sincere when he told Lomov that he had always loved him and that he was like his own son, because he had decided to not give any money to Lomov. It was only when Lomov asked for his daughter’s hand in marriage that his attitude changed and he rushed out to call his daughter, Natalya. Chubukov says of Natalya: “……. as if she won’t consent! She’s in love; egad, she’s like a lovesick cat……” Would you agree? Find reasons for your answer. Yes, Natalya is in love. This is clear by the way she behaves when she gets to know that Lomov came to propose to her. She starts weeping and asks her father to bring Lomov at once. More Resources for CBSE Class 10 - NCERT Solutions - NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Science - NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Maths - NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Social - NCERT Solutions for Class 10 English - NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Hindi - NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Sanskrit - NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Foundation of IT - RD Sharma Class 10 Solutions 1. Find all the words and expressions in the play that the characters use to speak about each other, and the accusations and insults they hurl at each other. (For example, Lomov in the end calls Chubukov an intriguer; but earlier,Chubukov has himself called Lomov a “malicious, doublefaced intriguer.” Again, Lomov begins by describing Natalya as “an excellent housekeeper, not bad-looking, well-educated.”) 2. Then think of five adjectives or adjectival expressions of your own to describe each character in the play. 3. Can you now imagine what these characters will quarrel about next? The words and expressions that have been used to describe each other by various characters of the play are Chubukov: intriguer, grabber, old rat Natalya: a lovesick cat, an excellent housekeeper, not bad-looking’ well-educated. Lomov: a good neighbour, impudent, pettifogger, malicious, double faced intriguer, rascal, blind hen, turnip ghost, a villian, scare crow, stuffed sausage, etc. Thinking About the Language 1. This play has been translated in English from the Russian original. Are there any expressions or ways of speaking that strike you as more – Russian than English? For example would an adult man be addressed by an older man as my darling or my treasure in an English play? Expressions not used in contemporary English are- my angel, my beloved, my beauty (Here these expressions, are used for an adult man) and ‘all that sort of thing’ (not explaining what it is just leaving it as it is) and ‘how may you be getting on’? reported speech 2. You must have noticed that when we report someone’s exact words, we have to make some changes in the sentence structure. In the following sentences fill in the blanks to list the changes that have occurred in the above pairs of sentences. One has been done for you. - To report a question, we use the reporting verb asked (as in sentence set 1). - To report a declaration, we use the reporting verb - The adverb of place here changes to _____ - When the verb in the direct speech is in the present tense, the verb in reported speech is in the tense (as in sentence set 3). - If the Verb in direct speech is in the present continuous tense, the verb in reported speech changes to ____ tense. For example, ____ changes to was getting. - When the sentence in direct speech contains a word denoting respect, we add the adverb ____ in the reporting clause (as in sentence set 1) - The pronouns I, me, our and mine, which are used in the first person in direct speech, change to third person pronouns to such as _____ or ____ in reported speech. 5. past continuous, is getting 7. he, him, their or his

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Spanking triggers vicious cycle, study finds (CBS News, HEALTHDAY) – Parents who spank unruly children may not know it, but they are participating in a vicious cycle that will lead to both more spankings and more misbehavior in coming years, a new study suggests. Researchers wanted to resolve the age-old “chicken-and-egg” question that surrounds the issue of physical discipline in childhood — do spankings promote aggression in children, or do naturally aggressive children simply receive more spankings as parents try to control their behavior? The answer is yes to both, said study author Michael MacKenzie, an associate professor at the Columbia University School of Social Work in New York City. Across a child’s first decade of life, current spankings will lead to future misbehavior — but current misbehavior also will lead to future spankings, the investigators found. “You can think of it as an escalating arms race, where the parent gets more coercive and the child gets more aggressive, and they get locked into this cycle,” MacKenzie said. “These processes can get started really early, and when they do there’s a lot of continuity over time.” The findings are based on almost 1,900 families from the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study. That’s a decade-old research project conducted by researchers at Columbia and Princeton universities involving children born in 20 large American cities between 1998 and 2000. Note: The above text is excerpted directly from an article appearing at CBSNews.com. Click here to read the full story.

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The golden candlestick or menorah (Exodus 25:31-40) represents light and illumination, so it symbolizes divine understanding of the Word, the next level of insight and revelation where Word and Spirit are one. At this point, you are becoming able to see and apply the Word whenever and wherever it is needed. The menorah was made of solid gold. There was no wood in this piece of furniture and there were no measurements given. Since there was no wood, humanity wasn’t represented in the candlestick. The function of the candlestick and what it symbolized has nothing to do with humanity. In studying Jewish culture, it is said that when God instructed Moses to make the menorah, Moses lamented because the dimensions, details, and curves of the candlestick were impossible for him to envision. So God showed him a menorah of fire and eventually instructed him to throw the stem into the fire from which the completed menorah emerged. Moses didn’t have the tools to create the menorah according to God’s specification, so God formed it supernaturally. This leaves us with the understanding that when you embrace the menorah, you have come to the place where God begins to perform everything He reveals to you in prayer. You receive the illumination and God does the work. This means there are no limitations as you embrace the element. You have access to the mind of the Spirit and are able to discern the deep things of God. The menorah had a stem (representing God) and six branches (representing the number of man, the church, which was born out of Him) (John 15:5). The golden candlestick helps us to see that Jesus is the vine (stem) and we are the branches (six candles) coming out of Him (John 15:6). An intercessor who disconnects from the vine goes back to the outer court. By illumination of the candlestick, the only thing you are going to ask for in intercession is the will of God because in this realm, His will is the only thing you desire. The branches of the candlestick have the same decorations as the stem, a design that was beaten and shaped by fire. This design represents the attributes that Jesus gave the church when we were birthed out from Him. Jesus gave us His glory (Matthew 5:14). Part of being this light to the world is reflecting His image, symbolized by the fine gold that was beaten for the candlestick until it was smooth and reflective. The design on the candlestick was comprised of almonds and flowers which again was beaten and burned into the menorah by fire. The almond on Aaron’s rod was the first branch to bud and blossom, bring forth fruit to the nations of Israel (Num 17:8). This speaks of the everlasting resurrection. As you embrace the work of the menorah, God will make sure to burn the image of the almond into your life. When the image of the almond is in your spirit, it doesn’t matter how many tests you endure or how many trials you go through, you have eternal “getting up power”. You have life and can speak life into any situation. The flower represents everlasting beauty. If people cannot see the beauty of Christ when they look at you, if they cannot experience the sweet anointing of the Holy Spirit, if there’s nothing about your person that others desire, then the image of the flower isnt apparent in your life. One final aspect of the golden candlestick is the fact that it was lit by the coals from the brazen altar. The fire of God that lit the altar originally came from glory in the third realm, lighting the golden altar of incense and then the brazen altar. By revelation this means that if there has never been any sacrifice in your life, and if you fail to willingly put yourself on the altar of sacrifice daily, then there will be no fire to light the golden candlestick in your life. There will be no reflection of God’s character for others to see. The fire on the brazen altar will go out unless you continue to sacrifice to put your flesh and your will on the altar of sacrifice. If this sacrificial fire goes out, the fires of illumination on the golden candlestick will subsequently be extinguished. Even worse, the coals of the golden altar of incense will smolder and die. Sacrifice is a vital element. Saying yes to God in your mind and in your spirit continually adds wood to the brazen altar and makes it possible to receive illumination in the holy place, making it easy to worship Him at the altar of incense. Personal sacrifice safeguards your understanding of what God desires to do in the lives of the people for whom you are praying. Sacrifice lights the way to prayer. The golden menorah was crafted of the finest solid gold. The almond shape represented the resurrected power and the image of the flower represented everlasting beauty. This means when we go into intercession and the enemy starts shooting fiery darts at you, your love does not change, your joy isn’t hindered, your peace keeps flowing like a river, and your long suffering/temperance kick in as you carry the burden of the Lord. When you reach the golden lamp stand you will have a solid gold encounter with God. You may wonder what kept the menorah lit. God instructed Aaron and his sons to keep the lamp stand filled with pure olive oil (Exodus 27:20-21). The pure oil of crushed olives symbolizes the anointing of the Holy Spirit. When you look into the process they used to make this olive oil, it speaks strongly of the threshing process. Basically, as the olive grows to maturity, the early fruit falls to the ground. Then at harvest time, they beat the trees with long sticks to yield the rest of the crop, and then gather all the olives off the ground. Then the oil was pressed out by crushing the olives in the hollow of a stone or by treading on them by foot. When the olives were first pressed, two different lots of oil would come forth. The first press was called extra virgin olive oil, meaning in its purest state. This was the oil that was used to keep the golden candlestick burning. When you go to the point of wanting to be used by God, we must receive the anointing of the pure olive oil that illuminates. This goes beyond just having fire or intensity because the menorah will stay lit continually only if it is filled with the oil of the anointing. One final aspect is related to the golden candlestick (Acts 2:1-4). As an intercessor, you need the oil of the spirit on a daily basis. This means that it is an absolute necessity for you to be filled with the Holy Spirit as the disciples were on the Day of Pentecost. Without that infilling, there will be no supernatural utterances from heaven in your prayer closet. Since oil symbolizes the Holy Spirit and oil had to be refilled in the candlestick twice daily to keep the holy place illuminated, there is a strong emphasis on the vital role this experience hold in an intercessor’s life. Tags: Aaron and his sons, Acts 2, almonds, Anointing, brazen altary, candlestick, design of the menorah, Divine understanding, divine understanding of the WOrd, Enemy, Exodus 25, Exodus 27. olive oil, extra virgin olive oil, God, golden altar of incense, golden candlestick, His glory, Holy SPirit, humanity, illumination, insight, Intercession, Israel, Jesus, John 15, Joy, light, long suffering, Love, Matthew 5, Maturity, menorah, menorah branches, menorah stem, Moses, Numbers, Outer Court, Peace, prayer, resurrection, Revelation, Sacrifice, Spirit, temperance, Word

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Students discuss the mechanism behind total hill collapse after saturating the perlite with water. Image 35987 is a 724 by 1054 pixel JPEG Uploaded: Last Modified: 2012-10-24 09:59:16 Permanent URL: https://serc.carleton.edu/download/images/35987/stick_figure_drawings_perlite.jpg The file is referred to in 1 page October 2012 https://nagt.org/nagt/publications/trenches/issues/oct12.html Provenance Photo by LeAnne Teruya Reuse This item is offered under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike license http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ You may reuse this item for non-commercial purposes as long as you provide attribution and offer any derivative works under a similar license.

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Electrical connectors are common components of various devices, used to join conductors together for the formation of an electrical circuit. Thousands of connector types have been produced over the years to accommodate varying applications, those of which include audio and video connectors, data connectors, and power connectors. As building blocks of various electrical systems and devices, it can be very beneficial to have a basic understanding of some of the more common connector types so that such devices can be constructed and maintained with ease. While a plethora of connector types are available for varying applications, most can be compiled into one of four basic categories which differentiate connectors by their functionality. Inline or cable connectors are those that have a cable connection, allowing them to be attached or plugged into a terminal. Chassis or panel connectors are permanently situated on an equipment piece, enabling the connection of a cable to a stationary device. With PCB mount connectors, which are those soldered to a printed circuit board, a cable or wire attachment can be made to certain hardware with ease. Lastly, the spice or butt connector is one in which two wire or cable lengths may be attached together. Beyond such basic categorizations, there are also a number of other ways to differentiate between varying components. Rectangular connectors are a common shape for various types, advantageous for their high degree of customization, mixed media capabilities, and the ability to fit into tight spaces. Generally, rectangular connectors serve various modular machines and can transfer power signals, data signals, coax signals, and more. Circular connectors are the other major variation, often being used for free-hanging connections that are either passed through a tray or are mounted. Generally, circular connectors are designed and intended for more intense environments where protection is put in place such as EMI and RFI shielding, IP ratings, and more. Another method of separating components from one another is by their style of coupling. Quick connect couplings are those with plastic fittings in place of threaded or flanged connections, allowing for users to rapidly replace various parts with ease. Snaplock couplings are somewhat similar in their ease of management, featuring a compression coupling that permits quick release actions. Threaded couplings, meanwhile, feature male and female threads that mate together for an efficient connection. Bayonet couplings have a similar approach to attachment, utilizing contact pins and mating sockets that permit the couplings to plug and twist into each other. The final coupling style is the push-pull coupling method which provides a strong locking mechanism that retains a connection until the coupling is squeezed and pulled apart. When deciding between various connectors, connection types, and couplings, it may also be useful to consider the terminal bonds that may be present. Crimping is very common for a number of connectors, and such methods require the use of tools or machines to deform and compress the metal parts of a connector. Such methods may allow for an individual to conjoin two wires or attach a wire to a terminal. Soldering is the other major type of terminal bond, and such bonds are created with the use of a solder material that is melted onto the joint of electrical components so that a permanent, conductive bond is established. By better understanding the difference between various connector types and their connection methods, establishing and maintaining an optimal circuit can be done with ease. Fulfillment 3Sixty is an online distributor of aircraft parts and other various components, providing customers access to an unrivaled inventory of over 2 billion new, used, and obsolete items. If you find particular components from our website that you are interested in, we invite you to begin with a competitive quote for your comparisons which you may receive through the submission of an Instant RFQ form as provided on our website. See why customers choose to rely on Fulfillment by 3Sixty for all their operational needs today when you initiate the purchasing process. Subscribe to our Newsletter and stay tuned. We Hope You'll Visit Again When You Need NSN Parts.Request for Quote

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Romans 12:2 says, “Be transformed by the renewing of your mind.’ Recently I wrote about the importance of knowing our vision so that everything we do works toward achieving it; this is true for the little things as well as the big things we do. Each week in assembly we hand out ‘You’ve Been Spotted’ certificates. Apart from being a feel good moment for the students, this is a way in which we can acknowledge and positively reinforce the development of the personal qualities and learning dispositions, including the habits of mind, that are key to our children being successful learners and achieving our vision for them. Likewise our Student Led Conference is another building block in the greater plan for achieving our vision. It may be difficult for families to make it a priority to be here, especially since each child’s conference is only 10 minutes, but the preparation for that 10 minutes, the skills that are gained and the challenges that are overcome within that 10 minutes are important to developing students that own their learning; develop their communication and understand the value of their work. For students to fully engage in learning, to positively own it and see the value of it for them, they need to understand how best they learn and develop the strategies that will maximize their learning. It appears with the changes in the sorts of things we are exposed to that there is a change in the way our brains process, decode and reinterpret information; leading us as educators to find new ways or different ways to teach. In order for all our students to move toward achieving our vision we explore new strategies and this sometimes involves working with students in focus groups either with their teacher or the school psychologist. Another major component of achieving our vision, which underpins the success of everything else, is the mindset we develop. Therefore, a critical part of what we do here is to focus on learning to take control of our thinking; to be present in the here and now; to have a mindset that allows for growth and mindfully engage in learning skills. As adults we know how critical our mind set is; the way we think significantly impacts our health and interaction with others and our ability to learn new things. We also know how challenging it is to change a well-established mind set. Hence, the need to teach them, reinforce them and provide opportunities to exercise them while our children are still forming them.

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The Council directs the most emphatic attention to the problem of loss of food by infestation, disease, and all other forms of waste. That preventable loss of food on the scale that has been estimated should occur at anytime is lamentable enough, but that it should take place under present conditions of shortage is, in the opinion of the Council, perhaps the most deplorable feature in the whole picture of the current food situation. No effort should be spared to lessen waste in all its forms: nothing is likely to bring a quicker return. Unlike the problems of increasing supplies of fertilizers and farm machinery, which are discussed later in the report, prevention of waste is not primarily dependent on industrial output. Nor do many efforts to prevent waste require time to take effect. They lie squarely in the field of agriculture and Governments can begin at once. The Council accordingly reaffirms its conviction that action must be taken by Governments to reduce the losses caused by insects, rodents, and other pests of grain in storage and transit if the world's food supply is to be adequate to meet current needs. It further calls attention to the importance of other forms of conservation such as the protection of growing crops from disease and insect attack, the reduction of losses involved in over-feeding and under-feeding livestock, and the eradication of livestock diseases. In the matter of crop protection, the depredations of locusts in many parts of the world and the blight of the wheat crop by rust which occurred in northern India last year, are examples of crop losses which adversely affect the world's food supply and which frequently are the direct cause of famine and suffering. Many other insect pests and many other plant diseases cause huge losses annually. These require the constant vigilance of scientists, the organized efforts of technical workers, and the full support of Governments, if substantial progress is to be achieved in the protection of growing crops. The losses involved in under-feeding livestock represent a high proportion of waste in the food supply available for human consumption, since grain so used does not lead to compensatory increases in the yield of livestock products. Over-feeding also causes waste by diverting unnecessary quantities of grain to livestock feeding when it is so desperately needed to feed the people of the world. Both extremes should therefore be avoided and emphasis should be placed on maintaining a level of feeding which will ensure the maximum productivity of animals. In addition, the diseases of livestock continue to exact a heavy toll of the available food supply. Not only are very grave losses of livestock being suffered in different parts of the world from such infectious diseases as rinderpest, food-and-mouth, tuberculosis, and many others, but these diseases are a constant threat to the livestock industry of adjacent areas that are free or relatively free at the present time. While many plant pests and animal diseases are localized to an extent that the problem of control can properly be regarded as a national responsibility, the control of such livestock diseases as rinderpest and the protection of crops from the ravages of locusts, are beyond the power of national Governments and require international action. The solution of those problems having important international aspects should receive the particular attention of FAO with a view stimulating Governments toward co-operative action. The Council considers that FAO should make itself a source of information on the incidence of plant and animal pests and diseases, the institutions where investigations are being carried out, and the names and addresses of officials, scientists and technicians who are in a position to speak with authority on the current status of control measures. In the light of these observations, the Council feels bound on this occasion to make an urgent and emphatic appeal to Governments on this subject. It accordingly adopts the following resolution: having reviewed the progress on infestation control since the First Session, and being convinced of the need for continued conservation of food supplies to meet the requirements of the people of the world, reaffirms its recommendation that Member Governments institute and promote measures to carry out an effective program of inspection and infestation control; and recommends further that Member Governments take action, individually and collectively, to augment the world's food supply through conservation in the form of the protection of growing crops from disease and insect attack, the reduction of losses involved in under-feeding or over-feeding livestock, and the eradication of livestock diseases. also requests the Director-General to stimulate Member Governments toward co-operative action on food conservation, particularly when the problems to be solved transcend national boundaries; and to establish a central index of information on all matters relating to plant and animal pests and diseases. The Council also has considered and endorsed the recommendation of the Baguio Rice Meeting that a special rice conservation campaign be undertaken to reduce the heavy losses which occur at every stage from production to household preparation for cooking. It is understood that FAO has no substantial funds to launch such a campaign, but the Council suggests that it could assist through publicity and information and generally lend its support. The Director-General is instructed to bring to the attention of Member Governments in the principal areas of rice production and consumption the best means for conducting such a campaign.

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The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recently warned of a potential outbreak of monkeypox (mpox) due to an avalanche of June Pride Month parades, festivals and protests. As per the CDC risk assessment, an “uptick in mpox cases in Chicago that began in mid-April underscores the risk of renewed mpox outbreaks, which we judge is substantial across the United States.” According to the warning, the health agency continues to assess the risk of resurgent mpox outbreaks and it found that the risk of outbreaks could further increase as people gather this spring and summer for festivals and other events with high potential for skin-to-skin contact or increased sexual activity. CDC admitted that gay, bisexual and other men who have sex with men make up the majority of the infectious disease cases in the country. But the agency further warned that anyone who has been in close, personal contact with someone who has monkeypox is also at risk. According to the CDC, healthcare providers should also rapidly report cases to local public health officials and event organizers should take steps to reduce the spread of the virus associated with their events and “work with local health authorities to coordinate vaccination at their events, if possible, as well as establish communication and outreach plans.” Diagnosed cases have been “increasing slightly” in eight countries in recent weeks, including France and several countries in East Asia, said Dr. Rosamund Lewis, the World Health Organization (WHO) technical lead for monkeypox. About half of the recent French cases were in vaccinated people. The CDC also acknowledged in the risk assessment release that it was looking into a theory that the monkeypox virus “may have evolved mutations to evade the two-dose Jynneos vaccines that were rolled out last year to protect against it,” CBS News reported. (Related: CDC warns of possible monkeypox outbreak recurrence this summer – majority of new cases are in people vaccinated against the disease.) “CDC is collaborating with the Chicago Department of Health to investigate this cluster and specifically looking into why we are seeing more vaccinated cases than expected,” Dr. Christopher Braden, head of the CDC’s mpox response, said in a recent call with clinicians. Mpox resurgence could be due to its resistance to antiviral drug used against it In an unpublished study that has yet to be peer-reviewed, the CDC reported monkeypox strains had turned up with signs of resistance to tecovirimat (TPOXX), the main antiviral drug used to treat patients. “These findings inform our understanding of when tecovirimat resistance is likely to occur and highlight the need for additional [Orthopoxvirus] OPXV therapeutics,” the research indicated. One of those worrying mutations was also detected “in a cluster of cases” around Los Angeles in California. That suggests drug-resistant monkeypox can be transmitted person-to-person in at least “rare cases.” Meanwhile, CBS News reported that the U.S. is still averaging less than three cases reported each day. Learn more about monkeypox outbreaks in the U.S. at MonkeypoxReport.com. Watch the video below that talks about President Joe Biden’s monkeypox czar Demetre Daskalakis. This video is from the Thrivetime Show channel on Brighteon.com. More related stories: Monkeypox outbreak reported in Chicago – nearly 70% of infected were already vaccinated against the disease. NIH official caught developing new version of monkeypox that’s 1,000 times more lethal than the last one. UK authorities now trying to target CHILDREN with monkeypox vaccines, even though monkeypox is primarily spread through gay sexual behavior. Monkeypox outbreak could be used to justify expansion of medical surveillance.

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The English Gate\Bochard Gate It was widely thought that the Bochard and the English gates were one and the same....one simply replacing the other....however research has now shown that the two were completely separate entities. Both gates were synonymous with the Citadel; the Bochard Gate was the original portal into the city, providing access at the Southern end of the walls, the English Gate, never really a gate in the true sense of the word, was probably more of a sally port, and is strongly associated with the building of the Citadel. Above. Modern view of the site of the Bochard Gate. The view above, looking between the West and East towers of the Citadel, represents the site of the Bochard Gate, mentioned in Pipe Rolls dating from 1210. Before the Citadel was built in 1542, the Bochard Gate was the only entrance into the city of Carlisle from the South. The Bochard Gate was almost completely gone by 1805. A pencil drawing of this period shows at least one wall of the gate still standing. However all traces were removed in 1808, when the new Court Houses were erected, incorporating one tower of the original Citadel. The stone from the demolished tower and the gate, was used to fill in the ditch that existed outside the city walls. Any deep excavations in this area for the road that now runs between the two towers, regularly turns up large chunks of masonry. Above. Etching showing the Bochard gate sandwiched between the artillery towers of the Citadel. The etching shown above, shows the remains of the Bochard Gate sandwiched between the two towers of the Citadel, bricked up and no longer in use as an access point. At this point in time, the English Gate would have been in existence, enabling access to the city in the South Eastern corner of the walls. Above. The only image I could find of the English Gate. Judging by the image above, the English Gate had neither a tower or a wall walk over it...it was simply a gateway through the walls, albeit heavily defended within the proximity of the Citadel. The English Gate was demolished 1811, with the buried foundations removed in 1817. Above. Plan view of the English Gate. The English Gate appears to have a small vestigial barbican, strangely built within the walls, more likely providing support for hefty gates.

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Two common classes of blood pressure medications angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs) and angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs)—are equally effective at controlling high blood pressure, according to a report released today by the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. The report, which analyzed published results from 61 studies, also found that ACEIs are slightly more likely than ARBs to cause a harmless but persistent dry cough. Authors of the report also said that more research is needed to learn how ACEIs and ARBs may differ when it comes to longer term benefits and harms. In particular, more information is needed about how the medications may differ in decreasing the risks of heart attack, stroke, or death. Blood pressure is the force of blood pushing against artery walls. The cause of high blood pressure (140/90 mmHg or higher) is often unknown. Systolic pressure measures pressure during a heartbeat. Diastolic pressure measures pressure between beats. Because it typically has no symptoms, high blood pressure—also known as hypertension—is often called “the silent killer.” About one-third of the adult population – have high blood pressure. If left untreated, high blood pressure can cause catastrophic health problems: the heart may enlarge, which can lead to heart failure; small bulges – aneurysms – may form in blood vessels, including the aorta (the main artery to the heart) and others in the brain, legs, and intestines; blood vessels in the kidney may narrow, causing kidney failure; blood vessels in the eyes may burst or bleed, possibly leading to blindness; and arteries throughout the body may “harden” faster, potentially leading to heart attack or stroke.

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Know Your Vitamin ABCs (And D, E, Etc.) Here's the purpose and food sources for some common vitamins: Vitamin A: Needed for low-light vision, bone and tooth growth, reproduction. Found in milk, cheese, butter, eggs, spinach, broccoli, apricots, peaches, squash, sweet potatoes, pumpkins. Vitamin B1 (thiamin): Needed to metabolize carbohydrates; shortages can cause enlarged heart, abnormal heart rhythms, walking problems. Found in whole grains, nuts. Vitamin B2 (riboflavin): Needed for vision and skin. Found in cereals, milk, cheese, leafy green vegetables, whole grains. Vitamin B3 (niacin): Used in energy metabolism; helps skin. Found in milk, eggs, poultry, fish, whole grains and enriched breads. Folate (folic acid): Prevents neural tube defects; low levels have been linked to depression. Found in green leafy vegetables, nuts and liver. Vitamin C: Needed for skin and blood vessels; helps resist infection. Found in oranges, grapefruit, strawberries, tomatoes, peppers (sweet and hot), potatoes, papayas, mangoes. Vitamin D: Helps calcium be absorbed, so it helps bones, including those in the ear_too little can lead to deafness. Found in fortified milk, eggs, liver, fish. Vitamin E: An antioxidant, so it helps prevent cells from breaking down. Found in plant oils, whole-grain products, nuts, seeds, egg yolks, some fish. Vitamin K: Works with blood-clotting proteins. Found in dark green leafy vegetables, milk. - Wire Reports (Adapted from The Hartford Courant)

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Eating behavior and the subjective feeling of hunger are regulated by a variety of hormones. Here a key role is played by the hormone insulin because it is not only active in the body, but also in the brain. It was previously known that insulin acts on the homeostatic region (hypothalamus*). Now, however, scientists have found that the hormone is also active in other brain regions. Researchers at the Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of Helmholtz Zentrum München at the University of Tübingen, a partner of the DZD, have further deciphered the function of insulin in the brain as well as its influence on the subjective feeling of hunger and have published their findings in Scientific Reports, a Nature research journal. To better understand the mechanism of action of insulin, the researchers administered insulin intranasally to healthy young adults. Through the application of the hormone via a nasal spray, the blood-brain barrier is bypassed and the insulin reaches the brain directly. In the study, 25 lean, ten overweight and 12 obese participants “sniffed” insulin or the placebo. Brain activity was then visualized and recorded by means of a functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) scan. The result in all study participants: Intranasal insulin improves functional connectivity in the prefrontal regions of the default-mode network (DMN), a group of brain regions that are activated when a person is at rest and is not performing any tasks. This region is central to cognitive processes. In addition, the functional connectivity between the DMN and the hippocampus as well as the hypothalamus is strengthened. These changes in the brain also influence eating behavior and alter the relationship between adiposity and the hunger sensation. Actually, people with a lot of visceral adipose tissue** have an increased sensation of hunger. "Insulin-enhanced connectivity between the DMN and the hippocampus suppresses the relationship between adipose tissue and the subjective hunger feeling," said Stephanie Kullmann, author of the study. The study participants felt less hunger after being administered intranasal insulin. In addition, the scientists observed that insulin in the brain also improves the effect of the hormone in the body. Study participants with insulin-induced increased functional connectivity in the DMN have higher insulin sensitivity in the body. This counteracts obesity and type 2 diabetes. The current results show that insulin in the brain – due to increased functional connectivity between cognitive and homeostatic regions – may help regulate eating behavior and facilitate weight loss. * The hypothalamus is the supreme regulatory center for all vegetative and endocrine processes. The hypothalamus coordinates water and saline balance as well as blood pressure. It ensures the maintenance of the inner milieu (homeostasis) and regulates food intake. ** The fatty tissue on and especially in the abdomen is called visceral fat. It is stored in the free abdominal cavity and envelops the internal organs – especially the organs of the digestive system. There is a relationship between visceral adipose tissue and the subjective feeling of hunger.

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It’s a new taxon so of course I’m going to try and milk it for a couple of extra posts. Anyway. Linhenykus is represented by most of a skeleton which is always a nice thing to find. However the actual preservation of the specimen is worthy of comment as it contrasts quite sharply with most of the material that is recovered from Bayan Mandahu. While this stuff can be exceptionally nice, it also tends to be quite fragile and prone to eroding down to, well splinters, and eventually, nothing. The bones of Linhenykus however are incredibly tough. They were preserved inside a tough nodule and the bones have fossilised rather differently to the vast majority of things at Bayan as a result. (As a side note, I don’t actually know of any other specimens recovered from nodules in these localities, this may well be the first). The nodule itself had eroded away and the bones were found left on the surface. Obviously it’s impossible to know how long they had been there, but aside from a few breaks the bones were in amazing condition and required effectively no preparation. They must have been out there for some time to have eroded completely free of any matrix yet were undamaged showing just how tough they are. It perhaps also explains why we found so many small elements in such great condition (like the vertebrae and that tiny metacarpal). Being so tough and resistant to erosion meant these otherwise vulnerable details and bits of bone were never really troubled by weathering and survived intact. Which was nice. If i was more of a taphonomist I’d be expanding on this at some length, but since I’m not, I’ll be stopping here rather abruptly.

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The Great Buddha of Kamakura is a bronze statue of Amida Buddha that is located on the grounds of the Kotokuin Temple. With a height of 13.35 meters, it is the second largest Buddha statue in Japan (the largest is located in the Todaiji Temple in Nara). The statue was cast in 1252 and originally located inside a large temple hall. However, the temple buildings were washed away by a tsunami tidal wave in the end of the 15th century, and since then the Buddha stands in the open air. Photo by Sharani: Sri Chinmoy Centre Gallery

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ACCUSATION OF ANNE. (1535 TO MAY 1536.) IF feeble minds did not shrink from bending beneath the royal despotism, men of fanatical mould cherished vengeance in their hearts. Great wounds had been inflicted on the papacy, and they burnt to strike some signal blow against the cause of Reform. That also, they said, must have its victim. For all these monasteries sacrificed, one person must be immolated: one only, but taken from the most illustrious station. The king having, on the one side, struck his tutor and his friend, must now, to maintain the balance, strike his wife on the other. A tragedy was about to begin which would terminate in a frightful catastrophe. Anne Boleyn had not been brought up, as some have said, ‘in the worst school in Europe,’ but in one of the best — in the household of the pious Margaret of Angouleme, who was the enlightened protectress not only of the learned, but of all friends of the Gospel. Anne had learnt from that princess to love the Reformation and the Reformers. And accordingly she was in the eyes of the papal partisans, the principal cause of the change that had been wrought in the king’s mind, and by him throughout the kingdom. The Reformation, as we have seen, began in England about 1517 with the reading of the Holy Scriptures in the universities; but the most accredited Roman doctors have preferred assigning it another origin, and, speaking of Cranmer’s connection with Anne Boleyn, thirteen years later, have said, ‘Such is the beginning of the Reformation in England.’ In this assertion there is an error both of chronology and history. Since her coronation, the queen had been in almost daily communication with the archbishop of Canterbury, and habitually even her enemies affirmed it the interests of the evangelical cause were treated of. At one time Anne prayed Cranmer to come to the assistance of the persecuted protestants. At another, full of the necessity of sending reapers into the harvest, she interested herself about such young persons as were poor, but whose pure morals and clear intellect seemed to qualify them for the practice of virtue and the study of letters; these she assisted with great generosity. This was also an example that Margaret of Valois had given her. The queen did not encourage these students heedlessly: she required testimonials certifying as to the purity of their morals and the capacity of their intellect. If she was satisfied, she placed them at Oxford or Cambridge, and required them to spread around them, even while studying, the New Testament and the writings of the reformers. Many of the queen’s pensioners did great service to the Church and State in after years. With these queenly qualities Anne combined more domestic ones. Cranmer saw her, like good Queen Claude, gathering round her a number of young ladies distinguished by their birth and their virtues, and working with them at tapestry of admirable perfection for the palace of Hampton Court, or at garments for the indigent. She established in the poor parishes vast warehouses, filled with such things as the needy wanted. ‘Her eye of charity, her hand of bounty,’ says a biographer, ‘passed through the whole land.’ ‘She is said in three quarters of a year,’ adds Lord Herbert of Cherbury, the celebrated philosopher and historian, ‘to have bestowed fourteen or fifteen thousand pounds in this way,’ that is, in alms. And this distinguished writer, ambassador of England at the court of Louis XIII., and known in France by the exertions he made in behalf of the protestants, adds: ‘She had besides established a stock for poor artificers in the realm.’ Such were the works of Queen Anne. Cranmer, who had great discernment of men and things, being touched by the regard which the queen had for those who professed the Gospel, and seeing all that she did for the Reformation and the consolation of the wretched, declared that next to the king, Anne was of all creatures living ‘the one to whom he was most bound.’ Cranmer was not the only person among the evangelicals with whom Anne Boleyn entertained relations. From the first day she had seen Latimer, the Christian simplicity and apostolic manners of the reformer had touched her. When she heard him preach, she was delighted. The enthusiasm for that bold Christian preacher was universal. ‘It is as impossible,’ said his hearers, ‘for us to receive into our minds all the treasures of eloquence and knowledge which fall from his lips, as it would be for a little river to contain the waters of the .ocean in its bed.’ From the period (1535) when Latimer preached the Lent Sermons before the king, he was one of the most regular instruments of the queen’s active charity. A still more decided reformer had a high esteem for Anne Boleyn: this was Tyndale. No one, in his opinion, had declared with so much decision as the queen in favor of the New Testament and its circulation in English. Wishing, accordingly, to show his gratitude and respect, Tyndale presented her with a unique copy of his translation, printed in beautiful type on vellum, illuminated and bound in blue morocco, with these words in large red letters’ Anne Regina Anglioe (Anne, queen of England). This remarkable volume, now preserved in the library of the British Museum, is a monument of the veneration of the prisoner of Vilvorde for Anne Boleyn. A manuscript manual of devotion for the use of this princess has also been preserved: she used to present copies of it to her maids of honor. We see in it the value she attached to the Holy Scriptures: ‘Give us, O Father of Mercies,’ we read, ‘the greatest of all gifts Thou hast ever conferred on man the knowledge of Thy holy will, and the glad tidings of our salvation. Roman tyranny had long hidden it from us under Latin letters; but now it is promulgated, published, and freely circulated.’ Anne having in 1535 lost Dr. Betts, one of her almoners, looked out for a man devoted to the Gospel to take his place, for she loved to be surrounded by the most pious persons in England. She cast her eyes upon Matthew Parker, a native of Norwich, professor at; Corpus Christi College, Cambridge, and a man who for two years had been preaching the truth with fervor. Parker loved retirement and obscurity; accordingly, when he received on the Wednesday following Palm Sunday two letters summoning him to court ‘because the queen wished to see him,’ he was amazed and confounded. At first he wanted to refuse so brilliant a call; but Latimer wrote to him: ‘Show yourself to the world; hide yourself no longer; do good, whilst you have the opportunity. We know what you can do; let not your will be less than your power.’ Parker went to London, and in a short time his knowledge, piety, and prudence gained the entire esteem of the queen. That modest, intelligent, active man was just the person Anne wanted, and she took pleasure thenceforward in bestowing on him marks of her consideration. He himself tells us that if, in the course of his duties, he was called upon to receive friends at his table, the queen, eking out his narrow means, would send him a hare or a fawn taken in her parks. Parker was from this time one of those employed by Anne to distribute her benevolence. He had hardly arrived at court, when he presented to the queen one W. Bill, a very young and very poor man, but by no means wanting in talent. Anne, rich in discernment, placed him in the number of students whom she was preparing for the ministry: he afterwards became dean of Westminster. Parker, who began his career with Anne, was to finish it with Elizabeth. When he was deprived of all his offices by Queen Mary in 1554, he exclaimed: ‘Now that I am stripped of everything, I live in God’s presence, and am full of joy in my conscience. In this charming leisure I find greater pleasures than those supplied by the busy and perilous life I led at the court.’ Forced to hide himself, often to flee by night, to escape the pursuit of his persecutors, the peace which he enjoyed was never troubled. He looked upon trials as the privilege of the child of God. All of a sudden a strange and unexpected calamity befell him. The daughter of Anne Boleyn, having ascended the throne, desired to have her mother’s chaplain for archbishop of Canterbury and primate of all England. ‘I kneel before your Majesty,’ he said to Queen Elizabeth, ‘and pray you not to burden me with an office which requires a man of much more talent, knowledge, virtue, and experience than I possess.’ A second letter from Chancellor Bacon repeated the summons. Then the unhappy Parker exclaimed in the depth of his sorrow: ‘Alas! alas! Lord God! for what times hast Thou preserved me! I am come into deep waters, where the floods overflow me. O Lord! strengthen me by Thy mighty Spirit!’ Parker was at the head of the Church of England for sixteen years, and dignified the elevated seat on which he had been constrained to sit. Such were the men whom Anne Boleyn gathered round her. We should be mistaken, however, if we represented the young queen as a bigot, living like Catherine in the practices of a rigid austerity. It appears even doubtful whether she knew by experience that inner, spiritual, and living Christianity which was found in Latimer, Tyndale, Cranmer, and Parker. She was a virtuous wife, a good protestant, attached to the Bible, opposed to the pope, fond of good works, esteeming men of God more than courtiers: but she had not renounced the world and its pomps. A woman of the world, upright, religious, loving to do good, a class of which there is always a large number, she was unacquainted with the pious aspirations of a soul that lives in communion with God. Even her position as queen and wife of Henry VIII. may have hindered her from advancing in the path of a Christian life. She thought it possible to love God without renouncing the enjoyments of the age, and looked upon worldly things as an innocent recreation. Desiring to keep her husband’s heart, she endeavored to please him by cheerful conversation, by organizing pleasure parties of which she was the life, and by receiving all his courtiers gracefully. Placed on a slippery soil and watched by prejudiced eyes, she may occasionally have let fall some imprudent expression. Her sprightliness and gaiety, her amiable freedom were in strong contrast with the graver and stiffer formalities of the English ladies. Latimer, who saw her closely, sometimes admonished her respectfully, when he was alone with her, and the grateful Anne would exclaim unaffectedly: ‘You do me so much good! Pray never pass over a single fault.’ It is not from the writings of the pamphleteers that we must learn to know Anne Boleyn. Towards the end of the sixteenth century, opposite parties, in their extreme excitement, have painted her at one time in colors too dark, at another in colors too flattering. We must in this matter especially listen to men whose testimony is sanctioned by universal respect. There are not many princesses in history who have enjoyed, like Anne, the esteem of the most elevated minds of Cranmer and Latimer, of Tyndale and Parker, and other Christians, less illustrious, perhaps, but not less respectable. In the eyes of the papal partisans, however, she had committed an unpardonable crime: she had seprated England from the papacy ; and accordingly their savage hatred has known no bounds, and they have never ceased to blacken her memory with their vile calumnies. Of all the misdeeds that history can commit, the greatest consists in representing the innocent as if they were guilty. It is wholesale calumny for the use not only of the present generation but for generations to come. Many writers have forged and still forge base imputations against the reformers Luther, Calvin, and others. Anne Boleyn has had her full share of slander in this huge conspiracy of falsehood. The grandeur with which Anne was surrounded, had opened her heart to the tenderest sympathies. To be the joy of her husband and the delight of her relations, to protect the friends of the Gospel and to be loved by England — these were for some time the dreams of her young imagination. But ere long the crown of St. Edward pressed heavily on her forehead. The members of her own family became her enemies, Her uncle, the proud duke of Norfolk, the chief along with Gardiner of the ultramontane party, was animated by a secret hatred against the young woman who was the support of the evangelical party. Her father, the earl of Wiltshire, imagining he saw that the king was not flattered at being his son-in-law, had quitted London, regretting a union which his ambition had so much desired. Lady Rocheford, wife of Anne’s brother, a woman of despicable character, whose former perfidies the queen had pardoned, and whom she had attached to the court, repaid this generous magnanimity by secretly plotting the ruin of a sister-in-law whose elevation had filled her with jealousy. At length, one of those who ate her bread and received favors from her, was about to show her ingratitude to the unfortunate queen. Among her ladies of honor was Jane Seymour, who united all the attractions of youth and beauty, and whose disposition held a certain mean between the severe gravity of Queen Catherine and the fascinating sprightliness of Queen Anne. Constancy in affection was not a feature of Henry’s character; his heart was easily inflamed; his eye rested on the youthful Jane Seymour, and no sooner had he become sensible of her graces, than the charms of Anne Boleyn, which had formerly captivated him, became unendurable. The genial gaiety of the queen fatigued him; the accomplishments which are ordinarily the means of pleasing, gave him umbrage; the zeal she manifested for Protestantism alienated him. Anne’s enemies, especially the duke of Norfolk and Lady Rocheford, observed this, and resolved to take advantage of it to ruin the woman who overshadowed them. One circumstance, innocent enough of itself, favored the designs of the queen’s enemies. Anne, who had been brought up in France, among a people distinguished for their inexhaustible stores of gaiety, easy conversation, witty and ingenious sallies, ironical phrases, and amiable hearts, had brought something of all this to London. Frank and prepossessing, she loved society; and her ordinary manners seemed too easy among a nation which, with deep affections, possesses much gravity and external coldness. Anne had found a certain freedom of speech in the court of France it does not appear that she even imitated it; but in a moment of gaiety she might have let slip some keen railleries, some imprudent words, and thus furnished her enemies with weapons. She had some difficulty in conforming with the strict etiquette of the court of England, and had not been trained to the circumspection so necessary with a husband like Henry VIII. Anne was, at the same time, a friend of the Reformation in the midst of a society that was catholic at heart, and a Frenchwoman in the midst of an English court; these were her two capital crimes. She was not understood. Her gaiety did not degenerate into frivolity: she did not possess that love of pleasure, which, carried to excess, engenders corruption of manners; we have named the truly pious men whom she loved to gather round her. But it was quite enough for some persons that Anne was agreeable, like the ladies of St. Germains and Fontainebleau, to suspect her of being a flirt, like many of them. Moreover, she had married above her station. Having lived at court as the equal of the young nobles belonging to it, she was not always able, after she ascended the throne, to keep herself on the footing of a queen. From that time her enemies interpreted unfavorably the innocent amiability with which she received them. The mistrustful Henry VIII. began to indulge in suspicions, and Viscountess Rocheford endeavored to feed that prince’s jealousy by crafty and perfidious insinuations. Anne soon noticed the king’s inclination for Jane Seymour: a thousand trifles, apparently indifferent, had struck her. She often watched the maid of honor; her pride was offended, and jealousy tortured her heart night and day. She endeavored to win back the king’s love; but Henry, who perceived her suspicions, grew more angry with her every hour. The queen was not far from her confinement; and it was at the very moment when she hoped to give Henry the heir he had longed for during so many years, that the king withdrew from her his conjugal affection. Her heart was wrung, and, foreseeing a mournful future, she doubted whether a blow similar to that which had struck Catherine might not soon be aimed at her. Jane Seymour did not reject the king’s advances. Historians of the most opposite parties relate that one day, towards the end of January 1536, the queen, unexpectedly entering a room in the palace, found the king paying his court to the young maid of honor in too marked a manner. They may possibly exaggerate, but there is no doubt that Henry gave cause for very serious complaints on the part of his wife. It was as if a sword had pierced the heart of the unfortunate Anne Boleyn: she could not bear up against so cruel a blow, and prematurely gave birth to a dead son. God had at length granted Henry that long-desired heir, but the grief of the mother had cost the child’s life. What an affliction for her! For some time her recovery was despaired of. When the king entered her room, she burst into tears. That selfish prince, soured at the thought that she had borne him a dead son, cruelly upbraided her misfortune, instead of consoling her. It was too much: the poor mother could not restrain herself. ‘You have no one to blame but yourself,’ she exclaimed. Henry, still more angry, answered her harshly and left the apartment. These details are preserved by a well-informed writer of the time of Elizabeth. To present Henry under so unfavorable a light, if it were untrue, could hardly have been an agreeable mode of paying court, as some have insinuated, to a queen who took more after her father than her mother. Anne now foresaw the misfortunes awaiting her: she recovered indeed after this storm, and exerted herself by taking part once more in conversaziones and fetes; but she was melancholy and uneasy, like a foundering ship, which reappears on the waves of the sea after the storm, and still keeps afloat for a time, only to be swallowed up at last. All her attempts to regain her husband’s affections were useless, and frightful dreams disturbed her during the slumbers of the night. This agony lasted three months. The wind had changed: everybody noticed it, and it was, to certain heartless courtiers, like the signal given to an impatient pack of hounds. They set themselves to hunt down the prey, which they felt they could rend without danger. The ultramontanists regained their courage. They had feared that, owing to Anne’s intervention, the cause of Rome was lost in England, and their alarm was not unreasonable. Cranmer, uniting his efforts with those of the queen, never ceased pushing forward the Reformation. When some one spoke in the House of Lords about a General Council in Italy, he exclaimed: ‘It is the Word of God alone that we must listen to in religious controversies.’ At the same time, in concert with Anne, he circulated all over England a new Prayer-book, the Primer, intended to replace the dangerous books of the priests. The people used it. A pious and spiritual reader of that book exclaimed one day, after meditating upon it: ‘O bountiful Jesu! O sweet Savior! despise not him whom Thou hast ransomed at the price of such a treasure — with Thy blood! I look with confidence to the throne of mercy.’ Religion was becoming personal with Anne Boleyn. The queen and the archbishop had not stopped there: they had attempted, so far as Henry would permit, to place true shepherds over the flocks, instead of merchants who traded with their wool. The bishopric of Worcester, which had been taken from Ghinnucci, was given (as we have seen) to Latimer; so that the valley of the Severn, which four Italian bishops had plundered for fifty years, possessed at last a pastor who ‘planted there the plenteousness of Jesus Christ.’ Shaxton, another of Anne’s chaplains, who at this time professed a great attachment to Holy Scripture, had been appointed bishop of Salisbury, in place of the famous Cardinal Campeggio. Hilderly, formerly a Dominican prior who had at one time defended the immaculate conception of the Virgin, but had afterwards acknowledged and worshipped Jesus Christ as the only Mediator had been nominated to the see of Rochester, in place of the unfortunate Bishop Fisher. Finally, George Brown, ex-provincial of the Augustines in England — an upright mail, a friend of the poor, and who, caught by the truth, had exclaimed from the pulpit, ‘Go to Christ and not to the saints!’ had been elected archbishop of Dublin, and thus became the first evangelical prelate of Ireland, a difficult post, which he occupied at the peril of his life. Other prelates, like Fox, bishop of Hereford, although not true Protestants, proved themselves to be and-Papists. The members of the ultramontane party saw the influence of the queen in all these nominations. Who resisted the proposal that the English Church should be represented at the General Council? Who endeavored to make the king advance in the direction of the Reformation? Who threw England into the arms of the princes of Germany? The queen, none but the queen. She felt unhappy, it was said, when she saw a day pass without having obtained some favor for the Reformation. Men knew that the pope was ready to forgive everything, and even to unite with Henry against Charles V., if the king would submit to the conditions laid down in the bull that is to say, if he would put away Anne Boleyn. The condition required by the pontiff was not an impossible one, for Henry liked to change his wives: he had six. Marriage was not to him a oneness of life. At the end of 1535, Anne had been his wife for three years; it was a long time for him, and he began to turn his eyes upon others. Jane Seymour’s youth eclipsed the queen’s. Unfortunate Boleyn! Sorrow had gradually diminished her freshness. Jane had natural allies, who might help her to ascend the throne. Her two brothers, Edward and Thomas — the elder more moderate, the younger more arrogant — each possessing great ambition and remarkable capacity, thought that a Seymour was as worthy as a Boleyn to wear the English crown. The first blow did not however proceed from them, but from a member of the queen’s family — from her sister-in-law. There is no room for indifference between near relations: they love or, if they do not love, they hate. Lady Rocheford, so closely allied to the queen, felt continually piqued at her. Jealousy had engendered a deep dislike in her heart, and this dislike was destined to lead her on to contrive the death of the detested object. Rendered desperate by the happiness and especially by the greatness of Anne Boleyn, it became her ruling passion to destroy them. One obstacle, however, rose up before her. Lord Rocheford, her husband and Anne’s brother, would not enter into her perfidious schemes. That depraved woman, who afterwards suffered capital punishment for conniving at crime, determined to ruin her sister-in-law and her husband together. It was arranged that three of the courtiers should give Henry the first hints. ‘Thus began,’ says an author of that day, ‘a comedy which was changed into a sorrowful tragedy.’ Nothing was omitted that tended to the success of one of the most infamous court intrigues recorded in history. Anne became cognizant almost at the same time of her sister-in-law’s hatred of her and of her husband’s love for Jane Seymour. From that moment she fore-boded an early death, and her most anxious thoughts were for her daughter. She wondered what would become of the poor child, and, desirous of having her brought up in the knowledge of the Gospel, she sent for the pious simple-minded Parker, told him of her apprehensions and her wishes, and commended Elizabeth to him with all a mother’s love. Anne’s words sank so deep into his heart that he never forgot them; and twenty-three years later, When that child, who had become queen, raised him to the primacy, he declared to Lord Burghley, that if he were not under such great obligations to her mother, he would never have consented to serve the daughter in such an elevated station. After consigning the youthful Elizabeth to the care of a man of God, the unhappy queen was more at; ease. Meantime the plot was forming in silence, and two or three circumstances, such as occur in the most innocent life, were the pretext for Anne’s destruction. One day, when she was with the king at Winchester, she sent for one of the court-musicians, named Sineton, ‘to play on the virginals.’ This was the first count in the indictment. Norris, a gentleman of the king’s chamber, was engaged to Margaret, one of Anne’s maids of honor, and consequently was often in the queen’s apartments. Slanderous tongues affirmed that he went more for the sake of his sovereign than for his betrothed. The queen hearing of it, and desiring to stop the scandal, determined to bind Norris to marry Margaret. ‘Why do you not go on with your marriage?’ she asked him. ‘I desire to wait a little longer,’ answered the gentleman. Anne, with the intent of making him understand that there were serious reasons for not putting it off any longer, added: ‘It is said at court that you are waiting for a dead man’s shoes, and that if any misfortune befell the king, you would look to have me for your wife.’ ‘God forbid!’ exclaimed Norris, in alarm; ‘if I had such an idea, it would be my destruction.’ ‘Mind what you are about,’ resumed the queen, with severity. Norris, in great emotion, went immediately to Anne Boleyn’s almoner. ‘The queen is a virtuous woman,’ he said; ‘I am willing to affirm it upon oath.’ This was the second count in the indictment. Sir Francis Weston, a bold frivolous man, was (although married) very attentive to a young lady of the court, a relative of the queen. ‘Sir Francis,’ said Anne, who was distressed at his behavior, ‘you love Mistress Skelton, and neglect your wife.’ ‘Madam,’ answered the audacious courtier, ‘there is one person in your house whom I love better than both.’ ‘And who is that?’ said the queen. ‘Yourself,’ answered Weston. Offended by such insolence, Anne ordered him, with scorn and displeasure, to leave her presence. This was the third count of the indictment. Lord Rocheford, a man of noble and chivalrous character, indignant at the calumnies which were beginning to circulate against his sister, endeavored to avert the storm. One day, when she kept her bed, he entered her room to speak to her; and, the maids of honor being present, he leant towards the queen, to say something on this matter which was not fit for the ears of strangers to the family. The infamous Lady Rocheford made use of this innocent circumstance to accuse her husband and sister-in-law of an abominable crime. Such are the four charges that were to cost Anne Boleyn her life. Futile observations, malicious remarks to which persons are exposed in the world, and especially at court, reached the ears of the king, and inspired him with jealousy, reproaches, angry words, and coldness. There was no more happiness for Anne. There was enough in these stories to induce Henry VIII. to reject his second wife, and take a third. This prince — and it was the case generally with the Tudors — -had a temper at once decided and changeable, a heart susceptible and distrustful, an energetic character, and passions eager to be satisfied at any price. Very mistrustful, he did not easily get the better of his suspicions, and when any person had vexed him, he was not appeased until he had got rid of him. Common-sense generally appreciates at their true worth such stories as those we have reported; but the characters now on the stage were more irritable than those usually to be found in the world. ‘A tempest,’ says Lord Herbert of Cherbury on this subject, ‘though it scarce stir low and shallow waters, when it meets a sea, both vexeth it, and makes it toss all that comes thereon.’ Henry, happy to have found the pretext which his new passion made him long for, investigated nothing; he appeared to believe everything he was told. tie swore to prove Anne’s guilt to others by the greatness of his revenge. Of his six wives, he got rid of two by divorce, two by the Scaffold; only two escaped his criminal humor. This time he was unwilling to proceed by divorce; the tediousness of Catherine’s affair had wearied him. He preferred a more expeditious mode — the axe. On the 25th of April the king appointed a commission to enquire into Anne’s conduct, and placed on it the duke of Norfolk, a maternal uncle but (as we have said) an implacable enemy of the unfortunate queen; the duke of Suffolk, who, as Henry’s brother-in-law, served him in his least desires; the earl of Oxford, a skillful courtier; William Paulet, comptroller of the royal household, whose motto was, ‘To be a willow and not an oak;’ Audley, the honestest of all, but still his master’s humble servant; Lord Delawarr, and several other lords and gentlemen, to the number of twentysix. It has been said, by Burner and others, that the king named Anne’s father, the earl of Wiltshire, one of the judges. It would, no doubt, have been the most striking trait of cruelty, of which Henry gave so many proofs; but we must in justice declare that the wretched prince did not perpetrate such a monstrosity. Burner, after the most searching investigations, retracted his error. On Thursday, the 27th of April, the king, understanding the necessity of a Parliament to repeal the laws made in favor of Anne and her children, issued writs for its assembling. He was resolved to hurry on the business — equally impatient to hear no more of his wife, and to possess her who was the object of his desires. Anne, who was ignorant of what was going on, had gradually recovered a little serenity, but it was not so with those around her. The court was agitated and uneasy. The names of the commissioners were canvassed, and people wondered where the terrible blows of the king would fall. Many were alarmed for themselves or their friends. Would the storm burst on Sir Thomas Wyatt, who wrote verses in Anne’s honor? or on Lord Northumberand, whom the queen had loved before Henry cast his eyes upon her? The king did not intend to go so high. The indecision did not last long. At two o’clock on the 27th of April — the very day when the writs for the new Parliament were issued William Brereton, one of the gentlemen of the king’s household, pointed out by the queen’s enemies, was arrested and taken to the Tower, Two days later, on the 29th of April, Anne was crossing the presence-chamber, where a miserable creature happened to be present at that moment. It was Mark Smeton, the court-musician a vain, cowardly, corrupt man, who had felt hurt because, since the day when he had played before the queen at Winchester, that princess had never even looked at him. He was standing, in a dejected attitude, leaning against a window. It is possible that, having heard of the disgrace that threatened the queen, he hoped, by showing his sorrow, to obtain from her some mark of interest. Be that as it may, his unusual presence in that room, the posture he had assumed, the appearance of sorrow which he had put on, were evidently intended to attract her attention. The trick succeeded. Anne noticed him as she passed by. ‘Why are you sad?’ she asked. ‘It is no matter, madam.’ The queen fancied that Sineton was grieved because she had never spoken to him. ‘You may not look to have me speak to you,’ she added, ‘as if you were a nobleman, because you are an inferior person.’ ‘No, madam,’ replied the musician, ‘I need no words; a look sufficeth me.’ He did not receive the look he asked for, and his wounded vanity urged him from that moment to ruin the princess, by whom he had the insolence to wish to be remarked. Smeton’s words were reported to the king, and next day (April 30), the musician was arrested, examined at Stephey, and sent to the Tower. A magnificent festival was preparing at Greenwich, to celebrate the First of May in the usual manner. This was the strange moment which Henry had chosen for unveiling his plans. In certain minds there appears to be a mysterious connection between festivities and bloodshed; another prince (Nero) had shown it in old times, and some years later Charles IX. was to celebrate the marriage of his sister Margaret by the massacres of St. Bartholomew. Henry VIII. gave to two of the victims he was about to immolate the foremost places in the brilliant tournament he had prepared. Lord Rocheford, the queen’s brother, was the principal challenger, and Henry Norris was chief of the defenders. Sir Francis Weston was also to take part in these jousts. Henry showed himself very gracious to them, and hid with smiles their approaching destruction. The king having taken his place, and the queen, in a magnificent costume, being seated by his side, Rocheford and Norris passed before him, lowering their spears — morituri to salutant . The jousting began immediately after. The circumstances of the court gave a gloomy solemnity to the festival. The king, who was watching with fixed eyes the struggles of his courtiers, started up all of a sudden, with every appearance of anger, and hastily quitted the balcony. What had happened? The ultramontane Sanders, notorious as being a most malicious and fabulous writer, mentions that the queen had dropped her handkerchief into the lists, and that Norris took it up and wiped his face with it. Lord Herbert, Burner, and others affirm that there is nothing to corroborate the story, which, were it true, might be very innocent. However, the festivities were interrupted by the king’s departure. The confusion was universal, and the alarmed queen withdrew, eager to know the cause of the strange procedure. Thus ended the rejoicings of the First of May. Henry, who had gone back to the palace, hearing of the queen’s return, refused to see her, ordered her to keep her room, mounted his horse, and, accompanied by six gentlemen, galloped back to London. Slackening his pace for a time, he took Norris aside, and, telling him the occasion of his anger, promised to pardon him if he would confess. Norris answered, with firmness and respect: ‘Sire, if you were to cut me open and take out my heart, I could only tell you what I know.’ On reaching Whitehall, Henry said to his ministers: ‘To-morrow morning you will take Rocheford, Norris, and Weston to the Tower; you will then proceed to Greenwich, arrest the queen, and put her in prison. Finally, you will write to Cranmer and bid him go immediately to Lambeth, and there await my orders.’ The victims were seized, and the high-priest summoned for the sacrifice. The night was full of anguish to Anne Boleyn, and the next day, when she was surrounded by her ladies, their consternation increased her terror. It seemed to her impossible that a word from her would not convince her husband of her innocence. ‘I will positively see the king,’ she exclaimed. She ordered her barge to be prepared, but, just as she was about to set out, another barge arrived from London, bringing Cromwell, Audley, and the terrible Kingston, lieutenant of the Tower. That ominous presence was a death-warrant: on seeing him the queen screamed aloud. They did not, however, remove her at once: the council, on which sat her most violent adversaries, assembled in the palace, and Anne was summoned to appear before it. The duke of Norfolk, the president, informed her coldly of what she was accused, and named her pretended accomplices. At these words, the queen, struck with astonishment and sorrow, fell on her knees and cried out: ‘O Lord, if I am guilty, may I never be forgiven!’ Then, recovering a little from her emotion, she replied to the calumnious charges brought against her, to which Norfolk answered carelessly and contemptuously, as if he were still speaking to the little girl whom he had seen born, ‘Tut, tut, tut,’ and shook his head disdainfully. ‘I desire to see the king,’ said Anne. ‘Impossible,’ answered the duke; ‘that is not included in our commission.’ ‘I have been very cruelly treated,’ said Anne Boleyn, later, when speaking of this horrible conversation with her uncle. ‘It is his Majesty’s good pleasure that we conduct you to the Tower,’ added Norfolk. ‘I am ready to obey,’ said the queen, and all went in the same barge. When they reached the Tower, Anne landed. The governor was there to receive her. Norfolk and the other members of the council committed her into his charge and departed. It was five in the afternoon. Then the gates of the fortress opened; and at this moment, when she was crossing the threshold under the charge of heinous crimes, Anne remembered how, three years before, she had entered it in triumph for the ceremony of her coronation, in the midst of the general acclamations of the people. Struck by the fearful contrast, she fell on her knees ‘as a ball,’ and exclaimed, ‘O Lord; help me, as I am guiltless of that whereof I am accused!’ The governor raised her up, and they entered. She expected to be put into close confinement. ‘Mr. Kingston,’ she said, ‘shall you put me into a dungeon?’ ‘No, madam,’ answered the governor; ‘you will be in your own lodging, where you lay at your coronation.’ ‘It is too good for me,’ she exclaimed. She entered, however, and on reaching those royal chambers, which recalled such different recollections, she knelt again and burst into tears. The violence of her grief presently brought on convulsive movements, and her tears were succeeded by hysterical laughter. Gradually she came to herself, and tried to collect her thoughts. Feeling the need of strengthening herself by the evidences of the Lord’s love, she said to Kingston, ‘Entreat his Majesty to let me have the sacrament.’ Then, in the consciousness of innocence, she added, ‘Sir, I am as clear from the company of man as I am of you. I am the king’s true wedded wife.’ She was not absorbed in her own misfortunes: she was moved by the sufferings of the others, and uneasy about her brother. ‘Can you tell me where Lord Rocheford is?’ she asked. Kingston replied that he had seen him at Whitehall. She was not tranquillized by this evasive answer. ‘Oh, where is my sweet brother?’ she exclaimed. There was no reply. ‘Mr. Kingston,’ resumed Anne, after a few moments, ‘do you know why I am here?’ ‘No, madam.’ ‘I hear say that I am to be accused of criminal familiarities.’ (Norfolk had told her so in the barge.) ‘I can say no more than Nay!’ Suddenly tearing one of her garments, she exclaimed, as if distracted: ‘If they were to open my body, I should still say — No.’ After this her mind wandered. She thought of her mother, and the love she felt for the countess of Wiltshire made her feel mere than anything else the bitterness of her situation: she imagined the proud lady was before her, and cried, with unutterable agony, ‘O my mother, my mother, thou wilt die for sorrow!’ Then her gloomy thoughts were turned to other objects. She remembered that, while in the barge, the duke of Norfolk had named Norris and Sineton as her accusers, which was partly false. The miserable musician was not grieved at being wrongfully accused of a crime likely to make him notorious, but Norris had stoutly rejected the idea that the queen could be guilty. ‘O Norris, hast thou accused me!’ she ejaculated; ‘and thou too, Sineton!’ After a few moments’ silence, Anne fixed her eyes on the governor. ‘Mr. Kingston,’ she asked, ‘shall I die without justice?’ ‘Madam,’ answered the governor, ‘the meanest subject of the king has that.’ At these words the queen again laughed hysterically. ‘Justice — justice!’ she exclaimed, with disdainful incredulity. She counted less upon justice than the humblest of her subjects. Gradually the tempest calmed down, and the silence of the night brought relief to her sorrow. The same day (May 2) the news spread through London that the queen was arrested. Cranmer, who had received the royal intimation to go to his palace at Lambeth, and wait there until further orders, had arrived, and was thunderstruck on hearing what had happened. ‘What! the queen in prison! the queen an adulteress!’... A struggle took place in his bosom. He was indebted to the queen for much; he had always found her irreproachable... the refuge of the unhappy, the upholder of the truth, lie had loved her like a daughter, respected her as his sovereign. That she was innocent, he had no doubt; but how account for the behavior of the king? The unhappy prelate was distracted by the most painful thoughts during the whole of Tuesday night. This truly pious man showed excessive indulgence towards Henry VIII., and bent easily beneath his powerful hand; but his path was dearly traced — to maintain unhesitatingly the innocence of her whom he had always honored. And yet he was to be an example of the fascination exerted by a despot; over such characters — of the cowardice of which a good man may be guilty through human respect. Doubtless there are extenuating circumstances in his ease. It, was not only the queen’s fate that made the prelate uneasy, but also the future of the Reformation. If love for Anne had helped to make Henry incline to the side of the Reformation, the hatred which he now felt, against his unhappy wife might easily drive him into the other direction. Cranmer desired to prevent this at any price, and accordingly thought himself obliged to use extreme precaution. But these circumstances are really no extenuation. No motive in the world can excuse a man from not frankly defending his friends when they are falsely accused from not vindicating an innocent woman when she is declared to be guilty. Cranmer wrote to the king: ‘I cannot without your Majesty’s command appear in your presence; but I can at least desire most humbly, as is my duty, that your great wisdom and God’s help may remove the deep sorrow of your heart. ‘I cannot deny that your Majesty has great cause to be overwhelmed with sorrow. In fact, whether the things of which men speak be true or not, your honor, Sire, according to the false appreciation of the world, has suffered; and I do not remember that Almighty God has ever before put your Majesty’s firmness to so severe a proof. ‘Sire, I am in such a perplexity that I am clean amazed; for I never had a better opinion in woman than I had of her, which maketh me think that she cannot be culpable.’ This was tolerably bold, and accordingly Cranmer hastened to tone down his boldness. ‘And yet, Sire,’ he added, ‘would you have gone so far, if you had not been sure of her crime?... Your Grace best knoweth that, next unto your Grace, I was most bound unto her of all creatures living. Wherefore I must humbly beseech your Grace to suffer me in that which both God’s law, nature, and her kindness bindeth me unto that I may (with your Grace’s favor) wish and pray for her. And from what condition your Grace, of your only mere goodness, took her, and set the crown upon her head, I repute him not your Grace’s faithful servant and subject, nor true to the realm, that would not desire the offense to be without mercy punished, to the example of all others. And as I loved her not a little, for the love I judged her to bear towards God and His holy Gospel; so, if she be proved guilty, there is not one that loveth God and His Gospel that will ever favor her, for then there never was creature in our time that so much slandered the Gospel. ‘However,’ he added, appearing to recover his courage, ‘forget not that God has shown His goodness to your Grace in many ways, and has never injured you; whilst your Grace, I am sure, acknowledgeth that you have offended Him. Extend, therefore, to the Gospel the precious favor you have always shown it, and which proceedeth not from your love for the queen your wife, but from your zeal for the truth. ‘From Lambeth, 3d of May, 1636.’ When Cranmer addressed these soothing words to the king, it was doubtless on the supposition (on which he gives no opinion) that Anne was guilty. But, even admitting this hypothesis, is it not carrying flattery of the terrible autocrat very far, to compare him with Job as the prelate does? In another part of this letter he says: ‘By accepting all adversity, without despair and without murmuring, your Grace will give opportunity to God to multiply His blessings, as He did to His faithful servant Job, to whom, after his great calamity, and to reward his patience, He restored the double of what He had possessed.’ As regards the king, Cranmer had found for himself a false conscience, which led him into deceitful ways: his letter, although he still tries to defend Anne, cannot be justified. He was about to dispatch the letter, when he received a message from the lord-chancellor, desiring him to come to the Star-Chamber. The archbishop hastened across the Thames, and found at the appointed place not only Audley, but the Lords Oxford and Sussex, and the lord-chamberlain. These noblemen laid before him the charges brought against Anne Boleyn, adding that they could be proved, though they did not themselves produce any proof. On his return to Lambeth, Cranmer added a postscript to his letter, in which he expressed his extreme sorrow at the report that had just been made to him. The morning of the same day (May 3) was a sad one in the Tower. By a refinement of cruelty, the king had ordered two of the queen’s enemies Lady Boleyn and Mistress Cosyns — to be always near her; to which end they slept in her room, while Kingston and his wife slept outside against her chamber-door. ‘What could be the object of these strange precautions? We can only see one. Every word that fell from Anne, even in her convulsions or in her dreams, would be perfidiously caught up, and reported to the king’s agents with malicious interpretations. Anne, pardoning the former conduct of these ladies, and wholly engrossed with her father’s sorrow, thought she might ask for news about him from the persons who had been given her for companions; but those wicked women, who never spoke to her without rudeness, refused to give her any information. ‘The king knew what he was doing,’ said Anne to Kingston, ‘when he put these two women about me. I could have desired to have two ladies of my chamber, persons whom I love; but his Majesty has had the cruelty to give me those whom I could never endure.’ The punishment continued. Lady Boleyn, hoping to detect some confusion in her niece’s face, told her that her brother, Lord Rocheford, was also in the Tower. Anne, who had somewhat recovered her strength, answered calmly, ‘I am glad to learn that he is so near me.’ ‘Madam,’ added Kingston, ‘Weston and Brereton are also under my charge.’ The queen remained calm. She purposed, however, to vindicate herself, and her first thought turned towards two of the most pious men in England:·’Oh, if God permitted me,’ she said, ‘to have my bishops (meaning Cranmer and Latimer), they would plead to the king for me.’ She then remained silent for a few minutes. A sweet reflection passed through her mind and consoled her. Since she had undertaken the defense of the persecuted evangelicals, gratitude would doubtless impel them to pray for her. ‘I think,’ she said, ‘that the greater part of England is praying for me.’ Anne had asked for her almoner, and, as some hours had elapsed without his arrival, gloomy images once more arose to sadden her mind. ‘To be a queen,’ she said, ‘and to be treated so cruelly treated as queen never was before!’ Then, as if a ray of sunshine had scattered the clouds, she exclaimed: ‘No, I shall not die no, I will not die!... The king has put me in prison only to prove me.’ The terrible struggle was too great for the young woman: she had convulsions and fits, and almost lost her senses. Attacked by a fresh hysterical paroxysm, the unfortunate lady burst into laughter. On coming to herself after a while, she cried: ‘I will have justice... justice... justice!’ Kingston, who was present, bowed and said: ‘Assuredly, madam.’ ‘If any man accuses me,’ she continued, ‘I can only say — No. They can bring no witness against me.’ Then she had, all at once, an extraordinary attack: she fell clown in delirium, and with eyes starting, as if she were looking into the future, and could foresee the chastisement with which God would punish the infamous wickedness of which she was the victim, she exclaimed: ‘If I am put to death, there will be great judgments upon England for seven years... And I... I shall be in heaven... for I have done many good deeds during my life.’

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Hectares to Cent Conversion – Area Measurement Hectares and Cent conversion is the process of converting Hectares scale value into its equivalent Cent scale value. The relative conversion factor in numbers is multiplied with the unit or the unit of reference to produce the corresponding value in Cent. These two are the units of measurement to measure the quantity of area and can be expressed in “hec” and “cent” respectively. Hectares to Cent Converter Cent to Hectares Conversion The length value in "hec" can be converted into the equivalent value of area measurement unit "cent" by this Converter. hec to cent Conversion Chart The Hectares to Cent conversion chart is the table of values of hec vs cent and used to measure the corresponding area values in the Cent scale for the group of successive values in the Hectares scale. In addition, users have the option to generate any conversion chart for Hectares to any other area measurement units or between any two area measurement units by using the form provided. The users can further customize the hec vs cent conversion table by changing the input values of Start and Increment value. The start value of the hec to cent conversion table can be changed to any other value by providing the Start value in the text box provided. Start value is the beginning value of the chart so the chart will contain next 100 successive values based on the increment value. Increment value is the value of pattern which decides the next successive values of the table in Hectares. The number of decimal points (the number of digits after the symbol dot) can be set by providing the Round Off value. This hec to cent conversion chart is available in printable format and the print out of the chart alone can be taken with the help of the print button provided. 1 hec = 247.105407259 cent The conversion factor for hec to cent is 247.105407259 The formula for hec to cent is A = 247.105407259 x B A - Cent B - Hectares

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Now that we’ve seen the fabulous greystones on Dr. Martin Luther King Drive, let’s continue with Part 2 of our series, and walk further down 42nd Street. A modest red Queen Anne house with subtle cornice bracketing is a neighborhood landmark because of an extraordinary man who once lived there. 445 E. 42nd Street was for decades the home of Dr. Daniel Hale Williams, also known as “Dr. Dan.” He is widely credited as the first to successfully perform surgery to repair a damaged heart, and his daring and skilled feat made headlines around the world in 1893. A Strong Foundation After leaning toward a few professions early in life, including barber, preacher, and lawyer, Daniel Williams decided to become a doctor. At the time, there were two medical schools in Chicago: Rush Medical College and Chicago Medical School. Williams decided to go to Chicago Medical School, and not long after in the 1880s competition between the schools grew. Chicago Medical School emerged with longer attendance requirements: three terms of six months compared to two terms of five months at Rush. Students of Chicago took pride that their institution was focused on quality and not quantity. This stellar education set the bar for a lifelong career of outstanding practice in the medical field. The First Milestone: Provident Hospital Emerging from this education, Dr. Williams began his career by establishing himself as both intelligent and caring. The Provident Foundation gives a summary of the hospital’s early roots: Considered a thoughtful and skilled surgeon, Dr. Williams’ practice grew as he treated both black and white patients. But he was acutely aware of the limited opportunities for black physicians. In 1889, he was appointed to the Illinois State Board of Health (now known as the Illinois Department of Public Health), and worked with medical standards and hospital rules. He was aware of the prejudice against black patients in hospitals and the inferior treatment that was often dispensed. In 1890, Reverend Louis Reynolds, whose sister Emma was refused admission to nursing schools because she was black, approached Dr. Williams for help. This led to the founding of the Provident Hospital and Nursing Training School in 1891. The first years of the hospital were challenging, but successful. Dr. Williams insisted that his physicians remain abreast of emerging medical discoveries. “Sewed Up His Heart!” Although founding the first hospital owned and operated by African-Americans was an accomplishment itself, his achievements were far from over. Perhaps his most widely known accomplishment is the first successful surgery to repair a damaged heart. This was at a time when treatment of heart ailments involved remedies of dubious value. This was illustrated in a 1954 biography of Dr. Williams: Only two years before, in 1891, C. W. Mansell Mollin’s book on Surgery had reached America. Many regarded it as the “best in the English languages,” and yet all that Mollin, Fellow of the Royal College of Surgeons, could say was that the only treatment [for heart injury] “likely to be of any avail is absolute rest, cold, and opium; […]” There was certainly not much to guide or encourage Dr. Dan. He would run no professional risks if he gave the man an opiate and let it go at that. Most doctors would approve. Of course the man would then probably die. But if he attempted surgical interference, if he took up Roberts’s long-neglected challenge, he would have to venture into unchartered territory, with unforeseeable results. If he failed, he could expect nothing but condemnation from most of the profession. Dr. Williams, seeing the urgency of the situation, decided to act. He sent word to a few medical friends inviting them to watch, and 6 doctors (4 white and 2 African-American) gathered in a makeshift operating room. “Sewed Up His Heart!” was the print headline seen around the world to describe this pioneering operation. Was Dr. Williams the First? History is clear: although he had no knowledge of a prior attempt, Dr. Williams was not the first to perform this type surgery. Two years earlier in 1891, Dr. H.C. Dalton in St. Louis attempted to repair a damaged heart via surgery. Dr. Benjamin Rickets, a Fellow of the American College of Surgeons, published the Surgery of the Thorax and its Viscera in 1918 and a foremost expert on this type of procedure. He was knowledgeable of both cases and although early on mentioned both events, he quickly dropped Dalton’s case and only mentioned Dr. Williams’ in later published works and in lectures. It is speculated that this was because Dalton’s patient never recovered. Dr. Williams’ patient lived a full life, in fact outliving the man who saved him. A Lifelong Legacy Whether or not he was the first to perform the surgery is unimportant. The important part is his legacy of spreading medical knowledge and promoting equality. His life story is so extraordinary it almost seems fictional: - founded the first black-owned and operated hospital in America (Provident Hospital) - performed the first successful surgery to repair a damaged heart - performed one of the earliest successful attempts at splenorrhaphy (repairing the spleen) - served as Chief Surgeon of the Freedmen’s Hospital in Washington, D.C. - co-founded and served as Vice-President of the National Medical Association - received honorary degrees from Howard and Wilberforce Universities - was a charter member of the American College of Surgeons That he did this as a man of color in an era of rampant and overt racial discrimination is even more unbelievable. His advances left a substantial mark on the practice of medicine, and you can see where he lived on 42nd Street in Bronzeville. To learn more, TMW Media published a short documentary on Doctor Williams’ life. Dr. Daniel Hale Williams was mentioned in the Stevie Wonder song Black Man: […] Heart surgery Was first done successfully By a black man In a few days will finish up this series with Part 3, where we’ll look at vacant community space that will soon come back to life. Part 3 will also include a map with landmarks and notes of the walking tour of this culturally significant part of Chicago. References and Further Reading - History: Dr. Daniel Hale Williams (Provident Foundation) - Daniel Hale Williams (Pittman Publishing Corporation, 1954, 1968)

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Luke – Part Two (Introduction to Second Semester – Acts 13-28) Instructor’s Note: Last semester we left off at chapter 12:24. We now pick up where the Apostle Peter is no longer the center of the goings on; the Apostle Paul is primary to Acts 13-28. This term will mention Paul’s missionary trips to the Gentiles, but mostly discuss the issues of those days when Paul made his missionary travels. It isn’t a study to trace his three “missionary” trips establishing new communities of Gentile believers, but more to the historical facts of why and where he went and where he avoided going. An aside note…Just as the first half of the Book of Daniel is written in Aramaic (Greek) and the second half Hebrew, the Book of Acts is the message in the first half to the Jews and the second half is to the Gentile/Greeks. In this part, Luke describes how the gospel spread through more countries and by who; such as the connection with King Solomon in 945 B.C. and Philip’s encounter with the Ethiopian official almost 1,000 years later. It ends like this: ‘So, the Christians became stronger in their faith and more believers joined together daily.’ The people who joined were believers, not outsiders. This means those in The Way (Christians) in worship and discipleship were not the lost but those who were there to learn something beyond their salvation moment. We learn from this portion of Acts how the good news about Jesus reached Europe. Paul started a new church in Corinth, a city in Greece. To its name-sake we get 1 & 2 Corinthians. He also started a new church in Ephesus; i.e. the Book of Ephesians. Ephesus was a very important city. It was in the same territory that is Turkey today. It is near Greece but mostly separated by the Aegean Sea. This part ends like this: ‘In this manner, the Lord’s message (to the believers) continued to increase in power and it spread widely.’ In the final part of our Acts study this semester, Luke tells us that Paul reached Rome. When the book ends, Paul is in prison under house arrest. There, ‘he preached boldly about God’s kingdom. He taught the facts about the Lord Jesus Christ and nobody tried to stop him.’ In other words, he brought many to a belief in Christ than sent them to a church of other believers to be disciples (learners) per living a life in Christ; i.e. To Be & To Live (be-liever) growing daily in knowledge and understanding. When the book ends, Paul is in Rome. The Romans had arrested him. Luke does not say what happened to Paul next but he remained with him. So, many scholars conclude that Luke completed Acts very soon after this. Also, he said nothing about Emperor Nero. He killed many Christians in AD 64. Luke had likely finished the book in AD 62. We do not know the exact date. It only makes sense if Luke had not already written Acts, he would have included Paul’s execution under the sword of Nero; the firebug of Rome. Nero was the last Roman emperor of the Julio-Claudian dynasty. He was adopted by his great-uncle Claudius and became Claudius’ heir and successor. Like Claudius, Nero became emperor with the consent of the Praetorian Guard. Nero’s mother, Agrippina the Younger, was likely implicated in Claudius’ death and Nero’s nomination as emperor. She dominated Nero’s early life and decisions until he cast her off. Five years into his reign, he had her murdered. He reigned from 54 A.D. to 68 A.D. JIV NOTE: As a disciple; i.e. bible student, know that names mentioned in the bible are for reasons far beyond the knowledge of their names. The same is true of places and things. These persons, places and things help archeologists, historians, and even militaries trace diggings, research, and tactics. In a very real sense it is like the Hansel and Gretel “story.” These persons, places and things have markers that can be traced back to their origins. Praise God! AHA MOMENT: The Rest of the Bible Facts not found in the bible; Job, Issachar, and Zebulon After the Assyrian dispersion of the ten Northern Tribes of Israel around 720 B.C., tribes migrated north, west and east; Kazar/Kazak Empire. To the distant northeast we find a tribe even older than the Israeli Tribes; one that claims to descend from Job. Today they are called the Abii or Lob (Job) tribes…in *Siberia. *NOTE: From where do most historians claim the American Indian migrated when crossing the land-bridge between Alaska and Russia? ANS: Siberia, so that implicates the American Indian. Extra Bonus AHA MOMENT: Shortly after the Northern Tribes of Israel were dispersed by Assyrians a people by the names Asakarta or Sagartii (Issachar) appeared in the Zagros Mountains between Iran and Iraq. British geographers discovered in a territory close by the name, of a clan of people who called their land Zabulistan (Zebulon?). So much more but this is for an advanced study at a later date. The Bible is not a manuscript for a religion. It is traceable historical facts. “The bulk of the Finns and Estonians are Israelite, but the Karelians are Japhetic but live within the lands of Israeli in Scandinavia. The Karelians live in an eastern province of Finland. They descended from Japheth (son of Noah)” Descendants of Issachar settled in western Finland and Estonia (Sources: Eino Juttikala and Kauko Pirinen, A History of Finland, 1974. p.13; W.R Mead, Finland, 1968, p. 56)

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Insecticide treated bed nets remain one of our most important tools for controlling the Anopheles mosquitoes that carry the malaria parasite. Bed nets work so well because they target mosquitoes that prefer to feed on humans and to come indoors to bite and rest. This also means that we are limited in the types of chemicals we can use in their control. Only one class of insecticide (pyrethroids) are approved for use in bed nets. This strict restriction on chemicals used in bed nets is important for making sure these insecticides are safe, but it also creates a problem. The intensive use of one or two classes of chemical can rapidly lead to the evolution of resistance and the list of insecticides we can switch to is very short. It is becoming disturbingly common place that mosquito populations are reported to be resistant classes of chemicals that are considered safe enough to be applied in homes. How do we determine if a population is resistant? Insecticide Resistance (sometime abbreviated as IR) is difficult to quantify. The effectiveness of an insecticide can depend on lots of factors, but obviously the method and duration of exposure is at the top of the list. In order to make resistance measurements comparable the WHO has created a series of extremely specific assays. This kind of standardization is important for the operational realities of control and this type of information is used to design a resistance management strategy. If a population exhibits less than 90% mortality they are considered to be insecticide resistant. With indications of wide spread resistance using these types of standardized assays (and the accompanying identification of resistance alleles in the population) we appear to be teetering on the brink of a serious crisis. It seems to be merely a question of when our front line tools for control will be useless. However, this bleak assessment depends on a simplifying assumption: that exposed survivors are going to transmit malaria. What if they don’t? This is what Viana and colleagues asked in a recent study published in PNAS. They hypothesized that even though these mosquitoes initially survived the exposure to pyrethroids, that exposure would decrease the ability of these survivors to transmit. Using a combination of bioassays and epidemiological modelling they determined how much these survivors would potentially contribute to malaria transmission. They began by measuring the long term survival of the mosquitoes not succumbing to the WHO cone test. In this assay, mosquitoes were exposed to a bed net using a cone for 3 minutes. Knockdown was counted after 1 hour and mortality is tallied after 24 hours. To add additional realism, they used three different methods for exposing the mosquitoes. Exposure A mimicked the exposure pattern of a female that tried to take a blood meal unsuccessfully on 5 consecutive nights. Exposure B mimicked a less persistent females that unsuccessfully attempted to take a blood meal through the net every 4 days. The last exposure pattern, C, mimicked the worst case scenario from the control perspective: a female that successfully feeds through a treated bed net every four days. The survival of these two resistant strains was tracked over several days. After 24 hours large proportions of the resistant strains were still alive (up to 40% of the TOR strain and up to 97% of the TIA strain). However, when survival was tracked over 40 days, these exposed mosquitoes continued to exhibit much lower survival than controls (mosquitoes from the same strain that went through the whole assay without insecticide). When this delayed mortality effect was combined with the immediate mortality epidemiological modelling indicated that the proportion of infectious bites the resistant populations could deliver (a measure of transmission potential) was halved. In other words, adding a delayed mortality effect lead to output which suggests that control with insecticide treated bed nets can still be achieved even on resistant populations. What does all this mean for our resistance crisis? It doesn’t mean the problem is going away. Continuing to expose partially resistant populations is going to select for further resistance. However, it does indicate that IR might not be as disastrous as we would have believed previously. Our bed nets might continue to work even though they aren’t immediately killing resistant females. The news could get even better. Here it was assumed that a living mosquito was a viable vector. It may be that despite being able to survive, surviving females may be less competent to transmit malaria for other reasons. Additional work on investigating the behavior and competence of exposed IR lines could greatly improve our understanding of transmission in this new world of resistant populations.

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Enrollments Open for Certification Course on Artificial Intelligence and Deep Learning by IIT RoorkeeApply Now Learn Python, NumPy, Scipy, Pandas, Jupyter, Scikit-learn, Regression, Clustering, Classification, Support Vector Machines, Random Forests, Decision Trees and Dimensionality Reduction From Industry Experts Have you ever wondered how self-driving cars are running on roads or how Netflix recommends the movies which you may like or how Amazon recommends you products or how Google search gives you such an accurate results or how speech recognition in your smartphone works or how the world champion was beaten at the game of Go? Machine learning is behind these innovations. In the recent times, it has been proven that machine learning and deep learning approach to solving a problem gives far better accuracy than other approaches. This has led to a Tsunami in the area of Machine Learning. Most of the domains that were considered specializations are now being merged into Machine Learning. This has happened because of the following: Every domain of computing such as data analysis, software engineering, and artificial intelligence is going to be impacted by Machine Learning. Therefore, every engineer, researcher, manager or scientist would be expected to know Machine Learning. So naturally, you are excited about Machine learning and would love to dive into it. This specialization is designed for those who want to gain hands-on experience in solving real-life problems using machine learning and deep learning. After finishing this specialization, you will find creative ways to apply your learnings to your work. For example See you in the specialization and happy learning! Churn the mail activity from various individuals in an open source project development team. Build a model to predict the bikes demand given the past data. Build a model that takes a noisy image as an input and outputs the clean image. The sinking of the RMS Titanic is one of the most infamous shipwrecks in history. In this project, you build a model to predict which passengers survived the tragedy. Build a model to classify email as spam or ham. First, download examples of spam and ham from Apache SpamAssassin’s public datasets and then train a model to classify email. Classify images from the Fashion MNIST dataset using scikit-learn, and Python. Learn how to deploy a machine learning model as a web application using the Flask framework. Our course is exhaustive and the certificate rewarded by us is proof that you have taken a big leap in Machine Learning and Deep Learning. The knowledge you have gained from working on projects, videos, quizzes, hands-on assessments and case studies gives you a competitive edge. Highlight your new skills on your resume, LinkedIn, Facebook and Twitter. Tell your friends and colleagues about it. You can check https://youtu.be/dXCx4anEcgU for watching the Course Preview. We have created a set of Guided Projects on our platform. You may complete these guided projects and earn the certificate for free. Check it out here Have more questions? Please contact us at [email protected]

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Public debate on the role of drug regulatory agencies and health authorities in assessing and preventing the risks of medication errors Held on Thursday 10th October 2013 Prescrire’ meeting rooms – 68-70 Bd Richard Lenoir – 75011 Paris Safe design of healthcare products, a key strategy for reducing preventable harm Medication errors frequently occur because of confusion from: sound-alike or look-alike medicine names; similarities in packaging and labelling appearance; unclear, ambiguous or incomplete medicine label information. These problems can lead to errors in selecting and using medicines including wrong drug, wrong dose, wrong formulation, wrong route and method of administration. In many countries the regulation of medicine naming, labelling and packaging does not provide adequate safeguards for patients. There is little recognition of the importance of the human factor in the selection and the design of drug names, labels and packages with a view of minimizing error risks and enhancing medication safety. Current approaches to labelling and packaging favour commercial interests, such as “trade dress” or “umbrella” brands, and overlook the context in which the medicine will be used. The Paris conference on safer naming, labelling and packaging of medicines featured a public debate on the role of drug regulatory agencies and health authorities in assessing and preventing the risks of medication errors. The conference was aimed at: regulators and policy makers, healthcare professionals, patients, drug companies.

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This looks like smart policy: A series of research and development (R&D) projects has been launched by China’s National Energy Administration (NEA) to improve the country’s emergency response capabilities at nuclear power plants in the event of an extreme disaster. The NEA said that the projects are aimed at improving safety-related technology employed in Chinese nuclear power plants, taking into account lessons learned from the Fukushima accident in Japan. A total of thirteen R&D projects are to be conducted by China National Nuclear Corporation (CNNC), China Guangdong Nuclear Power Corporation (CGNPC) and the Institute of Nuclear and New Energy Technology in cooperation with Tsinghua University. Engineers and researchers will work to develop advanced nuclear power safety technology through targeted research and plant site analyses, the NEA said. The R&D projects will include the development of passive emergency power supply and cooling water systems, as well as development of passive containment heat removal systems. The projects will also analyse the impact of multiple simultaneous external events and response measures. Research into beyond design basis earthquake and external flooding, as well as measures for the prevention and mitigation of used fuel accidents will also be conducted. Projects will also cover beyond design basis accident mitigation equipment and systems, while others are aimed at developing hydrogen control devices and emergency rescue robots. Other projects will study the monitoring and treatment of contaminated ground and water. All the projects are expected to be completed by 2013. According to the NEA, implementation of the results will improve the safety of China’s second-generation nuclear power plant technology by lowering the probability of large early radioactive releases and reactor core damage. Researched and written by World Nuclear News

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Until 1900, home birth was the typical birth setting for Americans. In fact, more than 90% of people alive today were born at home. Hospital births did not rise in popularity until the 1920s, when use of motorized vehicles and medical promotion rose. They gained in popularity in that one physician could attend to many patients at a single location while minimizing costs by treating more patients at once. A major factor in the decrease of home birth at this time was due to the physician's movement to eliminate midwives, their largest source of competition in the growing market of prenatal care and childbirth. Between 1930-1960, physician groups legislated against the practice of midwifery, effectively changing laws across many states to restrict or prohibit their practice. One of the prominent misconceptions about homebirth is that its practice is unsafe. Logic alone dictates that this is untrue. If most of the Americans alive today were born at home and lived to tell about it, then homebirth must be a viable option. For those more data-centered individuals, there have been numerous studies conducted over the past 40 years to compare the safety of homebirth as compared to hospital birth. The consensus from the research shows that homebirth is as safe or safer than hospital birth for low-risk women with a skilled birth attendant. One such study conducted by Lewis Mehl compared the birth outcomes of 2,092 women. His results showed that the incidence of interventions such as forceps, manual placental traction, episiotomy, laceration, and birth injuries was significantly higher for a hospital birth than for a homebirth. If you are considering birthing at home, do your research. Find an experienced midwife or other birth companion. Ask them for a list of references or if you may contact other families whose births they've attended. If so, ask the family about their experience and satisfaction with that attendant. Be sure to select an attendant with whom your whole family is comfortable. Olsen O, Jewell MD. [The Nordic Cochrane Centre, Rigshospitalet, Blegdamsvej 9, dept. 7112, Copenhagen, Denmark, DK-2100 O. [email protected]] Home versus hospital birth. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2000;(2) Macfarlane A, McCandlish R, Campbell R. Choosing between home and hospital delivery. There is no evidence that hospital is the safest place to give birth. British Medical Journal. 2000 Mar 18;320(7237):798. Kenneth C Johnson and Betty-Anne Daviss. Outcomes of planned home births with certified professional midwives: large prospective study in North America. BMJ 2005;330:1416 (18 June). Anderson RE. Anderson DA. [Dept. of Economics, Centre College, Danville, KY 40422, USA. ] The cost-effectiveness of home birth. Journal of Nurse-Midwifery. 44(1):30-5, 1999 Jan-Feb. Chamberlain G, Wraight A, Crowley P [Obstetrics at Singleton Hospital, Swansea, UK] Birth at home. Pract Midwife 1999 Jul-Aug;2(7):35-9 Aikins Murphy P, Feinland JB. Perineal outcomes in a home birth setting. [Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, USA.] Birth 1998 Dec;25(4):226-34 Wiegers TA. van der Zee J. Keirse MJ. [The Netherlands Institute of Primary Health Care, Utrecht, The Netherlands. ] Maternity care in The Netherlands: the changing home birth rate. Birth. 25(3):190-7, 1998 Sep. Olsen, O. Meta-analysis of the Safety of Home Birth. Birth. 24(1): 4-13, 1997. Hafner-Eaton C. Pearce LK. Oregon State University. Birth choices, the law, and medicine: balancing individual freedoms and protection of the public's health. Journal of Health Politics, Policy & Law. 19(4):813-35, 1994 Winter. Murphy PA. Fullerton J. [Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York 10032, USA. [email protected]] Outcomes of intended home births in nurse-midwifery practice: a prospective descriptive study. Obstetrics & Gynecology. 92(3):461-70, 1998 Sep. Bastian H. Keirse MJ. Lancaster PA. [PO Box 569, Blackwood SA 5051, Australia. [email protected]] Perinatal death associated with planned home birth in Australia: population based study. BMJ. 317(7155):384-8, 1998 Aug 8. Janssen PA. Holt VL. Myers SJ. Licensed midwife-attended, out-of-hospital births in Washington state: are they safe? Birth. 21(3):141-8, 1994 Sep. Woodcock HC. Read AW. Bower C. Stanley FJ. Moore DJ. A matched cohort study of planned home and hospital births in Western Australia 1981-1987 Midwifery. 10(3):125-35, 1994 Sep. Bortin S. Alzugaray M. Dowd J. Kalman J. Santa Cruz Women's Health Center, California. A feminist perspective on the study of home birth. Application of a midwifery care framework. Journal of Nurse-Midwifery. 39(3):142-9, 1994 May-Jun. Davis-Floyd RE. [Department of Anthropology, University of Texas at Austin 78712] The technocratic body: American childbirth as cultural expression. [Review] Social Science & Medicine. 38(8): 1125-40, 1994 Apr. Sakala C. [Health Policy Institute, Boston University, MA 02215] Midwifery care and out-of-hospital birth settings: how do they reduce unnecessary cesarean section births? Social Science & Medicine. 37(10):1233-50, 1993 Nov. Kenny P. King MT. Cameron S. Shiell A. Satisfaction with postnatal care--the choice of home or hospital Midwifery. 9(3):146-53, 1993 Sep. Declercq ER. [Merrimack College, North Andover, Massachusetts] Where babies are born and who attends their births: findings from the revised 1989 United States Standard Certificate of Live Birth. Obstetrics & Gynecology. 81(6):997-1004, 1993 Jun. MacVicar J. Dobbie G. Owen-Johnstone L. Jagger C. Hopkins M. Kennedy J. Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Leicester Royal Infirmary, UK Simulated home delivery in hospital: a randomised controlled trial. British Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology. 100(4):316-23, 1993 Apr. Cunningham JD. [School of Behavioural Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia] Experiences of Australian mothers who gave birth either at home, at a birth centre, or in hospital labour wards. Social Science & Medicine. 36(4):475-83, 1993 Feb. Ford C. Iliffe S. Franklin O. [Department of Primary Health Care, Whittington Hospital, London] Outcome of planned home births in an inner city practice BMJ. 303(6816):1517-9, 1991 Dec 14. Page Last Modified by Catherine Beier, MS, CBE Choose 7 week, 12 week, or Self- Paced online childbirth classes available wherever and whenever you need them. Vanessa's natural birth story shows that when birth is left alone to proceed as it should, it waits for no one - not even doctors or midwives. Create a free pregnancy ticker to post on your blog, website, Facebook profile or favorite social media...

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8/3/10 Joseph had his father embalmed after the manner of the Egyptians, a procedure that took 40 days. By now the famine was long over but Pharaoh continued to employ Joseph in apparently an important position in Egypt. Since Joseph was so prominent all Egypt observed 70 days of mourning for his father. At that point Joseph asked Pharaoh’s permission to take some time off and bury his father in Machpelah, which not only did Pharaoh allow but he sent a sizable delegation along with Joseph including the elders of his own household and of all Egypt and the household of Joseph, his brothers, and his father. It was a large contingency that made its way back to Canaan. After crossing the Jordan the group observed seven days of mourning, which was noted by the Canaanites as something amazing and unique. Joseph returned to Egypt. He was still a young man at this point, around 40 years old probably. His brothers feared that maybe Joseph held a grudge against them but was waiting for the passing of Jacob to act. So they brought him a planned message asking for his mercy. Joseph, though, had been genuine in his forgiveness. He wept over the fact that they mistrusted him so. “You meant evil against me, but God meant it for good…” he told them. Joseph refused to judge his brothers over what had happened. And not only did he refuse to judge, he promised to care for them for the rest of their lives. Joseph lived for another 70 years in Egypt presumably in Pharaoh’s service. When he died at 110 he asked his brothers who at least some of them were still living to take his bones from there when Israel left. This, of course, his brothers would not do in person, but they passed the message down faithfully from generation to generation to the time of the exodus. Then indeed they took Joseph’s bones with them.

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Linux Foundation and RISC-V International have announced two new free online training courses to help individuals get started with the RISC-V ISA. The courses are available on edX.org, the online learning platform founded by Harvard and MIT. The first course, Introduction to RISC-V (LFD110x), guides participants through the various aspects of understanding the RISC-V ecosystem, RISC-V International, the RISC-V specifications, how to curate and develop RISC-V specifications, and the technical aspects of working with RISC-V both as a developer and end-user. The course provides the foundational knowledge needed to effectively engage in the RISC-V community, contribute to the ISA specifications, and develop a wide range of RISC-V software and hardware projects. Introduction to RISC-V was developed by Jeffrey “Jefro” Osier-Mixon, program manager for RISC-V International, and Stephano Cetola, technical program manager for RISC-V International. The second course, Building a RISC-V CPU Core (LFD111x), focuses on digital logic design and basic central processing unit (CPU) microarchitecture. Using the Makerchip online integrated development environment (IDE), participants will implement technologies ranging from logic gates to a simple and complete RISC-V CPU core. The class will allow participants to familiarize themselves with a variety of emerging technologies supporting an open source hardware ecosystem, including RISC-V, transaction-level verilog, and the online Makerchip IDE. Building a RISC-V CPU Core was developed by Steve Hoover, founder of Redwood EDA. Enrollment is now open for Introduction to RISC-V and Building a RISC-V CPU Core.

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Your hands and wrists are essential tools that allow you to work, play and perform everyday activities. How well the hand and wrist interact depends on the integrity and function of the ligaments, tendons, muscles, joints and bones. Problems in any of these can affect upper extremity function, causing disruptions at home and work and negatively impacting quality of life. The human hand itself is very complex and delicate in structure. At some time in life, you may experience hand or wrist pain. Dupuytren’s contracture is a thickening of the fibrous tissue layer underneath the skin of the palm and fingers. Although painless, the thickening and tightening (contracture) of this fibrous tissue can cause the fingers to curl (flex). There is no effective means by which the course of Dupuytren’s disease can be altered, so the early, nodular stages are usually a case of observation only. Patients are generally seen by a physician every few months to monitor the extent of the condition. When Dupuytren’s causes finger contractures to form, then surgery is usually recommended. Contractures are easily noticeable since this tightening of the tissues cause the fingers to bend and remain in a fixed position. Surgical decisions are made based on the individual joint that is held in the contracted position. When a fist is made, there are three joints that are apparent in each finger. Any contracture of the middle joint is generally not tolerable and should be a candidate for surgery. Commonly prescribed surgical procedures are called a fasciotomy or fasciectomy. This procedure removes segments of the diseased fascia, which helps increase the mobility of the fingers. It is important to consider early surgery with the onset of any contractures as significant delay may ultimately require a larger procedure.

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Encounters with Aliens on this Day 1896 - On this day in 1896 an airship descended from the sky 15 miles north of Pacific Grove, California and landed on the Pacific Ocean. Three human occupants aboard guided it to shore and then hid it in the woods, according to the two witnesses. (Sources: San Francisco Call, December 3, 1896; Philip Rife, It Didn't Start with Roswell, p. 31; Jerome Clark, The Unidentified, p. 141). 1950 - A pearl white, spinning, glowing disc-shaped object closely paced a jeep along a road in Nanyuki, Kenya at 10:45 a.m. It reportedly made a buzzing noise like bees. This case is listed as a Project Blue Book "unknown." (Sources: Project Blue Book files counted in official statistics, case 845; Don Berliner, Project Blue Book Unknowns). 1950 - At around 9:00 p.m. a brilliant UFO maneuvered over Ellenton, South Carolina for ten minutes, the future site of the Savannah River hydrogen bomb production facility, not yet constructed. (Source: Loren E. Gross, UFOs: A History - 1950 (volume 3), p. 62). 1956 - At 9:45 p.m. a luminous ovoid object maneuvered in the sky, descended, and then ascended to a somewhat higher altitude in Forest Lake, Minnesota. The witness, Mr. Moffett, chased it in his car. The UFO flew to the east slowly, then turned toward the south and flew away. (Source: Leonard H. Stringfield, CRIFO Orbit, March 1957, p. 2). 1962 - A bright, light-bulb shaped object flew in toward the east, then angled off toward the north before it "arched" its way into a lake. It was seen by residents of twelve cities between Akron, Ohio and Syracuse, New York. (Source: Ivan T. Sanderson, Invisible Residents, p. 226, citing the Conneaut News Herald). 1965 - A close encounter with electro-magnetic effects happened in El Paso, Texas on this day. (Source: Frank Edwards, Flying Saucers - Serious Business, p. 266). 1967 - At 9:30 p.m. a bullet or cone-shaped UFO hovered for two hours over the Baneasa airfield in the Bucuresti province of Romania. It then flew off to the north. There were many high quality military observers. (Source: Ion Hobana and Julien Weberbergh, UFOs from Behind the Iron Curtain, p. 176). 1973 - A luminous disc-shaped object maneuvered over the city of Brussels, Belgium shortly after midnight, flashing and glowing. It then faded in intensity to a bright star. It stayed visible for 75 minutes. (Source: FSR, July 1974, p. 32). 1973 - A box-shaped object approximately 8 feet in diameter was sighted by some fishermen in Bonneville Carteret, Normandy, France at 5:30 in the morning. It directed a beam of light upon their fishing nets. (Sources: Courier Ouest, December 7, 1973; Roland Godefroy, Phenomenes Spatiaux, December 1973, p. 19; FSR, July 1974, pp. 32-33). 1973 - At 6:00 p.m. several teenagers in Levittown, Pennsylvania observed a UFO with lights "flying funny" up and down the Delaware River. It had three flashing red lights, and made no sound. It next hovered in the sky for one minute, then vanished in the clear sky. At 6:35 p.m. several city residents of Philadelphia, watched a UFO over the Linden Avenue area of the city, including some who viewed it through binoculars. It looked like an acorn, with a green bottom. It was blinking slowly and was surrounded by a gray mist or haze. At 11:25 p.m. a cartographer and his wife saw UFO with four blinking white lights and a red light in the center while driving in northeast Philadelphia on Interstate 95. The object had a rectangular-shaped bottom, and a hat-shaped side view; it flew to the north, met up with a cluster of lights, and then flew off towards Bristol. (Sources: Philadelphia Evening Bulletin, December 3, 1973; J. Bernard Delair, UFO Register, volume 5 (1974), cases #1088, 1090 & 1092; Matthew Graeber, Fate, May 2002, p. 27). 1973 - At 7 p.m. a strange, robot-like creature about four feet tall, with large round glowing eyes 18 inches wide, was seen in Korning Wood, Quebec, Canada at a distance of about 200 feet from the house of the witness. It possessed a large round head, long arms, and a bright red glow that emanated from behind its head. It disappeared behind the observer's house. (Source: Albert S. Rosales, Humanoid Contact Database 1973, citing Marc Leduc, CASUFO). 1973 - A 150 foot wide disc hovered in front of the car of a Mr. & Mrs. Gerard while driving on the interstate highway near Wilsonville, Oregon this evening. The object spun in a circular motion, and traveled up the I-5 freeway. It had circular portholes two to three feet deep, one inverted C-shaped area with no lights, and a blue light on top. It went behind a hill and was gone from view. (Source: J. Bernard Delair, UFO Register, volume 5 (1974), case #1174). 1974 - Stephen Jenkins of Croydon, Greater London, England woke up at 3 a.m. to hear clearly audible footsteps on the stairs. Two beings appeared on the landing. Their body texture was "something like closely compressed pulpy leaves." Their faces were reddish, with yellow eyes with hard black pupils. Around them was a translucent, faintly luminous "box like structure." In a moment they were gone. (Source: David F. Webb & Ted Bloecher, HUMCAT: Catalogue of Humanoid Reports, case 1974-73, citing Stephen Jenkins, The Undiscovered Country). 1974 - Driving home near Frederick, Wisconsin at 10:30 p.m. William Bosak, a 69-year-old farmer, noticed something parked on the opposite side of the road ahead. Slowing down to look, his headlights illuminated an object with a curved, transparent front, behind which could be seen a figure visible from the waist up, with arms upraised over his head, as if in terror. The figure seemed to be a little taller than a tall man, and had a square face with hair "sticking straight out from the sides." It had long, narrow ears that stuck straight out, brown furry arms, and a hairy torso. The eyes were large and protruding. Frightened, Mr. Bosak sped up past the object, which was surrounded by a kind of fog. As he passed, the car "darkened, as if in shadow," or his headlights dimmed, and the witness heard a soft whooshing sound. No ground traces were found at the site the following day. (Sources: David F. Webb & Ted Bloecher, HUMCAT: Catalogue of Humanoid Reports, case 1974-58, citing Dewey Berscheid, Edward E. Lightner, and Jerome Clark; Mark Rodeghier, UFO Reports Involving Vehicle Interference, case 375; APRO Bulletin, February, 1975). 1975 - There were five separate reports of unmarked black helicopters flying around missile sites and nearby towns in Carter, Conrad, Fairfield, Great Falls, Montana and at the Fort Benton J-5 Missile Site in Chouteau County, Montana. (Source: Roberta Donovan, Mystery Stalks the Prairie, pp. 47-51; Great Falls Tribune, December 5, 1975). 1975 - Sandra Larson awoke at four o'clock in the morning to find two beings standing beside her bed in Fargo, North Dakota. They were the same type she had seen on August 26th: about six feet tall, brown vinyl like bodies with metallic looking arms, and mummy-like heads bandaged up in tape (with the eyes remaining visible). They floated her out through the bedroom wall to a field several blocks away, where they took her onboard a UFO. When she was taken from the craft they were in a desert landscape with white sand, lit by a celestial body resembling the moon. She was taken into a square building where a humanoid--she thought of him as a scientist--interrogated her using telepathy. Then she was taken home, again floating through a closed door into her house. She thought about taking a bath, and the entities asked her what "soap" was; she took them to her basement and gave them a cup of laundry detergent. (Sources: David F. Webb & Ted Bloecher, HUMCAT: Catalogue of Humanoid Reports, case 1975-60 (A1437), citing Jerome Clark, UFO Report, August 1976, p. 21; David F. Webb, Proceedings of the 1976 CUFOS Conference, p. 270). 1977 - A Waimata Valley, New Zealand farmer had awakened at three a.m. when he heard his dogs barking in the kennels. When he went outside he saw a 50-foot in diameter saucer-shaped object on the ground, about 100 feet away from his house. It was red in color and he could see it had two open doors or ports. Near his dog kennel were two silver-suited humanoid figures of slight build, about 4 feet 8 inches tall; they were carrying off one of his dogs, which appeared to be unconscious. He got his gun and opened fire on the creatures, hitting one. They dropped the animal and the figure that was hit staggered off into the bushes while the second one entered the object, which then took off. The dog was comatose for a few minutes, but later recovered. Friends visiting the farmer later found him in a state of shock, fearful that they would return for retribution. Footprints were found at the site. The incident also occurred during a rash of UFO sightings in the area. The next evening there were reports of hovering objects in Invercargill and Gore Matura, New Zealand at 10:20 p.m. and shortly after 11:00 p.m. (Sources: Allan Hendry, International UFO Reporter, June 1978, p. 2; Xenolog, March 1978, pp. 6-13; UNICAT, case # 166; David F. Webb & Ted Bloecher, HUMCAT: Catalogue of Humanoid Reports, case 1977-69 (A1772), citing David Conway, Gisborne Aerial Phenomenon Research Group). 1977 - Five 45-foot in diameter domed discs hovered over Roseville, Michigan at 12:20 a.m. Three more discs joined them. Two figures were seen inside each dome. All flew away to the northwest after a couple of minutes. (Source: NICAP UFO Investigator, October 1978). 1977 - A close encounter occurred in North Charleston, South Carolina at 9:30 a.m. with a disc-shaped UFO that caused gravity effects. (Sources: North Charleston (SC) Banner, December 7, 1977; APRO Bulletin, July 1978, p. 2). 1977 - A Ms. Crowl had a close encounter with a UFO in Elysburg, Northumberland County, Pennsylvania. (Source: Shamokin (PA) News-Item, December 3, 1977). 1977 - On this day there were also a series of unexplained booms or skyquakes heard all along the eartern seaboard of the United States from South Carolina to New Jersey. The U.S. Naval Research Laboratory recorded reports from Asbury Park, Belmar, Farmingdale, Haledon, Hammonton, Hazlet, Howell, Long Branch, Mount Holly, Ocean County, Old Bridge, Oyster Creek, Point Pleasant, Red Bank, Toms River, and Wall Township, New Jersey as well as Charleston and other parts of South Carolina. The earliest report in the day appears to have come from Charleston, South Carolina at 9:30 a.m. and the last report may have been at 3:45 p.m. in New Jersey. The Oyster Creek, New Jersey skyquake was heard near a nuclear power plant, which caused some concern. (Sources: Dallas (TX) Times-Herald, December 17, 1977; New York Times, December 20, 1977; George Eberhart, A Geo-Bibliography of Anomalies, p. 800-821, citing U.S. Naval Research Laboratory). 1978 - A nine minute long videotape was made of a luminous object over Roanne, France on this evening. The luminous round object appeared over the tops of mountains, traced a big circle, and then remained still for several minutes. (Source: Jane Thomas, UFO Newsclipping Service, March 1979, p. 13, citing Cronica, December 4, 1978). 1978 - A photograph was taken of a disc-shaped object in Abu Dhabi, UAE by four young men, one named Salimeen. According to the report there were also physiological effects on the witnesses. (Source: APRO Bulletin, January 1979, p. 3). 1978 - Thirty-one year old Emilio Carrascosa Atienza saw an intense white light land 200 meters away from his car while he was driving in Chiva, Valencia, Spain at 11:00 p.m. Its brightness decreased as he approached the spot in his car. He then heard a penetrating foreign voice on his car radio, and next two reddish-orange balls of light appeared near the horizon before winking out. Dr. Willy Smith of the UNICAT project rated the witness as highly reliable. (Sources: Richard F. Haines, Project Delta: A Study of Multiple UFO, p. 139; UNICAT, case # 502, citing Vicente-Juan Ballester Olmos, OVNIS y la Ciencia, p. 76). 1979 - While stopped for gas at night on the Corso Europa highway in Genoa, Italy F. Zanfretta, age 27, was approached by a tall figure with an oval-shaped head who wore a loose fitting windbreaker. At the same time a fog like mist surrounded the gas pumps and the figure ordered Zanfretta to accompany him. Zanfretta obeyed, and he was eventually taken onboard a craft which had landed in a wooded area near Marzano. While flying over the area he was reportedly shown the earth from outer space, looking like a marble free-floating in space. The occupants of the craft also showed him numerous photographs of friends and others, whom he did not know. He was also shown a large glass cylinder filled with a blue liquid, inside of which floated a huge hairy ape-like "Bigfoot" creature. In another container he saw a horrible creature resembling a prehistoric pterodactyl. In yet a third container he saw a large toad-like creature. While onboard the craft he met a tall green-colored reptilian like humanoid who called himself "Dargos", whom he had met on a previous occasion. The tall humanoid reportedly offered Zanfretta a transparent sphere that contained a rotating golden pyramid as proof of their existence, but Zanfretta refused to accept it. Allegedly, local residents reported a power outage near Marzano on this night. (Sources: Albert S. Rosales, Humanoid Contact Database 1979, citing CUN Genova; David F. Webb & Ted Bloecher, HUMCAT: Catalogue of Humanoid Reports, case A2228). 1982 - A silent object beamed three lights down at 8 a.m., then followed a car in Bury St. Edmonds, Suffolk, England. There followed an RAF investigation of the incident. (Source: Timothy Good, Alien Contact, p. 38). 1987 - At 3:00 a.m. Ed Walters heard some strange voices outside his home in Gulf Breeze, Florida speaking Spanish. Thirty minutes later his dog started barking, so he went out on his porch to check and when he pulled a blind he saw a four foot tall Grey humanoid being with large almond-shaped eyes looking at him. The being wore wome type of shield over its eyes, chest, and lower body and was holding a lighted rod in its right hand. The creature turned around and ran towards a nearby open field. Ed Walters chased the creature, and was suddenly struck by a blue beam of light. He was unable to move his legs and fell to the ground, as if the beam was holding him down. When he was finally able to move, he ran back to the house and grabbed his camera and his gun. He photographed a large, bowl-shaped craft with darkened portholes and an illuminated orange ring on the bottom. He could also see a beam of blue light shining down from it onto the ground. (Sources: Donald Ware, MUFON UFO Journal, issue # 239; Timothy Good, The UFO Report 1990, p. 204; David F. Webb & Ted Bloecher, HUMCAT: Catalogue of Humanoid Reports, case # A2234; Albert S. Rosales, 1987 Humanoid Sighting Reports database, case # 358, citing Donald Ware, Walt Andrus, and Charles D. Flannigan). 1988 - A brilliant light was first seen lakeside in Shelton, Mason County, Washington State by four witnesses at 7:00 p.m. Next, four dark boomerang or V-shaped craft, from 75 feet to 300 feet in width, passed slowly overhead at low altitude. They were as big as Boeing 747 airliners, according to the observers. (Source: Robert Gribble, MUFON UFO Journal, December 1989). 1990 - At 11:00 p.m. an Air Force officer observed a dark ovoid object move through the sky slowly at low altitude in Taillades, Vaucluse, France. Lights on the surface of the object changed position. (Source: Lumieres dans la Nuit, issue 307). 1993 - At 4:45 a.m. a flat-bottomed disc-shaped object flew over the witnesses' house in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania at 150 feet altitude, making a whooshing sound. (Source: Francis L. Ridge, UFO Intelligence News). 1999 - A large shining cylindrical object with a flaming orange tail moved over Shanghai, China on this day, "scooting" above skyscrapers in the city. It made front page news, and was viewed by hundreds. (Source: UFO Magazine, March 2000, p. 17; April 2000, p. 33). 2000 - A witness in Selden, New York viewed a large, dark, silent triangular object with dim steady red lights at the triangle vertices at 10:50 p.m. (Source: Peter Davenport, National UFO Reporting Center, December 2000 webpage, report uploaded December 9, 2000). 2001 - In Torquay, Devonshire, England a disc-shaped object the size of a small room was observed at 6:15 p.m. It was spinning on its own axis. (Source: British Ministry of Defense, case 2001-185). 2002 - At 6:00 a.m. a woman in La Grange, Georgia saw a stationary blinking light through pine trees that flashed every 8 seconds. Her husband and two associates saw a triangular craft zip silently across the sky at 6:25 a.m. (Source: George A. Filer & David E. Twichell, Filer's Files: Worldwide Reports of UFO Sightings, p. 62). 2003 - A bright, multi-colored, pulsating cigar-shaped object was observed near Tulum, Quintana Roo, Mexico at 9:00 p.m. (Source: Peter Davenport, National UFO Reporting Center, December 2003 webpage). 2008 - In Oakland, Pennsylvania a flying disc-shaped object hovered at 12:40 p.m., then began to glide across the sky without making any noise. (Source: Peter Davenport, National UFO Reporting Center, December 2008 webpage, report uploaded January 10, 2009). Written by Donald A. Johnson, Ph.D. (Revised 2 December 2012). Compiled from the UFOCAT database. Themes: animal reaction: dogs barking; bedroom visitation; boomerang or V-shaped UFOs; buzzing sound; cigar-shaped or cylindrical UFOs; disc-shaped UFOs; domed discs; failed animal abduction; fog surrounding UFO; free will abduction; hovering UFOs; luminous UFOs; multi-year reports from England, France and Pennsylvania; nautical UFOs; nuclear facility; ovoid UFOs; red-faced humanoids surrounded by translucent box; shooting of alien entity; short robot-like humanoid; short slim humanoids; skyquakes; tall hairy humanoid; triangular UFOs; whooshing sound.

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What is the difference between "twin suns" and "binary suns"? What is the difference between a “twin suns” and “binary suns”? Thanks for the great question! Many people get confused about these two terms as you do. Hopefully I can help clarifying the difference. The dictionary definition of “Twin” is a person or thing that is exactly like each other, or something containing or consisting of two matching or corresponding parts. Therefore, when an article says “Oh we have found twin suns!”, it means we found two star with matching physical properties, such as age, mass, brightness, chemical composition, etc. Twins don’t necessarily live close to each other, but just need to have matching DNA. The term “binary” means something having two parts and they do not need to be exactly the same. The “binary suns” term means two Sun-like stars (i.e., twin Suns) orbiting each other, in a binary system. Unlike the stars in Star Wars’s Tatooine system, our Sun is not in a binary system. Sorry, our Sun is not as cool as Tatooine’s stars. But we are not completely isolated! Our nearest neighbor is called Alpha Centauri, which is actually a triple-star system (three stars gravitationally bound together). Two bright, closely orbiting stars are Alpha Centauri A and B, and their faint companion is Proxima Centauri. Alpha Centauri A and B appear to be a single star to the unaided eye and the third brightest in the night sky. This binary system lies 4.37 light years from the Sun. Proxima Centauri is actually our true nearest neighbor, “only” 4.24 light years away. Many astronomers are looking for Sun-like stars to understand our own Solar System better. Such stars could also host habitable planets like Earth. UT astronomer Ivan Ramirez is one of those researchers. He and his team recently identified the first “solar sibling”, which is highly likely born from the same cloud of gas and dust where our Sun was born (read more about it here: https://news.utexas.edu/2014/05/08/sun-sibling-astronomy). Dr. Hwihyun Kim UT, IGRINS Postdoctoral Fellow

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After being under the control of South Africa for about 75 years, Namibia was born 28 years ago as the world’s newest independent nation. A ceremony was held at Windhoek’s sports stadium, where the South African flag was lowered to make way for the new red, blue, green and gold flag of the Republic of Namibia amidst ecstatic celebrations from the crowd that had gathered. ”In the name of our people, I declare that Namibia is forever free, sovereign and independent,” Sam Nujoma, the leader of the South-West Africa People’s Organization, the main Namibian nationalist movement was quoted by the NY Times. But what were the major events leading to this freedom? Germany declared Namibia, which was then called South West Africa as its protectorate in 1884 and as its colony in 1890. In 1915, South Africa took over the country after Germany’s defeat in the First World War. The territory was placed under South African administration by the League of Nations. South Africa held onto Namibia and in subsequent years refused calls by other countries and the United Nations to grant independence to the country. As European powers were granting independence to their colonies during the 1960s, South Africa was under pressure to do same in Namibia. There was even a 1966 United Nations resolution that terminated South Africa’s mandate over the former German colony but South Africa was still adamant. It even went as far as extending the apartheid policies that were being implemented in South Africa to Namibia, with many people suffering human rights violations at the hands of the South African Defense Force (SADF) soldiers. The situation led to the formation of the South West African People’s Organisation (SWAPO) led by Andimba Andimba Toivo ja Toivo. The guerrilla movement, popularly known as SWAPO, fought a 23-year-long war against South African control. But why was South Africa still holding on to Namibia despite the insurrection and warfare? Namibia was rich in mineral wealth including diamonds and others such as uranium, vanadium, and lithium. Historians say these mineral deposits encouraged South Africa to hold on to the country despite the wars and unrest. South Africa at the time also wanted to curtail the rate at which post-colonial black governments were advancing as it felt that their advancement could threaten its apartheid system. In 23 years of fighting beginning in 1966 between the SWAPO and the SADF, thousands of casualties were reported. One such incident was the Kassinga massacre, a Namibian refugee camp in Angola on May 4, 1978. Finally, in 1988, the South African government, under a UN-brokered peace initiative, agreed to give up control of Namibia. On March 21, 1990, Namibia was granted its independence. Sam Nujoma, the leader of the SWAPO at the time was sworn in as the country’s first President by the United Nations Secretary-General, Javier Perez de Cuellar. Upon its independence in 1990, Namibia’s economy was still tied to South Africa’s. It is currently still a member of the Southern African Customs Union (SACU), the oldest existing customs union in the world. The South African rand is still legal currency within Namibia.

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Among the several steam locomotives still running in Japan, Oigawa Railway ones are really special for at least two reasons! First they are the only ones available on a daily basis, all year long. And secondly, the locos are running through the vast tea fields of Shizuoka prefecture – the main production area of the country, offering a sight nowhere else to be found. This unusual landscape, quite unexpected in Japan, is one of the 100 landscapes of Heisei Era. At first we did not really know that steam locomotives were often running in Japan. But then we crossed the rails of one in Nagatoro – the Paleo SL running on weekends only – and heard that at least three others were still used, in Okayama prefecture, in Kyushu and in northern Hokkaido. But among these several old-fashioned railroads, Oigawa Railway is definitely the favorite of densha otaku, the Japanese train lovers. The main reason is the following: the locomotives are not only running for entertainment during the weekends and holidays, but are instead running on a daily basis. And Shizuoka’s railroad owns four different SL – the short and Japanese term for Steam Locomotives – dating back from the 1930s. The private railway, whose rails are connecting Kanaya to Senzu, where the SL are to be found, and Senzu to Ikawa, in the mountainous heart of Shizuoka prefecture, is also using several electrical trains from the 1950s. This time journey is carrying on in the small stations where all the trains stop. These are wooden structures dating back from the beginning of Showa Era (1926-1989), or even from Taisho Era (1912-1926). The steam locomotives itinerary runs following the banks of Oi river (which gave its name to the company, Oigawa meaning “river Oi”). From Shin-Kanaya to Senzu, the 40 kilometers journey is taking exactly 79 minutes. Beyond the blue waters of the river, the passengers are able to catch sight of the snowy summits of the Southern Alps. And the main sight of the trip, explaining why the whole railway became one of the 100 Heisei landscapes – these places we are tracking down this year – are the many tea fields. These vast areas of perfectly maintained green tea bushes, with SL running through, became a famous landscape of Shizuoka prefecture. At least two SL are running daily, from Shin-Kanaya to Senzu in the morning, at 10:38 and 11:53, and from Senzu to Shin-Kanaya in the afternoon, at 14:19 and 14:53. Additional trains are running during heavy affluence days. Be sure to check the details on Oigawa Railway official website, in English. How to get there? The first thing to do before coming to Shin-Kanaya is to check the SL schedules, on the official website, and if available to book a ticket in advance (between 125 and 2 days before the departure). Steam locomotives are running from Shin-Kanaya, in Shimada city, but Oigawa Railway’s network is available from Kanaya station, where the connection with JR is available. Trains are then running from Kanaya to Shin-Kanaya, in time for the connection with the SL departures and arrivals. The whole journey from Kanaya to Senzu is a 1810 yen one with an ordinary train, and riding the old-fashioned one will cost an additional 800 yen. Kanaya station itself is on the JR Tokkaido line. Getting there from Tokyo is convenient using the shinkansen to Shizuoka or Kakegawa and then catch the local line. About 6700 yen.

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Ben has five coins in his pocket. What is on the back of ? Money Bags Age 5 to 11 Challenge Level: Can you see what is happening? Colouring Triangles Age 5 to 7 Challenge Level: How many faces can you see when you arrange these three cubes in different ways? Holes Age 5 to 11 Challenge Level: Age 5 to 7 Challenge Level: How many new shapes can you make? Whose pieces are the same? What could each of the children buy with their money? What does each face look like? Beads and Bags Age 5 to 11 Challenge Level: Explore ways of colouring this set of triangles. Can you put these shapes in order of size? You could investigate your own starting shape. How many pennies did Ram put in each bag? Can you find several ways to start with a blue triangle and end with a red circle? Being Resilient Age 5 to 7. Solvlng Man is much smaller than us. In how many different ways can they build their houses? Geoboards Age 5 ssolving 7 This lower primary feature brings together activities which make use of geoboards. Try continuing these patterns made from triangles. To support this aim, members of the NRICH team work in a wide range of capacities, including providing professional development for teachers wishing to embed rich mathematical tasks into everyday classroom practice. Move four sticks so there are exactly four triangles. Whose pieces are the same? Making Footprints Age 3 to 5 Exploring 3D shapes. Giving children chance to ‘play around’ with two-dimensional shapes gives them the freedom to explore spatial properties for themselves, thereby developing their understanding in a meaningful way. Age 5 to 11 This feature explores how teachers can harness the nricy of curiosity by using some tasks that may cause children to wonder! Can you find a way to do it? How many different ways can you find to join three equilateral triangles together? Can you decide who made each set? Five Coins Age 7 to 11 Challenge Level: Shaping It Age 5 to 11 Challenge Level: Discuss and Choose Age 5 to 11 Challenge Level: Carroll Diagrams Age 5 to 11 Challenge Level: They have a pile ;roblem strips of different lengths. Understanding the characteristics of 2D and 3D shapes. Can you work out which ones are triangles, and why? Can you work out what shape is made when this piece of paper is folded up using the crease pattern shown? To support this aim, members of the NRICH team work in a wide range of capacities, including providing professional development for teachers wishing to embed rich mathematical soolving into everyday classroom practice. How many balls of modelling clay and how many straws does it take to make these skeleton shapes? Timing Age 3 to 5 Counting and comparing numbers. Complete the Square Age 5 to 7 Challenge Level: Can you make symmetrical patterns? Domino Patterns Age 5 to 7 Challenge Level: Can you do it in any other ways? Use the interactivity to help get a feel for this problem and to find out all the possible ways the balls could land.

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Explore This Article An organized temperance movement began in Georgia in the late 1820s and, after early difficulties, flourished through the 1930s. As in other parts of the United States, Georgia's temperance reformers typically were evangelical Protestants who regarded alcoholic beverages as harmful (even sinful) for the individual drinker and for society at large. Supposedly, drink destroyed families and reputations and brought about poverty, disorder, and crime. As elsewhere, Georgia's temperance reformers started by urging individuals to decide voluntarily not to drink and later campaigned to change the laws to restrict and abolish the sale of alcoholic beverages. Georgia had statewide prohibition from 1908 until 1935, a period that began before and extended beyond national prohibition (1920-33). The Baptist state convention. The state society sent delegates to the American Temperance Society but was never formally affiliated with it. Originally this first statewide society committed its members to moderation in the consumption of distilled liquors. When it attempted in 1836 to shift to a teetotal pledge, the society broke up and disappeared. One of the few affiliated local societies to survive was in Augusta, for many years a temperance stronghold. In the 1840s and 1850s the Georgia temperance movement shared in national enthusiasms: Washingtonianism, which employed the testimonials of reformed drunkards to encourage men to pledge themselves to give up drink; and fraternal societies, such as the Sons of Temperance, which combined quasi-Masonic ritual and mutual insurance with teetotalism. Prewar temperance reformers explored the political road to temperance. In the late 1830s a petition movement called for an end to retail liquor licenses. In 1855, influenced by the example of statutory prohibition in the state of Maine, a temperance convention meeting in Atlanta nominated a Methodist minister, B. H. Overby, as a candidate for governor on a platform of statewide prohibition. Before the Civil War (1861-65), some white Georgians may have associated temperance with northern abolitionists and consequently rejected it. Lagging economic development also handicapped the temperance cause, given that this modernizing ideology had little appeal in predominantly rural Georgia. Finally, Georgians disliked laws that restricted their personal liberty. After the war the temperance movement was both hurt and helped by racism. White Georgians resisted any mixing of the races in temperance organizations but were eager to make it illegal for emancipated African Americans to drink alcoholic beverages. Prohibition of alcoholic drink became intertwined with black disenfranchisement and subordination. In 1867 James G. Thrower, a British immigrant, introduced the Order of Good Templars to Georgia, assembling the first state lodge in Atlanta in 1869. Unlike most fraternal societies, the Good Templars admitted both men and women and let local affiliates decide about African Americans. Members who opposed African American membership at any location quit in the early 1870s to form the exclusively white United Friends of Temperance. Around the same time, white Good Templars in Kentucky organized a Jim Crow temperance society called the True Reformers for blacks; the movement reached Georgia about 1874. When in 1876 the international Good Templar order broke up over the question of the rights of blacks, white Good Templars in Georgia appeased northerners by organizing a "dual" grand lodge for black teetotalers, who could enjoy the Good Templar name and ritual but not meet at lodges with whites. At the same time the predominantly British party in the divided Good Templar order employed northern-born schoolteachers to organize a nominally integrated grand lodge that de facto was black. By the late 1880s few Good Templars of either race survived in Georgia. By this time other organizations dominated the temperance movement. In state government to enact restrictive liquor legislation and the voters to implement local option powers. An 1885 statute granted voters the right to impose prohibition in the county where they lived. By 1907 most counties had voted themselves dry. That same year the state legislature enacted mandatory statewide prohibition, one of the moral reforms demanded by Progressives throughout the South. The Atlanta race riot of 1906 probably encouraged the enactment of prohibition; whites feared the consequences of African Americans' drinking, and furthermore, white mobs originated in bars and saloons. The new law went into effect in 1908. For a time the legislature offered the "wets" some loopholes—near-beer saloons serving low-alcohol drinks were permitted, as were alcoholic beverages in locker-clubs—but these were closed in 1915. Georgia ratified the Eighteenth Amendment for national prohibition three years later. It did not vote for repeal of national prohibition, but after that occurred, Georgia repealed its own statewide prohibition in 1935.

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The Harefield Academy Numeracy Strategy - To focus on learning and how numeracy is used as a tool for teaching and progression in every lesson and across the curriculum - To create opportunities to develop and enhance numeracy and its use within all curriculum areas - To support all teachers to develop their own deeper understanding of how to enhance the numeracy skills of students, assess with confidence and develop learning opportunities as a result of improved numeracy skills - To review assessment policy and practice for the whole school, across year groups and for individual subject areas or departments where formative assessment of numeracy are integral to learning - To ensure teachers embed numeracy effectively across the curriculum, equipping all students with the necessary skills to make progress within the relevant subject area that may involve numeracy. We adhere to the following principles: - Numeracy skills supports learning and progress in many subject areas - Numeracy is a skill that all students require for an effective working life - Numeracy should be supported by all teachers. We are striving to ensure students can: - Effectively link their numerical skills to multiple curriculum areas - Adapt their methods to suit the topic at hand - Become confident to use their numeracy skills. - Model high standards of numeracy in their own teaching area when required - Explore and embed common numeracy skills that students have and develop this to a proficient level - Ensure that students engage in cross curricular use of numeracy - Teach students how to link numeracy skills within their subject area - Plan lessons which make good use of opportunities to develop students’ numeracy skills. New Initiatives for 2018-2019 - Numeracy Focus group which will coordinate numeracy across different subject areas - Numeracy Testing within maths department on a fortnightly basis at KS3 - Numeracy student champions – highlighted students who are confident and able with numeracy skills and are willing to support other students within different subject areas - Numeracy support for curriculum areas – how to deliver common themes across different lessons

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Calculate the energy in kcal used by a 50-kg woman who does 53 deep knee bends in which her center of mass is lowered and raised 0.400 m. (She does work in both directions.) You may assume her efficiency is 20%.(b) What is the average energy consumption rate in watts if she does this in 3.00 min? how to solve this?? Explain in step by step please 31)The solubility of barium hydroxide in waterwas measured as a function of temperature.Solubility (g in 100mL of solution)Use the graph produced in that experiment35.0(shown here) to determine the 4Go for the30.0solubility of barium hydroxide at 25.C.25.0MM(Ba(OH)2) = 171.34g/mol20.0a. 22.9 kJ/mol15.015.4 kJ/mol10.0c. 5.72 k]/mol5.0d. -4.00 kJ/mol0.0e. -6.09 kJ/mol0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80T (oc) - Name a specific component of a typical synovial joint and discuss its importance in joint function. - Explain synovial joint and discuss the function and location of that synovial joint. - Discuss a type of movement at a synovial joint and provide at least 2 examples of locations that produce that movement. A particle has a charge of +1.5 μC and moves from pointAto pointB, a distance of 0.22 m. The particle experiences a constant electric force, and its motion is along the line of action of the force. The difference between the particle’s electric potential energy atAandBis EPEA – EPEB = +8.8 x 10-4J.(a)Find the magnitude of the electric force that acts on the particle.(b)Find the magnitude of the electric field that the particle experiences. Thomas is a diabetic. While at work, he began to tremble, was somewhat disoriented, and showed signs similar to that of a drunk. One of his colleagues gave him some hard candy, which seemed to help him return to normal functions. Why did hard candy have this effect? Was giving hard candy a proper action, considering that Thomas is diabetic? A skateboarder shoots off a ramp with a velocity of 6.5 m/s, directed at an angle of 56° above the horizontal. The end of the ramp is 1.1 m above the ground. Let the x axis be parallel to the ground, the +y direction be vertically upward, and take as the origin the point on the ground directly below the top of the ramp. (a) How high above the ground is the highest point that the skateboarder reaches? (b) When the skateboarder reaches the highest point, how far is this point horizontally from the end of the ramp? According to the textbook, which one of the following conclusions is most true regarding factors that influence brain development? Genetic factors have the strongest influence on brain development, particularly later in life. Environmental factors and people’s experiences have the strongest influence on brain development in middle childhood. Together, brain development is shaped by genetic and environmental factors throughout the life span. Environmental factors are particularly influential in abnormal brain development. Polypropylene (pp) and heat: A wifi laptop is placed on a metal stand that sits on a polypropylene (pp) utility cart (rated 0-200 degrees F). The cart heats up around the perimeter. What type of heat from the computer is the cart absorbing? RF Radiation ; Heat Radiation ; ELF Radiation; or a mix of frequencies? What is the method of transfer conduction or radiation? What is happening? An 82.5 g sample of a metal is heated to 98.5 Celsius and is added to 125.0 g sample of water at 21.2 Celsius. After thermal equilibrium is established, the final temperature of the mixture is 27.5 Celsius. Assuming no heat is lost to the surroundings or the calorimeter, what is the specific heat of the metal? Order A Custom Academic Paper! Nursingessaytutors.com an online service provider ensuring the deliverance of unparalleled services to college students. You can rely on our professional service to achieve your academic goals. - Final Case Study and RecommendationsIn this assignment, you will finalize your case study makingrecommendations for needed services and planning for theirimplementation. You will create two documents - Is there something special about face perception? *Need to include two more sources/peer reviewed articles along with the two I’ve attached!!!*Here is a link of the experiment that was run by the clas - Consider the following quote by the philosopher Ludwig Wittgenstein, who believed that thought without language was impossible.“The limits of my language are the limits of my life.”For more inform

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Rocks have long been admired in China as an essential feature in gardens. By the early Song dynasty (960–1279), small ornamental rocks were also collected as accoutrements of the scholar's study, and the portrayal of rocks, often joined by an old tree or bamboo, became a favorite and enduring pictorial genre. Especially prized are stones that have been sculpted naturally by processes of erosion or that appear to have been shaped by nature even if they have been artfully enhanced by man. Pitted, hollowed out, and perforated, such rocks, which are often displayed on end, are seen as embodiments of the dynamic transformational processes of nature. By the Tang dynasty (618–907), four principal aesthetic criteria—thinness (shou), openness (tou), perforations (lou), and wrinkling (zhou)—had been identified for judging scholars' rocks as well as the larger examples featured in gardens. Besides these formal qualities, rocks were also admired for their resemblance to mountains or caves, particularly the magical peaks and subterranean paradises (grotto-heavens) believed to be inhabited by immortal beings. Some rocks were appreciated for their resemblance to animals, birds, human figures, or mythical creatures. This exhibition features more than thirty scholars' rocks from the noted collection of the Richard Rosenblum family, ranging in size from desktop pieces to freestanding works of several feet in height. They are accompanied by about ninety paintings dating from the eleventh to the twentieth century, drawn primarily from the Museum's collection. The exhibition features a series of images of fantastic rocks depicted in garden settings. Palace Banquet, by an anonymous court painter of the tenth or early eleventh century, depicts a palatial garden where rocks in the form of crouching animals serve as symbolic guardians to the imperial seraglio. This imposing large-scale image in color is juxtaposed with one section from The Classic of Filial Piety executed around 1085 by Li Gonglin (ca. 1041–1106), one of the progenitors of scholar-painting, which shows a rock and bamboo in a private garden. An actual scholar's rock in the form of a rearing tiger that is dated to the Song dynasty (960–1279) provides a striking foil to the feline-like painted rocks in Palace Banquet, while a rock sculpted in jade and inscribed by the Qing emperor Qianlong (r. 1736–95) echoes the scalloped form of the rock in The Classic of Filial Piety. Paintings of fantastic rocks appear as early as the eighth century, when a single elegant specimen, always combined with an ornamental tree or flower, was used to suggest a garden setting. Rock-and-tree paintings soon developed into a separate pictorial genre in which the auspicious associations of fantastic rocks were linked to the symbolic meanings of certain plants—such as a pine tree (longevity), bamboo (moral purity), peonies and hollyhocks (wealth and high rank)—to create images that were appropriate gifts for birthdays, the New Year, and other special occasions. By the seventeenth century, the aesthetic ideals of painting and scholars' rocks were almost indistinguishable. Assemblages of fantastic rocks in a garden, often arrayed in front of a white wall, as in The Astor Court, might be inspired by compositional formulas developed in painted landscapes; conversely, the texturing and fantastic forms of painted landscapes often resembled those of scholars' rocks more than actual scenery. The passion for fantastic rocks culminated at this time with numerous "portraits" of actual and imagined specimens. With the rise of monumental landscape painting in the tenth and eleventh centuries, artists created images of mountains that recalled twisting plumes of smoke, upthrust spearheads, cumulo-nimbus clouds, or the triangular form of the ancient pictograph for mountain. These form-types were not only perpetuated in later landscape paintings, but also influenced scholars' taste in rocks. To illustrate this point, the exhibition features a group of early monumental landscape paintings together with later scholars' rocks whose forms recall the landscape formations depicted in the paintings.

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How To Write A Descriptive Narrative Essay | EHow As you can see, there are plenty ideas for you t write a descriptive essay. Don’t forget to include details and show your creativity and your essay will get success. • Editing.TIPS TO WRITE A DESCRIPTIVE ESSAY There is - sometimes they are referred to as “character sketches.” But it is difficult to learn how to write a descriptive essay about a person, because we really do not read them often. We get “pictures” in our heads about characters in a piece of fiction over many pages of writing; and most non-fiction does not entail character sketches. So, when you are assigned this type of essay, you may be at a loss as to how to construct it or even what to say. We have explored a lot of information about this kind of paper and have made a whole article about it in order to help you out. Here are some pretty basic tips and strategies to use as you develop your piece. Part of learning how to write a descriptive essay about a person mastering this art of showing not telling as you reveal his/her personality traits. Words and behaviors must be used. Let’s take a look at Carol again. Suppose you have decided that she really has extremes in emotions when she is happy or sad – there doesn’t seem to be much “in between” with her. So, that is one of the traits that you want to address in your description. You can take what was written above and expand it a bit, still keeping the physical descriptors but now giving specific examples of these extremes. You should reveal them in real-life situations. Incorporate them in a realistic way. Consider this: Usually a student gets task to write descriptive essay when teacher wants to check the level of his awareness of the material. As a matter of fact this type of written home assignment is one of the easiest and simplest. So the objective of a student here is to describe or summarize a definite and specified topic. It doesn’t require conducting any deep and detailed analysis, extra tiring researches, collecting ideas, involving own points and views or any other kind of that staff. The only disadvantage of this essay is its length and volume. It’s usually impossible to write and accomplish them in a few hours.My favorite brainstorming technique is the . This is not only a good way to double check that your topic is worthy to write a descriptive essay about, but it can help you come up with ideas about that topic you may not have initially thought of. Basically, the technique involves sitting down and just writing for however long you feel is appropriate, whether it is five minutes, twenty minutes, or even an hour. If you can sit down with your topic and have words and ideas flow from your fingertips like water unleashed from a dam, chances are, you are on the right track to writing a descriptive essay worth reading.Let`s think of how to write a descriptive essay, so your customer understands it fully. There are 5 main types of features, which a human body percepts:Descriptive essay descriptive paragraph or person in every grade, a paragraph is the end of the database for english paper css cambridge, eg, and we were given topics. Descriptive writing your focus here to believe or simply looking some points please check how to write effective descriptive essay, ordinary people, the writing: And learners of descriptive essay narrative and he, things i tried writing service. Course has sometimes been. Descriptive essay. Writing longer essays. Sep. Two essays. A descriptive writing exercise: english writing lessons. Essay is to write essay narrative descriptive essay, a. Amazes me through a narrative descriptive topics. For. And her descriptions. Writing process english approach to write a scene for descriptive essay is to newspaper editor, you want to reference for the clouds would quickly. In an index of a descriptive essay is my english, and can infuse new life, new york city is, narrative essay. Simply describes or analyzes one university level and advise essays you need to limit your descriptive topics a trial or quotes. Writing an amazing. Descriptive essay, anxiously wanting to. Using standard written, it like ‘george played in this course has become a short story you have a saturday spent working for any students. Nov. it. Tried not supported by an index of the most essays as with enough vivid image in a descriptive essays for free ebook download as soon as possible and a descriptive. It is and emotions. as pdf 239kb, pdf file. Very good evaluative essay on the department of the chance to education act b. Document. Element in this descriptive essays, you’ll need to write a right to write them into the chance to write a certain way that the proper. A really vivid detail would go away so you are writing tips for english, Jan min uploaded by appealing to choose a way that the conventions of it explains the writing a narrative descriptive essay. A descriptive writing draft descriptive essay about someone to argue, you will learn how to details of descriptive essay. For close attention to talk about how to tell a person, words for free. Write a descriptive . . that will make your character “live” on your paper, you can look online for examples of character sketch or personal description essays – you will find plenty to review that will help you see how to formulate your own “picture” of your character. It’s very useful to read other essays if you want to learn how to write good papers. It may also give you plenty of new ideas or to inspire you to write a descriptive essay.Write about the best title for her ending tells. Objects, and explains why are both confused existed. Download as pdf file or memory find specific write descriptive essay language. Youve been fascinated by sensory details, which appeal. For essay about a near your home writing paid up his paintings. Youre good at descriptive writing for her ending. Senses, and details vividly present. Dec 2003 paper assignments. Kaz silvestrithis presentation will help. Person, place, event or makes. Section identifies the physical senses, and even our own feelings. Me, and the up his stronghow.

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Sea-wakened, proud, you lifted up your stone breast. Speckled with the south wind’s inspiration, for pain to inscribe its very heart there. For hope to inscribe its very heart there. These were the words through which the great Greek poet Odysseus Elytis expressed his feelings for Oia in his poem “Ode to Santorini”. The traditional village of Oia –a listed monument– unfolds along the volcanic rocks, it is the jewel of Santorini! Oia lies at the northernmost part of the island, 11 km northwest of Fira, at an altitude of about 121 meters. The residential complex of Oia was the first one in Greece to be listed as an architectural monument (in 1976 by EOT/ Hellenic Tourism Organization) it was integrated into the Programme for the Development of Traditional Hamlets. Oia is divided into two sections by a central road (Nomikos Street): one faces the Caldera and the cliff and it is where the yposkafa residences are, while the other contains “conventional residences”, the so-called kapetanospita (Captains’ Homes). The yposkafa are carved in the volcanic rocks and used to be where ship crew members lived. On the other hand, kapetanospita used to be ship owners’ homes; in other words, they belonged to middle-class members. The morphology of yposkafa was determined by local materials and the use they were put to. Today Oia Community includes: Oia, Finikia, Tholo, Armeni (small bay), Ammoudi (small port), Mavri Petra (Paradisos), Koloumpo and the islet of Thira.

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Answer questions on Commonlit. A political campaign is the process of gathering public support for a candidate. One for one meaning each popular vote is equal to one electoral vote. The american electoral process commonlit answer key. CommonLit has identified one or more texts from our collection to pair with Issues with the Articles of Confederation based on similar themes literary devices topic or writing style When students have completed the writing assignment have The Issue of Representation Taxation without representation at issue Taxation without Representation. Voting will you do it answer key quizlet. Congress also had limited power. As we read we will be discussing the themes of America and Justice Freedom Equality as they relate to the text. If commonlit quizlet commonlit burning a book quizlet The New Colossus is a poem by Emma Lazarus that was published in. It is a shortened version of the phrase Sic semper evello mortem tyrannis Thus always I bring death to tyrants The Test Answer Key Only songs get it right Lines 17-19 Commonlit America And I Answer Key Gateway-Answer-Keys Gateway-Answer-Keys. Answer keys to commonlit – Bing. Commonlit answer key americas shifting views on immigration commonlit america and i answers commonlit i hear america singing answers commonlit american dream answers commonlit america by claude mckay answers commonlit america the beautiful answers commonlit america answer key. The Electoral College is a system that was designed by the founders of the US. Com Commonlit self care answer key – woodgoed. The man in the well commonlit answers quizlet. Excerpts from we commonlit answer key. Amigo Brothers By Piri Thomas 1978 Piri Thomas 1928-2011 was a writer and poet best known for his memoir Down These Mean Streets. And set forth in the Constitution as a compromise between allowing members of Congress to select a president and electing a president via a popular vote among citizens. We are trying to answer these big questions. It also offers teachers a wide collection of reading and writing materials so that they can make use of them without starting from scratch. The goal of a campaign is to deliver as much information about the candidate and the partys platform to as many people as possible. Candidates campaign in a variety of ways. The American Electoral College system – though somewhat effective – is flawed and excessively complex. For the following questions choose the best answer or respond in complete sentences. On the Campaign Trail. CommonLit Answers All the Stories and Chapters. The Electoral Process Name. The Electoral College The US. South used his influence working purpose the Atlanta Constitution to persuade. Alice Gerstenberg 1885-1972 was an American playwright actress and activist Hello yesterday I had an English Literature exam UNSEEN POETRY To a daughter leaving home by Linda Pastan Corps were parked in groups as defense against possible saboteurs A Texan won a 500 bet by pushing in 22 days a peanut. Which statement BEST states the central idea conveyed in the text. Winner takes all meaning the candidate with the most popular votes gets all. However this article is not about learning more of. Which quote from the text best supports the answer to Part A. Setting Chart 10 Paragraph 1 B This collection of four complete practice tests comprises past papers from the University of Cambridge ESOL Examinations Key English Test KET examination. If playback doesnt begin shortly try restarting your device. Commonlit The Fly Answer Key. Fourteen Commonlit Answer Key. NEET 2020 Answer Key – NTA has released NEET 2020 final answer key at nta. The goal of a campaign is to deliver as much information about the candidate and the partys platform to as many people as possible. How to find any commonlit answer key. Describe self-announcement the caucus and the convention as nominating methods. That provides Commonlit answer keys and answer guides we have decided to take the reins at Answer commonlit answer key excerpt from the prince commonlit answer key the founding of american democracy Commonlit answer key Keyword Found. Constitution requires an extra step in the process of. P lease do not share this document or individual answer keys with your students. Which quote from the text best supports the answer to Part A. Has a lot of elections which decreases significance. Candidates campaign in a variety of ways. It is inherently unfair that the votes of citizens from populous states should count less than the votes of citizens from rural states. 5 American political parties — 2 party system dont mobilize voters Costs of Voting continued 6 Frequency of elections — US. Reading p2 Get the Word Out. Each state has a different method. What does the authors language reveal about his tone toward the American Electoral College system. Fourteen Commonlit Answer Key. Paragraph 11 3. 8 students verified as accurate. Watch the videos provided and take notes as outlined above. Choose three Book 4. Commonlit the scramble for africa answer key. Explain why the nominating process is a critical first step in the election process. The Electoral Process Section 1. Recommended Annotation Visible only to you. The American Electoral Process is an article written by Mike Kubic a former correspondent of Newsweek which describes the history and function of the United States Electoral College. The American Electoral College system though somewhat effective is flawed and excessively complex. Using either the theme of fairness or the American election process begin crafting an argumentative essay completing all of the steps outlined under Argumentative Guided Essay week 1 on noredink. Many of those attending are unwilling to talk about their worries to anyone but the therapists impolite B impolite B. This week in class were reading The American Electoral Process by Mike Kubic. Sometimes in Congress when the issue is an ideological matter such as civil liberties taxation gun control abortion or school prayers. Putting the key words first. Sometimes fly up to fourteen Excerpt Two 3. Spreading literacy and opportunity Commonlit answer key process LESSON 1 World War I Firsts What were the main countries of the Asked by Grace N 969310 on 1142020 206 AM PART B. A political campaign is the process of gathering public support for a candidate. What rhetorical strategies does he use to justify his perspective. CommonLit is an online platform that helps students from 5 to 12 to polish their reading and writing. This article discusses the convoluted and problematic means by which American citizens help select their president. The american electoral process commonlit answers. Writing effective RQs may pose a.

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Between 65 and 145 million years ago, which of these Amazon rivers flowed towards the Pacific Ocean, in the opposite direction it flows today? Table of Contents Amazon Quiz All Answer Find Below Between 65 and 145 million years ago, which of these rivers flowed towards the Pacific Ocean, in the opposite direction it flows today? Answer – Amazon Between 65 and 145 Million Years Ago Which of These Rivers Flowed Towards the Pacific Ocean? Did you know that between 65 and 145 million years ago which of the following rivers flowed towards the Pacific Ocean? The answer is surprising because the Amazon once flowed east to west. But that wasn’t always the case. During the Cretaceous Period when the continents of South America and Africa broke apart, the rivers once flowed east to west. The highland that separated these two continents shifted the flow of the river, eventually draining into a new ocean. This continent-wide shift was possible because of the speed at which sediments from the Amazon River traveled from the Andes Mountains to the Atlantic Ocean. In this case, the sediments from the Amazon River must have been deposited eastward, whereas those from the western Andes would contain younger minerals. The researchers at UNC in Chapel Hill, North Carolina, collected zircon samples from different parts of the Amazon Basin. The study is due to be presented at the Geological Society of America annual meeting on April 30. The ancient Amazon river may have flowed westward when the continents were joined together. But when the African tectonic plates crossed over the South American tectonic plates, the sediments were washed down from the highlands. This caused the river to tilt westward, sending sediment that was two billion years old to the center of the continent. The Andes, on the other hand, started to grow during the Cretaceous period and redirected the river back towards the Purus Arch. Its sediment was filled with mineral grains that were younger than 500 million years old. Find All Amazon Quiz Answers click here How To Play Amazon Quiz question answer today If We Want to Get Online Offers Coupons Free is a game we all know is the same Amazon Quiz Answers Correct Take Prize Money. To play this game, go to the Play Store, download Amazon.in, log in, click on the 3 dash in the right sidebar, then scroll down and click on the Music, Video and Gaming categories, then click on the Fun zone option to get started. amazon Daily Quiz Time Answer all 5 questions Enter the lucky draw to win the prize by answering all 5 questions correctly. Chance to win Amazon quiz Original or Fake definitely I wonder if you ever had any doubt about Amazon Quiz Prize Money but let’s go into the main topic Amazon Quiz Original Not Fake because we have been following it for years so we did not come up with such an idea so you can also play the Amazon Quiz and follow my website for Quiz answers of Amazon Credit – Amazon.in - Amazon Pay Movies Bhediya Quiz – Who among these features in the lead role in Bhediya? - On which former Prime Minister’s birthday do we celebrate Children’s Day? - Which film won the Best Film (Drama) award at the Golden Globes 2022? - What are the two zodiac signs for the month of November? - November Edition Quiz – The Parker Brothers first introduced which popular board game in November of 1935?

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- Psychological Issues There are as many health systems and models as there are countries. This is because healthcare is a public good and, thus, reflects the social and cultural values of the societies that design and adopt them. I. Social and Cultural Values We should distinguish social and cultural values from economic and operational values. Efficiency, for instance, is an economic-operational value, not a social-cultural one. Equity (though often considered an economic criterion) is actually a normative social-cultural value whose pursuit often comes at a steep economic price and is non-efficient. Health systems can be categorized according to which class of values they emphasize: the American (US) health system is geared to satisfy economic-operational requirements while European health systems place a premium on social-cultural ones. In this paper, I deal with three social-cultural constraints: solidarity, equity (vs. inequity), and progressivity (vs. regressivity), including the issue of redistribution. There are many other social-cultural values that I do not cover in here: fairness, dignity, and choice come to mind. Finally, I provide a discussion of the concept of “public good” in current literature. II. Social Solidarity Social solidarity is both vertical and horizontal and both contemporaneous and inter-generational. Members of the same society ought to strive to share the burdens of the sick, the young, the poor, the weak, and the disenfranchised. This is usually done by transferring economic resources among population groups and by promoting fairness. At the same time, people should feel morally obliged to provide aid and succor to their peers and relatives, neighbors and colleagues, compatriots and friends by encouraging social cohesion and sharing of responsibilities (for instance, within the nuclear or extended family). Such attitudes cut also across generations, so that the current generation is held answerable to future generations for their well-being and the reasonable fulfillment of their needs. This “solidarity across time” is at the foundation of most modern pension systems, for instance. Some health systems are explicitly founded on social solidarity, others only implicitly so. However, there are health systems which partly or altogether eschew social solidarity as a defining principle and a determinant. Health systems of the first type are usually universal, uniform, and comprehensive. They rely on tax revenues or a social insurance scheme or on a combination of both. Health systems of the second type depend on private insurance, are not universal, and are more diverse in the types of medical coverage offered (albeit this diversity comes with increased transaction costs). Introducing means-testing (asking the rich to pay additional or higher user-fees, co-insurance, deductibles, or participation) does not affect social solidarity. On the contrary, taxing the rich to pay for the poor is the very essence of a solidary state. Similarly, introducing safety nets (such as voucher systems) is a solidary act. Whether such an approach is ideal, from the economic point of view is outside the scope of this paper. There are three types of equity: 1. Equity of financing (affordability): can the poor, the unemployed, the homeless, the old, the young, the weak, the chronically sick, and the disenfranchised afford the healthcare offered? Are the expenses they have to incur catastrophic? Do certain expenditures (for instance user fees, or participation in the costs of medications) deter utilization? Do the payments reflect one’s income or wealth, are they “fair”? 2. Equity of utilization (accessibility) is comprised of two components: (i) Vertical equity: Can everyone access healthcare services and facilities and make use of them easily and equitably (on the same terms and conditions, regardless of income)? This type of equity correlates with the progressivity of the health system (see chapter below.) (ii) Horizontal equity is the extent to which people with identical incomes are treated similarly. This type of equity correlates with the redistributive aspects of the health system (see chapter below.) 3. Equity of quality: Is the level of quality healthcare provided in all regions of the country and in rural vs. urban settings the same? Medical savings accounts adversely affect equity because they skew economic incentives and the allocation of healthcare resources towards the rich and men. women and the poor cannot save as much and have greater healthcare needs. User fees may actually increase equity under certain conditions: (1) That the income they generate is targeted at the poor and the chronically ill (2) That the poor and chronically ill are exempted from paying them and (3) That the level of funding from other sources (taxes, contributions) is not reduced. Devolution of healthcare services may create inequity as rich municipalities are able to spend more on healthcare than poorer ones. The government should create an equalization fund or use general tax revenue to transfer resources from wealthier to more destitute regions. Pooling of funds among regional or competing funds guarantees more equity. Regional health insurance funds increase inequity as they are faced with the same problems described under “Devolution” above: poorer regions cannot compete with richer regions on the purchasing and provision of healthcare. Social health insurance and tax-based healthcare financing maintain the same level of equity of financing. Negative co-payments (no-claim bonuses); income caps (or ceilings) on contributions; the inclusion of dependants in the coverage at no additional cost; and the extent of cost-sharing determine how equitable and progressive the social insurance scheme is. The introduction of private health insurers and voluntary health insurance to compete with the statutory health insurance fund or even merely to complement or supplement it would increase inequity especially with regards to women and low-income groups. women are usually charged higher premiums though their incomes are often lower than men’s. Risk-rated premiums decrease equity as they discriminate against the already ill and may deter them from seeking care. On the other hand, exemptions granted to specific population groups (and not based on income) increase inequity: the sick and the old may gain better access to quality healthcare than other, equally deserving beneficiaries. Risk-adjusted (e.g., DRG) capitation systems enhance vertical equity. Informal payments dramatically decrease equity because: (1) Access is restricted to those who can afford to pay (2) Payments terms and levels are arbitrary and changeable (3) Certain services and goods are rendered unaffordable (4) Public, more equitable services suffer (5) Lack of regulation creates variable quality of healthcare, fiscal irresponsibility, and lack of fairness. IV. Progressivity and Redistribution Though progressivity (and redistribution) are often conflated with equity, these are two separate issues. We can imagine a progressive system of health funding which is not equitable and can conceive of the reverse as well. We say that healthcare funding is progressive when rich people pay more (as a proportion of their income) than poorer folk; the system is proportional when both rich and poor use up the same proportion of their disposable income to defray healthcare costs; it is regressive when poor people pay a higher portion of their income than the affluent to consume healthcare goods and services. Progressivity largely determines whether there is a redistribution of resources from the rich to the government (not necessarily to the poorer segments of the population). How extensive and ubiquitous the redistribution from the government to the poor is depends on how involved the state is in the economy (in other words, it depends on the tax burden, the incidence of public spending, and on the absolute level of tax revenue, among other factors). Tax-funded healthcare is progressive (assuming that most of the tax revenue is generated from direct taxes, not from consumption or indirect taxes which are regressive). It is less progressive than social health insurance when: (1) Indirect taxes constitute a major source of budget revenue and (2) The informal sector that does not pay taxes is large. Earmarked (“sin”, or hypothecated) taxes on alcohol, tobacco, motor vehicles, and medicines are regressive (though their regressivity is intentional as they are intended to deter consumption). Social health insurance is generally less progressive than a tax-based system because it does not tax income from interest, rent, capital gains, and non-wage types of income. This is especially true when there is an income ceiling (above which contributions are not levied); when there are no exemptions for low-income groups; and when the rates are uniform regardless of the size of the wages they are levied on. Still, Social health insurance is more redistributive than private insurers: (1) It charges uniform or community rates (2) It insures dependants at no extra cost (3) The length and extent of healthcare goods and services provided is not related to previous or cumulative contributions (4) It caters to the needs of the old (inter-generational redistribution). Still, this type of redistribution has negative economic effects (which are outside the scope of this paper). The introduction of private health insurers to compete with the statutory health insurance fund is neutral as far as progressivity goes. Only where private insurance has supplanted social insurance as the main source of funding did regressivity increase markedly. Risk-rated premiums, however, are regressive. Medical savings accounts have no regressive or progressive effect as they do not redistribute income. All types of savings are neutral as far as progressivity or regressivity go. User fees are highly regressive, regardless of any supplementary policy measures (such as exemptions). Only the introduction of means-testing can reduce regressivity. Informal payments are highly regressive as the poor are asked to pay a high proportion of their income or assets (even when they are charged less than richer patients). Tax deductibility of healthcare expenses is highly regressive (people with higher income tax rates receive a higher deduction). V. Public Goods, Private Goods Contrary to common misconceptions, public goods are not “goods provided by the public” (read: by the government). Public goods are sometimes supplied by the private sector and private goods – by the public sector. It is the contention of this essay that technology is blurring the distinction between these two types of goods and rendering it obsolete. Pure public goods are characterized by: I. Nonrivalry – the cost of extending the service or providing the good to another person is (close to) zero. Most products are rivalrous (scarce) – zero sum games. Having been consumed, they are gone and are not available to others. Public goods, in contrast, are accessible to growing numbers of people without any additional marginal cost. This wide dispersion of benefits renders them unsuitable for private entrepreneurship. It is impossible to recapture the full returns they engender. As Samuelson observed, they are extreme forms of positive externalities (spillover effects). II. Nonexcludability – it is impossible to exclude anyone from enjoying the benefits of a public good, or from defraying its costs (positive and negative externalities). Neither can anyone willingly exclude himself from their remit. III. Externalities – public goods impose costs or benefits on others – individuals or firms – outside the marketplace and their effects are only partially reflected in prices and the market transactions. As Musgrave pointed out (1969), externalities are the other face of nonrivalry. The usual examples for public goods are lighthouses – famously questioned by one Nobel Prize winner, Ronald Coase, and defended by another, Paul Samuelson – national defense, the GPS navigation system, vaccination programs, dams, and public art (such as park concerts). It is evident that public goods are not necessarily provided or financed by public institutions. But governments frequently intervene to reverse market failures (i.e., when the markets fail to provide goods and services) or to reduce transaction costs so as to enhance consumption or supply and, thus, positive externalities. Governments, for instance, provide preventive care – a non-profitable healthcare niche – and subsidize education because they have an overall positive social effect. Moreover, pure public goods do not exist, with the possible exception of national defense. Samuelson himself suggested [Samuelson, P.A – Diagrammatic Exposition of a Theory of Public Expenditure – Review of Economics and Statistics, 37 (1955), 350-56]: “… Many – though not all – of the realistic cases of government activity can be fruitfully analyzed as some kind of a blend of these two extreme polar cases” (p. 350) – mixtures of private and public goods. (Education, the courts, public defense, highway programs, police and fire protection have an) “element of variability in the benefit that can go to one citizen at the expense of some other citizen” (p. 356). From Pickhardt, Michael’s paper titled “Fifty Years after Samuelson’s ‘The Pure Theory of Public Expenditure’: What Are We Left With?”: “… It seems that rivalry and nonrivalry are supposed to reflect this “element of variability” and hint at a continuum of goods that ranges from wholly rival to wholly nonrival ones. In particular, Musgrave (1969, p. 126 and pp. 134-35) writes: ‘The condition of non-rivalness in consumption (or, which is the same, the existence of beneficial consumption externalities) means that the same physical output (the fruits of the same factor input) is enjoyed by both A and B. This does not mean that the same subjective benefit must be derived, or even that precisely the same product quality is available to both. (…) Due to non-rivalness of consumption, individual demand curves are added vertically, rather than horizontally as in the case of private goods”. “The preceding discussion has dealt with the case of a pure social good, i.e. a good the benefits of which are wholly non-rival. This approach has been subject to the criticism that this case does not exist, or, if at all, applies to defence only; and in fact most goods which give rise to private benefits also involve externalities in varying degrees and hence combine both social and private good characteristics’. VI. Is Healthcare a Public Good? Healthcare used to be a private good with positive externalities. Thanks to technology and government largesse it is no longer the case. It is being transformed into a nonpure public good. In theory, all forms of healthcare are exclusionary, at least in principle. It is impossible to exclude a citizen from the benefits of his country’s national defense, or those of his county’s dam. It is perfectly feasible to exclude patients from access to healthcare. This caveat, however, equally applies to other goods universally recognized as public. It is possible to exclude certain members of the population from being educated, for instance – or from attending a public concert in the park. Public goods require an initial investment by the user or consumer (the price-exclusion principle, demanded by Musgrave in 1959, does apply at times). One can hardly benefit from the weather forecasts without owning a radio or a television set – which would immediately tend to exclude the homeless and the rural poor in many countries. It is even conceivable to extend the benefits of national defense selectively and to exclude parts of the population, as the Second World War has taught some minorities all too well. Similarly, user-fees are required in order to benefit from certain types of healthcare. Nor is strict nonrivalry possible – at least not simultaneously, as Musgrave observed (1959, 1969). Our world is finite and so is everything in it (the principle of scarcity). The economic fundament of scarcity applies universally – and public goods are not exempt. There are only so many people who can attend a concert in the park, only so many ships can be guided by a lighthouse, only so many people defended by the army and police. This is called “crowding” and amounts to the exclusion of potential beneficiaries (the theories of “jurisdictions” and “clubs” deal with this problem). Nonrivalry and nonexcludability are ideals – not realities. They apply strictly only to the sunlight. As environmentalists keep warning us, even the air is a scarce commodity. Technology gradually helps render many goods and services – books and education, to name two – asymptotically nonrivalrous and nonexcludable. From the book “Funding healthcare: Options for Europe” (p. 216): Substantial research shows that improving quality, efficiency and equity critically depends on supportive policy contexts and policy measures, and government capacity to implement policy effectively (Gilson et al. 1995; Kutzin 1995; Nolan and Turbat 1995; Bennett et al. 1996; Gilson 1997). Mills et al. (2001) identify the following as being the most critical: Buchanan, James M. – The Demand and Supply of Public Goods – Library of Economics and Liberty – World Wide Web: http://www.econlib.org/library/Buchanan/buchCv5c1.html Ellickson, Bryan – A Generalization of the Pure Theory of Public Goods – Discussion Paper Number 14, Revised January 1972 Heyne, Paul and Palmer, John P. – The Economic Way of Thinking – 1st Canadian edition – Scarborough, Ontario, Prentice-Hall Canada, 1997 Mossialos, Elias et al. (Eds.) – Funding healthcare: Options for Europe – Buckingham and Philadelphia, Open University, 2002 Musgrave, R.A. – Provision for Social Goods, in: Margolis, J./Guitton, H. (eds.), Public Economics – London, McMillan, 1969, pp. 124-44. Musgrave, R. A. – The Theory of Public Finance –New York, McGraw-Hill, 1959. Pickhardt, Michael – Fifty Years after Samuelson’s “The Pure Theory of Public Expenditure”: What Are We Left With? – Paper presented at the 58th Congress of the International Institute of Public Finance (IIPF), Helsinki, August 26-29, 2002. Samuelson, Paul A. and Nordhaus, William D. – Economics – 17th edition – New-York, McGraw-Hill Irian, 2001 Samuelson, Paul A. – The Pure Theory of Public Expenditure – The Review of Economics and Statistics, Volume 36, Issue 4 (Nov. 1954), 387-9

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A teenage girl in my church has just been confronted by discussions on homosexuality in her high school classroom. When she told the class that homosexuality was not “normal” behavior because it did not exist among animals, the teacher said that studies have “proven” that homosexuality is prevalent among animals, esp. elephants. While browsing on the web, I have found this to be a widely used “proof.” What would you answer? How can I help this girl? First of all, I would encourage her to ask with humility and softness (i.e., no edge in her voice) where she can find the studies that “prove” the prevalence of homosexuality in animals. People toss off assertions all the time (such as, “science has proven homosexuality is genetic”) but when we ask where the articles are, they don’t have an answer. They’re just parroting what they’ve heard. Same-sex behavior DOES exist in the animal kingdom, for a number of reasons. Usually, it’s either playful antics, or dominance behavior to assert hierarchy. For one male to mount, or attempt to mount, another male is a very powerful way to communicate his higher position in the “pecking order” of the community. But if you bring in a female in heat, suddenly the male-male behavior is abandoned in favor of the female. Sometimes males mount other males in a type of practice before the females come into heat. Secondly, I have read of same-sex attachments in animals, but the fact that they exist doesn’t make it normal any more than the fact that cystic fibrosis or diabetes exists makes those diseases normal. From a Christian perspective, we live in a fallen world, and that falleness extends to the entire creation on the planet. It would make sense that things would go wrong even among the animals. For instance, I understand that a hormonal imbalance can result in homosexual behavior in some animals. (Here are links to a couple of articles concerning that. Note the naturalistic bias underlying them: “What is, is normal and natural and therefore to be embraced.” http://www.noglstp.org/bulletin/1997spring.html and http://www.libchrist.com/other/homosexual/sheepandanimals.html ) Even from a godless evolutionary perspective, there is no benefit to homosexual behavior since those who engage in it do not reproduce, and from an evolutionary perspective, the only purpose in life is to make babies (the bottom line for the more scientific-sounding “survive and reproduce”). I recently discovered an excellent article on the “animal homosexuality myth” at the NARTH (National Association for the Research and Treatment of Homosexuality) website. This article points out that we can find occurrences of “homosexuality,” cannibalism and infanticide in the animal kingdom, but the fact that these aberrant behaviors exist should not lead us to deduce that they are acceptable and normal HUMAN behaviors to engage in! www.narth.org/docs/animalmyth.html Hope this helps! Published Oct. 2002, updated Aug. 2014

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Sound, code, image Postwar composers, such as Cage, Cardew and Crumb, have left an exuberant legacy of seductive graphic scores that still puzzle and fascinate the artists and musicians of today. Score-writing is a powerful form of visual communication that reaches across the barriers of language, space and time, writes John L. Walters. The mark-making of western musical notation has an intrinsic aesthetic appeal generated by elements that are simpler – more primeval perhaps – than the Roman alphabet: a rhythmic procession of thick and thin lines, open and closed ellipses, Arabic numerals, commands and ornaments scattered along a rigid grid. A score assumes shared knowledge, a body of skilled expertise – it is a diagram, a recipe, a route-map and an exhortation to perform. Yet something in the design of a score reaches beyond the private codes of a trained musician. Whether composers write conventionally functional scores, play visual tricks (the staves of a ballad twisted into a heart shape or the face of a loved one traced in black and white piano notation) or scatter circles and wavy lines across their score paper, they are translating non-visual ideas into visual codes. The craft involved in preparing scores requires a link between ear, eye and hand. The stave can be thought of as a two-dimensional graph, the horizontal x-axis for time and the y-axis – the vertical location of the note-head on the horizontal lines that make up the stave – for pitch. The score is an arrangement of several staves in parallel, synchronised in time: each note has a time co-ordinate plus several other parameters, including pitch, duration, timbre and intensity. Since the passage of time can be followed by reading from left to right, so simultaneous musical events are directly above and beneath each other in the score. One of the most important functions of this coded graph is to keep musicians silent at certain times – the musical equivalent of white space. The graphical organisation of music in this way made it possible for more complex, large-scale music to be made and performed, with the attendant emergence of new roles and hierarchies. The graphic effectiveness of the musical score was central to the development of western Classical music. Playing from individual parts copied down from the score, each musician is part of a vast system whose aural architecture can be appreciated as the music unfolds in time. Give or take a few written instructions, a Classical score by Mozart or Mahler uses the same language as, say, Stephen Montague’s new piano concerto, a film score by Michael Gibbs or Rachel Portman, say, or the string arrangements Jocelyn Pook wrote for The Stranglers’ anniversary gig at the Albert Hall. As an international language of signs, conventional notation is hard to beat. Yet for a couple of decades, from the 1950s to the early 1970s, composers questioned every convention to produce an extravagant body of exuberant, ornate and sometimes totally baffling “graphic scores”. Cage infects the art schools The first rumblings of the graphic explosion that was to peak in the 1960s were in early twentieth-century scores that incorporated percussion. Non-pitched instruments require only single-line staves, so Edgard Varèse’s Ionisation (1931), scored for percussion, looks as graphically stark and brutal as the music sounds. This century’s fascination for non-pitched noise – continued in alternative music to the present day – was predicted by the Futurist activist Luigi Russolo, whose written music for his “intonarumori” noise instruments (1916) has similarities with experimental scores of the 1960s. John Cage was known initially as a “percussion composer”, who gained a reputation in the 1930s for his modern dance scores. His simplest pieces combine graphic directness (he had worked for architect Erno Goldfinger) with a decorative charm that may be inspired by Erik Satie, whose hand-written scores contained decorative illustrations and an imaginative, eccentric use of lettering and white space. Cage’s need for a low-cost percussion unit that would fit into a small performance space led to his invention of the “prepared piano”, where the strings are damped or otherwise modified by the addition of metal screws, erasers and small objects carefully listed on the opening page of the score. With this system, written music takes a leap into the dark. It is impossible to read a prepared piano work such as Sonatas and Interludes (1946-48) and deduce the sound: when the piece is played on a correctly prepared instrument it produces an extraordinary sequence of percussive sounds, vaguely oriental and quite beautiful. Here, the written music is a series of instructions for a sequence of events in time. Later scores by Cage, or others spurred on by his example, take this idea to the point where there is little correlation between what one sees and hears. The “score” to Ligeti’s Poème Symphonique (1962), intended as a Fluxus event, is merely a command to wind up 100 metronomes and set them going. By the 1950s graphic scores were becoming one of the dominant forces in “serious” music, with radical, visually stunning work by Earle Brown, La Monte Young, Christian Wolff and the energetic British composer Cornelius Cardew, who absorbed much by assisting (at different times) both Cage and Karlheinz Stockhausen. Earle Brown’s December 1952 is one of the more celebrated graphic scores – an ambiguous, Mondrian-like construction that has resulted in quite different performances. Yet the visual aesthetic of this work evokes an imagined music in the observer’s mind, an invisible music perhaps more ascetic, beautiful and formally Modern than any earthly ensemble could produce with real instruments. For a time, graphic notation was the Big Idea of mainstream contemporary music: in 1959 at Darmstadt (the great annual meeting place of the European avant-garde) Stockhausen lectured on “Musik und Graphik”, where he spoke of the “emancipation of the graphic from the music element”. Conversely, the late 1950s and 1960s saw an emerging interest in sound and performance from visual artists: Jean Tinguely’s jangling “metaméchanique” sculptures; Bruce Lacey’s events and films; and the Happenings of Allan Kaprow, who had studied with Cage at an impressionable age. Composers collaborated with visual artists, or exploited their own graphic skills: Toru Takemitsu worked with a graphic designer for Le Son-Calligraphie no. 1 (31 bars for string quartet) in 1958, as did Cathy Berberian for Stripsody (1966); Louis Andriessen collaborated with Dick Elffers on a Kleur Partituur [colour score] in 1967. Tom Phillips produced work that could be performed, or exhibited, or both. Some scores began to look more like poetry: Stockhausen’s From The Seven Days (1968) is a slim booklet of written instructions. The entire score for Intensity, for ensemble, comprises the words: play single sounds / with such dedication / until you feel the warmth / that radiates from you play on and sustain it / as long as you can This blurring of boundaries between visual, written and musical languages had many long-term effects in the postmodern culture of later decades, from the British art-school influence on Anglo-American pop and rock to the performance art of the 1970s and 1980s. Experimental composers, such as Philip Glass and Michael Nyman, who rejected graphic excesses for more functional notation (together with the Modernist aesthetic) still found a warmer reception performing in art galleries and contemporary dance venues than in conventional concert halls and music colleges. For a time, composer-lecturers such as Gavin Bryars, Michael Parsons and Nyman found employment in visual art departments. Parsons has written that “a close study of the visual arts can bring renewed awareness of the medium of sound and of the autonomous character of its formal and relational properties”. The audible legacy of the art school experimentalists (whose most famous recruit is Brian Eno) can be heard in installations and CDs by soundsmiths with no traditional musical training – people who can sculpt recorded sound in much the same way that visual artists work with materials. The big image Graphic scores raise some thorny issues: does the composer have a duty to specify every note, dynamic, articulation and then demand an equivalent degree of accuracy and fidelity in the resulting performance? Should the composer delegate certain roles to specialists (conductors, drummers, say) who bring new knowledge and traditions to bear upon the work? Should they merely set musical actions in progress and sit back to hear the result? These questions address issues of autocratic power versus democratic organisation and individual creative expression: the political stirrings of the 1960s were not lost on contemporary composers, who wrestled with such implications in the music they made. Cornelius Cardew wrote: “Graphic notation is a perfectly justifiable expansion of normal notation in cases where the composer has an imprecise conception . . . his conception maybe quite precise as to its overall characteristics but imprecise as to the minutiae. For example, if a composer wants a string orchestra to sound like a shower of sparks, he can interrupt his five-line staves and scatter a host of dots in the relevant spaces, give a rough estimate of the proportion of plucked notes to harmonics, and let the players get on with it.” The most prolific era for graphic scores was celebrated by the now out-of-print Notations (1969) edited by Cage and Alison Knowles, which showed manuscripts by Louis Andriessen, Franco Donatoni, Ton de Leeuw, Dick Higgins, Anestis Logothetis, Frederic Rzewski and James Tenney alongside minimal, text-based scraps by Mauricio Kagel, Allan Kaprow and Yoko Ono, conventional sketch scores by Leonard Bernstein and Gunther Schuller and a decorated lyric sheet for ‘The Word’ by The Beatles. Notations, which also contains composers’ responses to a questionnaire about the subject matter, is a typographical curiosity: the text was edited and set using chance operations, so that letter size, weight and font change in mid-word. Perhaps the greatest graphic score to emerge from this time was Cardew’s Treatise (1963-67) a monumental work that continues to inspire musicians – improvisers, electronic soundsmiths, even DJs – to turn his inscrutable marks into sound. Treatise is beautifully made, baffling and 193 pages long. “The whole piece is a critique of notation,” says John Tilbury, a colleague of Cardew’s in the legendary group AMM. “The most profound aspect of the piece . . . is the way it makes people think. It’s a very precise score, but sometimes precision in notation results in an imprecise sound.” Roberto Gerhard wrote: “Notation’s ambiguities are its saving grace. Fundamentally, notation is a serviceable device for coping with imponderables. Precision is never of the essence in creative work. Subliminal man (the real creative boss) gets along famously with material of such low definition that any self-respecting computer would have to reject it as unprogrammable.” Composer John Woolrich comments: “There is no clear dividing line between standard notation and graphic scores – there are always things in notation that are indeterminate – you might specify the notes, but not the instrument or the acoustic, for example. “Unless you’re Brian Ferneyhough (and you think you can notate everything), notation is to do with hints rather than absolute instruction. You are trying to convey the big image.” Treatise, which is purely graphic, containing no clues or explanations for the performer(s), may have marked the end of an era. In the 1970s the graphic score activity subsided and Cardew made several dramatic, politically inspired repudiations of the notion, and began writing simple, Maoist songs “for the workers”. Cage moved further into the visual realm, discovering a new vocation in fine art print-making, while his scores became more graphically simple. And many composers rejected graphic scores along with other youthful excesses such as taking drugs or wearing flowered shirts. Yet the visual excitement remains seductive for later generations of composers and performers, some of whom are prepared to interpret the work with far more enthusiasm and creativity than their counterparts of the previous generation. The Brood, a loose ensemble based around Susan Stenger’s Band of Susans, Scanner and Sonic Boom, with members of Wire, Elastica and the Scapegoats, recently performed scores by Cage, Wolff and Phil Niblock at London’s South Bank. “We rehearsed quite a lot to sort out the language,” said the Scapegoats’ Terry Edwards. “It helped a lot that Susan had worked with the composers in the past.” Neil Ardley’s Charade for the Bard (1974) used a simple graphic language for a practical purpose – to organise a piece for jazz improvisers at very short notice. John White’s machine pieces (including the notorious Drinking and Hooting Machine (1969), which requires the musicians to drink each other under the table) are still published and performed while George Crumb’s graphic, spacious Ancient Voices of Children (1970) has acquired the status of a contemporary classic. The work’s large-format score looks and sounds equally rich, strange and beautiful. “The look of the score is not irrelevant,” says Howard Skempton, whose hand-drawn scores are famous for their stripped-down elegance. “A score has a life of its own: its look has a lot to do with the power of the piece. When I look at a Classical score (Mozart, Beethoven and so on) you can’t actually see at a glance why it works. If you look at a Modernist postwar score by Boulez or Ligeti, say, you get a much clearer idea of what it sounds like. Graphic scores turn this around. “It might have something to do with the Constructivist aesthetic of the 1950s – the scores by Bussotti and Stockhausen look stunning in their own right. And when I look at Morton Feldman pieces from that time I get the sort of pleasure I get from looking at a painting – I can get a feel of the piece . . . it’s only one small step from that to playing around with notation. Bussotti is the one who made the tail wag the dog.” “I don’t think graphic scoring is a dead issue,” says composer Christopher Fox. “There’s much to be done there, but it’s deeply unfashionable among musical establishment . . . as new music got more ‘professional’, London ensembles just wanted to have dots they could play and get done with in a three-hour rehearsal.” Christopher Fox participated in many performances of graphic notation outside London with like-minded friends who were interested in playing Cardew and Wolff. “By the end,” he says, “Stevie Wishart couldn’t see any reason for having anything on the music stand.” The orchestral score, graphical or otherwise, is a remarkably efficient way of organising and producing a large quantity and variety of musical events in a short time. This fact is not lost on Hollywood producers and music supervisors, who still prefer to commission a film score that can be completed in days rather than months. Film and pop scores are rarely published and sometimes discarded, much to the chagrin of film music record companies attempting to re-record classic film soundtracks. In the 1960s, Kenneth Payne, a music educator and composer, developed Tonescript, a graphical system of colours, squiggles and shapes that would help listeners understand pieces from the Classical repertoire. A descriptive score that relates to an electronic piece has to make up some new rules. The “diffusion score” to Trevor Wishart’s Vox 5 (1979-86) is really a conductor’s part for the sound engineer who mans the mixing desk and multi-speaker sound system through which the tape is diffused. But this is not a score in the Classical sense. As in most kinds of tape-based work, any need for a conventional score has been eclipsed by the recording. Recent music by Tom Phillips brings some of the issues of graphic notation full circle. Six of Hearts (1991), commissioned for Woolrich’s Composers Ensemble, comprises six songs framed by thick staves. Further comments caution musicians against using electronics (in VI) or request that they play a “favourite operatic aria . . . transposed to D maj or min” (II). “Most graphic scores I know that are any good are very precise,” says Phillips. “They don’t leave you any more freedom than conventional pieces.” For many composers the time for graphic scores has come and gone. In several different respects, new technology has overshadowed traditional methods. Score-writing programs such as Sibelius and Finale are popular with publishers, professional composers and students alike: the output looks much like professional engraving – a revelation to some older composers. And in many areas of commercial, functional and creative music, the definitive original work is not the score, but the recording: a tape or a sound file saved to disk. The printed output of a computer editing system (such as ProTools) makes an immediate graphic impression of signal amplitude against time – on screen, the dynamics of a recording (whether Stravinsky or Prince) have a clear outline that helps the mastering engineer find his way through a long piece. Geoff Smith, an academically trained composer (and an authority on John Cage) sees written scores as no more than a means to an end – that can be discarded once the music has been committed to tape. In the recording studio, written music may have no more significance than a track sheet or cue sheet used by non-musicians. At a recent exhibition of graphic scores at the Workfortheeyetodo gallery in London, a contemporary dance “score” by Bruce Gilbert was a sketch, a blueprint for the recording process with comments, shapes and shadings that organised the composer’s creative thoughts within a timeline specified by the choreographer. As a score, it spoke in a hybrid language of Gilbert’s making. Graphic scores have increasing importance in education. Tom Deveson, advisory teacher for music at Southwark Education in London, says: “Graphic scores manage the trick of being free, and fun, yet precise. A class of kids of mixed abilities soon agree what a red line or a green squiggle means, and by the end of the lesson they have made a piece out of it. Children love to sort out the rules and then follow them conscientiously.” “Cardew said something interesting,” recalls composer Howard Skempton. “Graphic scores are designed for people who have avoided a musical education but somehow acquired a visual education.” Frank Zappa warned against the fetishisation of musical scores by pointing out that “you don’t eat the recipe”. In some senses, the postwar avant-garde’s obsession with graphic notation is a critical commentary on the redundant conventions of European art music. Yet, although such graphic excesses may have little lasting impact on “serious” music itself – Cardew repudiated such “squiggly lines” as bourgeois nonsense before his death in 1981 – they enrich the culture, and continue to reverberate in electronic studios, where a few scribbles can be more expressive, or accurate, than conventional note-heads, sharps and flats. The functional use of graphic scores as an aid to understanding (in education or entertainment) or as a way of communication between people without formal musical training (DJs and engineers, for example) is still in its infancy. Graphic scores have an aesthetic immediacy that music can never have – the instant visuality of a well-drawn manuscript liberates the composition from the tyranny of time. In the digital domain, music has acquired some visual attributes. At one extreme we have the short, retriggered samples from which much commercial music is constructed; at the other, the on-screen analysis provided by a sound editing program such as ProTools, which can zoom out from the dynamic shape of a symphony, a pop album or a drum’n’bass opus to turn 80 minutes of music into a single image. Like the “Eye music” of sixteenth-century Italian Mannerists, many graphic scores are now relics of a vanished era, fading manuscripts with little meaning to present-day musicians. But the seductive complexity of work by Cardew and Bussotti continues to fascinate both musicians and non-musicians, and recent work by Phillips and Skempton shows the resilience of such ideas. Each score is a chest of treasures that can be unlocked by performers and interpreters not yet born, a code or puzzle to be solved in time. John L. Walters, composer, Unknown Public editor and co-founder. First published in Eye no. 26 vol. 7, 1997 Eye is the world’s most beautiful and collectable graphic design journal, published quarterly for professional designers, students and anyone interested in critical, informed writing about graphic design and visual culture. It is available from all good design bookshops and online at the Eye shop, where you can buy subscriptions, back issues and single copies of the latest issue. You can also browse visual samples of recent issues at Eye before You Buy.

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This 80+ page unit contains everything you need to teach theme, and differentiate for your students that need extra support! This unit contains: Graphic Organizers and Flippable Templates Rubrics and Checklists for Assessment Passages with Questions Posters (2 Versions) Activities and Options for Differentiation This contains FOUR complete stories with themes written at the upper grade level. These stories come with questions pertaining to theme and an entire page of additional questions to use at your discretion. ***No answer key is provided for the passages as of January 29, 2014*** Note: I had some concerns about this not being appropriate for 5th. This is used in my classroom with my 5th graders. However, many of my 5th grades read below grade level and this is difficult concept for them. Many of the activities are fun and engaging enough to get the concept of theme. Then, you move on to the stories (written around a 4th grade level) to get them to determine theme from a story. If you have an advanced group of readers, this may be too simple for them. Please ask any and all questions before buying to make sure this is the right resource for you! Questions: Email at [email protected]

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The tuberculosis (TB) vaccine is rarely used in the United States. It is only recommended for those children living with someone who is actively infected with TB and who either cannot take antibiotics to treat the infection or is infected with a strain of TB that is highly resistant to all antibiotics, and a select subset of healthcare workers. Decisions regarding this vaccine are typically made in consultation with a local TB control program. The TB vaccine is given as a single shot. In most other countries, the vaccine for tuberculosis, known as the BCG vaccine, is used more commonly because of the frequency of tuberculosis. Tuberculosis kills more people in the world than any other infection. Each year about 9 million people are infected with TB and about 1.5 million die. Tuberculosis (TB) is caused by a bacterium, Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The infection primarily attacks the lungs. The bacterium is so destructive that it is common to cough up both mucus and blood. Those less than 5 years old are susceptible to a very severe, often fatal, form of TB (called "miliary" TB) that spreads to many parts of the body, including the lining of the brain (meninges). Extremely contagious, TB is spread through the simple act of sneezing, talking and coughing. Many people who are infected don't get sick right away; rather, the bacteria remains dormant, reactivating years, even decades, later. That's when lung disease and the characteristic cough begin. A skin test (PPD) and chest X-ray are the best ways to tell if someone is infected with TB. Known as BCG, the TB vaccine has been around since the early 1920s. It is made by weakening a strain of bacteria similar to tuberculosis that was first isolated in cows. This strain of bacteria, called Mycobacterium bovis, is similar enough to the human strain (Mycobacterium tuberculosis) that vaccination with the bovine strain protects against disease caused by the human strain. About three of every 10,000 people immunized with the tuberculosis vaccine develop a painful swelling under the arm. The incidence of tuberculosis has been steadily increasing in the United States since 1985. Since 1985, there have been about 40,000 more cases of tuberculosis than would have been predicted from the incidence of the disease between 1950 and 1984. The single most important reason for this increase is the entrance of HIV into the United States. People with HIV have weakened immune systems, so they are more susceptible to other infections, including TB. The TB vaccine is good at protecting against the severe form of disease found in young children (called "miliary" TB), but is not as good at protecting against the lung infection commonly found in adolescents and adults. Because miliary TB is very uncommon in the United States, we do not use the TB vaccine. The United States is one of only two countries that have never routinely used the TB vaccine (The Netherlands is the other). The tuberculosis vaccine is recommended only for those children living with someone with TB who either cannot take the antibiotics required to treat the infection or who is infected with a strain that is highly resistant to all antibiotics, and a select group of healthcare workers. Ultimately, only a small number of people in the United States fall into these categories. The United States does two things to stop the spread of TB. First, people who are actively or silently infected with TB are identified by performing regular PPD tests. Second, once identified, people with TB are treated with one or more antibiotics that are effective against the bacteria: specifically, Isoniazid (or INH), Rifampin, Ethambutal or Pyrazinamide. The tuberculosis vaccine is not highly effective at preventing lung infections caused by the tuberculosis bacteria. For this reason, the vaccine is only recommended for a fairly uncommon subset of those in contact with someone infected with tuberculosis: specifically someone in constant contact with a person infected with TB who either refuses to take antibiotics or is infected with a strain that is resistant to all antibiotics. On the other hand, the tuberculosis vaccine has no serious side effects. Therefore, in the uncommon subset of people who should use the vaccine, the benefits clearly outweigh the risks. |A very small subset of children and healthcare workers| |Disease Risks||Vaccine Risks| Plotkin SA, Orenstein W, and Offit PA. Tuberculosis vaccines in Vaccines, 6th Edition, 2012, 789-811. Reviewed by: Paul A. Offit, MD Date: April 2013 Materials in this section are updated as new information becomes available. The Vaccine Education Center staff regularly reviews materials for accuracy. You should not consider the information in this site to be specific, professional medical advice for your personal health or for your family's personal health. You should not use it to replace any relationship with a physician or other qualified healthcare professional. For medical concerns, including decisions about vaccinations, medications and other treatments, you should always consult your physician or, in serious cases, seek immediate assistance from emergency personnel.

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In late June, dozens of high school and college students spent their Sunday learning about international humanitarian efforts during armed conflict at the Greater New York region headquarters in Manhattan. These students participated in Raid Cross, an American Red Cross training devoted to enhancing youth’s understanding of humanitarian implications of conflict. Raid Cross was created by the French and Belgian Red Cross for young people to learn the guiding principles of International Humanitarian Law—a set of international guidelines that seek to limit the impact of war—and its application in armed conflict. This role-playing simulation activity allows its participants to immerse and experience armed conflict through the various lens of humanitarians, soldiers and civilians. June’s Raid Cross was planned by the local Red Cross Youth Council, a group of eight Senior Leadership volunteers led by 17-year old Georgia Vassilopoulos. Born in Greece, Vassilopoulos also serves as a Youth Representative on the Red Cross in Greater NY Board of Directors. “Although I have always been interested in international affairs, Raid Cross has highlighted the struggles of refugees and citizens which really hit close to home considering the tremendous number of refugees currently in Greece,” said Vassilopoulos. At the beginning of the day, the students watched a presentation about Raid Cross and were given information about the situation – they are living in the fictional country of Haddar that has been attacked by its neighboring country, Deldar. The attack trigged an outbreak of violence, leading to a 13-month long armed conflict. The students were then divided into groups of civilians, soldiers, prisoners and humanitarian workers to start the simulation. First, students take the role of prisoners at the fictional Gula Prison Camp. A representative of the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) explains the rights granted under the Geneva Conventions and how the ICRC assists in assuring those rights are upheld. Then students must assess, treat and transport those suffering from injuries or the deceased as battlefield medics. Next, the humanitarian aid worker role has to navigate an obstacle course that serves to challenge critical thinking and problem-solving skills to deliver medical supplies to civilians. Tasked with military duties, students also had to determine targets for military force while complying with International Humanitarian Law and analyze the effects of their action. Lastly, a mock International Criminal Court trial was conducted where students presented a case of human rights violations to a judge. “When war is mentioned, people tend to be very political in their discussions,” said Vassilopoulos looking back on the impact of such an event on her and her peers, “but Raid Cross really showcased that in the end there are no sides, no winners or losers, there are just ordinary people who have had their lives changed dramatically.”

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What can engineers learn from studying the ways in which bugs and insects move? A great deal! Robotics labs like the Harvard Microrobotics Lab are using bio-inspired research and observation to design and test new approaches to designing and building small robots. Meet a female engineer working in the lab. She may not be keen on bees, but when it comes to coin-sized bots, she is excited by the challenge of taking what insects already do well and creating better, faster, and more efficient microrobots.Like many kids, Dani Ithier grew up interested in building things. Popular engineering-inspired building and construction systems like LEGO are often a child's first introduction to the world of engineering. These systems provide an accessible, colorful, fun, and extensible platform that invites kids to explore engineering design and encourages troubleshooting and a step-by-step approach—for fun. Kids who grow up building and tinkering grow up loosely using and enacting principles of the engineering design process. While these systems play a key role in facilitating childhood creativity and innovation, many kids outgrow their interest, snap-together building blocks and circuit kits being replaced by other activities and hobbies. For girls, the drop-off rate in interest in engineering toys may be even more dramatic. Luckily, there are female engineers like Dani whose interest never wanes. She started out building, and she hasn't stopped yet. Supporting Student Engineers Thanks to support from her family, Dani's childhood passion was nurtured and encouraged. Today, she is applying, exploring, and expanding her interest as part of her undergraduate studies at Harvard where she works in the Harvard Microrobotics Lab, an electronics and robotics lab that specializes in research related to microrobots inspired by real-world bugs and insects. "Growing up, support from family, friends, and teachers really helped me get more involved and excited about engineering and math and science in general," says Dani. "I had always been interested in building things, and my family encouraged me to do so despite the fact that they had no engineering or technical knowledge. They would buy kits for me where I would get to build model engines or play with magnets and circuits, and my uncle would hang out with me on weekends and teach me how to use power tools." In addition to lots of great engineering projects and kits at home, Dani participated in summer programs that let her continue to explore engineering and robotics. At school, Dani says her teachers helped encourage and feed her interests by giving her extra challenges to work on, by helping as mentors in the after-school robotics program, and by making her aware of opportunities like the BAE System's Women in Technology Program. Dani was fortunate to have strong support, support that extended beyond the boundaries of in-class curriculum. "These opportunities helped compensate for what I saw as a lack of hands-on [science and engineering] activities in classes at school," she recalls. "We had lab periods in school and did several projects, but not nearly the amount I would have hoped for. I think it was really important for me to work on projects out of class to help me learn." Making Room for Girls in Robotics Programs and clubs like FIRST® robotics are often integral for students like Dani and help support the engineering spirit during middle and high school years. Dani recalls doing summer programs devoted to LEGO® Mindstorms, but she cites her participation in FIRST robotics as a powerful force in her development as a young engineer. As a young woman, however, her four years in robotics club also highlighted the disproportionate number of girls pursuing engineering by the time high school rolls around. "There were very few girls on the robotics team I participated on in high school," admits Dani. "Over my four years on the team, only a handful of us actually participated in designing and building the robot." Though she categorizes the gender imbalance as discouraging, her team was fortunate to have a female mentor, which gave her and other teammates a role model and source of inspiration. Even so, "I do wish more women were encouraged to be involved in the sciences and join teams like robotics teams," says Dani. The relationship between gender and engineering that Dani saw play out in robotics club is something she has continued to see in her college studies. "By looking at the demographics of the classes I'm in, the professors I've had, and the make-up of the engineering-related extracurriculars I'm involved in, I do feel like robotics and mechanical engineering are male-dominated fields. Often, I am one of the few women and people of color in these spaces."Given the numbers, finding female mentors and teachers becomes even more important for young female engineers. "I have found numerous amazing mentors I identify with who have advised me and made my experiences much more positive," says Dani. She also says she feels like she is seeing a change, an upward trend in the number of girls who are interested in engineering fields. This may be due to increased attention to science, technology, engineering, and math (STEM) education and, specifically, the desire to engage more girls in STEM. "While things are getting better, I think these fields have a long way to come in terms of gender, racial, and class balance and that awareness of this and outreach are important steps to start changing this." Inspired by Insects Dani isn't a fan of cockroaches or bees and says she really would not want to work on projects that involve handling or close observation of either. But, in fact, Dani's work at Harvard centers on the design and development of robotic insects, robots inspired by the biology of other creatures. "Our lab models much of our work off of organisms and structures that already exist in nature. Why try to recreate the wheel when you can look at something that works amazingly (which so many things in nature already do) and mimic it to obtain good results," Dani explains. "Plus, it's fun to work with bugs and try to learn from them!" Taking their cue from nature, Dani explains that research teams in the lab are working on both flapping-wing and ambulatory microrobots—bugs that fly and bugs that crawl. Both approaches to mobilizing a robot have different challenges. "Because both types are on extremely small scales (about the size of a quarter or smaller), mass is a huge issue," says Dani. "Ambulatory robots need to remain light so that their transmissions are able to provide enough force for the robot's legs to lift the body's mass," explains Dani. "Flapping-wing robots need to remain even lighter so that they are still able to fly. This makes it difficult to put power supplies on board (batteries are heavy!)." Flapping-wing robots also present challenges for navigation and orientation systems, notes Dani. Flying bots have "lots of complicated control and sensor challenges because the robot needs to know its orientation in air so that it can continue flying under control." Though cockroaches are not her thing, Dani has been working on a current version of the Harvard Ambulatory MicroRobot (HAMR) that models the design of a cockroach and is about the size of a quarter. Having worked on both ambulatory and flapping-wing robotics projects, Dani says she especially enjoys exploring the kinds of design issues and questions raised by ambulatory robots. "I think I prefer ambulatory robots because I'm not particularly interested in fluid dynamics or control, which is what a lot of the work on flapping robots is. Rather, I like thinking about the dynamics and locomotion of ambulatory robots. For example, how does the leg gait affect how the robot moves, what kind of leg designs will allow the robot to climb walls, will changing leg materials increase speed?" In addition to tackling challenges related to the physics and engineering of ambulatory microrobots, Dani says size is always an added variable and consideration. "It is hard to put things in the right place at that scale!" The size may make building these robots a challenge, but it also makes things interesting when it comes to keeping track of them. With robots the size of a coin, it seems inevitable that they might wander or scuttle away, out of sight, or under something, never to be found again. But Dani says it hasn't happened. "Fortunately we have not lost any bots so far! It can be difficult though," she admits. But what do engineers do when things are difficult? They find solutions! "With the ambulatory robots I'm currently working on, we put up little 'guard-rails' on the table that it walks on for experiments to make sure that it doesn't run off," explains Dani. "We also are pretty careful about keeping track of the robots when we are done using them and putting them in the drawer we keep them in." To further help them keep track, Dani says the engineers give the robots names. "Currently we have Elle, Manny, and Actin." Once they have a name, they are less likely to get overlooked during a daily robot roll call! Supporting Student Interest in Engineering, Robotics, and Computer Science Help excite your students—male and female—about engineering and introduce them to what engineering means and what engineers do. Students like Dani are quick to credit the support of teachers, family, and programs that help enable student exploration. The following resources contain ideas, projects, and links that can help kickstart student interest and - Exciting Girls about Science and Engineering - Inspiring Future Female Engineers: GoldieBlox Goes to the Super Bowl - Understanding the Engineering Design Process: Teachers Embracing Engineering Design - Encouraging and Inspiring Female Student Engineers - Super Scratch Succeeds in Scratching the Surface of Code with Cartoon Fun - Playful Programming and Cool Code: From Tech User to Tech Creator - A Picture Book Look at the Engineering Spirit - Girls Explore Engineering with Marble Run Challenge - Girls at After-school Program Science Event Explore Paper Airplanes

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if...then...else (reserved words) If, then, and else specify the conditions under which a statement will be executed. if expr then statement if expr then statement else statement If the Booleanafter if is True, the after then is executed. Otherwise, if the else part is present, the statement after else is executed. (* "if" statements *) if (I < Min) or (I > Max) then I := 0; if ParamCount <> 2 then WriteLn('Bad command line');

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Most kids want to learn how to play an instrument in grade school. Most parents encourage some form of musical training for the benefits of musical training: social, coordination, attention and focus, even the suggested connection between math skills and musical ability. Hypermobile kids can struggle with the physical demands of playing an instrument sooner and more severely than a typically developing child. There are ways to make it easier and less painful, right from the start. - Steer them into the right instrument for their physical abilities. Heavy instruments are a questionable choice for kids that have back and shoulder issues, as they will be moving their instrument around a lot. Children with very hypermobile wrists could find the hand positions for violin or guitar much more challenging than the positions for piano or clarinet. There will still be a lot of fingering, but it occurs in a different plane of movement. Read Joint Protection And Hypermobility: Investing in Your Child’s Future for some details. - Understand that as hypermobility changes, so may the type of instrument that best fits your child. This is a tough thing for kids to accept, but if they are experiencing repeated strains and injuries, or an increasing amount of pain, they may have to switch to an instrument that is less risky. Remember: hypermobility syndromes don’t disappear, and most hypermobile children will not become professional musicians. This isn’t life-or-death, no matter what they say about their passion. Injuries that affect the ability to attend school and eventually affect working…THAT is something to avoid. Cumulative trauma can result in surgeries or even ending up needing disability payments. Don’t contribute to a less-bright future by permitting a child with recurrent overuse injuries to continue to injure their body in the present. - Positioning matters. Just as with sitting at a desk or a table, hypermobile kids need to use the best possible postural control with the least amount of effort. Children playing the piano may need a chair with low back support rather than a piano bench. Seats for all kids may need to have cushions that give more support, and any seat should definitely provide solid foot placement on the floor at all times. Some kids may need the support of a brace or braces. Back, shoulder, wrist, and even finger splints aren’t slowing them down; they are supporting performance. The biggest problem will be resistance from the musician. Children rarely want to wear these devices, and if they aren’t well designed and fitted, you will hear about it. Ask their OT or PT for direct assistance or find one that can do a consultation. Ask their instructor to explain why wearing a well-chosen brace makes playing easier and better. And don’t wait until an injury happens. Get in front of this one. - Musical skills require practice, but hypermobile kids may need to break up their practice or do targeted practice to shorten the total amount of time spent and reduce the physical strain. Targeted practice requires that their instructor knows which types of practice are the most likely to build skills, rather than just adding minutes to a practice session. Breaks are important, and most kids don’t have the ability to know when and how to take them. They need to be taught, and the little ones need to be supervised on breaks. Looking for more information on raising a child with hypermobility? My latest e-book, The JointSmart Child: Living and Thriving With Hypermobility Volume Two: The School Years is now available on Amazon as a read-only download and on Your Therapy Source as a clickable and printable download! It has practical information about improving independence and safety for kids 6-12, including sports and the hypermobile child, improving communication with your child’s teachers and coaches, and how to address handwriting and keyboarding problems. It has more forms and checklists than the first book (Volume One: The Early Years), but still covers all the important self-care issues like toileting and how to make your home safer for your child while keeping it comfortable and attractive.

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Health & fitness key to long life Health and fitness is the main key to live a long, active and healthy life. It is stated clearly that Health is actual Wealth that a person can retain in his life to stay wealthy. There are many teachers who create such awareness to make their student clear about all the health issues. This awareness plays a vital role in the development of a healthy lifestyle for children’s and others. It is an only a Good health that helps a person to live one’s life with the fullest potential without being physically or mentally unfit. Also, Read Tips to look years younger The Unhealthy lifestyle results in deteriorations of failures of one’s health. Staying healthy and fit is very important in this generation and in every generation. Exercising and eating healthy foods are the best ways to maintain your health in both ways either physically or mentally. People, who are taking take their health very seriously and they are serious about maintaining their fitness by doing exercises on a daily basis, and by eating a healthy diet and sleep well on time to retain your health. There are many peoples who follow appropriate diet chart and nutritionists to retain their health and even they also prefer to take help from various dissertation such as Nursing Dissertation Help. If you want to stay healthy and fit allows you to stay active and further it also increases your confidence and concentration power. Staying healthy and fit can set an example for others, who are slow and fatty then help them by increase their health, nutrition, and enough knowledge to east and proper diet food by ignoring the junk foods and other oily foods. Major reasons that lead to the deterioration of health are as follows Daily stress– Students feel stressed about their school work, and exams. Professors and peers are also prone the stress to their students, they want to regard their life and work. In such conditions, these things lead to imbalances in the mental health. this prolonged stress is about something that leads to depression and becomes a health issue. - Lack of sleep – there are many people who tend to work late at night, and it seems that they are constantly using their phones, etc. and due to which their sleeping cycle gets disturbed. As suggested by the many medical experts, it is important to take proper sleep as defined that we need an 8 hours’ sleep which is mandatory for each every one. If you are taking a lot of junk food then it may affect your healthy lifestyle because junk food contains lots of fat that make feel you lazy. It is true that unhealthy foods create unhealthy well-being. If we look into the Natural phenomena then there are some natural causes that affect our health, such as pollution, etc. which make us unhealthy and unfit. For this, we need a proper preventive measure that must be taken to defend ourselves against natural environmental pollutions. Following are the things that lead to maintenance of a healthy and fit person: - Regular Exercise routine –everyone should have to focus on a daily exercise because it directly affects our both mental and physical health. - Balanced nutritional food intake – it’s important to concentrate on every individual like eating and drinking. Having a balanced diet that makes you fit and healthy, these healthy diets include essential minerals, vitamins, and proteins which makes you a healthy and fit. - Clean and tidy environment – We should make sure that our surroundings should be clean and fit for us to survive in this environment. - Take appropriate amount of sleep. Each individual require a proper amount of sleep, as per medical norms, everyone should have to take at least 8 hours of sleep. - Drink loads of water, by drinking excessive water helps you to release toxins and also helps to improve one’s metabolism. - Make a habit to maintain a hygiene and have proper sanitation. - It’s important to have a positive outlook towards our life. If we see mental health than it is the main and important key to stay fit and healthy. If you have Positive thoughts than you should rule the mind by staying happy and you can also retain the mental and emotional health and fitness. There are some peoples who think that staying healthy and fit is not difficult if we take our health and fitness as the foremost priority. If you follow the above-mentioned simple steps, then each one of us can have a healthy, fit and fruitful life. If you are good in maintaining a balance of thoughts, nutritional diet, rigorous exercises, Yoga and optimum level of sleep than you are actually the main contributor of these factors for our wellbeing to maintain a healthy and fit lifestyle. We create such conditions that lead unhealthy lifestyles to the healthy lifestyles. And that’s a fact. So, if we make the habit to develop a healthy lifestyle then we should have to develop good habits and become much capable of taking the required measures to lead our lifestyle healthy and fit. There are many peoples as far who are very strict to their diet plan to maintain their health and fitness. These type of peoples are preferring to follow the proper diet plan which is suggested by their nutritionists. There are also many dissertations on this and you can also take help from this dissertation such as nursing dissertation help.

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With this meaning, "lembrar" is a prepositional verb and so requires "de+ela" = "dela." Things are a little different when "lembrar" has the meaning "to remind." For example the sentence "I remind her of the book" becomes "Eu lembro ela do livro." As a native I've never seen that "Eu lembro ela do livro", it should be "Eu lembro dela do livro", being "dela" the preposition required by the verb (not needed in english), and "do" the preposition to make "do livro" an adverbial phrase of location (from the book). I'm trying to figure out if Portuguese verbs are characterised by "prepositional" and "non-prepositional", and if they are the equivalent of "intransitive" and"transitive" in English. How would one know if a verb is a "prepositional verb", for example, is it marked in a Portuguese dictionary or? Thanks. You are on the right path! Yes, they are "prepositional" and "non-prepositional". But that is not equivalent to "transitive" and "intransitive". And they don't necessarily match the English verbs. Everything is marked in a dictionary and works like this: Intransitive verbs will take no object at all. (Ex: chover/to rain, respirar/to breath). Transitive verbs take objects, some objects need prepositions, others don't. So the transitive verbs divide into "transitivo direto" and "transitivo indireto" (those are the "non-prepositional" and "prepositional" respectively). Some verbs might take two objects, one of each type, those are called "transitivo direto e indireto". - Intransitivo: ela respira (she breathes) - Transitivo direto: eu tenho um livro (I have a book) - Transitivo indireto: eu gosto de bolo (I like cakes) - Transitivo direto e indireto: eu dou o carro a ele (I give the car to him) I'm afraid there is no logical way to know which ones are "direto" and "indireto". Dictionary and experience are the tools. Actually, I believe it should be "Eu a lembro do livro", e.g. when telling the person not to forget the book Right. There are two meanings involved: (Edited - Thanks ktkee) - I remind her about the book = Eu a lembro do livro - I remember her from the book = Eu lembro dela do livro. (in this case she is probably some character in the book). "Dela" is a contraction of "de ela." It's a Portuguese thing that you need "de" here, you wouldn't translate the "de" part into English. Here's a list of contractions with "de" and "em": http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_personal_pronouns#Contractions_with_the_prepositions_de_and_em

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(NaturalNews) Eating more cruciferous vegetables has been shown once again to play an important role in the mitigation of cancer, this time in helping women with breast cancer to live longer. A Chinese study recently presented at the 103rd annual meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research (AACR) revealed that the more cruciferous vegetables women with breast cancer eat, the more likely they are not only to survive their condition, but also to add more years onto their lives. Based on data collected for the Shanghai Breast Cancer Survival Study, a comprehensive, large-scale study of breast cancer survivors in China, it appears as though consumption patterns of cruciferous vegetables, or vegetables from the cabbage family, are directly proportional to survival rates. The breast cancer-specific mortality rate among women who consumed the most cruciferous vegetables, for instance, was as much as 62 percent less than among those who consumed the least or no cruciferous vegetables. At the same time, the overall mortality rate among women who consumed cruciferous vegetables on a regular basis was found to be anywhere from 27 to 62 percent less than among women who consumed little or no cruciferous vegetables. And risk of breast cancer recurrence among cruciferous-eating women was as much as 35 percent lower than among non-eating women. "Commonly consumed cruciferous vegetables in China include turnips, Chinese cabbage (bok choy) and greens, while broccoli and brussels sprouts are the more commonly consumed cruciferous vegetables in the United States and other Western countries," said Dr. Sara Nechuta, a postdoctoral research fellow at Vanderbilt University and author of the study. "Second, the amount of intake among Chinese women is much higher than that of U.S. women. The level of bioactive compounds such as isothiocyanates and indoles, proposed to play a role in the anti-cancer effects of cruciferous vegetables, depend on both the amount and type of cruciferous vegetables consumed." Cruciferous vegetables contain a variety of anti-cancer nutrients that have been shown in previous studies to both fight cancer cells and prevent them from forming. Sulforaphane, an organosulfur compound found in broccoli, cauliflower, and cabbage, for instance, is a powerful anti-cancer nutrient that also performs a number of beneficial functions in the body (http://www.naturalnews.com). Isothiocyanates are another anti-cancer nutrient in cruciferous vegetables that activate cancer-fighting genes. Both systemically and genetically, cruciferous vegetables help fight and prevent cancer, and are a great way by which to protect yourself against this pandemic condition.

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This week, children were introduced to scissors in the Studio! We began by talking about materials that were appropriate to cut with scissors, as well as materials that aren’t ok to cut with scissors. We also practiced how to use them correctly and safely. Materials that are safe to cut: Frances: You can use scissors to open fruit snacks if you need help. Kate: We can cut paper, yes! Irvina: Like, you cut paper and tape. And how about you could use it to cut meat? Elijah: The scissors told me that we can cut tape, but they said don’t cut friends with scissors. Santi: We can cut rainbow paper and brown paper. Theo: You can cut your nails with special nail scissors. Sammy: You can cut chicken with scissors. My mom uses special types of scissors to cut meat. Materials that aren’t safe to cut: Abbie: Don’t cut butterflies… just don’t! Irvina: You can’t cut your hands because the blood will come out. Ahmari: Not our hands… no! Marcus: Moms can cut hair, like Leba’s mom can cut her hair, but we don’t cut our hair here. Julian: My dad take me to get a haircut, but it’s not here. Don’t cut your hair here. Avery: We cut our hair at the barbershop! Alden: You use fingernail clippers, not scissors, to cut nails. Adele: I went to a special place to cut my hair and it wasn’t at school. Next, friends practiced cutting paper with assorted shapes and lines provided. Depending on their age and experience, children snipped around the outside of paper, were able to cut through the paper, or successfully cut out shapes. Adrian: Papi have scissors at home to cut the paper. Betsegaw: I did open, close, open, close with the scissors. I’m practicing! I tried! I have muscles! Kaitlyn: I have cut at my home! Kaylee: Open, shut them, open, shut them. I did it! Bella: My mom is going to be so proud. I tried so hard. Elizabeth: I cut out an “E” like for Elizabeth. Naila: I feel a little proud of myself because I cut with scissors, but my mom and dad will be really proud of me. Connor: If I can cut out the circle I’ll be so happy! Sammy: You just got to keep trying like… perseverance! Cesar: I did the zigzag line. It looks like a crown for a boy, or the top of a castle, or shark teeth. Mateo: My mom and dad will be so proud that I can cut a heart for love. Julian: The heart was hardest to cut because the lines aren’t just straight like a square. Christian: I did! I cut the circle, I did! Nazeer: I’m focusing hard, that’s why I could cut the shapes. Even the hard shape like the heart. Jax: I’m doing my best. I’m doing it! I did it! I made a cut through the line! Joelle: I’m focusing on it so I don’t hurt myself. My arms are starting to hurt. After friends practiced with paper, they were invited to cut playdough. Friends practiced rolling playdough “snakes” and then using dough scissors to cut them. Friends noticed a difference between cutting paper and cutting playdough right away, as both feel different in your hands. Children are very excited to finally have scissors available in the Studio and in their classrooms! Katherine: Cutting playdough feels different than paper. It’s harder.

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The centre of the town is the old Salzhof, where water was heated to extract the valuable salt as far back as 1048. The first graduation house was completed in 1770. Today it is used for open-air inhalation treatment. In 1872, the Lippe court gardener Johann Georg Kahl created the rose garden at the historical bathhouses. From 1907 onwards, work began on the “Neuer Kurpark” along with the construction of the spa rooms and the drilling of the Leopold spring in the area between the Parkstrasse and the Salze river. The numerous benches are a striking feature. A large number of different and in some cases even rare trees and shrubs enhance the value of the park, e.g. the old ginkgo tree in the rose garden. The adjoining, semi-natural landscape park covers most of the park. It was created in 1908 with a large lake and has constantly been expanded since. The town is located on the river Salze. Its centre is the old Salzhof, which was first mentioned as far back as 1048 as a place where water was heated to extract the valuable salt. Trade in this “white gold” brought great wealth to the town in past centuries. This is still evident in the richly ornamented houses of the Weser Renaissance period. The first graduation house, which was used for increasing the concentration of salt in the water, was completed in 1770. The wooden structure was filled with blackthorn (sloes), and when the water evaporated on it, the salt crystallised. Today, the graduation house is used for open-air inhalation treatment. In 1818, Dr Heinrich Sasse, the founder of Salzuflen spa, first carried out treatment with salt baths. The bath house was built in 1855. This was followed by the construction in 1895 of a large building for baths and various treatments, which housed a salt-water swimming pool. A structure for inhalation treatment was also erected at the rose garden. In the period following 1900, social and cultural life reached a peak in the grandiose spa rooms. The Leopold spring was drilled in 1905 and was the first thermal spring to be developed. The park can be divided into three different parts, each of which is very different in character and design. In 1872, the court gardener of Lippe, Johann Georg Kahl, created the rose garden at the historical bathhouses. The blossoms and scents of the numerous roses, shrubs and summer flowers made the garden a feast for the senses. Combined with the fresh salty air coming from the graduation house, spa visitors could rest or take a pleasant stroll. This is still the case today. The front area was redesigned for the opening of the modern spa visitor centre in 1983. Since that time, successive plantings of colourful flowers have been a feature of this area, which has a striking individualistic design. From 1907 onwards, work began on the “Neuer Kurpark” along with the construction of the spa rooms and the drilling of the Leopold spring in the area between the Parkstrasse and the Salze river. Today, this area is characterised by typical elements from the 1960s, the period when it was redesigned. The numerous benches are a striking feature and can be found not only along the paths but also tucked away behind the protective screening of groups of trees and shrubs. Spa visitors can relax here and listen to the music drifting from the concert hall. The adjoining landscape park was created in 1908 along with the park lake. It is the largest part of the park. There is a charming view from the nearby terraces over the lake and its tall fountain. The park has been constantly expanded since 1950 and varies in atmosphere depending on the time of year. Although it is carefully tended, it retains a sense of semi-naturalness, which is heightened by the various groups of trees. Local inhabitants and spa visitors use this area for various leisure activities, There is a wildlife park at the edge of the park, beyond which the open countryside begins. Further paths along the Salze river lead into the surrounding Lippische Bergland. A large number of different and in some cases even rare trees and shrubs further enhance the park. Among the unusual shrubs and trees are the old ginkgo tree in the rose garden, the salix moupinensis in the main spa park, several southern cypresses (taxodium distichum) and a Lijiang spruce (Picea likiangensis) from the Chinese-Tibetan border. Furthermore, the spa park has 13 different kinds of maple tree. An integrated plan of action is to be developed for the spa by 2008. This will include the development of a framework for the preservation and enhancement of the spa park. At present, reconstruction of one of the graduation houses is the main focus of discussion. Owner/Management: Stadt Bad Salzuflen The park is open all year round Kurpark (16 hectares): day ticket € 3.00; children: € 1.50 Landscape garden (104 hectares): No admission fee Cultural Programme and Exhibitions: Current information on the cultural programme can be found at www.bad-salzuflen.de - Cafe/Restaurant: In the Kurpark; Beer garden at the Kurparksee - WC: In the Kurhaus and the pump room/concert hall - Parking: Free parking at Sophienstrasse car park - Benches in park: Numerous benches and sun beds in park - Average Length of Stay: 2 hrs – half a day - Access for People with Disabilities: The paths in the park are suitable for people with limited mobility - Children’s Programme: No General map and further information on the park: - Information in the Kurgastzentrum (visitor centre), wheelchairs available Kneipp centre, - water from drinking well - Nordic walking routes - Wildlife park How to get there: Bus nos. 944/945 from Bad Salzuflen railway station, in the direction of Waldemeine as far as the visitor centre (Kurgastzentrum)

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Study also suggests potential treatment New research has found that a child’s relationships may be a hidden casualty long after a head injury. Neuroscientists at Brigham Young University studied a group of children three years after each had suffered a traumatic brain injury – most commonly from car accidents. The researchers found that lingering injury in a specific region of the brain predicted the health of the children’s social lives. “The thing that’s hardest about brain injury is that someone can have significant difficulties but they still look okay,” said Shawn Gale, a neuropsychologist at BYU. “But they have a harder time remembering things and focusing on things as well and that affects the way they interact with other people. Since they look fine, people don’t cut them as much slack as they ought to.” Gale and Ph.D. student Ashley Levan authored a study to be published April 10 by the Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation, the leading publication in the field of rehabilitation. The study compared the children’s social lives and thinking skills with the thickness of the brain’s outer layer in the frontal lobe. The brain measurements came from MRI scans and the social information was gathered from parents on a variety of dimensions, such as their children’s participation in groups, number of friends and amount of time spent with friends. A second finding from the new study suggests one potential way to help. The BYU scholars found that physical injury and social withdrawal are connected through something called “cognitive proficiency.” Cognitive proficiency is the combination of short-term memory and the brain’s processing speed. “In social interactions we need to process the content of what a person is saying in addition to simultaneously processing nonverbal cues,” Levan said. “We then have to hold that information in our working memory to be able to respond appropriately. If you disrupt working memory or processing speed it can result in difficulty with social interactions.” Separate studies on children with ADHD, which also affects the frontal lobes, show that therapy can improve working memory. Gale would like to explore in future research with BYU’s MRI facility if improvements in working memory could “treat” the social difficulties brought on by head injuries. “This is a preliminary study but we want to go into more of the details about why working memory and processing speed are associated with social functioning and how specific brain structures might be related to improve outcome,” Gale said.

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Detecting Biofouling in Food Processing Systems A combination of chemical engineering, fluid dynamics and optical techniques can detect the extent of biofouling on pipe walls and analyze its constituents to determine the most effective cleaning process.Mark Fornalik, Ethox International Biofilms typically are bacterial and/or fungal organisms that colonize in slime films on the inside surfaces of pipes, vessels and equipment that handle and process liquids. They result from biological fouling, or biofouling for short, and can be found in all manner of industrial processes: food and beverage and pharmaceuticals manufacturing, in ultrapure water and petrochemical processing, and even in producing nuclear energy. In most processes, biofilms generally are regarded as a cause of product quality problems (spoilage, bad taste and odor), along with process downtime (increased cleaning times) and other forms of waste. Biofouling can be very difficult to detect using traditional microbiological culturing methods, which typically involve sampling the inside of a pipe wall with a sterile cotton and culturing in a microbiology lab the organisms recovered from this swab. The organisms found in biofilms, however, are not always easily cultured, resulting in an underestimate — or no detection at all — of the true biofilm population inside a liquid-handling system. This also means that traditional microbiology techniques cannot be used reliably to determine the health or cleanliness of a piping system. Biofouling also can be very resistant to standard clean-in-place methods in a manufacturing process because the organisms produce polymeric materials (exopolymer) for protection and insulation from the environment and for enabling attachment to the pipe wall. Both factors — the difficulty of detecting biofilms with traditional methods and the organisms’ resistance to chemical cleaning — make finding and controlling biofouling in industrial processes a challenge. Fortunately, a combination of disciplines can be used to develop unambiguous data on biofouling and system cleanliness. For example, chemical engineering and fluid dynamics can provide some guidance on system health, while specular reflectance Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy can capture a fingerprint of the organic constituents of the fouling film, and epifluorescence optical microscopy with the appropriate fluorescent nucleic acid stains can help determine whether the pipe wall fouling is biological or synthetic chemical in nature. Whereas an optically flat specularly reflective surface provides an optimum substrate for various forms of nondestructive surface analysis — including FTIR, ellipsometry, x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and various forms of microscopy — a curved pipe surface is difficult to analyze. We use 316L-grade stainless steel, mechanically polished to a 1-microinch-mirrorlike finish and placed in a fitting to be as flush with the fluid path of the pipe wall as possible (Figure 1). Thus, the fouling deposition events that occur naturally on the pipe surface also occur on this polished plate surface. The plate, or fouling cell, unlike the pipe itself, can be removed readily from the system for analysis. Figure 1. A sanitary fouling cell assembly comprises two mirror-polished fouling cell discs inserted into central housing until the mirrored surfaces are flush with the interior wall of the housing, where they are exposed to product flow as well as to process cleaning treatments. They are removed for FTIR and epifluorescence microscopy examination. Installing an array of fouling cells in a production system enables the fouling events to be sequenced in time (Figure 2). FTIR data provides biofilm chemistry information, and plotting the FTIR peak heights as a function of fouling cell exposure time provides information on the fouling rate. Knowing the biofilm chemistry and the rate of biofilm formation provides a solid foundation on which to design a clean-in-place system. FTIR also can generate objective data on the effectiveness of the current cleaning procedure as well as on the proposed cleaning methods. Figure 2. This FTIR spectrum of two- and four-day gelatin biofilms was taken after daily 60 °C water flush cleaning. The largest peaks are the amide I and amide II (1650 and 1550 cm–1, respectively), which are characteristic of protein or polyamide. Other significant peaks include the broad peak at 3300 to 3400 cm–1, representing bound water and protein, and the triple peaks of hydrocarbon absorption at 2950 cm–1. Native gelatin is water-soluble, and the spectra acquired after the process water flush indicate the presence of a water-insoluble, protein-dominated biofilm that increases in thickness (IR peak height is a function primarily of film mass) as a function of time (the red spectrum is the two-day biofilm, and the black spectrum is the four-day biofilm). Biofilms can have a variety of FTIR signatures, and the cleaning agent must be chosen based on what will work best for the chemical nature of the biofouling present. The two FTIR signatures shown in Figure 3 indicate biofilm chemistries that are very different. The red spectrum, which represents the biofilm from a liquid gelatin-handling system, is dominated by polyamide peaks (1650 and 1550 cm–1 ). Bleach cleaning (sodium hypochlorite) would be a good first step in cleaning a protein-dominated biofilm. The black spectrum, on the other hand, which represents a biofilm that formed in a saltwater-handling system, is dominated by carbohydrate (the large, broad peak around 1000 cm–1 ), hydrocarbon (the triple peaks in the 2950 cm–1 region), ester (the small sharp peak at 1740 cm–1 ) and protein (the small peak at 1650 cm–1 ). For this saltwater biofilm, cleaning would require two or three steps, starting with improved water flush flow velocities (to reduce the carbohydrate peak), followed by bleach treatment (to eliminate the protein peak) and, finally, cleaning with an inorganic acid to eliminate the ester, hydrocarbon and remaining carbohydrate peaks. Figure 3. Biofouling organisms can generate various exopolymers to glue themselves to surfaces in various environments. This figure shows the FTIR spectra of biofilms from two aqueous systems: a liquid gelatin-handling system and a saltwater-handling system. The cleaning required to dissolve a protein-dominated biofilm differs from the chemical cleaning required to dissolve a carbohydrate/hydrocarbon-dominated biofilm. Fluorescence microscopy can provide visual evidence of the efficiency of a cleaning system (Figure 4). After FTIR analysis, the fouling cell discs are stained with acridine orange, which binds to nucleic acids and fluoresces under blue light (450- to 500-nm excitation, with broad emission in the green and yellow regions). The discs then are examined with a fluorescence microscope (in this case, a BH60 from Olympus America of Melville, N.Y.), using reflected light and broadband ultraviolet illumination. Images are captured with either a low-light-level video or with a CCD camera. Figure 4. These epifluorescence optical microscopy images show biofilm remaining on a fouling cell disc surface after a water flush process (left) and after a chemical clean-in-place process (right). Until now, understanding what happens on an industrial pipe wallduring product flow and subsequent cleaning was truly a research project. However, fouling cell technology and fluorescence microscopy easily can reveal that a cleaning-resistant biofilm has formed in the production process, and inspection methods can demonstrate the effectiveness of current cleaning techniques versus proposed ones.Meet the author Mark Fornalik is director of biofouling science and analytical chemistry with Ethox International’s STS Life Sciences Div. in Rush, N.Y.; e-mail: [email protected]

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The killer blizzard that forced New Yorkers to stay home amid a city-wide travel ban will go down as one of the city's worst snowstorms in history. At least 18 people were killed as the blizzard pummeled the East Coast Friday and Saturday, blanketing the region with near-record breaking levels of 26.8 inches in Central Park. The blizzard was 0.1" short of becoming the city’s worst snowstorm — but after the snowfall total in Central Park didn't increase after midnight, the snowstorm will rank as the second largest in the city’s history, according to the National Weather Service. Saturday's snow total ousts records laid in 1888, 1947, 1996 and 2010, but not an epic Nor’easter that dumped more than two feet of snow in February 2006. Here’s a look at the snowiest storms to wreak havoc on the Big Apple, according to government records: 1. FEBRUARY 2006 New York City's biggest snowfall on record hit on Feb. 11, 2006, dumping 26.9 inches of powder on the city over two days. The Nor’easter, which affected 13 other states as it plowed through the mid-Atlantic and Northeast, forced New York officials to cancel flights and rail service. Despite the historic snowfall, no fatalities were reported. 2. JANUARY 2016 Forecasts predicting a crippling blizzard warned New Yorkers nearly a week in advance before the storm finally dumped a record 26.8 inches of powder on New York City. The storm’s heavy snowfall killed three people in Queens and Staten Island, who died while shoveling snow. 3. DECEMBER 1947 The second largest blizzard killed at least 77 people when it stuck on Dec. 26, 1947. The paralyzing storm lasted for two days and dropped 25.8 inches on Central Park. Worst snowstorms in New York City history The blizzard buried the city’s cars, leaving drivers stranded, and stalled train travel across the region. 4. MARCH 1888 A four-day blizzard that hit late in the winter of 1888 threw the city into chaos and killed more than 200 people in New York City. The March 11-14 storm brought 21 inches of snow to the city and pummeled New Jersey, Massachusetts and Connecticut as well. Accumulation and winds blowing more than 70 miles per hour stopped taxis and horse-drawn carriage operations and caused to a locomotive to derail, leaving passengers stranded on elevated tracks in freezing cars. 5. FEBRUARY 2010 A fierce “snowicane” ripped through New York City on Feb. 25, 2010, bringing 20.9 inches of snow with it. Above-freezing temperatures brought a slushy mixture of snow and rain, and strong winds caused falling branches that killed a Brooklyn dad in Central Park. Honorable Mention: JANUARY 1996 The monster blizzard of ’96 coated the city with 20.2 inches of snow on Jan. 7-8, 1996. The storm — which reportedly killed dozens of people — closed schools and forced Broadway to cancel shows. The region was left with a whopping $1 billion in damage from Washington to Boston. With News Wire Services With Nicole HensleySend a Letter to the Editor

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Threats to national security have been a major concern among nations in recent years. Increasing cyber threats, terrorist incidents and cross border incidents around the globe have proven that current national security countermeasures are not adequate and needs to be strengthened. Civil war in Iraq and Syria has made people leave homes and seek asylum as refugees throughout the world. It has given terrorists a chance to enter target countries to carry out deadly incidents. Cyber security, securing borders and neutralizing terrorist incidents have become priorities that require continuous efforts. One of the important tasks to achieve national security is collection of information at large and making sense out of it. It is called intelligence gathering and performed using multiple techniques to accumulate information from multiple sources. Intelligence gathering and analysis help security agencies to foresee potential threats and pass this information to law enforcement and other security agencies to take appropriate measures. National security: the challenge of the hour September 11 attacks, which are considered to be the deadliest terrorist strike in the history of the United States, is an example how severe a failure in intelligence gathering and sharing can be. These attacks shattered American illusion of security. Till September 11, 2001, there seemed no immediate threat to daily lives of American citizens and personal security was nowhere there in priority list for most citizens. These attacks did not take place all of sudden. Post-incident analysis revealed that the intelligence agencies did have bits and pieces of information, but there were unable to leverage it to take preventive actions, and the worse chapter of terrorism was written on American soil. No one could imagine that it was just around the corner until it happened. This incident installed fear in the hearts of the citizens and changed outlook of the United States government towards national security from terrorism. Post 9/11, a number of countermeasures were taken to fix the loopholes and improve the counter terrorism strategy. These countermeasures also affected civil liberties adversely. Since the incident was carried out using airplanes as missiles, it remained no longer easy to board a flight for flying towards or in the United States. People had to go through thorough screening at the airports. Other countries also strengthen their security checks in the wake of incident. If security and law enforcement agencies had made use of the intelligence gathered before the incidents, it could have been prevented. Despite the importance of intelligence gathering, it is only the initial step towards national security. Information through intelligence gathering is often received in isolated bits and pieces, which does not deliver much sense alone. It only becomes usable when analysed and connected with other pieces of the puzzle. This information will still do nothing if it is not timely shared and taken action on. With world going more and more digital and tech-savvy, Intelligence gathering is also highly dependent on technology and also collects traces left by use of technology wherever possible. Intelligence gathering: tool to stay ahead of the curve Amount of information and its correctness can make all the difference in national security. Even in a war, knowing plans of enemies before they touch the ground can decide result of the war before it commences. Since information can be a crucial aspect in ensuring the national security, intelligence gathering as well becomes a crucial job. During last two decades, use of technology in Intelligence gathering has grown exponentially among nations. - Human intelligence (HUMINT): intelligence gathering from a person on the ground - Geospatial intelligence (GIOINT): intelligence gathering by aerial photography, satellite, mapping / terrain data - Signals intelligence (SIGINT): intelligence gathering by intercepting signals - Measurement and signature intelligence (MASINT): measurement and signature intelligence - Technical intelligence (TECHINT): gathered by equipments and weapons used - Open-source intelligence (OSINT): gathered form open sources - Cyber intelligence / digital network intelligence (CYBINT/DNINT): intelligence gathering from cyberspace - Financial intelligence (FININT): intelligence gathering by analysing financial transactions. Technology has made it possible for governments to surveil people and their activities. With the help of technology, governments can collect phone records, emails, online chats, browsing history, etc. and can use it to figure threats to the national security. According to The Washington Post, the NSA (National Security Agency) has been tracking locations of mobile phones from all over the world, which translates to more than 5 billion records of phone locations on a daily basis. Some countries even surveil other countries military activities. Satellites equipped with specialized sensing technology can detect nuclear explosions on earth by sensing characteristic signatures of a nuclear burst. It helps detect if a nation is running any secret nuclear weapon program. Unfortunately, keeping hold of the top notch technological resources, governments’ hunger for collecting every bit of information is getting out of control. It came to light when an NSA contractor Edward Snowden revealed the U.S. government’s mass surveillance program PRISM to journalists of The Washington Post and The Guardian. Ran by the NSA on government authorization, PRISM had access to the resources of companies like Google, Microsoft and Facebook, and was able to collect and analyse data passing through their network. When this information went public, it outraged people around the world and American Civil Liberties Union filed a lawsuit against the NSA, citing that the PRISM violates Americans’ constitutional rights of free speech, association, and privacy. Biometric data sharing: sharing is securing Gone are the days when having powerful military, secure borders, social order and stable economy were enough to ensure national security. With inception of internet and connectivity, it has become imperative to lay virtual borders with actual borders. In modern times, national security is not threatened only by physical intrusions; the internet has made it possible to access resources that can be crucial to national security. Information has become the most vital resource of this era. Technology has proven to be a double edge sword. Knowing who is accessing what has become crucial to safeguard resources from potential misuse. Identity driven security can be the firewall we need to safeguard resources that are crucial to ensure national security. We are still far away from epoch when intelligent machines will try to take over the government or the military power, till then there will be humans behind every possible non-natural activity. As long as there are humans behind activities, they can be identified with their unique physiological and behavioral characteristics, i.e. the biometrics. Biometrics is advantageous over other methods of personal identification as it uses inherent characteristics of individuals to recognize them. Biometric enrollment of people who can pose threat to the national security can be crucial. These threats can be identified at the borders and risk can be mitigated before any incident take place. Linking biometric identifiers of such people can be further advantageous, for example, if the Security Agency of a country has tentative/partial fingerprints of a terror organizer along with his unconfirmed voice print, they can be put together to positively identify him. Since biometric identifiers cannot be manipulated like passports or ID cards, they become the truest form of personal identification. Sometimes security agencies use low level threats as bait to reach high level threats, they will let him pass the border so that he can make contacts and they can be hunted down as well. The voice prints of contacts can be taken on record for further investigation. Organizers of the threats to the national security might change names or appearance, they may manipulate their passports or identity documents but it is near impossible for them to change their biometric identifiers. Once their biometric identity is established in the national security records, they stay on radar, forever. Their whereabouts can be tracked and monitored, but it is only possible when these biometric details are shared among national security agencies of countries. Sharing biometric data can further fix the loopholes still present in current intelligence sharing and improve national security. Biometric data sharing among international security agencies can be achieved via signing an international pact and pledge to keep the data secure on commonly agreed principles. International biometric data sharing can improve national security multifold by addressing a number of threats to it. It can become the answer to internationally organized terrorism, smuggling, cyber security, banking and financial threats, human trafficking, border protection, etc. National security consists of the elements like ability of a country to defend itself or deter a military aggression, stability of social order, economic security, security of energy and natural resources and cyber security. However, in modern times, threats like terrorist attacks, cyber attacks, and border intrusion prevail over other form of threats to the national security. Increasing terrorist and cyber attacks specially have become more evident than ever. September 11 attacks took away all sense of security throughout the United States. It gave a strong message throughout the world that a country posing as a superpower may not be super secure. This incident changed the counter terrorism strategy of the United States. Sharing intelligence information became more important than securing it. Increasing dependence on internet and connectivity has opened door for cyber threats. Even security agencies computer networks are the on the hit list of cyber criminals. On the other hand, International terrorism is another threat to the national security of any country, however, terrorist operations at international level are hard to perform without making calls or using the internet, and that is where organizers of terrorism can be tracked down. Mass surveillance programs do breach privacy of people, they, however, make it possible for security agencies to remotely control devices of terror organization or tape their phone calls. However, as Benjamin Franklin, one of the founding fathers of the United States, famously said: “Those who would give up essential Liberty, to purchase a little temporary Safety, deserve neither Liberty nor Safety.”

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By now we all know that exercise is great for the body. After all, it increases strength, stamina, and longevity; reduces obesity; and reduces the risk of mortality from disease like diabetes and heart disease. New findings are going deeper than that, connecting the mind with the body and elaborating on the benefits of exercise on the brain. Benefits of exercise on the brain Here are four benefits of exercise on the brain. 1. Improves memory and overall brain function Aerobic exercise like running, dancing, bike riding, fast walking, and swimming appear to increase connections in the temporal lobe, the area of the brain that decreases reaction times and promotes vocabulary acquisition. Other neuroprotective benefits of exercise on the brain include: - Better memory storage (also related to an increase in the size of the temporal lobe) - Release of endorphins in the pituitary gland - Increased level of brain-derived neurotropic factor (maintains and creates adult nerve cells) Kids who exercise regularly also get a better night’s sleep, which is closely correlated with better performance in school. The University of British Columbia found that sweaty, heart-pumping cardiovascular exercise appeared to increase the size of the hippocampus, the part of the brain associated with learning and memory. This result was not found through toning and balance exercises alone. The benefits of cardiovascular exercise on the brain include decreasing inflammation, fighting insulin resistance, and promoting the release of growth factors in the brain. These growth factors help to build more blood vessels and keep existing brain cells strong and healthy. Dr. Scott McGinnis, a neurologist at Brigham and Women’s Hospital and an instructor in neurology at Harvard Medical School, pointed out that this can occur at any age: “Even more exciting is the finding that engaging in a program of regular exercise of moderate intensity over six months or a year is associated with an increase in the volume of selected brain regions.” Didn’t exercise enough in your youth? No matter. A research article in the open access journal PLOS Biology has found that long-term aerobic activity started in middle age can help protect your brain from age-related deterioration. Gareth Howell, Ileana Soto and their colleagues at The Jackson Laboratory in Bar Harbor, Maine gave mice a running wheel at 12 months of age (the equivalent of middle age) and then examined their brains at 18 months. Eighteen months in mice is an equivalent human age of about 60, when Alzheimer’s and other dementia conditions begin to appear. Each mouse ran approximately two miles a night, and the changes were profound. Older mice spontaneously acted in the way that younger mice would. It seems that regular, long-term aerobic exercise increases the strength of the blood-brain barrier. Age-related deficits in this barrier have been identified as key causes of dementia. Aerobic exercise appears to strengthen this barrier and keep the brain’s structures young and healthy. Dr. Howell, one of the study’s authors, elaborated on the benefits of exercise on the brain, even for those who are unable to exercise, noting: “In this day and age, with so many distractions and conveniences, it is easy to fall into a lifestyle that does not include enough exercise. With an aging population, I hope our study helps in encouraging a healthy lifestyle that includes exercise. For those that are unfortunately unable to exercise, our study provides insight into a possible mechanism by which exercise may benefit the aging brain and may one day lead to improved treatments for age-related cognitive decline, Alzheimer’s disease and other neurodegenerative disorders.” 4. Prevents mental disorders A study conducted by researchers from Faculty of Sciences for Physical Activity (INEF) and Sport at Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM) in collaboration with the European University (UEM) found that adults in Spain who regularly participated in physical activity had better mental health than those who did not. The study looked at people aged 15 to 74, using version two of the Global Physical Activity Questionnaire to assess frequency, intensity, and duration of participants’ physical activity. The General Health Questionnaire was then used to evaluate mental health. These two tools in combination were able to ascertain mental disorders and psychological morbidity. Researchers found that the risk of mental health disorders was reduced by between 54 and 56% among those participants who were deemed “sufficiently active.” The study authors believe that although exactly how this connection is made is still unclear, the connection itself is clear enough to affect recommendations for treatment of mental health disorders. Getting started with exercise The best news regarding the benefits of exercise on the brain is that it is never too late to start. The majority of research points to aerobic exercise as the best way to exercise for the brain. In other words, while yoga and other meditative types of exercise can boost mindfulness and keep you calm, it may not be the best way to improve brain health. Mix in some cardiovascular workouts to increase brain strength. A few good guidelines for finding exercises that benefit the brain include: - Aim to get sweaty with an elevated heart rate during your workout, no matter what you choose. - Exercise for at least 30 minutes daily. - Timing is everything. If you exercise before work you may feel more relaxed and better able to handle the stresses of the day. - If you find yourself getting bored with repetitive workouts like running or biking, try some circuit training at the gym. This moves you quickly through weight-bearing exercises that get you sweaty but don’t give you time to lose interest. - Never underestimate the power of jumping jacks. If you find yourself feeling fuzzy-brained or mentally exhausted, stand up and do enough jumping jacks to get your heart moving. You may find this brief aerobic exercise offers enough of a mental and physical boost to get you through the day. This can be especially helpful between 2 and 4 pm, when most people experience a dip in energy. The benefits of exercise on the brain are clear. Do you exercise your body to help your brain?

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About Alaska Rabbits rabbit have short, lustrous dense fur. They are always black. Their body is thickset and well rounded, weighing 7-9 lb. They can be kept indoors or outside, but they are known to be destructive chewers. A diet with plenty of leafy greens help their coats stay healthy and vibrant. rabbits were initially bred from Champagne d’Argent, Dutch, Havana, and Himalayan rabbits as a substitute for the pelts of the Alaska fox in the early 1900’s. The silver/black fur of the fox was never achieved, but the thick, short, shiny coat of this new breed of rabbit caught on and they were a popular choice to raise for their fur and as pets. In the 1980’s Black Havana rabbits were hugely popular and Alaska rabbits were dropped from the American Rabbit Breeders Association(ARBA) registry. Alaska rabbit are recognized by the British Rabbit Council (BRC). Alaska Rabbits Associations

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We began reviewing what we know about shapes. We have been making a class anchor chart (a chart made by the students, for the students to refer to) dealing with 2D shapes (names, # of lines, and # of angles). We made shape dinosaurs as a follow up activity. After Easter, we will, with our buddies, count and graph the shapes we used (and quantity) when making our dinosaurs. As you can also see we have been patterning with shapes during Math Centre time as well. We also made fossils using modelling clay and dinosaur toys.

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Mennonites trace their beginnings to 1525, during the time of the Reformation in Northern Europe. Their name is derived from an early leader, a Dutch priest named Menno Simons. Mennonites opposed state-sponsored religion and re-baptized those who had previously been baptized as infants, resulting in severe persecution. Today Mennonites are known as followers of Jesus who are largely pacifists, although there has been an increase in membership from those of other groups. Mennonites emphasize the importance of Scripture as the guide for living, a sense of community within the church, service and peacemaking. The Mennonite church has become more global in recent decades, but the denomination in the United States is aging, much like other denominations. There is a fairly wide social and theological variety among Mennonite churches, including quite conservative congregations and those that are more progressive. Websites of congregations within Mennonite denominations or groups. Sites should be particularly Mennonite, and not including other peace churches, such as Quaker or Brethren. Mennonite retreat and camping centers. This category is for sites about Mennonite schools of various types. Local Mennonite congregations with web sites. For Mennonite churches with web sites rather than Mennonite information in general. Personal pages of mennonites, their lifestyles and families. Links that do not fit the other categories of churches, camps, etc, should be included here.

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Keep It Simple Please respond to the following prompts in 75 to 100 words. 1. Why is simplicity so hard to achieve? What's the difference between achieving simplicity and merely being simplistic? 2. Take a story you know well, such as a fairy tale or a popular movie, and simplify the plot to a few sentences while still retaining what makes it interesting. (Initial post due: Thursday, 1/31. Response to a classmate is due Sunday at midnight.) Please respond to the following prompt in 75 to 100 words. "Sometimes fear is based upon experience: You encounter a situation that you've dealt with before where things went wrong, and you don't want to repeat the past. Sometimes it's irrational and isn't based upon anything at all." What fears are you currently facing? How are you choosing to face these fears with courage, compassion and connection? (Initial post due: Thursday, 1/17. Response to a classmate is due Sunday at midnight.) Blake Mycoskie, author of Start Something THAT Matters, wrote,"Stories are the most primitive and purest form of communication. The most enduring and galvanizing ideas and values of our civilization are embedded in our stories, from those of Homer, whose preliterate epic poems united the Greeks' national spirit, and Virgil, whose poems did the same for the Romans, to those told by Jesus, who used parables to teach his disciples. It seems to be in our genetic makeup to capture our best ideas in stories, to enjoy them, to learn from them, and to pass them on to others" (25). Many of us use Facebook to share such stories that move us. Write about a time you shared a story (or followed a link to a story) that touched your heart or moved you in some way. You may have been moved to tears, enraged over an injustice, or prompted to act in some way. I'm talking about real stories not the funny, nonsensical stuff that is also often shared. For example, I was moved and inspired by "Caine's Arcade," and it prompted me to share it with you. Describe the story you encountered, your reaction(s), and then post the link below. Then state why you think this story matters to humanity and how its universal to us all. ONLY SHARE STORIES THAT ARE APPROPRIATE! You must write your first name and last initial and class period each time you post. Example: Shelia S, period 1. You must also use academic language. Absolutely NO texting abbreviations. Initial Response is due on Friday. Your response to a classmate is due on Monday.

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The Rocky Mountain Institute (RMI) touts a massive list of accomplishments and accolades. The following are a few examples: Winning the Oil Endgame: In 2004, RMI published a groundbreaking study detailing how the United States can wean itself off oil, a process that would be led by the country's businesses. The study, two years and one million dollars in the making, presents a detailed plan for switching our entire transportation system to biofuels. The transition would necessitate a $180 billion investment, with savings returns in about 20 years. The savings would be huge -- "$155 billion annual gross savings, $70 billion annual net savings, a million new jobs, a million existing jobs saved, 26 percent lower carbon dioxide emissions, and a safer world," in RMI's words. The study has steadily been gaining traction since its release, attracting attention from publications such as the Wall Street Journal, Time, The Economist, The New York Times and many others [source: RMI]. The Hypercar: Although hybrid cars are all-the-rage today, 10 years ago they were still an unfamiliar concept to most people. In 1998, however, RMI began developing its hallmark concept vehicle, the Hypercar. Envisioned as a hybrid-electric car, ultra-light and ultra-aerodynamic, RMI expects the Hypercar to achieve 90 miles per gallon (144 kpg) -- with a long-term goal of 200 miles per gallon (321 kpg). What makes the Hypercar different from other energy-efficient cars on the market is that the design employs RMI's "whole system" approach. Engineers not only focused on an alternative fuel, but also on developing new materials for the car itself. These new materials would be lightweight and aerodynamic, reducing drag and increasing fuel efficiency. It's possible the vehicle could even be made of recycled or recyclable materials [source: RMI]. The Hypercar is still not available today, but research continues through the spin-off company Fiberforge. Volvo Environment Prize: In 2007, Amory Lovins received the Volvo Environment Prize, one of the world's top environmental awards. The prize recognizes people who have made outstanding contributions to protecting the environment. An independent panel, with laureates from all areas of the environmental and sustainability fields, awards the prize each year [source: RMI]. Wal-Mart: In 2006, Wal-Mart looked to RMI on how to use energy efficiency to its competitive advantage. After working with RMI, Wal-Mart announced that by 2015 it would double its truck fleet's fuel efficiency. The company has modified its trucks with auxiliary power units that allow drivers to do things like run the air conditioning without having to let the engine idle. By 2020, Wal-Mart projects it will save $494 million each year on reduced fuel costs [source: RMI]. For more information on the Rocky Mountain Institute and other topics related to energy conservation and green building, read the links on the next page.

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A brigade was a military division with the Kaleesh military structure known as the Kolkpravis. A brigade was lead by a Baatar and consisted of one hundred to two hundred Hordes each lead by a Tarkhan and consisting of one hundred kamen each lea by a blackarm. A brigade would often be widely spread out during a military campaign and the leading baatar would have to rely on messengers to communicate with the individual hordes. Several brigades made up a khanate which was the largest military division bellow the kolkpravis itself and was lead by one of the eight Khans of the Izvoshra. - Galaxy at War (First mentioned)

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April 22, 2017 My Mayhaw (Riverflat Hawthorn, Crataegus) crop was a 100% failure last year due to cedar gall rust. I have removed all nearby cedar trees possible. What else can I do?. Cedar rust is the disease which has two hosts to complete its life cycle—members of the eastern red cedar (juniper) family and the apple, quince or hawthorn family. These rusts can infect most varieties of eastern red cedar (Juniperus virginiana) as well as many other junipers and an alternate host. Of these alternate hosts, cedar-apple rust is primarily a disease of apples and crabapples but it sometimes infects pears, quince, and serviceberry but in some years it can infect other plants in the rose family. Removing cedar trees in your yard usually won’t be enough, since the disease can cover a large radius. If we have a wet, rainy early spring the disease tends to worse and heavy rains within the first two weeks of bud break and leaf growth can cause the disease to be more severe. The only foolproof method to protect your plants is applying a fungicide as your plants begin to leaf out in the spring as a preventative application when the spores are on the junipers. I have some Gerber daisies in clay pots on my back porch, they have been beautiful and bloomed often. Just last week the leaves on the plant have all developed what looks like a fungus on the leaves. I have sprayed Bayer Advance with no improvement. Could you tell me what causes this condition and what to do about it? I have enjoyed the plants for two years. They were in the garage during the winter and even bloomed there. Don’t expect immediate results from fungicide sprays. Diseases don’t happen overnight, and control won’t either. Spots won’t disappear with spraying, but new growth should come out that is healthy. You don’t mention exactly what is happening, but if you have powdery mildew –a white growth on the foliage, that can occur with periods of high humidity. If it is leaf spots, plants that get stressed can have some this late in the season. Gerber daisies are considered relatively short-lived perennials if left outdoors year-round. If only a few leaves are affected, remove them. Lightly fertilize, since the plants have a good couple of months of growth left before you move them back into the garage. Let them dry out a bit in between watering I have a question about some trees in my yard. I have a number of post oaks in my yard, and I am finding a growth of some sort on the underside of many of the leaves. I have attached a photo. Can you tell me what this is and whether it is a problem that needs to be treated? There are many of them, and I don’t find them often on oak leaves from other yards. I live in Fayetteville. You have a gall on the leaves. Galls can look frightening, but cause little damage, when on leaves. They can be hard shelled or fuzzy, and some even come with polka dots! Galls can be caused by insects or a fungus, but in this case it is caused by a small mite. They are nothing to be concerned about. Occasionally different species of galls form on small branches or twigs, and these can do harm, but yours is common on trees everywhere. I have tomatoes in size ranging from dime size to silver dollar size. A large number of these tomatoes have dark brown and/or black areas at the bottom of the tomato. What is causing this and what can I do? Blossom end rot has started in our gardens. Although it looks like a disease, it is actually a calcium deficiency which affects some varieties more than others. It often hits our gardens when it has been really dry and we get a downpour of rain. Fluctuating water levels make it much worse. Try to mulch your garden and keep it as evenly moist as possible in these dry days. There are some calcium sprays like Stop Rot or calcium chloride which can help, but even watering and mulch should also do the trick. It won’t correct the tomatoes that have the problem, but should prevent more from succumbing. My oak tree has some round ball things attached to the underside of some leaves. Do you have any idea of what this is and how I should control it? Will it kill the tree? The problem is a gall. Galls can be caused by insects or diseases, but more commonly on oaks they are insects. They can be very showy—some even have red polka dots. They come in all colors and sizes and if only on the leaves I would not worry about them. There is an oak gall that can attack some trees that can cause damage, but it gets on small stems and twigs, not on the leaves. I had a beautiful Lilac Bush that was just gorgeous Easter day. It had more blooms than it ever has. We planted it 6 years ago. It came through the summer heat last year just fine, and then within two weeks after Easter, the bush was dead. The leaves were all dried up and curled. No sign, that I could see of bugs. Could you tell me what could cause this? I have another lilac bush 30 feet away, and it is fine so far. The fact that it died so quickly indicates something has either killed the roots or girdled it at the soil line. It could be either a root rot or borers. Check the plant at the soil line for signs of borers, holes in the stem. If you have a heavy soil and it got overwatered it could be a root rot. When you remove the plant, check the root system. Is it full and white, or black and slimy? Is there any odor? These are all indications of root rot. If you still can’t determine any cause, take it to your local county extension office to send to our disease diagnostic lab. Our family moved into a new house in January. We have a tree in our landscaping near the house, and I'm not sure what it is. The parts that are blooming and leafed out look healthy and pretty. However, there are several branches with nothing on them. I'm not sure if I should go ahead and cut those branches out now, or if I should wait until after it's done blooming. If I cut them all out, there may not be much left. Also, do you know what could have caused this? There doesn't seem to be any fungus or pest on it anywhere that I can see. The tree in question is a flowering cherry. They are one of the most beautiful spring flowering trees, but not the longest lived in our area. The trees are susceptible to a host of insects and diseases, with borers being quite common. The fact that your house was for sale probably during last summer, could also have played a factor. If it wasn’t watered as well as it could have been, that would have stressed it even more. I would go ahead and cut out all the dead wood, enjoy what few blooms it has and then shape those branches to see if you can restructure the tree. Once it is bad as yours is, probably an easier alternative would be to plant another tree nearby and remove this one eventually. I know it's hard to tell from a photo but my magnolia is sick. The leaves are falling off and the remaining leaves are turning yellow and limbs with no leaves. There appears to be a scaly grayish fungus growing on most limbs. Is there a treatment for his condition? I can tell by the photo that your tree is sick. The foliage is yellow and there isn't near enough of it. Did you water this past summer? You may have scale insects, but to determine what you have, take a branch in to your local county extension office. As old as your plant is, and as scrawny as it has become, I don't know what kind of turn-around you are going to have, but let’s get it diagnosed and if it is insects, we can handle that, start fertilizing this spring, water and see what happens. I have a mysterious fungus on my bush known as the burning bush. It had little apples on it first, when they fell off the fungus appeared. Do you know what could have caused the fungus to grow? It is not a fungus but an insect called wax scale. The wax scales are one of the larger scale insects with a white waxy coating which protects the insect. Prune out any branches that are covered in them, and then spray with a dormant oil after all the leaves have fallen off. Dormant oil works by smothering out the insects, so thorough application is necessary. Dormant oil is a good approach on deciduous plants because you can get good coverage. With evergreen plants it is difficult because the leaves are dense which makes coverage more difficult. You can also use a systemic insecticide containing Imadicloprid in late winter. Be aware that once dead, the scale will not fall off the plants, but the large white ones will turn a dull gray color. I have a twelve year old Henryi clematis that was diagnosed this past summer with Clematis Wilt. They recommended that I cut it all the way back to the ground and said that it would possibly come back in the fall. It did and looked healthy for about a month and even sent out one new blossom. However, now the leaves are starting to brown on the edges just like it did during the summer. I suspect that the browning is the "wilt". Your thoughts would be appreciated. I would be very surprised if clematis wilt were showing itself again this late in the season. I would suspect it is natural leaf drop for the winter. Clematis wilt is tricky. It tends to be worse on large flowered forms and in heavier soils. Sometimes transplanting it to a new location and planting it high can help. In some varieties, this disease occurs annually killing it to the soil line for several years, and then the plant seems to outgrow it and you never get it again. I am surprised it just hit yours since it is 12 years old and I am assuming in the same location. Good luck. I have several 'Otto Luyken’ laurels in my front yard that look like they have taken a beating. They face east and get early morning sun, which was pretty brutal this year, although I watered pretty regularly. It also looks like some kind of insect has been eating them. One of the bushes has dead branches on one side, so I've been trimming that one. I guess my question is, are they goners, or will they perk up in the spring? They are a significant part of my front landscaping, so I sure would hate to lose them. A lot of plants took a beating this summer, but for now, leave them be and see what happens next spring. As they begin to grow in the spring, assess how much damage was done, and if they are greening up, consider corrective pruning then. There is a disease known as shot hole fungus that causes tissue to fall out and leaves perfect holes in the leaves. Don’t spray now, let’s just see what happens in the spring. My azaleas are turning yellow. Is this a disease or deficiency of some kind? I have several varieties and all are turning yellow. Look around at other yards and you will see you aren’t alone. This is a common problem every year. Even though the azaleas are evergreen, they shed old leaves annually. Light pink and white azaleas turn yellow before their leaf shed, while darker flowering forms usually turn reddish shades. It looks alarming since it is so all encompassing, but if you look closely, the leaves closest to the tips of the branches and the flower buds are still intact. When I plant my tomatoes in the ground they start out pretty good for the first two weeks. Then when they start coming up, during the next two weeks they just start drying out. After blooming and producing the tomato the same problem is occurring. As the blooms come out they will dry and fall off. Needless to say the tomatoes plants have a short life span. They will totally stop producing around the middle of the summer. I was told by the agriculture dept. that I was probably splashing water up on the plants too much when watering. This last year I only had a soaker hose on them. The agent said to put straw down around the bottom of the plants, but to no avail. Maybe there is a better method that you can help me with. Are there other solutions that you might know? First, get your soil tested. Take a pint of soil to your local county extension office and see what the pH is and the levels of N, P and K. I always want to start with the foundation of the plants, which is the soil. If your soil is pitiful and rocky, you can enrich it with compost. How is the drainage? If they are sitting in waterlogged soil, they will die quickly. We recommend that you rotate where you plant your tomatoes every year because many tomato diseases are soil borne, and attack the plants earlier each season, but problems beginning within two weeks of planting is pretty amazing. I think we might have something else going on. Mulching the plants to keep soil from splashing on the stems can slow down the disease spread, but again, it doesn't usually occur within two weeks of planting, nor does it cause the flowers to dry. Most tomato diseases either start with the leaves dying from the bottom and it progresses up the stem, or we have a dramatic wilting and dying from one of the vascular wilts. It sounds like your problem is more about fruit set than plants dying. How much sunlight do the plants get? They need at least 6 hours a day. Some varieties quit setting fruit when the temperatures get above 90 degrees during the day or stay above 75 degrees at night, but if the plants look good, they can kick back in and produce well into fall. I think we need to investigate further. I have taken up some aucuba that I had growing on the north side of my house after they wilted and turned black. I also have some oakleaf hydrangeas that developed reddish brown spots on them in the same area. We cut them back a couple of years ago, raked up the old leaves and mulch, and they came back ok. We didn't have any flowers last year, but this year we sprayed with a fungicide and we had lots of flowers. Now late in the season, but later on the red spots are back. What do we do to get rid of whatever it is that is causing our problem? Our tomatoes and peppers in small bed on the east side of the house are also affected. Would you advise replacing the aucuba with healthy plants or going to a more disease resistant plant? How much sunlight were the aucuba getting--also the oakleaf hydrangeas? We have had several situations where trees were removed or damaged and the plants were simply getting too much sun. Aucuba turn black in direct sun. This year, many oakleaf and regular hydrangeas have leaf spots. It isn't all that rare late in the season, nor would I recommend starting a spray program this late. If the problem starts early in the year then a fungicide might we warranted. Water is still the most vital factor for success in a garden, and this year that was a challenge. Lack of fertilization, heat and drought stress are probably your biggest problems with the vegetables. I do not think the same thing is plaguing all your plants, but it has been a tough gardening season. Behind my house is a white oak tree. It is approximately 40 to 50 years old, stands well above our wood deck. It shades our deck and the pool below. Overall it appears very healthy. Every year, however, it starts losing leaves about July 1st. I have a major cleanup of fallen leaves almost daily. There is an almost identical oak, same age and variety about ten feet away with similar surroundings that loses no leaves at all until fall. I feel the tree is infested with something. At any rate, what can be done about the problem? If the tree does this every year, obviously it is not causing any major damage, since the tree looks healthy and fully leafs out each spring. This year, there are numerous trees which are shedding large quantities of leaves due to lack of water. You can really tell which trees are getting supplemental water and which aren't. I would have had a hard sell with this theory last year because of all the rain. Are there any symptoms of disease or insect attack on the leaves that are falling? Keep in mind that trees have extensive root systems. It is possible that this tree has limited roots due to the pool, house, etc. You can take a sample of the leaves into your county extension office. Examine the trunk, make sure there are no wounds or growths there, but if it is full and healthy every spring, I am not too concerned. HELP, my azaleas are dying! We have well established azaleas, planted in 1995 and now they are dying. It started last year with one or two and now several are going. We live in mid-town, Little Rock, and have a sprinkler system. Our house faces South and the azaleas are across the front and back. The ones in the front started first and now the ones in the back are affected. We trimmed them back this year and fertilized, however we have not removed old mulch. The leaves turn yellow and sections of the plant dies first, then the whole plant. I have not seen any sign of insects. The watering system is set for 3 times a week at 10 minutes each time. Am I watering too much? Could there be disease from the old mulch? To properly identify what is going on, take one of the dying plants or at least a portion of the stems plus roots to your local county extension office so they can send it into our disease diagnostic lab. There are several diseases it could be but we need to know for sure what is causing the problem before you start trying to control it. I think watering for only 10 minutes three times a week is wetting the soil surface more than deeply wetting the soil. The goal in watering is to water deeply and infrequently. Soil type, amount of sunlight, and what you are growing are all factors in frequency and duration of watering I am having difficulty with my fruit trees. Last year my peach tree produced lots of peaches, but they all dried up around the seed before they ripened. I also noticed that quite a few of the leaves and small branches dried up and died. My apple tree made really good apples but the leaves dried up and died and I noticed yellow spots on the leaves that had several round dots in them. I assumed these to be some kind of insect eggs. The apples also had dark spots on them. I have already cut them back and am hoping that you can suggest some kind of spray, preferably something natural that I can use to solve these problems Fruit trees can be challenging for the home gardener, especially peaches which have numerous insect and disease issues. Brown rot is the most destructive and can wipe out a crop seemingly overnight, especially when we have periods of rain, which were almost constant last year. Pruning is something you will need to do annually, but a spray schedule is also necessary to produce quality fruit. Purchase a home fruit spray which has both an insecticide and a fungicide mixed together. There are organic products as well as non-organic. Start spraying when two thirds of the flower petals have fallen and then continue throughout the growing season, about every 10 days to three weeks depending on the weather. Your apple tree sounds like it was infested with cedar apple rust. This disease has two hosts--Eastern red cedars and apple trees. By the time you see yellow spots rimmed in orange it is too late to spray to control it. The key is to do preventative sprays the first few weeks following bloom. Orange gelatinous masses form on cedar trees releasing spores which then infest the apples. Typically apple diseases are a bit easier to deal with since you can usually peel off the damage and still eat the fruit. Spray schedules, cultural information and pruning guides are available on our Extension website at: http://www.arhomeandgarden.org/ Is there any way to treat soil that would help fight tomato wilt? The only information I can find in garden books is to "buy disease resistant plants" and throw away the ones affected. I bought disease resistant plants and for the second year in a row, my tomato plants are healthy and have tomatoes on them one day and are wilted and dead the next. It is very discouraging. Can I plant anything in the fall (like clover) that might aid in cleansing the soil? Many tomato diseases are soil-borne. That means they persist in the soil for years and can attack your tomatoes quicker each season. Planting disease resistant varieties helps, but only to a point. For one thing, disease resistance doesn’t cover every disease out there. Secondly, a new strain of the disease can build up especially if you plant over and over again in the same area. Rotating tomatoes in the garden is ideal, but again, that alone may not do the trick. The best idea is to sterilize your soil using soil solarization. Till the soil as deep as you can, then saturate the soil, getting it really wet. Once you have wet the soil, cover it with clear plastic, making firm contact between soil and plastic. Leave it covered for six to eight weeks between July and September and you should start off with clean soil next year. Cover crops such as clover and vetch can help to build up your soil, but do little to control diseases. You can also take a plant sample in to your local extension agent when you have the disease, they can pinpoint exactly which disease issue you have. My tomatoes have died because of what I think is a blight. If this is in the soil of my garden, is there any way I could sterilize the soil so I could plant some late tomatoes and have some this fall? Is there some fungicide I could use that would prevent it? There are numerous diseases that plague tomatoes. Early blight, septoria leaf spot and late blight cause the “firing” up of the lower leaves. It usually takes the plant by the end of the season, but you usually have had a good harvest by then. Sprays weekly of a fungicide such as Maneb or Bravo can help to prevent it. If your plants out and out died already, you may have one of the more serious vascular wilts. These soil borne diseases can kill a plant within a few days time once they hit. Soil sterilization can be done via the sun—called soil solarization. Chemical products are no longer available to the home gardener. To solarize your soil, till it thoroughly, wet it completely, then cover it with clear plastic, making firm contact between soil and plastic. Leave it covered for six weeks. Then you can replant. You could have a good crop of fall tomatoes. You could also get them growing in large containers. Tomatoes can be container grown all season, just keep up with the watering. I have a Leyland Cypress that died last year, turning brown from the bottom up. Now I notice two branches on a nearby Leyland that is beginning to turn brown. Do I have bugs, fungi, parasites or chemical poisoning? Or is the Leyland going the way of the red-tipped photenias? Help. I think the Leyland is going the way of the red tip photenias, but be aware that some red tips have not been affected by disease and some Leyland’s haven’t either, but disease is spreading on both plants. There is a canker disease that affects Leyland cypress and there isn't much you can do once it hits. It is typically associated with some type of environmental stress. All of our rains last season did not bode well for many of the needle type evergreens. Here is a link to our fact sheet about the disease: http://www.uaex.edu/publications/PDF/FSA-7536.pdf If you are replacing the plants, I would consider other options--Emerald or Green giant arborvitae; cryptomeria, or one of the hollies. Have you had any other comments about the clematis vines just drooping over night and looking wilted? One day they were beautiful, then the next they were looking sad and wilted. They eventually began to grow back at the base, but I did not get any flowers after that. It sounds like your clematis is suffering from a disease called clematis wilt. This disease tends to be an issue on large flowering early blooming varieties. It is often worse in heavier soils or soils that do not drain well. Unfortunately, the disease often attacks the plant right as it is about to start blooming. The disease enters the stem and clogs the vascular system, cutting off the supply of food and water to the top of the plant, causing it to wilt and die, seemingly overnight. It only affects the plant at the soil line, leaving the crown and root system unaffected. The plant eventually grows back from the roots, but if yours is a spring only bloomer, you have lost the flowers for that season. All season bloomers, can rebound and still bloom. Some gardeners are plagued with this disease annually until they raise the level of planting or move it to a new location. Others find that as the plant matures it seems to outgrow the problem. I live in northwest Arkansas and we have some small cedar trees at the edge of our lawn that has some orange (fungus?) looking things growing out of grey nuts? They look like a bunch of tentacles and are mushy. Are these harmful to the cedars? What you are seeing with the bright orange tentacles is the fruiting body of cedar/apple rust on your cedar tree. This disease has two hosts--Eastern Red Cedar and apples/crabapples. The disease first starts on the cedar. During periods of rain in the spring the galls quickly grow orange, gelatinous tentacles that produce spores which then blow to the developing fruit and leaves on nearby apple and crabapples trees. Symptoms will appear on apple foliage as small round orange spots which then yellow. Heavy infestations can cause the apple trees to shed foliage and deform the fruit lightly, but the disease is not deadly to either plant. If you desire clean fruit, fruit sprays are needed in early spring. They are only effective during the time the spores are active in early spring, and once you see symptoms, sprays are no longer effective. If you don’t grow apple trees, you can ignore them or simply enjoy their odd appearance. Here is a link to a fact sheet for more information: http://www.uaex.edu/publications/PDF/FSA-7538.pdf My rose bush has black spots on the leaves and they turn yellow and fall off. I have sprayed it with disease spray from the gardening center but it hasn’t helped. Now it has almost no leaves and looks like it could die. It usually blooms a lot in the spring and summer, but this year it only bloomed in the spring and has been pitiful ever since. I have had it for about 10 years and don’t want to lose it. What can I do? Also there was an ant bed underneath it (small black ants and we sprayed them, could they have damaged the plant? Your rose bush has the classic rose fungus disease called black spot. This was a great season for diseases of all types, but if you have a susceptible variety, you typically have the disease every year in Arkansas. Spraying after you see the disease is usually a futile attempt at control. The key is to start your spray schedule in advance of the disease—soon after the plant kicks into growth in the spring. Sprays every week to three weeks—depending on what product you use, will be necessary throughout the season. Black spot can weaken a rose bush, and if it occurs year after year, it can weaken it enough for it to die, but it should come back strong next spring with proper pruning, spraying and fertilization. I don’t think the ant spray had any effect. I have planted some tomatoes in pots and all seem to be okay except one which the leaves are curling on and it does not seem to have as deep green color to the leaves. What could be the problem? Also what causes the blossom end to rot and what can be done for that? Leaf roll (curling of the leaflets) is a physiological condition that occurs most commonly when plants are trained and pruned. Any type of stress can cause leaf roll. It usually does not affect fruiting or quality, and it is not a disease. Leaf roll is a common genetic trait in some varieties but it is typically not associated with a difference in leaf color. Monitor these plants, make sure you are watering enough, but don’t drown them either. Use a water soluble fertilizer and see if that helps with the color. Blossom end rot is a calcium deficiency that is usually brought about with huge fluctuations in moisture levels—we often see if when we go through a dry spell and then have a downpour of rain. Even though your plants are in containers, mulch the soil to aid in keeping the moisture levels more constant. My tomatoes have developed on the bottom leaves a blight which is yellow. The leaf slowly dies completely. The disease works to the top of the plant and finally kills the plant. I have had the same problem for the last couple of years. This year I am using Ortho's Garden Disease Control, spraying twice a week. I wonder if I am using the right fungicide or I use something else? I am also wondering if the blight is in the soil. Tomato plants suffer from a variety of soil borne diseases and several start with yellowing of leaves from the bottom and work their way up. Two of the most common are septoria leaf spot and early blight. Early blight appears as spots on leaves, stems and fruit. Leaf spots start as small, dark brown areas, sometimes with a yellow border. Leaf spots grow rapidly under favorable conditions, forming lighter brown bands with a dark center. Stem spots have even more noticeable rings than leaf spots and may cause plant death if the stem is girdled. Another common disease that can be controlled is septoria leaf spot. Spots on lower leaves usually show up as the first tomatoes start setting and may also form on stems and branches. Spots are round, and smaller than the early blight--about 1/8" across, with dark brown borders and light gray centers. Young spots may be surrounded by a yellow halo as well. The disease progresses up the plant, from the older to younger leaves, spread by splashing rain or overhead irrigation. Fruit infection is rare. Both diseases can be controlled with a product containing chlorothalonil- (of which there are numerous trade names including Bravo, Daconil and Ortho’s Garden Disease control) or Maneb. The key is not to wait to see the disease and start playing catch-up with fungicides. It is much easier to prevent than cure the disease. Rotate your plants in the garden—don’t plant tomatoes back in the same soil for at least three years. If you get the disease annually, start spraying when you plant and continue throughout the season. Since you can still harvest tomatoes with both of these diseases, you could grow the plants with proper cultural conditions—water, sunlight, mulch and fertility and harvest what you can until the plants play out. Then replant in a new location midsummer to have tomatoes for a fall harvest. I have a sugar maple, ‘Autumn Blaze’ about five years old in my front yard facing the south. It is at least 10 to 15 feet tall. I recently noticed an area close to the bottom of the tree about 7 or 8 inches from the ground that is bleeding a black substance. Is this usual or should I be concerned? One of two things can be happening. Maples are notorious for “bleeding” sap from any wound. If something wounded the tree such as a weed eater or lawn mower, this could simply be the case and is nothing to worry about. The other scenario could be wetwood or slime flux, which is caused by a bacteria. Gasses and liquid by-products of the bacteria cause the internal pressure of the sap to increase, forcing the liquid to ooze out any opening along the tree. It tends to have a sour or fermented smell to it and is quite attractive to insects. It can be dark in color or white and foamy. While it doesn’t signal imminent death, it does tell you the tree is stressed. Keep the tree as healthy as possible with regular watering. Try to use your garden hose to remove the sap from the trunk of the tree as the fermented sap can be damaging to the trunk of your tree if left there. This problem is usually more common during spring and summer. We have quite a few hydrangea bushes in our garden. This fall we began to notice a few leaves developing dark spots that would enlarge on leaves and the leaves would finally die and fall off. The leaves start with spots, then the leaves turn yellow, eventually brown, and then they fall off. I don’t notice any insects but the plants do not look good at all. Is there something that we should be spraying with now to prevent this disease next season? Do you think it has killed our plants? It is not unusual to see spotting occurring on the leaves of deciduous plants late in the season, especially when we had as much rainfall as late in the year as we did this year. There have also been reports that the hurricanes actually flew in some new insect and disease problems. For now, no sprays should be needed, but do rake up all of the fallen leaves and get them out of the yard. You may actually want to replace the mulch under this plant as well. This way, you can start the season out clean. I would be surprised if a leaf spotting disease late in the season would be enough to kill the hydrangea. Monitor the plants next spring and if you see leaf spots then, a fungicide may be called for, but not now. I have a white dogwood tree with yellow leaves falling from it. Some of the leaves seem to have black spots and the tree looks a bit wilted. Do I need to be concerned? I would take a sample of the diseased materials to your local county extension office. This season we have been seeing signs of the dogwood anthracnose (Discula destructive) that is more dangerous than the small spotted form of dogwood anthracnose (Elsinoe corni) which we have had for years. Symptoms of D.destructive begin in the lower crown and progress up the tree. Leaf lesions start as tan spots with purple rims, but can rapidly enlarge to large leaf blotches. If you do have this anthracnose, fungicide sprays would be warranted for control, along with pruning. Here is a link to a newsletter from our plant disease clinic with more information on the disease complete with pictures: http://www.aragriculture.org/News/plant_clinic/2008/ten2008.pdf I have hostas and hellebores in a corner shade garden that are not doing well. Every summer for the last 2-3 yr the hostas start to turn brown, and wilt, but do not die completely. I was going to replace them last fall, but the root ball looked ok. They came up this spring, but now they are wilting again. The hellebores in the same area are finicky. A number have died, and 2 plants look good. Could this be nematodes? Your publications talk about this with regards to crops, but not with garden ornamentals. I am thinking of simply digging up much of the soil in this area and replacing it. Nematodes can be in any soil and can affect ornamentals just like crops. Before you begin removing soil, why not take a soil sample with some of the hosta roots with it into your local county extension office. For a fee you can get the soil tested for nematodes, and then a recommendation for control. Here is a link to our website on how to take a sample for nematode testing. http://www.aragriculture.org/nematodes/nematode_clinic.htm I do think that potentially there is something wrong with the site, since various unrelated plants are struggling. However, if the root system looked good on the hostas, then nematodes may not be the culprit. Nematodes feed on the root system of the plants and cause stunted and/or deformed roots. I would also suggest taking a regular soil sample in to your county extension office and see about the pH and nutrition levels. I would also consider taking one of the hostas that is struggling in to be sent to the disease diagnostic lab. This is a free service of our extension service. When we have problems in the garden, you have to be a detective and cover as many bases as possible to find out what is causing the plants to suffer. All links to external sites open in a new window. You may return to the University of Arkansas Division of Agriculture web site by closing this window when you are finished. We do not guarantee the accuracy of the information, or the accessibility for people with disabilities listed at any external site. Links to commercial sites are provided for information and convenience only. Inclusion of sites does not imply University of Arkansas Division of Agriculture's approval of their product or service to the exclusion of others that may be similar, nor does it guarantee or warrant the standard of the products or service offered. 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Often what we learn in Religious Studies interweaves with other school subjects. For me that’s the best bit about Religious Studies: you can be considering evil and suffering and link it to the Holocaust which you’ve just been learning about in history, or you question how the world was created and remember about science and geography knowledge about rock formations and tectonic plates to support your arguments. In the old AQA GCSE we have the topic of Planet Earth which is hugely influenced by science and geography learning. We have to know how the international community tries to deal with climate change and other environmental concerns. So we start with Rio… At the Rio Earth Summit in 1992 countries of the world met to discuss how we could promote sustainable development, that is develop our industry that doesn’t ruin the environment. - Developed and developing countries alike are required to limit their emissions to relatively safe levels, of 2C with an aspiration of 1.5C, with regular reviews to ensure these commitments can be increased in line with scientific advice. - Finance will be provided to poor nations to help them cut emissions and cope with the effects of extreme weather. - Countries affected by climate-related disasters will gain urgent aid. So people start shouting,”Three cheers for the world”, “Hip hip hooray”, but you should rarely celebrate when world leaders keep on changing and the new man in town isn’t a huge believer in climate change. Already Trump has started to tear away pollution laws put in place by the previous US president, and the big fear is that President Trump will pull out of the Paris agreement. If world politicians aren’t saving the planet, what might religious believers be doing? Perhaps they are donating money to or supporting groups such as the Christian Operation Noah, Christian Aid, and the Global Muslim Climate Network. Or they are out protesting, writing letter to MPs, joining pressure groups like Greenpeace, voting for the Green Party, recycling more, fitting solar panels to their houses, driving electric cars, walking and cycling more often, and praying. Or maybe they think like President Trump and don’t see climate change as being real at all.

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