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By the time Henry III of Navarre converted to Catholicism in order to become king of France, Protestantism virtually disappeared from the Basque community. | ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⴳ ⵜⵍⴽⵎ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵀⵉⵏⵔⵉ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵙⴳ ⵏⴰⴼⴰⵕ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵏⴼⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⴽⴰⵜⵓⵍⵉⴽⵉⵢⵜ ⵃⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳ ⴰⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ ⵏ ⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⴰ, ⵜⵓⵛⵛⴽⴰ ⵜⴱⵕⵓⵙⵜⵉⵏⵜⴰⵏⵉⵢⵜ ⴳ ⵓⴱⴰⵔⴰⵣ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵍⴱⴰⵚⴽ. |
Nowadays, according to one single opinion poll, only slightly more than 50% of Basques profess some kind of belief in God, while the rest are either agnostic or atheist. | ⴳ ⵡⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵏⵖ, ⴷ ⵅⴼ ⵓⵢⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⴳⴰⵏ, ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ 50% ⴷⴰⵢ ⵙⴳ ⵉⴱⴰⵚⴽⵉⵢⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴽⵛⵎⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵍⵙⵜ ⵙ ⵕⴱⴱⵉ, ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵔ ⴳⵉⵏ ⵡⵉⵢⵢⴰⴹ ⵉⵛⴰⴼⵔⵏ ⵏⵖ ⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵛⴰⴼⵔⵏ. |
According to one, Christianity arrived in the Basque Country during the 4th and 5th centuries but according to the other, it did not take place until the 12th and 13th centuries. | ⵙⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⴳⵉⵙⵏ,ⵜⵍⴽⵎ ⵜⵎⴰⵙⵉⵃⵉⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵍⴱⴰⵚⴽ ⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵓⵜⵉⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ 4 ⴷ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ 5 ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵙⵓⵜⵉⵜ ⵏⵏⵉⴹⵏ, ⵓⵔ ⵉⵊⵕⵉ ⴰⵔ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵜⵙⵓⵜⵉⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ 12 ⴷ ⵜⵙⵓⵜⵉⵜ 13. |
"In this sense, Christianity arrived ""early""." | ⵙ ⵓⵏⴰⵎⴽ ⴰⴷ, ⵜⵍⴽⵎ ⵜⵎⴰⵙⵉⵃⵉⵢⵜ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⵥⵥⵢⴰⵏⵜ. |
According to one tradition, she travelled every seven years between a cave on Mount Anboto and one on another mountain (the stories vary); the weather would be wet when she was in Anboto, dry when she was in Aloña, or Supelegor, or Gorbea. | ⴳ ⵉⴷⵙⵏⵜ ⵜⵎⵢⵓⵔⵉⵏ, ⴰⵔ ⵜⵎⵓⴷⴷⵓ ⴽⵓ ⵙⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵉⴼⵔⵉ ⴳ ⵓⴷⵔⴰⵔ ⵏ ⴱⵓⵏⵜⵓ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵉⴼⵔⵉ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ ⴳ (ⵎⵢⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏⵜ ⵜⵓⵍⵍⵉⵙⵉⵏ), ⴰⵏⵣⵡⵉ ⵇⴰⴷ ⵉⵃⵍⵓ ⴰⵙⵔⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵍⵍⵉⵜ ⴳ ⴱⵓⵏⵜⵓ, ⵉⵣⵡⴰ ⴰⵙⵔⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵍⵍⵉⵜ ⴳ ⴰⵍⵓⵏⵢⴰ, ⴳ ⵙⵓⴱⴱⵉⵍⵉⵊⵓⵕ, ⵏⵖ ⵊⵓⵔⵉⴱⵢⴰ. |
It's said that when they gathered in the high caves of the sacred peaks, they engendered the storms. | ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵏⵏⴰ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⴳ ⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⴳ ⵉⴼⵔⴰⵏ ⵢⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵏ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵏⴼⴰ ⵢⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵏ ⵉⴼⵓⵥⴰⵕⵏ, ⵜⵜⵓⵢⴰⵔⴰⵡⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵊⴰⵡⴰⵏ. |
Legends also speak of many and abundant genies, like jentilak (equivalent to giants), lamiak (equivalent to nymphs), mairuak (builders of the cromlechs or stone circles, literally Moors), iratxoak (imps), sorginak (witches, priestess of Mari), and so on. | ⴰⵔ ⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍⵏ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵉⵏⵇⵇⵉⵙⵏ ⵅⴼ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴷⵓⵏ ⵉⴳⴳⵓⵜⵏ, ⵣⵓⵏⴷ ⵊⵉⵏⵉⵜⵉⵍⴰⴽ (ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⴳⵔⵣⵓⵜⵏ), ⴷ ⵛⵛⵉⵔⵡⴰⴽ (ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⴳⴹⴰⴹ), ⴷ ⵉⵛⵉⵔⵡⴰⴽⵏ ( ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵚⵚⴽⵓⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵜⵜⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵏ ⴽⵕⵓⵎⵉⵍⵉⴽⵙ ⵏⵖ ⴰⵥⵕⵓ, ⵏⵖ ⵙ ⵓⵏⴰⵎⴽ ⵏ ⵎⵓⵕ), ⴷ ⵍⵉⵔⴰⴽⵙⵡⴰⴽ (ⵏⵖ ⵓⴹⵍⵉⴱⵏ), ⴷ ⵛⵛⵉⵔⵓⵊⵉⵏⴰⴽ (ⵜⵉⴳⵣⵣⴰⵏⵉⵏ, ⴷ ⵜⵃⵔⴳⵉⵜ ⵎⴰⵔⵉ), ⴷ ⵡⵉⵢⵢⴰⴹ. |
"There is a trickster named San Martin Txiki (""St Martin the Lesser"")." | ‘’ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵖⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵅⵏⴷⴰⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵎⴰⵔⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴽⵙⵉⴽⵉ’’. |
The jentilak ('Giants'), on the other hand, are a legendary people which explains the disappearance of a people of Stone Age culture that used to live in the high lands and with no knowledge of iron. | ⴳ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ, ⴳⴰⵏ ‘’ⵉⵍⵖⵓⵖⵏ’’ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴳⴷⵓⴷ ⴰⵏⵇⵇⵉⵙ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⴼⵙⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵛⵛⴽⵉ ⵏ ⵓⴳⴷⵓⴷ ⵙⴳ ⵜⴷⵍⵙⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵏ ⵓⵥⵕⵓ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵎⵢⴰⵔⵏ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⴳ ⵉⴽⴰⵍⵏ ⵢⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵙⵙⵉⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵓⵣⵣⴰⵍ. |
For more than a century, scholars have widely discussed the high status of Basque women in law codes, as well as their positions as judges, inheritors, and arbitrators through ante-Roman, medieval, and modern times. | ⴳ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵡⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵙⵜⵓⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ, ⵎⵔⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⵓⵔⵙ ⴰⵎⵇⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⵜⵎⵖⴰⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⴱⴰⵚⴽⵉⵢⵜ ⴳ ⵉⵍⵓⴳⴰⵏ, ⵓⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⴼⵙⵏⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵣⵓⵏⴷ ⵉⵏⴱⴹⵓⵜⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵏⵎⵓⴽⴽⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵉⵏⴱⴷⴰⴷⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵉⵢ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵓⵜⵔⴰⵔ. |
Navarre has a separate statute of autonomy, a contentious arrangement designed during Spanish transition to democracy (the Amejoramiento, an 'upgrade' of its previous status during dictatorship). | ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵍⴳⵓⵏ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵖⵓⵔ ⵏⴰⴼⴰⵕ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵏⴱⴹ ⵓⵏⵎⴰⵙ, ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⴽⵔⵏ ⵜⴰⵖⵏⵏⴰⵏⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵚⴱⵍⵢⵓⵏⵉⵢ ⵙ ⵜⴷⵉⵎⵓⵇⵕⴰⵜⵉⵢⵜ (ⴰⵎⵉⵊⵓⵕⴰⵎⵉⵏⵟⵓ), ⵉⴳⴰ ‘’ⴰⵙⴼⴰⵍⴽⵉ’’ ⴰⵏⵙⴰ ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⴳ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵏ ⵜⴷⵉⴽⵜⴰⵜⵓⵔⵉⵢⵜ). |
Questions of political, linguistic and cultural allegiance and identity are highly complex in Navarre. | ⵜⵜⵓⵙⴼⵉⵔⵙⵏⵜ ⵜⵎⵙⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵏⵉⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴷⵍⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⴳⵉⵜ ⵙ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵔⵡⴰⵢ ⴳ ⵏⴰⴼⴰⵕ. |
The majority of schools under the jurisdiction of the Basque education system use Basque as the primary medium of teaching. | ⴰⵔ ⵙⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙⵏⵜ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⴰⵍ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴹⴼⴰⵕⵏ ⵉ ⵜⵎⵥⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⵣⵣⴰⵔⴼⵓⵜ ⵉ ⵓⵎⴰⴳⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵙⵍⵎⴷ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵍⴱⴰⵚⴽ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵍⴱⴰⵚⴽ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵉⵙⵙ ⴰⴳⵊⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵙⵍⵎⴷ. |
In contrast, the desire for greater autonomy or independence is particularly common among leftist Basque nationalists. | ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵏ ⴰⵢⴰ, ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵏⵥⴻⵣⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵓⴳⴳⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵏⵏⴱⴹ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵎⴰⵙ ⵏⵖ ⴰⵏⵏⴳⵎⴹ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⴰⵎⴽⵜ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⴳⵔ ⵉⵎⴰⵖⵍⴰⵛⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵢⴼⴼⵓⵙ ⴳ ⵍⴱⴰⵚⴽ. |
They regard themselves as culturally and especially linguistically distinct from their surrounding neighbours. | ⴰⵔ ⵜⴳⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵅⴼ ⴰⵡⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵥⵍⴰⵢ ⴳ ⵜⴷⵍⵙⴰ ⵓⵍⴰ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴰⴽⴷ ⵡⴰⴷⵊⴰⵕⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴰⵙⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵏ. |
Miguel de Unamuno was a noted novelist and philosopher of the late 19th and the 20th century. | ⵉⴳⴰ ⵎⵉⴳⵍ ⴷⵉ ⵎⵓⵏⵓⵏⵓ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍⵏ ⴷ ⴰⵓⴼⴰⵢⵍⴰⵙⵓⴼ ⴳ ⵜⴳⴰⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵓⵜⵉⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ 19 ⴷ ⵜⵙⵓⵜⵉⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ 20. |
He also founded the Chilean Trade Union Association to promote a union movement based on the social teachings of the Catholic Church. | ⵎⴽⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⵔⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵙⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵇⵇⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵎⴰⵍⵓ ⴰⵛⵉⵍⵉⵢ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴷⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵎⴰⵍⵓ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⴳⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵍⵎⴰⴷⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵍⴽⴰⵏⵉⵙⴰ ⵜⴰⴽⴰⵜⵓⵍⵉⴽⵉⵢⵜ. |
The historical presence of the San in Botswana is particularly evident in northern Botswana's Tsodilo Hills region. | ⵉⴹⵀⵕ ⵢⵉⵍⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵍⵙ ⴳ ⴱⵓⵟⵙⵡⴰⵏⴰ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⴰⵎⴽⵜ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵓⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵔⵉⵔⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴳⴰⴼⴰⵢ ⵏ ⴱⵓⵟⵙⵡⴰⵏⴰ. |
From the 1950s through to the 1990s, San communities switched to farming because of government-mandated modernisation programs. | ⵙⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1950 ⴰⵔ 1990, ⵜⵜⵓⵙⵏⴼⴰⵍⵏ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵙⴰⵏ ⵜⴽⵔⵣⴰ ⵙ ⵜⵎⵏⵜⵉⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵖⴰⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵜⵔⴰⵔ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵏⵏⴰⵙⵏ. |
"Certain San groups are one of 14 known extant ""ancestral population clusters""; that is, ""groups of populations with common genetic ancestry, who share ethnicity and similarities in both their culture and the properties of their languages""." | ‘’ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵓⴱⴱⴰ ⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴳⴰⵏⵜ 14 ⵏ ⵜⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵢⵉⵍⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ’’, ‘’ⵜⵉⵔⴱⴱⴰⵄ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⵡⵓⵔⴰ’’ ; ⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⵜ ⵜⵉⵔⵓⴱⴱⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖ ⵎⵎ ⵓⵙⴰⵍⴰ ⴰⵊⵉⵏⵉⵢ ⵉⵛⵛⴰⵔⵏ, ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⴰⵔⵏ ⵜⴰⵢⵉⵜⵏⵉⵢⵏ ⴷ ⵎⵎⵔⵡⴰⵙⵏⵜ ⴳ ⵜⴷⵍⵙⴰ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵥⵍⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ. |
Representatives of San peoples in 2003 stated their preference of the use of such individual group names where possible over the use of the collective term San. | ⴱⴷⵔⵏ ⵉⴳⵏⵙⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴳⴷⵓⴷⵏ ⵏ ⵙⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2003 ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⵉⵔⵉⵏ ⴰⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖⵏ ⵉⵎⴷⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵔⵓⴱⴱⴰ ⴰⵢⵏⵏⴰ ⵓⴼⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙⵏ ⵉⵔⵎ ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵙⴰⵏ. |
I continued to use Bushman, and I was publicly corrected several times by the righteous. | ⵙⵏⵏⵜⵉⵏ ⴰⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵏ ⴱⵓⵛⵎⴰⵏ, ⵎⴽⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵖⵉⴼⵙ ⵣⵣⵔⵉⵏ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⵉⴳⵯⵔⵔⴰⵎⵏ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵓⴹⵔⴰⵔⵜ |
"Instead, the San Council's representative was adamant that no hurt or harm was caused to them or the San community with the manner in which (Die Burger) published the word 'boesman'.""" | ‘’ⴳ ⵡⴰⵏⵙⴰ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵢⵏⵏⴰ, ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⵙⴳⴱⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵇⵇⵉⵎ ⵏ ⵙⴰⵏ ⵉⵔⴰ ⵏⵉⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵏ ⵉⵙⵙⵉⵖ ⵏⵖ ⵉ ⵡⴰⵎⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵎⴰⵎⴽⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵙ ⵜⵜⵓⵙⴼⵙⴰⵔ ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ ‘’ⵓⵣⵎⴰⵏ’’. |
San kinship is comparable to Eskimo kinship, with the same set of terms as in European cultures, but also uses a name rule and an age rule. | ⵉⵔⵡⴰⵙ ⵡⴰⵍⵍⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵙⵙⴰⵏⵉⵢⵢⴰ ⴰⵍⵍⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵍⵉⵙⴽⵉⵎⵓ, ⴰⴽⴷ ⵜⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵔⵉⵎⵏ ⵣⵓⵏⴷ ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴷⵍⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵓⵕⵓⴱⴱⵉⵢⵉⵏ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⴷⴰ ⵙⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙⵏ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵉⵍⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⴷ ⵓⵍⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⵎⵓⴷ. |
Children have no social duties besides playing, and leisure is very important to San of all ages. | ⵓⵔ ⵍⵉⵏ ⵡⴰⵕⵕⴰⴹⵏ ⵉⵣⵓⵛⵛⴰⵍ ⵉⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⴽⴷ ⵜⵓⵔⴰⵔⵉⵏ, ⴷ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵖⵊⴷⵉⵎ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵉⵙⵙⴰⵡⵀⵎⵎⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵙⴰⵏ ⵉ ⵇⵇⴰⵃ ⵉⵙⵎⵎⵓⴷⵏ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ. |
They make important family and group decisions and claim ownership of water holes and foraging areas. | ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⴷⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵜⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⵡⵊⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⵡⵏ ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⴻⵜⵜⵔⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵍⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵖⵉⵙⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵏⵙⵉⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵖⵍ. |
Droughts may last many months and waterholes may dry up. | ⵇⴰⴷ ⵣⴷⵉⵏ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵖⴰⵔⵜ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵢⵢⵓⵔⵏ ⴷ ⵖⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵣⵡⵓⵏ ⵉⵖⵉⵙⴰ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⴰⵏ. |
Into this hole is inserted a long hollow grass stem. | ⴳ ⵜⵃⴱⵓⵛⵜ ⴰⴷ ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⵖⵉⵎⴰⵏ ⵙⴽⵛⵎⵏ ⵉⵛⵜⵜⵓⵃⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴳⴰ ⵉⵣⵡⴰⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵖⵣⵣⵉⴼⵏ. |
Early spring is the hardest season: a hot dry period following the cool, dry winter. | ⵉⴳⴰ ⵉⵎⵉⵔ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵙⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵣⵉⴽⴽ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵎⵉⵔⵏ ⵉⵛⵇⵇⴰⵏ: ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵖⴰⵔⵜ ⵉⵣⵡⴰⵏ ⵉⴹⴼⴰⵕⵏ ⵉⵎⵉⵔ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵔⵙⵜ ⵉⵇⵔⴼⵏ ⵉⵣⵡⴰⵏ. |
Women gather fruit, berries, tubers, bush onions, and other plant materials for the band's consumption. | ⴰⵔ ⵙⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵜⵓⵜⵎⵉⵏ ⵉⴳⵓⵎⵎⴰ, ⴰⵖⴰⵣ, ⴷ ⵓⵥⴰⵍⵉⵎ, ⴷ ⴱⴰⵟⴰⵟⴰ, ⴷ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵢⵏ ⵉ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵓⵎⵔⴰ ⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏ. |
Depending on location, the San consume 18 to 104 species, including grasshoppers, beetles, caterpillars, moths, butterflies, and termites. | ⵙ ⵉⴼⵓⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵖⴰⵔ, ⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵔ ⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ 18 ⴰⵔ 104 ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ, ⴰⵢⵏⵏⴰ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵎⵓ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵖⵉ, ⴷ ⵍⴰⵥⵕⴰⵕ, ⴷ ⵉⴼⵙⴰⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⴳⵓⵔⴷⴰⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⴼⵕⵟⴻⵟⵟⵓⵜⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⴱⵅⵛⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵍⴰⵍⵏ. |
These haplogroups are specific sub-groups of haplogroups A and B, the two earliest branches on the human Y-chromosome tree. | ⵜⵉⵔⵓⴱⴱⴰ ⴷⴷⵖ ⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵉⵔⵓⴱⴱⴰ ⵜⴰⵢⵢⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵥⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵔⵓⴱⴱⴰ (ⴰ) ⴷ (ⴱ), ⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵢⵢⴰⵡⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⴳ ⵜⴰⴷⴷⴰⴳⵜ ⵏ (ⵢ) ⵏ ⵍⴽⵔⵓⵎⵓⵙⵓⵎ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ. |
The most divergent (oldest) mitochondrial haplogroup, L0d, has been identified at its highest frequencies in the southern African San groups. | ⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵓⴱⴱⴰ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵉⵜⵓⴽⵓⵏⴷⵔⵉⵢⴰ ⵉⵎⵣⴰⵔⴰⵢⵏ (ⵜⵉⵣⴰⵢⴽⵓⵜⵉⵏ), ⵏ (L0d) ⴳ ⵉⵙⵎⵣⴰⵣⴰⵜⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵢⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵏ ⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵓⴱⴱⴰ ⵏ ⵙⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⴼⵔⵉⵇⵢⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵢⴼⴼⵓⵙ. |
The San have been particularly affected by encroachment by majority peoples and non-indigenous farmers onto land traditionally occupied by San people. | ⵜⵜⵓⴹⵉⵚⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖ ⵏ ⵙⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⴰⵎⴽⵜ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵓⴷⴷⵓⵢⵙⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴳⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖ ⴷ ⵉⵎⴽⵔⴰⵣⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵓⵔ ⵉⴳⵉⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖ ⵉⵥⵖⵕⴰⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵉⴽⴰⵍⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵓⵎⵥⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖ ⵏ ⵙⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⴰⵣⴰⵢⴽⵓ. |
Loss of land is a major contributor to the problems facing Botswana's indigenous people, including especially the San's eviction from the Central Kalahari Game Reserve. | ⵜⵉⵡⵙ ⵜⵏⵊⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵉⴽⴰⵍⵏ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵉⵎⵓⴽⵔⵉⵙⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖ ⵉⵥⵓⵕⴰⵏⵏ ⴳ ⴱⵓⵜⵙⵡⴰⵏⴰ, ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖ ⵏ ⵙⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵎⵃⴹⵉⵜ ⵏ ⴽⵍⴰⵀⴰⵔⵉ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵔⴰⵔⵜ. |
This would award royalties to the San for the benefits of their indigenous knowledge. | ⵉⵥⴹⴰⵕ ⵎⴰⵢⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵡⵛ ⵉ ⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴼⴽⴰ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵢⴰⴼⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵥⵓⵕⴰⵏⵉⵏ. |
Van der Post grew up in South Africa, and had a respectful lifelong fascination with native African cultures. | ⵜⵜⵓⴳⴰ ⴼⴰⵏ ⴷⵔ ⴱⴱⵓⵙⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵢⴼⴼⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵉⴼⵔⵉⵇⵢⴰ, ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⴰⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵓⵎⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴱⴷⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⴰⴽⴷ ⵜⴷⵍⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴼⵔⵉⵇⵢⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵥⵓⵕⴰⵏⵉⵏ. |
"Driven by a lifelong fascination with this ""vanished tribe"", Van der Post published a 1958 book about this expedition, entitled The Lost World of the Kalahari." | ⵜⴼⵙⵔ ⵜⵙⵖⵏⵜ ⵏ ⴼⴰⵏ ⴷⵔ ⴱⵓⵙⵜ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵏⵢⵓⴷⴷⵓⵜ ⴰⴷ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1958 ⵙ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ ⵏ ‘’ⴰⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⵏ ⴽⴰⵍⴰⵀⴰⵔⵉ ⵉⵊⵍⴰⵏ’’, ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵜⴽⴰⵢⵏ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵉⵃⵔⴳⵉ ⵉⵣⴷⵉⵏ ⴰⴱⴷⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⴰⴽⴷ ⴰⵢⴷⴷⵖ ⵏ ‘’ⵜⴰⵡⵙⵉⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⴼⴼⴰⵔⵏ’’. |
His early film The Hunters, released in 1957, shows a giraffe hunt. | ⴰⵙⴰⵔⵓ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵏ ⵉⵏⴳⵎⴰⵔⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴷ ⵉⴼⴼⵓⵖⵏ ⵣⵉⴽ, ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1957, ⴰⵔ ⵉⵎⵎⴰⵍ ⵜⴰⴳⵎⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴷⵖ. |
His sister Elizabeth Marshall Thomas wrote several books and numerous articles about the San, based in part on her experiences living with these people when their culture was still intact. | ⵜⵓⵔⴰ ⵓⵍⵜⵎⴰⵙ ⵉⵍⵉⵥⴰⴱⵉⵜ ⵎⴰⵔⵛⴰⵍ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵙ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⴷ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴳⵔⴰⴷⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵙⵙⴰⵏ, ⵜⵓⴳⵎ ⵜⵏ ⴷ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵔⵎⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⴰⴽⴷ ⵉⵡⴷⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⴳ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴷⵍⵙⴰ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵜⵙⵓⵍ ⵜⵖⵓⴷⴰ. |
"This was reviewed by Lawrence Van Gelder for the New York Times, who said that the film ""constitutes an act of preservation and a requiem""." | ‘’ⵉⵙⴼⵙⵔ ⵍⵓⵕⴰⵏⵙ ⴼⴰⵏ ⵊⵉⵍⵉⴷⵔ ⵎⴰⵏ ⴰⵢⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵖⵎⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵏⵢⵓⵢⵓⵔⴽ ⵟⴰⵢⵎⵣ, ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⵙⴰⵔⵓ ‘’ⵢⴰⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵃⵟⵟⵓ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵏⴼⵍⵓⵍ’’. |
The BBC's The Life of Mammals (2003) series includes video footage of an indigenous San of the Kalahari desert undertaking a persistence hunt of a kudu through harsh desert conditions. | ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⵓⵙⴷⴷⵉ ‘’ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵙⵓⴹⵟⵟⵉⵏ’’ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⵓⵏⴳⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵣⵡⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⴱⵕⵉⵟⴰⵏⵉⵢⵜ (2003) ⵉⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎⵏ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴼⵉⴷⵢⵓ ⵏ ⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⵥⵓⵕⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵏⵉⵔⵉ ⵏ ⴽⴰⵍⴰⵀⴰⵔⵉ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵟⵓⵥⵥⵍⴰ ⵉⵣⴷⵉⵏ ⵉ ⵍⴽⵓⴷⵓ ⵙⴳ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷⵏ ⵉⵏⵣⵔⵓⴼⵏ ⵉⵛⵇⵇⴰⵏ. |
Because of their similarities, the San works may illustrate the reasons for ancient cave paintings. | ⵙ ⵜⵎⵏⵜⵉⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵎⵔⵡⵙ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳⵔⴰⵜⵙⵏ, ⴰⵅⴼ ⵎⵎⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵏⵜⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵏⵓⵖⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴼⵔⴰⵏ ⵉⵣⴰⵢⴽⵓⵜⵏ. |
The film was directed by Jamie Uys, who returned to the San a decade later with The Gods Must Be Crazy, which proved to be an international hit. | ⴰⵙⵔⵓ ⵙⴳ ⵓⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⵏ ⵊⵉⵎⵉ ⵓⵢⵙ, ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵡⵛⴰⵏ ⵉ ⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴷⵉⵖ ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵙⵓⵜⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⴰⴽⴷ ⵓⵙⴰⵔⵓ ⵏ ‘’ⵉⵇⵇⴰⵏⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵓⴼⵍⵏ ⵉⴷ ⵢⵓⵛⵛ’’, ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵎⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰ ⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏ. |
James A. Michener's The Covenant (1980), is a work of historical fiction centered on South Africa. | ⴷⴷⵊⵉⵎⵙ ⵎⵉⵛⵏⵕ ‘’ⴰⵎⵇⵇⵓⵏ’’ (1980), ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵜⴰⵏⵖⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵢⴼⴼⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵉⴼⵔⵉⵇⵢⴰ. |
Norman Rush's 1991 novel Mating features an encampment of Basarwa near the (imaginary) Botswana town where the main action is set. | ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵡⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏ ⵕⴰⵛ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1991 ⵙ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ ⵏ ‘’ⵉⵡⵍⴰⵏ’’ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵏⵎⵓⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵍⴱⴰⵙⴰⵔⵓ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵖⵔⵎ ⵏ ⴱⵓⵜⵙⵡⴰⵏⴰ (ⵜⴰⵡⴰⵔⴳⵉⵜ) ⴰⵢⴷⴷⵖ ⴷⴰ ⵙⵡⵓⵜⵜⵓⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴳⴳⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⵊⴷⴰⵏⵜ. |
In 2007, David Gilman published The Devil's Breath. | ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2007, ⵉⴼⵙⵔ ⴷⴰⴼⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵊⵉⵍⵎⴰⵏ ‘’ⵉⵎⴰⵏ ⵏ ⴱⵓⵜⴰⴱⵔ’’. |
The fiancé of the protagonist of The No. | ⴰⵎⵙⴰⵡⵍ ⴷ ⴰⵏⴱⵔⴰⵣ ‘’ⵓⵀⵓⵢ’’. |
The Germanic peoples were a historical group of people living in Central Europe and Scandinavia. | ⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⵜⵜⵉⵏ ⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⴳⴷⵓⴷⵏ ⵉⵊⵉⵔⵎⴰⵏⵉⵢⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵡⴷⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴷⴷⵔⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵕⵓⴱⴱⴰ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵡⵏⵏⴰⴽ ⵉⵙⴽⵓⵏⴷⵓⵏⴰⴼⵉⵢⵏ. |
In discussions of the Roman period, the Germanic peoples are sometimes referred to as Germani or ancient Germans, although many scholars consider the second term problematic, since it suggests identity with modern Germans. | ⴳ ⵉⵎⵔⴰⵔⴰⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⴰⵔⵓⵎⴰⵏⵉⵢ, ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⵓⵙⵏⵓⵎⵎⴰⵍⵏ ⵉⴳⴷⵓⴷⵏ ⵉⵊⵉⵔⵎⴰⵏⵉⵢ ⵉⴷⵙⵏⵜ ⵜⵡⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⴰⵊⵉⵔⵎⴰⵏⵉⵢ ⵏⵖ ⵉⵍⴰⵍⵎⴰⵏⵉⵢⵏ ⵉⵣⴰⵢⴽⵓⵜⵏ, ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⵉⵔⵎ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵓⴽⵔⵉⵙⵜ, ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵎⵎⴰⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴳⵉⵜ ⴰⴽⴷ ⵉⵍⴰⵍⵎⴰⵏⵎⴰⵏⵉⵢⵏ ⵉⵜⵔⴰⵔⵏ. |
In contrast, Roman authors first described Germanic peoples near the Rhine at the time the Roman Empire established its dominance in that region. | ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵏ ⴰⵢⴰ, ⵙⵏⵓⵎⵎⵍⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵜⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵉⴳⴷⵓⴷⵏ ⵉⵊⵉⵔⵎⴰⵏⵉⵢ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵙⵉⴼ ⵏ ⵔⵔⴰⵢⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⴳ ⵜⵜⵓⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⴷⴰ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵉⵢⵜ ⴰⵎⵥⵏ ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏⵏⴰⵖ. |
Roman efforts to integrate the large area between Rhine and Elbe ended around 16 CE, following the major Roman defeat at the Battle of the Teutoburg Forest in 9 CE. | ⵙⵎⴷⵏⵜ ⵜⵔⵏⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⵃⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵙⴽⵛⵎ ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴰⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴷ ⵢⵓⵙⴰⵏ ⴳⵔ ⵕⵕⴰⵢⵏ ⴷ ⵍⴱⵉ ⴷⴰⵔ 16 ⵏ (CE), ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⴳ ⵜⵜⵓⵔⵏⴰ ⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⴳ ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵢⵓⵜⵓⴱⵓⵔⴳ ⴳ 9 (CE). |
In the 3rd century the Germanic-speaking Goths dominated the Pontic Steppe, outside Germania, and launched a series of sea expeditions into the Balkans and Anatolia as far as Cyprus. | ⴳ ⵜⵙⵓⵜⵉⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⴽⵕⴰⴹⵜ (3) ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ ⵓⵎⵥⵏ ⵍⵇⵓⵟ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵍⵎⴰⵏⵉⵜ ⴱⵓⵏⵜⵉⴽ ⵙⵜⵉⴱ, ⴱⵕⵕⴰ ⵏ ⵊⵉⵕⵎⴰⵏⵢⴰ, ⵕⵥⵎⵏ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵢⵓⴷⴷⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵍⵍ ⵙ ⵍⴱⵍⵇⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵍⴰⵏⴰⴹⵓⵍ ⴰⵔ ⵇⵓⴱⵕⵓⵚ. |
Archaeology instead shows a complex society and economy throughout Germania. | ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⴹⵀⴰⵕ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴷⵔⵉⵣⵏ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵏⵙⴰ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴷⵍⵙⴰ ⵉⵔⵡⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵏⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵇⵇⴰⵃ ⵏ ⴰⵍⵎⴰⵏⵢⴰ. |
Traditionally, the Germanic peoples have been seen as possessing a law dominated by the concepts of feuding and blood compensation. | ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵓⵇⵇⵓⵍⵏ ⵉⴳⴷⵓⴷⵏ ⵉⵊⵉⵕⵎⴰⵏⵉⵢⵏ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵉⵥⵕⵉ ⴰⵣⴰⵢⴽⵓ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵜⴻⵟⵟⴰⴼ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵍⴳⵓⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵅⵙ ⵉⵔⵉⵎⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴼⴰⵊⵊ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵔⵔⴰⵣ ⵅⴼ ⵉⴷⴰⵎⵎⵏ. |
The ancient Germanic-speaking peoples probably shared a common poetic tradition, alliterative verse, and later Germanic peoples also shared legends originating in the Migration Period. | ⵄⵏⵉⵖ ⵛⵛⴰⵔⵏ ⵉⴳⴷⵓⴷⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵊⵉⵕⵎⴰⵏⵉⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵣⴰⵢⴽⵓⵜ ⴳ ⵓⴹⴼⵓⵕ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴽ ⵉⵛⵛⵓⵔⵏ, ⴷ ⵡⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵓⵏⵣⵉⵍ, ⴷ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ ⴷⵔⴰⵏ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵉⴳⴷⵓⴷⵏ ⵉⵊⵉⵕⵎⴰⵏⵉⵢⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵓⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⴰⴳ. |
Even the language from which it derives is a subject of dispute, with proposals of Germanic, Celtic, and Latin, and Illyrian origins. | ⴰⵡⴷ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴷ ⵜⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵖⵜ, ⴰⴽⴷ ⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵥⵓⵕⴰⵏ ⵉⵊⵉⵕⵎⴰⵏⵉⵢⵏ, ⵙⵍⵜⵉⴽ, ⴷ ⵜⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵉⵢⵜ, ⴷ ⵜⵍⵉⴱⵉⵔⵉⵢⵜ. |
Regardless of its language of origin, the name was transmitted to the Romans via Celtic speakers. | ⵙ ⴰⵢⵏⵏⴰ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵖⴰⵔ, ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵏⵖⴰⵍ ⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵙ ⵔⵔⵓⵎⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴱⵔⵉⴷⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵏⵎⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵉⵍⵜⵉⵢⵜ. |
By late antiquity, only peoples near the Rhine, especially the Franks, and sometimes the Alemanni, were called Germani by Latin or Greek writers. | ⴳ ⵜⴳⵉⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵎⴰⵣ ⵉⵣⴰⵢⴽⵓⵜⵏ, ⵅⵙ ⵉⴳⴷⵓⴷⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵍⵎⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵉ ⵡⴰⵙⵉⴼ ⵏ ⵕⵕⴰⵢⵏ, ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴼⵕⴰⵏⵙ, ⴷ ⵉⴷⵙⵏⵜ ⵜⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⵍⴰⵍⵎⴰⵏⵉⵢ, ⴰⵔ ⴰⵙ ⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵊⵉⵔⵎⴰⵏⵉ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵉⵢⵏ ⵏⵖ ⵉⵢⵓⵏⴰⵏⵉⵢⵏ. |
While Roman authors did not consistently exclude Celtic speaking-people, or treat the Germanic peoples as the name of a people, this new definition, by using Germanic language as the main criterion, understood the Germani as a people or nation with a stable group identity linked to language. | ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴳ ⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵉⵢⵏ ⵓⵔ ⵙⵙⴰⴳⴳⵓⴳⵏ ⴰⴱⴷⴰ ⵉⵡⴷⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵉⵍⵜⵉⵢⵜ, ⵏⵖ ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⴳⴷⵓⴷⵏ ⵉⵊⵉⵕⵎⴰⵏⵉⵢⵏ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵏ ⵓⴳⴷⵓⴷ, ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⵙⵏⵓⵎⵎⵍ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵊⵉⵕⵎⴰⵏⵉⵢⵜ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢ ⴰⴳⵊⴷⴰⵏ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵜⵓⵙⵔⵎⴰⵙ ⵜⵊⵉⵕⵎⴰⵏⵉⵢⵜ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵜⴳⴰ ⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷ ⵏⵖ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⵉ ⵎⵎ ⵜⵎⴰⴳⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵔⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵉⵕⵙⴰⵏ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ. |
"Some scholars studying the Early Middle Ages now stress the question of whether the Germanic peoples saw themselves as an ethnic unity, while others point to the existence of Germanic languages as a historical fact that can be used to identify Germanic peoples, regardless of whether they saw themselves as ""Germanic""." | ‘’ⴰⵔ ⵙⵙⵍⴽⴰⵏ ⵖⵉⵍⴰ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⵖⵔⴰⵏ ⵉⵣⵎⴰⵣ ⵉⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵣⵉⴽ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵎⵙⴰⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵣⵍⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵉⴳⴷⵓⴷⵏ ⵉⵊⵉⵔⵎⴰⵏⵉⵢⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵖⵉⵍⵏ ⵉⵅⴼ ⴰⵡⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵉⵙ ⴳⴰⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⵥⵓⵕⴰⵏ, ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴷⴰ ⵙⵙⴽⴰⵏ ⵡⵉⵢⵢⴰⴹ ⵙ ⵢⵉⵍⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵊⵉⵕⵎⴰⵏⵉⵢⵢⵉⵏ ⵣⵓⵏⴷ ⵜⵉⴷⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵏⵣⵎⵔ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵜ ⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵃⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵙⵡⵜⵜⵓ ⵉⴳⴷⵓⴷⵏ ⵉⵊⵉⵕⵎⴰⵏⵉⵢⵏ, ⵅⴼ ⵓⵥⵍⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷⴰ ⵙⵎⵓⵇⵇⵓⵍⵏ ⵉⵅⴼ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵉⵙ ⴳⴰⵏ ‘’ⵉⵊⵉⵕⵎⴰⵏⵉⵢⵏ’’. |
"For such reasons, Goffart argues that the term Germanic should be avoided entirely in favor of ""barbarian"" except in the linguistic sense, and historians such as Walter Pohl have also called for the term to be avoided or used with careful explanation." | ‘’ⵅⴼ ⵜⵎⵏⵜⵉⵍⵉⵏ, ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵏⵏⴰ ⵖⵓⴼⴰⵔⵜ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵉⵇⵇⴰⵏⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ ⵉⵔⵎ ⵏ ⵓⵊⵉⵔⵎⴰⵏⵉⵢ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵏⵙⴰ ⵏ ‘’ⵓⴱⵔⴱⵔⵉⵢ’’ ⵅⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵏⴰⵎⴽ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ, ⴰⵔ ⵇⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⵉⴷ ⴱⴰⴱ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵣⵓⵏⴷ ⵡⴰⵍⵟⵔ ⴱⵓⵀⵍ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ ⵉⵔⵎ ⵏⵖ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵙⴼⵔⵓ ⴷ ⵢⵓⵙⴰⵏ’’. |
In Caesar's account, the clearest defining characteristic of the Germani people was that they lived east of the Rhine, opposite Gaul on the west side, an observation he made with historical digressions in his writing. | ⴳ ⵡⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵇⴰⵢⵚⵔ, ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴼⵉⵔⵙⵜ ⵉⴼⴰⵡⵏ ⵉⵥⵍⵍⵉⵏ ⵓⴳⴷⵓⴷ ⴰⵊⵉⵕⵎⴰⵏⵉⵢ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵉⴷⴷⵔ ⴳ ⵓⵏⵇⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵙⵉⴼ ⵏ ⵔⵔⴰⵢⵏ, ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵖⵓⵍ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵖⵍⴰⵢ, ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴼⴰ ⴰⴽⴷ ⵜⵖⵓⵣⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⴳ ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ. |
Tacitus was at times unsure whether a people were Germanic or not, expressing his uncertainty about the Bastarnae, who he says looked like Sarmatians but spoke like the Germani, about the Osi and the Cotini, and about the Aesti, who were like Suebi but spoke a different language. | ⵉⴷⵙⵏⵜ ⵜⵡⴰⵍ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵙⵙⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵉⵜⵓⵙ ⵉⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷ ⵙⴳ ⵍⴰⵍⵎⴰⵏ ⵎⵉⴷ ⵍⴰ, ⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵅⴼ ⴳⴰⵔ ⴰⵜⵜⵢⴰⵇⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵅⴼ ⵍⴱⴰⵙⵟⴰⵔⵏⴰⵢ, ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵣⵓⵏⴷ ⵙⵙⴰⴼⴼⴰⵔ ⵎⴰⵜⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵣⵓⵏⴷ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵍⴰⵍⵎⴰⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵓⵙⵙⵓ ⴷ ⵍⴽⵓⵜⵉⵏⵉ, ⴷ ⵍⵉⵙⵜⵉ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵉⵎⵣⴰⵔⴰⵢⵏ. |
The Upper Danube served as a southern border. | ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵡⴰⵙⵉⴼ ⵏ ⴷⴷⴰⵏⵓⴱ ⵣⵓⵏⴷ ⴰⵡⵜⵜⵓ ⵏ ⵉⵢⴼⴼⵓⵙ. |
It is unclear if these Germani spoke a Germanic language, and they may have been Celtic speakers instead. | ⵓⵔ ⵉⴼⴰⵡ ⵉⵙ ⴷⴰ ⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍⵏ ⴰⵢⴷⴷⵖ ⵏ ⵉⵊⵉⵕⵎⴰⵏⵉⵢⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵊⵉⵕⵎⴰⵏⵉⵢⵏⵜ, ⵄⵏⵉⵖ ⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⴷⴰ ⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍⵏ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵏⵙⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵏⵜⴰⵙⵉⵍⵜⵉⴽⵉⵢⵜ. |
Tacitus continues to mention Germanic tribes on the west bank of the Rhine in the period of the early Empire, such as the Tungri, Nemetes, Ubii, and the Batavi. | ⵉⵙⵓⵍ ⵜⴰⵙⵉⵜⵓⵙ ⴷⴰ ⴷ ⵉⴽⵜⵜⵉ ⵜⵉⵡⵙⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⴰⵍⵎⴰⵏⵢⵉⵏ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵓⴳⵎⵎⴰⴹ ⵓⵜⵔⵉⵎ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵙⵉⴼ ⵏ ⵕⵕⴰⵢⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⴷⴰ ⵏ ⵣⵉⴽ, ⵣⵓⵏⴷ ⵓⴱⵉ, ⵏⵉⵎⵉⵜⵙ, ⵜⵓⵏⴳⵔⵉ, ⴷ ⵍⴱⴰⵜⴰⴼⵉ. |
Inspired by this, these three groups are also sometimes used in older modern linguistic terminology, attempting to describe the divisions of later Germanic languages.) | ⵜⴷⴷⴰ ⴷ ⵙⴳ ⵎⴰⵏ ⴰⵢⴰ, ⴰⵔ ⵙⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙⵏⵜ ⵓⵢⴷⴷⵖ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵓⴱⴱⴰ ⵙ ⴽⵕⴰⴹⵜ ⴳ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⴰⵍ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵔⵉⵎⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵉⵜⵔⴰⵔⵏ ⵉⵣⴰⵢⴽⵓⵜⵏ, ⵃⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵙⵏⵓⵎⵎⵍⵏ ⵉⴱⵟⵟⵓⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⴰⵍⵎⴰⵏⵢⵢⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵢⵓⵛⴽⴰⵏ. |
Herminones or Hermiones in the interior, included the Suevi, the Hermunduri, the Chatti, the Cherusci according to Pliny. | ⵖⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⴷ ⵢⵓⵛⴽⴰⵏ ⵖⵓⵔ ⵍⴱⵍⵉⵏⵉ; ⵙⴳ ⵊⴰⵊ ⵀⵉⵔⵎⵉⵏⵓⵏⵙ ⵏⵖ ⵀⵉⵔⵔⵎⵢⵓⵏ, ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵙⵓⴼⵉ ⴽⵔⵓⵙⵙⵉ, ⴷ ⵛⴰⵜⵜⵉ, ⴷ ⵀⴻⵔⵎⵓⵏⴷⵓⵔⵉ. |
"On the other hand, Tacitus wrote in the same passage that some believe that there are other groups which are just as old as these three, including ""the Marsi, Gambrivii, Suevi, Vandilii""." | ‘’ⵙⴳ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵏⵏⵉⴹⵏ, ⵢⵓⵔⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⵉⵜⵓⵙ ⴳ ⵓⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎ ⵏⵏⴰⵖ ⵏⵉⵜ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵉⴷⵙⵏ ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⵉⵖⵉⵍⵏ ⵉⵙ ⵍⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵉⵔⵓⴱⴱⴰ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ ⵓⵔ ⵉⴽⴽⵉ ⵓⵙⵎⵎⵓⴷ ⵏⵏⵙⵏⵜ ⴷⴷⴰⵡ ⵜⵉⴷ ⵙ ⴽⵕⴰⴹⵜ, ⴳ ⵍⵍⴰⵏⵜ ‘’ⵎⴰⵔⵙⵉ, ⵖⴰⵎⴱⵔⵉⴼⵉ, ⴷⵓⴼⵉ, ⴼⴰⵏⴷⵉⵍⵉ’’. |
"Strabo, who focused mainly on Germani between the Elbe and Rhine, and does not mention the sons of Mannus, also set apart the names of Germani who are not Suevian, in two other groups, similarly implying three main divisions: ""smaller German tribes, as the Cherusci, Chatti, Gamabrivi, Chattuarii, and next the ocean the Sicambri, Chaubi, Bructeri, Cimbri, Cauci, Caulci, Campsiani""." | ‘’ⵙⵜⵔⴰⴱⵓ, ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⵉⴽⵍⵏ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⴰⵎⴽⵜ ⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵍⵎⴰⵏⵉⵢⵜ ⴳⵔ ⴰⵍⴱⵉ ⴷ ⵕⵕⴰⵢⵏ, ⴷ ⵓⵔ ⴱⴷⵉⵔⵏ ⵡⴰⵔⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵏⵓⵙ, ⵉⴱⴹⴰ ⴰⵡⴷ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖⵏ ⵏ ⵍⴰⵍⵎⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵓⵔ ⵉⴳⵉⵏ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵙⵡⵉⴼⵢⴰⵏ, ⴳ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⵔⵓⴱⴱⴰ ⵏⵏⵉⴹⵏ, ⵏⵏⴰ ⵢⴰⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵏⴰⵎⴽ ⵏ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵉⴱⵟⵟⵓⵜⵏ ⵉⴳⵊⴷⴰⵏⵏ: ⵜⵉⵡⵙⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⴰⵍⵎⵏⵢⵉⵏ ⵉⵎⵥⵥⵉⵢⵏ; ⵣⵓⵏⴷ ⵛⵔⵓⵛⵉ, ⵛⴰⵜⵉⵜⵉ, ⵖⴰⵎⴱⵔⵉⴼⵉ, ⵛⴰⵜⵉⵜⵡⴰⵔⵉ, ⵢⵉⵍⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵜⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵙⵉⴽⴰⵎⴱⵔⵉ, ⵛⵓⴱⵉ, ⵙⵉⵎⴱⵔⵉ, ⴽⴰⵡⵜⵛⵉ, ⴽⴰⵡⵍⵛⵉ, ⴽⴰⵎⴱⵉⵙⵢⴰⵏⵉ’’. |
During the Pre-Germanic linguistic period (2500–500 BCE), the proto-language has almost certainly been influenced by linguistic substrates still noticeable in the Germanic phonology and lexicon. | ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏ ⴷⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵍⵎⴰⵏⵉⵜ (2500-500 BCE), ⵜⵙⵙⵏ ⵏⵉⵜ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⴱⵔⵓⵜⵓⴳⵔⴰⴼⵉⵢⵜ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴹⵉⵚ ⵙ ⵜⴰⵢⵢⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⵓⵍⵏ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵢⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢ ⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵓⵏⵓⵍⵓⵊⵉⵢⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵎⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⵍⴰⵍⵎⴰⵏⵉⵢ. |
There is also a great deal of influence in vocabulary from the Celtic languages, but most of this appears to be much later, with most loanwords occurring either before or during the sound shift described by Grimm's Law. | ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴹⵉⵚ ⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴽⵉⵍⵜⵉⵢⵉⵏ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵉⴹⵀⵕ ⵎⴰⵙⴷ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵏ ⴰⵢⴰ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏⵏⵉⴹⵏ, ⴰⴽⴷ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵉⴹⵏ ⵉⵊⵕⵕⵓⵏ ⵙⵡⴰ ⴷⴰⵜ ⵏⵖ ⴰⴷⴷⴰⵢ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵏⴼⴰⵍ ⵓⵎⵙⵍⵍⵉ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⵏⵓⵎⵎⵍ ⵓⵙⵍⴳⵏ ⵏ ⴳⵔⵉⵎ. |
Although Proto-Germanic is reconstructed without dialects via the comparative method, it is almost certain that it never was a uniform proto-language. | ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⵓⵢⴰⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⵜⵓⵚⵚⴽⴰ ⵏ ⵍⴱⵕⵓⵜⵓ-ⵊⵉⵔⵎⴰⵏ ⴱⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵏⵜⴰⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵎⴰⵎⴽⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⵣⴰⵣⴰⵍ, ⴱⵍⴰ ⵜⵓⵔⴷⴰ ⵓⵔ ⵜⵎⵓⵏ ⵇⵇⴰⵃ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⴱⵕⵓⵜⵓ. |
The earliest attested runic inscriptions (Vimose comb, Øvre Stabu spearhead), initially concentrated in modern Denmark and written with the Elder Futhark system, are dated to the second half of the 2nd century CE. | ⵉⵕⵛⴰⵎⵏ ⵉⵣⴰⵢⴽⵓⵜⵏ ⵉⵔⵓⵏⵉⵢⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵥⵕⴰⵏ (ⵜⴰⵎⵛⴹⵜ ⵏ ⴼⵉⵎⵓⵙ, ⵓⴼⵕ ⵚⵜⴰⴱⵓ ⵉⵅⴼ ⴰⴳⵊⴷⴰⵏ), ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵣⵡⴰⵔ ⴳ ⴷⴷⴰⵏⵎⴰⵔⴽ ⵜⴰⵜⵔⴰⵔⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵜⵓⵢⴰⵔⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵏ ⴼⵓⵟⴰⵔⴽ ⴰⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔ, ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵔⵔⴰⵢ ⵓⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵓⵣⴳⵏ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵙⵓⵜⵉⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵏ(2) ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ. |
However, the merging of unstressed Proto-Germanic vowels, attested in runic inscriptions from the 4th and 5th centuries CE, also suggests that Primitive Norse could not have been a direct predecessor of West Germanic dialects. | ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵎⴰⵏ ⴰⵢⴰ, ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⵙⵙⴽⵛⵎ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵉⵙⴰ ⵏ ⵍⴱⵔⵓⵜⵓ-ⵊⵉⵔⵎⴰⵏⵉⵢⴰ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵓⵔ ⵜⵜⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⴽⴽⵉⵏ, ⴷ ⵜⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵜⵓⵢⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵕⵛⴰⵎⵏ ⵉⵔⵓⵏⵉⵢⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵙⵓⵜⵉⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⴽⴽⵓⵥ (4) ⴷ ⵜⵙⵓⵜⵉⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙ (5) ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ, ⴰⵔ ⵜⵙⵙⴽⴰⵏ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵏⵏⵓⵔⵙ ⵉⵣⴰⵢⴽⵓⵜⵏ ⵣⵎⵔⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵓⵔ ⴳⵉⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⵓⵙⵔⵉⴷⵏ ⵉ ⵜⵏⵜⴰⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⴰⵍⵎⴰⵏⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎⵉⵏ. |
"By the late 3rd century CE, linguistic divergences like the West Germanic loss of the final consonant -z had already occurred within the ""residual"" Northwest dialect continuum." | ‘’ⴽ ⵓⴽⵛⵛⵓⵎ ⵏ ⵜⴳⴰⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵓⵜⵉⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⴽⵕⴰⴹⵜ (3) ⴳ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ, ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵙⵏⵓⵃⵢⵓⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ, ⵣⵓⵏⴷ ⵜⵉⵊⵍⵉ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⴰⵍⵎⴰⵏⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎⵜ ⵉ ⵓⵏⵎⵛⴰⵛⴽⴰ ⴰⵎⴳⴳⴰⵔⵓ (ⵣ) ⵍⵍⵉ ⵏⵉⵜ ⵉⵊⵔⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵏⵜⴰⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴳⴰⴼⴰⵢ ⴰⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎ ⵍⵍⵉ ‘’ⵉⵖⴰⵎⴰⵏ’’ ⵉⵣⴷⵉⵏ. |
The inclusion of the Burgundian and Vandalic languages within the East Germanic group, while plausible, is still uncertain due to their scarce attestation. | ⴰⴽⵛⵛⵓⵎ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵍⴱⵕⵓⵖⵉⵏⴷⵉⵢⵢⴰ ⴷ ⵍⴼⴰⵏⴷⴰⵍⵉⵢⵢⴰ ⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵔⴱⵉⵄⵜ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵍⵎⴰⵏⵉⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵎⵎⴰⴹ, ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵖⵡⵙⴰ ⵉⵖⵣⴰⵏ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵉⵙⵓⵍ ⵓⵔ ⵜⴰ ⵉⴳⵉ ⵓⵙⵙⵉⴷ ⵙ ⵜⵎⵏⵜⵉⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴷⵔⵙⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵉⴳⵉⵜ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ. |
A society is a group of individuals involved in persistent social interaction, or a large social group sharing the same spatial or social territory, typically subject to the same political authority and dominant cultural expectations. | ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴷⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴷⵔⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵔⴰⵔⴰ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏ ⵉⵣⴷⵉⵏ, ⵏⵖ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵇⵇⵔⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵙⵙⴰⵔ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⴳ ⵓⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏⵖ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ, ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⴰⵍ ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⴷⴷⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵔⴷⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴷⵍⵙⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ. |
Societies construct patterns of behavior by deeming certain actions or speech as acceptable or unacceptable. | ⴰⵔ ⵚⴽⴽⵓⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⵉⴷⵙⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⴽⵉⵔⵉⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵓⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⵏ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵉⴳⴳⵉⵜⵏ ⵏⵖ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵣⵔⵉⵏ ⵏⵖ ⵓⵔ ⵜⵣⵔⵉⵢ. |
Insofar as it is collaborative, a society can enable its members to benefit in ways that would otherwise be difficult on an individual basis; both individual and social (common) benefits can thus be distinguished, or in many cases found to overlap. | ⴰⵢⵏⵏⴰ ⵙ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵎⵢⴰⵡⴰⵙ ⵡⴰⵎⵓⵏ, ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵣⴹⵉⵕ ⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⵊⵊ ⵉⵎⵙⵍⵢⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵙⵙⴱⵖⵔⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵎⴰⵎⴽⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵇⴰⴷ ⵉⵛⵇⵇⵓ ⵎⵔ ⵉ ⴽⵓ ⵢⴰⵏ ⴳⵉⵙⵏ; ⵙ ⵎⴰⵏ ⴰⵢⴰ ⵉⵣⵎⵔ ⵓⵙⵏⵓⵃⵢⵓ ⴳⵔ ⵜⵢⴰⴼⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴷⵏⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵉⵏ (ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵢⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ), ⵏⵖ ⴳ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴳ ⵉⵎⵎⴽⵛⴰⵎⵏⵜ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴳⵔ ⴰⵜⵙⵏⵜ. |
"This was in turn from the Latin word societas, which in turn was derived from the noun socius (""comrade, friend, ally""; adjectival form socialis) used to describe a bond or interaction between parties that are friendly, or at least civil." | ‘’ⵢⴰⵎⵓ ⵡⴰⴷ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵎⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵉⵢⵜ, ⵏⵏⴰ ⴷ ⵉⴼⴼⵓⵖⵏ ⵓⵍⴰ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵓⵏ ‘’ⴰⵎⴷⴷⴰⴽⵯⵍ, ⴰⵙⵎⵓⵏ, ⵜⴰⴹⴰ’’; ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵏⵓⵎⵎⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵣⴷⴰⵢⵜ ⵏⵖ ⵓⵎⵔⴰⵔⴰ ⴳⵔ ⵜⵙⴳⴳⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵅⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ, ⵏⵖ ⵓⵖⵔⵉⵎ ⴷⴰⵢ’’. |
"In the 1630s it was used in reference to ""people bound by neighborhood and intercourse aware of living together in an ordered community""." | ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1630 ⴳ ⵓⵙⵙⴽⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵡⴷⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵣⴷⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵊⵓⵔⴰ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵎⵓⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⵙⴰ ⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵓⵏ’’. |
These structures may have varying degrees of political power, depending on the cultural, geographical, and historical environments that these societies must contend with. | ⴼⵊⵊⵉⵊⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⵖⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵙ ⵉⴷⵙⵏⵜ ⵜⵙⴽⴼⴰⵍ ⵉⵎⵣⴰⵔⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴷⵓⵙⵉ ⵜⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏⵜ, ⵅⴼ ⵓⵢⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵡⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⴰⴷⵍⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵊⵖⵔⴰⴼⵉⵢⵜ ⵓⵍⴰ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵙ ⴷ ⵉⵇⵇⴰⵏ ⵉ ⵡⴰⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵏ ⵏⴰⵍⵏ. |
Tribal societies in which there are some limited instances of social rank and prestige. | ⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⴰⵡⵙⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴳ ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⴰⴳⵏ ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵜⵜⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵙⴽⵯⴼⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵏⵙⴰ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏ. |
This cultural evolution has a profound effect on patterns of community. | ⴰⵢⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵓⴱⵓⵖⵍⵍⵓ ⴰⴷⵍⵙⴰⵏ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵉⴹⵉⵚ ⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵎⴰⵎⴽⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵓⵏ. |
Cities turned into city-states and nation-states. | ⵜⵜⵓⵙⵏⴼⴰⵍⵏ ⵉⵖⵔⵎⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵉⵖⵔⵎⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵡⵓⵏⴽⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵖⵍⴰⵛⵏ. |
Conversely, members of a society may also shun or scapegoat any members of the society who violate its norms. | ⴳ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵏ ⴰⵢⴰ, ⵉⵣⵔⵢ ⴰⵙⵏ ⵉ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵉⵎⵙⵍⴰⵢⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵓⵔⵓⵍ ⵙⴳ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴷⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵎⵓⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵡⵇⵇⵉⵔⵏ ⵉⵙⴼⴰⵔⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵏⵖ ⴰⴷ ⵓⵔ ⵡⵇⵇⵔⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⴳⵉⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵊⵕⴰ. |
Some societies bestow status on an individual or group of people when that individual or group performs an admired or desired action. | ⴰⵔ ⴰⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⴰⵜⵉⴳ ⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏ ⵉ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴷⴰⵏ ⵏⵖ ⵉ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵡⴷⴰⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⴰⵢ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵓⵎⴷⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⴰⵖ ⵏⵖ ⵜⴰⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ ⵏⵏⴰⵖ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⵙⵓⵎⵏ ⵏⵖ ⵉⵃⵍⴰⵏ. |
Although humans have established many types of societies throughout history, anthropologists tend to classify different societies according to the degree to which different groups within a society have unequal access to advantages such as resources, prestige, or power. | ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⵉⵚⴽⴰ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ, ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⵉⵔⵉⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵍⵓⵏⵟⵕⵓⴱⴱⵓⵍⵓⵊⵉⵢⵢⴰ ⴰⴷ ⴱⴹⵓⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⵉⴳⴳⵓⵏⵥⴰⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵙⴽⴼⴰⵍ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵔⵓⴱⴱⴰ ⵉⴳⴳⵓⵏⵥⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵓⵏ ⵉⵙⵓⵍⴼⵏ ⵓⵔ ⵢⴰⴽⵙⵓⵍⵏ ⵃⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵎⵥⵏ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴰⴼⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⵣⵓⵏⴷ ⵉⵙⵓⴳⴰⵎ, ⵏⵖ ⴰⵏⵙⴰ, ⵏⵖ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ. |
However, some hunting and gathering societies in areas with abundant resources (such as people of tlingit) lived in larger groups and formed complex hierarchical social structures such as chiefdom. | ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵎⵔⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵎⴰⵜⵜⵔ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵍⵎⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵉⴷⵖⴰⵔⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴳ ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵙⵓⴳⴰⵎ ⵉⴱⵓⵖⵍⴰⵏ (ⵣⵓⵏⴷ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖ ⵏ ⵜⵜⵍⵉⵏⵊⵉⵜ) ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴷⴷⵔⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵔⵓⴱⴱⴰ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵜⵙⴽⵔ ⵜⵏⵖⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵣⴰⵎⵓⴳⵉⵏ ⵉⵔⵡⵉⵏ ⵣⵓⵏⴷ ⵉⵏⵎⵖⵖⵓⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵡⵙⵉⵜⵉⵏ. |
Statuses within the tribe are relatively equal, and decisions are reached through general agreement. | ⴷⴷⴰⵏⵜ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴰⴷ ⵎⵙⴰⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵎⵥⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵡⵙⵉⵜ, ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵖⵜⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵎⵛⴰⵛⴽⴰ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⵓ. |
There are no political offices containing real power, and a chief is merely a person of influence, a sort of adviser; therefore, tribal consolidations for collective action are not governmental. | ⵓⵔ ⵍⵍⵉⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵎⴰⵔⵉⵙⵏ ⵉⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵖⵓⵔ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴷⵜ, ⵙ ⵓⵙⵍⵡⴰⵢ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴷⴰⵢ ⵅⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵡⵔⵉⴽ ⵖⵓⵔ ⴰⵙⵓⴳⵔ, ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵉⵏⵙⴼⴰⵡⵏ; ⵙ ⵎⴰⵏ ⴰⵢⴰ, ⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵎⴳⴳⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴽⵛⵛⵓⵎ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵡⵙⵉⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵓⵔ ⵜⴳⵉ ⵜⵓⵏⴱⵉⴹⵜ. |
Because their food supply is far more reliable, pastoral societies can support larger populations. | ⴼⵓⵍⵍⵙⵏⵜ ⵜⵏⴼⴽⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵜⵜⵛⵉ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ, ⵣⵎⵔⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵢⵙⵙⴰ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵡⵙⵏ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖ. |
For example, some people become craftworkers, producing tools, weapons, and jewelry, among other items of value. | ⵙ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰ, ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵡⴷⴰⵏ ⴷⴰ ⵜⴳⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵃⵢⴰⴹ, ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⴼⵔⴰⵙⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵔⵉⴳⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵣⵓⵣⴰⴼ, ⵙⴳ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵉⴹⵏ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵎⵉ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵡⴰⵜⵉⴳ. |
These families often gain power through their increased wealth. | ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⴰⵍ ⴰⴷ ⵟⵟⴰⵎⵥⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵡⵊⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵙⴳ ⵓⵙⴰⴷⴼ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵔⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ. |
The wild vegetation is cut and burned, and ashes are used as fertilizers. | ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⵡⴰⴱⴱⴰⵢⵏ ⴷ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⵓⵙⵖⵓⵙⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵔⴰⵎ, ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ ⵢⵉⵖⴷ ⵣⵓⵏⴷ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔ. |
They may return to the original land several years later and begin the process again. | ⵣⵎⵔⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴷⵡⵍ ⵖⵔ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⴰⵥⵓⵕⴰⵏ ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵏ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉⵏ ⴷⵉⵖ ⴳ ⵜⵎⴳⴳⵉⵜ ⵜⵉⴽⵍⵉⵜ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ. |
The size of a village's population depends on the amount of land available for farming; thus villages can range from as few as 30 people to as many as 2000. | ⴰⵔ ⴼⴼⵓⵍⴰⵏ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖ ⵏ ⵉⵖⵔⵎ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵊⵓⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵉⴽⴰⵍⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴽⵔⵣⴰ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ, ⵙ ⵎⴰⵏ ⴰⵢⴰ ⴰⵙ ⵏⵏ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⴼⴰ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵡⵉⴷ ⵉⴷⵔⵓⵙⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵓⵍⵏ ⴳ ⵉⵖⵔⵎⴰⵏ ⵣⵎⵔⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴳⵉⵏ ⴷⴰⵔ 30 ⵏ ⵓⵡⵔⵉⴽ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵓⵕⵏ ⵇⴰⴷ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵉⵍⴽⵎ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2000. |
Sociologists use the phrase agricultural revolution to refer to the technological changes that occurred as long as 8,500 years ago that led to cultivating crops and raising farm animals. | ⴰⵔ ⵙⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵔⴰⵡⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⴽⵔⵣⴰⵏⵜ ⵃⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵙⵙⴽⵏ ⵉⵙⵏⴼⵉⵍⵏ ⵉⵜⵉⴽⵏⵓⵍⵓⵊⵉⵢⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵊⵕⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ 8.500 ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵢⵉⵡⵙⵏ ⴽ ⵜⵢⵔⵣⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵏⴱⴷⵓ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵙⴳⵎⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⴷⴰⵔ ⵉⴽⵔⵣⴰⵏⵏ. |