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Last Tuesday (11th June) the New York State Senate and Assembly announced they’ve agreed on legislation to not only extend the current rent laws and protection but to codify them permanently.
The sweeping legislature agreement shifts the balance sharply towards the tenants and has brought a fierce reaction from landlord groups.
In a city where real estate values and rents have an obsessive hold upon its residents, the package of bills limits landlords’ ability to raise rents or remove units from regulation.
One immediate result is shares of banks that lend to landlords declined in New York trading as confidence in the market dropped. Signature Bank fell as much as 4.7%, while New York Community Bank dropped about 5.25%.
The legislature largely looks at and repeals “loop-holes” that landlords have been using over the past decades to remove rental properties from regulation. For example, eliminating ‘vacancy bonuses’ which allows landlords to hike rents as much as 20% every time the property becomes vacant.
One of the main retaliatory statements from landlords groups is that the provisions in this package remove any incentive for a landlord to improve or even properly maintain the property. Which arguably does with the provision that landlords can no longer increase the rent after undergoing improvements for the benefits of the tenants. And by stopping rent raises an added challenge is added to the landlords pocket - costs will likely be cut from the bottom line, and improvements will be the first to go.
Tenants have been asking and shouting for legislation to protect them from overzealous landlords for decades and City Mayor Bill de Blasio said this legislature overturn is “a remarkable achievement that will halt displacement, harassment, and unjust evictions.” Over the last decade, alone thousands of apartments have been removed from rent-stabilized status, sending rents skyrocketing as neighborhoods gentrified.
An analysis of the housing market prepared by a tenants’ advocacy group, the Association for Neighborhood & Housing Development, found Central Harlem lost 500 rent-stabilized units in just one year between 2015 and 2016. Astoria, Queens lost 634 such units and Bedford-Stuyvesant, Brooklyn, 460 units.
New York has two forms of rent regulation: rent control and rent stabilization. Both are mandated by the New York State government The ideas is and always has been to stop dramatic rental increases that would price old tenants out.
The old laws problematically made it advantageous for landlords to push out old tenants to allow them to increase rents. Exploiting loop-holes like the “vacancy bonus”, high-income deregulation, and the “owner use” loop-hole.
We will go into more detail as to what these loopholes were and how the new legislation addresses them below.
Find out more about New York Landlord and Tenant Laws
This makes up an incredibly small part of the market, less than 2% even. To be designated as a rent-controlled unit, the apartment must be located in a building built before 1947 and have been occupied by the same family since 1971. These apartments can only be passed down within a family — but only to a family member living in the unit for two years before the existing tenant leaves or passes away. It’s NYC’s own strange form of nepotism.
Most rent-stabilized properties (though not all) are 6+ unit buildings built before 1974 and were priced below $2,000 before 2011 or below $2,700 today. Once an apartment is stabilized by the government, the landlord can only increase the rent by a small percent.
However, there are several loop-holes that can allow a landlord to take a unit out of regulated status. If the tenant's income exceeds $200,000 for two consecutive years, for example, this means the landlord can deregulate the apartment and bring it up to market-rates. Part of this law dictates that even if the tenant is a complete nightmare, the landlord is forced to renew their lease annually. For that reason, landlords are extremely picky with tenants in rent-stabilized apartments.
The new legislation aims to put a stop to big rent increases across the board. It shores up those afore-mentioned loop-holes that landlords have been exploiting.
More about these loop-holes:
It’s difficult to quantify what this is going to mean in the future for landlords. The unfortunate truth is some landlords were abusing their powers. In fact, the villainous New York landlord is a commonly used trope in modern fiction. Think about Peter Parker’s landlord in the Toby Macguire films, always harassing the superhero in his rundown, dingy and broken apartment (no one ever seems to think about Peter Parker being a nightmare tenant, never paying rent - dodging his landlord and keeping very unsocial hours).
Most landlords though are just struggling to make their property profitable - which is surely the entire point of a rental investment.
The New York trade groups and lobbyists have unsurprisingly warned of dire consequences. Suggesting that smaller landlords could be run out of business because of the new limits on rent increases and restrictions on raising the rent after improvement. “This legislation fails to address the city’s housing crisis, and will lead to disinvestment in the city’s private sector rental stock, consigning hundreds of thousands of rent-regulated tenants to living in buildings that are likely to fall into disrepair,” said the Taxpayers for an Affordable New York, a coalition of four real estate groups.
On top of this, it’s not a giant leap to imagine the New York housing market to drop in value as the resale market for rent-regulated apartments decreases in value as a result of the change.
Rent control isn’t a bad thing. It stops rent prices from crazily spiraling out of control as people fight to keep their properties at the “appropriate” market value. And many of these legislations extend way beyond just rent regulations - addressing issues such as security deposits (1 month only), blacklisting tenants, and unlawful evictions.
However, many apartment buildings in New York are old. They are expensive to purchase, and they need high-quality maintenance, and all that comes out of the landlords pocket.
Owning rentals is seen by many as an investment opportunity and by others as a business in and of itself. The other side of the coin though is the social impact. People need shelter, they need to be able to afford to live and have the right to live comfortable lives, and the biggest cost of living, especially in a place like New York is rent.
The simple fact is that raising the rent is always going to upset people. However, if you don’t raise the rent in line with things like inflation, then the landlords business begins to fail, and the property falls into disrepair.
The question then isn’t whether these new regulations are good, or fair for landlords. Nor is it about making sure there is plenty of affordable housing.
The question is, is this a social or an economic debate? Because the two are linked and both deserve equal measures of care and attention if anyone is truly to benefit.
Unfortunately, it’s not been approached as either. It’s a political debate and the politicians have appealed to their voters with these new regulations. Placing responsibility and blame for homelessness on landlords, whilst giving a surprising break to many wealthy NYC residents.
New York needs a new property code, one that favors full-time occupied rental housing. It needs an overhaul of everything from the antiquated rent-stabilization laws to the equally poorly aged property tax system. This though is probably quite far away.
Thanks for reading and we hope you found this blog interesting! However, do note that the purposes of this article is for general information. We are not licensed financial or legal professionals and as such nothing in this article should be understood to be financial or legal advice. If you are in need of financial or legal assistance please seek the help of a competent professional.
If you are already a New York landlord we’d love to hear your thoughts on the topic and how this is going to affect the rental market in the coming years. | <urn:uuid:1cbc2cd8-a117-45b6-b173-fbcb230cd5bb> | CC-MAIN-2019-47 | https://www.landlordboss.com/blogs/articles/who-wins-with-the-ny-new-rental-regulations | 2019-11-19T20:25:51Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-47/segments/1573496670255.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20191119195450-20191119223450-00039.warc.gz | en | 0.957879 | 1,692 | [
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Indian Air Force (IAF) Wing Commander Abhinandan Varthaman has returned to India at the Wagah-Attari border, two days after being captured by Pakistan.
A large number of people on Friday assembled at the Attari Joint Check Post (JCP) to receive IAF pilot Abhinandan Varthaman.
Pakistan Prime Minister Imran Khan on Thursday made the announcement while addressing a joint session of the parliament that they would release captured IAF pilot as a peace gesture.
On Wednesday, India had summoned the acting high commissioner of Pakistan and demanded immediate and safe return of the IAF pilot. India had also conveyed a strong objection to Pakistan’s vulgar display of injured personnel of the Indian Air Force in violation of all norms of International Humanitarian Law and the Geneva Convention.
Pakistan captured Pilot Abhinandan on Wednesday following a fierce engagement between air forces of the two sides along the Line of Control (LoC). | <urn:uuid:3bed105e-23cf-48b9-a043-8fd561bb2add> | CC-MAIN-2019-47 | http://tehelka.com/indian-air-force-wing-commander-abhinandan-varthaman-returns-to-india/ | 2019-11-21T08:53:30Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-47/segments/1573496670743.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20191121074016-20191121102016-00199.warc.gz | en | 0.944019 | 191 | [
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Gatorshield galvanized metal tubing is derived from Allied’s original Flo-Coat product. 310s stainless steel pipe supplier are galvanized to prevent rusting. Black steel pipe in dry pipe techniques experiences generalized metal loss and wall-thinning at any location where trapped water is present. Under is our checklist of the most continuously asked questions we’ve got received about galvanized pipes. Regardless of the identify, dry pipe fireplace sprinkler systems will always include some amount of trapped water. Black metal pipe options an all-over black finish. Zinc is used to impress a layer of the metal pipe. Even if you don’t have a leak, a licensed plumber can inspect your galvanized pipes to advise you on whether they are to blame for any plumbing issues you could be experiencing. The galvanization process that binds the zinc to the steel is quick and inexpensive, especially when in comparison with different metal-remedy choices like portray. In accordance with Cost Helper , the associated fee to interchange galvanized metal plumbing in the common home ranges between $1,500 and $15,000. As this corrosion progresses, it becomes obvious either as a result of the pipe corrodes through inflicting a leak, or because corrosion scaling reduces the cross-sectional space of the pipe and the water circulate through it. Without the protective zinc coating, the steel would remain uncovered to the elements and doubtlessly oxidize and corrode much sooner. If the piping is copper, this merchandise must be marked as M”. If the piping is something else, comparable to galvanized steel, lead, or plastic, this item needs to be rated C” for remark, and there must be a remark stating the water supply piping was not copper. Pipes must be capable of withstand the internal working stress of the system with out bursting. Nonetheless, galvanized pipes have been shown to pose probably severe health risks. Metal will also be painted or sprayed with zinc, though neither technique creates the sturdy bond that hot-dipping does. In older homes, galvanized steel also poses a risk resulting from its lead content material, which has been proven to be unsafe for each children and adults. Advantages of galvanized spriral welding: the welding precision can not be in contrast for the straight seam welding, giant diameter pipes or some special pipes are all used the spiral welded pipe, because spiral welding welding density is huge, welding up is very flexible, welded collectively can type quite a lot of modifications. 126.96.36.199.1B – Black metal pipe is suitable in dry-pipe and preaction sprinkler systems if nitrogen can be used all through the lifetime of the system. Black metal pipe is a non-galvanized metal pipe. As early as the Nineteen Sixties, galvanized pipes started being changed with copper. Continuous sheet galvanizing runs a metal sheet or wire through molten zinc; it’s also a type of sizzling-dipping, however leaves a thinner layer of the protecting metal. Welding galvanized metal pipe must be based on a matrix material selection, basic ease of low carbon steel due consideration, the selection of J422 is more widespread. The steel is submerged in scorching, melted zinc, which triggers a chemical response that permanently bonds the zinc and steel together. Given enough time, galvanized pipes will rust by way of and trigger extra harm to your own home. The coating process, often called galvanizing, entails the usage of dipping steel into molten zinc. Sheets of steel are galvanized by dipping them into a zinc bathtub to forestall rust in addition to offering a harder floor. Within the case of automobile our bodies, the place additional decorative coatings of paint can be applied, a thinner type of galvanizing is utilized by electrogalvanizing The recent-dip process typically does not reduce power on a measurable scale, citation needed except for high-strength steels (>1100 MPa) where hydrogen embrittlement can grow to be a problem.
Contact us for extra info relating to our galvanized structural pipe and other steel pipe options, or request a quote for an in-depth worth analysis at present. Galvanizing can even protect metal via a course of known as “galvanic corrosion”. Galvanized pipe with galvanized iron alloy sulfate course of lies between the trough and the trough are perforated manufacturing straight out and no solution or overflow. Applying sizzling-dipped galvanizing process, the zinc coating can be combined with the floor of the steel pipe evenly. The zinc gives a barrier towards corrosion in order that the pipe may be uncovered to the out of doors environmental elements. Within the strip rolling process, along with the emulsion because of the formation of high-temperature emulsion breaking film lubricant, in addition to a small quantity of oil residues within the strip surface and iron powder mixed pollution, firmly glued to the strip floor. The layer of zinc prevents water and moisture and other elements within the air from corroding the metal underneath. 2, threaded connections, requiring high stress piping programs is difficult to satisfy the necessities. Evaluation and treatment of the contaminants include many factors contribute to corrosion and the leaching of contaminants from drinking water distribution systems. You’ll be able to simply establish galvanized steel pipes so long as your pipes are visible. The erosion may finally result in full blown leaks in your pipes, and water injury in your walls and ceilings. Galvanized metal pipes have an average life expectancy of 40 to 50 years. Black steel pipe and galvanized steel pipe have several respects comparable to one another, akin to they’re widespread kind of pipe applied to move liquid and gasoline, so there are various individuals cannot distinguish them clearly. For those who uncover galvanized pipe or lead plumbing in your house, the foremost concern is the potential release of lead into your ingesting water. If galvanized steel piping is used for dry and preaction methods, then an FM Authorized nitrogen generator have to be used for stress upkeep to forestall oxygen corrosion. What’s more, the floor of galvanized pipe will develop into bright and beautiful after the new dip galvanizing. Sizzling dip galvanized sq. tube is commonly used: glass curtain wall, Tower of power, communications, energy grids, water and gas transmission, wire casing, housing, bridges, steel construction, energy transmission, and so on. Vickers hardness there’s a small detrimental Vickers hardness take a look at load 1.961 <forty nine.03N, it applies to a thinner workpiece, the tool floor or coating hardness measurement; micro-Vickers hardness test load <1.961N applicable to the steel foil, , of the ultra-skinny floor layer hardness measurement. Kee Klamp steel pipe railing fittings are completely galvanized. Galvanized pipes stay inexpensive than copper and are more sturdy than plastic. These pipes build up with sediment on the within, making the within diameter of the pipe smaller and smaller over time, finally to the purpose where water movement is unusable. Also, make sure you put on the correct footwear that can shield it is best to the galvanized pipe fall in your foot throughout the reducing course of. The usage of galvanized steel is an excellent technique of stopping corrosion by oxygen beneath the fitting situations. First, skinny-walled chrome steel tube, the nation began production within the late Nineties, using as we speak’s pipe-and-coming in the discipline of newborn household have been extensively used in constructing water provide and ingesting water pipeline.
Engineering apply at home and overseas has been proven to be probably the greatest overall efficiency of water supply system, a new, power-saving and setting-friendly pipe water provide pipe is also a really competitive, enhance water quality, improve people’s residing commonplace will play no comparable to the position. Galvanized metal is used primarily within the development business, and its major applications embrace roofing, support beams and braces for walls, and piping. Because it has a dark colour surface that’s type by iron oxide throughout the manufacturing course of, it is called black steel pipe. This technique is very similar to sizzling-dip galvanizing however is performed on the metal mill, normally on supplies that already have a selected shape. In the end, these flaws demonstrated that new alternatives needed to be used for water distribution pipes. Many properties have had this lead service pipe eliminated and upgraded with trendy plumbing material, nevertheless for properties that had galvanized plumbing whereas their lead service traces have been in-place there exists one other space of concern. The concern will not be for zinc or iron that may be leaching from the pipe, however for lead and particularly cadmium, two other heavy metals that may be current as impurities within the zinc used for the galvanizing process. In cold domestic water systems, galvanized metal may be very widespread and is used as much or greater than copper, notably in bigger sizes, due to its decrease materials costs. It could extend the lifetime of galvanized and different water pipes by up to a decade per cleansing. To regalvanize repaired water pipe, professional plumbers apply zinc coating with a brush. Scorching dip galvanized zinc layer than just a few instances of the electro-galvanized thick corrosion protection is a number of times that of the electro-galvanized. Corrosion units in slowly as the protective zinc layer begins to put on off, so these indicators of corrosion could develop slowly.Rusty WaterThis tends to be most evident while you first activate the water within the morning. The hot rolled strip in a high-velocity chilly rolling process, a part of the iron off from the surface of the roll and strip surface into the emulsion, contamination of the emulsion, the opposite part is stuck within the strip surface. The hot dipped galvanized coating offers a protecting coating to the pipe, ensuring that no antagonistic chemical compounds leach into the domestic water system. As galvanized metal water distribution pipe ages, it typically corrodes from the inside out. 1, the metal pipe into the solvent tank, the tape to calm down all the steel immersed in the solvent, doesn’t allow the steel pipe floor uncovered solvent surface. Galvanized steel is metal that has been coated with zinc to prevent corrosion. Galvanic corrosion happens when two metals of a special electrochemical make up are positioned into contact with each other with an electrolyte present, reminiscent of salty water. A hacksaw will reduce the metallic away from a galvanized pipe. When zinc is in liquid state, plate the metal with a thick layer of pure zinc after the complicated physical and chemical interplay and thus will make the recent dip galvanizing come into being. The life expectancy of galvanized piping is about 70 years, citation needed however it might differ by area as a result of impurities within the water supply and the proximity of electrical grids for which inside piping acts as a pathway (the flow of electricity can accelerate chemical corrosion). | <urn:uuid:8b1302bb-f376-41fd-9377-31989a014529> | CC-MAIN-2019-47 | http://www.ovoamarelo.com/2019/11/07/are-your-galvanized-steel-pipes-experiencing-corrosion/ | 2019-11-21T08:42:51Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-47/segments/1573496670743.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20191121074016-20191121102016-00199.warc.gz | en | 0.932599 | 2,256 | [
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Train Travel in Vietnam
Anyone who visits Vietnam is bound to travel by train at least once during their stay in this beautiful slender country. The train line runs down the backbone connecting all the larger tourist centres, called the Reunification Express, with a slow but picturesque journey. Like many visitors and locals, instead of flying to Da Nang to reach Hue we took the overnight train. For many travellers it is a way of saving money, for us it was more about the experience. Taking the plane would have actually cost us less (150€) or at most the same. However, Jerome had never been on an overnight train and I had not had the pleasure of sleeping in a proper bed on a long train journey so I had decided to book us a soft sleeper cabin for four on the train to Hue after our return from our three day cruise in Ha Long Bay.
Booking Train Tickets
Vietnam Railways has a fairly good reputation in terms of safety and also for being on time. I had used the famous Seat 61 website for initial research and booking our ticket through 12go.asia was as easy as reserving flight tickets on any major website. Note that tickets for Vietnamese trains are on sale from 2-3 months before the travel date. Check the fare regulations for children with your ticket office/agent, they seem to vary depending on who you choose to buy the tickets from. Also do not be surprised if there are both age and/or height restrictions, the guard might even ask your child to stand at one of the measuring spots in the carriages. Jerome already paid the full adult fare as he was already over ten years old and taller than 1.31m.
Choosing the Right Cabin
First of all I had decided what train to take, choosing the SE1 at 19:30, which gave us enough time for dinner after our arrival back in Hanoi from Ha Long. Vietnamese trains have a choice of seats and sleepers, I opted for the soft sleepers, also called 1st Class, and bought a whole cabin for 4 to make sure that we would not have to share with a stranger. I was able to choose a cabin during the booking process and decided it was better to be 2 cabins away from the entrance to the carriage as I was not sure about any disturbance from the toilets and entrances. The difference between a soft sleeper and hard sleeper is basically the thickness of the mattress. Some people have complained that the soft sleeper is still too hard for us westerners. Having slept on futons in Japan many times before I was less worried about the issue.
Hard or Soft Seats
If we would have made the journey during the daytime we might have gone for normal soft seats in an air-conditioned carriage. Vietnam also still offers wooden hard seats on their train, they might be fun for a short journey but otherwise probably unbearable. There are some private companies that attach their own “luxurious” sleeper carriages to the trains, but from my research there is almost no evidence that they are more comfortable than the Vietnam Railway carriages, they just have a more modern feel and design.
Arriving at Hanoi Station – Ga Ha Noi
After finishing our dinner around the corner from Hanoi station we walked the two blocks to the entrance – there are three stations in total so make sure you are actually heading for the right one! Our train to Hue was due to depart from Ga Ha Noi, the main station and the largest of the three. Walking into the train station we noticed a ticket desk to our left, a waiting area to the right and a little kiosk next to the gate leading to the platforms. We bought some water and biscuits for the journey and checked our platform on the departure board. The board was very basic, no modern electronic display, but a list of train numbers, followed by the departure time and the track number.
Looking for the Right Train to Hue
Jerome and Chris stayed with our luggage, while I went to see if the train might already be at the platform and if there were any seats where we could wait. Heading for track 1, I spotted a waiting train. When I went to check the display at the platform I realised that it was indeed the train that would take us from Hanoi to Hue. I went to get the boys and our trolleys (there are advantages to travelling light with hand baggage only, we had just a trolley bag and small knapsack each). The tickets were on my phone, stating our coach, the cabin, plus the berth number. Once we reached our platform we looked for carriage No. 7, the numbers were displayed on the outside of each section and next to the entrance doors. The guards in their uniforms stood next to each door with a red lantern hanging from a hook. I approached our guard and showed him the tickets, he then let us board the train.
Checking Into Our Cabin for the Journey
Jerome ran along the aisle to find our cabin for the night. The trains had a certain rustic charm that I can still remember from my very early childhood years. The inside was constructed entirely from wooden planks and the windows were the kind that you could push down. The only luxury was the cool air coming from the air conditioning system. Our cabin was basic, two bunk beds to either side, a small table in front of the window and some curtain to provide us with privacy and darkness. The beds were not the softest but also not as hard as I had imagined, I was sure we would be able to sleep on them. The cotton sheets were freshly washed, although we had heard some horror stories of people going to Hanoi from the South joining half way and they had to live with warmed sheets from other travellers. We happily made ourselves comfortable in the cabin, Jerome put his cuddly travel companions on the top bunk.
Exploring the Train and Station
There was still plenty of time before our departure and I decided to have a wander around and take some photos. Jerome joined me and we headed for the front of the train. At first there were many more similar sleeper carriages, it was interesting to get a look into the different styles, then the soft seater coaches started and they looked just like any other modern train coach. Leaving through one of the open doors we stepped onto the station platform and could see the full length of our train, with the dining car plus the diesel engine at the front. I enjoyed walking along the platform looking into the windows of the cabins and watching other tourists and locals board the train. Suddenly the lights went off in and outside the station, apparently a power cut! The neon lights of the station and trains drowned the station in a dreamy light. Jerome got anxious, not because of the lack of light but he was worried we could miss the train in the darkness.
Watching the World Outside Our Window
Back on board we returned to our cabin, we left our door open for a while, until a group of noisy travellers that seemed to have congregated in the aisle outside one of the cabins forced us to close it. Eventually it was time for the train to leave, it was slowly set into motion and we moved out of the station. It was too dark to see much on our way out of Hanoi apart from the lit up windows and passing motorbikes and cars. It was interesting to see the throng of mopeds congregated at the level crossings like flocks of sheep, waiting for the train to pass and the barriers to reopen. It was too early for us to sleep and so we got our pack of cards out and played a few rounds of rummy.
Before we hit the beds to sleep we made a much dreaded pilgrimage to the toilets. I have to say it was not as bad as expected – in fact not much worse than I have seen on the Eurostar or some trains in Germany.
On the way back to the cabin I noticed our guard gazing out of the window at the passing nightscape. He appeared to be completely lost in his own world, maybe his thoughts were with his girlfriend or family back home.
We made ourselves comfortable on the beds and I was surprised how easy I found it to fall asleep. The constant rocking motion was not as disturbing as I had imagined and somewhat therapeutic. I did wake up at some point in the middle of the night as some noisy laggards wandered past, I left the cabin for a quick toilet stop and found the guard asleep in his room, with the bed protruding half way into the corridor.
Early Mornings on the Train
When I woke in the morning the train had stopped, early morning light seeped through the curtains and I found Chris already sitting on his bunk below. Jerome was still lying opposite me, asleep, but I knew he would wake up if Chris and I started talking. I was too curious to stay in bed for longer and joined Chris on his bunk. The train stood inside a station, some shopkeepers were busy with early customers, others had only just opened their kiosks and set up their goods and wares outside. It was compelling to watch them and made me long for a hot cup of coffee. Just as Chris and I discussed if we would have enough time to venture outside to grab a coffee from one of the stalls, we heard someone pushing a trolley along the corridor in our carriage, offering coffee and tea to the early risers.
Enjoying the Views From the Train
After a few sips I felt somewhat more awake and I wanted to take some photos of the passing countryside. I joined a French gentlemen by the windows in the corridors. He had opened one of them and we could feel the warm breeze frill though our hair. I leaned out to take a photo towards the front of the train and got a good shot just as it turned a bend.
Rural Life Outside Our Window
There were already many farmers in the lush green rice fields, the water in the irrigation dykes sparkled in the low sunlight. Some of the farmers were only recognisable due to their non la hats, others were accompanied by water buffalos. Jerome, still half awake, came and joined me at some point. He was curious as well, to get a glimpse of the vast countryside towards Hue. As the scenery glided past – the train hardly rushes – other common sights that still stick in my mind were cemeteries and lonely graves, isolated houses, villages and lotus ponds dotted with pink and white blossoms.
Approaching Hue Station
The time passed surprisingly fast and we were approaching Hue station soon. Jerome made sure his cuddly crew was packed in his backpack and we had not left anything behind. Outside our window the buildings got denser and larger. The train crossed a big bridge over a river – we would cycle across it a few days later – and arrived on time at Hue station. I would have never thought the trains in Vietnam would actually run to schedule but from what we could see every stop was perfectly timed, in fact the train left Hue slightly early, so always make sure you arrive at the station with plenty of time to board.
We had thoroughly enjoyed the trip from Hanoi and Hue on the overnight train, there were no creepy crawly encounters and the overall experience was a good one. It was another experience we could tick of our list. For our return journey I had booked a flight from Da Nang to Hanoi as it actually turned out to be somewhat cheaper…but I would certainly take the train again. Our pre booked taxi was already waiting outside the station, it would drive us to Pilgrimage Hotel, which would be our home for the next few days exploring around Hue.
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From the late nineteenth century into the early twenty-first century, U.S. society increasingly became concerned about the welfare of the nation's children. Congress and the states passed special laws recognizing that children held a right to a healthful upbringing and are particularly vulnerable to being victimized by criminals. Children have a right to basic needs such as food, clothing, shelter, medical care, education, and safety from society's ills. All states have laws requiring biological parents to provide these basic needs. However parents are given much discretion on how they satisfy these responsibilities of providing nurturing and safety. Criminal penalties were provided for those who denied these rights through abuse, assault, abduction, or some other action. The laws addressed acts against children at home, in places of worship, at childcare facilities, and in the workplace. The laws also placed an emphasis on prevention as well as prosecution.
The basis for these criminal laws was the recognition that children have special needs separate from adults. By the twentieth century the public determined that to protect the long-term interests of society children must be provided the basic needs to develop into healthy and productive adults. At the same time the laws protect the parents' interests in raising their children as they see fit. Overall the United States gives parents greater flexibility than many other countries.
When a child faces hunger, abuse, or neglect, the state intervenes in family matters. Those who deny these basic rights to children can be charged with criminal offenses. In addition criminal penalties are particularly harsh toward those who abuse, sexually assault, murder, or kidnap children.
Protection of children
For centuries children over the age of seven were considered little adults, especially the poor who often had to work to help support their families. They were also considered as "property" owned by their parents with few rights. Fathers in particular had nearly total power in disciplining and working their children, especially in farming communities where children fed and tended livestock. The government stayed away from internal family relations. As a result, no specific criminal laws addressed child abuse or neglect. Assaults or kidnapping by others were treated by general criminal laws. Such was the legal status of children during much of the American colonial period prior to the American Revolution (1775–83).
By the late eighteenth century, public perceptions of children began to shift. American society changed throughout the nineteenth century as cities grew around newly developing industrial centers. Immigration was growing as well, particularly from eastern Europe by the late part of the century. With parents working long hours in factories, children were left alone and some citizens became concerned for their well-being, worried that they were susceptible to becoming crime victims. Others were concerned about the effects of so many unsupervised children on the streets, that they could enter into criminal activity making the streets less safe for others. In addition sociological perceptions of children continued to change.
As society realized children were not just little versions of adults, ideas about child development grew. It became known that children did not have the same reasoning abilities as most adults and could not be held responsible for all of their actions, especially if they did not have proper supervision. Early promoters of children's rights believed children needed proper legal protection and special consideration in the justice system.
Other changes in society also affected children in the country after the American Civil War (1861–65). With fathers increasingly away at factory work, mothers gained greater responsibility in raising children. This trend led courts to adopt the "tender years" policy, which recognized mothers as the primary caregivers for a child's early years.
With all of these changes in attitude and growing concerns over the welfare of the young, courts applied the concept of parens patriae more freely. The concept meant that the state could act as a parent if it was believed necessary. Under this concept, the government has the duty to intervene in families to make decisions in the best interest of the children when needed.
Organized childcare outside of the home assists parents in providing the basic needs of a child. Though often controversial in much of the twentieth century, organized childcare has a long history in the United States. Infant daycare facilities have operated in parts of Boston and New York City since the early 1800s. The number of day nurseries increased by the late nineteenth century as industries grew and increasing numbers of immigrants, both men and women, sought jobs. These facilities were primarily for children of the working poor and run by private charities. For middle-class families, kindergartens became available in the mid-nineteenth century.
Publicly funded childcare programs did not come into existence until World War II (1939–45). Congress passed the Community Facilities Act in 1941 to create childcare centers for war industry workers. Many women worked in the war industries while their husbands were away in the military. This national childcare program ended after the war, though California kept some centers open through state support.
In place of a national childcare system, other programs were created throughout the postwar years to assist parents and fulfill the rights of children. These programs included Head Start for poor children under four years of age; Aid to Families with Dependent Children, which helped pay for daycare; the At-Risk Child Care Program, which gave assistance to families in need; income tax deductions for childcare expenses; and the 1993 Family Leave Act, which required large companies to grant unpaid leave to employees who needed time off to care for children or family members.
In addition to programs for younger children, all school-aged youngsters are provided free education at public schools. School aged children with disabilities are also provided access to education through the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act of 1975. The Medicaid program was created to assist the healthcare needs of the poor and their children.
Organized childcare continued as privately-owned businesses in the United States into the twenty-first century. To ensure the quality and safety of private childcare centers, states regulate these services. State agencies require childcare centers to screen workers for criminal records; facilities and workers who commit severe violations can be criminally charged.
Another key concern over children's rights arose in the late nineteenth century. Many children were working long hours in dangerous factories for very low pay. Employing children was common in the city, especially among poor immigrant populations. It was not until 1938 that Congress passed the Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA) restricting child labor. The act continued to be the primary federal child labor law into the twenty-first century. Most states also passed child labor laws while other relied solely on the FLSA.
The limits imposed by the Fair Labor Standards Act are complex and dependent on the nature of the work and age of the youth. Children must be at least fourteen years of age to work in non-manufacturing jobs outside of school hours. They must be at least sixteen for general employment during school hours, and they must be eighteen to work in occupations considered hazardous by the Department of Labor, such as manufacturing of explosives, coal mining, logging, and driving a motor vehicle.
In some states, children must also have parental permission to work at certain jobs. Under some state laws, employers in certain businesses must obtain employment certificates from
the state to legally employ a youth under a certain age. On the other hand, parents cannot force minors to work in hazardous jobs. Criminal prosecution can result from violations of child labor laws, both involving employers and the parents depending on the specific case. Those convicted of child labor violations can be fined. An employer cannot use the defense of being ignorant of a youth's age if caught illegally employing a minor, even if the youth lied on his or her job application.
Kidnapping and abduction
Kidnapping is the aggravated (for ransom or injury) false imprisonment of a person. In colonial days kidnapping was just a misdemeanor punishable by fine or some other public punishment. There was no special category when the victim was a child. In addition kidnapping was not considered a crime unless the abduction was violent or involved international travel. The newly formed states passed kidnapping laws following founding of the United States, but most states continued to consider it a misdemeanor crime. As a result children of the wealthy were frequently targeted by kidnappers seeking high ransoms. Often the children were murdered even when the ransom was paid. Kidnappers would commonly take their victims to another state to be outside the jurisdictional territory of the state in which the abductions occurred.
The kidnapping and murder of the infant son of famous American aviator Charles Lindbergh (1902–1974) in 1932 brought a public outcry for stiffer kidnapping penalties. Congress passed the Lindbergh Law making kidnapping a federal criminal offense when the kidnapper takes his victim across the state borders.
The kidnapping of children for ransom declined through the latter half of the twentieth century, replaced by kidnapping cases involving bitter child custody cases and by sex offenders. To address parental kidnappings in violation of custody rights, Congress passed first the Uniform Child Custody Jurisdiction Act followed by the federal Parental Kidnapping Prevention Act of 1994. Most states also include parental kidnapping in their general kidnapping laws.
Abductions by sex offenders drew considerable attention in the 1990s and afterwards. Because sex offenders have a very high risk of repeating crimes, the State of Washington passed the first law in the nation in 1990 that authorized criminal justice officials to notify communities when a dangerous sex offender is released in their area.
The following years witnessed several highly publicized cases of children being abducted and murdered. As a result a series of laws were passed to stiffen the penalties for these crimes against children. The brutal rape and murder of seven year-old Megan Kanka in 1994 led to a public outcry for a national community notification system like the one Washington had established four years earlier. On May 17, 1996, President Bill Clinton (1946–; served 1993–2001) signed Megan's Law. The law required states to register offenders convicted of sex crimes against children and make personal information on registered sex offenders available to the public.
After nine-year-old Amber Hagerman of Arlington, Texas, was abducted and brutally murdered in January 1996, more legislative remedies were pursued to prosecute criminals victimizing children and to attempt to prevent such crimes. The most significant came in 2003 when Congress passed the Prosecutorial Remedies and Other Tools to End the Exploitation of Children Today Act, known as the PROTECT Act. The act made child abuse killings first-degree murders subject to the death penalty. It also strengthened penalties for kidnapping and eliminated the statute of limitations for child abduction and sex crimes. Previously once the child victim reached the age of twenty-five, the offender could no longer be criminally prosecuted. The minimum penalty for kidnapping by a non-family member rose to twenty years. In addition a person convicted in a first offense of child sexual exploitation and child pornography faced penalties from fifteen to thirty years in prison. A "two strikes" rule in the act requires life imprisonment for offenders who commit two serious sexual abuse offenses against a child. The act also prohibits any obscene materials depicting children and provides harsher penalties than those penalties provided in general obscenity laws.
A key feature of the PROTECT Act was creation of the AMBER Alert program. The program established a national communications network for alerting the public immediately after an abduction of a youth under eighteen years of age has been reported. The child must be considered in danger of harm or death. The alerts bring in the assistance of local public in spotting the missing child, their abductor, or the vehicle reportedly used in the abduction.
During the late 1990s concern also arose over the abduction of children for the purposes of selling them into international sex trade networks. To give law enforcement more tools to address this growing issue of human trafficking, Congress passed the Victims of Trafficking and Violence Protection Act of 2000.
Forms of child abuse
Child abuse is a major social problem; every child has the right to be free of physical and emotional harm. Child abuse is causing or failing to prevent actions against children that can result in serious physical or emotional harm, including sexual abuse and even death. This also includes neglect or placing a child at risk of serious harm, even if no injury results. Some forms of physical abuse include locking kids in closets, tying them to a bed, making them stand for long periods of time, or leaving them home alone. A child's right to freedom from abuse is balanced with the right of parents to discipline their children without government interference.
Child sexual abuse not only includes rape and improper touching, but also other actions such as a person exposing his or her private parts to a child or giving a child sexually explicit or pornographic material. Even if the child is not physically touched or harmed, these are still crimes of sexual abuse.
While sexual abuse is the least common form of child abuse, the most common is neglect. Neglect can lead to both physical and emotional harm. It is difficult to define neglect, because parents in poverty situations cannot provide as much care as those with higher incomes. Improper healthcare or not providing an education can also qualify as criminal neglect. Emotional abuse comes from exposure to domestic violence, drug use, dirty homes, and inadequate clothing.
Criminalizing child abuse
Real concern over child abuse did not surface until after the Civil War (1861–65) in the 1870s. At that time, the American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals went to court over an eight-year-old New York girl who was whipped and beaten regularly by her foster parents. The society argued in court that children deserved at least the same protections as animals from abuse.
The society's argument worked. The foster mother was convicted of assault and sentenced to one year of hard labor. This court victory led to the establishment of the New York Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children in 1874. The following year the New York legislature passed a law prohibiting child abuse.
Child abuse did not catch national attention, however, for another ninety years. In 1962 Dr. Henry Kempe published an article called "The Battered Child Syndrome" in the Journal of the American Medical Association. The article described various signs of child abuse to help doctors detect abuse among their patients. The signs or symptoms mentioned included skin, bone, and abdominal injuries. Behavioral clues included anxiety or depression, or self-destructive actions.
The article had a far wider affect than simply alerting physicians. Media attention about the article greatly increased public awareness of child abuse. By 1970 every state had passed child abuse laws. These laws required teachers, doctors, childcare staff, and social workers to report suspected child abuse to authorities. Failing to report suspected abuse could lead to criminal charges; eighteen states legally required anyone who suspected abuse to report it, even friends of the child's family.
Every state also has laws limiting the criminal liability of those who report suspicious symptoms. They cannot be sued or criminally charged for making reports that prove inaccurate as long as they acted in good faith or with the best interests of the child in mind. To support the growing caseload, Congress passed the federal Child Abuse Prevention and Treatment Act (CAPTA) in 1974. The act required states to create mandatory requirements for people to report suspected cases of child abuse. It was now a crime in all fifty states to not report suspected child abuse. It also created the National Center on Child Abuse and Neglect with the Department of Health and Human Services and provided federal funding for child abuse investigations and the protective services provided for abused children.
State and federal child abuse programs offered other information about how to detect abuse. For example, doctors and teachers may look for suspicious statements by parents or the child, public humiliation of a child by the parents, unexplained absences, or a sudden drop in school grades.
Child abuse as a defense in the courtroom
Individual histories of child abuse were increasingly used in criminal trials as a defense against serious allegations. One of the earliest and most publicized cases involving a defense involving child abuse was the murder trial of the Menendez brothers in Southern California. In August 1989 Erik and Lyle Menendez murdered their parents in their Beverly Hills mansion. The two brothers stood to inherit $14 million. The following March they were arrested and charged with murder. During their trial they claimed the murders were in self-defense after years of sexual abuse by their father and neglect by their mother. After an initial mistrial for one of the two brothers, a jury found them guilty in 1996 and sentenced them to life in prison.
Similarly in October 1994 Susan Smith in Union County, South Carolina, drove her car into a lake drowning her three-year-old and sixteen-month-old sons. She murdered her children in order to keep a love affair alive with a boyfriend. In her defense, Smith claimed she suffered several emotional problems including depression following years of sexual abuse from a stepfather. The jury found Smith guilty of murder but gave her a life in prison sentence rather than death, perhaps because of the defense.
Child protective services
State service agencies to protect children enforce laws prohibiting child abuse. These laws vary from state to state but some common procedures exist. Usually, reports of suspected child abuse went to local police departments, but in the 1970s child protective service agencies took over this responsibility in about half the states. Some provided free telephone hotlines to report suspected abuse.
After receiving notification of possible abuse, the agency must investigate, intervene if necessary to protect the child from further abuse, and keep written records. The investigation, sometimes performed by the police, includes interviews with the child, parents, doctors, and teachers. Agency intervention or involvement can include placing a child temporarily in a detention home or in foster care.
In the late 1990s over 560,000 youths were in foster care at any specified time. Intervention can also include monitoring of a home situation and providing counseling if needed for the parents. The number of cases each child protective worker handles can be astounding. Investigations in 1998 found some 903,000 children were abused or neglected in that year or about 13 for every 1,000 children in the general U.S. population. This was only for cases that were actually reported; many incidents of child abuse are never reported at all. About 1,087 children died from child abuse in 1998.
In severe cases, an abused child is permanently removed from a home and put up for adoption. The protective agency is required to write a report of its findings, which may lead to criminal charges against the abusing person. Abuse findings go into computer databases that include information on both known child abusers and those suspected of abuse.
Having an easily available database of abuse reports has led to concern and opposition. Opponents claim such a system could include information on innocent persons whose reputations could be greatly harmed if they are labeled as child abusers. In 1984 the Victims of Child Abuse Laws group formed to assist people falsely accused of child abuse.
Child sexual abuse and the Catholic Church
Though various cases of child sexual abuse caught the public's eye in the United States through the 1990s and early 2000s, the nation was stunned by allegations that involved the Catholic Church. The first awareness of what would later unfold into a huge child abuse scandal came in the early 1990s when Father James Porter was convicted of abusing some one hundred boys and girls in various Catholic parishes around the Boston area stretching back into the 1960s.
Children's Defense Fund
The Children's Defense Fund (CDF) is a national organization that promotes the social welfare of children. The CDF lobbies Congress for funding to support various children's programs and conducts national awareness campaigns. It regularly publishes reports on the health and social well-being of children. Much of CDF's efforts have focused on saving federal programs from budget cuts.
Marian Wright Edelman, the first black woman to pass the state bar exam in Mississippi, founded the CDF in 1973. Edelman first gained national attention in the 1960s when she successfully stopped the state of Mississippi from withholding federal Head Start program funds from black American children. By the late 1960s Edelman had established the Washington Research Project, a group dedicated to fighting racial discrimination. A staff attorney for the group was Hillary Rodham Clinton, who later became first lady.
In 1973 Edelman turned the Washington Research Project into the Children's Defense Fund to focus on the needs of children. After fighting year after year to prevent budget cuts, the CDF got a boost when Bill Clinton became president in 1993. Clinton signed two pieces of legislation promoted by CDF during his terms. The Family and Medical Leave Act of 1993 provided the right for workers to take unpaid leave to care for children or family members in medical need, while the Full Faith and Credit for Child Support Orders Act of 1994 increased enforcement of child support payments.
Porter was found guilty and the court sentenced him to up to twenty years in prison in December 1993. The case shocked Catholics and others around Boston, and the city's cardinal (a high ranking Catholic Church official), Bernard Law, consoled the public by stating that Porter's abuse was an isolated or single case. Law condemned the news media for its coverage of the scandal, but introduced a new sexual abuse policy for his region anyway to calm his church members.
The Boston scandal quieted down for the next several years until another area Catholic priest, John Geoghan, was investigated for 130 cases of child sexual abuse in 1998. Geoghan was forced out of the priesthood and convicted in January 2002 of child sexual abuse. The court sentenced him to up to ten years in prison. Again Cardinal Law insisted this was simply another unusual case regarding Catholic priests.
After Geoghan's case and conviction, however, many more alleged victims came forward about sexual abuse involving priests. Newspaper inquiries and criminal investigations revealed many more. Secret church documents became public in 2002 and proved the Catholic Church not only had knowledge of sexual abuse by priests but had covered it up.
The documents mentioned numerous priests, hundreds of victims, and how claims were repeatedly ignored by church officials. Some alleged victims, however, had been paid off to keep them quiet while certain priests were transferred to new churches and given brief counseling. The documents showed that even Geoghan had been transferred two times for molesting children before finally being caught by authorities. Another priest, Paul Shanley, had also been transferred to new parishes despite a history of child sexual abuse known to the church.
Massachusetts had no law that required suspected child abuse to be reported to authorities. Some cases of child rape, however, were clearly criminal acts and they too went unreported by church authorities. Documents showed church leaders made no attempt to ever inform law enforcement of these criminal activities. As public disgust grew from one revelation after another, Cardinal Law repeatedly refused to resign from his post. In a rare move in April 2002, the pope summoned all U.S. cardinals to the Vatican in Rome to discuss the sex abuse issue.
By late 2002 some 1,200 Catholic priests in the United States were accused of child sex abuse. Four U.S. bishops
Cardinal Bernard Law
Bernard Law was born on November 4, 1931, to a U.S. Air Force colonel and his wife in Torreon, Mexico. The family moved from one military base to another; as a result Law was educated in North and South America and the Virgin Islands. He then attended Harvard University and received a degree in medieval history in 1953. Following Harvard, Law entered the seminary and became an ordained Catholic priest in 1961.
During his years in the Catholic Church, Law was known for his work with immigrants and minorities. In the 1960s he was very active in the Civil Rights movement in Mississippi, and in 1968 Law took a job in the office of the U.S. Conference of Catholic Bishops. He became known among church leaders across the country and was appointed bishop in a Missouri diocese in 1973. Law became bishop in Boston in 1984, one of the most powerful Catholic Church regions in the nation. The following year he was ordained as a cardinal.
Law was immensely popular in the Boston area. He rose in international prominence as well within the church. Law also met with President George W. Bush (1946–; served 2001–) and other religious leaders shortly after the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks in New York City and Washington, D.C.
Law's leadership began to crumble in 2002 as the child sexual abuse scandal spread in Boston, involving hundreds of victims and numerous priests over a period of decades. In December 2002 when secret church documents revealed that Law not only knew about the abuse but actually tried to cover it up, Law was forced to resign as cardinal before the pope.
In May 2004 Law received a new assignment in Rome, Italy. Much anger resulted in Boston that Law should remain in a church leadership position after being directly involved in covering up so much child sexual abuse.
resigned as the scandal went worldwide; other bishops resigned in Argentina, Germany, Ireland, Canada, Switzerland, Poland, and elsewhere. Then in December 2002 even more revealing church documents were discovered. These new documents described widespread child sex abuse in the Catholic Church and an equally large cover-up. Not only was Cardinal Law aware of all the abuse, but he actively tried to hide incident after incident of child rape from the public and law enforcement.
The second set of documents finally led to Cardinal Law's resignation on December 13, 2002. The Boston archdiocese was near bankruptcy under the weight of some four hundred claims of sexual abuse. By October 2003 Law's successor, Archbishop Sean P. O'Malley, helped negotiate an $85 million settlement with more than 550 sexual abuse victims. In May 2004 the Boston archdiocese announced the closure of about sixty-five parishes as it continued to deal with the consequences of the abuse scandal.
Protecting a child's right to a healthy, loving upbringing is a key responsibility of family courts. Family courts often address children's rights by attempting to resolve family problems, not by handing out criminal sentences. They hear cases of child abuse and neglect and enforce payment of child support (money used to raise the child).
Parents are granted freedom to raise their children as they see fit in the Fourteenth Amendment. When biological parents disagree over how to raise a child—usually occurring in divorce proceedings—family courts step in to determine child custody and support matters. In situations other than divorce, courts may still determine parents are not acting in the best interests of their child. Parents can be considered unfit if they abuse their children in any way, including the denial of medical care or financial support. A judge can appoint a guardian in such situations as the court considers other remedies.
A crucial part of divorce proceedings is child support, the payments made by one parent to the other parent who has custody rights. Both parents have a legal responsibility to provide support to a child for basic needs. Most children in single parent homes have the right to support payments, which are usually provided in divorce rulings. Other forms of support, such as paying for a child's insurance coverage, can also be ordered by the court.
States are responsible for making sure parents satisfy their child support responsibilities, which are often complicated by jurisdictional (the area within which a government agency or court has legal authority) issues. Parents often move to other areas or states for jobs or to establish a new life. To help states keep track of families, Congress passed the Uniform Interstate Family Support Act of 1992, followed by the Full Faith and Credit for Child Support Orders Act of 1994. These acts created rules about handling custody cases that span state lines, such as allowing states to pursue parents who owe support payments, even if they have moved to another state.
States set guidelines for what is considered adequate support, which usually ends when children reach age twenty-one, marry, or are able to support themselves. Civil and criminal penalties can be assessed against parents who do not make their child support payments. Criminal penalties can include jail sentences and fines and are applied to repeat offenders. Those who cross a state line to avoid paying support may also face federal prosecution.
By the early 1990s concern over the nonpayment of court ordered support grew. A report in 1992 found that $27 billion in support had not been paid. The U.S. Department of Justice established the Office of Child Support Enforcement to help states recover support dollars. The number of cases was enormous and forced states to find ways to collect support payments, such as claiming part of a parent's paycheck, charging fines, seizing owned property, even taking away a nonpaying parent's driver's license.
While children have greater rights than adults concerning their basic needs, children have less rights than adults in certain other circumstances like school classrooms and at school events. Free speech and expression are limited if they are at odds with a school's educational mission, which includes courtesy, tolerance, and respect for others.
The courtroom is another place where juveniles have fewer rights. In juvenile court systems, unlike adults in regular courts, youths do not have the right to bail nor a jury trial. In addition, courts usually side with parents or guardians rather than children in determining what is in a child's best interest.
Children also do not have the right to file a lawsuit in court. There was some pressure in the 1990s to increase the legal standing of minors. On one occasion, a twelve-year-old boy took action in the state courts of Florida to cut legal ties with his parents. He stated that they were financially unable to provide for his basic needs, and though he won the case, an appeals court reversed the ruling saying he had no legal right to file the suit in the first place. Once adults joined him in the suit, his court victory was assured.
Children's rights advocates claim minors should be allowed to file lawsuits if they show a suitable level of knowledge. Society continues to wrestle with how much say a youth should legally have in his or her future.
Another difference in the rights of children and adults involves obscene materials. States protect the young from certain kinds of books, videos, and movies. For example, some sexually explicit materials may be considered obscene for children but not for adults. The same concept is applied to television programming. Television networks established family viewing times in the evening when children are most likely to be watching.
Creating family viewing guidelines were designed to protect children from sexually explicit or violent programs. Television networks steadily drifted from these standards in the twenty-first century. Similarly, the government has made efforts to regulate explicit sites on the Internet to protect children. Congress passed the Communications Decency Act of 1996 and the Child Online Protection Act of 1998. Several courts, however, ruled the acts unconstitutional.
For More Information
Besharov, Douglas J. Recognizing Child Abuse: A Guide for the Concerned. New York: Free Press, 1990.
Bianchi, Anne. Understanding the Law: A Teen Guide to Family Court and Minors' Rights. New York: Rosen, 2000.
Fabricant, Michael. Juveniles in the Family Courts. Lexington, MA: Lexington Books, 1983.
Helfer, Mary E., Ruth S. Kempe, and Richard D. Krugman, eds. The Battered Child. 5th ed. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 1997.
Mnookan, Robert H., and D. Kelly Weisberg. Child, Family, and State: Problems and Materials on Children and the Law. Gaithersburg, MD: Aspen Law and Business, 2000.
Ramsey, Sarah H., and Douglas E. Adams. Children and the Law in a Nutshell. 2nd ed. St. Paul, MN: Thomson/West, 2003.
Sagaturn, Inger, and Leonard Edwards. Child Abuse and the Legal System. Chicago, IL: Nelson-Hall Publishers, 1995.
"National Clearinghouse on Child Abuse and Neglect Information." U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Administration for Children and Families.http://nccanch.acf.hhs.gov/ (accessed on August 20, 2004).
"What is Abuse?" ChildhelpUSA®.http://www.childhelpusa.org/abuseinfo_definitions.htm (accessed on September 2, 2004).
A country can be judged by countless measures, but for many people the most significant are its treatment of children under eighteen years of age and the legal protection that society affords them. Most people profess to love children: Is this merely an abstraction, or are political and social environments truly child-centered? Are children accorded the rights, dignity, and benefits worthy of their status as citizens and human beings, or does their legal incapacity result in their needless subjection to abuse, exploitation, and other dangers? Does society permit, to the detriment of children, the unrestricted exercise of parental prerogative and the neglect of elected officials who realize that "children don't vote"?
These questions have increasingly been the focus of debate around the world. The children's rights movement, begun in the early part of the last century, has been an effort by government organizations, advocacy groups, academics, lawyers, lawmakers, and judges to construct a system of laws and policies that enhance and protect the lives of children.
For some the cause of children's rights has wrongfully been viewed as simply a war of youth liberation or overcoming adult oppression of young people. However, freedom from parental authority, control, and discipline has never been a major theme of serious children's rights advocates. Most groups have focused on child victims of abuse and neglect and how government agencies can better protect them. The most active advocates for children are not engaged in a drive to secure children's independence from adult supervision, but rather are addressing such issues as improving a country's system of enforcing child support obligations, preventing child sexual exploitation, and helping assure that children receive adequate education and health care.
Historical Roots of the Children's Rights Movement
The assumption that children either could or should have rights of any type is a relatively new idea. For most of history children were largely consigned to the status of parental property or chattel (primarily the father's chattel). Absolute parental control of the child, unfettered by the state, was in part a reflection of the agrarian society and the family itself as a work unit. Even where a child became orphaned or was so severely mistreated by parents or guardians that courts sentenced the abusers to prison, the child would often be indentured into the service of a new parent-master. This concept of children having an economic value was often matched with even sterner religious views, in which children were seen as inherently evil and needing a strict, punitive upbringing.
This view of children began to change in the West due to a variety of reasons. First, a more child-centered concept of human rights and family life began to emerge from the European Renaissance in the late fifteenth and early sixteenth century. John Locke (1632–1704) espoused the contractual nature of marriage and wrote of the value of self-determination. In the Enlightenment period in the eighteenth century a strong emphasis was placed on expression of individual freedom and one's rights. And during the American Revolution sentiments were raised supporting abolition of all types of tyranny, including tyranny of parents over children. All of this set the stage for a new way of thinking about childhood and the rights of children.
With the Industrial Revolution in the nineteenth century, structural changes were made in the nature of work and the family that further affected how children were raised and how their role in the family was construed. For the first time, the spheres of home and work were separated. The family was no longer the main economic unit and the period of childhood socialization was lengthened. During this time there was also a level of children's rights activity unmatched before or since. Child saving became a central theme of social reformers who wanted a public policy shift from punishment to education and rehabilitation. Many private, public, and especially progressive religious organizations became involved in efforts to create institutions—orphanages, houses of refuge, and reform schools—for abandoned, destitute, delinquent, wayward, and vagrant youths. Societies for the prevention of cruelty to children were established. The first child labor and compulsory schooling laws were enacted, and just before the turn of the twentieth century, new concepts of child protection were institutionalized.
In all of this there was a divide between those who focused mainly on nurturance and protection of children and those who focused more on children's rights to participation and self-expression. In the traditional nurturance model, adults were seen as the main determiners of what is in the best interest of the child. In the more rights-oriented model, greater decisional freedom for children was encouraged.
At the heart of this is a debate over the limits of parental authority versus child liberty. Lawrence Wrightsman (1994) suggests that a basic tension still exists between the circumstances in which the state should be permitted to take action for the child against the parents and the idea of the sanctity of family privacy and parental control. Even as late as the early twentieth century most children in the world had no legal status separate from their parents. The view that the best interests of the child were protected by parents was reflected in U.S. law in the early 1900s. For instance, the 1923 U.S. Supreme Court decision in Meyer v. Nebraska enunciated the fundamental legal right of parents to establish a home and bring up children, including dictating their education. In that case, the Court struck down a state law prohibiting foreign-language education in all primary schools. The Court held that the community's interest in children—resulting in the dictating of educational policy—could not prevail over parents' rights to control their child (and thus the child's education).
In 1967, the U.S. Supreme Court issued a decision that marked a new era in the relationship between children and the legal system. In the case of In re Gault, nullifying a juvenile delinquency adjudication and sentence that had been given by a juvenile court in which the affected child was not afforded the right to counsel, the Supreme Court rejected the unrestricted authority of the "benevolent" juvenile court system that permitted children to be incarcerated without the legal protections afforded adults. Gault breathed new life into the phrase children's rights.
Within a few years writings on children's rights in the United States and around the world began to multiply. One of the most important of these articles was "Children under the Law" (Rodham 1973), which thoroughly explored the implications of legal issues that were then quite new to systems of jurisprudence.
Universal Standards on the Rights of Children
In 1959, the United Nations approved a modest but much-cited ten-point Declaration of the Rights of the Child. In the early 1970s, writers John Holt and Richard Farson both promulgated bills of rights for children, as did New York attorneys Henry Foster and Doris Jonas Freed.
To mark the twentieth anniversary of the UN Declaration of the Rights of the Child, the United Nations proclaimed 1979 the International Year of the Child and embarked on a decade-long project to place into international treaty form the values contained in the declaration. What emerged in 1989, the Convention on the Rights of the Child, is a comprehensive compilation of rights of children—including civil-political, economic-social-cultural, and humanitarian—for all nations of the world to use as a common agreement on the minimum rights that governments should guarantee to children. The Convention represented a turning point in how children are viewed. It shifted the emphasis from simply protecting children and serving their needs to respecting their individual rights. The basic rights outlined in the Convention are presented in Table 1.
Prior to this, there had been more than eighty international legal instruments developed over a sixty-year period that in some way addressed the special status of children. However, the new convention is the ultimate articulation of children's rights in the sense that when nations ratify it they become bound by its provisions. The many articles of the convention stress the importance of actions being in the best interests of the child; recognize the child's evolving capacities; provide protection to the child from abuse, neglect, and exploitation; address the child's civil rights and rights in the juvenile justice system; affect the child's ability to be heard and represented meaningfully in official actions; focus on the child's right to an adequate education, standard of living, health and rehabilitative care, mental health, adoption, and foster care services; place importance on the child's access to diverse intellectual, artistic, and recreational resources; and protect children from involvement in armed conflict.
By 2001, the Convention had been ratified by all but two member nations of the UN, including almost all the world's democracies. The two member states that have not ratified the treaty are Somalia and the United States. In February 1995 the United States signed the Convention and then passed to the Senate Foreign Relations Committee for consideration. Consent for ratification has been delayed in the Senate because of a lengthy legal and constitutional review process and concerns by some over the Convention's social impact. Those opposed to ratification suggested that the Convention would weaken U.S. national and state sovereignty, and would lessen the authority of parents by allowing international bodies such as the UN to dictate how children in the United States should be raised. Roger Levesque (1996) argued that the Convention would be divergent with current U.S. jurisprudence and social policy and would represent a radical new view of children and families. Others asserted that the Convention is sufficiently protective of U.S. federal and state law and that it does emphasize the importance of family authority.
|rights to live with parents; rights to be reunited if separated from parents; rights to be provided with alternative care if necessary|
|basic health and welfare|
|rights of disabled children; rights to health and healthcare; rights to social security, rights to childcare; and rights to an adequate standard of living|
|education and cultural activities|
|rights to education; rights to play; rights to leisure and participation in cultural life and the arts|
|civic rights and freedom|
|rights to a name and nationality; rights to access to information; rights to freedom of expression, of thought, and of association; right not to be subjected to torture|
|rights of refugees, rights of children caught in conflict, rights of children in juvenile justice system; rights of children deprived of their liberty or suffering economic, sexual, or other exploitation|
Although by 2001 the Convention had been officially ratified by 191 nations, at that time few countries had developed concrete plans for its implementation. This has caused some to worry that the Convention will have more symbolic than practical impact. The treaty has spurred the construction of a variety of other children's rights documents around the world. For instance, in 1990 Africa signed the African Charter on the Rights and Welfare of Children. This document covers the same domain of rights as the Convention on the Rights of the Child but adds some specific articles that deal with local African concerns such as protections against child trafficking and prohibitions against apartheid. The African Charter was officially ratified by sixteen African states in 1999. In 1990 the Riyadh Guidelines were also signed. These guidelines emphasize the importance of an active voice for children in decision making. A variety of legal and institutional reforms concerning children's rights have also been put in place since the passage of the Convention in areas as diverse as Sri Lanka, Rwanda, South America, and Europe. For instance, in 1988 Brazil passed the Statute on the Child and Adolescent that promoted children's rights to protection, freedom from harm, and participation in society. In October of 1996, Jamaica and sixteen other countries in the Caribbean areas signed a Commitment to Action to improve national capacities to support children.
Status of Children Worldwide
Despite this progress, there are still many concerns about the status of children worldwide. According to the International Child Saving Alliance and a report by UNICEF, in 1999 650 million children still lived in poverty; 12 million children under age five died every year, many of preventable illnesses; 130 million children, especially girls, had no schooling; 160 million children were malnourished; 250 million children were involved in some type of child labor, often in unsanitary and harsh conditions; and over 300,000 children were estimated to be fighting in armed conflicts throughout the world. Added to this is the fact that, although there has been an increase in global wealth, the gap between the rich and the poor of the world is widening.
These statistics suggest that many children are still not enjoying the rights to basic health and welfare guaranteed in the Convention. Additionally, the Convention has been criticized by some as being culturally narrow and as promoting mainly Western ways of thinking about children and families. For instance, in 1994 Joan Miller asserted that cultures could be divided into those that are primarily rights-based versus those that are more duty-based. In rights-based cultures, individual freedom and personal preference is emphasized whereas in duty-based cultures, which include many Asian societies, fulfilling social obligations to others is more important. Some writers, such as Virginia Murphy-Berman (1996), argue that these types of cultural differences are reflected in variations in how children and families are viewed worldwide. For instance, there are variations worldwide in (1) what is seen as the appropriate distribution of power between parents and children in families, including what type of decisionmaking voice is allowed to children; (2) the degree to which children are encouraged to act on the basis of individual preference versus adhere to social norms and customs; (3) the scope of duty and responsibility family members have for themselves, their immediate and extended families, and their society; and (4) the importance of individual freedom versus family and group loyalties. Murphy-Berman and others suggest that, because of its emphasis on equality of relationships, individual rights, choice, and freedom of expression, the Convention is Western in tone. Other commentators, such as Gary Melton (1996), assert that the Convention is culturally inclusive because it protects the child's rights to a "family environment" and not a specific type of family structure.
Issues for the Future
Globalization will bring about powerful new linkages among people and nations through law, technology, the media, and the marketplace. An important question is how these new linkages will affect the lives of families and children across the world. The last decade of the twentieth century witnessed an unprecedented increase in the level of international cooperation around the issue of children's rights. The status of children and their social, intellectual, and physical welfare came to be a topic of great worldwide concern, and calls were raised for the creation of clear universal guidelines to ensure that children's rights were protected around the globe. The challenge is how to draft international documents that create binding standards for children but are sufficiently sensitive to variations in local cultural values and customs. Accommodating cultural diversity within broad global frameworks will continue to challenge decision makers as they struggle to formulate policies that enhance the dignity of children worldwide.
Children's Legal Rights. (1993). CQ Researcher (April 23):337–360.
International Save the Children's Alliance. (1999). "Children's Rights: Reality or Rhetoric." London: Author.
Levesque, R. J. (1996). "International Children's Rights: Can They Make a Difference in American Family Policy?" American Psychologist 51:1251–1256.
Melton, G. B. (1996). "The Child's Right to a Family Environment: Why Children's Rights and Family Values are Compatible." American Psychologist 51:1234–1238.
Miller, J. G. (1994). "Cultural Diversity in the Morality of Caring: Individually Oriented versus Duty-Based Moral Codes." Cross-Cultural Research 28:3–39.
Murphy-Berman, V.; Levesque, H.; and Berman, J. (1996). "U.N. Convention on the Rights of the Child: A Cross-Cultural View." American Psychologist 51:1257–1261.
Rodham, H. (1973). "Children under the Law." HarvardEducational Review 43:487–514.
Special Symposium Issue on the Rights of Children. (1993). Family Law Quarterly 27.
Woodhouse, B. B. (1993). "Hatching the Egg: A Child-Centered Perspective on Parents' Rights." Cardozo Law Review 14:1747–1865.
Wrightsman, L.; Nietzel, M.; and Fortune, W. (1994). Psychology and the Legal System. Pacific Grove, CA: Brooks/Cole.
Gault. In re 387 U.S. 1 (1967).
Meyer v. Nebraska 262 U.S. 390 (1923).
virginia murphy-bermanhoward a. davidson
Over the course of American history, obligations and rights between children, their parents, and the state have evolved in response to the dynamic changes of the growing nation. Most prominently, the nearly absolute rights of parents have contracted as the state has taken an increasingly powerful role in protecting and educating children. Children's rights, however, have not emerged as a full-blown independent concept. Only pockets of law, primarily in the areas of criminal justice and reproductive rights, have evolved to consider children's rights discretely from those of their parents.
In early American history, the law viewed the child as an economic asset or liability, whose value was perceived in terms of labor capacity rendered to parents and other adults. During the colonial period and the early years of the republic, the father as the head of the household exercised unquestionable rights to the custody and control of his children both during the marriage and in the then-rare event of divorce. A father could hire out a child for wages or apprentice a child to another family without the mother's consent. Education, vocational training, and moral development were also the father's responsibility.
Only in certain circumstances did the state assume responsibility for children: in the event of illegitimate birth and thus the absence of an acknowledged father's duties, in the event of the death of a father or both parents, and in the event of the incompetence or financial inability of parents to care for or train their offspring. In such instances, the fate of the child was determined by the primary considerations of the ability of the adults to exercise proper maintenance and supervision, and the child's labor value. A child born out of wedlock was known as filius nullius or "child of no family" and the town's poor law official was authorized to place out the child with an unrelated family. Widows often lost their children when they became unable to support them. Before orphanages or adoption became common, such children were usually apprenticed or placed out to a family that would provide subsistence in exchange for labor.
During the 1800s as the nation grew more urban and industrial, emphasis on the child's value as a laborer diminished and more interest developed in child nurture and education. The new industrial age required fathers to leave their farms or home-based shops and work elsewhere. Mothers, who remained at home, replaced fathers as the main figures in the child's world. In addition, the new industrial order required a managerial middle class with skills that could be taught and learned not in the fields but in the classroom. Public school teachers began to replace parents as the primary educators of children. With this shift, children for the first time were looked upon as having some rights of their own.
The first recognition that children had rights independent of their parents' became embodied in the legal concept expressed as the "best interest of the child." Mothers gained favor as the parent better able to nurture the emotional needs of children of tender years. Following the increasingly more common event of divorce, mothers became more likely to prevail over fathers in custody disputes. Orphanages arose as a more child-centered alternative to placing out children whose parents were dead or unable to care for them. At the same time, public education rapidly took the place of homeschooling. The state replaced the parents in shaping the intellectual and vocational life of the child.
A variety of reforms designed to protect children from exploitation and mischief was advanced at the beginning of the twentieth century by a coalition of civic-minded adults, popularly known as child-savers. Groundbreaking measures included restrictive child labor laws, compulsory schoolattendance, and juvenile courts that adjudicated children who were neglected by their parents or delinquent in their own behavior. These initiatives placed the state in a decisively more active role, irreversibly reducing parental authority and laying the foundation for the modern American child welfare and educational structures.
Legal recognition of children's civil rights apart from their parents, however, began to develop only much later, in the context of the 1960s civil rights movements. In 1965 in Des Moines, Iowa, three Quaker children were suspended from school for symbolically protesting the Vietnam War in their classroom. In an important freedom of speech decision, the U.S. Supreme Court proclaimed that children "did not leave their constitutional rights at the school house door" (Tinker v. Des Moines, 1969).
In the more conservative 1970s, the Supreme Court allowed censorship of school newspapers and gave school authorities wide discretion to search student lockers. Later judicial rulings continued limiting the prerogatives of minor students. In the early twenty-first century the Court gave public school officials much wider latitude to test students for drugs. In Board of Education v. Lindsay Earls (2002), the Supreme Court permitted districts to require random tests of any student who takes part in extracurricular activities such as band, chorus, or academic competition. It had already upheld mandatory testing of student athletes.
Courts have accorded most serious consideration to rights for children in the procedural arena of juvenile justice. In 1965, the same year as the incident underlying Tinker v. Des Moines, a fifteen-year-old Gila County, Arizona, boy allegedly made an anonymous obscene phone call to an elderly neighbor. Without benefit of an attorney or a trial, Gerald Gault was sentenced to incarceration in a juvenile correctional institution until age twenty-one. The ensuing landmark Supreme Court decision, In re Gault (1967)– later expanded by several subsequent decisions–gave minor defendants in juvenile court criminal actions nearly all the due process protections that adult defendants receive in the regular criminal courts, including lawyers and the right against self-incrimination. However, by the end of the century rights to a speedy trial, bail, or a jury had not been established.
In the 1990s, in response to highly touted reports of increases in juvenile crime, most state legislatures adopted measures to bring ever younger juvenile offenders to trial in adult courts, and to subject them to adult sentencing rules. By the beginning of the twenty-first century a fourteen-yearold could be tried for murder as an adult, and a sixteen-yearold could be sentenced to execution in most states.
Although a partial array of rights for children vis-à-vis schools, courts, and other governmental institutions were recognized by the Supreme Court, it was reluctant to grant children rights that were traditionally exercised by parents. Some of the most contested of these rights concerned areas of reproductive decision-making. Soon after Roe v. Wade, the Court ruled that an adult woman's right to choose to end a pregnancy via abortion extended to adolescent girls as well. However, in holding that individual states could enact parental consent laws, the Court reserved substantial authority to parents. With the ambivalence typical of its earlier decisions on children's rights issues, the Court also held that a girl could bypass her parents' withholding of consent by petitioning a judge. If the judge found that she was a mature minor, she would be permitted her own choice (Bellotti v. Baird II, 1979). Parents, public opinion, and states continue to be seriously divided on the issue of minors' access to abortion, and challenges to varying legal precedents are likely to continue.
More latitude has been allowed on the less controversial issue of adolescent consent to other sensitive medical procedures, such as the treatment of sexually transmitted diseases and drug and alcohol abuse. In many states a doctor who cannot give an adolescent an aspirin without parental consent can treat the minor for a venereal disease. Contrarily–and in sharp contrast to the due process protections provided children who face possible criminal incarceration–the Supreme Court has ruled that parents may commit their minor child to a mental health facility upon the recommendation of a physician, with no judicial review (Parham v. J. R., 1979). A child thus volunteered by his parents need not be a "danger to self or others"–the adult standard for commitment–but only deemed in need of medical treatment.
In courts of family law, the child's best interest remains the standard in determining custody between divorced or separated biological parents. In practice, however, the child is rarely granted a representative in judicial custody proceedings and, in most states, the preference of a child who has attained adolescent age is only one consideration among many factors to be considered by the court. Thus, the best interest standard is seldom informed by direct or even indirect input from the child herself.
In key respects, the United Nations has surpassed the progressive reforms of the American legal system in clarifying and expanding the rights of children. The framework of principles articulated in the 1989 UN Convention on theRights of the Child provides that children have a right to a nurturing environment in accordance with their developmental needs; the right to have their voices heard in accordance with their ages; the right to independent representation in legal proceedings, and the right to economic and emotional support from their parents and from the state. By 2003, only Somalia and the United States had not signed this convention.
See also: Beyond the Best Interests of the Child; Child Saving; Divorce and Custody; Law, Children and the .
Ladd, Rosalind Ekman. 1996. Children's Rights Revisioned: Philosophical Readings. Belmont: Wadsworth.
Mnookin, Robert H., and D. Kelly Weisberg. 1994. Child, Family, and State: Problems and Materials on Children and the Law. Boston: Little, Brown.
Mary Ann Mason
Sections within this essay:Background
Before the Twentieth Century
The Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA)
Children's Rights Violations in the United States
Child Labor Violations
Benefits of Joint Custody
Children as Detainees
Convention on the Rights of the Child
Amnesty International USA
Children's Rights Council
Human Rights Watch
United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF)
United States Department of Justice, Civil Rights Division
When people in the United States think of children's rights they usually think of children in third world countries who are victims of abusive child labor practices or insurmountable poverty. They may not realize that the rights of children are violated in the United States as well. Even though child labor laws were passed decades ago prohibiting employment of underage youngsters, pockets of oppressive child labor exist, literally, on American soil; child farm laborers work long hours in squalid conditions and often receive half the standard minimum wage. And although numerous studies show that children do better when two parents are involved their upbringing, many custody laws make it extremely difficult for non-custodial parents to spend quality time with their children.
To be sure, the United States is still better than most countries when it comes to how children are treated. Yet children's rights is a topic that few people know much about. In fact, although many people know that the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child was formulated in 1989, they are probably unaware that the United States is one of two countries (the other is Somalia) that have not ratified the Convention. The U.S. government has given what it believes are sound reasons for not having ratified the Convention and repeatedly has affirmed its commitment to children's rights in the United States and abroad. Yet there is no question that some children do fall into the cracks, and others' problems are unwisely minimized.
It was not uncommon for children to be exploited before the 1930s. Children routinely worked in hazardous conditions in mills, factories, and sweatshops, and on farms. They might begin working before they had reached their tenth birthday, and they received little in the way of wages. Labor laws did not exist to protect children or adults, but children were often subject to more exploitative conditions because they were easier to manipulate.
The plight of small children did lead to the enactment of some laws, and the federal government tried in 1918 and agin in 1922, to enact national child labor laws. Both times, the effort was struck down by the U.S. Supreme Court, which ruled that it was up to the individual states to enact child labor legislation.
In 1938, partly in response to the Great Depression, Congress passed the Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA). This law protected workers from long hours and unfair pay by establishing a 40-hour work week and a minimum wage. It also protected children from exploitation by establishing that they would have to be at least 16 to work in most nonagricultural industries. Younger children could still work certain jobs provided the hours and wages were fair. (It was still possible, in other words, for children to get a newspaper route.) FLSA was challenged in the courts soon after its passage but its constitutionality was upheld by the U.S. Supreme Court in 1941.
Although the United States does not have the gruesome record of children's rights violations that other countries have, it is not free of violations. Some are more subtle than others, but they do exist. Human rights groups monitor alleged instances of violations and work to educate the public and the government with the goal of correcting the problem.
FLSA protects, among other groups, child laborers. When it was enacted, farming was primarily a family activity, and it was understood that children would help on the family farm. Thus, the restrictions on agricultural work are much less stringent. By the end of the twentieth century, the number of family farms had dwindled, and most farming was done on large commercial establishments. But the lax restrictions remained, and farm conglomerates took advantage of this.
Under FLSA, no child under the age of 13 can work in a nonagricultural setting, and children of 14 and 15 can work but only for a set number of hours each day. For children working on a farm, the situation is quite different. Children can go to work in the fields as young as nine years old in some states, as long as they have signed parental consent.
Even with the relaxed standards for agricultural work, children are often overworked, are expected to work during what would be school hours, and are paid far less than what is legally required. A report issued in 2000 by Human Rights Watch noted that children under the age of 16 are often required to put in several hours before the school day begins; during the summer months they may work 12-hour days.
The dangers of agricultural work are surprisingly many, and for minors these dangers are even more troubling. Agricultural workers can be exposed to pesticides and other chemicals. They may be sent to work in oppressive heat but without adequate water to keep from becoming dehydrated. Often, they work with heavy or dangerous equipment—equipment that children often have little experience with. Because they work long hours, often having to rise before dawn to begin their work, lack of sleep is a major problem. For children, this is not only more dangerous, it also curtails their ability to succeed in school. Injury is common; children can fall or have accidents with heavy equipment or sharp objects.
It is important to remember that many adult farm workers are also exploited, forced to work long hours for little pay. Often, families are so poor and desperate that they feel compelled to give their young children permission to work on the farm, thus bringing in a small but needed amount of extra money.
Organizations such as Human Rights Watch have urged the U.S. government to revise FLSA to offer additional protection to minor children working on farms, and to ensure that farms are more careful about whom they hire and also more diligent about improving working conditions and wages.
Divorce was less common before 1970 than it was by the end of the twentieth century, but children whose parents divorced were likely to be placed in the custody of one parent. The other parent might get visitation rights, but these were usually limited. For children whose parents are both loving and responsible but no longer married to each other, this can be emotionally devastating.
The concept of joint custody was developed in the early 1970s to redress this imbalance. In 1973, Indiana passed the first state joint custody statute in the United States. As of 2002, all states have a joint custody statute on the books. There are two types of joint custody. In Joint legal custody both parents share decision-making responsibility. In Joint physical custody children spend almost an equal amount of time with each parent. Unfortunately, joint custody is still not particularly common. In some cases, of course, there are mitigating circumstances. One parent may have abandoned the family or may have verbally, physically, or even sexually abused the children in question. But for the average parent, who wants what is best for the child but is no longer able to see the child except for brief visits, the issue is one of fairness to that parent as well as the child. The majority of non-custodial parents are fathers.
According to statistics released by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services in 1999, children who do not live with both parents are twice as likely to drop out of school, twice as likely to end up in jail, and four times as likely to need help for behavioral or emotional problems. Organizations such as the Children's Rights Council (CRC) raised the level of awareness on this issue to the point that joint custody, both legal and physical, became more common.
Illegal aliens who try to enter the United States may be detained and deported. This is true whether the aliens are adults or children. In 2000, nearly 4,700 children were detained by the U.S. Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS). Children are detained by INS after being picked up at U.S. borders without a parent or guardian and without proper documentation. The issue with these children is not that they are stopped from entering the United States illegally, but that they are held in such facilities as juvenile and county jails. Moreover, they face deportation, often to countries where they may be persecuted. They have no right to paid legal counsel. Reports that some who are detained in jails are mistreated has led human rights organizations to call for investigations.
In 2001 U.S. Senator Dianne Feinstein introduced the Unaccompanied Alien Child Protection Act, which would establish an Office of Children's Service at the U.S. Department of Justice. This office would be in charge of ensuring that children are treated humanely while in custody and that decisions on their future would be made based on their shortand long-term needs. It would also provide for legal counsel and guardians, as necessary, to be appointed to represent the children's interests.
In an effort to create a universally accepted set of children's rights, the United Nations General Assembly adopted the Convention on the Rights of the Child in November 1989. This document promises children the basic human rights of life and liberty, as well as access to education and health care. It also calls for protection against discrimination and abuse, protection from economic exploitation, and protection against torture.
While children's rights have become more visible since then, there are still many instances around the world of children's rights violations.
The United States did sign the Convention in 1995 but it was never submitted to the Senate for ratification. Although the government has stated that it has no intention of ratifying the Convention, it has consistently reaffirmed its commitment to children's rights.
Among the reason the United States has failed to ratify the Convention is the fact that the Convention clearly states that anyone under the age of 18 is a child. The U.S. government has reservations about how that would affect matters when a 16- or 17-year old commits a crime; currently, in certain instances that child can be tried as an adult. Also, the United States Government says that many of the declarations included in the document are not issues for which the federal government is in charge. For example, education in the United States is controlled by the states, not the federal government.
Whether the United States eventually ratifies the Convention, it still does maintain an enviable record of honoring most children's rights. Human rights groups are convinced that the United States can and should do more, and they continue to make their points of view known in the United States and abroad.
The Child Advocacy Handbook Fernandez, Happy Craven, Pilgrim Press, 1980.
Children's Rights: A Reference Handbook Edmonds, Beverly C., and William R. Fernekes, ABC-CLIO, 1996.
Children's Rights in the United States: In Search of a National Policy Walker, Nancy E., Catherine M. Brooks, and Lawrence S. Wrightsman, Sage Publications, 1999.
The Children's Rights Movement: A History of Advocacy and Protection Hawes, Joseph M., Twayne Publishers, 1991.
What Are My Rights? Ninety-Five Questions and Answers about Teens and the Law Jacobs, Thomas A., Free Spirit Publications, 1997.
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Children’s rights involve a double claim. First, they reaffirm children as full members of the human family and assert that children have an equal right to the protection of their fundamental human rights without discrimination based on age. Second, children’s rights acknowledge children’s developing capacity as well as their vulnerability and encompass additional, special rights for children.
The concept of children’s rights has gradually evolved and has not always included both equal and special human rights. Children’s rights emerged at the end of the nineteenth century in the context of uncontrolled industrialization and its dire consequences for the living conditions of poor working-class children. The child protection movement considered it a moral duty to alleviate the plight of vulnerable children, who were seen as passive victims and mere objects of intervention. These concerns gave rise to the development of child protection legislation and policies regarding child labor, compulsory education, and juvenile justice, and also led to the adoption of the 1924 Declaration of the Rights of the Child (Geneva Declaration) containing a list of protections that ought to be granted to children.
With the advent and development of the welfare state, throughout the twentieth century, children’s rights became increasingly framed within social welfare discourse. In addition to protection against all forms of neglect, cruelty, and exploitation, children’s rights now also included the right to special provisions, such as education, health care, family support, and social welfare services. This welfarist view is reflected in the 1959 United Nations Declaration of the Rights of the Child, which builds upon children’s dependency on both their family and the state. During the 1970s, in step with other civil rights and anti-authoritarian emancipation movements, the children’s liberation movement began to challenge the exclusive attention being paid to children’s protection and welfare rights. The movement argued in favor of children’s right to autonomy, including the right to freedom of speech, freedom of assembly, and due process guarantees in judicial proceedings. The child liberationist’s claim for children’s equal rights was directed against both family and state, whose paternalistic approaches to children were viewed as an impediment to young people’s pursuit of autonomy and full participation in society.
The protectionist, welfarist, and liberationist approaches to children’s rights converged in the 1989 United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child, a legally binding international instrument that has been ratified by all UN member states, except for Somalia and the United States. This convention contains a broad range of rights, including civil and political rights as well as social, economic, and cultural rights, and can be summarized by the so-called “three Ps,” which include protection rights (e.g., against violence or exploitation), provision rights (e.g., education or health care provisions), and participation rights (e.g., freedom of expression or right to information). The convention’s core message is that children are no longer to be seen as mere passive objects of intervention, but should be recognized as bearers of rights. Children therefore have the right, in accordance with their evolving capacities, to actively take part in shaping their own lives and environments. Since its adoption, various interest groups have made intensive use of the convention as an advocacy tool in a vast array of fields directly and indirectly relating to children’s lives and promoting both children’s equal and special rights.
SEE ALSO Child Labor; Children; Civil Rights; Human Rights
Archard, David. 2004. Children: Rights and Childhood. 2nd ed. London: Routledge.
Verhellen, Eugeen. 2000. Convention on the Rights of the Child: Background, Motivation, Strategies, Main Themes. 3rd ed. Louvain, Belgium: Garant.
The law of childhood is complex, but as a general legal proposition, a child is someone who has not yet reached the age of civil majority. Each state has the authority to determine the age of majority for its own residents, and in most states that age is now eighteen. Prior to 1971, the age of majority was typically twenty-one, but after the ratification of the twenty-sixth amendment, which gave eighteen-year-olds the right to vote in federal elections, most states lowered the age of majority, as well as the voting age for state elections.
In general, children have less liberty than adults and are less often held accountable for their actions. Parents have legal power to make a wide range of decisions for the child, although they are held responsible by the state for the child's care and support. Children have a special power to avoid contractual obligations but are not normally entitled to their own earnings and cannot manage their own property. Moreover, persons younger than certain statutory limits are not allowed to vote, hold public office, work in various occupations, drive a car, buy liquor, or be sold certain kinds of reading material, quite apart from what either they or their parents may wish.
Although a variety of civic and personal rights accrue at the age of majority, rights to engage in various "adult" activities may occur either before or after the age of eighteen. For example, many states restrict the legal access of nineteen-and twenty-year-olds to alcoholic beverages. On the other hand, most states permit sixteen-and seventeen-year-olds to secure licenses to drive automobiles. State child labor laws typically permit young people who are sixteen or seventeen to work, particularly outside of school hours, although federal law prohibits the employment of children under eighteen in hazardous occupations. A minor who is self-supporting and living away from home may, through emancipation, obtain a broad range of adult rights.
When advocates speak of children's rights, they may have in mind either of two quite contradictory notions. One notion focuses on children's basic needs, and the obligations to satisfy those needs. The other focuses on autonomy and choice.
At times, the word "right" is used to describe the duties of others—typically parents or state officials—to satisfy what are seen as a child's basic needs. Thus, claims are made that a child has or should have a legal right to education, adequate food and shelter, and even love, affection, discipline, and guidance. The federal Constitution has not been interpreted to give a child a substantive right to adequate education or care, although state law sometimes creates such duties. For example, every state provides for free public education, typically through high school, and many state constitutions require as much. Although the Supreme Court decided in san antonio independent school district v. rodriguez (1973) that education is not a "fundamental" right, at least for purposes of requiring strict scrutiny under the equal protection clause, the Court acknowledged in brown v. board of education (1954) that education is "perhaps the most important function of state and local governments." There is no constitutional right to parental love, but opinions such as pierce v. society of sisters (1925) have suggested that children as well as parents have an interest of constitutional dimension in preserving the parent-child relationship. State child-neglect statutes do impose on parents an obligation to provide adequate custodial care. In all events, a child's "right" to such things as an education or minimally adequate care has little to do with the protection of choice on the part of a particular child. A judge usually does not ask a physically abused child whether she wants to remain with her parents when the responsible authorities believe they cannot protect her from further harm if she remains at home. Compulsory education laws and child labor laws do not give an unhappy eleven-yearold child the legal right to pursue an education by dropping out of school and taking a job.
A second, very different, notion of "children's rights" emphasizes autonomy, choice, and liberty. Claims asserting this sort of right have arisen in a variety of contexts: procedural claims in juvenile proceedings and in schools (see goss v. lopez) ; choices about abortion or birth control; access to reading material (see ginsberg v. new york) ; and involvement in political protests (see tinker v. des moines school district). Usually the challenge is to some form of state paternalism; but sometimes the minor's claim involves the assertion that he should have the "right" to act independently of his parents. Because the liberty of minors is much more restricted than that of adults, reformers have sometimes asserted that adolescents should have the right to adult status, at least in particular settings. A few have even suggested a children's liberation movement to end the double standard of morals and behavior for adults and children.
The definition of "children's rights" necessarily involves the allocation of power and responsibility among the child, the family, and the state. Taking contemporary constitutional doctrine at face value, three basic principles bear on this allocation. The first principle concerns the children themselves, and the notion that as individuals they have constitutional rights. The Supreme Court declared in in re gault (1967), the seminal children's rights case, "whatever may be their precise impact, neither the fourteenth amendment nor the bill of rights is for adults alone."
The second principle concerns parents and the notion that parents have primary authority over the child. Children are part of families, and our traditions emphasize the primacy of the parental role in child-rearing. The rights of children cannot be defined without reference to their parents. The Court has suggested that parental authority also has a constitutional dimension: the state may not intrude too deeply into the parent-child relationship. Drawing on this principle, the Court held in wisconsin v. yoder (1972) that Wisconsin could not compel children to attend public schools when their old-order Amish parents believed that public schooling interfered with their raising of their children as their religion dictates. Nor may a state require all children to attend public school when there are private schools that meet legitimate regulatory standards.
The third principle concerns the state. It suggests that the state, in the exercise of its parens patriae power, has a special responsibility to protect children, even from their parents. The state's interest in protecting children has frequently been characterized as "compelling" and has been drawn on to justify a variety of child protective measures that constrain the liberty of parents and children alike. "Parents may be free," declared the Supreme Court in prince v. massachusetts (1944), "to become martyrs themselves. But it does not follow that they are free, under free and identical circumstances, to make martyrs of their children before they reach the age of full and legal discretion when they can make that choice for themselves."
Any one of these three principles, if taken very far, cuts deeply into the others. For example, to the extent that children, as individuals, are given autonomy rights, limits are necessarily imposed on parental rights to control their behavior or socialization. Recognition of child autonomy also limits the state's right to constrain a child's conduct in circumstances where adult conduct could not be similarly constrained. Some rights of child autonomy would disable the state from having special protective legislation for children. Broad interpretation of the state's parens patriae power to intervene to protect children necessarily will diminish both the parental role in child-rearing and the child's role in decision making. Similarly, an expansive interpretation of parents' rights to control and govern their children necessarily limits the state's ability to protect children, or to ensure child autonomy.
The Supreme Court's decisions concerning children's rights evidence these tensions. For example, the Tinker decision, emphasizing child autonomy, declared that children have First Amendment rights to engage in peaceful political protest within the schools. On the other hand, the Ginsberg decision, emphasizing state protection of children, determined that the state could criminally punish the sale to minors of sexually explicit materials that an adult would have a constitutional right to receive. (See obscenity.) In its decisions concerning juvenile delinquency proceedings, the Court has extended a broad range of procedural rights to minors, and yet also determined that a juvenile court need not provide an accused young person with trial by jury. In parham v. j. r. (1979) the court held that due process does not require a hearing before the commitment of a minor by a parent to a state mental hospital. similarly, although thePierce and Yoder opinions emphasized the primacy of the parental role in child-rearing, Prince, in enforcing a child labor law, emphasized the state's parens patriae obligation to protect children.
The Supreme Court's decisions involving the abortion rights of minors suggest that a state may not give parents an absolute "veto" over a pregnant minor's decision to have an abortion (planned parenthood of central missouri v. danforth, 1976), but may require parental notification, at least for younger pregnant teenagers still living at home (H. L. v. Matheson, 1981). And in Planned Parenthood v. Ashcroft (1983) the Court upheld a state law requiring either parental or judicial consent to a minor's abortion; under the law the court must approve the abortion if the minor is sufficiently mature to make the abortion decision, or, alternatively, if the abortion is in the minor's best interests.
In sum, the Constitution has not been interpreted to prohibit the state from treating children differently from adults. Because children often lack adult capacity and maturity and need protection, and because of the special relationship of children to their families, giving children the same rights and obligations as adults would often do them a substantial disservice. To assume adult roles, children need to be socialized. The Constitution does not prohibit the use of state or parental coercion in this task of socialization. But, because ours is a society where adults are socialized for autonomous choice, there are necessarily some limits, even for children. In determining the contour of children's constitutional rights, then, the Supreme Court appears to be seeking to recognize the moral autonomy of children as individuals without abandoning children to their rights.
Robert H. Mnookin
Hafen, Bruce C. 1976 Children's Liberation and the New Egalitarianism: Some Reservations about Abandoning Youth to Their "Rights." Brigham Young University Law Review 1976:605–658.
Mnookin, Robert H. 1978 Child, Family and State. Boston: Little, Brown.
——, ed. 1985 In the Interest of Children. New York: W. H. Freeman & Co.
Teitelbaum, Lee E. 1980 Foreword: The Meaning of Rights of Children. New Mexico Law Review 10:235–253.
Wald, Michael S. 1979 Children's Rights: A Framework for Analysis. University of California, Davis, Law Review 12: 255–282.
Youth Law Center 1982 Legal Rights of Children in the United States of America. Columbia Human Rights Law Review 13:675–743.
The opportunity for children to participate in political and legal decisions that affect them; in a broad sense, the rights of children to live free from hunger, abuse, neglect, and other inhumane conditions.
The issue of children's rights is poorly defined in legislation and by the courts, partly because U.S. society as a whole has not decided how much autonomy to grant children. Although the United States is built on protecting the interests of individuals and the twentieth century saw the rights of people with special needs recognized, the nation has yet to extend to children legal standing (the right to bring a court case) and legal protection similar to that of adults.
When most children's advocates talk about children's rights, they are not referring to the same rights held by adults, such as the rights to vote, drink, smoke, and run for office. Instead, they mean that more emphasis should be placed on children's status as "natural persons" deserving of benefits under the law as provided in the U.S. Constitution and its bill of rights.
The U.S. legal system grants rights to people who are deemed competent to exercise those rights. This qualification poses a dilemma for advocates of children's rights because most children lack the skills to advocate for themselves in the political, judicial, or economic arena. Yet, children's rights supporters believe that because of this powerlessness, children must be granted more protections and power than has been provided in their legal status.
parens patriae ("the state as parent") is the philosophy that guided many court decisions in the 1990s. This approach basically assumes that the government has a duty to make decisions on behalf of children to ensure that their best interests are met. But the doctrine can be interpreted as allowing government interests to replace interests children may wish to express on their own behalf. It also assumes that what the government wants matches what the child needs, which may or may not be true.
How U.S. society defines and provides children's rights has implications for many areas: how children are represented by attorneys; how resources are distributed, for example, in a family experiencing divorce; how long some children will live in abusive situations or foster care; how the role of families is viewed; and more.
Twelve-year-old Gregory Kingsley made the news headlines in 1992 when he went to court to sever his legal ties to his parents—and won (In re Kingsley, No. JU90-5245, 1992 WL 551484 [Fla. Cir. Ct. Oct. 21, 1992; Kingsley v. Kingsley, 623 So. 2d 780 (Fla. Ct. App. 1993)]). A year later, Kimberly Mays, age 17, won her legal battle to end any parental rights her biological parents might attempt to exercise (Twigg v. Mays, No. 88-4489-CA-01, 1993 WL 330624 [Fla. Cir. Ct. Aug. 18, 1993]). What was unusual in both cases was that children were allowed to advocate for their interests on their own behalf. Some children's rights advocates believe that competent children like Mays and Kingsley must be allowed to use the courts to pursue their interests. But these particular cases may have done more to promote the discussion of children's rights than to promote actual rights.
For example, when Kingsley's mother subsequently appealed the termination of her rights, the appellate court ruled that as a minor, Kingsley alone did not have standing (Kingsley v. Kingsley). It was ultimately the support of adults who later joined Kingsley in bringing the case (including his adoptive parents), along with his parents' inability to care for him, that influenced the appeals court to affirm the lower court's decision.
The situation surrounding Mays's parentage is so unusual that few similar cases are anticipated to arise. Mays was raised by Robert Mays and Barbara Mays after being mistakenly identified as their daughter in the hospital where she was born. When Mays's biological parents discovered the switch more than a decade later, they sought visitation with Mays, starting a battle between them and the man who had believed that Mays was his daughter and had raised her alone after his wife's death.
Except when there is evidence of neglect or abuse, parents usually retain their status as preferred caretakers of their children. The case of Meyer v. Nebraska, 262 U.S. 390, 43 S. Ct. 625, 67 L. Ed. 1042 (1923) established that the Liberty Clause of the fourteenth amendment gives parents the right to raise their children. The government's assumption is that parents' priorities match their children's.
The situation is less clear when the conflict is between children and their parents, as in the cases of Mays and Kingsley. When a family court is considering a child custody or support petition, it may become aware that the parents are not acting in their children's best interests. In these cases, the court may appoint a guardian ad litem to identify the children's needs and to advocate that those needs be met. This caretaker "for the lawsuit" may be an attorney chosen to act on behalf of the child in court. But heavy increases in child protection and family court caseloads nationwide have led to long delays in making determinations on behalf of children—and have led many advocates to suggest that a solution may lie in allowing children to initiate actions for themselves.
Many situations in which children and parents do not share common interests have not been resolved in favor of the minors. These include cases that challenge laws requiring minors to get their parents' consent before an abortion or that challenge parents' efforts to commit their children to psychiatric institutions. For example, in Parham v. J. R., 442 U.S. 584, 99 S. Ct. 2493, 61 L. Ed. 2d 101 (1979), the Supreme Court decided that when parents seek to institutionalize their children in mental hospitals, the due process provided to the children need be no more than an evaluation by an independent medical decision maker. Again, the Court upheld the government's assumption that what is best for the children is what the parents and the state decide, despite criticisms that this is not always true.
Some advocates of children's rights believe that children should be afforded the same constitutional and procedural safeguards that adults are given in court. The juvenile justice system is cited by some experts as an area in which the protections granted to children lag behind those provided to adults. For example, children may be detained in situations where adults would not be. Bail is not set for children, and children do not receive the benefit of a jury of their peers. In some states, as recently as the late 1980s, minors could receive longer incarceration sentences than could adults.
Some constitutional protections were won in the late 1960s on behalf of juveniles who could be tried as adults. These protections included the right to an attorney's advice at the time when the court was deciding whether to try the juvenile as an adult, the right to a hearing on that issue, and the right to the same information the court would use in making a decision (in re gault, 387 U.S. 1, 87 S. Ct. 1428, 18 L. Ed. 2d 527 ; Kent v. United States, 383 U.S. 541, 86 S. Ct. 1045, 16 L. Ed. 2d ). However, advances in this area have not kept pace with federal and state legislation expanding the punishment of juveniles as adults.
Legal commentators have noted that the courts were seemingly willing to recognize the constitutional rights of children during the 1960s and 1970s. A series of U.S. Supreme Court decisions recognized minors' rights to counsel in criminal proceedings, to protection from self-incrimination, as well as other procedural rights and general privacy rights. However, according to some commentators, the 1988 case of Hazelwood School District v. Kuhlmeier, 484 U.S. 260, 108 S. Ct. 562, 98 L. Ed. 2d 592 (1988) marked a turning point in the Court's recognition of children's constitutional rights. In that case, the Court limited the right of children to exercise free speech and free expression. According to the decision, children's rights "are not coextensive with the rights of adults in other settings."
One 1993 study of constitutional decisions concluded that from the 1960s to the early 1990s, the U.S. Supreme Court was increasingly less supportive of expanding children's claims to constitutional rights. The study showed that under the liberal warren court, 100 percent of decisions about constitutional cases upheld children's claims. The Burger Court, which followed, upheld children's claims in 59 percent of such decisions, and the Rehnquist Court in 22 percent of such cases to 1993. The cases in the survey concerned issues of equal protection, due process, privacy, free expression, and free exercise of religion.
Statistics such as these prompted concern among experts as to the denial of basic legal rights given to children. During the mid- to late-1990s, a number of scholarly article were published advocating expanded rights for children. However, the trend toward restricting children's rights continued into the early 2000s. Courts, with some frequency, find that children are not capable of managing full legal rights and of making decisions on their own behalf. The question of how far society should go in allowing children to participate in determining their destiny remains a difficult challenge.
Archard, David William. 2003. Children, Family, and the State. Aldershot, Hants, England, Burlington, Vt.: Ash-gate.
Cannon, Scott A. 1994. "Finding Their Own 'Place to Be': What Gregory Kingsley's and Kimberly Mays' 'Divorces' from Their Parents Have Done for Children's Rights." Loyola Law Review (winter).
Coons, John E., Robert H. Mnookin, and Stephen D. Sugar-man. 1991. "Puzzling over Children's Rights." Brigham Young University Law Review.
Dale, Michael J. 1992. "The Supreme Court and the Minimization of Children's Constitutional Rights: Implications for the Juvenile Justice System." Hamline Journal of Public Law and Policy (summer).
Federle, Katherine Hunt. 1993. "Constructing Rights for Children." Family Law Quarterly (fall).
Jackson, Rochelle D. 1999. "The War Over Children's Rights: And Justice for All? Equalizing the Rights of Children." Buffalo Human Rights Law Review. 223.
John, Mary. 2003. Children's Rights and Power: Charging Up for a New Century. London, New York: Jessica Kingsley.
Ramsey, Sarah H., and Douglas E. Abrams. 2003. Children and the Law in a Nutshell. 2d ed. St. Paul, Minn.: West Group.
Sommer, Cristina Dugger. 1994. "Empowering Children: Granting Foster Children the Right to Initiate Parental Rights Termination Proceedings." Cornell Law Review (July).
CHILDREN'S RIGHTS. The legal status of children has evolved over the course of American history, with frequent changes in the balance of rights among the state, parents, and children in response to social and economic transitions. Over time, the state has taken an increasingly active role in protecting and educating children, there by diminishing the rights of parents. It is fair to say, however, that children's rights as a full-blown independent concept has not developed. Even today there are only pockets of law in which children's rights are considered separate from those of their parents, and these are largely in the areas of reproductive rights and criminal justice.
For the whole of the colonial period and early Republic, Americans viewed children as economic assets whose labor was valuable to their parents and other adults. In this early era, the father as the head of the household had the complete right to the custody and control of his children both during the marriage and in the rare event of divorce. A father could hire out a child for wages or apprentice a child to another family without the mother's consent. Education, vocational training, and moral development were also the father's responsibility. The state took responsibility for children in one of several circumstances: the death of a father or both parents, the incompetence or financial inability of parents to care for or train their children, and the birth of illegitimate children. With these events the two major considerations in determining the fate of the child focused on the labor value of the child and the ability of the adults to properly maintain and supervise the child. Widows often lost their children because they were no longer able to support them. In the era before orphanages and adoption, such children were usually apprenticed or "placed out" to another family, who would support them in exchange for their services. A child born out of wedlock was known as "filius nullius" or "child of nobody" and the official in charge of enforcing the town's poor law was authorized to "place out" the child with a family.
Over the course of the nineteenth century, as more emphasis was placed on child nurture and education, various states passed legislation attempting to regulate child labor, largely by requiring a certain amount of schooling for children working in factories. However, such measures were hampered by the presence of loopholes and a lack of effective enforcement machinery. For example, in 1886 the state of New York passed a Factory Act prohibiting factory work by children under the age of thirteen, but appointed only two inspectors to oversee the state's 42,000 factories. The legal concept of "the best interest of the child" was initiated, the first recognition that children had rights independent of their parents. Under this rule, mothers gained favor as the parent better able to handle the emotional and nurturing needs of children of "tender years," and mothers were likely to prevail over fathers in the custody battles following the increasingly common event of divorce. Orphanages were introduced as a more child-centered approach than "placing out" for caring for children whose parents were dead or unable to care for them.
At the beginning of the twentieth century a coalition of civic-minded adults, popularly known as "child-savers," fought for a variety of legal reforms designed to protect children. Efforts were made to enact more effective child labor laws, although these efforts were initially thwarted at the federal level. In Hammer v. Dagenhart (1918) the Supreme Court ruled that in its attempt to regulate child labor Congress had exceeded its constitutional authority and violated the rights of the states. The Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938 finally succeeded in prohibiting employment of children under sixteen in industries engaging in interstate commerce. The early reformers were more successful with regard to compulsory school attendance and the establishment of juvenile courts, which handled children who were either neglected by their parents or delinquent in their own behavior. The first such court was established in Chicago in 1899. Government took a decisively more active role, irrevocably reducing parental authority and laying the ground for our modern child welfare and educational structure.
It was not until the civil rights movement of the 1960s that children gained some civil rights of their own, apart from their parents. In 1965 three Quaker school-children were suspended for wearing black armbands in their classroom to protest the Vietnam War. In Tinker v. Des Moines School District (1969) the Supreme Court stated that students do not "shed their constitutional rights to freedom of speech or expression at the schoolhouse gate." Yet the Court in the 1970s allowed censorship of school newspapers and gave school authorities wide discretion to search student lockers.
The direction of the Court continued toward limiting student rights. In the early twenty-first century, the Supreme Court gave public school officials much wider authority to test students for drugs, setting the stage for districts to move toward screening everyone who attends school. In Board of Education v. Lindsay Earls (2002) the Supreme Court permitted districts to require random tests of any student who takes part in extracurricular activities such as band, chorus, or academic competition. Previously, the Court had upheld mandatory testing of student athletes.
It is in the arena of juvenile justice that courts have most seriously considered rights for children. In 1965, the same year that the Quaker children were protesting the Vietnam War in Des Moines, in Arizona fifteen-year-old Gerald Gault was charged with making an anonymous obscene phone call to an elderly neighbor. Without the benefit of a lawyer or a trial, Gerald was sentenced to incarceration in a boys' correctional institution until age twenty-one. The ensuing landmark Supreme Court decision, In Re Gault (1967), later expanded by several sub-sequent decisions, gave children who were defendants in juvenile court criminal actions nearly all the due process protections that adult defendants receive in the regular criminal courts, including lawyers and the right against self-incrimination. The rights to a speedy trial, bail, or a jury were still lacking at the close of the twentieth century.
In the 1990s, state legislatures, responding to increased juvenile crime, grew eager to throw juveniles into adult courts at ever-younger ages, and to apply adult punishments to children. In most states a fourteen-year-old can be tried for murder as an adult, and the Supreme Court has declared that a sixteen-year-old can be sentenced to execution (Thompson v. Oklahoma, 1988).
While the Supreme Court has been willing to recognize some limited rights for children with regard to schools, courts, and other governmental institutions, it has been reluctant to grant children rights that might interfere with those of their parents. Much of this concern has focused on abortion. Soon after Roe v. Wade (1973) the Court conceded that an adult woman's right to abortion extended to adolescent girls as well, but it also carved out a good deal of room for parents' rights. The Court decided that individual states could pass parental consent laws. However, with the ambivalence typical of its earlier decisions on children's rights issues, the Court also held that a girl could bypass her parents by going to a judge. If the judge declared that she was a mature minor, the decision would be hers alone (Bellotti v. Baird II, 1979).
A minor's consent to abortion is a contentious issue. States are seriously divided on the issue, and the battles continue. There has, however, been some change on the somewhat less controversial issue of adolescent consent to other sensitive medical procedures, such as the treatment of sexually transmitted diseases and drug and alcohol abuse. In many states, a doctor who cannot give an adolescent an aspirin without parental consent can treat the minor for a venereal disease. On the other hand, in sharp contrast to the adult protections provided children who face possible criminal incarceration, the Supreme Court ruled in Parham v. JR (1979) that parents retain the right to commit their minor child to a mental health facility upon the recommendation of a physician with no judicial review. A child "volunteered" by his parents need not be a "danger to self or others"—the adult standard for commitment—but only deemed in need of medical treatment.
In family law, the "child's best interest" is always the standard in determining child custody between biological parents, but in practice the child is rarely granted a representative in judicial proceedings where custody is determined, and the preference of an adolescent child is only one consideration in a long list of factors to be considered in most states. The United Nations has in some ways gone further than the American legal system in expanding and clarifying the rights of the child. The framework of principles articulated in the 1989 U.N. Convention on the Rights of the Child provides that children have a right to a nurturing environment in accordance with their developmental needs; the right to have their voices heard in accordance with their ages; the right to legal representation; and the right to economic and emotional support from their parents and from the state.
Ladd, Rosalind Ekman. Children's Rights Re-visioned: Philosophical Readings. Belmont, Calif.: Wadsworth, 1996.
Mnookin, Robert H., and D. Kelly Weisberg. Child, Family, and State: Problems and Materials on Children and the Law. 4th ed. Gaithersburg, Md.: Aspen, 2000.
In 1924 the League of Nations adopted a Declaration of the Rights of the Child. It was not legally binding, but set forth principles that marked a shift in legal and cultural understandings of children. Children in many societies had, for centuries, been viewed as little more than their fathers' property. In the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, long working hours under hazardous conditions were the lot of millions of children in industrializing nations. Problems of domestic physical, sexual, or psychological child abuse were absent from public discussion.
Since the 1950s children's rights have attracted greater attention. In 1959 a second Declaration of the Rights of the Child was adopted, this time by the United Nations (UN) General Assembly. Like the 1924 Declaration, it was not legally binding, but was more detailed in content, signaling further recognition of children as rights holders under international law. In 1989, the General Assembly adopted the Convention on the Rights of the Child. The Convention is a full-fledged treaty; once a state formally becomes a party to it, that state is
bound by its provisions. As of 2004 over 190 states had become parties to the Convention. A handful of others, notably the United States, have signed the Convention, thus endorsing its general aims, but have not taken the further step of becoming parties to it. That reluctance need not leave children in such countries without rights. The United States, for example, has any number of domestic laws and procedures protecting children (much of it at state and local levels), although many activists believe that further progress could be made. The countries with the best records of protecting children have done so largely through their own internal legal systems, without great reliance upon, or pressure from, international organizations. The 1924 and 1959 Declarations and the 1989 Convention nevertheless provide useful barometers of changing attitudes in many countries.
Other international documents set forth children's rights in more specific situations, such as armed conflict, juvenile detention, work, or education. Taken as a whole, such documents form a detailed corpus of rights. Once those rights have been recognized widely enough to become part of general, or customary, international law, they may be found to be binding even upon states that are not parties to the Convention. In the view of some experts, the high number of nation states endorsing children's rights documents supports the view that rules protecting children's core needs can now be considered part of customary international law.
Such developments are encouraging, yet millions of children on all continents continue to suffer brutality, slavery, poverty, malnutrition, disease, forced prostitution, genital mutilation, honor killings, poor education, and physical and emotional abuse. The 1989 Convention established a Committee on the Rights of the Child, charged with monitoring the progress made by parties to the Convention. The Committee has published candid criticisms of state violations. However, it can do little more. It has no judicial power. There is no court, police force, or prison to prevent or punish violations. Even in its limited function of issuing reports on state progress, the Committee can expect little cooperation from many offending nations. As with human rights law generally, offending states often adhere to norms on paper out of sheer political expediency, and not through any deep respect for human rights. Some states cite findings against them as grounds for insisting on greater development aid, arguing that violations can only be stopped when the overall level of wealth in society attains a satisfactory level. Children's rights then become tools in a broader political struggle, rather than ends in themselves.
Children's rights gather together a variety of problems that, in other branches of human rights law, are sometimes treated separately. "Classic" human rights, rooted in an older Western liberal tradition, include rights such as free expression, freedom of religion, due process of law, equal protection, and freedom from torture or cruel or degrading treatment. Those civil rights and liberties are commonly distinguished from more recent concepts of social and economic rights, such as rights to minimum levels of food, shelter, clothing, health care or education. Even for adults, particularly those living in poverty, distinctions between those two sets of rights can seem unjustified. For children, any distinction between those two classes of rights becomes all the more questionable. Rights to economic development, or rights of equitable access to natural resources, have been proposed to address such problems, but raise political and economic controversies of their own.
In order to meet such pressing concerns, international documents governing the rights of the child might have been cast as minimal statements, limited to the concerns of the neediest children. In fact, just the opposite has occurred. The 1989 Convention seeks to guarantee individual freedom, autonomy and personal development for all children. That ambition raises further problems. Article 13(1), for example, guarantees freedom of expression to every child, which is defined to "include freedom to seek, receive and impart information and ideas of all kinds, regardless of frontiers, either orally, in writing or in print, in the form of art, or through any other media of the child's choice." The Convention makes clear that such rights may not extend to children as fully as they extend to adults, and that the views of parents and guardians must also be taken into account. Nevertheless, there are many societies in which even adults enjoy little freedom of expression. In view of cross-cultural differences in attitudes toward children, it is difficult to guess how much freedom such a norm can guarantee.
Beyond the specific provisions of the Convention, more general questions arise about the vision of the child that it assumes. For example, research has pointed to issues of sexual identity as particularly thorny ones for human rights. Sexual identity is widely seen as having vast implications for individual development. Violence, repression, or ostracism arising from a minority sexual identity can have devastating, sometimes homicidal or suicidal, consequences for children. Much of the scientific community believes that certain core foundations of sexual identity are either inborn or fixed at a young age. Those facts would suggest that minority sexual identities should be protected, yet many states and cultures continue to voice fierce opposition to all attempts to promote greater acceptance. Activists find themselves torn between risking the gains already made for children's rights by losing credibility with offending states, and overlooking children who may need protection.
Children's rights are difficult to separate from women's rights, as women continue to be primary caretakers. Where women's rights are not respected, their children's rights may also be at risk. In some instances, the entire arena of family law comes into play. Domestic violence or collapse, including parental separation or divorce, involves the rights of parents as well as of children, yet children's best interests are notoriously difficult to promote in such circumstances.
The twentieth century witnessed undeniable changes in attitudes toward children, including a willingness to treat them as individuals worthy of basic freedoms and opportunities. At the same time, war, poverty, social upheaval, mass migrations, and the problems of industrialization have continued to claim children as their victims. It is unlikely that children's lives will show improvement until their broader social, political and economic problems can be addressed.
See also: Women's Rights.
Children's Rights. <http://www.childrensrights.org>.
"Children's Rights." Human Rights Watch. <http://hrw.org/children>.
Detrick, Sharon, ed. The UN Convention on the Rights of the Child—A Guide to the "Travaux Préparatoires." Boston: M. Nijhoff Publishers, 1992.
Detrick, Sharon, ed. Commentary on the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child. The Hague, The Netherlands: Kluwer, 1999.
Fottrell, Deirdre, ed. Revisiting Children's Rights: 10 Years of the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child. London: Brill, 2000.
Heinze, Eric, ed. Of Innocence and Autonomy: Children, Sex, and Human Rights. Aldershot, UK: Ashgate, 2000.
James, Alison, et al. Constructing and Reconstructing Childhood: Contemporary Issues in the Sociological Study of Childhood. London: Routledge, 1997.
James, Alison, et al. Theorizing Childhood. London: Polity, 1998.
Save the Children. <http://www.savethechildren.org>.
University of Minnesota Human Rights Library. <http://www1.umn.edu/humanrts/instree/auok.htm>.
Van Bueren, Geraldine. The International Law of the Rights of the Child. Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Kluwer, 1995.
The United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (UNCRC) is the clearest and most comprehensive expression of what the world community wants for its children. It arose in the 1970s as a reaction to the weakening global humanitarian response to children. The United Nations unanimously endorsed the convention on November 20, 1989 and it became international law in 1990.
The UNCRC is an international human rights treaty, which focuses on the rights of the child from a developmental-ecological perspective. It assumes that the child's overall development is a function of a number of factors (psychological, social, educational, and cultural) and contexts (home, school, community, and country). The convention's developmental framework represents the latest thinking in international child-related policies.
The UNCRC is comprised of fifty-four articles that seek to safeguard and uphold children's minimal health, civil, humanitarian, and family rights. It can be divided into three main parts: key principles, specific rights, and ways in which the convention should be monitored. Protection of children against discrimination, abuse and neglect, and armed conflict are issues outlined in Articles 2, 19, and 38, respectively. Parent-child relationships are defined in several articles, including Articles 5, 9, and 10. The treaty also calls on states and countries to ensure survival of children to the maximum extent (health care, food, and clean water in Article 24; education in Articles, 28 and 29).
The UNCRC uses the principle of "a child's best interest" as a standard measuring tool for policy, thereby defining children not as objects, but as individuals with human rights. Consequently, the UNCRC is an important advocacy tool for children worldwide.
See also:DOMESTIC VIOLENCE
Detrick, S.A Commentary on the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child. The Hague: Kluwer Law International, 1999.
Muscroft, S., ed. Children';s Rights: Reality or Rhetoric? London: International Save the Children Alliance, 1999.
Rebello, Pia, L. Cummings, and M. Gardinier. "The United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child: A Call to Child Development Professionals around the World." Paper presented at the Biennial meeting of the Society for Research in Child Development, Indianapolis, IN, April 1995.
United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) in the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child [web site]. Available from http://www.unicef.org/crc; INTERNET. | <urn:uuid:4ba98a33-5328-4812-95de-61fce0646cde> | CC-MAIN-2019-47 | https://www.encyclopedia.com/social-sciences-and-law/sociology-and-social-reform/social-reform/childrens-rights | 2019-11-21T08:45:30Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-47/segments/1573496670743.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20191121074016-20191121102016-00199.warc.gz | en | 0.965378 | 23,943 | [
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That morning when you wake up to the unfortunate sound of your alarm chirping at o’ dark thirty after a week of school break. Then you swipe open your phone and touch Facebook (against your better judgment). And, lo and behold, your eyes fall upon a post that, while written in all good intentions, makes you feel, somehow, less than invisible.
While uninvited irritation sets in, you still manage to wrestle two kids out of bed, into clothes and through the whole morning routine, and out to the bus stop just in time to give them kisses on the heads and send them off for eight hours.
Then you muster up every bit of will power you possess and start off on your morning run, hoping it might burn off more than just calories (i.e. that lingering irritation).
And it does… a little.
Until you return home and dare to step on that belittling tool, known as a scale, which reveals you’ve gained ten pounds since this time last year. Ten. Freakin’. Pounds.
So you take a shower and wish that it would somehow wash your insecurities away with the morning’s sweat.
You emerge refreshed, but then open your closet, eyes falling on a worn and limited wardrobe, then attempt to piece together an outfit that will appear more put together than you actually feel.
You race against the clock—and still-sleeping toddler—to apply makeup and straighten your hair into submission, but hear cranky cries before you can manage to finish. Times up. And yet another day of cleaning spills and changing diapers has begun.
Nobody sees anything I do.
These small shards irritate the wound of worthlessness you wear.
But you pick yourself back up. Because that’s what you do.
Until you visit a friend’s house whose stunning décor rivals that of Better Homes and Gardens. Where your toddler decides she’s tired of mommy talk time so she empties the contents of the diaper bag and strews diaper wipes all over the floor.
Your time culminates in said toddler throwing herself in a dramatic fit, then you decide it’s most definitely time to go.
Returning home, you put Toddler in her bed… more for your sanity than hers.
Then you have it out with God in the laundry room…
For once, God, just for once.
But, like with any other conversation with God, He so calmly and lovingly puts you in your place.
And you have that moment of realization where you begin to see that you’ve had your Worth Ladder leaned up against all of the wrong walls, again.
And you remember the One Wall…
You remember that God sent Christ, Deity in the flesh, as a ransom payment for you. Imperfect, ungrateful you.
To give you incalculable value.
To give you unending love.
To give you limitless grace.
He is the One Wall.
The solid, unmoving wall where we find true significance.
The One Wall you don’t even have to try to climb, you just lean on.
When you’re feeling invisible, you lean.
When you’re feeling forgotten, you lean.
When you’re feeling set aside, you lean.
When you’re feeling tempted to prove yourself, you lean.
One Wall. Christ. The Rock.
Suddenly all of those other walls lose their sparkle. And so you pull your ladders down from the walls of Accomplishments, Appearance and Accolades and you lean in to Jesus and hear Him whisper…
You are my Daughter. You are loved, you are lovely, and you are worthy.
“Are not five sparrows sold for two pennies? And not one of them is forgotten before God.Why, even the hairs of your head are all numbered. Fear not; you are of more value than many sparrows.” Luke 12:6-7
A little about me...
Hi, I'm Katie!
Wife to Craig, mom of three, author, writer, Jesus-follower, Bible teacher, and coffee enthusiast.
Follow me as I follow Christ and share my heart throughout the journey.
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Just in case you've been living under a rock for the last couple of weeks, earlier this month Dave Grohl took an almighty tumble during a Foo Fighters show, breaking his leg and curtailing the band's European tour in the process.
The fall also meant that the Foos had to cancel their headlining slot at this weekend's Glastonbury festival. So, to offer some light relief to all of those devastated Foos fans out there, we've rounded up some of our favourite Dave and Taylor Hawkins moments from down their hard rocking' career for your enjoyment.
I'll Stick Around
Where it all began. The end of Nirvana could have marked the end of Dave's time in the musical limelight, but he had other ideas. Armed with a blistering array of material, he recorded 12 of the dozens of tracks he had written over the years - the result was the Foo Fighters' superb self-titled debut album.
I'll Stick Around, one of the heavier, rawer tracks from the album, encapsulates the Grohl sound perfectly. Right from the scattergun fill that kicks the song off through to the pre-chorus rolls and crash-heavy outro, this is classic Grohl.
Not only is Everlong widely regarded as one of the best Foo Fighters songs ever put to disc, it's also got a killer drum beat.
It's bags of fun to play, but step out of line for a second and you'll be lost forever. Taylor may be the man at the kit in this video, but it was Dave who nailed the studio version.
Rock and Roll
Ok, this one's a bit of a cheat, given that it's not a Foos song, but, try telling Dave and Taylor that being joined by John Paul Jones and Jimmy Page for a run through of Rock And Roll in front of a packed Wembley Stadium is anything other than career-defining. That Taylor Hawkins isn't too bad up at the front of the stage, either.
Sadly, the calls for a Foo Zeppelin tour never really got off the ground.
All My Life
2002's One By One may have been a largely forgettable affair, but lead single All My Life remains a staple of the Foos live show and features some hard-as-hell playing, fantastic snare-crash punctuation and a suitably water-tight groove from Taylor.
After a couple of underwhelming efforts a big return to form was needed with the Foos' seventh studio outing - and boy did they deliver.
The rhythmically deceptive 'Rope' is a sure-fire highlight. Taylor's trademark tasty ride work stands out, and he even slips a drum solo into the middle of the bridge. Nice work. | <urn:uuid:57fbd112-bc7d-4e6c-b346-4439779f0b11> | CC-MAIN-2019-47 | https://www.musicradar.com/rhythm/foo-fighters-a-career-in-beats-565094 | 2019-11-22T21:52:00Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-47/segments/1573496671548.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20191122194802-20191122223802-00359.warc.gz | en | 0.955181 | 564 | [
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A logic puzzle:
What would you think if someone told you the following?
- I follow the Koran.
- The Koran tells me to lie, cheat, steal and kill in order to conquer you.
- I don’t want to do any of that.
What is the status of such a claim?
In this post I will show my view on the question of liberty for American Muslims. Prayerfully, I will not sound harsh. I am attempting to deal with matters of fact which affect my own family and my own future. Lower your guard, do not assume the worse about me, and reason with me for a moment.
Here is the point to the logic puzzle:
The position of the “moderate” Muslim is self-contradictory. I do not know that any Muslim accepts my right to my own life. I can’t know it. His allegiance to Islam contradicts any stated desire to respect my rights. That is a heavy problem. And it is his problem.
A Muslim is one who identifies himself with a holy book and a holy prophet that condone terrorism. That is his problem. Perhaps he is named after a killer who taught the world to kill; and perhaps he has not chosen to change his name. That is his problem.
Membership in the religion of Islam is prima facie evidence that a person is either dangerously deceptive or dangerously deceived. To identify as a Muslim may itself be an immoral act. Whether one knows it or not, it may imply a threat against other people’s lives. We need to become more willing to say so.
America recognizes freedom of religion. It does not recognize freedom of sedition or freedom to threaten someone with physical harm. By definition, consistent Islam supports both of these. A supporter of Islam is—to the degree that he actually does support Islam—a supporter of violence. There may be any number of reasons a person could be fooled into supporting this ideology of destruction. None of these reasons is fully innocent.
Do not be confused by those who claim to be moderate. Most who identify as moderate only mean that Shariah law should be imposed on the United States slowly and democratically. Those who reject Shariah in principle are, among their religion, the equivalent of a follower of Joel Osteen’s version of Christianity. Practitioners of the actual religion know that such “liberals” do not take the religion seriously.
Remember these facts when we consider admitting refugees into the country. I am not necessarily opposed to letting Muslim refugees into the country in many cases. They are human beings, in God’s image. It is a potential opportunity for evangelism. Certainly there should not be a religious test for deciding who may come to a free country. But there may be a loyalty test. That test need not state anything about religion. A person moving to a country should be required to state his willingness to abide by its laws. That is not religious persecution; that is called “being a country.”
Indeed the laws of the United States even allow the President to determine whether people from another country may enter ours. Rightly so. Our defense is the President’s responsibility. We should not be quick to abandon the option of closed borders. And we should not turn a blind eye to the facts about Islam when making such decisions.
Consider the consequences of the blind eye:
This is dangerous.
What is the Christian response? One could hope that Christians would have an answer to these great challenges to our civilization. But instead, Evangelical academics such as Russell Moore focus on denouncing various noisy statements of presidential hopefuls. In particular, Moore believes Donald Trump’s ideas on border security are incompatible with religious freedom. He denounces Trump’s “reckless, demagogic rhetoric.”
I would agree that Trump is a reckless demagogue, usually wrong about political questions. But I also think we should take a step back and ask whether religious freedom is even at issue.
What is Moore’s case? He argues that the tracking of Muslims could pave the way for similar treatment against Christians later on. He is especially concerned about the right of Muslims who are American citizens traveling abroad. They may be locked out of the country.
For anyone who loves the American principle of liberty, these are huge concerns. But at the same time, and for the same reason, the continuing existence of America is also a huge concern. America will not exist if we import and accept Shariah law—or radical (i.e. consistent) Muslims.
If the situation were different and it were Christians organizing bombings and shootings, and if these things were done in the name of a holy book which actually did teach and promote those actions, and if these Christians were coming from certain known centers of terrorist activity, then it would be right to consider closing borders to those even likely to be involved. That is what a government is for. It protects the rights of its citizens.
The above would not be religious persecution—unless your religion happens to be one that promotes killing. And if so, whose problem is that?
Those who take a hard stance regarding America’s borders may or may not be right about how to handle the specific situation that has presented itself. But we should not rule out the possibility of a closed border. Yes, that may pose a huge inconvenience for an American who affirms Islam. That is his own religion’s fault. He has accepted the name of an evil religion which wages war against liberty. That is his problem.
For those who affirm individual rights of Americans, security is our proper concern. Do not be confused by those Christian academics who would prefer to force Americans to open their arms to all. They would “show the love of Jesus” while denying the fact that American lives will be lost. Ask yourself, whose lives will they sacrifice, and by what right?
If they are not willing to draw a line now, then we should ask when, if ever, they would be willing to draw it. That is their own unique ideological problem. Let us pray for our Christian leaders, that they would learn to love the principle of individual rights on which America was founded. Only then will we find wisdom in trying times. | <urn:uuid:c35a1e8e-97b6-4793-b494-59e3a1f60e7f> | CC-MAIN-2019-47 | https://www.codylibolt.com/2015/12/drawing-lines-on-islam/ | 2019-11-13T04:29:00Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-47/segments/1573496665985.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20191113035916-20191113063916-00399.warc.gz | en | 0.967263 | 1,291 | [
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A foreign hand afoot in the Himalayas?
An F16 is a more accepted object than Nessie or yeti, and more easily identifiable too.
At a time when many people are not willing to believe India’s armed forces identified an F16’s electronic imprint on its radar, news that an Army team claims that it has proof of the legendary yeti is not very helpful.
An F16 is a more accepted object than Nessie or yeti, and more easily identifiable too, yet there are quibbles. And now a single line of giant prints of one foot near the base camp of Mt Makalu on the snowbound Nepal-Tibet border is being cited as definitive proof of a creature whose only known image is in Tintin in Tibet.
It has, of course, always been alternatively known as Big Foot, not Big Feet, so the trail may well be genuine; but a hopping mad — and, therefore, abominable — snowperson (gender unknown) traipsing around near India is not welcome news either.
This week, Norway claimed to have found a beluga whale strapped with a Russian-made camera lurking in its Arctic waters, giving credence to the theory that President Vladimir Putin has more than just furry Navy seals at his disposal for deep-sea espionage.
Just because the Indian Army has not announced the recovery of incriminating equipment near the footprints, the involvement of a foreign bigfoot surely cannot be ruled out. If it is ever caught, hopefully India’s policy will be Yeti bachao, yeti bachao, so that it can offer information about its past. | <urn:uuid:7141f570-867f-4771-ae25-8fc32586b862> | CC-MAIN-2019-47 | http://css.etimg.com/magazines/panache/a-foreign-hand-afoot-in-the-himalayas/articleshow/69122961.cms | 2019-11-14T16:20:41Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-47/segments/1573496668529.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20191114154802-20191114182802-00559.warc.gz | en | 0.960238 | 342 | [
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The more things change: The Humor Times 23rd Anniversary Issue is out now!
Here we are, another year older, and hopefully a tiny bit wiser. We’ve just published the 23rd Anniversary Issue of the Humor Times, and we’re ready to celebrate!
Thanks to all of you subscribers who keep us going. We truly could not do it without you.
Neither could we do it without our business supporters, whose advertising pays for about half our expenses. Please patronize them when you can.
One of our longest-tenured advertisers is W.E.T. River Trips, who hold a spot right by the editor’s letter that they’ve held for most of our 23 years. They have generously donated a rafting trip to help us celebrate the anniversary, as you can see in the ad. For more info and to enter to win, go here!
Well, as the old saying goes, the more things change, the more they remain the same. Looking through the back issues of the Humor Times (formerly the Comic Press News), you can really see that illustrated (and I do mean “illustrated!”).
Our very first issue featured a four-page cartoon summary of the Gulf War, which George Bush the first was just winding down. Now here we are 23 years later, and we’re still trying to get out of Iraq and Afghanistan. What have we accomplished in three wars in two countries through two plus decades? What has all that money in our “defense” (read: “offense”) budget bought us? What have all those sacrificed lives and limbs accomplished? I’ll let you answer that, although I’m sure anyone’s list will be rather brief and bitter.
The corporate media cheered on all of the above military folly, and today they seem to be cheering on a confrontation with Russia over Crimea. The same talking heads that were so very wrong in the past are still on the tube, telling us we’re chickens if we don’t attack. Of course, every one of them, like former V.P. Dick Cheney and professional incompetents David Brooks, Bill O’Reilly, and Bill Kristol are chiding President Obama right now over his patient strategy to deal with Russia’s Vladimir Putin, whom they seem to adore for his “leadership.”
Imagine if liberals had started expressing their admiration for a Russian president! Cries of “commie!” “pinko!” and “why don’t you move to Russia” would be raining down on them, from the very same people.
Of course, other issues that remain the same, and are getting worse, include global warming. Scientists were warning us about climate change since well before our first issue. Of course, only about 95% were certain of it then, as opposed to 98% now. The other 2% remain gainfully employed by the fossil fuel industry, thank you very much. And still, with extreme climate events, drought and floods, warming oceans, melting glaciers and rising temperatures all over the globe, so-called “leaders” have done very little to change our dangerous course.
Sigh. Well, enough fond reminiscing! We’re here to lighten the load, not add to it! Our mission has always been to give you a little respite from the troubles of the world and the insane antics of those shaping our world. Our motto is, “Don’t cry about the news, laugh about it, with the Humor Times!” We continue with that mission in the new issue. Please help us by sharing with friends. Enjoy!
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- GOP Storms Deposition to Protest Non-Blowjob Impeachment - October 23, 2019
- House Chairs Smack So-Called Prez Upside the Head on Whistleblower Protection - September 27, 2019
- Experts: Nation’s Football Fans Still Not Game Ready - September 14, 2019 | <urn:uuid:ee68abf9-c1ff-4a3f-a1d9-5a8c0ef252ad> | CC-MAIN-2019-47 | https://www.humortimes.com/24282/the-more-things-change-23rd-anniversary/ | 2019-11-14T16:32:35Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-47/segments/1573496668529.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20191114154802-20191114182802-00559.warc.gz | en | 0.957109 | 859 | [
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A delicate single teardrop-shaped stone is held to simple perfection in a graceful wave setting. In softly vibrant rainforest colours, the SENSUAL collection is pure effortless luxury, imbued with the essence of Indian Ocean waves lapping against the shore.
Sensual Amethyst silver earrings
- Rhodium plated Sterling silver
- 14mm long | <urn:uuid:8fe64b94-ecf0-4838-a94b-3fdd2db25b5e> | CC-MAIN-2019-47 | https://www.oliverandj.co.uk/product-page/sensual-amethyst-silver-earrings | 2019-11-14T16:09:31Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-47/segments/1573496668529.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20191114154802-20191114182802-00559.warc.gz | en | 0.88377 | 74 | [
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Executive MBA - International Accredited MBA Program in Rome, Italy
3 Reasons to Apply for your SSM MBA Today:
1. Our MBA Degree is accredited in the USA and the EU.
2. Finish your MBA in 1 year!
3. Study in the beautiful historic center of Rome, Italy!
- INSEEC is a University accredited under the laws of the Ministry of Public Education in France and the EU.
- SSM is a UNESCO/International Association of Universities approved school
- SSM isaccredited through the IACBE
- SSM is a quality certified institution of higher education, certified by EduQua
- SSM is an accredited institution by the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs
The Executive MBA Program at the Swiss School of Management is designed specifically for high-achieving business people that are looking to pursue further education. The program’s innovative curriculum and collaborative learning environment helps you apply your knowledge and skills to problems you face in today’s marketplace. An outstanding faculty exposes you to cutting-edge ideas and practices.
The program is based on a common core curriculum of 12 general management courses, 3 specialization courses and a thesis project or business plan. It is designed to equip professionals with the competencies required for a successful career at a managerial level and beyond.
Common Core Curriculum
- Leadership and Organizational Behavior
- Human Resource Management
- International Negotiations Skills
- Strategic Financial Management
- See a full list of core classes on our website!
Students will graduate with a Master of Business Administration Degree. You can selectone of the following specializations:
Global Management & Leadership, Finance, Marketing, Human Resource Management, Entrepreneurship, Luxury Management or Business Intelligence.
You need a Bachelor Degree and a minimum of 3 year experience at a managerial job position in order to apply for our Executive MBA Program. If you don't hold a Bachelor Degree, we can also help you to get one through our Integrated BBA/MBA program, as long as you have the right work experience.
The program lasts 12 months and has intakes at the beginning of each month.
"I am a working person and I joined SSM as an adult student because I wanted to pursue a business administrative carrier. SSM is providing the kind of training I need. Classes are held in small groups in a family atmosphere where students and lecturers interact with ease. I must thank the lecturers for the attention dedicated to each one of us in class. This has helped build my self confidence. I look forward to continuing in my professional development at SSM."
Jazzi F. G
SSM DBA Student
"The BA (Hons) program at the Swiss School of Management is excellent. The instructors impart all the necessary knowledge and share their experiences that are needed to successfully work in a competitive environment. If you study hard in the classroom while in your free time you continually apply for interesting jobs, you will not have any difficulties finding employment. I was offered two positions during my studies. I have decided to accept a new challenge in the UK. Despite changing the country, I continue studying at the Swiss School of Management, Rome through distance learning. I would recommend the BA (Hons) Degree program at SSM."
SSM BA student
"I went to the Swiss School of Management in Rome for the BBA dual award program and I’m sure glad I did! The class sizes were great, the teachers helpful and I got employed even before I graduated. Now I’m in a career I love and couldn’t be happier."
HRM Consultant at the World Food Program – SSM Graduate
"As a student who studied in America for a long time, I noticed that there are a lot of students who can do what I do already. SSM is giving me that extra step forward in my life and my career that I could not ask for anywhere else!"
SSM BA (Hons) student
Please submit your application or any queries you have to the following email address: [email protected]. You may download our application form and find the complete application procedures on our website at https://ssm.swiss/executive-mba-degree/. | <urn:uuid:228266fb-08fe-4ec3-a9c1-ae8701749a39> | CC-MAIN-2019-47 | https://www.mbastudies.com/Executive-MBA-International-Accredited-Program-in-Rome/Italy/SSM-Rome/ | 2019-11-16T23:17:58Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-47/segments/1573496668772.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20191116231644-20191117015644-00159.warc.gz | en | 0.940367 | 876 | [
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advertisement view more view less Dropping Hardik Pandya’s catch cost Australia big time: Sachin TendulkarHardik Pandya was dropped by Australia wicketkeeper Alex Carey off the first ball that he faced and he made them pay dearly by smashing 48 off 27 balls. India Today Web Desk LondonJune 10, 2019UPDATED: June 10, 2019 11:09 IST Hardik Pandya took Australian bowlers to the cleaners in the death overs (Reuters Photo)HIGHLIGHTSHardik Pandya smahed 48 off 27 balls including 4 boundaries and 3 sixesPandya was dropped by Alex Carey off the very first ball that he faced in the 38th overPandya has been in superb form with the bat this year ever since his comeback in the Indian teamIndia all-rounder Hardik Pandya cashed in on an early reprieve during his swashbuckling innings against Australia, smashing 48 off 27 balls which gave his team the push that was needed to put up a massive total on the board in their second World Cup 2019 match in London on Sunday.Hardik Pandya was elevated up the batting order to No.4 and walked in after Shikhar Dhawan’s wicket in the 37th over. Hardik shared an 81-run partnership with Virat Kohli and did the bulk of the scoring even though the Indian captain was well-set in the middle at that time.Hardik hit three sixes and four boundaries in his brief cameo and narrowly missed out on scoring the fastest half-century in this World Cup. But his knock helped India go past the 300-run mark in the 46th over.Kohli (82), MS Dhoni (27) and KL Rahul (11 not out) then made sure to take the score past 350 which took the game out of Australia’s reach.”Alex Carey would be not so happy with what he did. Hardik was dropped first ball that cost them big time because he is someone you wouldn’t want to give him an extra chance. The first chance that he gives you better catch that ball”With Hardik having that ability to clear the boundary so effortlessly, you want to see his back when he’s going full swing you don’t want him to spend time in the middle. When we lost that wicket (Shikhar Dhawan) I was just hoping either Dhoni or Hardik should walk in and it rightly happened so,” Sachin Tendulkar told India Today after the game.advertisementRohit 57 (70)Dhawan 117 (109)Kohli 82 (77)Pandya 48 (27)Dhoni 27 (14)from #TeamIndia to post 352/5. Australia will need a record World Cup chase to win this! #INDvAUS SCORECARD https://t.co/tdWyb7lIw6 pic.twitter.com/TCV7b02PBcICC (@ICC) June 9, 2019Tendulkar, who spent a lot of time with Hardik Pandya at Mumbai Indians in IPL 2019, also pointed out the changes that the all-rounder has made in his game which is why he has been so successful with the bat this year as opposed to his performances in the last couple of years.”He always had this ability of having a great bat swing. It’s a free bat swing and during the impact he’s stable. Early on in his career he was trying to hit the ball too hard and would lose shape.”Now he’s maintaining a good shape and that centre of gravity is far more stable. He is not slogging, he’s playing proper cricket shots and he did so even in IPL 2019,” Tendulkar said.The series loss in India earlier this year “motivated” India in their clash against Australia, says #ViratKohli. #CWC19 pic.twitter.com/bZfKcN3QIECricket World Cup (@cricketworldcup) June 10, 2019India rode on opener Shikhar Dhawan (117) and captain Kohli’s (82) knocks to post a mammoth 352 for 5 after winning the toss and then bowled out Australia for 316 with Bhuvneshwar Kumar and Jasprit Bumrah taking 3 wickets each.The defending champions had won both their games before losing to India in this World Cup while India had defeated South Africa in their opening match.Also Read | World Cup 2019: Batsmen underestimate Yuzvendra Chahal, feels Sachin TendulkarAlso Read | World Cup 2019: Sachin Tendulkar surprised with David Warner’s slow batting vs IndiaAlso Read | Sachin Tendulkar on India’s win over Australia: It was incredible and specialAlso Read | World Cup 2019: Sachin Tendulkar questions Australia tactics in failed run chase vs IndiaAlso Read | World Cup 2019: Sachin Tendulkar wants Shikhar Dhawan to break his record in ICC tournamentsFor sports news, updates, live scores and cricket fixtures, log on to indiatoday.in/sports. Like us on Facebook or follow us on Twitter for Sports news, scores and updates.Get real-time alerts and all the news on your phone with the all-new India Today app. Download from Post your comment Do You Like This Story? Awesome! Now share the story Too bad. Tell us what you didn’t like in the comments Posted byrohan sen scorecard graphs Next commentary No data available! | <urn:uuid:dc0f34b6-9fd1-422f-a700-6cdd8bac9ec8> | CC-MAIN-2019-47 | http://dwscjy.com.cn/shelton7825 | 2019-11-18T10:45:07Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-47/segments/1573496669755.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20191118104047-20191118132047-00319.warc.gz | en | 0.961762 | 1,169 | [
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Access to Perdita Manuscripts: Women Writers, 1500-1700 has been activated in eSearch. Access is direct on-campus and by NTU domain, username and password from off-campus. The resource is described as follows:
Perdita Manuscripts includes full digital facsimiles and catalogue descriptions for over 230 manuscripts by British women authors from the 16th and 17th centuries. The manuscripts include many different types of material, including account books, travel writing, biography, drama and historical writing, making this a resource of interest when studying both history and literature. Perdita Manuscripts is fully searchable.
Perdita manuscripts has been added to the English Literature, Heritage and History sub-categories of eSearch.
Access to Arts Research Digest has been temporarily suspended in eSearch, pending the resolution of a subscription status query.
Remote and metasearching of the IRep (the NTU Institutional Repository) has now been enabled in eSearch. As with the NTU Library Catalogue, there is no need to login to eSearch to carry out remote searches of the IRep. The Full View of IRep record in eSearch provides links both to the record within the IRep and direct to the object (such as the image, pdf, PowerPoint file) where such objects are available. Where IRep records include ‘thumbnail’ images, these are returned and displayed within eSearch.
Remote and metasearching of the JSTOR platform has now been re-enabled in eSearch following the deployment of an updated search configuration.
Remote and metasearching of the Emerald platform has now been re-enabled in eSearch following the deployment of a second updated search configuration. | <urn:uuid:7c3daa12-66d7-4b56-8afd-a508beff1da3> | CC-MAIN-2019-47 | https://eservices.wordpress.com/2008/05/ | 2019-11-18T12:19:45Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-47/segments/1573496669755.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20191118104047-20191118132047-00319.warc.gz | en | 0.922875 | 358 | [
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Women's Clothing ALCYONEUS Lady Triangle Bandage Hollow Strappy Bustier Elastic Sexy Halter Harness Bra ZCRVQCTXX
Availability: In Stock
Occasion: Daily, Party, Vacation, Holiday, Prom, Honeymoon, etc.Features: Comfortable, Harness, Hollow Triangle, Halter, Elastic, Strappy, Bandage.Acrylic Fibers, PolyesterSexy hollow, backless design, make you look sexy and charming.Great for women, sexy accessories.Hollow out, triangle harness, suitable for party, club, pub and daily wear.
Material: Acrylic Fibers, Polyester
Garment Care: Hand-Wash
[Our Size S] Neck: 58cm/22.83", Bust: 68cm/26.77", Triangle Size: 5.5cm x 5.5cm x 5.5cm/2.17" x 2.17" x 2.17" (Approx.)
[Our Size M] Neck: 60cm/23.62", Bust: 70cm/27.56", Triangle Size: 7.5cm x 7.5cm x 7.5cm/2.95" x 2.95" x 2.95" (Approx.)
[Our Size L] Neck: 62cm/24.41", Bust: 72cm/28.35", Triangle Size: 9.5cm x 9.5cm x 9.5cm/3.74" x 3.74" x 3.74" (Approx.)
This is Label Size(Asian/China size)about 2/3 sizes smaller than US AU EU size! Please, make sure of these actual measurements will fit you!
The real color of the item may be slightly different from the pictures shown on website caused by many factors such as brightness of your monitor and light brightness.
1 x Strappy Bra (Others Not Included)
ALCYONEUS Lady Triangle Bandage Hollow Strappy Bustier Elastic Sexy Halter Harness Bra ZCRVQCTXX | <urn:uuid:1260cbd7-63cd-4419-b009-1fb45bae7bc7> | CC-MAIN-2019-47 | http://www.harmoneylife.co.uk/womens-clothing/alcyoneus-lady-triangle-bandage-hollow-strappy-bustier-elastic-sexy-halter-harness-bra-zcrvqctxx.html | 2019-11-20T00:15:33Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-47/segments/1573496670268.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20191119222644-20191120010644-00479.warc.gz | en | 0.764012 | 436 | [
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Home Appliance Repair Services
Flexible and Affordable Services For All Your Needs
WHY CHOOSE US?
You never ever have to panic about breaking the bank when you call on us for repair work. We have extremely budget-friendly prices, and we will even come out and provide you with you a totally free estimate. We have been here assisting our clients around Land O Lakes for years. Look below to see exactly why you should entrust us with all of your appliance repair needs.
Same Day Service
We realize that when your appliances break you need to have them restored quickly, that is exactly why we offer same-day professional services for our client’s satisfaction.
Here at All County Appliance Service Inc, we realize that sometimes cash is tight. We have economical rates and provide a free price quote.
Our repair service technicians are the absolute best in the industry. They are very highly educated and experts in the field.
From our office staff to our techs, you will certainly get nothing but pleasant, courteous, trusted services from us here at All County Appliance Service Inc.
We are Thrilled!
I t|simply cannot|just cannot} say thanks to your techs enough for coming to my home so quickly to fix my washing machine; it runs like new! Thank you for making laundry fun again! I t|could not} be happier!
The repair I needed to have was a small one, just my coffee pot, but it is very obvious that your techs really love their work. I will most definitely call you folks again!
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When I contacted your company for a price estimate on the repair of my oven, I was connected to a knowledgeable technician who created an appointment that very same day for me! They came out to my house quickly and had the ability to fix my oven in a couple of hours. Many thanks for everything!
Get Your Repair Started
Here at All County Appliance Service Inc, we have been providing our clients with trusted professional repair services for years. Our team of reliable and experienced repair technicians are always committed to bringing our clients the very best five-star repair services available.
Washing Machine Repair
If you’re searching for washing machine repair, we are right here to assist you. The absolute best option for fast local area servicing of front-loading, top-loading as well as stacked machines, is us here at All County Appliance Service Inc. We are also able to service washer dryer combination units.
Having a malfunctioning oven is by no means a good thing! We are able to happily assist with any kind of oven repair work you might encounter. If you want the greatest professional option for quick local area servicing for each of your oven repairs, look no more, talk to us today.
Kitchen Appliances Repair
Each one of the home appliances in the kitchen are vital. If your appliances aren’t equipped to stay on par with the elevated needs of your kitchen, it could be extremely irritating for you as a house owner. Our specialists are here to assist with that. From microwaves to coffee pots, we have you protected.
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We also provide appliance repair service in the following cities
More About Land O Lakes
Land O’ Lakes is a census-designated place (CDP) in Pasco County, Florida, United States. Land O’ Lakes is part of the Tampa-St. Petersburg-Clearwater, Florida MSA.
As of the 2010 census, the CDP population was 31,145. The CDP grew rapidly during the 1990s, growing from 7,800 residents to 20,971 as new housing developments were built. Average annual income is higher than the rest of Florida. The CDP had a population in 2007 of 30,400 residents. The name Land O’ Lakes was suggested at a community meeting in 1949. On Sept. 1, 1950, the Ehren post office was renamed Land O’ Lakes.
Should You Pay Money For A Long Warranty When Buying Household Appliances?
Currently, there is a debate occurring whether you need to buy an extended warranty once the manufacturer’s warranty expires. Some experts say that you need to buy a lengthy warranty for larger plus more expensive appliances while some suggest staying on regular maintenance to hold the appliances running in good order. How can you decide whether you should get a long service warranty to safeguard your appliances after the manufacturer’s warranty expires? Continue reading to find out why you need to purchase a lengthy warranty when purchasing household appliances!
The latest surveys in electronic buying reveal that over 65% of clients who shopped at brick-and-mortar stores stated that sales staff was eager in selling an extended warranty for them. On the flip side, 78% of people that shopped online for consumer appliances mentioned that their checkout didn’t conclude with out a suggestion which they buy a long warranty. Many experts assume that extended warranties are a good idea for expensive appliances on the market. If you want to invest $800, $1,500 or perhaps $3,000 in the home appliance, it is definitely worth getting a long warranty with all the product. Most manufacturer’s offer three months to 1-year warranties for appliances for the home. Afterward period, the manufacturer isn’t responsible even when the unit malfunctions or reduces. That is certainly where a lengthy warranty comes in handy.
Most manufacturers will offer the extended warranty in the course of selling the appliance although some others may provide you with the warranty through the 1st year prior to the original warranty expires. A long warranty may continue for twelve months or five-years dependant upon the manufacturer. You might need to pay less if you buy the warranty for a longer period of time. Although extended warranties could have not been a wise idea two decades ago, they are today. Today’s appliances are usually sensitive due to latest advancements in technology. The most recent units have computer boards that happen to be highly sensitive. They can be far more expensive when compared to the appliances sold two decades ago. On the other hand, some appliances such as refrigerators and washing machines will cost more than $3,000 a piece. The various components within these machines can break up easily due to their sensitivity. For this reason a lengthy warranty is vital.
Most service calls on refrigerators and washing machines vary from $200 to $400 today. One to two calls and you will have composed the buying price of the extended warranty. Experts recommend purchasing extended warranties for appliances that might cost more than $600-800. Often times this kind of purchase can be a waste of income. For example, if you buy an appliance for $350 and need to pay $200 for your warranty, it is a waste of your own hard-earned money. The consumer should decide if you should buy an extended warranty when selecting household appliances. You need to be wary of pushy salespeople when looking for household appliances. These are typically important aspects to consider when spending your hard-earned money on household appliances.
The previously mentioned article provides information on why you need to purchase a prolonged warranty when purchasing household appliances.
When you think of oven repair in Land O Lakes think All County Appliance Service Inc | <urn:uuid:973bcbcd-af5e-4efe-988e-fae468b44535> | CC-MAIN-2019-47 | https://maestroappliance.com/locations/land-o-lakes-oven-repair/ | 2019-11-20T00:10:33Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-47/segments/1573496670268.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20191119222644-20191120010644-00479.warc.gz | en | 0.956297 | 1,510 | [
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Researchers move closer to Malaria vaccine that could finally stop disease that kills nearly half a million every year
The University of Oxford-led research project also identified an antibody that slows the RH5 protein of the parasite from binding with a human protein on the red blood cells
A multi-university research project, led by the University of Oxford, has identified the human antibodies that prevent the malaria parasite from entering blood cells, which could hold the key to creating the first effective vaccine against malaria infection in the blood.
“We next need to design novel vaccine components which cause the human immune system to generate only the most effective and most protective antibodies. Developing vaccines against a challenging pathogen like malaria is a slow process. But we are already testing a vaccine component designed to specifically cause one of the most protective antibodies to be induced,” study co-author Matthew Higgins from the Department of Biochemistry at the University of Oxford, told MEA WorldWide (MEAWW).
According to the World Health Organization (WHO) estimates, while there were 219 million malaria cases worldwide in 2017, it was responsible for 435,000 deaths globally the same year.
Study author Simon Draper, Professor of Vaccinology and Translational Medicine at the Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, explained that following an infectious mosquito bite, the malaria parasite first goes in the human liver and subsequently moves into the blood, where it replicates 10-fold in the blood cells every 48 hours.
It is this stage of the infection that leads to the illness and can be fatal. The research team further said that the malaria parasite has a protein called RH5, which must bind to a human protein on the red blood cells called basigin to infect them.
In this study, published in the journal Cell, the researchers were able to demonstrate which human antibodies effectively block RH5 from binding with basigin, thus preventing the parasite from spreading through the blood.
“Malaria parasites have to be able to get inside red blood cells to divide, and if we can prevent this ‘invasion’ process, we can stop malaria. The RH5 molecule is used by the parasite to allow it to invade blood cells. We immunized volunteers in Oxford with a vaccine which contains the RH5 molecule and identified the antibodies that these volunteers produced in response to vaccination. We discovered which antibodies were most able to prevent the parasite from getting inside the blood cells,” Dr. Higgins said.
He added, “The parasite has to get inside blood cells to spread within the blood, and the antibodies stop this process. If it cannot get inside blood cells, the parasite cannot replicate, and it is trapped outside the cells, where the human immune system can detect it and destroy it.”
Another key finding of the study is the identification of an exciting new antibody, which works by slowing down the speed in which RH5 binds to red blood cells.
“The work has given us the first insight into the most effective ways for our immune system to attack a weak point in the malaria parasite. An exciting and surprising finding to come out of this work is that a very specific type of antibody slows the invasion of malaria into red blood cells, giving the immune system more time to kill the malaria parasite. This finding will allow us to design new vaccines which leverage this slowing effect for the first time by teaching the immune system to make this special type of antibody. The implications are that we previously thought our immune system was limited to attacking the blood-borne form of malaria for a very short time window, but these new data show us that this time window to attack can be extended,” researcher and co-author of the study Dr. Daniel Alanine, told MEAWW.
Dr. Higgins said normally, people in a vaccine design strategy aim to find out what the protective antibodies are and work out how to get the vaccinated individual to produce these antibodies.
“In this case, we found a non-protective antibody, which could make the protective antibodies better. It does this by slowing down the process of invasion, meaning that the parasite takes longer to get inside the red blood cells,” he said.
The study was done as part of a clinical trial in Oxford of the first vaccine that targets the RH5 malaria protein. Until now, however, it was not clearly understood which specific antibodies could be generated by vaccination of a human volunteer and would effectively prevent RH5 from binding to red blood cells.
Dr. Higgins said that the Draper lab published the first demonstration that RH5 was a good vaccine candidate in 2011, and it has been about nine years since the team started to work on this.
“Since then, we have shown that RH5 vaccination is protective in an animal model of malaria, worked out how RH5 binds to its receptor on blood cells, and have conducted these clinical trials. Future studies will use structure-guided methods to design better vaccines,” he added.
When someone is vaccinated, they make many different types of antibodies against the same RH5 target. The research team said that the key to stopping malaria is a strong immune response, and so every antibody counts.
“What we must do next is use these findings to develop an improved RH5 vaccine that induces more of the effective antibodies and less of the non-effective ones. This will ultimately make a better vaccine, and hopefully lead to an effective means of preventing malaria,” said Dr. Draper. | <urn:uuid:f8933bb3-b71b-4577-9f17-e33abeb3beec> | CC-MAIN-2019-47 | https://meaww.com/malaria-parasite-infection-vaccine-oxford-university-who | 2019-11-19T23:30:10Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-47/segments/1573496670268.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20191119222644-20191120010644-00479.warc.gz | en | 0.951745 | 1,119 | [
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Genuine Soft Coyote Fur Pelt 54"
This is a fabulous real coyote fox fur pelt. Popular in both southwest or western decorating or for Native American regalia and crafts, this is a complete coyote hide. This beautiful coyote pelt is fabulous and very soft. A rare accessory for southwest decor, this coyote hide would look great made into a Native side bag, hanging from a belt or simply hanging on the wall for rustic decor. Measures 54" including tail. | <urn:uuid:ee0f9690-d2f6-4cd9-addb-a541125e4539> | CC-MAIN-2019-47 | https://www.missiondelrey.com/genuine-soft-coyote-fur-pelt-54/ | 2019-11-19T22:58:35Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-47/segments/1573496670268.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20191119222644-20191120010644-00479.warc.gz | en | 0.905694 | 102 | [
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0.9562
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Much is happening in the farcical world of naturalism these days, and most of what is happening is unworthy of any further discussion on this website as efforts are being made to publish anthologies of these articles.
For example, there is, as far as I see it, no further need to comment on the effort on the part of Robert Mueller’s handpicked team of political assassins and their allies in the organized crime family of the false opposite of the naturalist “left” who comprise the majority of the members of the United States of America. This is an established fact beyond all question.
There is also no further need to comment upon the war drums that are banging in the Straits of Hormuz as the policy of the United States of America in that region of the world is dictated to President Donald John Trump by his Zionist masters in Jerusalem and encouraged by the president’s Kabbalist daughter, Ivanka Trump Kushner, and her Kabbalist husband, Jared Kushner.
Similarly, there is really no need to discuss some recent speculation about the replacement of Michael Richard Pence as the president’s running mate next year with none other than the chosen daughter as such a move would be seen as a stab-in-the-back to a loyal vice president and as a brazen attempt to create a dynasty that would alarm many voters regardless of the fact that Mrs. Kushner knows less about First and Last Things, true world history, the operation of the government of the United States of America according to the terms of the Constitution than does her father, which means that she knows next-to-nothing other than how to smile and shamelessly flaunt her immodest attire.
Well, I might hear the eight people still remaining as readers of this website, what about the “squad” of socialist renegades who have been causing trouble for the pro-abortion, pro-perversity “Catholic” Speaker of the United States House of Representatives, Nancy Patricia D’Alesandro Pelosi (D-SSRC, Soviet Socialist Republic of California), and who have been relentless in their attacks upon President Donald John Trump?
No, I have nothing to say about presidential “tweets,” cult-like rallies where the president uses profanity and even blasphemy to the delight of the crowds that have nothing to do with reasoned discourse that I have not said before on this site, and there is little to say about the ignoramuses composing the “squad” except that they are playing their appointed role in the farcical game of false opposites that features one side show after another before some other side show comes into town to agitate the masses into donating money and/or sending out all manner of histrionic “warnings” about their opposite number in the naturalist farce.
However, I do have a few things—just a few, you understand—to say about socialism, which is a term that is so ill-defined in the minds of ill-informed Americans, a group that includes Alexandria Ocasio Cortez (D-New York), Ilham Omar (D-Minnesota), Ayanna Pressley (D-Massachussets), and Rashida Tlaib (D-Minnesota), that it has come to mean something close to the painless utopianism social and material egalitarianism that helped to start the transcendentalist movement, including a young Orestes Brownson, in the first half of the Nineteenth Century. The facile appeal of this current invocation of the word “socialism” is meant to convey that most social ills—and those deemed responsible for them—will disappear if the right to own private property is restricted or eliminated, wealth redistributed and dissenting voices punished with fines, imprisonment or even execution. This latest, inchoate use of the word “socialism” thus is capable of being understood in different ways, and its “appeal” is that “goodies” will come without cost to the “average” taxpayer.
Socialism, classically defined, describes any number of specific politico-economic systems that reject, to one degree or another, the private ownership of property and places the control of the major means of production in the hands of the state while imposing confiscatory taxation in order to "redistribute" wealth according to the decisions made by the socialist elite.
Today, however, most of the means of production are located in the so-called People’s Republic of China as multinational corporations that have no allegiance to anything other than their bottom-line profit margin, and socialism has become, as mentioned just above, an easy-sounding remedy for inequality, injustice, persecution, suffering and provide the foundation for world peace. The “squad”—and their truly Marxist-Leninist godfather, the nearly seventy-eight year-old Bernard John Sanders—believe that most people, especially the young, have such little knowledge of history and are so uninterested in the details of political economy that they will one day grow used to an “idea” that is but the “flip side” of Judeo-Calvinist capitalism. There will come a day, perhaps not in 2020, when the rotten harvest of public indoctrination programs (public schools and the mass media) that have trained the young in the ways of socialism, statism, globalism, collectivism, utilitarianism, relativism, feminism, positivism, environmentalism, atheism, evolutionism and many other forms of naturalism) will reap a neo-socialist as the president of the United States of America.
As the purpose of this website is to focus on root causes, what I want to do in this commentary is explain in more detail than in the past is to explain that the atavistic, dog-eat-dog capitalism, premised on amorality and profit-making as an end in and of itself, is so focused on temporal prosperity that the natural inequality that exists in the nature of things would be seen inevitably by other naturalists as somehow “unfair” and in need of a remedy. In other words, a world built on a forgetfulness of First and Last Things and with an utter contempt for Our Blessed Lord and Saviour Jesus Christ and His true Church will be defined by “what’s in it for me?”, a remedy for the kind of social chaos, disorder, class, section and racial conflicts that will bring the Antichrist himself to the forefront.
As was the case with Karl Marx himself, today’s neo-socialists see the legitimate problems that exist because of multinational corporations headed by titans who exploit their own workers and sell their products, most of which are made in Red China, but they do not understand root problems. They are as incapable of seeing that all problems in the world, bar none, are caused by Original Sin and the Actual Sins of men and can be ameliorated only by the reform of individual lives as is the man they hate, Donald John Trump. Men must fall into an abyss of woe and corruption when they do not believe in the Sacred Divinity of the Second Person of the Blessed Trinity made Man in His Most Blessed Mother's Virginal and Immaculate Womb by the power of God the Holy Ghost and when they do not have belief in, access to and cooperation with Sanctifying Grace. Economic systems based on the ability of “markets” to regulate themselves according to “invisible” market forces and the “self-interest” of those who have invested capital in various projects are based on the lie that there is an “invisible hand” to guide the markets. Such an “invisible hand” is truly invisible as it does not exist. It is but a figment of the imagination of Adam Smith and other apologists for the "self-regulatory" nature of the "free market. There is no such thing as an "invisible hand,” and the “remedy” proposed by today’s neo-socialists is no remedy at all.
As the late Dr. Aleksandr I. Solzhenitsyn noted in his commencement address, “A World Split Apart,” on June 8, 1978, socialism of any kind leads to a leveling of mankind unto death:
It is almost universally recognized that the West shows all the world a way to successful economic development, even though in the past years it has been strongly disturbed by chaotic inflation. However, many people living in the West are dissatisfied with their own society. They despise it or accuse it of not being up to the level of maturity attained by mankind. A number of such critics turn to socialism, which is a false and dangerous current.
I hope that no one present will suspect me of offering my personal criticism of the Western system to present socialism as an alternative. Having experienced -- Having experienced applied socialism in a country where the alternative has been realized, I certainly will not speak for it. The well-known Soviet mathematician Shafarevich, a member of the Soviet Academy of Science, has written a brilliant book under the title Socialism; it is a profound analysis showing that socialism of any type and shade leads to a total destruction of the human spirit and to a leveling of mankind into death. Shafarevich's book was published in France -- Shafarevich's book was published in France almost two years ago and so far no one has been found to refute it. It will shortly be published in the United States. (Dr. Aleksandr I. Solzhenitsyn, A World Split Apart, June 8, 1978, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts.)
The “squad” would, of course, refuse to listen to the words of one who had suffered much under a communist regime.
No, they consider themselves to be infallible. Then again, so does the man they hate, Donald John Trump, who has made lots and lots of money in a world that has no place for Christ the King and His true Church.
An Economy Based on Principles of Justice and Catholic Truth
The warring parties of the false opposites of the naturalist “right” and “left” live in the “here and now,” having little, if any, understanding of true history. Indeed, the little that they think they know about history is but a figment of their ideologically charged imaginations and of the ideologically infused programming they have received in “educational” institutions of one sort of another.
Donald John Trump sees all things through the lens of the United States of America, which he believes has been made “great” by material successes, including landing men on the moon fifty years ago this past weekend. He has no understanding that there was a world long before the Judeo-Masonic Declaration of Independence was promulgated on July 4, 1776, which ushered in, as far he sees it, the “greatest epoch” of “liberty” that the world has ever known. Donald John Trump’s love for his country, which is genuine as far as it goes, is not premised on willing the good his nation, which cannot be accomplish as long as liberty is used as a cloak for malice and as long as men such as himself continue to blaspheme wantonly and live licentiously.
The false opposite represented by the “squad” hate the United States of America and want national borders eliminated so that the country can be “transformed” so that the George Soros agenda of globalism, statism, socialism, egalitarianism and elimination of all dissenting voices can be accomplished “democratically.” “Justice” for them is defined by an “economy” that reduces class distinctions, strips men of their private property, places strict controls on what men can do with their own property, wants to eliminate the use and/or restrict privately owned motor vehicles and enforce a strict code of social belief that makes no place for—and indeed makes war upon—Christ the King and His true Church.
It is important for believing Catholics to take a step back from the conflict of the false opposites of the naturalist “left” and “right” and to examine the spirit that animated the Catholics of Christendom as the order and equity that existed in the world eight hundred years ago worked so well that the devil himself had to raise up his legions to destroy it and to replace it with a system of endless competition, envy and violence that characterizes the world in which we live today.
The Catholic spirit of the Middle Ages, that era in which men worked long and hard to build the great cathedrals and churches and shrines and in which men took great pains to provide us with beautiful works of art and composed music that lifted the human soul to Heaven, is far from the anti- Incarnational, naturalistic and semi-Pelagian spirit of Modernity that has been embraced by the lords of the counterfeit church of conciliarism. For far from upholding the immutable teaching of the Catholic Church that has condemned the separation of the Church and State, the conciliar “popes” have endorsed this thesis, which was termed absolutely false by Pope Saint Pius X. Something that is absolutely false and a most pernicious error in 1906 does not become true and good a century later. Truth is immutable because God Himself is immutable.
Social classes lived in harmony with each other. Men were unafraid to defend the cause of Christ the King and His true Church to fight in the Crusades to reclaim the Holy Land and to do battle with the Mohammedans. Chivalry was the hallmark of the Catholic gentleman. And perhaps most importantly, human beings saw in each other the Divine impress, attempting to treat each other as they would Our Lord in the very Flesh.
Father Edward Cahill summarized the political spirit of Christendom very succinctly in The Framework of a Christian State:
Social Life Permeated by the Christian Spirit.–The whole structure of mediaeval society was founded upon Christianity. All the people were Catholic; and ecclesiastical influence was very powerful. Christian principles were inculcated in the current literature, the pulpit, the schools, and the tribunal of Penance; and were taken for granted, even when not faithfully followed, by all classes of society. The laws and their administration, the economic policy of the State, the recognised relations between the different classes, even international politics, were judged by Christian standards. So strong and deep-rooted was public opinion in the mater that it was difficult for individuals to disregard these standards openly.
Kenelm Digby mentions many interesting particulars illustrating the Catholic tone of public life. Thus: “A painting of the Crucifixion was usually to be seen in the great chambers of the parliaments... and over the seats of justice. The great, solemn thirteenth century paintings of sacred subjects on the walls of the great hall of Sienna, in which the grand council of the Republic assembled, are an evidence of the tone of the government.”
In the choice of public functionaries, fidelity and probity were the great qualities insisted on. The injunction contained in one of the Capitularies of Charlemagne gives an idea of the spirit which continued during mediaeval times to dominate public administration.
“Let no count hold his plaids [viz. placita generalia–a kind of local council] unless he be fasting and fed with sense.”
Again, Digby quotes the following term from a mediaeval collection of municipal laws:
“The town sheriff has to visit the round of the walls at night to see that the watch has sufficient clothing. He has to inspect the provisions destined for the poor.”
Political Principles.–The fundamental principle of all mediaeval teaching upon public authority and civic rights was that authority comes from God and is given to the ruler solely for the people’s good; and that the people whose good was to be promoted included all classes equally, rich and poor, high and low, serf, burgher and feudal lord. Further, owing to the ingrained spirit of Christianity in favour of the poor and the weak, the principle was commonly admitted that the humbler classes had the first claim upon the consideration and the solicitude of the ruling powers. Thus John of Salisbury (d. 1180), a typical 12 century political philosopher, writes:
“Then and only then will the health of the commonwealth be sound and flourishing when the higher members devote themselves to the lower; and when similarly the lower members cooperate with the higher so that each and all are as it were members of one another, and each believes his own interest best served by what he knows to be most usefully provided for others.”
Again, the same author writes:
“All things are to be referred to the public good; and whatever is useful to the humbler classes, that is, the multitude should be pursued in all things. . . . Christ will hear the poor when they cry out, and it will be in vain to multiply vows, and to endeavour, as it were, to bribe God by gifts.”
Hence, Henry II of England describes himself (and was described) as the “Defender of the Poor and the Defenceless.”
Vincent Beauvais of the Order of Saint Dominic (d. 1264), who was tutor to the children of St. Louis, writes in much the same strain as John of Salisbury on the duty of government:
“There must be mutual safety for the king and the people; he errs who thinks that the king is safe when nothing is safe from the king.”
Tyrannical Rule Reprobated.–Another fundamental principle strongly insisted upon in the political teaching of that age is that the absolute power is regulated by fundamental laws against which whatever is done is of its own nature null and void. This principle, at variance alike with the pagan principles of absolutism and the modern Liberalist view of the omnipotence of a majority, is frequently emphasized by St. Thomas (d. 1274). Thus he writes:
“One is bound to obey civil rulers, in as far as the order of justice demands. Hence if the power is not held justly, but is rather a usurpation, or if the laws are unjust, the subjects are not bound to obey, unless perchance in order to avoid scandal or danger.”
Again the same writer has:
“Those who defend the common good are not to be called seditious in resisting those who oppose it. . . . The tyrant himself it is that is seditious, who encourages disunion and sedition in the people he rules, in order that hey may more easily retain his control over them. For this is tyranny to aim, namely, at the personal advantage of the ruler to the detriment of the people.”
We find in Dante (d. 1321), whose work contains so faithful a picture of the mediaeval spirit, many echoes of this attitude towards unjust rule. For instance a certain group in the infernal regions are thus referred to:
“Those are the souls of tyrants, who were given To blood and rapine. Here they wail aloud Their merciless wrongs.”
Mediaeval Christian Democracy.–Such doctrines commonly acknowledged, and the structure of a society fashioned under their influence, effectually secured a high degree of genuine democratic rule. Despotism, understood in the sense of irresponsible rule exercised mainly in the interest of the rulers and practically regardless of the people’s rights–the system of government which obtained all over Europe before the rise of Christianity and was reintroduced as a result of the Protestant Revolt–did not generally prevail under the Christian regime of the Middle Ages. This fact, which is strongly asserted by the Catholic apologists, is acknowledged even by historians hostile to the Church. Thus Lecky writes: “The balance of power produced by the numerous corporations which she [viz., the Church] created or sanctioned, the reverence for tradition resulting from her teaching which created a network of unwritten customs with the force of public laws, by the dependence of the civil upon the ecclesiastical power, and the rights of excommunication and deposition [exercised by the ecclesiastical authorities] all combined to lighten the pressure of despotism”. . . .
Hallam, while acknowledging the prevailing spirit of justice of justice and democratic independence in the mediaeval system, does not state that this was due to the influence of Christianity.
Decentralisation of Political Power.–Another very important safeguard against tyranny was the decentralisation of political power. In this the mediaeval state contrasts strongly with the ancient pagan state as well as with the royal absolutism of the 17 and 18 centuries and the centralising tendencies of the modern bureaucracies. The extensive power conferred by royal charter on the city municipalities, which were organised on a democratic basis, and the fundamental laws and privileges of the provinces were all strong safeguards against centralised despotism. So was the guild organisation of the towns, to which Pius XI refers as:
“The highly-developed social life which once flourished in a variety of institutions organically linked with each other.”
On the other hand the very real power of the king, which depended largely upon popular support, acted as a check against the abuses of local barons.
Conclusion.–Hence, although wicked and unprincipled rulers are to be met with even in the period of which we write, their power to injure and oppress was much more limited than that of a modern bureaucracy. Widespread injustice and continued tyranny were scarcely possible; and the oppression and tyranny which did exist here and there were partially counteracted by the resources which religion supplied. (Father Edward Cahill, S.J., The Framework of a Christian State, pp. 30-34.)
Multiple volumes of books would be necessary to treat of each of the glories of Christendom in the Middle Ages as music, art, literature and architecture flourished. Economic systems were in place that assured justice and the practice of usury, so common today, was unthinkable as immoral. There was also an adherence to the just price, distinguishing the era of Christendom from that which exists in our own Protestant-Judeo-Masonic world of unbridled capitalistic individualism and profiteering:
Application in Mediaeval Times.–The mediaeval law of Just Price is another example of the altruistic spirit which permeated the social and economic life of the middle ages. Individuals were not permitted to use freely the property they controlled in ways that might be detrimental to the common good. They were compelled, when the needs of others required it, to place the goods they had to dispose of at the service of the public under equitable conditions. Thus poor and weak were protected against unfair competition, so that all might be secured a fair access to the material goods of the community.
The laws of Just Price had to be observed in wages, buying and selling and every contract of exchange; otherwise the contracted was accounted unjust and invalid in conscience, and the aggrieved party had a claim to restitution. “Whoever,” writes Trithemius, a well-known fifteenth century author, “buys up corn, meat and wine in order to drive up their prices, and amass money at the cost of others, is, according to the laws of the Church, no better than a common criminal. In a well-governed community all arbitrary raising of prices in the case of articles of food and clothing is peremptorily stopped. In times of scarcity merchants who have supplies of such commodities can be compelled to sell them at fair prices; for in every community care should be taken that all the members should be provided for, lest a small number be allowed to grow rich, and revel in luxury to the hurt and prejudice of the many.”
Contract between Christian and Non-Christian Standpoint. In the old Roman law, just as in modern Liberal states, selfishness was assumed to be the dominating motive in every contract; and the fullest liberty was allowed to both parties to decide the price and even to over-reach each other, provided nothing was done that the law regarded as fraud. According to mediaeval teaching on the other hand, the price of a commodity was supposed to be determined by objective value alone; and could not be justly influenced by the special need or ignorance of buyer or seller.
Doctrine of the Just Price.–This doctrine, which was universally accepted in mediaeval times, is thus summarised by St. Thomas:
“It the price exceeds the value of the thing, or if the thing is worth more than the price paid, the equality which justice requires is done away with.”
The seller cannot justly extract a higher price merely on account of the special need the buyer may have of the thing, or the accidental advantage that may accrue to him from it; for in such cases he would be selling what is not his. Hence the criterion of exchange value was something intrinsic to the commodity itself, not merely competition or the higgling of the market. Hence, too, the modern distinction between value in use and value in exchange was recognized to a very limited extent. (Father Edward Cahill, The Framework of a Christian State, pp. 42-44.)
Also practiced during the Middle Ages was the principle of the living wage, that is, an amount that is paid to a worker that would permit him to meet the obligations of his state of life without forcing his wife to leave the home and the care of the children to support the family. While those paid a wage, even though they might have been few in number during Middle Ages as the contemporary “salaried” position became commonplace during the rise of the Industrial Revolution in the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries, had a responsibility to live within their means and to, if possible, acquire a bit of savings from their earnings, employers were nevertheless expected to deal justly with their workers so that those who had the greater need (more children, poor health, critical circumstances) received the higher amount. This was such a universally respected principle during the Middle Ages that even Saint Thomas Aquinas and his own teacher, Saint Albert the Great, did not believe that it was necessary to elaborate upon it as it was simply part of the fabric of Christendom.
Similarly, the practice of usury, that is, of lending money by the charging of interest, no less of exorbitant interest rates, was condemned by the Church and rejected universally by the Catholics of Christendom as offends justice, practiced more often than not by Talmudic moneylenders. Pope Leo XIII made advertence to the Church’s condemnation of all forms of rapacious usury in Rerum Novarum, May 15, 1891. The 1917 Code of Canon Law, recognized that money itself had become a form of capital and that lenders could charge a rate of interest permitted by the civil law unless that rate is “clearly excessive.” There has been no change of Catholic teaching, only a change in what is considered to be capital.
This is what Pope Leo XIII wrote in Rerurm Novarum, May 15, 1891:
In any case we clearly see, and on this there is general agreement, that some opportune remedy must be found quickly for the misery and wretchedness pressing so unjustlyon the majority of the working class: for the ancient workingmen's guilds were abolished in the last century, and no other protective organization took their place. Public institutions and the laws set aside the ancient religion. Hence, by degrees it has come to pass that working men have been surrendered, isolated and helpless, to the hardheartedness of employers and the greed of unchecked competition. The mischief has been increased by rapacious usury, which, although more than once condemned by the Church, is nevertheless, under a different guise, but with like injustice, still practiced by covetous and grasping men. To this must be added that the hiring of labor and the conduct of trade are concentrated in the hands of comparatively few; so that a small number of very rich men have been able to lay upon the teeming masses of the laboring poor a yoke little better than that of slavery itself. (Pope Leo XIII, Rerum Novarum, May 15, 1891.)
This analysis is even more relevant to our times as it was in 1891.
Holy Mother Church recognizes the changes that take place in economic systems even though she may not approve of those changes or believe that they are optimal for the realization of man’s Last End. And thus it is that money, as opposed to land or some other tangible good, has become capital, meaning that there can be a just interest charged on those who lend it. There is thus no contradiction between the Catholic Church’s consistent condemnation of usury and Canon 1543 of the 1917 Code of Canon Law:
“If a commodity which is consumed by its first use (such as money, bread, etc.), be lent on the stipulation that it becomes the property of the borrower, who is bound to return to the lender not the thing itself but its equivalent only, the lender may not receive any payment by reason of the loan itself. In the giving or lending of such a commodity, however, it is not in itself unlawful to make an arrangement for the recovery of interest at the rate allowed by the civil law (de luco legali pacisi) unless that rate is clearly excessive: One may even arrange for a still higher rate of interest, if there be a just title for doing so, in proportion to the amount of the excess.” (Canon 1543, 1917 Code of Canon Law.)
What has changed is the nature of the commercial transaction itself, not the Church’s condemnation of usury, which has been made many times, including the Tenth Session of the Fifth Lateran Council, May 4, 1515, which was presided over by Pope Leo X.
Father Cahill explained the effects of the Church’s prohibition of usury in the Middle Ages, a practice that has been widespread in our own day as our world is governed by principles that are based upon rank profiteering and the exploitation of the weak and impoverished:
The Church’s legislation [on usury] did not, it is true, succeed in completely preventing the practice of usury, especially on the part of the Jews. These laws and principles were, however, an immense check upon the unjust activities of money-lenders and speculators, so that anything approaching the systematised extortion and stock-gambling of modern times was impossible.
Conclusion.–It is commonly admitted that the undue concentration of wealth under the control of the few is one of the radical causes of the social misery and unrest that prevail at the present day. Individuals controlling great wealth have excessive power in almost every phase of social activity, and following the tendency of human nature, they too often use their power unjustly and tyrannically. Those huge fortunes are usually amassed by unjust profiteering, artificially created monopolies, usury, unjust reduction of wages, the sudden fluctuations of the markets which play into the hands of greedy speculators. The mediaeval economic doctrines and legislation and the public opinion they produced and fostered made impossible, or at least kept in check, such methods of accumulating wealth, and so were a potent safeguard against one of the worst types of social injustice. (Father Edward Cahill, S.J., The Framework of a Christian State, p. 51.)
The economics of the Middle Ages were also characterized in the Twelfth Century by the rise that made possible the training of masters in various fields of commerce (merchants and crafts) after first serving years of apprenticeships and then working as journeymen. The object of these guilds was to produce a cooperative spirit so that individual guild members could pursue their own interests without endangering the common interests of their mutual trades. It was the true spirit of Catholic charity that bound the guild members together to such an extent that they provided for each other what would be called “welfare” today, administering this assistance according to the Natural Law principle of subsidiarity that requires human problems to be remedied at the lowest levels of life, staring with the family. The guilds made it possible for those with needs that could not be meet by their families to receive assistance without the “strings” attached by the monster civil state of Modernity and without bankrupting the entire body politic:
The greatest spirit of solidarity and mutual help animated the whole guild organisation. Thus money was advanced on easy terms to members who needed it. Those suffering from sickness, old age, accidents, etc., were liberally provided for. Even a guildman who might get into trouble with the municipal or state authorities had a right to the protection of the guild. If, after investigation by the council, his case was considered a deserving one he was defended in the courts at the common expense. Sick members were visited; and wine and food were sent from the public banquets to those whom illness or weakness prevent from attending. The dead, if the family was poor, was buried at the expense of their guild with all the honours befitting their position, and their daughters dowered for marriage or the convent.
The Religious Character of the Guilds.–Another peculiarly Christian characteristic of—these guilds was their practical recognition of the intimate connection of religion with commercial relations and with all the activities of life. Although the primary object of the associations was economic, the guilds made every effort to secure good conduct and fidelity to religious duties on the part of the members. Individuals were punished or sometimes expelled from the guilds for immoral or irreligious conduct.
Every guild was under the protection of a patron saint or was specially dedicated to the Holy Trinity or to the Blessed Mother of God under one of her titles. The portrait of the guild patron was painted on the banner of the guild which was borne in the public processions. Thus the guild of wood-workers was under the protection of St. Joseph. The shoemakers usually had on their banner paintings of SS. Crispin and Crispinian. Bakers were often under the patronage of St. Honorius, and so on. The association of the heavenly patron with the grade that belonged to the guild intensified the craftsmen’s pride in their work and the men’s esteem for the nobility of manual labour. The Church Feast of the patron was always the occasion of the great annual banquet of the guild.
Many guilds had their own special chapels; and we commonly find provision made in the guild statutes for the support of a chaplain and sometimes of several chaplains. Some of the most beautiful mediaeval churches belonged to or were built by the guilds. Provision was also regularly made for the celebration of Masses for the intentions of the guild, and for the offering of candles at holy shrines. On the death of a member care was taken to have Masses offered and alms given for his eternal rest. Almsgiving, which was practiced even towards the poor outside the gild, was an important item of the ordinary guild expenditure. Oftentimes a guild gave feasts in its buildings to the poor of the whole town. (Father Edward Cahill, The Framework of a Christian State, pp. 79-80.)
Christendom would continue beyond the Thirteenth Century. It was, however, at its height in the Thirteenth Century, which is why the devil used the weakness of men to embrace the world just a “little bit at a time” in the two centuries between its end and the beginning of the revolutions of Modernity that began with Father Martin Luther’s posting of his ninety-five theses on the door of Castle Church in Wittenberg, Germany, on October 31, 1517, and one of Martin Luther’s principal goals was to separate Church and State, a separation that has been nothing other than disastrous for the right ordering of men and their nations.
It should be noted, however, that Luther also conversed with the adversary himself, something that he related in his own writings and quoted by Protestant historian William Cobbett in his superb A History of the Protestant Reformation in England and Ireland:
. . . . Martin Luther, who says in his own works that it was by the arguments of the devil (who, he says, frequently ate, drank and slept with him) that he was induced to turn Protestant; three worthy followers of that Luther who is by his disciple Melancthon called "a brutal man, void of piety and humanity, one more a Jew than a Christian . . . . (William Cobbett, A History of the Protestant Reformation in England and Ireland, written between 1824 and 1827 and published by Benziger Brothers, p. 209.)
Does anyone still want to deny that the world in which we live was inspired by the devil himself?
Protestantism Begets Capitalism with an Assist from Talmudic Principles
Although Martin Luther’s revolution, aided and abetted by Talmudic instigators, started the process that created the world of Modernity, it was the influence of John Calvin and his own brand of Judeo-Protestantism that has shaped the world of injustice and conflict today.
Among his many other false beliefs, John Calvin believed that those in the civil government could separate the "saved" from the "damned" was the degree of their material success here on earth. John Calvin believed that material success was a sign of "divine election." Thus it is that we have the Calvinist "work ethic" as those who subscribe to Calvin's warped, heretical views of God and man work hard not to give honor and glory to the Most Holy Trinity through the Immaculate Heart of Mary but to show to others that they are "saved" by virtue of their material "success" in this passing, mortal vale of tears.
Calvin’s belief in material success as the sign of divine election or predestination that has provided the foundation for the modern economic system that has forced man off of the land and dehumanized him as he has been made a slave of "material success" by the captains of industry and banking. Calvinism, which is little more than Talmudic Judaism with a slight Christian gloss, has engendered all manner of economic abuses, not the least of which is the contemporary practice of usury, discussed earlier in this book, founded in the belief that men may ignore the binding precepts of the Divine Positive Law and the Natural Law in order to be "successful" in this world.
The injustices engendered by this amoral, naturalistic view of the world helped to encourage open atheists and anti-Theists, such as Karl Marx and Vladimir Lenin, to postulate a utopian system of naturalism based upon a materialistic view of man that denied his supernatural essence. The diabolical lie of Marxism-Leninism is but the logical consequence of John Calvin's materialistic view of man that denied that there could be an Omnipotent and Omniscient God Who created rational beings with free wills to choose for or against Him as He has revealed Himself to us through His true Church.
Father Fahey elaborated on the effects of Protestantism, especially the warmed-over version of Talmudic Judaism that is Calvinism, in The Mystical Body of Christ in the Modern World:
It was, however, the Calvinistic doctrine on predestination and the signs by which a man's divine election could be recognized, which specially favored the advent of the unlimited competition, unscrupulous underselling and feverish advertising of the present day. In his able work, from which a passage has already been quoted, Professor O'Brien shows that it was in the peculiarly British variety of Calvinism, known as Puritanism, that all the Calvinist doctrines of succession life as a sign of man's predestination, of the respect and veneration due to wealth, had their fullest development.
When all is said and done, Calvinism remains the real nursing-father of the civic industrial capitalism of the middle classes. . . . Since the aggressively active ethic inspired by the doctrine of predestination urges the elect to the full development of his God-given powers, and offers him this sign by which he may assure himself of his election, work becomes rational and systematic. In breaking down the motive of ease and enjoyment, asceticism lays the foundation of the tyranny of work over men . . . production for production's sake is declared to be a commandment of religion." (Father Denis Fahey, The Mystical Body of Christ in the Modern World.)
This has great application in every aspect of contemporary life. Most people work not for the honor and glory of God, thus giving him the fruit of their labors as the consecrated slaves of His Most Blessed Mother's Sorrowful and Immaculate Heart, but for the sake of "success," to gain what is considered to be financial "wealth" and earthly "success" as ends that justify each and every method used to achieve such success. This has been the Calvinist "contribution" to the world, so enshrined in the ethos of the "American dream," which eschews the Holy Poverty of the Holy Family of Nazareth and of such great saints as Saint Francis of Assisi and his helper and fellow adorer of the Most Blessed Sacrament, Saint Clare of Assisi. Father Fahey quoted Gilbert Keith Chesterton's observation about the insidious influence of that wretched people known as the Puritans (or Pilgrims) in a footnote on page sixteen of The Mystical Body of Christ in the Modern World:
"The Americans have established a Thanksgiving Day to celebrate the fact that the Pilgrim Fathers reached America. The English might very well establish another Thanksgiving Day to celebrate the happy fact that the Pilgrim Fathers left England." (Father Denis Fahey, The Mystical City of Christ in the Modern World.)
The Protestants, however, were not alone in helping to usher in the world of amorality in commerce and politics and statecraft and popular culture, including what has become known as competitive sports. Father Fahey explained the “Talmudic connection,” if you will, from which the Calvinist world-view is derived:
The learned writer, Werner Sombart, in his great work, Die Juden and das Wirtschafsleben ("The Jews in Economic Life"), attributes the great, if not the deciding, role in the formation of the modern economic outlook or mentality to the Jewish race, for to them he attributes the introduction of the ideas of "free commerce" and "unchecked competition" into a society with quite different ideas. He points out the contrast between this Jewish mentality and the ordered outlook of the Middle Ages in phrases that are worthy of citation:--
"When we examine matters more closely . . . we shall immediately see that the struggle between Jewish and Christian merchants is a struggle between two views of the world, or, at least, between two economic mentalities imbued with principles that are different or even opposed. In order to understand this statement we must represent to ourselves the spirit which inspired that economic life into which, since the sixteenth century, Jewish elements have forced their way in ever increasing volume. To this spirit they openly showed themselves so rudely opposed that they were everywhere felt to be interfering with the livelihood and subsistence of the people. During the whole time which I have designated as the period of incipient capitalism . . . the same fundamental outlook on economic relations prevailed as had been accepted during the Middle Ages. . . The unrestrained, unbridled striving after gain was considered by most people during this whole period as unlawful, as unchristian, because the spirit of the old Thomistic economic philosophy as yet swayed men's minds, at least officially." The Jewish mentality was opposed to the outlook on life impressed on society by the Catholic Church, for (:) "the Jew stands out as the business man pure and simple, as the man who, in business, takes account only of business, and who in conformity with the spirit of true capitalist economy, proclaims, in the presence of all natural ends, the supremacy of gain and profit." (Father Denis Fahey, The Mystical Body of Christ in the Modern World.)
Has not the "supremacy of gain and profit" come to define almost every aspect of contemporary life, taking into account not at all the eternal good of our immortal souls? This "supremacy of gain and profit" results in the corruption of daily living, contributing to the naturalistic belief, which itself is founded in pantheism, as Father Fahey notes, that is, that man is "divine" and is above all. The achievement of our earthly goals is what defines us as human beings, and no "external" authority, such as the Catholic Church, had better get in our way of this achievement.
A final passage from Father Fahey will underscore this point:
The Jew it was, according to Sombart, who broke down the mentality of the Middle Ages and commercialized the relations of men.
Professor O'Brien dissents from Werner Sombart's thesis that the growth of the capitalistic spirit, the spirit of subordination of all other considerations to that of profit, was due to the Jews. He admits, however, that Sombart's contention would be quite correct, if for the "Jews" we substituted "Judaism," and he points out the importance of Calvin's justification of usury in preparing the way for modern developments. The Puritans adopted Old Testament ideas: the Old Testament idea of the reward of virtue in this world fitted in with the Puritan teaching about the fulfillment of one's vocation.
It is unnecessary for the purpose of this work to apportion responsibility for the triumph of what we may call the does it pay? mentality in the world, between Jews and Puritans. At any rate, if the Puritans subordinated men to production, the Jews completed the process, by subordinating production itself to money. The right order, of money as a means for production and production subservient to man, is now, as we know, reversed. (Father Denis Fahey, The Mystical Body of Christ in the Modern World.)
Professor George O'Brien, cited in Father Fahey's The Mystical Body of Christ in the Modern World, summarized his judgment about the effects of Protestantism upon the contemporary world in An Essay on the Economic Effects of the Reformation (IHS Press, Norfolk, Virginia, 2003):
The thesis we have endeavoured to present in this essay is, that the two great dominating schools of modern economic thought have a common origin. The capitalist school, which, basing its position on the unfettered right of the individual to do what he will with his own, demands the restriction of government interference in economic and social affairs within the narrowest possible limits, and the socialist school, which, basing its position on the complete subordination of the individual to society, demands the socialization of all the means of production, if not all of wealth, face each other today as the only two solutions of the social question; they are bitterly hostile towards each other, and mutually intolerant and each is at the same weakened and provoked by the other. In one respect, and in one respect only, are they identical--they can both be shown to be the result of the Protestant Reformation.
We have seen the direct connection which exists between these modern schools of economic thought and their common ancestor. Capitalism found its roots in the intensely individualistic spirit of Protestantism, in the spread of anti-authoritative ideas from the realm of religion into the realm of political and social thought, and, above all, in the distinctive Calvinist doctrine of a successful and prosperous career being the outward and visible sign by which the regenerated might be known. Socialism, on the other hand, derived encouragement from the violations of established and prescriptive rights of which the Reformation afforded so many examples, from the growth of heretical sects tainted with Communism, and from the overthrow of the orthodox doctrine on original sin, which opened the way to the idea of the perfectibility of man through institutions. But, apart from these direct influences, there were others, indirect, but equally important. Both these great schools of economic thought are characterized by exaggerations and excesses; the one lays too great stress on the importance of the individual, and other on the importance of the community; they are both departures, in opposite directions, from the correct mean of reconciliation and of individual liberty with social solidarity. These excesses and exaggerations are the result of the free play of private judgment unguided by authority, and could not have occurred if Europe had continued to recognize an infallible central authority in ethical affairs.
The science of economics is the science of men's relations with one another in the domain of acquiring and disposing of wealth, and is, therefore, like political science in another sphere, a branch of the science of ethics. In the Middle Ages, man's ethical conduct, like his religious conduct, was under the supervision and guidance of a single authority, which claimed at the same time the right to define and to enforce its teaching. The machinery for enforcing the observance of medieval ethical teaching was of a singularly effective kind; pressure was brought to bear upon the conscience of the individual through the medium of compulsory periodical consultations with a trained moral adviser, who was empowered to enforce obedience to his advice by the most potent spiritual sanctions. In this way, the whole conduct of man in relation to his neighbours was placed under the immediate guidance of the universally received ethical preceptor, and a common standard of action was ensured throughout the Christian world in the all the affairs of life. All economic transactions in particular were subject to the jealous scrutiny of the individual's spiritual director; and such matters as sales, loans, and so on, were considered reprehensible and punishable if not conducted in accordance with the Christian standards of commutative justice.
The whole of this elaborate system for the preservation of justice in the affairs of everyday life was shattered by the Reformation. The right of private judgment, which had first been asserted in matters of faith, rapidly spread into moral matters, and the attack on the dogmatic infallibility of the Church left Europe without an authority to which it could appeal on moral questions. The new Protestant churches were utterly unable to supply this want. The principle of private judgment on which they rested deprived them of any right to be listened to whenever they attempted to dictate moral precepts to their members, and henceforth the moral behaviour of the individual became a matter to be regulated by the promptings of his own conscience, or by such philosophical systems of ethics as he happened to approve. The secular state endeavoured to ensure that dishonesty amounting to actual theft or fraud should be kept in check, but this was a poor and ineffective substitute for the powerful weapon of the confessional. Authority having once broken down, it was but a single step from Protestantism to rationalism; and the way was opened to the development of all sorts of erroneous systems of morality. Dr. George O’Brien, An Essay on the Economic Effects of the Reformation, IHS Press, Norfolk, Virginia, 2003.)
Amintore Fanfani, who died in 1999 and had served as the Prime Minister of Italy on six different occasions of varying lengths between 1954 and 1987, noted in Catholicism, Protestantism, and Capitalism, that it is only when men keep a view on their eternal destiny that they can be just stewards of the this of this world. The success of the above-named Protestant revolutionaries and naturalistic "philosophers" and "theorists" was made possible by the overthrow of he authority of the Catholic Church. Unrestrained self-seeking replaced the authority of the Catholic Church:
Those who have followed our argument cannot fail to conclude, as we do, that in the Middle Ages it was the international trade ventures that did most to favour the rise of the capitalist spirit. In light of these considerations, the conception of trade in St. Thomas, the champion of the Catholic social ideal, appears only logical, "For, "says St. Thomas, "the city that for its subsistence has need of much merchandise must necessarily submit to the presence of foreigners. Now relations with foreigners, as Aristotle says in his Politics, very often corrupt national customs: the foreigners who have been brought up under other laws and customs, in many cases act otherwise than is the use of the citizens, who, led by their example, imitate them and so bring disturbance into social life. Moreover, if the citizens themselves engage in commerce, they open the way to many vices. For since the aim of merchants is wholly one of gain, greed takes root in the heart of the citizens, by which everything, in the city, becomes venal, and, with the disappearance of good faith, the way is open to fraud; the general good is despised, and each man will seek his own particular advantage; the taste for virtue will be lost when the honour which is normally the reward of virtue is accorded to all. Hence, in such a city civil life cannot fail to grow corrupt."
When these words are understood, and we bear in mind the ideal of a Catholic society and the aspirations of capitalism, we can easily see why the friar noted a tendency to reason only in a "venal" manner and ("despising the general good") to seek only "particular advantage."
The characteristics of capitalism are precisely the following: the adoption of an economic criterion as criterion of order; failure to consider third persons; a quest for purely individual profit. Nor did Aquinas exaggerate when he saw in the merchant the greatest danger in "civil life," as he understood it. It is not by chance that the first capitalistic figures presented to us are merchants--Godric, later St. Godric, presented by Pirenne; the Mariano by Heynen; the Bardi, the Peruzzi, the Del Bene by Sapori; Datini by Bensa; the Fugger by Sreider. Nor is it by chance that though opinions differ as to whether capitalism sprang from land-owners or traders, all agree that even land-owners first showed themselves capitalistic in the quality of merchants. In mediaeval economic society the only individual who could easily and often find himself in a position to act otherwise than in conformity with pre-capitalistic ideals was the merchant. Having left his city, exposed to risks of every kind, free from such ties as the laws of country or the opinion of his acquaintances, surrounded by intriguing people who saw in him only someone to be cheated, he had to defend himself against the cheaters by cheating, against competitors by sharpening his wits to find new methods of competition, and against adverse circumstances by learning to overcome them. Although he may have been a God-fearing man, if it was urgent for him to take back to the warehouse at least the equivalent of what he had brought away, he was obligated to throw overboard something of his pre-capitalistic ideas, even if in paradaisal conditions they might have appealed to him.
In another part of the present work we have pointed out that in a pre-capitalistic society if a single individual breaks away from the norm, the others will be forced to follow his example if only in self-defence. Let the reader then consider the vast significance of encounters either with merchants of another religion, or with subtle, equivocal, and unscrupulous merchants, always ready to take advantage of any opportunity. Faced with these, men's faithfulness to their own ideals will have begun to waver; their consequent actions will have produced such remarkable results that we doubt whether their conviction of wrong-doing will have been reinforced. To reason in terms of utility means a tangible result; to reason in terms of Paradise means hope of a result of which the certainty vanishes if faith weakens. We must not forget how much the capitalistic ideal has the advantage in being concrete, and, remembering this, we can more easily understand how a profitable infraction of pre-capitalist normality would rather lead men to repeat such infractions than arouse in them such remorse as to lead them back to the old path. We hold it a very significant fact that among mediaeval merchants remorse led to notable conversion even when in no danger of death. It is enough to quote St. Godric, St. Francis, Blessed Colombini. It led also to death-bed restitutions, often complete, and which were the more wonderful the harder it had been for the dying man to scrape together his hoard, and the more reluctant he had been in his life to give a penny to anyone who had not earned it twice over. Such conversions, implying a return to pre-capitalistic modes of life, continue so long as there is faith, but when faith weakens there is no longer thought of reparation.
It is the waning of faith that explains the establishment of a capitalistic spirit in a Catholic world, but in a certain sense it is the establishment of the capitalistic spirit that brings about a waning of faith. The effect of the weakening of faith is that the material factors we have mentioned change from momentary circumstances to permanent ones. With the weakening of faith, remorse becomes rare; the "is" is no longer compared with the "should-be," and that which is accepted and exploited in accordance with its own standards; the world is judged by purely worldly criteria.
All the circumstances that, in the Middle Ages, led to a waning of faith explain the progressive establishment of the capitalistic spirit, for the pre-capitalistic spirit rests on facts that are not seen, but must be held by faith. Those faithful to it sacrifice a certain result for a result that is not guaranteed by faith; they eschew a certain mode of action in the certainty of losing riches, but believing that they will gain a future reward in heaven. Let man lose this belief, and nothing remains for him, rationally speaking, but to act in a capitalistic manner. If there are no longer religious ties uniting man to man, there will be a growing number of audacious men whose sole end, in the words of Villari, is to be ahead of their fellows. Such men existed before the modern era began, and of such men it has been said that they showed "a complete lack of scruples and contempt for every moral law."
Men were particularly encouraged to sharpen their wits to acquire wealth, and moral obstacles were removed by the fact that, by a subversion of ancient custom, the highest offices no longer fell to those summoned to them by law or custom, but to those who could win them either by their own or others' wit, by their own or others' material strength, or by their own ability and others' baseness. In each case the stair of ascent was provided by economic means, from the moment that economic difficulties made all feel the need of goods. The Emperor no longer sought homage but money, the Cities widened their domains more by gold than by arms. Bankers became masters of cities without striking a blow. Gold paved the way and opened the gates to the new tyrants. Even the man who, from lofty motives, had no need of money could not do without it, if he did not wish to cut a poor figure at banquets and ceremonies, or be behind hand in public largesse.
It is a vicious circle. A man seeks goods because he no longer believes in a faith that bounded his desires, and he no longer believes because he has experienced the pleasures of possession and influence. We need not enquire at what moment the former or the latter of these causes came into operation; we know that their working varied from country to country, from individual to individual, and that now a man might be tempted to discount morality by the attraction of goods, and now might be tempted to enrich himself because, he is no loner believed in divine penalties and rewards. And if in the case of an individual it would be hard to say which cause came first, it would be impossible in the case of society. We may take it for granted that in society as a whole both causes worked simultaneously, each stimulated by the other.
There were other phenomena that encouraged either acquisition action or incredulity. Leaving aside the less important and local ones, and confining ourselves to those of which the action was most general at the close of the pre-capitalistic period, we may say that the greatest contribution to the new economic spirit informing fifteenth-century men was brought by the humanist conception of life, of which the exponents, such as Alberti, took the most significant step towards the capitalist spirit by detaching their conception of wealth from its moral setting, and withdrawing the acquisition and use of goods from the influence of the rules and restrictions of religious morality. The advent of similar tendencies in the political field had the result that the State ceased to oppose the new mode of thought and life, and instead itself threw off the influence of Catholic ideals, often in order to exploit human vices, as we see in legislation on gambling. (Amintore Fanfani, Catholicism, Protestantism, and Capitalism, published originally by Sheed and Ward, 1935, republished in 2002 by IHS Press, pp. 135-138.)
Fanfani went on to note how Protestantism exploited this weakening of the Catholic Faith and built an entire economic system to suit its own heretical purposes:
Protestantism encouraged capitalism inasmuch as it denied the relation between earthly action and eternal recompense. From this point of view there is no real difference between the Lutheran and Calvinistic currents, for while it is true that Calvin linked salvation to arbitrary divine predestination, Luther made it depend on faith alone. Neither of the two connected it with works. Nevertheless, Calvin's statement was the more vigorous, and therefore better able to bear practical fruit in a capitalistic sense.
Such an assertion invalidates any supernatural morality, hence also the economic ethics of Catholicism, and opens the way to a thousand moral systems, all natural, all earthy, all based on principles inherent in human affairs. Protestantism by this principle did not act in a positive sense, as [Max] Weber believes, but in a negative sense, paving the way for the positive action of innumerable impulses, which--like the risks entailed by distant markets, in the pre-Reformation period, the price revolution at the time of the Reformation, and the industrial revolution in the period following—led man to direct his action by purely economic criteria. Catholicism acts in opposition to capitalism by seeking to restrain these impulses and to bring various spheres of life into harmony on an ideal plane. Protestantism acted in favor of capitalism, for its religious teaching paved the way for it. (Amintore Fanfani, Catholicism, Protestantism, and Capitalism, published originally by Sheed and Ward, 1935, republished in 2002 by IHS Press, p. 151.)
The belief that social life is defined solely by economic criteria is what unites the false opposites of the naturalist “left” and right” even though they do not realize this. As I have noted so many times in the past on this site, the false opposites of the naturalist “right” and “left,” despite their differences on the margins of the errors of Modernity, are united in their belief that men can order their lives without any reference to religion at all, no less the true religion, and that men can do anything they want by means of their own unaided powers. In others, the adherents of the “left” and the “right” believe that men do not need Our Blessed Lord and Saviour Jesus Christ or His true Church and that it is not necessary for men to have belief in, access to and cooperation with Sanctifying Grace in order to create a better and more just world. The adherents of the “left and the “right” believe that the “better world” is defined by economics and not by the state of the souls of men.
The late Dr. George O'Brien stressed the fact that there is only one institution that can reorder the world properly, and it is not a secular, naturalistic international organization or a secular, naturalistic political party:
There is one institution and one institution alone which is capable of supplying and enforcing the social ethic that is needed to revivify the world. It is an institution at once intra-national and international; an institution that can claim to pronounce infallibly on moral matters, and to enforce the observance of the its moral decrees by direct sanctions on the individual conscience of man; an institution which, while respecting and supporting the civil governments of nations, can claim to exist independently of them, and can insist that they shall not intrude upon the moral life or fetter the moral liberty of their citizens. Europe possessed such an institution in the Middle Ages; its dethronement was the unique achievement of the Reformation; and the injury inflicted by that dethronement has never since been repaired. (George O'Brien, An Essay on the Economic Effects of the Reformation, first published in 1923, republished by IHS press in 2003, p. 132.)
Father Edward Cahill, S.J., writing in The Framework of a Christian State, wrote the following about Luther and his revolution against the Church that Our Blessed Lord and Saviour Jesus Christ founded upon the Rock of Peter, the Pope:
The assertion that Protestantism has introduced into Europe, or promoted, democratic freedom or real liberty of conscience is still more patently untrue. It is a fact, indeed, that at the beginning of the revolt Luther's professions were radically democratic. He promised to benefit the people at large by curtailing the power of both Church and State. But he and his followers ended up by supporting an irresponsible despotism such as Europe had not known since the days of the pagan Emperors of Rome.
Inspired by Luther's democratic professions and his denunciations of the "tyranny and oppression" of the rulers, the knights and the lesser nobility of many of the German States, and later on, the peasants rose in open revolt against the princes. When the revolution was crushed in blood (1525) the victorious princes, now without a rival and no longer kept in check by the moderating influence of the Catholic Church, used their augmented power to establish a despotism which they exceeded for their own personal advantage, in opposition to the interests of the people; while Luther, with unscrupulous inconsistency, now proclaimed the doctrine of the unlimited power of rulers.
Soon even the Church in the Protestant States fell completely under the control of the ruling princes, who were thus established as the absolute masters of both Church and State. The wealth of the Church, which hitherto had been the patrimony of the poor; its authority; all the ecclesiastical institutions, including hospitals, schools, homes of refuge, etc., passed into the hands of the kings, princes, and the town magistrates. At the Peace of Augsburg (1555), which ended the first phase of the revolution in Germany, the principle was formally adopted that the prince of each state was free to dictate the religion of each and all of his subjects." (Father Edward Cahill, S.J., The Framework of a Christian State, published in 1932 in Ireland and republished by Roman Catholic books, pp. 93-94. William Cobbett, a Protestant historian who never converted to the Holy Faith, wrote a remarkably full and honest account of the plunder of monasteries and convents under King Henry VIII in England, thus beginning the rise of all economic miseries since that time as this plunder threw off the poor from their lands and consigned them to pauperism and vagabondage. For a fuller account of this plunder, please see Appendix B. Even most Catholics have no idea how the entirety of the modern economic system was the result of the Protestant Revolution, up to and including the concept of a “national debt” that has enriched Talmudic bankers and merchants in the past and that has reached such a point in the United States of America as to make this country’s resources a vassal of the Red Chinese tyrants, who are plundering the goods of the underground Church at this time with Jorge Mario Bergoglio’s full blessing and support.)
Thus began the rise of the statism that is upon us at this time. There is no way to regard the growth of statism by making advertence to some kind of “generic” Christianity and/or by relying upon the Judeo-Masonic principles of naturalism and its religious indifferentism. Catholicism is but the one and only foundation of personal and social order, which is why the devil worked very hard to plant the seeds of corruption in the two centuries leading up to Martin Luther’ revolution against God and His true Church. And far from being “peaceful,” Luther’s revolution was born in blood as Catholic churches and convents were plundered and ransacked.
Contemporary Capitalism Produced Socialism
Pope Leo XIII, writing at the very beginning of Rerum Novarum, May 15, 1891, explained how the "new things" of Modernity had invaded the precincts of economics, resulting in crushing conditions for workers. He rejected the false foundations of Calvinist capitalism while at the same time rejecting categorically the "alternative" of Socialism and its attack upon the Natural Law right of private property. Pope Leo understood that it is the right conduct of men in due submission to the laws of God and in cooperation with Sanctifying Grace that are at the foundation of a justly ordered economic system:
That the spirit of revolutionary change, which has long been disturbing the nations of the world, should have passed beyond the sphere of politics and made its influence felt in the cognate sphere of practical economics is not surprising. The elements of the conflict now raging are unmistakable, in the vast expansion of industrial pursuits and the marvelous discoveries of science; in the changed relations between masters and workmen; in the enormous fortunes of some few individuals, and the utter poverty of the masses; in the increased self-reliance and closer mutual combination of the working classes; as also, finally, in the prevailing moral degeneracy. The momentous gravity of the state of things now obtaining fills every mind with painful apprehension; wise men are discussing it; practical men are proposing schemes; popular meetings, legislatures, and rulers of nations are all busied with it -- actually there is no question which has taken a deeper hold on the public mind.
Therefore, venerable brethren, as on former occasions when it seemed opportune to refute false teaching, We have addressed you in the interests of the Church and of the common weal, and have issued letters bearing on political power, human liberty, the Christian constitution of the State, and like matters, so have We thought it expedient now to speak on the condition of the working classes. It is a subject on which We have already touched more than once, incidentally. But in the present letter, the responsibility of the apostolic office urges Us to treat the question of set purpose and in detail, in order that no misapprehension may exist as to the principles which truth and justice dictate for its settlement. The discussion is not easy, nor is it void of danger. It is no easy matter to define the relative rights and mutual duties of the rich and of the poor, of capital and of labor. And the danger lies in this, that crafty agitators are intent on making use of these differences of opinion to pervert men's judgments and to stir up the people to revolt.
In any case we clearly see, and on this there is general agreement, that some opportune remedy must be found quickly for the misery and wretchedness pressing so unjustly on the majority of the working class: for the ancient workingmen's guilds were abolished in the last century, and no other protective organization took their place. Public institutions and the laws set aside the ancient religion. Hence, by degrees it has come to pass that working men have been surrendered, isolated and helpless, to the hardheartedness of employers and the greed of unchecked competition. The mischief has been increased by rapacious usury, which, although more than once condemned by the Church, is nevertheless, under a different guise, but with like injustice, still practiced by covetous and grasping men. To this must be added that the hiring of labor and the conduct of trade are concentrated in the hands of comparatively few; so that a small number of very rich men have been able to lay upon the teeming masses of the laboring poor a yoke little better than that of slavery itself.
To remedy these wrongs the socialists, working on the poor man's envy of the rich, are striving to do away with private property, and contend that individual possessions should become the common property of all, to be administered by the State or by municipal bodies. They hold that by thus transferring property from private individuals to the community, the present mischievous state of things will be set to rights, inasmuch as each citizen will then get his fair share of whatever there is to enjoy. But their contentions are so clearly powerless to end the controversy that were they carried into effect the working man himself would be among the first to suffer. They are, moreover, emphatically unjust, for they would rob the lawful possessor, distort the functions of the State, and create utter confusion in the community. (Pope Leo XIII, Rerum Novarum, May 15, 1891.)
The abuses associated with Calvinist capitalism, which are the result of fallen human nature uninformed by the Deposit of Faith and unreformed by Sanctifying Grace, are not to be repaired by mythical, "self-correcting" "market forces" or by Socialism. The capitalist system, which places an emphasis upon the expansion of wealth as the means to personal happiness and national prosperity, reduce men ultimately to the acquisitive level, concerned mostly, if not exclusively, with the securing of "wealth" in this life without any regard to the life that lasts forever. How many of those involved in the ongoing "credit crisis" caused by a combination of forces (among these being the reckless policies of quasi-government lenders--Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac and commercial lenders who encouraged and approved the issuance of subprime mortgages in a housing market that could not sustain itself) considered for a moment how any of their actions would be judged by Christ the King as the moment of their Particular Judgments? Most of these men and women were motivated only by greed and their desire to enjoy to excess more and more of this world's good no matter whose assets they put at risk in doing so.
Pope Pius XII, writing in his last encyclical letter, Ad Apostolorum Principis, June 29, 1958, explained that the Catholic Church does indeed have the right to lay down the principles that govern human conduct in the realm of economics:
Assuming false and unjust premises, they are not afraid to take a position which would confine within a narrow scope the supreme teaching authority of the Church, claiming that there are certain questions -- such as those which concern social and economic matters -- in which Catholics may ignore the teachings and the directives of this Apostolic See.
This opinion -- it seems entirely unnecessary to demonstrate its existence -- is utterly false and full of error because, as We declared a few years ago to a special meeting of Our Venerable Brethren in the episcopacy:
"The power of the Church is in no sense limited to so-called 'strictly religious matters'; but the whole matter of the natural law, its institution, interpretation and application, in so far as the moral aspect is concerned, are within its power.
"By God's appointment the observance of the natural law concerns the way by which man must strive toward his supernatural end. The Church shows the way and is the guide and guardian of men with respect to their supernatural end."
This truth had already been wisely explained by Our Predecessor St. Pius X in his Encyclical Letter Singulari quadam of September 24, 1912, in which he made this statement: "All actions of a Christian man so far as they are morally either good or bad -- that is, so far as they agree with or are contrary to the natural and divine law -- fall under the judgment and jurisdiction of the Church."
Moreover, even when those who arbitrarily set and defend these narrow limits profess a desire to obey the Roman Pontiff with regard to truths to be believed, and to observe what they call ecclesiastical directives, they proceed with such boldness that they refuse to obey the precise and definite prescriptions of the Holy See. They protest that these refer to political affairs because of a hidden meaning by the author, as if these prescriptions took their origin from some secret conspiracy against their own nation. (Pope Pius XII, Ad Apostolorum Principis, June 29, 1958.)
And those Catholics, whether attracted to libertarianism or to some variant of Socialism, including Communism, who believe that they are exempt from the Catholic Church's social encyclical letters as the Church, according to their own dissenting "lights," do not bind them. They are most wrong, as Pope Pope Pius XI and Pope Pius XII noted conclusively:
Many believe in or claim that they believe in and hold fast to Catholic doctrine on such questions as social authority, the right of owning private property, on the relations between capital and labor, on the rights of the laboring man, on the relations between Church and State, religion and country, on the relations between the different social classes, on international relations, on the rights of the Holy See and the prerogatives of the Roman Pontiff and the Episcopate, on the social rights of Jesus Christ, Who is the Creator, Redeemer, and Lord not only of individuals but of nations. In spite of these protestations, they speak, write, and, what is more, act as if it were not necessary any longer to follow, or that they did not remain still in full force, the teachings and solemn pronouncements which may be found in so many documents of the Holy See, and particularly in those written by Leo XIII, Pius X, and Benedict XV.
There is a species of moral, legal, and social modernism which We condemn, no less decidedly than We condemn theological modernism.
It is necessary ever to keep in mind these teachings and pronouncements which We have made; it is no less necessary to reawaken that spirit of faith, of supernatural love, and of Christian discipline which alone can bring to these principles correct understanding, and can lead to their observance. This is particularly important in the case of youth, and especially those who aspire to the priesthood, so that in the almost universal confusion in which we live they at least, as the Apostle writes, will not be "tossed to and fro, and carried about with every wind of doctrine by the wickedness of men, by cunning craftiness, by which they lie in wait to deceive." (Ephesians iv, 14) (Pope Pius XI, Ubi Arcano Dei Consilio, December 23, 1922.)
Most men alive today, including even most believing Catholics, sadly, believe that Holy Mother Church has no role to play in the guiding of a just economic order, and thus it is that we have a conflict between a “free market” system that is not as “free” as is thought and the contemporary version of socialism that is serving as but yet another preparation for the coming of Antichrist. Greed and pride, two of the Seven Deadly Sins, must be triumphant when Our Lord and His true Church are banished from the hearts and minds of men and from the institutions and laws of their nations.
The combination of Pride and Greed are what make it absolutely poisonous for the latter day captains of industry and banking, many of whom have souls that steeped in the ravages of Original Sin and have contempt for the true Faith as they fund abortion and contraception and perversity in the United States and around the world, to be placed in positions of unbridled economic power without any understanding of their accountability to God for their actions. Any economic system, be it Calvinist capitalism or the variant of Socialism, that denies the authority of the Catholic Church over men and their nations is bound to make men prisoners of materialism by various means (profit and usury in the capitalist system; state control over private property and most aspects of the economy in socialism).
As Pope Pius XI noted in Quadragesimo Anno, May 15, 1931, issued on the fortieth anniversary of Rerum Novarum, the capitalist error of individualism cannot be "fixed" by the socialist error of collectivism. Men need the true Faith to guide them as they conduct their temporal affairs in light of their Last End:
But it is only the moral law which, just as it commands us to seek our supreme and last end in the whole scheme of our activity, so likewise commands us to seek directly in each kind of activity those purposes which we know that nature, or rather God the Author of nature, established for that kind of action, and in orderly relationship to subordinate such immediate purposes to our supreme and last end. If we faithfully observe this law, then it will follow that the particular purposes, both individual and social, that are sought in the economic field will fall in their proper place in the universal order of purposes, and We, in ascending through them, as it were by steps, shall attain the final end of all things, that is God, to Himself and to us, the supreme and inexhaustible Good. . . .
If Socialism, like all errors, contains some truth (which, moreover, the Supreme Pontiffs have never denied), it is based nevertheless on a theory of human society peculiar to itself and irreconcilable with true Christianity. Religious socialism, Christian socialism, are contradictory terms; no one can be at the same time a good Catholic and a true socialist. (Pope Pius XI, Quadragesimo Anno, May 15, 1931.)
There is no such thing as Christian socialism. “No one can be at the same time a good Catholic and a true socialist.”
Pope Pius XI reminded the world's bishops in Quadragesimo Anno of the simple, plain truth that naturalists of the “left” and the “right” refuse to accept as they wonder why an economic system built on falsehoods and outright thefts (both from the corporate and governmental sectors) of what belongs rightly to the people, their private property.
The world in which we live, the world that is shaped by the aftereffects of Protestantism and the continuing influences of Judeo-Masonry and all of the naturalistic ideologies and theories spawned thereby, is one that is in desperate need of hearing the prophetic voice of the Catholic Church in calling all men and their nations to return to Christ the King through the Immaculate Heart of Mary, who is Our Queen and Our Mother. Alas, the conciliarists no longer call men and their nations to conversion, content to wax about the "civilization of love" and a "healthy secularity" as the false foundations of the modern civil state with which it has reconciled itself are producing nothing but chaos, destruction and disarray in the United States of America and elsewhere in the world.
None of the adherents of the “left” or the “right” can admit that the modern world has been shaped by the forces unleashed by Martin Luther, John Calvin, Thomas Cranmer, John Knox, John Wesley, John Locke, Adam Smith, David Ricardo, Thomas Hobbes, Immanuel Kant, Maximilian Robespierre and James Madison, who believed that the best way to guard against the "vice of factions" was to create the extended “commercial” republic. We must, however, listen to the sage analysis offered by Catholics about the shape of the modern world, which convinces men that they must be separated from their families for most of hours of the weeks and attempts to convince women that it unnatural for them to stay at home with their children, thereby maladjusting their children who want and need and deserve the loving attention of their mothers.
The late Father Vincent McNabb, O.P., writing in The Church and the Land, noted this exact phenomenon of the world created by the overthrow of the Social Reign of Christ the King:
(3) How many mothers (women?) go out to work?
Stated in terms of industrialism, the home is the most important factory in the Commonwealth. Other factories make commodities called (often by a courtesy title) boots, hose furniture, jam, margarine (the Lord preserve us!), Boxo, and the whole inferno of tinned beastliness whose name is legion. The home alone makes boys and girls, men and women, good men and women, good Englishmen and good Englishwomen. And without these human commodities of what use are even the finest "canned goods".
(4) How many children are in the average family?
Read (3) over again. You will see that this efficient factory called the Home is the more efficient the more commodities it can produce, and the better the finish it can give them. Now the best of all training in the three essential civic virtues of Poverty, Chastity, Obedience, is in the large family. Experto credite Roberto. Trust Bob, at his job.
(5) How many mothers suckle their offspring?
To appreciate this question, read 3 and 4 over again. Then read a second time. If you don't see the point at the second reading—consult a doctor. (Father Vincent McNabb, O.P., The Church and the Land, published originally in London in 1925, republished in 2003 by IHS Press, pp. 40-41.)
There were many far-seeing Catholics a century ago who understood the road of destruction upon which the world had been set. However, not even many Catholics paid any attention then, and they continue to believe in the political and economic equivalent of the tooth fairy by genuflecting at the altars of their political champions, who are see as something approaching secular saviors.
The Popes Speak Against Socialism
Pope Leo XIII used his first encyclical letter, Quod Apostolicis Muneris, December 28, 1878, to condemn the growth of incipient socialism that would, in its Marxist-Leninist form, gain its first real foothold in Russia. His Holiness knew very clearly the dangers that socialism posed as the supposed “remedy” for the abuses engendered by Judeo-Calvinist capitalism:
4. But it is to be lamented that those to whom has been committed the guardianship of the public weal, deceived by the wiles of wicked men and terrified by their threats, have looked upon the Church with a suspicious and even hostile eye, not perceiving that the attempts of the sects would be vain if the doctrine of the Catholic Church and the authority of the Roman Pontiffs had always survived, with the honor that belongs to them, among princes and peoples. For, “the church of the living God, which is the pillar and ground of truth,” hands down those doctrines and precepts whose special object is the safety and peace of society and the uprooting of the evil growth of socialism.
5. For, indeed, although the socialists, stealing the very Gospel itself with a view to deceive more easily the unwary, have been accustomed to distort it so as to suit their own purposes, nevertheless so great is the difference between their depraved teachings and the most pure doctrine of Christ that none greater could exist: “for what participation hath justice with injustice or what fellowship hath light with darkness?” Their habit, as we have intimated, is always to maintain that nature has made all men equal, and that, therefore, neither honor nor respect is due to majesty, nor obedience to laws, unless, perhaps, to those sanctioned by their own good pleasure. But, on the contrary, in accordance with the teachings of the Gospel, the equality of men consists in this: that all, having inherited the same nature, are called to the same most high dignity of the sons of God, and that, as one and the same end is set before all, each one is to be judged by the same law and will receive punishment or reward according to his deserts. The inequality of rights and of power proceeds from the very Author of nature, “from whom all paternity in heaven and earth is named.” But the minds of princes and their subjects are, according to Catholic doctrine and precepts, bound up one with the other in such a manner, by mutual duties and rights, that the thirst for power is restrained and the rational ground of obedience made easy, firm, and noble. (Pope Leo XIII, Quod Apostolicis Muneri, December 28, 1878.)
One of the greatest myths propagated by socialists, starting with the proto-socialists of Judeo-Masonry’s own French Revolution two hundred years ago, through the last nearly two centuries is that of egalitarianism, which rejects all authority above that which a “majority” of “reasonable men” decided is best for the unwashed masses. This egalitarianism, however, places authority in an elite who always seem to know “better” than the masses, thereby establishing a new class of high priests and priestesses from whom no one can dissent legitimately. Pope Leo XIII addressed the myth that is egalitarianism, explaining that inequality exists in the nature of things, starting with the very fact the created beings are inferior to their Creator, Redeemer, and Sanctifier:
6. Assuredly, the Church wisely inculcates the apostolic precept on the mass of men: “There is no power but from God; and those that are, are ordained of God. Therefore he that resisteth the power resisteth the ordinance of God. And they that resist purchase to themselves damnation.” And again she admonishes those “subject by necessity” to be so “not only for wrath but also for conscience’ sake,” and to render “to all men their dues; tribute to whom tribute is due, custom to whom custom, fear to whom fear, honor to whom honor.” For, He who created and governs all things has, in His wise providence, appointed that the things which are lowest should attain their ends by those which are intermediate, and these again by the highest. Thus, as even in the kingdom of heaven He hath willed that the choirs of angels be distinct and some subject to others, and also in the Church has instituted various orders and a diversity of offices, so that all are not apostles or doctors or pastors, so also has He appointed that there should be various orders in civil society, differing indignity, rights, and power, whereby the State, like the Church, should be one body, consisting of many members, some nobler than others, but all necessary to each other and solicitous for the common good.
9. But Catholic wisdom, sustained by the precepts of natural and divine law, provides with especial care for public and private tranquillity in its doctrines and teachings regarding the duty of government and the distribution of the goods which are necessary for life and use. For, while the socialists would destroy the “right” of property, alleging it to be a human invention altogether opposed to the inborn equality of man, and, claiming a community of goods, argue that poverty should not be peaceably endured, and that the property and privileges of the rich may be rightly invaded, the Church, with much greater wisdom and good sense, recognizes the inequality among men, who are born with different powers of body and mind, inequality in actual possession, also, and holds that the right of property and of ownership, which springs from nature itself, must not be touched and stands inviolate. For she knows that stealing and robbery were forbidden in so special a manner by God, the Author and Defender of right, that He would not allow man even to desire what belonged to another, and that thieves and despoilers, no less than adulterers and idolaters, are shut out from the Kingdom of Heaven. But not the less on this account does our holy Mother not neglect the care of the poor or omit to provide for their necessities; but, rather, drawing them to her with a mother’s embrace, and knowing that they bear the person of Christ Himself, who regards the smallest gift to the poor as a benefit conferred on Himself, holds them in great honor. She does all she can to help them; she provides homes and hospitals where they may be received, nourished, and cared for all the world over and watches over these. She is constantly pressing on the rich that most grave precept to give what remains to the poor; and she holds over their heads the divine sentence that unless they succor the needy they will be repaid by eternal torments. In fine, she does all she can to relieve and comfort the poor, either by holding up to them the example of Christ, “who being rich became poor for our sake, or by reminding them of his own words, wherein he pronounced the poor blessed and bade them hope for the reward of eternal bliss. But who does not see that this is the best method of arranging the old struggle between the rich and poor? For, as the very evidence of facts and events shows, if this method is rejected or disregarded, one of two things must occur: either the greater portion of the human race will fall back into the vile condition of slavery which so long prevailed among the pagan nations, or human society must continue to be disturbed by constant eruptions, to be disgraced by rapine and strife, as we have had sad witness even in recent times.
10. These things being so, then, venerable brethren, as at the beginning of Our pontificate We, on whom the guidance of the whole Church now lies, pointed out a place of refuge to the peoples and the princes tossed about by the fury of the tempest, so now, moved by the extreme peril that is on them, We again lift up Our voice, and beseech them again and again for their own safety’s sake as well as that of their people to welcome and give ear to the Church which has had such wonderful influence on the public prosperity of kingdoms, and to recognize that political and religious affairs are so closely united that what is taken from the spiritual weakens the loyalty of subjects and the majesty of the government. And since they know that the Church of Christ has such power to ward off the plague of socialism as cannot be found in human laws, in the mandates of magistrates, or in the force of armies, let them restore that Church to the condition and liberty in which she may exert her healing force for the benefit of all society.
11. But you, venerable brethren, who know the origin and the drift of these gathering evils, strive with all your force of soul to implant the Catholic teaching deep in the minds of all. Strive that all may have the habit of clinging to God with filial love and revering His divinity from their tenderest years; that they may respect the majesty of princes and of laws; that they may restrain their passions and stand fast by the order which God has established in civil and domestic society. Moreover, labor hard that the children of the Catholic Church neither join nor favor in any way whatsoever this abominable sect; let them show, on the contrary, by noble deeds and right dealing in all things, how well and happily human society would hold together were each member to shine as an example of right doing and of virtue. In fine, as the recruits of socialism are especially sought among artisans and workmen, who, tired, perhaps, of labor, are more easily allured by the hope of riches and the promise of wealth, it is well to encourage societies of artisans and workmen which, constituted under the guardianship of religion, may tend to make all associates contented with their lot and move them to a quiet and peaceful life. (Pope Leo XIII, Quod Apostolicis Muneris, December 28, 1878.)
One of the corollary proofs of the apostasies facing us at this time is the man who claims to be “Pope Francis,” is entirely supportive of socialism and its goals. His kinship with world leaders who embrace socialist policies and with George Soros, the world’s leading financier of all things wicked (contraception, abortion, “palliative care,” sodomy and all its related perverse vices, “open borders,” violence against opponents of the “enlightened” Soros agenda, socialism, statism, globalism, feminism, environmentalism, evolutionism, etc.) and his words of praise for them speak loudly about the fact that he is a fellow traveler who has as much contempt for papal condemnations of socialism and communism as his predecessors have had for the very immutable nature of dogmatic truth, noting that belief in biological evolutionism would lead to social and theological evolutionism. Jorge Mario Bergoglio is one of those hypocritical egalitarians who believe that the “enlightened” are more “equal” than all the rest.
As the abuses caused by the Judeo-Calvinist capitalism grew in the latter part of the Nineteenth Century and as the agitation caused by socialists against those abuses grew louder and louder and attracted many Catholics to their cause, Pope Leo XIII elaborated on the relationship between labor and capital in his landmark encyclical letter, Rerum Novarum, May 15, 1891, that once again stressed that inequality exists in the very nature of things and that pain and suffering will have no end in this life, discussing the desire of socialists to gain control of children by placing them on a level of equality with the authority of their parents
14. The contention, then, that the civil government should at its option intrude into and exercise intimate control over the family and the household is a great and pernicious error. True, if a family finds itself in exceeding distress, utterly deprived of the counsel of friends, and without any prospect of extricating itself, it is right that extreme necessity be met by public aid, since each family is a part of the commonwealth. In like manner, if within the precincts of the household there occur grave disturbance of mutual rights, public authority should intervene to force each party to yield to the other its proper due; for this is not to deprive citizens of their rights, but justly and properly to safeguard and strengthen them.
But the rulers of the commonwealth must go no further; here, nature bids them stop. Paternal authority can be neither abolished nor absorbed by the State; for it has the same source as human life itself. “The child belongs to the father,” and is, as it were, the continuation of the father’s personality; and speaking strictly, the child takes its place in civil society, not of its own right, but in its quality as member of the family in which it is born. And for the very reason that “the child belongs to the father” it is, as St. Thomas Aquinas says, “before it attains the use of free will, under the power and the charge of its parents.” The socialists, therefore, in setting aside the parent and setting up a State supervision, act against natural justice, and destroy the structure of the home.
15. And in addition to injustice, it is only too evident what an upset and disturbance there would be in all classes, and to how intolerable and hateful a slavery citizens would be subjected. The door would be thrown open to envy, to mutual invective, and to discord; the sources of wealth themselves would run dry, for no one would have any interest in exerting his talents or his industry; and that ideal equality about which they entertain pleasant dreams would be in reality the leveling down of all to a like condition of misery and degradation.
Hence, it is clear that the main tenet of socialism, community of goods, must be utterly rejected, since it only injures those whom it would seem meant to benefit, is directly contrary to the natural rights of mankind, and would introduce confusion and disorder into the commonweal. The first and most fundamental principle, therefore, if one would undertake to alleviate the condition of the masses, must be the inviolability of private property. This being established, we proceed to show where the remedy sought for must be found.
16. We approach the subject with confidence, and in the exercise of the rights which manifestly appertain to Us, for no practical solution of this question will be found apart from the intervention of religion and of the Church. It is We who are the chief guardian of religion and the chief dispenser of what pertains to the Church; and by keeping silence we would seem to neglect the duty incumbent on us. Doubtless, this most serious question demands the attention and the efforts of others besides ourselves — to wit, of the rulers of States, of employers of labor, of the wealthy, aye, of the working classes themselves, for whom We are pleading. But We affirm without hesitation that all the striving of men will be vain if they leave out the Church. It is the Church that insists, on the authority of the Gospel, upon those teachings whereby the conflict can be brought to an end, or rendered, at least, far less bitter; the Church uses her efforts not only to enlighten the mind, but to direct by her precepts the life and conduct of each and all; the Church improves and betters the condition of the working man by means of numerous organizations; does her best to enlist the services of all classes in discussing and endeavoring to further in the most practical way, the interests of the working classes; and considers that for this purpose recourse should be had, in due measure and degree, to the intervention of the law and of State authority.
17. It must be first of all recognized that the condition of things inherent in human affairs must be borne with, for it is impossible to reduce civil society to one dead level. Socialists may in that intent do their utmost, but all striving against nature is in vain. There naturally exist among mankind manifold differences of the most important kind; people differ in capacity, skill, health, strength; and unequal fortune is a necessary result of unequal condition. Such inequality is far from being disadvantageous either to individuals or to the community. Social and public life can only be maintained by means of various kinds of capacity for business and the playing of many parts; and each man, as a rule, chooses the part which suits his own peculiar domestic condition. As regards bodily labor, even had man never fallen from the state of innocence, he would not have remained wholly idle; but that which would then have been his free choice and his delight became afterwards compulsory, and the painful expiation for his disobedience. “Cursed be the earth in thy work; in thy labor thou shalt eat of it all the days of thy life.”
18. In like manner, the other pains and hardships of life will have no end or cessation on earth; for the consequences of sin are bitter and hard to bear, and they must accompany man so long as life lasts. To suffer and to endure, therefore, is the lot of humanity; let them strive as they may, no strength and no artifice will ever succeed in banishing from human life the ills and troubles which beset it. If any there are who pretend differently — who hold out to a hard-pressed people the boon of freedom from pain and trouble, an undisturbed repose, and constant enjoyment — they delude the people and impose upon them, and their lying promises will only one day bring forth evils worse than the present. Nothing is more useful than to look upon the world as it really is, and at the same time to seek elsewhere, as We have said, for the solace to its troubles.
19. The great mistake made in regard to the matter now under consideration is to take up with the notion that class is naturally hostile to class, and that the wealthy and the working men are intended by nature to live in mutual conflict. So irrational and so false is this view that the direct contrary is the truth. Just as the symmetry of the human frame is the result of the suitable arrangement of the different parts of the body, so in a State is it ordained by nature that these two classes should dwell in harmony and agreement, so as to maintain the balance of the body politic. Each needs the other: capital cannot do without labor, nor labor without capital. Mutual agreement results in the beauty of good order, while perpetual conflict necessarily produces confusion and savage barbarity. Now, in preventing such strife as this, and in uprooting it, the efficacy of Christian institutions is marvelous and manifold. First of all, there is no intermediary more powerful than religion (whereof the Church is the interpreter and guardian) in drawing the rich and the working class together, by reminding each of its duties to the other, and especially of the obligations of justice. (Pope Leo XIII, Rerum Novarum, May 15, 1891.)
In other words, Catholicism is the sole source of human sanctification and the legitimate teacher of men, and thus possesses the sole ability to provide the foundation for a social order that can be as just as possible in a world filled with fallen men, a point that Pope Pius XI reiterated in his encyclical letter commemorating the fortieth anniversary of the issuance of Rerum Novarum, Quadregesimo Anno, May 15, 1931:
127. Yet, if we look into the matter more carefully and more thoroughly, we shall clearly perceive that, preceding this ardently desired social restoration, there must be a renewal of the Christian spirit, from which so many immersed in economic life have, far and wide, unhappily fallen away, lest all our efforts be wasted and our house be builded not on a rock but on shifting sand.
128. And so, Venerable Brethren and Beloved Sons, having surveyed the present economic system, We have found it laboring under the gravest of evils. We have also summoned Communism and Socialism again to judgment and have found all their forms, even the most modified, to wander far from the precepts of the Gospel.
129. "Wherefore," to use the words of Our Predecessor, "if human society is to be healed, only a return to Christian life and institutions will heal it." For this alone can provide effective remedy for that excessive care for passing things that is the origin of all vices; and this alone can draw away men's eyes, fascinated by and wholly fixed on the changing things of the world, and raise them toward Heaven. Who would deny that human society is in most urgent need of this cure now?
130. Minds of all, it is true, are affected almost solely by temporal upheavals, disasters, and calamities. But if we examine things critically with Christian eyes, as we should, what are all these compared with the loss of souls? Yet it is not rash by any means to say that the whole scheme of social and economic life is now such as to put in the way of vast numbers of mankind most serious obstacles which prevent them from caring for the one thing necessary; namely, their eternal salvation. (Pope Pius XI, Quadragesimo Anno, May 15, 1931.)
Most men today are more concerned about the acquisition or possible loss of wealth once attained than they are about their immortal souls as they have “excessive care passing things that” are “the origin of all vices.” Only the true Faitih can draw “men’s eyes, fascinated by and wholly fixated on the changing things of the world, and raise them toward Heaven.” Unfortunately, most men today, including many Catholics, do indeed deny that human society is in urgent need of the remedy that only Holy Mother Church can provide. Men who believe that they are descended from apes will come to act like them over the course of time. The ideology of biological evolutionism leads inexorably to the devolution of men and their societies into conditions of chaos, violence and the worst kind of self-seeking that the world has ever seen.
Pope Pius XI also explained in the degree of degradation to which men must fall once they are fixed on temporal goals to the exclusion of all supernatural considerations.
131. We, made Shepherd and Protector by the Prince of Shepherds, Who Redeemed them by His Blood, of a truly innumerable flock, cannot hold back Our tears when contemplating this greatest of their dangers. Nay rather, fully mindful of Our pastoral office and with paternal solicitude, We are continually meditating on how We can help them; and We have summoned to Our aid the untiring zeal of others who are concerned on grounds of justice or charity. For what will it profit men to become expert in more wisely using their wealth, even to gaining the whole world, if thereby they suffer the loss of their souls? What will it profit to teach them sound principles of economic life if in unbridled and sordid greed they let themselves be swept away by their passion for property, so that "hearing the commandments of the Lord they do all things contrary."
32. The root and font of this defection in economic and social life from the Christian law, and of the consequent apostasy of great numbers of workers from the Catholic faith, are the disordered passions of the soul, the sad result of original sin which has so destroyed the wonderful harmony of man's faculties that, easily led astray by his evil desires, he is strongly incited to prefer the passing goods of this world to the lasting goods of Heaven. Hence arises that unquenchable thirst for riches and temporal goods, which has at all times impelled men to break God's laws and trample upon the rights of their neighbors, but which, on account of the present system of economic life, is laying far more numerous snares for human frailty. Since the instability of economic life, and especially of its structure, exacts of those engaged in it most intense and unceasing effort, some have become so hardened to the stings of conscience as to hold that they are allowed, in any manner whatsoever, to increase their profits and use means, fair or foul, to protect their hard-won wealth against sudden changes of fortune. The easy gains that a market unrestricted by any law opens to everybody attracts large numbers to buying and selling goods, and they, their one aim being to make quick profits with the least expenditure of work, raise or lower prices by their uncontrolled business dealings so rapidly according to their own caprice and greed that they nullify the wisest forecasts of producers. The laws passed to promote corporate business, while dividing and limiting the risk of business, have given occasion to the most sordid license. For We observe that consciences are little affected by this reduced obligation of accountability; that furthermore, by hiding under the shelter of a joint name, the worst of injustices and frauds are penetrated; and that, too, directors of business companies, forgetful of their trust, betray the rights of those whose savings they have undertaken to administer. Lastly, We must not omit to mention those crafty men who, wholly unconcerned about any honest usefulness of their work, do not scruple to stimulate the baser human desires and, when they are aroused, use them for their own profit. (Pope Pius XI, Quadregesimo Anno, May 15, 1931.)
The world us continues to fall deeper and deeper into the abyss because most men alive today are controlled by the forces of the world, the flesh and the devil, ignoring any thought of divinely-revealed truths and a single means by which their actions may be rendered meritorious in the sight of God and thus redound to their eternal salvation. Even most Catholics rush headlong to one side or the other of the false opposites of naturalism and refuse to consider the simple truth that to see the world as it truly as it is we must see it exclusively through the eyes of the Holy Faith. The only kind of “realism” is Catholic realism, Catholic truth. Everything else is but an illusion, a mirage.
Pope Pius XI’s Divini Redemptoris, March 19, 1937, continued the fifty-nine year-old papal condemnation of socialism that began with Pope Leo XIII in 1878 and explained yet again that socialism and communism are but the products of failure of liberalism and laicism. Indeed, the social consequences of the overthrow of the Social Reign of Christ the King are vast, starting with the destruction of the family, which has been rent asunder by divorce and contraception and feminism and materialism and positivism and utilitarianism and the organized forces of naturalism. The atomistic individualism of Calvinist capitalism and Lockean liberalism thus produce the same sort of societies as that produced by all forms Socialism, including that wrought by Bolshevism:
Communism, moreover, strips man of his liberty, robs human personality of all its dignity, and removes all the moral restraints that check the eruptions of blind impulse. There is no recognition of any right of the individual in his relations to the collectivity; no natural right is accorded to human personality, which is a mere cog-wheel in the Communist system. In man's relations with other individuals, besides, Communists hold the principle of absolute equality, rejecting all hierarchy and divinely-constituted authority, including the authority of parents. What men call authority and subordination is derived from the community as its first and only font. Nor is the individual granted any property rights over material goods or the means of production, for inasmuch as these are the source of further wealth, their possession would give one man power over another. Precisely on this score, all forms of private property must be eradicated, for they are at the origin of all economic enslavement .
Refusing to human life any sacred or spiritual character, such a doctrine logically makes of marriage and the family a purely artificial and civil institution, the outcome of a specific economic system. There exists no matrimonial bond of a juridico-moral nature that is not subject to the whim of the individual or of the collectivity. Naturally, therefore, the notion of an indissoluble marriage-tie is scouted. Communism is particularly characterized by the rejection of any link that binds woman to the family and the home, and her emancipation is proclaimed as a basic principle. She is withdrawn from the family and the care of her children, to be thrust instead into public life and collective production under the same conditions as man. The care of home and children then devolves upon the collectivity. Finally, the right of education is denied to parents, for it is conceived as the exclusive prerogative of the community, in whose name and by whose mandate alone parents may exercise this right.
What would be the condition of a human society based on such materialistic tenets? It would be a collectivity with no other hierarchy than that of the economic system. It would have only one mission: the production of material things by means of collective labor, so that the goods of this world might be enjoyed in a paradise where each would "give according to his powers" and would "receive according to his needs." Communism recognizes in the collectivity the right, or rather, unlimited discretion, to draft individuals for the labor of the collectivity with no regard for their personal welfare; so that even violence could be legitimately exercised to dragoon the recalcitrant against their wills. In the Communistic commonwealth morality and law would be nothing but a derivation of the existing economic order, purely earthly in origin and unstable in character. In a word. the Communists claim to inaugurate a new era and a new civilization which is the result of blind evolutionary forces culminating in a humanity without God. (Pope Pius XI, Divini Redemptoris, March 19, 1937.)
A world devoid of God and of submission to His true Church is the only possible consequence of the overthrow of the Social Reign of Christ King. Naturalist liberals disagree with naturalist socialists, including communists, only about a few details. All forms of naturalism produce the godless world, which makes possible barbarism in "liberal" states and totalitarianism in "socialist" states. Indeed, the degree to which men fall into the naturalist trap will be the degree to which all states, liberal and socialist, get to increase their power over the lives of ordinary citizens in the name of "law and order" and "national security," you understand. The heresy of religious liberty makes it impossible for anyone to find any one overarching means by which social evils can be retarded, resulting in a new caste of dictators whose "infallible" pronouncements must be accepted without criticism or dissent. The First Amendment of the Constitution of the United States of America, for example, eviscerates the First Commandment by stating unequivocally that no religion, including the Catholic Faith, must be recognized by the civil state as indispensable for personal and social order, thus resulting in the triumph of the false religion of statism. A neat little trick of the devil, wouldn't you say?
Pope Pius XI alluded to some of these points in Divini Redemptoris:
But the enemies of the Church, though forced to acknowledge the wisdom of her doctrine, accuse her of having failed to act in conformity with her principles, and from this conclude to the necessity of seeking other solutions. The utter falseness and injustice of this accusation is shown by the whole history of Christianity. To refer only to a single typical trait, it was Christianity that first affirmed the real and universal brotherhood of all men of whatever race and condition. This doctrine she proclaimed by a method, and with an amplitude and conviction, unknown to preceding centuries; and with it she potently contributed to the abolition of slavery. Not bloody revolution, but the inner force of her teaching made the proud Roman matron see in her slave a sister in Christ. It is Christianity that adores the Son of God, made Man for love of man, and become not only the "Son of a Carpenter" but Himself a "Carpenter." It was Christianity that raised manual labor to its true dignity, whereas it had hitherto been so despised that even the moderate Cicero did not hesitate to sum up the general opinion of his time in words of which any modern sociologist would be ashamed: "All artisans are engaged in sordid trades, for there can be nothing ennobling about a workshop."
Faithful to these principles, the Church has given new life to human society. Under her influence arose prodigious charitable organizations, great guilds of artisans and workingmen of every type. These guilds, ridiculed as "medieval" by the liberalism of the last century, are today claiming the admiration of our contemporaries in many countries who are endeavoring to revive them in some modern form. And when other systems hindered her work and raised obstacles to the salutary influence of the Church, she was never done warning them of their error. We need but recall with what constant firmness and energy Our Predecessor, Leo XIII, vindicated for the workingman the right to organize, which the dominant liberalism of the more powerful States relentlessly denied him. Even today the authority of this Church doctrine is greater than it seems; for the influence of ideas in the realm of facts, though invisible and not easily measured, is surely of predominant importance.
It may be said in all truth that the Church, like Christ, goes through the centuries doing good to all. There would be today neither Socialism nor Communism if the rulers of the nations had not scorned the teachings and maternal warnings of the Church. On the bases of liberalism and laicism they wished to build other social edifices which, powerful and imposing as they seemed at first, all too soon revealed the weakness of their foundations, and today are crumbling one after another before our eyes, as everything must crumble that is not grounded on the one corner stone which is Christ Jesus.
This, Venerable Brethren, is the doctrine of the Church, which alone in the social as in all other fields can offer real light and assure salvation in the face of Communistic ideology. But this doctrine must be consistently reduced to practice in every-day life, according to the admonition of St. James the Apostle: "Be ye doers of the word and not hearers only, deceiving your own selves." The most urgent need of the present day is therefore the energetic and timely application of remedies which will effectively ward off the catastrophe that daily grows more threatening. We cherish the firm hope that the fanaticism with which the sons of darkness work day and night at their materialistic and atheistic propaganda will at least serve the holy purpose of stimulating the sons of light to a like and even greater zeal for the honor of the Divine Majesty. (Pope Pius XI, Divini Redemptoris, March 19, 1937.)
There can be room for compromise: socialism is as antithetical to a just order on true Christian principles as are all forms of political ideology, including liberalism and conservatism.
Yet it is that the conciliar “popes,” starting with Angelo Roncalli/John XIII in Pacem in Terris, April 11, 1963, who, without precisely saying so, backed away from Pope Pius XI’s statement that no one could a sincere Catholic and a true socialist and from Pope Pius XI’s 1937 admonition against all association and cooperation with communism that was reiterated by the Holy Office under Pope Pius XII in 1949 (see Appendix A below):
159. It is, therefore, especially to the point to make a clear distinction between false philosophical teachings regarding the nature, origin, and destiny of the universe and of man, and movements which have a direct bearing either on economic and social questions, or cultural matters or on the organization of the state, even if these movements owe their origin and inspiration to these false tenets. While the teaching once it has been clearly set forth is no longer subject to change, the movements, precisely because they take place in the midst of changing conditions, are readily susceptible of change. Besides, who can deny that those movements, in so far as they conform to the dictates of right reason and are interpreters of the lawful aspirations of the human person, contain elements that are positive and deserving of approval?
160. For these reasons it can at times happen that meetings for the attainment of some practical results which previously seemed completely useless now are either actually useful or may be looked upon as profitable for the future. But to decide whether this moment has arrived, and also to lay down the ways and degrees in which work in common might be possible for the achievement of economic, social, cultural, and political ends which are honorable and useful: these are the problems which can only be solved with the virtue of prudence, which is the guiding light of the virtues that regulate the moral life, both individual and social. Therefore, as far as Catholics are concerned, this decision rests primarily with those who live and work in the specific sectors of human society in which those problems arise, always, however, in accordance with the principles of the natural law, with the social doctrine of the church, and with the directives of ecclesiastical authorities. For it must not be forgotten that the Church has the right and the duty not only to safeguard the principles of ethics and religion, but also to intervene authoritatively with Her children in the temporal sphere, when there is a question of judging the application of those principles to concrete cases. (Angelo Roncalli/John XIII, Pacem in Terris, April 11, 1963.)
Roncalli/John XXIII’s handpicked successor, Giovanni Battista Enrico Antonio Montini/Paul VI, began the push in the direction of socialism and a “World Fund” in its infamous “encyclical” letter of March 25, 1967, Populorum Progressio, which is a magna carta, if you will, for Jorge the Red, and endorsed what he called the "preferential option for the poor" when addressing the CELAM conference on August 24, 1968, in Medellin, Colombia and when he issued Octagesima Adveniens, May 15, 1971:
23. Through the statement of the rights of man and the seeking for international agreements for the application of these rights, progress has been made towards inscribing these two aspirations in deeds and structures (16). Nevertheless various forms of discrimination continually reappear-ethnic cultural, religious, political and so on. In fact, human rights are still too often disregarded, if not scoffed at, or else they receive only formal recognition. In many cases legislation does not keep up with real situations. Legislation is necessary, but it is not sufficient for setting up true relationships of justice and equity. In teaching us charity, the Gospel instructs us in the preferential respect due to the poor and the special situation they have in society: the more fortunate should renounce some of their rights so as to place their goods more generously at the service of others. If, beyond legal rules, there is really no deeper feeling of respect for and service to others, then even equality before the law can serve as an alibi for flagrant discrimination, continued exploitation and actual contempt. Without a renewed education in solidarity, an overemphasis of equality can give rise to an individualism in which each one claims his own rights without wishing to be answerable for the common good.
In this field, everyone sees the highly important contribution of the Christian spirit, which moreover answers man's yearning to be loved. "Love for man, the prime value of the earthly order" ensures the conditions for peace, both social peace and international peace, by affirming our universal brotherhood (17). (Giovanni Battista Enrico Antonio Maria Montini/Paul VI, Octagesima Adveniens, May 15, 1971.)
This was nothing other than an attempt to graft a Marxist diatribe onto the Gospel of the Divine Redeemer, Christ the King, and it had nothing to do with commemorating the eightieth anniversary of Pope Leo XIII's Rerum Novarum, May 15, 1891.
Love for "man, the prime value of the earthly order," not love of Christ the King as He has revealed Himself to us exclusively through His true Church, the Catholic Church, outside of which there is no salvation and without which there can be no true social order.
"Love for man," of course is one of the chief tenets of Marxism, something that the late Dr. Aleksandr I. Solzhenitsyn noted at his famous commencement address at Harvard University on June 8, 1978, just fifty-nine days before the earthly demise of Giovanni Battista Enrico Antonio Maria/Paul VI:
As humanism in its development became more and more materialistic, it made itself increasingly accessible to speculation and manipulation at first by socialism and then by communism. So that Karl Marx was able to say in 1844 that "communism is naturalized humanism.'
This statement turned out not to be entirely senseless. One does see the same stones in the foundations of a despiritualized humanism and of any type of socialism: endless materialism; freedom from religion and religious responsibility, which under communist regimes reach the stage of anti-religious dictatorship; concentration on social structures with a seemingly scientific approach. (This is typical of the Enlightenment in the Eighteenth Century and of Marxism). Not by coincidence all of communism's meaningless pledges and oaths are about Man, with a capital M, and his earthly happiness. At first glance it seems an ugly parallel: common traits in the thinking and way of life of today's West and today's East? But such is the logic of materialistic development.
The interrelationship is such, too, that the current of materialism which is most to the left always ends up by being stronger, more attractive and victorious, because it is more consistent. Humanism without its Christian heritage cannot resist such competition. We watch this process in the past centuries and especially in the past decades, on a world scale as the situation becomes increasingly dramatic. Liberalism was inevitably displaced by radicalism, radicalism had to surrender to socialism and socialism could never resist communism. The communist regime in the East could stand and grow due to the enthusiastic support from an enormous number of Western intellectuals who felt a kinship and refused to see communism's crimes. When they no longer could do so, they tried to justify them. In our Eastern countries, communism has suffered a complete ideological defeat; it is zero and less than zero. But Western intellectuals still look at it with interest and with empathy, and this is precisely what makes it so immensely difficult for the West to withstand the East. (Dr. Aleksandr I. Solzhenitsyn, A World Split Apart. June 8, 1978.)
Solzhenitsyn, who is should be pointed out, was a Russian nationalist and thus had a bias against the Catholic Church and her teaching authority, especially as pertains to Papal Primacy and to her constant condemnation of contraception, which he, Solzhenitsyn supported in the name of “population control,” explained forty-one years that his condemnation of socialism did not mean that he could recommend the Western culture of consumerism and materialism as the model for his own country should Communism end there (as it supposedly did on December 25, 1992, as the flag of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics was lowered and the tri-color flag of Russia was raised up a flagpole in its place):
But should someone ask me whether I would indicate the West such as it is today as a model to my country, frankly I would have to answer negatively. No, I could not recommend your society in its present state as an ideal for the transformation of ours. Through intense suffering our country has now achieved a spiritual development of such intensity that the Western system in its present state of spiritual exhaustion does not look attractive. Even those characteristics of your life which I have just mentioned are extremely saddening.
A fact which cannot be disputed is the weakening of human beings in the West while in the East they are becoming firmer and stronger -- 60 years for our people and 30 years for the people of Eastern Europe. During that time we have been through a spiritual training far in advance of Western experience. Life's complexity and mortal weight have produced stronger, deeper, and more interesting characters than those generally [produced] by standardized Western well-being.
Therefore, if our society were to be transformed into yours, it would mean an improvement in certain aspects, but also a change for the worse on some particularly significant scores. It is true, no doubt, that a society cannot remain in an abyss of lawlessness, as is the case in our country. But it is also demeaning for it to elect such mechanical legalistic smoothness as you have. After the suffering of many years of violence and oppression, the human soul longs for things higher, warmer, and purer than those offered by today's mass living habits, introduced by the revolting invasion of publicity, by TV stupor, and by intolerable music.
There are meaningful warnings which history gives a threatened or perishing society. Such are, for instance, the decadence of art, or a lack of great statesmen. There are open and evident warnings, too. The center of your democracy and of your culture is left without electric power for a few hours only, and all of a sudden crowds of American citizens start looting and creating havoc. The smooth surface film must be very thin, then, the social system quite unstable and unhealthy.
But the fight for our planet, physical and spiritual, a fight of cosmic proportions, is not a vague matter of the future; it has already started. The forces of Evil have begun their offensive; you can feel their pressure, and yet your screens and publications are full of prescribed smiles and raised glasses. What is the joy about? (Dr. Aleksandr I. Solzhenitsyn, A World Split Apart, June 8, 1978, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts .)
The Nobel Laureate gave this address nearly eleven months after riots had broken out in the Borough of Brooklyn in the City of New York, New York, when the inept utility company, Consolidated Edison, suffered an outage at a power plant in Astoria in the Borough of Queens on Wednesday, July 13, 1977. Solzhenitsyn was saying in his address, in effect, that Americans are in trouble if the only thing keeping the masses from rioting and looting is Consolidated Edison, known colloquially in New York and environs as “Con Ed.”
Neither liberalism or its variants nor socialism and its variants are the foundation of social order. Catholicism, though not a guarantor of order given the vagaries of fallen human nature, is alone the only means that can provide men and their nations with the foundation for a just social order.
The “squad” in the United States of America and their compatriots around the world, including the Argentine Apostate who is an occupant of the Casa Santa Marta, are but the product of a false conflict between different sides of the same anti-Incarnational, naturalistic and Pelagian coin, something that has been noted several times previously in this commentary and touched upon by Father Edward Leen, S.J., in The Holy Ghost:
A shudder of apprehension is traversing the world which still retains its loyalty to Jesus expressing Himself through the authority of His Church. That apprehension has not its sole cause the sight of the horrors that the world has witnessed in recent years in both hemispheres. Many Christians are beginning to feel that perhaps all may not be right with themselves. There is solid reason for this fear. The contemplation of the complete and reasoned abandonment of all hitherto accepted human values that has taken place in Russia and is taking place elsewhere, causes a good deal of anxious soul-searching. It is beginning to be dimly perceived that in social life, as it is lived, even in countries that have not as yet definitely broken with Christianity, there lie all the possibilities of what has become actual in Bolshevism. A considerable body of Christians, untrained in the Christian philosophy of life, are allowing themselves to absorb principles which undermine the constructions of Christian thought. They do not realise how much dangerous it is for Christianity to exist in an atmosphere of Naturalism than to be exposed to positive persecution. In the old days of the Roman Empire those who enrolled themselves under the standard of Christ saw, with logical clearness, that they had perforce to cut themselves adrift from the social life of the world in which they lived--from its tastes, practices and amusements. The line of demarcation between pagan and Christian life was sharp, clearly defined and obvious. Modern Christians have not been so favorably situated. As has been stated already, the framework of the Christian social organisation has as yet survived. This organisation is, to outward appearances, so solid and imposing that it is easy to be blind to the truth that the soul had gradually gone out of it. Under the shelter and utilising the resources of the organisation of life created by Christianity, customs, ways of conduct, habits of thought, have crept in, more completely perhaps, at variance with the spirit of Christianity than even the ways and manners of pagan Rome.
This infiltration of post-Christian paganism has been steady but slow, and at each stage is imperceptible. The Christian of to-day thinks that he is living in what is to all intents and purposes a Christian civilisation. Without misgivings he follows the current of social life around him. His amusements, his pleasures, his pursuits, his games, his books, his papers, his social and political ideas are of much the same kind as are those of the people with whom he mingles, and who may not have a vestige of a Christian principle left in their minds. He differs merely from them in that he holds to certain definite religious truths and clings to certain definite religious practices. But apart from this there is not any striking contrast in the outward conduct of life between Christian and non-Christian in what is called the civilised world. Catholics are amused by, and interested in, the very same things that appeal to those who have abandoned all belief in God. The result is a growing divorce between religion and life in the soul of the individual Christian. Little by little his faith ceases to be a determining effect on the bulk of his ideas, judgments and decisions that have relation to what he regards as his purely "secular" life. His physiognomy as a social being no longer bears trace of any formative effect of the beliefs he professes. And his faith rapidly becomes a thing of tradition and routine and not something which is looked to as a source of a life that is real.
The Bolshevist Revolution has had one good effect. It has awakened the averagely good Christian to the danger runs in allowing himself to drift with the current of social life about him. It has revealed to him the precipice towards which he has was heading by shaping his worldly career after principles the context of which the revolution has mercilessly exposed and revealed to be at variance with real Christianity. The sincerely religious--and there are many such still--are beginning to realise that if they are to live as Christians they must react violently against the milieu in which they live. It is beginning to be felt that one cannot be a true Christian and live as the bulk of men in civilised society are living. It is clearly seen that "life" is not to be found along those ways by which the vast majority of men are hurrying to disillusionment and despair. Up to the time of the recent cataclysm the average unreflecting Christian dwelt in the comfortable illusion that he could fall in with the ways of the world about him here, and, by holding on to the practices of religion, arrange matters satisfactorily for the hereafter. That illusion is dispelled. It is coming home to the discerning Christian that their religion is not a mere provision for the future. There is a growing conviction that it is only through Christianity lived integrally that the evils of the present time can be remedied and disaster in the time to come averted. (Father Edward Leen, The Holy Ghost, published in 1953 by Sheed and Ward, pp. 6-9.)
Father Leen was overly optimistic about the ability of Catholics to reject the effects of Bolshevism, which have indeed made their way to our own shores (have you noticed?), as he could never have envisioned that Modernists would come up from the underground after the death of Pope Pius XII on October 9, 1958, and effect a coup against the Catholic Church while representing themselves to be Catholics despite the fact that they had expelled themselves from the bosom of Holy Mother Church by their embrace, no less public promotion of, one heretical proposition after another, including an overt "reconciliation" with the principles of Marxism-Leninism. Father Leen did, of course, see very well the dangers in a world shaped by naturalism as it is very easy for Catholics to become so immersed in the world and its distractions and agitations as to lose the sensus Catholicus over the course of time. Thanks to the conciliar revolutionaries, of course, the genuine sensus Catholicus has been destroyed by the effects of the "reconcilation" between Modernism and Modernity.
The very basis of the “reconciliation between the conciliar revolutionaries and “the world” was condemned by Pope Saint Pius X in his encyclical letter condemning The Sillon, August 15, 1910, that prophesied socialism as the only end that could come from the principles that were admired by Father Angelo Roncalli at the time even after their condemnation and were later incorporated into Gaudium et Spes, December 7, 1965, and the “magisteria” of the postconciliar antipopes:
Alas! yes, the double meaning has been broken: the social action of the Sillon is no longer Catholic. The Sillonist, as such, does not work for a coterie, and “the Church”, he says, “cannot in any sense benefit from the sympathies that his action may stimulate.” A strange situation, indeed! They fear lest the Church should profit for a selfish and interested end by the social action of the Sillon, as if everything that benefited the Church did not benefit the whole human race! A curious reversal of notions! The Church might benefit from social action! As if the greatest economists had not recognized and proved that it is social action alone which, if serious and fruitful, must benefit the Church! But stranger still, alarming and saddening at the same time, are the audacity and frivolity of men who call themselves Catholics and dream of re-shaping society under such conditions, and of establishing on earth, over and beyond the pale of the Catholic Church, "the reign of love and justice" with workers coming from everywhere, of all religions and of no religion, with or without beliefs, so long as they forego what might divide them - their religious and philosophical convictions, and so long as they share what unites them - a "generous idealism and moral forces drawn from whence they can" When we consider the forces, knowledge, and supernatural virtues which are necessary to establish the Christian City, and the sufferings of millions of martyrs, and the light given by the Fathers and Doctors of the Church, and the self-sacrifice of all the heroes of charity, and a powerful hierarchy ordained in heaven, and the streams of Divine Grace - the whole having been built up, bound together, and impregnated by the life and spirit of Jesus Christ, the Wisdom of God, the Word made man - when we think, I say, of all this, it is frightening to behold new apostles eagerly attempting to do better by a common interchange of vague idealism and civic virtues. What are they going to produce? What is to come of this collaboration? A mere verbal and chimerical construction in which we shall see, glowing in a jumble, and in seductive confusion, the words Liberty, Justice, Fraternity, Love, Equality, and human exultation, all resting upon an ill-understood human dignity. It will be a tumultuous agitation, sterile for the end proposed, but which will benefit the less Utopian exploiters of the people. Yes, we can truly say that the Sillon, its eyes fixed on a chimera, brings Socialism in its train.
We fear that worse is to come: the end result of this developing promiscuousness, the beneficiary of this cosmopolitan social action, can only be a Democracy which will be neither Catholic, nor Protestant, nor Jewish. It will be a religion (for Sillonism, so the leaders have said, is a religion) more universal than the Catholic Church, uniting all men become brothers and comrades at last in the "Kingdom of God". - "We do not work for the Church, we work for mankind."
And now, overwhelmed with the deepest sadness, We ask Ourselves, Venerable Brethren, what has become of the Catholicism of the Sillon? Alas! this organization which formerly afforded such promising expectations, this limpid and impetuous stream, has been harnessed in its course by the modern enemies of the Church, and is now no more than a miserable affluent of the great movement of apostasy being organized in every country for the establishment of a One-World Church which shall have neither dogmas, nor hierarchy, neither discipline for the mind, nor curb for the passions, and which, under the pretext of freedom and human dignity,would bring back to the world (if such a Church could overcome) the reign of legalized cunning and force, and the oppression of the weak, and of all those who toil and suffer. (Pope Saint Pius X, Notre Charge Apostolique, August 15, 1910.)
What about the sacred rights of the Social Reign of Christ the King?
The world has heard enough of the so-called "rights of man." Let it hear something of the rights of God. That the time is suitable is proved by the very general revival of religious feeling already referred to, and especially that devotion towards Our Saviour of which there are so many indications, and which, please God, we shall hand on to the New Century as a pledge of happier times to come. But as this consummation cannot be hoped for except by the aid of divine grace, let us strive in prayer, with united heart and voice, to incline Almighty God unto mercy, that He would not suffer those to perish whom He had redeemed by His Blood. May He look down in mercy upon this world, which has indeed sinned much, but which has also suffered much in expiation! And, embracing in His loving-kindness all races and classes of mankind, may He remember His own words: "I, if I be lifted up from the earth, will draw all things to Myself" (John xii., 32). (Pope Leo XIII, Tametsi Futura Prospicientibus, November 1, 1900.)
Most of the people who are alive today do indeed want to hear about the “rights of man,” and most of those others who profess some kind of generic or inchoate belief in God have no understanding that His own Divine Son made Incarnate in the Virginal and Immaculate Womb of the Blessed Virgin Mary must reign over men and their nations and that every religion other than Catholicism is false and is loathsome in His sight. Moreover, anyone who believes that there can be some “shortcut” to a respite from the conflicts that are taking place in the United States of America are badly mistaken as those conflicts are but the logical consequence of the needless divisions among men and nations engendered by the Protestant Revolution’s overthrow of the Social Reign of Christ the King and the subsequent rise of Judeo-Masonry and all of its naturalist errors, including liberalism and socialism.
Thus, enjoy the Mueller show tomorrow. I will not be watching.
Stay rapt, if you want, to the war drums that his country’s Zionist-controlled leaders are banging against the Islamic Republic of Iran.
Ignore, if you prefer, the constant blasphemies and obscenities coming out of the mouth in public by the President of the United States of America and content yourself with the belief that God is not offended by Donald John Trump’s incessant taking of His Holy Name in vain, an exercise that has lowered the bar of public discourse even more than it had been lowered before he started his campaign for the presidency forty-nine months ago.
Nations whose leaders and citizens offend God daily will never know His favor.
Nations whose laws and policies permit the daily slaughter of the innocent preborn by chemical and surgical means and whose healthcare system, such as it is, is ready to pull the plug on anyone at any age who is deemed to be suffering from a diminished “quality of life” can never know anything but and escalating level of conflict that will result in open civil war sooner or later.
Nations whose citizens live principally, if not exclusively, for material well-being and the fulfillment of carnal desires, including the promotion of the sin of Sodom and its related vices, and whose “entertainment” industry is devoted to an increase in debauchery and indecency will be chastised beyond which anything that has heretofore been seen in human history.
Nations whose scientists are playing God by creating human-animal hybrids in laboratories, some of which are taxpayer-funded, others of which are funded by multinational corporations, and who are busy working on “artificial intelligence” projects, including “intelligent” robots, will let loose the plagues prophesied by Saint John the Evangelist in the Book of the Apocalypse.
Enjoy the sideshows.
Rend your comments.
Live in histrionics and agitation.
These are your choices.
Catholics are not called to live in the muck and mire produced by errors aplenty.
We must be about the business of making reparation for our sins by offering up the sufferings of this moment, which include this moment of apostasy and betrayal that makes it appear that an open heretic is able to “change” Catholic teaching and which includes also rank enemies of the true Church in public life, by recognizing yet again that this is the time that God Himself has from all eternity ordained us to live. What is a little suffering in this life compared with eternal glory in the next?
We must live high the Cross of the Divine Redeemer in all that we do as we carry about us the banner of Christ the King, offering everything we suffer to the Throne of the Most Blessed Trinity as the consecrated slaves of Our Blessed Lord and Saviour Jesus Christ through the Sorrowful and Immaculate Heart of Mary, remembering that the Brown Scapular of Our Lady of Mount Carmel is our shield and that her Most Holy Rosary is our weapon against all the enemies of our salvation personally, including the assaults of the lords of Modernity and those of the lords of Modernism.
These words of Pope Leo XIII, contained in Laetitiae Sanctae, September 8, 1893, should inspire us all in these times of such tribulation and tumult:
13. But men of carnal mind, who love nothing but themselves, allow their thoughts to grovel upon things of earth until they are unable to lift them to that which is higher. For, far from using the goods of time as a help towards securing those which are eternal, they lose sight altogether of the world which is to come, and sink to the lowest depths of degradation. We may doubt if God could inflict upon man a more terrible punishment than to allow him to waste his whole life in the pursuit of earthly pleasures, and in forgetfulness of the happiness which alone lasts for ever.
14. It is from this danger that they will be happily rescued, who, in the pious practice of the Rosary, are wont, by frequent and fervent prayer, to keep before their minds the glorious mysteries. These mysteries are the means by which in the soul of a Christian a most clear light is shed upon the good things, hidden to sense, but visible to faith, "which God has prepared for those who love Him." From them we learn that death is not an annihilation which ends all things, but merely a migration and passage from life to life. By them we are taught that the path to Heaven lies open to all men, and as we behold Christ ascending thither, we recall the sweet words of His promise, "I go to prepare a place for you." By them we are reminded that a time will come when "God will wipe away every tear from our eyes," and that "neither mourning, nor crying, nor sorrow, shall be any more," and that "We shall be always with the Lord," and "like to the Lord, for we shall see Him as He is," and "drink of the torrent of His delight," as "fellow-citizens of the saints," in the blessed companionship of our glorious Queen and Mother. Dwelling upon such a prospect, our hearts are kindled with desire, and we exclaim, in the words of a great saint, "How vile grows the earth when I look up to heaven!" Then, too, shall we feel the solace of the assurance "that which is at present momentary and light of our tribulation worketh for us above measure exceedingly an eternal weight of glory" (2 Cor. iv., 17).
15. Here alone we discover the true relation between time and eternity, between our life on earth and our life in heaven; and it is thus alone that are formed strong and noble characters. When such characters can be counted in large numbers, the dignity and well-being of society are assured. All that is beautiful, good, and true will flourish in the measure of its conformity to Him who is of all beauty, goodness, and truth the first Principle and the Eternal Source. (Pope Leo XIII, Laetitiae Sanctae, September 8, 1893.)
The final victory belongs to the Immaculate Heart of Mary when a true pope is restored miraculously to the Throne of Saint Peter and fulfills her Fatima Message by consecrating Russia to it with all of the world’s true bishops. Our mission now is to try, despite our sins and failings, to plant a few seeds that will result in this triumph.
The errors of Modernity, including all forms of naturalism, and Modernism will be defeated.
We are soldiers in the Army of Christ the King.
Let us use the shield of the Brown Scapular and the weapon of the Holy Rosary to vanquish the foes of our own salvation and of the Holy Faith in the world-at-large and in the places that belong to the Catholic Church occupied now by brigands.
What are we waiting for?
Immaculate Heart of Mary, triumph soon!
Isn't it time to pray a Rosary now?
Viva Cristo Rey!
Our Lady of the Rosary, pray for us, pray for us!
Saint Joseph, pray for us.
Saints Peter and Paul, pray for us.
Saint John the Baptist, pray for us.
Saint John the Evangelist, pray for us.
Saint Michael the Archangel, pray for us.
Saint Gabriel the Archangel, pray for us.
Saint Raphael the Archangel, pray for us.
Saints Joachim and Anne, pray for us.
Saints Caspar, Melchior, and Balthasar, pray for us.
Saint Mary Magdalene, pray for us.
Saint Apollinaris, pray for us.
Saint Liborius, pray for us.
Papal Condemnations of Communism
Writing in Divini Redemptoris, which was issued on March 19, 1937, two days after he had issued his firm denunciation of Nazism, Mit Brennender Sorge, Pope Pius XI forbade Catholics to provide any kind of cooperation with Communism at any time for any reason:
See to it, Venerable Brethren, that the Faithful do not allow themselves to be deceived! Communism is intrinsically wrong, and no one who would save Christian civilization may collaborate with it in any undertaking whatsoever. Those who permit themselves to be deceived into lending their aid towards the triumph of Communism in their own country, will be the first to fall victims of their error. And the greater the antiquity and grandeur of the Christian civilization in the regions where Communism successfully penetrates, so much more devastating will be the hatred displayed by the godless. (Pope Pius XI, Divini Redemptoris, March 19, 1937.)
This condemnation of any kind of cooperation with Communism was reinterred by the Holy Office on July 1, 1949, the Feast of the Most Precious Blood of Our Blessed Lord and Saviour Jesus Christ, under the pontificate of our last true pope, Pope Pius XII:
This Sacred Supreme Congregation has been asked:
1. whether it is lawful to join Communist Parties or to favour them;
2. whether it is lawful to publish, disseminate, or read books, periodicals, newspapers or leaflets which support the teaching or action of Communists, or to write in them;
3. whether the faithful who knowingly and freely perform the acts specified in questions 1 and 2 may be admitted to the Sacraments;
4. whether the faithful who profess the materialistic and anti-Christian doctrine of the Communists, and particularly those who defend or propagate this doctrine, contract ipso facto excommunication specially reserved to the Apostolic See as apostates from the Catholic faith.
The Most Eminent and Most Reverend Fathers entrusted with the supervision of matters concerning the safeguarding of Faith and morals, having previously heard the opinion of the Reverend Lords Consultors, decreed in the plenary session held on Tuesday (instead of Wednesday), June 28, 1949, that the answers should be as follows:
To 1. in the negative: because Communism is materialistic and anti-Christian; and the leaders of the Communists, although they sometimes profess in words that they do not oppose religion, do in fact show themselves, both in their teaching and in their actions, to be the enemies of God, of the true religion and of the Church of Christ; to 2. in the negative: they are prohibited ipso iure (cf. Can. 1399 of the Codex Iuris Canonici); to 3. in the negative, in accordance with the ordinary principles concerning the refusal of the Sacraments to those who are not disposed; to 4. in the affirmative.
And the following Thursday, on the 30th day of the same month and year, Our Most Holy Lord Pius XII, Pope by the Divine Providence, in the ordinary audience, granted to the Most Eminent and Most Reverend Assessor of the Sacred Office, approved of the decision of the Most Eminent Fathers which had been reported to Him, and ordered the same to be promulgated officially in the Acta Apostolicae Sedis. Given at Rome, on July 1st, 1949. (As found at Decree Against Communism.)
William Cobbett on the Plunder of the Catholic Church and the Rise of Pauperism in England under King Henry VIII
183. If I look at the county of Surrey, in which I myself was born, and behold the devastation of that county, I am filled with indignation against the ruffian devastators. Surrey has very little of natural wealth in it. A very considerable part of it is mere heath-land. Yet this county was, from one end of it to the other, ornamented and benefited by the establishments which grew out of the Catholic Church. At Bermondsey there was an abbey; at St. Mary Overy there was a priory, and this convent founded that very St. Thomas’s Hospital which now exists in Southwark. This hospital also was seized by the ruffians, but the building was afterwards given to the City of London. At Newington there was a hospital, and after its revenues were seized the master obtained a licence to beg! At Merton there was a priory. Then, going across to the Sussex side, there was another priory at Reigate. Coming again near the Thames, and more to the west, there was a priory at Shene. Still more to the west there was an abbey at Chertsey. At Tandridge there was a priory. Near Guildford, at Sende, there was a priory; and at the lower end of the county, at Waverley, in the parish of Farnham, was an abbey. To these belonged cells and chapels at a distance from the convents themselves; so that it would have been a work of some difficulty for a man so to place himself, even in this poor heathy county, at six miles distance from a place where the door of hospitality was always open to the poor, to the aged, the orphan, the widow and the stranger. Can any man now place himself, in that whole county, within any number of miles of any such door? No, nor in any other county. All is wholly changed, and all is changed for the worse. There is now no hospitality in England. Words have changed their meaning. We now give entertainment to those who entertain us in return. We entertain people because we like them personally, and very seldom because they stand in need of entertainment. A hospital, in those days, meant a place of free entertainment, and not a place merely for the lame, the sick, and the blind; and the very sound of the words "Old English Hospitality" ought to raise a blush on every Protestant cheek. But besides this hospitality exercised invariably in the monasteries, the weight of their example was great with all the opulent classes of the community, and thus to be generous and kind was the character of the nation at large; a niggardly, a base, a money-loving disposition could not be in fashion, when those institutions to which all men looked with reverence set an example which condemned such a disposition.
184. And if I am asked why the thirteen monks of Waverley, for instance, should have had And I may go on and ask why anybody should have any property at all? Aye, but they never worked; they did nothing to increase the nation's store. Let us see how this is. They possessed the lands of Waverley, — a few hundred acres of very poor land, with a mill, and perhaps about twenty acres of very indifferent meadow land, on one part of which, sheltered by a semicircle of sand-hills, their abbey stood, the river Wey (about twenty feet wide) running close by the outer wall of the convent.
Besides this they possessed the impropriated tithes of the parish of Farnham, and a pond or two on the commons adjoining. This estate in land belongs to a Mr. Thompson, who lives on the spot, and the estate in tithes to a Mr. Halsey, who lives at a distance from the parish. Now, without any disparagement to these gentlemen, did not the monks work as much as they do? Did not their revenue go to augment the nation's store as much as the rents of Mr. Thompson or the tithes of Mr. Halsey? Aye, and which is of vast importance, the poor of the parish of Farnham, having this monastery to apply to and having for their neighbour a bishop of Winchester who did not sell small beer out of his palace, stood in no need of poor rates, and had never heard the horrid word pauper pronounced. Come, my townsmen of Farnham; you who as well as 1 have, when we were boys, climbed the ivy-covered ruins of this venerable abbey (the first of its order in England; you who as well as I have, when looking at those walls which have outlived the memory of the devastators, bat not the malice of those who still taste the sweets of the devastation; you who, as well as I, have many times wondered what an abbey was, and how and why this one came to be devastated; you shall be the judge in this matter. You know what poor-rates are, and you know what church-rates are. Very well then, there were no poor-rates and no church-rates as long as Waverley Abbey existed and as long as bishops had no wives. This is a fact wholly undeniable. There was no need of either. The Church shared its property with the poor and the stranger, and left the people at large to possess their own earnings; and as to matters of faith and worship, look at that immense heap of earth round the church where your parents and my parents and where our progenitors for twelve hundred years lie buried; then bear in mind that for nine hundred years out of the twelve they were all of the faith and worship of the monks of Waverley, and with that thought in your mind find, if you can, the heart to say that the monks of Waverley, by whose hospitality your fathers and my fathers were for so many ages preserved from bearing the hateful name of pauper, taught an idolatrous and damnable religion.
185. That which took place in Surrey took place in every other county, only to a greater extent in proportion to the greater wealth and resources of the spot. Defacing followed closely upon the heels of confiscation and plunder. If buildings could have been murdered, the tyrant and his plunderers would have made short work of it. As it was they did all they could; they knocked down, they blew up, they annihilated as far as they could. Nothing, indeed, short of diabolical malice was to be expected from such men; but there were two abbeys in England which one might have hoped that even these monsters would have spared, — that which contained the tomb of St. Austin, and that which had been founded by and contained the remains of Alfred. We have seen how they rifled the tomb of St. Austin at Canterbury. They tore down the church and the abbey, and with the materials built a menagerie for wild beasts and a palace for the tyrant himself. The tomb of Alfred was in an abbey at Winchester, founded by that king himself. The abbey and its estates were given by the tyrant to Wriothesley, who was afterwards made Earl of Southampton, and who got a pretty good share of the confiscations in Hampshire. One almost sickens at the thought of a man capable of a deed like the destruction of this abbey. Where is there one amongst us who has read any thing at all who has not read of the fame of Alfred? What book can we open, even for our boyish days, that does not sound his praise? Poets, moralists, divines, historians, philosophers, lawyers, legislators, not only of our own country but of all Europe, have cited him, and still cite him, as a model of virtue, piety, wisdom, valour and patriotism, as possessing every excellence without a single fault. He, in spite of difficulties such as no other human being on record ever encountered, cleared his harassed and half-barbarized country of horde after horde of cruel invaders, who at one time had wholly subdued it and compelled him, in order to escape destruction, to resort to the habit and the life of a herdsman. From this state of depression he, during a not long life, raised himself and his people to the highest point of happiness and of fame. He fought, with his armies and fleets, more than fifty battles against the enemies of England. He taught his people by his example as well as by his precepts, to be sober, industrious, brave and just. He promoted learning in all the sciences; he planted the University of Oxford; to him, and not to a late Scotch lawyer, belongs " Trial by Jury." Blackstone calls him the founder of the Common Law; the counties, the hundreds, the tithings, the courts of justice, were the work of Alfred. He, in fact, was the founder of all those rights, liberties and laws which made England to be what England has been, which gave her a character above that of other nations, which made her rich and great and happy beyond all her neighbours, and which still give her whatever she possesses of that pre-eminence. If there be a name under heaven to which Englishmen ought to bow with reverence approaching towards adoration it is the name of Alfred. And we are not unjust and ungrateful in this respect at any rate, for, whether Catholics or Protestants, where is there an Englishman to be found who would not gladly make a pilgrimage of a thousand miles to take off his hat at the tomb of this maker of the English name ? Alas! that tomb is nowhere to be found. The barbarians spared not even that. It was in the abbey before mentioned, called Hyde Abbey, which had been founded by Alfred himself and intended as the place of his burial. Besides the remains of Alfred this abbey contained those of St. Grimbald, the Benedictine monk, whom Alfred brought into England to begin the teaching at Oxford. But what cared the plunderers for remains of public benefactors? The abbey was knocked down or blown up, the tombs were demolished, the very lead of the coffins was sold," and, which fills one with more indignation than all the rest, the estates were so disposed of as to make the loan-makers, the Barings, at this day the successors of Alfred the Great!
186. Wriothesley got the manors of Micheldever and Stratton, which by marriage came into the hands of the family of Russell ; and from that family, about thirty years ago, they were bought by the Barings, and are now in possession of Sir Thomas Baring. It is curious to observe how this Protestant "Reformation" has worked. If it had not been there would have been no paupers at Micheldever and Stratton, but then the Russells would not have had the estates, and they could not have sold them to the Barings: aye, but then there would have been, too, no national debt as well as no paupers, and there would have been no loan-makers to buy the estates of the Russells. Besides this there would have been no bridewell erected upon the precise spot where the abbey church stood; no tread-mill, perhaps over the very place where the ashes of Alfred lay; and, what is more, there would have been no need of bridewell or tread-mill. It is related of Alfred that he made his people so honest that he could hang bracelets up by the way side without danger of their being touched. Alas! that the descendants of that same people should need a tread-mill! Aye, but in the days of Alfred there were no paupers, no miserable creatures compelled to labour from month's end to month's end without seeing meat, no thousands upon thousands made thieves by that hunger which acknowledges no law, human or divine.
187. Thus then was the country devastated, sacked and defaced; and I should now proceed to give an account of the commencement of that poverty and degradation which were, as I have pledged myself to show, the consequences of this devastation, and which I shall show, not by bare assertion, nor from what are called " Histories of England," but from Acts of Parliament, and from other sources which every one can refer to, and the correctness of which is beyond all dispute. But before we come to this important matter we must see the end of the ruffian "Vice-gerent," and also the end of the tyrant himself, who was, during the events that we have been speaking of, going on marrying and divorcing or killing his wives, but whose career was, after all, not very long.
188. After the death of Jane. Seymour, who was the mother of Edward VI., and who was the only one of all the tyrant's wives who had the good luck to die a queen and to die in her bed ; — after her death, which took place in 1537, he was nearly two years hunting up another wife. None certainly but some very gross and unfeeling woman could be expected to have voluntarily anything to do with a man whose hands were continually steeped in blood. In 1539 he found, however, a mate in Anne, the sister of the Duke of Cleves. When she arrived in England he expressed his dislike of her person ; but he found it prudent to marry her. In 1540, about six or seven months after the marriage, he was divorced from her, not daring in this case to set his myrmidons to work to bring her to the block. There was no lawful pretence for the divorce. The husband did not like his wife; that was all, and this was alleged, too, as the ground of the divorce." Cranmer, who had divorced him from two wives before, put his irons into the fire again for this occasion, and produced in a little time as neat a piece of work as ever had come from the shop of the famous "Reformation." Thus the King and Queen were single people again; but the former had another young and handsome wife in his eye. This lady's name was Catherine Howard, a niece of the Duke of Norfolk. This Duke, as well as most of the old nobility, hated Cromwell, and now was an opportunity of inflicting vengeance on him. Cromwell had been the chief cause of the King's marriage with Anne of Cleves; but the fact is his plundering talent was no longer wanted, and it was convenient to the tyrant to get rid of him.
189. Cromwell had obtained enormous wealth from his several offices, as well as from the plunder of the Church and the poor. He had got about thirty of the estates belonging to the monasteries ; his house, or rather palace, was gorged with the fruits of the sacking; he had been made Earl of Essex; he had precedence over every one but the King; and lie, in fact, represented the King in the Parliament, where he introduced and defended all his confiscating and murdering laws. He had been barbarous beyond all description towards the unfortunate and unoffending monks and nuns ; without such an instrument the plunder never could have been effecte : but he was no longer wanted; the ruffian had already lived too long; the very walls of the devastated convents seemed to call for public vengeance on his head. On the morning of the 10th of June, 1540, he was all-powerful; in the evening of the same day he was in prison as a traitor. He lay in prison only a few days before he had to experience the benefit of his own way of administering justice. He had, as we have seen in the last chapter, invented a way of bringing people to the block or the gallows without giving them any form of trial, without giving them even a hearing, but merely by passing a law to put them to death. This was what he had brought about in the case of the Countess of Salisbury; and this was what was now to fall on his own head. He lived only about forty-eight days after his arrest; not half long enough to enable him to expiate, barely to enumerate, the robberies and murders committed under his orders. His time seems, however, to have been spent, not in praying God to forgive him for these robberies and murders, but in praying to the tyrant to spare his life. Perhaps of all the mean and dastardly wretches that ever died, this was the most mean and dastardly. He who had been the most insolent and cruel of ruffians when he had power, was now the most disgustingly slavish and base. He had, in fact, committed no crime against the King ; though charged with heresy and treason, he was no more a heretic than the King was, and as to the charge of treason there was not a shadow of foundation for it. But he was just as guilty of treason as the abbots of Reading, Colchester and Glastonbury, all of whom and many more he had been the chief instrument in putting to death. He put them to death in order to get possession of their property; and I dare say to get at his property, to get the plunder back from him, was one of the motives for bringing him to the block. This very ruffian had superintended the digging up of the ashes of Thomas a Becket and scattering them in the air; and now the people who had witnessed that had to witness the letting of the blood out of his dirty body, to run upon the pavement to be licked up by hogs or dogs. The cowardly creature seems to have had, from the moment of his arrest, no thought about anything but saving his life. He wrote repeatedly to the King in the hope of getting pardoned, but all to no purpose: he had done what was wanted of him, the work of plunder was nearly over, he had, too, got a large share of the plunder which it was not convenient to leave in his hands; and therefore, upon true "Reformation" principles, it was time to take away his life. He in his letters to the King most vehemently protested his innocence. Aye, no doubt of that; but he was not more innocent than were the butchered abbots and monks, he was not more innocent than any one out of those thousands upon thousands whom he had quartered, hanged, burned, or plundered; and amongst all those thousands upon thousands there never was seen one, female or male, so complete a dastard as himself. In these letters to the tyrant he fawned on him in the most disgusting manner; compared his smiles and frowns to those of God; besought him to suffer him to kiss his balmy hand once more that the fragrance thereof might make him fit for heaven! "The base creature deserved his death, if it had only been for writing these letters. Fox, the "martyr" man, calls this Cromwell the “valiant soldier of the Reformation." Yes, there have been few soldiers to understand sacking better; he was full of valour on foraging parties, and when he had to rifle monks and nuns and to rob altars; a brave fellow when he had to stretch monks and nuns on the rack to make them confess treasonable words or thought ; but when death began to stare him in the face he was, assuredly, the most cowardly caitiff that ever died. It is hardly necessary to say that this man is a great favourite of Hume, who deeply laments Cromwell's fate, though he has not a word of compassion to bestow upon all the thousands that had been murdered or ruined by him. He, as well as other historians, quotes from the conclusion of one of Cromwell's letters to the King these abject expressions: " I, a most woful prisoner, am ready to submit to death when it shall please God and your Majesty; and yet the frail flesh incites me to call to your grace for mercy and pardon of mine offences. — Written at the Tower with the heavy heart and trembling hand of your Highness's most miserable prisoner and poor slave, Thomas Cromwell. Most gracious prince, I cry for mercy, mercy, mercy" That is the language of Fox's "valiant soldier." Fox meant valiant, not in the field or on the scaffold, but in the convent, pulling the rings from women's fingers and tearing the gold clasps from books: that was the Protestant valour of the “Reformation." Hume says that Cromwell " deserved a better fate." Never was fate more just or more appropriate. He had been the willing, the officious, the zealous, the eager agent in the execution of all the tyrannical, sacrilegious, and bloody deeds of his master, and had amongst other things been the very man who first suggested the condemning of people to death without trial. What could be more just than that he should die in the same way? Not a tear was shed at his death, which produced on the spectators an effect such as is produced when the foulest of murderers expiate their crimes on the gallows.
190. During the seven years that the tyrant himself survived this his cruel and dastardly vice-gerent, he was beset with disappointments, vexations, and torments of all sorts. He discovered at the end of a few months that his new queen had been, and still was, much such another as Anne Boleyn. He with very little ceremony sent her to the block, together with a whole posse of her relations, lovers, and cronies. He raged and foamed like a wild beast, passed laws most bloody to protect himself against lewdness and infidelity in his future wives, and got for his pains the ridicule of the nation and of all Europe. He for the last time took another wife; but this time none would face his laws but a widow, and she very narrowly escaped the fate of the rest. He for some years before he died became, from his gluttony and debaucheries, an unwieldy and disgusting mass of flesh, moved about by means of mechanical inventions. But still he retained all the ferocity and bloody-mindedness of his former days. The principal business of his life was the ordering of accusations, executions, and confiscations. When on his death-bed every one was afraid to intimate his danger to him, lest death to the intimator should be the consequence; and he died before he was well aware of his condition, leaving more than one death-warrant unsigned for want of time.
191. Thus expired, in the year 1547, in the fifty-sixth year of his age and the thirty-eighth year of his reign, the most unjust, hard-hearted, meanest "and most sanguinary tyrant that the world had ever beheld, whether Christian or heathen. That England which he found in peace, unity, plenty and happiness, he left torn by factions and schisms, her people wandering about in beggary and misery. He laid the foundations of immorality, dishonesty and pauperism, all which produced an abundant harvest in the reigns of his unhappy, barren, mischievous and miserable children, with whom, at the end of a few years, his house and his name were extinguished for ever. How he disposed of the plunder of the Church and the poor; how his successors completed that work of confiscation which he had carried on so long ; how the nation sunk in point of character and of wealth ; how pauperism first arose in England ; and how were sown the seeds of that system of which we now behold the effects in the impoverishment and degradation of the main body of the people of England and Ireland ; all these will be shown in the next chapter, and shown, I trust, in a manner which will leave in the mind of every man of sense no doubt that, of all the scourges that ever afflicted this country, none is to be put in comparison with the Protestant Reformation.
192. Having shown that the thing impudently called the “Reformation” was begun in hypocrisy and perfidy, and cherished and fed by plunder, devastation, and by rivers of innocent English and Irish blood, I intended to show in the present chapter how the main body of the people were by these doings impoverished and degraded up to this time; that is to say, I intended to trace the impoverishment and degradation down to the end of the reign of the tyrant, Henry VIII. But upon reviewing my matter I think it best first to go through the whole of my account of the plunderings, persecutings and murderings of the "Reformation" peopl ; and when we have seen all the robberies and barbarities that they committed under the hypocritical pretence of religious zeal, or rather, when we have seen such of those robberies and barbarities as we can find room for, then I shall conclude with showing how enormously the nation lost by the change, and how that change made the main part of the people poor and wretched and degraded. By pursuing this plan I shall in one concluding chapter give, or at least endeavour to give, a clear and satisfactory history of this impoverishment. I shall take the present Protestant labourer and show him how his Catholic forefathers lived and if cold potatoes and water, if this poorer than pig-diet, have not quite taken away all the natural qualities of English blood, I shall make him execrate the plunderers and hypocrites by whom was produced that change which has finally led to his present misery and to nine-tenths of that mass of corruption and crime, public and private, which now threatens to uproot society itself.
193. In pursuance of this plan, and in conformity with my promise to conclude my little work in ten chapters, I shall distribute my matter thus: — in chapter VII. (the present) the deeds and events of the reign of Edward VI. In chapter VIII., those of the reign of Queen Mary. In chapter IX., those of the reign of Queen Elizabeth; and in chapter X., the facts and arguments to establish my main point, namely, that the thing impudently called the “Reformation” impoverished and degraded the main body of the people. In the course of the first three of these chapters I shall not touch, except incidentally, upon the impoverishing and degrading effects of the change, but shall reserve these for the last chapters, when, having witnessed the horrid means, we will take an undivided view of the consequences, tracing those consequences down to the present day.
194. One of Henry's last acts was a will by which he made his infant son his immediate successor, with remainder, in case he died without issue, to his daughter Mary first, and then in default of issue again, to his daughter Elizabeth, though, observe, both the daughters had been declared illegitimate by Act of Parliament, and though the latter was born of Anne Boleyn while the king's first wife, the mother of Mary, was alive. Parliament had given the king the right to determine the succession by will.
195. To carry this will into execution, and to govern the kingdom until Edward, who was then ten years of age, should be eighteen years of age, there were sixteen executors appointed, amongst whom was Seymour, Earl of Hertford, and the "honest Cranmer." These sixteen worthies began by taking, in the most solemn manner, an oath to stand to and maintain the last will of their master. Their second act was to break that oath by making Hertford, who was a brother of Jane Seymour, the King's mother, "protector," though the will gave equal powers to all the executors. Their next step was to give new peerages to some of themselves. The fourth, to award to the new peers grants of the public money. The fifth was to lay aside at the coronation the ancient English custom of asking the people if they were willing to have and obey the King. The sixth was "to attend at a solemn high mass.” And the seventh was to begin a series of acts for the total subversion of all that remained of the Catholic religion in England, and for the effecting of all that Old Harry had left uneffected in the way of plunder.
196. The monasteries were gone; the cream had been taken off; but there remained the skimmed milk of church altars, chantries and guilds. Old Harry would doubtless, if he had lived much longer, have plundered these; but he had not done it, and he could not do it without openly becoming Protestant, which, for the reasons stated in paragraph 101, he would not do. But Hertford and his fifteen brother worthies had in their way no such obstacle as the ruffian king had had. The church altars, the chantries and the guilds contained something valuable, and they longed to be at it. The power of the Pope was gotten rid of, the country had been sacked, the poor had been despoiled; but still there were some pickings left. The piety of ages had made every church, however small, contain some gold and silver appertaining to the altar. The altars in the parish churches, and generally in the cathedrals, had been left as yet untouched; for though the wife-killer had abjured the Pope, whose power he had taken to himself, he still professed to be of the Catholic faith, and he maintained the mass and the sacraments and creeds with fire and faggot. Therefore he had left the church altars unplundered. But they contained gold, silver, and other valuables, and the worthies saw these with longing eyes and itching fingers.
197. To seize them, however, there required a pretext, and what pretext could there be short of declaring at once that the Catholic religion was false and wicked, and, of course, that there ought to be no altars, and, of course, no gold and silver things appertaining to them! The sixteen worthies, with Hertford at their head and with Cranmer amongst them, had had the King crowned as a Catholic, he as well as they had taken the oaths as Catholics, they had sworn to uphold that religion, they had taken him to a high mass after his coronation:' but the altars had good things about them there was plunder remaining, and to get at this remaining plunder the Catholic religion must be wholly put down. There were doubtless some fanatics, some who imagined that the religion of nine hundred years' standing ought not to be changed, some who had not plunder and plunder only in view; but it is impossible for any man of common sense, of unperverted mind, to look at the history of this transaction, at this open avowal of Protestantism, at this change from the religion of England to that of a part of Germany, without being convinced that the principal authors of it had plunder and plunder only in view.
198. The old tyrant died in 1547, and by the end of 1549 Cranmer, who had tied so many Protestants to the stake for not being Catholics, had pretty nearly completed a system of Protestant worship. He first prepared a book of homilies and a catechism, in order to pave the way. Next came a law to allow the clergy to have wives, and then, when all things had been prepared, came the Book of Common Prayer and Administration of the Sacraments .Gardiner, who was Bishop of Winchester, reproached Cranmer with his duplicity, reminded him of the zeal with which he had upheld the Catholic worship under the late king, and would have made him hang himself or cut his throat if he had had the slightest remains of shame in him.
199. This new system did not, however, go far enough for the fanatics, and there instantly appeared arrayed against it whole tribes of new lights on the Continent; so that Cranmer, cunning as he was, soon found that he had undertaken no easy matter. The proclamations put forth upon this occasion were disgustingly ridiculous, coming as they did in the name of a king only ten years of age, and expressed in words so solemnly pompous and full of arrogance. However, the chief object was the plunder, and to get at this nothing was spared. There were other things to attract the grasp, but it will be unnecessary to dwell very particularly on anything but the altars and the churches. This was the real " reformation reign," for it was a reign of robbery and hypocrisy without anything to be compared with them, — anything in any country or in any age. Religion, conscience, was always the pretext; but in one way or another robbery, plunder, was always the end. The people, once so united and so happy, became divided into innumerable sects, no man knowing hardly what to believe, and, indeed, no one knowing what it was lawful for him to say, for it soon became impossible for the common people to know what was heresy and what was not heresy.
200. That prince of hypocrites, Cranmer, who, during the reign of Henry had condemned people to the flames for not believing in transubstantiation, was now ready to condemn them for believing in it. We have seen that Luther was the beginner of the work of "reformation," but he was soon followed by further reformers on the Continent. These had made many attempts to propagate their doctrines in England, but old Henry had kept them down. Now, however, when the churches were to be robbed of what remained in them, and when, to have pretext for that robbery, it was necessary to make a complete change in the form of worship, these sectarians all flocked to England, which became one great scene of religious disputation. Some were for the Common Prayer-Book, others proposed alterations in it, others were for abolishing it altogether; and there now began that division, that multiplicity of hostile opinions, which has continued to the present day. Cranmer employed a part of the resources of the country to feed and fatten those of these religious, or rather impious, adventurers who sided with him and who chose the best market for their doctrines. England was overrun by these foreign traders in religion, and this nation, so jealous of foreign influence, was now compelled to bend its haughty neck, not only to foreigners but to foreigners of the most base and infamous character and description. Cranmer could not find Englishmen sufficiently supple to be his tools in executing the work that he had in hand. The Protector, Hertford, whom we must now call Somerset (the child-king having made him Duke of Somerset), was the greatest of all “reformers” that had yet appeared in the world, and, as we shall soon see, the greatest and most audacious of all the plunderers that this infamous reformation has produced, save and except Henry himself. The total abolition of the Catholic worship was necessary to his projects of plunder, and therefore he was a great encourager of these greedy and villainous foreigners.
201. The consequences to the morals of the people were such as were naturally to be expected. All historians agree that vice of all sorts and crimes of every kind were never so great and so numerous before. This was confessed by the teachers themselves, and yet the Protestants have extolled this reign as the reign of conscience and religion! It was so manifest that the change was a bad one, that men could not have proceeded in it from error. Its mischiefs were all manifest before the death of the tyrant; that death afforded an opportunity for returning into the right path, but there was plunder remaining, and the plunderers went on. The “Reformation” was not the work of virtue, of fanaticism, of error, of ambition, but of a love of plunder. This was its great animating principle; in this it began, and in this it proceeded till there was nothing left for it to work on.
202. Henry had, in certain cases, enabled his minions to rob the bishoprics, but now there was a grand sweep at them. The Protector took the lead, and his example was followed by others. They took so much from one, so much from another, and some they wholly suppressed, as that of Westminster, and took their estates to themselves. There were many chantries (private property to all intents and purposes), free chapels (also private property), almshouses, hospitals, guilds or fraternities, the property of which was as much private property as the funds of any plunder. And yet there are men who pretend that what is now possessed by the Established Church is of so sacred
a nature as not to be touched by Act of Parliament! This was the reign in which this our present Established Church was founded, for though the fabric was overset by Mary it was raised again by Elizabeth. Now it was that it was made. It was made, and the new worship along with it, by Acts of Parliament. It had its very birth in division, disunion, discord, and its life has been worthy of its birth. The property it possesses was taken nominally from the Catholic Church, but in reality from that Church, and also from the widow, the orphan, the indigent and the stranger. The pretext for making it was that it would cause a union of sentiment amongst the people, that it would compose all dissensions. The truth, the obvious truth, that there could be but one true religion, was acknowledged and loudly proclaimed, and it was not to be denied that there were already twenty, the teachers of every one of which declared that all the others were false, and, of course, that they were, at the very least, no better than no religion at all. Indeed, this is the language of common sense, though it is now so fashionable to disclaim the doctrine of exclusive salvation.
I ask the Unitarian parson or prater, for instance, why he takes upon him that office; why he does not go and follow some trade, or why he does not work in the fields. His answer is that he is more usefully employed in teaching. If I ask of what use his teaching is, he tells me, he must tell me, that his teaching is necessary to the salvation of souls. Well, say I, but why not leave that business to the Established Church, to which the people all pay tithes? Oh no, says he, I cannot do that, because the Church does not teach the true religion. Well, say I, but true or false, if it serve for salvation, what signifies it? Here I have him penned up in a corner. He is compelled to confess that he is a fellow wanting to lead an easy life by pandering to the passions or whims of conceited persons, or to insist that his sort of belief and teaching are absolutely necessary to salvation; as he will not confess the former he is obliged to insist on the latter, and here, after all his railing against the intolerance of the Catholics, he maintains the doctrine of exclusive salvation.
203. Two true religions, two true creeds, differing from each other, contradicting each other, present us with an impossibility; what then are we to think of twenty or forty creeds, each differing from all the rest? If deism or atheism be something not only wicked in itself, but so mischievous in its effects as to call — in case of the public profession of it — for imprisonment for years and years, if this be the case, what are we to think of laws, the same laws too which inflict that cruel punishment, tolerating and encouraging a multiplicity of creeds, all but one of which must be false? A code of laws acknowledging and tolerating but one religion is consistent in punishing the deist and the atheist, but if it acknowledge or tolerate more than one it acknowledges or tolerates one false one, and let divines say whether a false religion is not as bad as deism or atheism? Besides, is it just to punish the deist or the atheist for not believing in the Christian religion at all, when he sees the law tolerate so many religions, all but one of which must be false? What is the natural effect of men seeing constantly before their eyes a score or two of different sects, all calling themselves Christians, all tolerated by the law, and each openly declaring that all the rest are false? The natural, the necessary effect is, that many men will believe that none of them have truth on their side, and of course that the thing is false altogether, and invented solely for the benefit of those who teach it and who dispute about it.
204. The law should acknowledge and tolerate but one religion, or it should know nothing at all about the matter. The Catholic code was consistent. It said that there was but one true religion, and it punished as offenders those who dared openly to profess any opinion contrary to that religion. Whether that were the true religion or not we have not now to inquire; but while its long continuance —and in so many nations too — was a strong presumptive proof of its good moral effects upon the people, the disagreement amongst the Protestants was and is a presumptive proof not less strong of its truth. If, as I observed upon a former occasion, there be forty persons who — and whose fathers for countless generations — have up to this day entertained a certain belief, and if thirty-nine of these say at last that this belief is erroneous, we may naturally enough suppose, or at least we may think it possible, that the truth so long hidden is, though late, come to light. But if the thirty-nine begin, aye, and instantly begin, to entertain, instead of the one old belief, thirty-nine new beliefs, each differing from all the other thirty-eight, must we not in common justice decide that the old belief must have been the true one? What! shall we hear these thirty-nine protestors against the ancient faith each protesting against all the other thirty-eight, and still believe that their joint protest was just? Thirty-eight of them must now be in error; this must be: and are we still to believe in the correctness of their former decision, and that, too, relating to the same identical matter? If in a trial relating to the dimensions of a piece of land, which had been proved to have always been, time without mind, taken for twenty acres, there were one surveyor to swear that it contained twenty acres, and each of thirty-nine other surveyors to swear each of the other number of acres between one and forty, what judge and jury would hesitate a moment in crediting him who swore to the twenty, and in wholly rejecting the testimony of all the rest?
205. Thus the argument would stand on the supposition that thirty-nine parts out of forty of all Christendom had protest; but there were not, and there are not even unto this day, two parts out of fifty. So that here we have thirty-nine persons breaking off from about two thousand, protesting against the faith which the whole, and their fathers, have held; we have each of these thirty-nine instantly protesting that all the other thirty-eight have protested upon false grounds; and yet we are to believe that their joint protest against the faith of the two thousand, who are backed by all antiquity, was wise and just ! Is this the way in which we decide in other cases? Did honest men, and men not blinded by passion or by some base motive, ever decide thus before? Besides, if the Catholic faith were so false as it is by some pretended to be, how comes it not to have been extirpated before now? When, indeed, the Pope had very great power, when even kings were compelled to bend to him, it might be said, and pretty fairly said, that no one dared use the weapons of reason against the Catholic faith. But we have seen the Pope is prisoner in a foreign land; we have seen him without scarcely food and raiment; and we have seen the press of more than half the world at liberty to treat him and his faith as it pleased to treat them. But have we not seen the Protestant sects at work for three hundred years to destroy the Catholic faith? Do we not see, at the end of those three hundred years, that that faith is still the reigning faith of Christendom? Nay, do we not see that it is gaining ground at this very moment, even in this kingdom itself, where a Protestant hierarchy receives eight millions sterling a year, and where Catholics were rigidly excluded from all honour and power and, in some cases, from all political and civil rights under a constitution founded by their Catholic ancestors? Can it be then that this faith is false? Can it be that this worship is idolatrous? Can it be that it was necessary to abolish them in England as far as law could do it? Can it be that it was for our good, our honour, to sack our country, to violate all the rights of property, to deluge the country with blood, in order to change our religion?
206. But in returning now to the works of the plunderers, we ought to remark that, in discussions of this sort, it is a common but a very great error to keep our eyes so exclusively fixed on mere matters of religion. The Catholic Church included in it a great deal more than the business of teaching religion and of practising worship and administering sacraments. It had a great deal to do with the temporal concerns of the people. It provided, and amply provided, for all the wants of the poor and distressed. It received back, in many instances, what the miser and extortioner had taken unfairly, and applied it to works of beneficence. It contained a great body of land proprietors whose revenues were distributed in various ways amongst the people at large, upon terms always singularly advantageous to the latter. It was a great and powerful estate, independent both of the aristocracy and the crown, and naturally siding with the people. But above all things, it was a provider for the poor and a keeper of hospitality. By its charity and by its benevolence towards its tenants and dependents, it mitigated the rigour of proprietorship, and held society together by the ties of religion rather than by the trammels and terrors of the law. It was the great cause of that description of tenants called life-holders, who formed a most important link in the chain of society, coming after the proprietors in fee and before the tenant at will, participating, in some degree, of the proprietorship of the estate, and yet, not wholly without dependence on the proprietor." This race of persons, formerly so numerous in England, has by degrees become almost wholly extinct, their place having been supplied by a comparatively few rack-renters and by swarms of miserable paupers. The Catholic Church held the lending of money for interest, or gain, to be directly in the face of the Gospel. It considered all such gain as usurious and, of course, criminal. It taught the making of loans without interest; and thus it prevented the greedy-minded from amassing wealth in that way in which wealth is most easily amassed. Usury amongst Christians was wholly unknown, until the wife-killing tyrant had laid his hands on the property of the Church and the poor. The principles of the Catholic Church all partook of generosity; it was their great characteristic, as selfishness is the characteristic of that Church which was established in its stead.
207. The plunder which remained after the seizure of the monasteries was comparatively small; but still, the very leavings of the old tyranny, the mere gleanings of the harvest of plunder, were something; and these were not suffered to remain. The plunder of the churches, parochial as well as collegiate, was preceded by all sorts of antics played in those churches. Calvin had got an influence opposed to that of Cranmer; so that there was almost open war amongst these Protestants, which party should have the teaching of the people. After due preparation in this way, the robbery was set about in due form. Every church altar had, as I have before observed, more or less of gold and silver. A part consisted of images, a part of censers, candlesticks, and other things used in the celebration of the mass. The mass was, therefore, abolished, and there was no longer to be an altar, but a table in its stead. The fanatical part of the reformers amused themselves with quarrelling about the part of the church where the table was to stand, about the shape of it, and whether the head of it was to be placed to the north, the east, the west, or the south, and whether the people were to stand, kneel, or sit at it! The plunderers, however, thought about other things: they thought about the value of the images, censers, and the like.
208. To reconcile the people to these innovations the plunderers had a Bible contrived for the purpose, which Bible was a perversion of the original text wherever it was found to be necessary. Of all the acts of this hypocritical and plundering reign this was, perhaps, the basest. In it we see the true character of the heroes of the " Protestant Reformation"; and the poor and miserable labourers of England, who now live upon potatoes and water, feel the consequences of the deeds of the infamous times of which I am speaking. Every preparation being made the robbery began, and a general plunder of churches took place by royal and parliamentary authority! The robbers took away everything valuable, even down to the vestments of the priests. Such mean rapacity never was heard of before, and for the honour of human nature let us hope that it will never be heard of again. It seems that England was really become a den of thieves, and of thieves, too, of the lowest and most despicable character.
209. The Protector, Somerset, did not forget himself. Having plundered four or five of the bishoprics he needed a palace in London. For the purpose of building this palace, which was erected in the Strand, London, and which was called Somerset House," as the place is called to this day, he took from three bishops their town houses. He pulled these down, together with a parish church, in order to get a suitable spot for the erection. The materials of these demolished buildings being insufficient for his purpose, he pulled down a part of the buildings appertaining to the then cathedral of Saint Paul; the church of Saint John, near Smithfield; Barking chapel, near the Tower; the college church of Saint Martin-le-Grand; St. Ewen's church, Newgate; and the parish church of Saint Nicholas. He, besides these, ordered the pulling down of the parish church of Saint Margaret, Westminster; but, says Dr. Heylyn, “the workmen had no sooner advanced their scaffolds when the parishioners gathered together in great multitudes with bows and arrows and staves and clubs, which so terrified the workmen that they ran away in great amazement, and never could be brought again upon that employment." Thus arose Somerset House, the present grand seat of the power of fiscal grasping. It was first erected literally with the ruins of churches, and it now serves, under its old name, as the place from which issue the mandates to us to give up the fruit of our earnings to pay the interest of a debt which is one of the evident and great consequences of the " Protestant Reformation," without which that debt never could have existed.
210. I am, in the last chapter, to give an account of the impoverishment and degradation that these and former Protestant proceedings produced amongst the people at large; but I must here notice that the people heartily detested these Protestant tyrants and their acts. General discontent prevailed, and this, in some cases, broke out into open insurrection. It is curious enough to observe the excuses that Hume, in giving an account of these times, attempts to make for the plunderers and their "reformation." It was his constant aim to blacken the Catholic institutions, and particularly the character and conduct of the Catholic clergy. Yet he could not pass over these discontents and risings of the people; and, as there must have been a cause for these, he is under the necessity of ascribing them to the badness of the change, or to find out some other cause. He therefore goes to work in a very elaborate manner to make his readers believe that the people were in error as to the tendency of the change. He says that " scarce any institution can be imagined less favourable, in the main, to the interests of mankind," than that of the Catholic; yet, says he, "as it was followed by many good effects, which had ceased with the suppression of the monasteries, that suppression was very much regretted by the people." He then proceeds to describe the many benefits of the monastic institutions; says that the monks, always residing on their estates, caused a diffusion of good constantly around them; that, "not having equal motives to avarice with other men, they were the best and most indulgent landlords"; that, when the church lands became private property, the rents were raised, the money spent at a distance from the estates, and the tenants exposed to the rapacity of stewards; that whole estates were laid waste; that the tenants were expelled, and that even the cottagers were deprived of the commons on which they formerly fed their cattle; that a great decay of the people, as well as a diminution of former plenty, was remarked in the kingdom; that at the same time the coin had been debased by Henry, and was now further debased; that the good coin was hoarded or exported; that the common people were thus robbed of part of their wages; that "complaints were heard in every part of the kingdom." (William Cobbett, A History of the Protestant Reformation in England and Ireland, written between 1824 and 1827 and published by Benziger Brothers, pp. 137-167.)
William Cobbett On the Just Punishment of Heretics by Queen Mary
247. As a preliminary to the punishment of heretics, there was an Act of Parliament passed in December, 1554 (a year and a half after the Queen came to the throne), to restore the ancient statutes relative to heresy. These statutes were first passed against the Lollards in the reigns of Richard II. and Henry IV., and they provided that heretics who were obstinate should be burnt. These statutes were altered in the reign of Henry VIII. in order that he might get the property of heretics, and in that of Edward they were repealed; not out of mercy, however, but because heresy was, according to those statutes, to promulgate opinions contrary to the Catholic faith, and this did, of course, not suit the state of things under the new Church "as by law established." Therefore it was then held that heresy was punishable by common law, and that, in case of obstinacy, heretics might be burnt; and accordingly many were punished and some burnt in that reign by process at common law; and these were, too, Protestants dissenting from Cranmer’s Church, who himself condemned them to the flames. Now, however, the Catholic religion being again the religion of the country, it was thought necessary to return to ancient statutes, which accordingly were re-enacted. That which had been the law during seven reigns, comprising nearly two centuries, and some of which reigns had been amongst the most glorious and most happy that England had ever known, one of the kings having won the title of King of France, and another of them having actually been crowned at Paris; that which had been the law for so long a period was now the law again, so that here was nothing new at any rate. And observe, though these statutes were again repealed when Elizabeth's policy induced her to be a Protestant, she enacted others to supply their place, and that both she and her successor, Tames I., burnt heretics; though they had, as we shall see, a much more expeditious and less noisy way of putting out of the world those who still had the constancy to adhere to the religion of their fathers.
248. The laws being passed were not likely to remain a dead letter. They were put in execution chiefly in consequence of condemnations in the spiritual court by Bonner, Bishop of London. The punishment was inflicted in the usual manner, dragging to the place of execution and then burning to death, the sufferer being tied to a stake in the midst of a pile of faggots, which, when set on fire, consumed him. Bishop Gardiner, the Chancellor, has been by Protestant writers charged with being the adviser of this measure. I can find no ground for this charge, while all agree that Pole, who was now become Archbishop of Canterbury in the place of Cranmer, disapproved of it. It is also undeniable that a Spanish friar, the confessor of Philip, preaching before the Queen, expressed his disapprobation of it. Now, as the Queen was much more likely to be influenced, if at all, by Pole, and especially by Philip, than by Gardiner, the fair presumption is that it was her own measure. And as to Bonner, on whom so much blame has been thrown on this account, he had indeed been most cruelly used by Cranmer and his Protestants, but there was the council continually accusing all the bishops (and he more than any of the rest) of being too slow in the performance of this part of their duty. Indeed, it is manifest that in this respect the council spoke the almost then universal sentiment; for though the French ceased not to hatch rebellions against the Queen, none of the grounds of the rebels ever were that she punished heretics. Their complaints related almost solely to the connection with Spain, and never to the "flames of Smithfield," though we of later times have been made to believe that nothing else was thought of; but the fact is, the persons put to death were chiefly of very infamous character, many of them foreigners, almost the whole of them residing in London and called in derision by the people at large the "London Gospellers." Doubtless, out of two hundred and seventy-seven persons (the number stated by Hume on authority of Fox) who were thus punished, some may have been real martyrs to their opinions, and have been sincere and virtuous persons, but in this number of two hundred and seventy-seven many were convicted felons, some clearly traitors, as Ridley and Cranmer. These must be taken from the number ; and we may surely take such as were alive when Fox first published his book, and who expressly begged to decline the honour of being enrolled amongst its " Martyrs." As a proof of Fox's total disregard of truth, there was in the next reign a Protestant parson, as Anthony Wood (a Protestant) tells us, who in a sermon related, on authority of Fox, that a Catholic of the name of Grimwood had been, as Fox said, a great enemy of the Gospellers, had been " punished by a judgment of God," and that "his bowels fell out of his body." Grimwood was not only alive at the time when the sermon was preached, but happened to be present in the church to hear it, and he brought an action of defamation against the preacher! Another instance of Fox's falseness relates to the death of Bishop Gardiner. Fox and Burnet, and other vile calumniators of the acts and actors in Queen Mary's reign, say that Gardiner, on the day of the execution of Latimer and Ridley, kept dinner waiting till the news of their suffering should arrive, and that the Duke of Norfolk, who was to dine with him, expressed great chagrin at the delay; that when the news came, "transported with joy" they sat down to table, where Gardiner was suddenly seized with the disury, and died in horrible torments in a fortnight afterwards. Now Latimer and Ridley were put to death on the 16th of October, and Collier, in his Ecclesiastical History, p. 386, states that Gardiner opened the Parliament on the 21st of October, that he attended in Parliament twice afterwards, that he died on the 12th of November of the gout, and not of disury, and that as to the Duke of Norfolk, he had been dead a year when this event took place! What a hypocrite, then, must that man be who pretends to believe in this Fox! Yet this infamous book has, by the arts of the plunderers and their descendants, been circulated to a boundless extent amongst the people of England, who have been taught to look upon all the thieves, felons and traitors whom Fox calls " Martyrs," as sufferers resembling St. Stephen, St. Peter and St. Paul!
249. The real truth about these Martyrs" is that they were generally a set of most wicked wretches, who sought to destroy the Queen and her government, and, under the pretence of conscience and superior piety, to obtain the means of again preying upon the people. No mild means could reclaim them; those means had been tried: the Queen had to employ vigorous means, or to suffer her people to continue to be torn by the religious factions, created not by her but by her two immediate predecessors, who had been aided and abetted by many of those who now were punished, and who were worthy of ten thousand deaths each if ten thousand deaths could have been endured. They were, without a single exception, apostates, perjurers, or plunderers ; and the greater part of them had also been guilty of flagrant high treason against Mary herself, who had spared their lives, but whose lenity they had requited by every effort within their power to overset her authority and her government. To make particular mention of all the ruffians that perished upon this occasion would be a task as irksome as it would be useless; but there were amongst them three of Cramer's bishops and himself! For now justice at last overtook this most mischievous of all villains, who had justly to go to the same stake that he had unjustly caused so many others to be tied to; the three others were Hooper, Latimer and Ridley, each of whom was, indeed, inferior in villainy to Cranmer, but to few other men that have ever existed.
250. Hooper was a monk; he broke his vow of celibacy and married a Flandrican; he, being the ready tool of the Protector Somerset, whom he greatly aided in his plunder of the churches, got two bishoprics, though he himself had written against pluralities. He was a co-operator in all the monstrous cruelties inflicted on the people during the reign of Edward, and was particularly active in recommending the use of German troops to bend the necks of the English to the Protestant yoke. Latimer began his career, not only as a Catholic priest, but as a most furious assailant of the Reformation religion. By this he obtained from Henry VIII. the bishopric of Worcester. He next changed his opinions, but he did not give up his Catholic bishopric! Being suspected, he made abjuration of Protestantism; he thus kept his bishopric for twenty years while he inwardly reprobated the principles of the Church, and which bishopric he held in virtue of an oath to oppose to the utmost of his power all dissenters from the Catholic Church. In the reigns of Henry and Edward he sent to the stake Catholics and Protestants for holding opinions which he himself had before held openly, or that he held secretly at the time of his so sending them. Lastly, he was a chief tool in the hands of the tyrannical Protector Somerset in that black and unnatural act of bringing his brother, Lord Thomas Somerset, to the block. Ridley had been a Catholic bishop in the reign of Henry VIII., when he sent to the stake Catholics who denied the king's supremacy and Protestants who denied transubstantiation. In Edward's reign he was a Protestant bishop, and denied transubstantiation himself. He in Edward's reign got the bishopric of London by a most roguish agreement to transfer the greater part of its possessions to the rapacious ministers and courtiers of that day. Lastly, he was guilty of high treason against the Queen, in openly (as we have seen in paragraph 220) and from the pulpit exhorting the people to stand by the usurper, Lady Jane, and thus endeavouring to produce civil war and the death of his sovereign, in order that he might by treason be enabled to keep that bishopric which he had obtained by simony including perjury.
251. A pretty trio of Protestant "saints;" quite worthy, however, of Martin Luther, who says in his own works that it was by the arguments of the devil (who, he says, frequently ate, drank and slept with him) that he was induced to turn Protestant; three worthy followers of that Luther who is by his disciple Melancthon called "a brutal man, void of piety and humanity, one more a Jew than a Christian; “three followers altogether worthy of this great founder of that Protestantism which has split the world into contending sects: but black as these are, they bleach the moment Cranmer appears in his true colours. But alas where is the pen or tongue to give us those colours? Of the sixty-five years that he lived, and of the thirty-five years of his manhood, twenty-nine years were spent in the commission of a series of acts which, for wickedness in their nature and for mischief in their consequences, are absolutely without anything approaching to a parallel in the annals of human infamy. Being a fellow of a college at Cambridge, and having, of course, made an engagement (as the fellows do to this day) not to marry while he was a fellow, he married secretly and still enjoyed his fellowship. While a married man he became a priest and took the oath of celibacy, and going to Germany he married another wife, the daughter of a Protestant "saint," though his oath bound him to have no wife at all. He, as archbishop, enforced the law of celibacy, while he himself secretly kept his German wife in the palace at Canterbury having, as we have seen in paragraph 104, imported her in a chest. He, as ecclesiastical judge, divorced Henry VIII. from three wives, the grounds of his decision in two of the cases being directly the contrary of those which he himself had laid down when he declared the marriages to be valid; and in the case of Anne Boleyn he, as ecclesiastical judge, pronounced that Anne had never been the king's wife; while as a member of the House of Peers he voted for her death, as having been an adulteress and thereby guilty of treason to her husband. As archbishop under Henry (which office he entered upon with a premeditated false oath on his lips) he sent men and women to the stake because they were not Catholics, and he sent Catholics to the stake because they would not acknowledge the king's supremacy and thereby perjure themselves as he had so often done. Become openly a Protestant in Edward's reign, and openly professing those very principles for the professing of which he had burnt others, he now punished his fellow Protestants because their grounds for protesting were different from his. As executor of the will of his old master, Henry, which gave the crown (after Edward) to his daughters, Mary and Elizabeth, he conspired with others to rob those two daughters of their right, and to give the crown to Lady Jane, that queen of nine days, whom he with others ordered to be proclaimed. Confined, notwithstanding his many monstrous crimes, merely to the palace at Lambeth, he, in requital of the Queen's lenity, plotted with traitors in the pay of France to overset her government. Brought at last to trial and to condemnation as a heretic, he professed himself ready to recant. He was respited for six weeks, during which time he signed six different forms of recantation, each more ample than the former. He declared that the Protestant religion was false ; that the Catholic religion was the only true one; that he now believed in all the doctrines of the Catholic Church; that he had been a horrid blasphemer against the Sacrament; that he was unworthy of forgiveness; that he prayed the people, the Queen and the Pope to have pity on and to pray for his wretched soul; and that he had made and signed this declaration without fear and without hope of favour, and for the discharge of his conscience, and as a warning to others. It was a question in the Queen's Council whether he should be pardoned, as other recanters had been; but it was resolved that his crimes were so enormous that it would be unjust to let him escape. Brought, therefore, to the public reading of his recantation on his way to the stake, seeing the pile ready, now finding that he must die, and carrying in his breast all his malignity undiminished, he recanted his recantation, thrust into the fire the hand that had signed it, and thus expired, protesting against that very religion in which, only nine hours before, he had called God to witness that he firmly believed."
252. And Mary is to be called the "Bloody" because she put to death monsters of iniquity like this! It is surely time to do justice to the memory of this calumniated queen; and not to do it by halves, I must, contrary to my intention, employ part of the next chapter in giving the remainder of her history. (William Cobbett, A History of the Protestant Reformation in England and Ireland, written between 1824 and 1827 and published by Benziger Brothers, pp. 203-211.) | <urn:uuid:f0cc47bc-3049-48ab-a5dc-449596a08591> | CC-MAIN-2019-47 | http://christorchaos.com/?q=content/no-one-can-be-same-time-good-catholic-and-true-socialist | 2019-11-21T13:58:14Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-47/segments/1573496670821.55/warc/CC-MAIN-20191121125509-20191121153509-00079.warc.gz | en | 0.976039 | 47,369 | [
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San Francisco – On Wednesday, Facebook said the number of users of its Messenger application had topped one billion, a key milestone as it seeks to expand the platform to new services. According to the company, Messenger is the second most popular application in Apple’s iOS system behind Facebook itself.
Facebook vice president David Marcus said in a statement – “As part of this journey to one billion, we focused on creating the best possible experiences in modern day communications,”
“We remain focused on helping connect people to the people and businesses who matter most.” The growth in Messenger gives greater reach to Facebook.
Facebook itself has more than 1.6 billion users, and WhatsApp, another messaging application acquired by Facebook for some $20 billion in 2014, also counts more than a billion users.
Other services in the Facebook “family” include Instagram, which more than 500 million use to share images, and Oculus, which makes virtual reality gear.
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This plate was one of the first pieces in the Black Toast collection. It gave the design its name so it's pretty special, or pretty and special.
Product Wording TOAST & MARMALADE. KEDGEREE
product code: 1BLT010063
Christmas Last Order Dates for guaranteed delivery. Australia and Rest of World- Personalised - Wednesday 4th December Australia and Rest of World - Standard - Sunday 15th December UK - Personalised - Sunday 8th December UK - Standard - Tuesday 17th December
Australia & New Zealand Standard Delivery
Cost: $55 - $75 Delivery within 8 days (personalised orders can take up to 3 weeks)
Dishwasher & microwave safe. Lower temperature wash and liquid detergent recommended to maintain appearance. Even microwave safe pottery can sometimes get hot in the microwave. Our pottery is not oven safe unless marked as cookware. For more information visit our FAQs page. | <urn:uuid:0a58cc33-06a5-415e-b2a6-7d3ecba2a503> | CC-MAIN-2019-47 | https://au.emmabridgewater.com/products/black-toast-8-1-2-plate | 2019-11-21T14:46:27Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-47/segments/1573496670821.55/warc/CC-MAIN-20191121125509-20191121153509-00079.warc.gz | en | 0.901091 | 191 | [
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WRITE FOR US: CLICK HERE TO FILL OUT THE FORM | <urn:uuid:88e6e4be-476a-4661-9212-0b2ce18e4a95> | CC-MAIN-2019-47 | https://briefessentials.com/blog/write-for-us/ | 2019-11-21T13:11:38Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-47/segments/1573496670821.55/warc/CC-MAIN-20191121125509-20191121153509-00079.warc.gz | en | 0.932893 | 173 | [
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Text: Malachi 1:1-14
Our passage isn’t easy to digest. It’s hard, it’s convicting, but it’s also necessary. It’s like in Revelation 10 when John takes the scroll from the angel and eats it, it’s sweet to his lips, but it’s bitter to his stomach. This first chapter in Malachi might be bitter when it’s applied because it’ll touch our sin on a personal level, but when it’s all said and done, it is sweet because it draws us closer to God.
We start out the passage by seeing that this is an oracle, but if you’re reading from the King James, then you’ll see that instead of the word ‘oracle,’ the word ‘burden’ is used, and I think this is significant because the interaction that follows between God and His people is weighty.
The entire book of Malachi follows a distinct pattern: there’s a declaration made by God, then there’s a question posed by the people – “How have we done x,” then God makes a defense and an explanation of his accusation against them. Almost the entire book follows this pattern.
As we look at the text this morning, I want to us to see two main ideas. We needs to first of all, God’s Abundance of Love, and Our Lack of Honor.
God’s Abundance of Love
In the first five verses there are three ideas in this section that I want us to see: first, God’s Love Declared, then we see that God’s Love is Doubted, and then we’ll look how God’s Love is Displayed.
God’s Love Declared
“I have loved you, says the Lord. But you say, “How have you loved us?” Is not Esau Jacob’s brother? says the Lord. Yet I have loved Jacob.” – Malachi 1:2, NRSV
What does this mean? The people whom Malachi is addressing is are descendants of Jacob. Jacob and Esau were brothers, and even though Esau was the older brother, God chose to set his love on Jacob. So, this is what God is saying:
- My love for you is electing love because I chose you for myself above your brother Esau.
- My love for you is unconditional love because I chose you before you had done anything good or evil—before you had met any conditions—while you were still in your mother’s womb.
- “Isaac prayed to the Lord on behalf of his wife, because she was childless. The Lord answered his prayer, and his wife Rebekah became pregnant. 22The babies jostled each other within her, and she said, “Why is this happening to me?” So she went to inquire of the Lord. 23The Lord said to her, “Two nations are in your womb, and two peoples from within you will be separated; one people will be stronger than the other, and the older will serve the younger.” – Genesis 25:21-23, NIV
- “Even before they had been born or had done anything good or bad (so that God’s purpose of election might continue, 12not by works but by his call) she was told, “The elder shall serve the younger.” 13As it is written, “I have loved Jacob, but I have hated Esau.” – Romans 9:11-13, NRSV
- My love for you is sovereign love because I was under no constraint to love you; I was not forced or coerced; I was totally in charge when I set my love upon you.
- And my love for you is free because it’s the overflow of my infinite grace that can never be bought.
All of these qualities of God’s love have bestowed to us freely in Christ.
And yet, in spite of all of this, in spite of the fact that God has divine purpose and plan for His people, His love is still doubted.
God’s Love is Doubted
They still say in the middle of verse 2, “How have you loved us?”
Think about all the ways in which we have doubted God’s love. He has blessed us. Listen, there are things in your life that you just don’t get a say in. You don’t get a say in what language you learn as a child. You don’t get a say in what country you’re born in, you don’t get a choice in what culture you get raised in.
And God has arranged all of these things in your life that you live in a relatively prosperous culture, you were raised learning to speak one of the most difficult languages to learn. You live in a nation with a relatively decent amount of personal freedoms compared to other nations.
- You might say, “Well, our freedoms are slowly being taken away.” Who cares! Be thankful for what God has given you now, in the present. God didn’t promise you a bill of rights. He promised you blessing if you do what is right, and a curse if you don’t do what is right.
- Rights or not, we can confidently say with the psalmist, “With the Lord on my side I do not fear. What can mortals do to me? The Lord is on my side to help me; I shall look in triumph on those who hate me.” (Psalm 118:6-7, NRSV)
Some of you have had really hard lives growing up, but it could have been worse, and the reason it wasn’t worse is because God personally loves you, and cares for you. I would even say that God actually likes you. He doesn’t just put up with you because of a contract that He has with Jesus. God has placed His love on you and one day you will be joyously brought before Him.
“Now to him who is able to keep you from falling, and to make you stand without blemish in the presence of his glory with rejoicing,” – Jude 24, NRSV
He rejoices to save us, to sanctify, and He will, with rejoicing, escort us into His presence.
Yet, in spite of all of this we still doubt sometimes.
- And it’s the same voice that told Eve, “you will not die” that tells us, “God doesn’t love you, God didn’t really save you.” “It doesn’t matter how much you ask for forgiveness, you will die in your sin.” It’s that condemning voice that causes us to doubt.
So, God goes on to explain in more explicit terms exactly what He means.
God’s Love is Displayed
“but I have hated Esau; I have made his hill country a desolation and his heritage a desert for jackals. 4If Edom says, “We are shattered but we will rebuild the ruins,” the Lord of hosts says: They may build, but I will tear down, until they are called the wicked country, the people with whom the Lord is angry forever. 5Your own eyes shall see this, and you shall say, “Great is the Lord beyond the borders of Israel!” – Malachi 1:3-5, NRSV
We see passages like this, and first inclination is to say, “That’s not fair.”
Why does God place this kind of love and care on Jacob and his lineage and not on Esau and his people? Paul gives a commentary on this passage when he writes Romans 9.
“It is not as though the word of God had failed. For not all Israelites truly belong to Israel, 7and not all of Abraham’s children are his true descendants; but “It is through Isaac that descendants shall be named for you.” 8This means that it is not the children of the flesh who are the children of God, but the children of the promise are counted as descendants. 9For this is what the promise said, “About this time I will return and Sarah shall have a son.” 10Nor is that all; something similar happened to Rebecca when she had conceived children by one husband, our ancestor Isaac. 11Even before they had been born or had done anything good or bad (so that God’s purpose of election might continue, 12not by works but by his call) she was told, “The elder shall serve the younger.” 13As it is written,
“I have loved Jacob,
but I have hated Esau.”
14What then are we to say? Is there injustice on God’s part? By no means! 15For he says to Moses, “I will have mercy on whom I have mercy, and I will have compassion on whom I have compassion.”
16So it depends not on human will or exertion, but on God who shows mercy.”
– Romans 9:6-16, NRSV
When we look at Malachi 1 and Romans 9, and we say, “It’s not fair. God should show this kind of mercy to everyone,” what we’re saying is that God owes it to them. No one is owed mercy.
Remember 2 Corinthians 4:1-6. I won’t read, I’ll let you look it up on your own. But when we say, “It’s not fair.” We’re saying that someone who chooses to be blinded by the god of this world deserves sight, and that’s not the case. When God gives sight to blind, when God gives life to the dead, when God grants us repentance and faith, it’s not because He owes it to us, it’s because His grace is more powerful than our sin.
His kindness to us is more more powerful than our desire to rebel against Him.
God displays His kindness in His electing love that He has placed on us by the atoning blood of His son. And so, we see God’s abundance of love, but what about our lack of honor?
Our Lack of Honor
If we continue on in Malachi 1, we’ll see that there’s three ways that God is not shown the honor that’s due him:
God’s Name is Despised
“A son honors his father, and servants their master. If then I am a father, where is the honor due me? And if I am a master, where is the respect due me? says the Lord of hosts to you, O priests, who despise my name. You say, “How have we despised your name?” – Malachi 1:6, NRSV
What’s the accusation here? God is actually accusing them of breaking the 3rd commandment.
“You shall not make wrongful use of the name of the Lord your God, for the Lord will not acquit anyone who misuses his name.” – Exodus 20:7, NRSV
If you think this is simply an issue of saying God’s name when you curse, you’re not going deep enough. God’s name is His identity. So, taking His name in vain isn’t necessarily about taking the verbal usage of His name lightly (although we shouldn’t do that either), it’s about taking His character and His identity lightly.
- See, now the 3rd commandment isn’t so manageable when we see it like that, and that’s good because it’s opportunity to see God’s grace and forgiveness at work in our lives.
- We have a problem of not seeing the big picture when it comes to the Bible. We’ll get into Malachi 3 later, but if you think Malachi 3 is simply about giving your 10% to the church, you’re mistaken. The big picture of Malachi 3 is giving to what God what’s due, and what’s due to God is honor, not in the form of lip service, but in the form of tithes that go into the storehouse to feed the hungry, and clothe the naked.
- God’s law always has a big picture application to our lives, but we want to break it down into manageable pieces so that we can have checklist, mark off the things we’re supposed to do, and make sure we don’t do the things we’re not supposed to do, but the problem is that if you can manage God’s law, all of it, then you don’t need Jesus.
- This is what Paul says in Galatians, if righteousness could come through the law, then it would, but it doesn’t, so it can’t. Righteousness comes by grace through faith in Christ apart from works of the law. (Romans 3:20; Galatians 2:16)
So, what does it mean that they have despised God’s name, and what does it mean when we despise God’s name? Now, that the 3rd commandment isn’t as manageable as we thought it was, what are the ways that we despise God’s name? How do we doubt His character and His identity?
If we keep going in Malachi 1, one of the ways that God’s people despised His name was through their offerings. So, they ask, “How have we despised your name?” And this is the answer God gives.
God’s Altar is Polluted
“By offering polluted food on my altar. And you say, “How have we polluted it?” By thinking that the Lord’s table may be despised. 8When you offer blind animals in sacrifice, is that not wrong? And when you offer those that are lame or sick, is that not wrong? Try presenting that to your governor; will he be pleased with you or show you favor? says the Lord of hosts.” – Malachi 1:7-8, NRSV
God’s people had the audacity to come into God’s house and bring their lame, their broken, and blemished animals to God.
You can’t give your leftovers to God, and think He’s going to let you live in His favor. We don’t do animal sacrifices anymore. So, what does this mean for us as the New Testament church? It means that we’re the offering.
“Therefore, I urge you, brothers and sisters, in view of God’s mercy, to offer your bodies as a living sacrifice, holy and pleasing to God—this is your true and proper worship.” – Romans 12:1, NIV
This is about your attitude in worship. This is about your attitude in service to God. Do you give yourself wholeheartedly to God, and to the service of His people or do you give the bare minimum of yourself?
We can’t separate our attitude toward God from how we offer ourselves to Him.
“Contempt for the Lord’s Table is contempt for the Lord of the table.”
– Peter J. Leithart, Blessed Are the Hungry
So, what this means is that everytime we refuse God the wholehearted worship that He deserves we actually show contempt for Him. That’s not an easy thing to come to terms with, that there’s actually a part of you that wants to rebel against God, but it’s the flesh, it’s the sin nature. It’s why the writer of the hymn says, “Prone to wander, Lord, I feel it, prone to leave the God I love. Here’s my heart, Lord, take and seal it, seal it to thy courts above.”
- This is where we need to pray, “Seal my heart, Lord.” Because if God seals our hearts with the seal of the Holy Spirit, then we’re never going to wander so far that He can’t bring us back.
We’ve seen how God’s name is despised, and God’s altar is polluted, but here’s where we finally see that our godless, ritualistic service is denounced.
Godless Service is Denounced
“And now implore the favor of God, that he may be gracious to us. The fault is yours. Will he show favor to any of you? says the Lord of hosts. 10Oh, that someone among you would shut the temple doors, so that you would not kindle fire on my altar in vain! I have no pleasure in you, says the Lord of hosts, and I will not accept an offering from your hands. 11For from the rising of the sun to its setting my name is great among the nations, and in every place incense is offered to my name, and a pure offering; for my name is great among the nations, says the Lord of hosts. 12But you profane it when you say that the Lord’s table is polluted, and the food for it may be despised. 13“What a weariness this is,” you say, and you sniff at me, says the Lord of hosts. You bring what has been taken by violence or is lame or sick, and this you bring as your offering! Shall I accept that from your hand? says the Lord. 14Cursed be the cheat who has a male in the flock and vows to give it, and yet sacrifices to the Lord what is blemished; for I am a great King, says the Lord of hosts, and my name is reverenced among the nations.” – Malachi 1:9-14, NRSV
I just read that from the NRSV, but I’m not sure if you can really see the meaning of verse 9. So, I’ll read verse 9 again this time from the New King James.
“But now entreat God’s favor, that He may be gracious to us. While this is being done by your hands, will He accept you favorably? Says the Lord of hosts.”
– Malachi 1:9, NKJV
There are severe consequences for believing that you can flippantly ignore God’s call to repentance.
Malachi wants us to call on God because he encourages us, “entreat God’s favor because He will be gracious,” but the prophet also wants us to understand what that means because he says, “While this is being done, will He accept you favorably?” Saying, “God, I’m sorry” while your fingers are crossed behind your back doesn’t work. The New Living Translation says, “when you bring that kind of offering, why should he show you any favor at all?” (Malachi 1:9, NLT)
God actually goes on to say, in verse 10, that He wishes that someone would shut the door of the temple so that they would not kindle fire on His altar in vain.
- God would rather us close doors at Mount Carmel than to have us come in here and think that we can slide by on half hearted worship.
The close of this chapter ends with God reminding us of who He is. Notice the end of verse 14, “…I am a great King, says the Lord of hosts, and my name is reverenced among the nations.” God made a promise that He would always have a remnant. He would always have a people that worshipped Him in Spirit and truth. Even in the midst of a great falling away, there would still be a people who loved God, and worshipped Him with their whole heart. The question is: will it be us or will be those give God what’s left?
If you go back to verse one, you’ll notice that Malachi doesn’t get the traditional introduction to prophetic office, “The word of the Lord came to Malachi…” Instead, we get simply, “An oracle.” But the King James calls this a burden. It’s a heavy word that’s been given to Malachi, and like all heavy things, to carry it you have to get completely under it. But, unlike a couch or a heavy box, there’s no way you can lift with your legs to avoid hurting your back. There’s no easy way to take a word from the Lord that says, “You have despised my name, you’ve polluted my altar, and you have shown me no honor.”
It’s going to be heavy on your heart, it’s going to pour over your soul like any a burden should, but there’s good news. Jesus has taken your faithlessness, your rebellion, and your lack of honor, and He has nailed those things to His cross, and they did rise from the tomb with Him. And He did it, not because you’re good or because you’re worth it, but because He desires for you to become His righteousness.
“For our sake [God] made him [Christ] to be sin who knew no sin, so that in him we might become the righteousness of God.” – 2 Corinthians 5:21, ESV, brackets added
I know that every week I say that these altars are open, but I really mean that. These altars aren’t just a place where we come and pray gently for our prayer needs for 3-5 minutes every Sunday, this is a real place where you can approach a real God with your real sin, and in exchange for your sin, He will give you His righteousness.
In the Book of Common Prayer, there is a prayer for confession of sin, and I want to pray that prayer over us today, and as we sing, know that the gifts of faith and repentance are yours in Christ.
Most merciful God, we confess that we have sinned against you in thought, word, and deed, by what we have done, and by what we have left undone. We have not loved you with our whole heart; we have not loved our neighbors as ourselves. We are truly sorry and we humbly repent. For the sake of your Son Jesus Christ,
have mercy on us and forgive us; that we may delight in your will, and walk in your ways, to the glory of your Name. Amen.
“The Greatness of God’s Electing Love.” Desiring God, 24 May 2018, http://www.desiringgod.org/messages/the-greatness-of-gods-electing-love.
Leithart, Peter J. Blessed Are the Hungry: Meditations on the Lord’s Supper. Canon Press, 2000.
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Background photo: Michael Hagedorn/Zefa/Corbis. Left inset photo of Andrew Johnson: Brady-Handy Collection/Library of Congress/LC-USZ62-13017 DLC. Centre inset photo of Henri Le Caron: from his book Twenty-five Years in the Secret Service: The Recollections of a Spy. Right inset photo of John A. Macdonald: Pittaway & Jarvis/Library and Archives Canada/C-000686. | <urn:uuid:5ff2b036-a842-4e47-b728-8e21cdc26a14> | CC-MAIN-2021-10 | https://martingould.com/portfolio/delusion/ | 2021-02-26T06:12:19Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178356232.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20210226060147-20210226090147-00359.warc.gz | en | 0.763857 | 142 | [
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Spain, Costa del Sol, Torremolinos, Calle Miami,5
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The mission of the Town of Yarmouth’s Division of Senior Services is to foster an Age-Friendly community that enhances the quality of life for the Town’s older adults (60+) and their families by providing programs and services in a supportive and accessible environment that contributes to vital aging through mental, physical, and financial wellness.
Cape Cod RTA is still providing limited DART (Dial-A-Ride/Door-to-Door) buses for essential transportation services such as to the grocery store or a pharmacy. Seniors should schedule a trip in advance by calling by noon the day before they need a ride (800-352-7155).
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AARP Foundation’s Local Assistance Directory provides services to find food, housing, health and employment programs in the area (useful for residents of all ages).
Seniorliving.org has created a guide for technologies and apps that make it possible to keep connected and safe while staying at home. Use this guide to learn about apps and technologies that are suited for seniors (tech-savvy or not), helping them connect with loved ones and healthcare professionals as well as receive essential goods and services. https://www.seniorliving.org/research/apps-for-seniors/
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Another Delay for Chip & Joanna Gaines' Magnolia Network
Updated: 37 minutes ago
The life-style channel from the Christian couple is now looking at a staggered roll out: first on streaming, then on cable television.
The coronavirus sure has done a number on plans for the Magnolia Network. That partnership project between Chip Gaines and Joanna Gaines and Discovery was initially scheduled to replace Discovery's DIY network in October, 2020. Virus-related postponement of production of the new channel's shows, however, bumped the launch to this year.
Now, according to the entertainment publication Variety, Magnolia Network won't take over DIY's cable TV roster spot until January, 2022. The silver lining is that the new network, which will include a reboot of Fixer Upper hosted by Chip and Joanna, will launch on the Discovery Plus streaming service on July 15th of this year.
The Gaineses acknowledge in a written statement to Variety that because of the pandemic, their "plan has evolved along the way," but add that the "original vision for this network has remained the same."
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And in addition to the aforementioned revival of Fixer Upper - which is called Fixer Upper: Welcome Home - the new network will also feature a cooking show hosted by Joanna Gaines entitled Magnolia Table, several episodes of which have already been released on Discovery Plus. There will also be lots of other shows hosted by or featuring other on-camera talent.
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Both men and women have testosterone but in different concentrations and ways of acting. Testosterone precursors are gestagens, DHEA respectively . Testosterone is among other things an artificial term, created by Ernst Laquer, derived from testis (testicles) and steroids.
In men, testosterone provides, for example, the birth of the male phenotype, the production of sperm and is responsible for growth. The hormone promotes the growth of body hair and beard hair and has a muscle growth action (anabolic). Testosterone increases sexual desire and generally stimulation, endurance as well as dominant and aggressive behaviors.
Testosterone is also an important hormone for women and has an influence on health, the state of well-being, desire, and energy. In the blood of women circulates approx. a tenth of the typical amount for testosterone men. Its action includes the growth of armpit hair and genital parts during puberty, sexual desire, strengthening of muscles and bones, reduction of cholesterol as well as greater stimuli and energy. In addition, testosterone is the direct precursor of the important female sex hormone, estradiol.
Too high testosterone is the most frequent cause of unwanted infertility. However, the so-called polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is poorly understood and difficult to diagnose.
A testosterone deficiency in women can cause a lack of sexual desire, a lack of stimuli and a depressive state. The testosterone level drops already from the twentieth year of age for natural reasons. Since this process is very different individuals, it often takes a long time before a serious disorder can be recognized.
TESTOSTERONE IS ALSO VERY IMPORTANT IN WOMEN
Even in women, the important male sex hormone must not be neglected, as the lack of testosterone makes itself felt in appearance.
It is mainly produced in the testes and in the cortex of the adrenal glands, for men, in women in the ovaries and in the cortex of the adrenal glands. Contrary to the past, large testosterone deficiencies in women can now be determined by means of much more precise measurement methods from saliva.
Testosterone is an important antagonist of cortisol and estradiol
A BALANCED LEVEL OF TESTOSTERONE IS POSITIVELY EXPRESSED FOR
- HDL cholesterol
- Brain function
- Hair growth
- Sexual function
- Bone density
- General mood
Testosterone activates the joie de vivre, internal motivation and energy.
- Strengthens muscle mass in humans
- Promotes the disposal of fat
- oxandrolone (anavar);
- Provides joy of life
- Strengthens libido and sexual functions in both sexes
- Increases resistance to stress
- It acts against burn-out
- Strengthens hair growth
- Strengthens the growth of skin collagen (anti-aging)
- Promotes bone density (osteoporosis)
- Reassuring the general mood
EFFECTS OF A LOW TESTOSTERONE LEVEL
- Lack of stimuli
- Loss of muscle mass
- Greasing (adiposity)
- Sexual ailments
- Erectile dysfunction
- Libido loss
- Problems with hair growth and thickness
- Problems with edemas
- Problems with the skin
EFFECTS OF A NORMAL TO SLIGHTLY ELEVATED TESTOSTERONE LEVEL
- High sperm production
- Strong resistance to stress
- High-stress tolerance
- Reduced predisposition for greasing
- Strong yield capacity
- Faster replacement
- Strong libido
- Checking the testosterone level is extremely important.
- Phytopreparations do not normally have side effects and intervene positively by increasing DHEA on the total need for hormones.
These are in any case preferable to synthetic preparations, which have the sole purpose of increasing the testosterone level. | <urn:uuid:3dc63cdd-a83d-44ab-a90a-9cec30c19ba0> | CC-MAIN-2021-10 | http://trenimkrsk.ru/testosterone-is-a-sex-hormone | 2021-03-01T10:23:28Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178362481.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20210301090526-20210301120526-00359.warc.gz | en | 0.885144 | 793 | [
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3 edition of Information on the administration"s program to reduce grade 11-15 positions (GAO/GGD-85-48). found in the catalog.
Information on the administration"s program to reduce grade 11-15 positions (GAO/GGD-85-48).
United States. General Accounting Office
|Series||GAO/GGD -- 85-48|
|The Physical Object|
|Pagination||5 leaves ;|
Give the student the grade he/she earns. Donating a grade to a student really hinders-not helps the student's learning. Storing and using large print materials may be difficult for the student to manage in a classroom. Help the student find a place for books and supplies. Also, a locker may not be accessible if it has a combination lock. The Summer Youth Employment Program (SYEP) provides New York City youth between the ages of 14 and 24 with summer employment and educational opportunities. Participants work in a variety of entry -level jobs at government agencies, hospitals, summer camps, nonprofits, small businesses, law firms, museums, sports enterprises, and retailFile Size: KB. Guides and Publications Mandatory Arbitration Program Guide. The cost of the 1,page book, which includes information you need to become a licensed contractor, maintain your existing license, and run a successful contracting business, is $, plus tax and shipping. The book can only be purchased directly from the publisher.
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In response to a congressional request, GAO provided information on the justification for the Office of Personnel Management (OPM) and Office of Management and Budget program to reduce the number of grade 11 thru 15 positions in the General Schedule and General Merit pay systems based on the findings of the Private Sector Survey on Cost Control (Grace Commission) and the Bureau of Labor found that the goals of the program.
Office of Management and Budget's (OMB) program to reduce the number of grade positions in the federal General Schedule (GS) and General Merit pay systems. This program was estab- lished to reduce approximat of these positions over a 4-year period beginning in fiscal year In response to a congressional request, GAO provided information on the justification for the Office of Personnel Management (OPM) and Office of Management and Budget program to reduce the number of grade 11 thru 15 positions in the General Schedule and General Merit pay systems based on the findings of the Private Sector Survey on Cost Control (Grace Commission) and the Bureau of.
11 Reduce, Reuse, Recycle Lesson Ideas for Every Subject Reduce, reuse, recycle is a phrase that many of us have learned when we were in school. Now we can incorporate these principles into the classroom to pass it on to the next generation.
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Series and grade is the Federal Government’s system for categorizing and defining jobs. The series is a numbered system for grouping similar occupations. For example, a Nurse is part of the series. A ‘grade’ refers to the General Schedule (GS) pay scale – it’s the pay level for the job.
The higher the grade level, the higher the pay. Introduction to Program Evaluation for Public Health Programs: A Self-Study Guide. minus icon. a job training program to reduce unemployment in urban neighborhoods) program evaluation efforts are more likely to be sustained when staff see the results as useful information that can help them do their jobs.
AN OVERVIEW OF PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION 1. What did British scholar Peter Self call “the classic dilemma of public administration”. the conflict between administrators’ decisions and the public good b. the tension between accountability and effective action c. making sure that administrators represent the American people d.
maintaining good relations between the branches of government. results-based management. Formal program evaluation is an ineffective method of providing regular, high quality feedback. gaining special expertise. The government risks sacrificing control, responsiveness, and sometimes quality when it relies on ______ for program implementation.
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#N#Draft Policy on Rural Education. 09 February #N#Improving access to free and quality basic education to all. #N#National Policy on an Equitable. Position grade levels are usually governed by a set of compensation parameters described as a compensation grade level.
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The following are resources for students and educators on reducing, reusing, and recycling. Explore Recycle City to learn how its residents reduce waste, use less energy, and even save money by doing simple things at home, at work, and in their neighborhoods.
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Read More 5/4/ CCSD Message: #ThankATeacher May 4, Senior high school (SHS) refers to Grades 11 the last two years of the K program that DepEd has been implementing since Students begin to study in SHS the subjects that will.
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Evaluating Your Conflict Resolution Education Program A Guide for Educators and Evaluators prepared for the Ohio Department of Education and the Ohio Commission on Dispute Resolution and Conflict Management October, by Tricia S. Jones, Ph.D. Temple University [email protected] with assistance from Dan Kmitta, Ed.D.
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The findings and conclusions presented in the Bulletin are those of the. Health Informatics, MS. Provides students with the knowledge and skills needed to analyze, design, and support the adoption and use of health information systems and analytic applications for a wide variety of clinical, administrative, and research purposes as well as how to analyze complex health care data.
On behalf of Queen Creek Unified School District #95, we welcome you to the Gateway Polytechnic Academy website. To assist with reading PDF documents on this website, visit our Website Accessibility page for information on downloading Adobe Reader. CIA Resource Analysts work closely with mission experts, program managers, and Agency leaders to strategically plan, develop, analyze, and prioritize internal program budgets in support of CIA and Intelligence Community mission objectives.
Resource analysts serve as trusted resource advisors to CIA components, integrating best practices and leveraging collaborative partnerships to ensure value. Background on the REI Report.
Into encourage the development of an economic market for recycling, EPA supported the creation of a national Recycling Economic Information (REI) Project and the related REI report, based upon the work of several states and regions. The REI report was a ground breaking national study demonstrating the economic value of recycling and reuse to the U.S.
economy. Licensure: What are the qualifications for licensure as a Nursing Home Administrator. An Applicant may apply for licensure by (1) Degree and practical experience; or (2) Certificate program; or (3) Administrator-in-training program. Refer to Regulation 18 VAC In addition, all applicants must receive a passing grade on the national examination.
Welcome to Taylor Park Elementary. Join team Taylor Park Builders at the Vancouver Sun Run. Be part of Taylor Park’s team for the Mini Sun Run km or 10km on Sunday Ap. It’s a great opportunity to build school spirit, and participate in [ ] March 5 – Next PAC meeting.
Feb 14 Update: Fraser Health Authority on Coronavirus. Iowa operates an OSHA-approved State Plan and has adopted Federal OSHA Standards. Stay informed about COVID to keep yourself healthy Guidance on Preparing Workplaces for COVID Interim Guidance for Meat and Poultry Processing Workers and Employers PPE Fact Sheet COVID Guidance for Retail Workers Enforcement Guidance for Recording Coronavirus Cases U.S.
Spinal Screening Policy Effective School Year (updated August ) In Septemberthe Scoliosis Research Society (SRS) published a joint position statement paper with the American Academy of Orthopedic Surgeons (AAOS), the Pediatric Orthopedic Society of North America (POSNA), and the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) and have the following.
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Read more about the office's work in the DNN Sentinel. NNSA's nonproliferation news and press releases. Academics by Grade Level. HS Course Guide; 6th Grade Course Guide; 7th & 8th Course Guide; College Readiness, Career Tech, and Francis Tuttle "The best thing about our school's leadership program is the work we do with our community outside of school.
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Although boilers typically last more than 50 years, the need to replace and maintain parts, such as boiler tubes, heating elements, and ductwork, is an ongoing process that will require the work of more boilermakers. No jobs have been saved yet. Sign in to account. Open and Close of the search form.
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NEC FUTURE is the Federal Railroad Administration's (FRA) comprehensive plan for improving the Northeast Corridor (NEC) from Washington, D.C., to Boston, MA. Through NEC FUTURE, the FRA has worked closely with NEC states, railroads, stakeholders, and the public to define a long-term vision for the corridor's future.
LEARN ABOUT NEC. The Adult Basic Education program is designed for adults and out-of-school youth ages 16 years or older who are currently functioning below the eighth grade level or equivalent; are not enrolled in secondary school; do not have a secondary school diploma or its equivalent; and are beyond the age of compulsory school attendance under State law.
Learn about the education and preparation needed to become an administrative assistant. Get a quick view of the requirements as well as details about job duties and specializations to find out if.Table of Contents By Subject Area Commission for Independent Education administration, whether or not the student is enrolled in the course or has finished the course.
entering grade 9 in • Reduce the elective credit requirement in the career prep option from two to one, for students entering grade 9 in File Size: 4MB. Operations & Administration Branch-- Lisa Constancio, Deputy Superintendent of Public Instruction Oversees the CDE budget, accounting, information systems, and personnel services; apportionment of state and federal resources to local educational agencies (LEAs); and assistance to LEAs for fiscal and business aspects of public schools. | <urn:uuid:d93f33ba-fe81-4fb8-b187-9373e2c98583> | CC-MAIN-2021-10 | https://hadoqoholewuv.menards.club/information-on-the-administrations-program-to-reduce-grade-11-15-positions-book-23007fv.php | 2021-03-01T09:41:23Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178362481.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20210301090526-20210301120526-00359.warc.gz | en | 0.913833 | 3,209 | [
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Applications are now closed for this position.
Thank you to all who applied.
The Marshal of the Society’s area of authority is all martial and related activities practiced in the Society, both those described by the handbooks approved for the office and proposed as additions to those handbooks (experimental activities). The Marshal will work to encourage the participation of all in the Society’s martial activities, and strive to expand and improve those activities for the benefit of the Society and its members.
The duties of the office include:
- Directing the Earls Marshal of the Kingdoms in matters concerning the supervision of martial and related activities at Society events
- Overseeing the manner and conduct of duties of all marshals throughout the Society
- Working to promote and improve the safety of the Society’s martial activities
- Working with the Minister of Arts and Sciences to encourage research in armor, weapons, and the practice of historical martial arts
Day-to-day work of the position entails administering the marshallate activities of the Society and coordinating the activities of the kingdom Earls Marshal, and of all Deputy Society Marshals for the individual disciplines. Reports are required to be filed quarterly to the Board, summarizing the martial activities of the Society. The Society Marshal is also responsible for maintaining communications with the kingdom Earls Marshal. These activities specifically include:
- Warranting (with the Crown) Earls Marshal for twenty kingdoms
- Warranting (with the Board) Deputy Society Marshals for Armored, Rapier, and Youth Combat, Combat Archery, Siege Weapons, Equestrian, and Target Archery and Thrown Weapons, and other deputies as needed
- Supporting the Earls Marshal when they have questions, and advising them as necessary
- Resolving disputes among marshals, and between marshals and the Crown
- Serving as the point of appeal for sanctions applied by the Earls Marshal
- Encouraging the expansion of martial activities in the Society by the wise revision of the marshallate’s documents and by conducting experiments with new materials and activities
The successful candidate must be well versed in administrative techniques, problem solving, and interpersonal communications. The successful candidate will possess:
- Knowledge of marshallate policy, rules, and procedures
- Knowledge of the traditions of the Society
- Extensive negotiation skills and experience in resolving differences
- The ability to set aside all preferences and biases for the betterment of all
- Patience in the face of emotion, advocacy, and provocation
- Expertise in the use of modern communications media, messaging, e-mail and telephone
- The ability and availability to travel as necessary
Interested applicants should send a letter of interest, together with modern and SCA qualifications, hardcopy to:
Society for Creative Anachronism
P.O. Box 360789
Milpitas, CA 95036-0789
with courtesy copies to [email protected]. The deadline for applications is April 1, 2020. | <urn:uuid:e1d3b7ec-a2ab-4bee-a7cc-1860676f2640> | CC-MAIN-2021-10 | https://www.sca.org/about/positions/marshal/ | 2021-03-01T10:30:11Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178362481.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20210301090526-20210301120526-00359.warc.gz | en | 0.920653 | 613 | [
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As most of you know, I was blessed to attend the D23 Expo this weekend and I met the most incredible people and saw the best of all the new merchandise. I also met some vendors that introduced me to new Disney products that you have to have. One of those new Disney products is the Minnie Mouse Couture Tattoos by Tattoo Junkee!
Above, you see both of the tattoo kits I want to talk about today. The smaller, Minnie Mouse shaped, package consists of nail or cuticle tattoos. Something I learned this weekend is that the new trend in nails is extending the look to the cuticles. I had never thought of it but I tried it and it was pretty cool! They last quite a while, too! I think I am not quite as trendy as I would like to be because I see myself using them on the actual nails. The bows are gorgeous. These are not cheesy, kids nail/cuticle tattoos. These are clearly above that and are considered a couture line. There are 2 sheets included in the package and they are only $6!
Above, you see the 2 sheets included in the larger package. These are couture wrist, arm and even neck tattoos! They last 7-10 days, which I didn’t believe could be true… until I tried them! I still have them on and it’s been 5 days. They haven’t faded or peeled at all. I have even tried to scrub them off and they haven’t budged. Now, if this is a problem, you can always remove them with baby oil but that kind of defeats the purpose of finding long lasting, non permanent tattoos!
I love the color pallette. It is very high end. As you can see, if you look closely, Minnie Mouse can be seen in a few of the strips as well as in the collar tattoo, seen in the first picture of the sheets above. The gold really pops and doesn’t look cheap at all. I had so many people asking me about them this weekend and I sent every single one of them over to the Tattoo Junkee booth!
These larger packets are only $16 and they can be found at Kohls, along with the smaller ones. They can also be found on Tattoo Junkee’s website HERE.
I am in love with this collection of Minnie Mouse couture tattoos. In fact, if you follow me on FB, you may have seen the collectors kit we are giving away of the limited edition, D23 Expo collectors kits. They are stunning and signed by many of the artists. Stay tuned for that give away later this week! In the meantime, head to Kohls for the ones I’ve shown you here and check out the website at TattooJunkee.com!
What do you think of these new tattoos? Do you love them? Let us know what you think in the comment box below!
Disclaimer - As an Amazon Associate, I earn from qualifying purchases.
Thank you for visiting the Disney Fashionista website. Be sure to sign up for our Daily Newsletter where we deliver the best in Disney Fashion, Travel, Makeup and More to your inbox! You can find us all over the internet at Twitter, Facebook, Instagram, and even Pinterest! | <urn:uuid:76d9f40c-beb1-4d72-81ce-3a0b0d278683> | CC-MAIN-2021-10 | https://disneyfashionista.com/new-minnie-mouse-couture-tattoos-by-tattoo-junkee/ | 2021-03-03T01:28:41Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178365186.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20210303012222-20210303042222-00039.warc.gz | en | 0.969134 | 679 | [
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It always surprises me when someone is claiming that a transition to intermittent energy sources is “good for the economy”. This evening I was watching the U.S. House Committee on Science, Space & Technology hearing of last Tuesday titled: “Paris climate promise: a bad deal for America” and yes, again there was someone praising such transition and how good it all would be.
The praise came from Andrew Steer, president and CEO of the World Resources Institute, who had the dubious task of defending the outcome of the Paris climate conference last December. Although I liked his enthusiasm, I had the impression that he wasn’t alway very honest, for example when describing the commitments of China and India. I think he greatly oversold the outcome of the climate conference. His story was overly rosy and he seemed to be completely unaware of any issues with intermittent, low density energy sources. If this is how he frames it, I fear for the rest.
Just a few of the many claims he made in his oral statement (my emphasis):
- a growing recognition the that strong climate action is good for business
- American businesses and cities are supportive of the Paris agreement
- it wasn’t just national government that is taking action in Paris, but CEO’s, bankers, mayors, governors, who is pushing hardest for the deal and announcing new climate efforts of their own
- 140 companies including Coca Cola and General Mills committed to serious ambitious emission targets aligned to climate science
- 63 companies including Wallmart, Google and Microsoft pledged to transition to 100% renewable power in the shorted practical time frame.
- the 6 biggest banks in the United States issued a statement in favor of a global agreement
- 450 cities joined the compact of mayors, a coalition of cities of leaders dedicated to reducing emissions, including 120 from the United States
- this flood of support is indicative of a new understanding of the relationship between climate change and the economy
- growing evidence from groups like the Global coalition on economy and climate is proving that strong climate action is compatible with and actually even necessary for economic growth
- this is why 365 companies including Adidas, Unilever, Gap and Staples wrote to US governors last year in strong support of the EPA carbon pollution standard for existing power plants. They wrote, quote, our support is firmly grounded in economic reality. Clean energy solutions are cost effective and innovating ways to driving investments. Increasingly, businesses rely on renewable energy and energy efficiency solutions to cut costs and improve corporate performance, unquote.
- the 365 companies who wrote this letter know the smart money increasingly lies in the sustainable economy
- the United States is a leader in the deliverance of improvements in energy efficiency, cleaner fuels and new technologies.
- we already seeing the benefits. Last year the US solar industry added workers at a rate of 12 times faster than the overall economy
- transitioning to a clean energy economy will create hundreds of thousand of more jobs, increased GDP and save families money on energy bills. But if unchecked, the negative economic impact of climate change will profoundly undermine the US economy
- our analyses show that the US is already well positioned to meet its international climate commitments, but it will require continued strong leadership
- and so on and so on…
This was only his oral statement, he gish galloped similar stuff in his answers afterwards. He also wasn’t afraid using words like “unprecedented”, “overwhelming”,…
Okay, that is all well and good, but the question that kept popping up in my mind was: why don’t they just DO that? As in: lead by example. If the advantages are so incredibly big, even crucial for economic growth and savings on families energy bill, then what keeps them from doing so?!??!
Now they are just keep on telling us that it is necessary, reliable, smart, economical, beneficial and all kind of superlatives, but why don’t they PROVE exactly that? Why are they even waiting for others to start doing what they believe is so beneficial? Why all the pledges? Just do it and show others that it can be done and how it has to be done. This would be the best proof that it can work. If others see how successful and easy it is, they ought to jump all over it…
I am not impressed by such statements. Let them first prove that renewable sources can carry an economy, that it can spawn sustainable jobs and is good for business, that energy prices driven by alternative energy can bring wealth to the people and companies!
This all reminded me of 75 Belgian company leaders that wrote an open letter to the federal government. That letter read as some pamphlet from WWF and had the same claims of more jobs and a stronger economy. In it also some really vague pledges. But I remember foremost that they were eager to be on the receiving end for support from our government…
Why was I thinking this is no different here? | <urn:uuid:3ea1027b-94f0-4dc1-8ebe-8b612abe6ae3> | CC-MAIN-2021-10 | https://trustyetverify.wordpress.com/2016/02/06/talk-is-cheap-strong-climate-action-is-good-for-the-economy/ | 2021-03-03T02:56:08Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178365186.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20210303012222-20210303042222-00039.warc.gz | en | 0.965067 | 1,023 | [
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Maple Method System
- 8 Money Management Techniques - January 4, 2021
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- How To Identify Seasonal Patterns in The Stock Market - September 16, 2020
We decided to make a brief analysis of the Maple Method System and discovered that the product is not popular online. We hope our review will help our readers to make an impression about this system.
The Maple Method system is said to generate incredible profits. But, is this for real? Can a binary system that uses actors for their fake clips and testimonies, as you will find out below, generate profits? Read our review and find out whether this is a reliable trading system or not.
Software: 100% Automated
Max Returns: Up to 90%
Minimum Deposit: $200
Countries: All nations
– There is free access to the system
– The binary trading robot is fully automated
– The developer’s story cannot be demonstrated to be genuine
– The customer service is poor
– There are many negative comments from the clients
Not Reliable Service
What is The Maple Method System?
Maple Method System is one of those binary options trading systems that have recently appeared on the market and no one know if these really work. The developer of this system is Ryan Wolfe, who has spent 3 months to create the application together with his friends, who don’t have any graduated college and are not familiar with mathematics. These facts make us wonder: should we trust such a system? Or maybe it is a fake program that was made to cheat its clients? In this post, you’re going to discover the reality about Maple Method System.
The video clip from the promotional page seems to be made by some actors. Everything is false there: the video clip, the testimonies, and the bank account balances of the so called winners. Can a system that uses fake methods be really profitable? We doubt it.
You will find on their webpage that it is a special deal and there is a time limit for this, but this is a lie, as the signing up may be carried out at anytime. Any person may access their system, and the statement that this is an invite only site is ridiculous.
Moreover, the Maple Method System is compatible with binary brokers that are not confirmed to be risk-free and secure.
How Does Maple Method System Work?
We have explored the web and browsed through their webpage, but we could not find any clues about how the system really functions. By informing us that the application functions based on advanced algorithms and formulas, the developer certainly won’t give us any hint. We would like to understand what algorithm pushes the system to achieve so incredible results that are advertised on their sales page.
Getting informed that the system can generate tons of profitable trades is not a big deal for us – we know that every scam system declares the same. We think that the group behind Maple Method System is not clear enough since they’re making the effort to cover the details. We suggest our readers to be careful when searching for a binary automated system.
You must be cautious when becoming a member of this system because whilst they claim that the product is provided for free, you could find yourself in a terrible situation and lose your funds. After joining the service, you get free accessibility to the system. However, the next step will be to choose some broker from their list, and there, the minimum deposit is $250. Considering the fact that their brokers are not safe and many of them came recently, what are the chances that you would actually generate profits with them?
We would be glad to point some advantages of the Maple Method System, but are there any positive points to talk about? We suggest you to think carefully prior to deciding to make an account with them. They don’t have any special capabilities that might attract you. The functions are quite simplistic. We can mention their 24/7 as an advantage, but considering the fact that it is totally unproductive and frustrating, this turns out to be an important drawback that makes us think the system is a total scam.
Final Conclusion: is Maple Method System a scam?
Based on our in-depth research, our team came to the final verdict that the Maple Method system is not a reliable binary robot. This trading system could not reach the results advertised on their sales page. We suggest you to look for a much better binary robot that has already proven to generate profits.
|Min. Invest||Min. Deposit||Max. Returns|
|All brokers >>| | <urn:uuid:1b48696e-12b9-48ff-9bce-4cf567efa906> | CC-MAIN-2021-10 | https://www.7binaryoptions.com/maple-method/ | 2021-03-04T16:26:42Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178369420.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20210304143817-20210304173817-00359.warc.gz | en | 0.958537 | 941 | [
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Don’t Throw the Baby Out With the Bath Water!
It’s a strange expression, but one I usually say to my students during their first lesson.
The baby is The Alexander Technique. The bath water is the teacher!
Teaching the Alexander Technique is generally a second career or vocation and teachers come from a wide and diverse background.
Artists, (that’s me), musicians, scientists, dancers, doctors, physiotherapists, ex-military, equestrians, educationalists, actors, engineers, nurses, bakers, physicists, dentists, police, computer geeks are all some of the former or parallel careers of Alexander Technique teachers. Colleagues please do add to the list…
All of the above people are passionate about FM Alexander’s discoveries and as I am sure you can imagine the diversity of backgrounds, experiences and personalities that we have brings a diversity of teaching styles, explorations, emphasis and application of the work. All of which is held together by the brilliant paradigm that is the Alexander Technique.
What we all have in common is great passion for the Alexander Technique because learning it made a huge massive wonderful life changing difference to our lives, to the extent that we have want to share it with others and committed to at least 1600 hours of intense training to do so.
Most of us, you will probably find, will say we are still learning and developing the ways we can use and apply the work. It is ongoingly fascinating because it is ultimately about how we relate to and live a happier, less fearful loving life
So, please don’t throw the baby out with the bath water if you don’t relate to my style! The Alexander Technique is brilliant. I would say, even if you love your teacher with all your heart, that it is definitely worth exploring the work with more than one teacher, due to the fact that it is so potential for all areas of life. Each teacher will have their unique take on the work because we are all unique and it is the individual wonderful grace and joy inherent within all of us that the Alexander Technique is so good at revealing.
Can you tell I love the Alexander Technique?
Forward and Up! | <urn:uuid:bc59a5a7-3cae-492f-92f8-f84336f8b48a> | CC-MAIN-2021-10 | https://www.kirstenharris.co.uk/thedailyease/?p=3617 | 2021-03-04T15:54:42Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178369420.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20210304143817-20210304173817-00359.warc.gz | en | 0.950112 | 457 | [
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Find all of our books, bibles, greeting cards and special offers in our store. Shop Now
Follow the Guideposts special series, Overcoming Addiction Visit Now
It’s a simple phrase, but not always a simple practice. Here are seven steps to make this prayer a reality.
Amid scary statistics and sobering news, here are some Scriptures to raise your spirits.
Words from the 14th century’s Julian of Norwich offer comfort and hope.
How to release a wrongdoing and find true peace.
If you’re in overdrive worrying about current events, here are some tips for reining in the anxiety.
Get God involved as you network, send out resumes and go on interviews.
The headlines don’t have to be positive for you to feel peaceful and optimistic.
As a mom worries about her son’s possible exposure to Coronavirus, she realizes whom she must pray for.
An unbearable toothache the night before a trip kept her up with worry, until she decided to let go and trust God.
Did you know that you can help us serve millions of magazines, books, & other resources for free to people in need at hospitals, nursing homes, shelters & other locations? | <urn:uuid:20fe07ee-2acb-4fbe-8d7f-2cd53dfc5cb6> | CC-MAIN-2021-10 | http://m.guideposts.org/tag/worry?page=2 | 2021-03-07T21:35:01Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178378872.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20210307200746-20210307230746-00359.warc.gz | en | 0.922899 | 256 | [
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Waiting as well long to get a roof covering fixing or roof covering replacement can result in a whole host of other issues that can be both time-consuming as well as expensive to manage. While no house owner wishes to hear the information that their roofing system requires to get repaired, looking for the indicators that your roof is developing some troubles, as well as care for their protection in a timely way, can aid to make certain that you save cash in the long run.
- Outside Inspection
While you might not pay excessive focus to what your roof appears like daily, making the effort to do a visual inspection a number of times a year, or when you presume troubles, can help you capture issues prior to they become pressing.
- Harmed Tiles
Something to take a look at is the shingles themselves. If any kind of is missing out on, cracked, have curling edges or sides, or seem nicked or have missing granules, these are indicators of foreshadowing roofing repair service or replacement. If you simply detect a few small issues, you can probably have those tiles replaced rather cheaply. An extensive issue; however, might indicate it’s time for a new roof
- Sagging Roofing System Deck
Although your roof covering may have several levels of pitch, it ought to show up fairly straight along the lines. If you discover areas that seem warped or sagging, this is an indication of a bigger issue, as well as needs to be resolved immediately.
- Clogged Gutters
When you happen to see what seems sludge, granules, as well as items of tiles in your rain gutters if you’re cleaning them, this can be an indicator that your roof is wearing away. Some asphalt roofing systems will damage down as they age; when it rains, the fragments get carried to the gutters where it collects.
- Algae Growth as well as Wet Spots
Take a look at the shade of your roofing system. If you observe dark places as well as streaks, or signs of algae growth, these can be indications of wetness, as well as an indication of needed roof fixing or substitute. | <urn:uuid:d13bd1aa-4620-4be6-a1dc-6d8ff5358022> | CC-MAIN-2021-10 | https://picgrum.com/indications-that-you-need-a-roofing-system-fixing/ | 2021-03-07T21:10:56Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178378872.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20210307200746-20210307230746-00359.warc.gz | en | 0.968308 | 444 | [
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How mind naturals can help you transition into the colder monthsReading time 3 min
As cold weather accompanies the next season, you may reach for your scarves and cable-knit sweaters. But, did you remember your hemp-derived CBD lotion? Mind Naturals offers high-performing products that can help you transition into these cold months with skin that looks as radiant as last season. The brand also helps you connect with yourself and others as they promote wellness throughout their collection and beyond.
Read on to learn about the different ways Mind Naturals can support you in times of change.
Take Care of Your Skin
As temperatures drop faster than you can drop your summer fling, your skin might start to show visible signs of seasonal changes. Dryness can be a common concern as your complexion longs for deeper hydration. Fortunately, Mind Naturals offers a hemp-derived CBD cream called their Moisturizer that can effectively nourish skin on the daily. Apply this antioxidant-rich product after using their Cleanser to help seal in moisture. This product can also help the skin appear firmer and minimize the visibility of wrinkles so that you can reveal a younger-looking you before the new year.
Don’t forget to follow up with their Eye Cream so you can look like every night is daylight saving time this season. This can be especially great for those looking to help the eyes look depuffed or if you simply have an affinity for your snooze button.
Prepare for Stressful Holidays
Whether it’s Santa’s shopping list, quarter four reports, or the in-laws, the holidays can weigh on the mind. Luckily, Mind Naturals creates products that are designed to help you take a break and reinvigorate. Your skincare routine can be a great opportunity to play your favorite tunes and enjoy this time with yourself as things can turn chaotic come November and December. You’ve been good all year and deserve products that go above and beyond for your skin. Kill two turtle doves with one hemp-derived CBD lotion, and gift some of the company’s products to friends and family so everyone can reveal radiant-looking skin while feeling more present.
Connect with Others
For some, colder weather can mean staying indoors more. While a night with hot cider and heartwarming movies can be more than necessary, you might want to stay connected with friends and family to keep yourself feeling your best as you ring in the next year. Consider inviting loved ones over for collective pampering with a hemp-derived CBD face mask such as the Hydrating Mask from Mind Naturals. Or attempt to make new holiday recipes together via video and share the final products. If you’re looking to meet new people without swiping right, consider joining a book club or finding a pen pal to exchanges letters with.
Try products from Mind Naturals to help you prepare for the colder weather at mindskincare.com/en/ | <urn:uuid:03033439-9e69-44e9-9335-3212abdb0e6a> | CC-MAIN-2021-10 | https://www.mindskincare.com/blogs/curious-mind/how-mind-naturals-can-help-you-transition-into-the-colder-months | 2021-03-07T21:35:10Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178378872.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20210307200746-20210307230746-00359.warc.gz | en | 0.940259 | 617 | [
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Chilly Neighbors Unable To Freeze Out ‘Ice Cold Beer’ Selling Kid
With Capital Region temperatures about to skyrocket this weekend, maybe a little side-hustle by your kids could help them generate enough cha-ching for a new bike, some video games, toys or even contribute to a local charity. This young man's cold marketing strategy was so successful, neighbors called the cops in an attempt freeze out the young entrepreneurs plans. But to no avail. This is a classic case of 'buyer beware' and why you always should read the fine print!
According to CBS 6 News, a young man seen holding a sign that said 'Ice Cold Beer' attracted the attention of neighbors and cops in a Utah town. Rather than being shut-down by the local police, they applauded him for his efforts and even posed for photos with the clever kid. You see, the young hustler was selling 'Ice Cold (Root) Beer' and according to the report was making some serious bank!
Simple. Effective. Harmless. No wonder I never thought of it as a kid! | <urn:uuid:45e5a45f-e3a0-40a1-9fd9-b31d9a753de4> | CC-MAIN-2021-10 | https://q1057.com/chilly-neighbors-unable-to-freeze-out-ice-cold-beer-selling-kid/ | 2021-02-24T23:21:16Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178349708.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20210224223004-20210225013004-00399.warc.gz | en | 0.96163 | 223 | [
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Dimensions:Artwork: 594 x 420mm Frame: 617 x 445mm
Medium: Pen on paper, with custom frame
I am influenced by organic formations, form, function, and pushing the boundaries between the two. My work is often related to cartography, a sense of place, and abstract depictions of the natural world. I received a BFA with a major in graphic design from University of Canterbury in 2017, and relocated to the West Coast Te Tai o Poutini last year where I have been working and expanding my artistic practice. I produce predominantly small-scale paper artworks, with a focus on intricate details, using a range of mediums including pen and watercolours.
Contours: Charleston is a pen on paper depiction of the Charleston area, using only topographic contour lines. My first West Coast summer was scattered with visits to the area’s bays and beaches. When I think about the West Coast’s varying landscapes, my first thought is Charleston. By reducing the area depiction to only contour lines, we are drawn to appreciate the very forms that define the landscape.
Aotearoa has fared better than many countries throughout the Covid-19 pandemic, but life is now different for many people. Artists have been hit hard by lockdowns and financial strain on communities. In a way, the Covid-19 pandemic has taught me to slow down, experiment with new processes and become inspired by my surroundings. The future of the art world will look different now, as communities come together to connect and appreciate art in new and interesting ways. | <urn:uuid:cbd45726-6f1a-4295-ba0f-58c7021ece0d> | CC-MAIN-2021-10 | https://tetaiopoutiniartawards.co.nz/art_entries/contours-charleston/ | 2021-02-24T22:51:45Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178349708.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20210224223004-20210225013004-00399.warc.gz | en | 0.96341 | 328 | [
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Last week we attended the Merville Frogfest, an annual community potluck and gathering to help publicize the problems caused by the introduced bullfrog species (and, for some attendees, to consume them).
These large frogs were apparently introduced to the Fraser Valley and southeast Vancouver Island to be bred and used as food, but as so often happens, they somehow escaped into the wild and are marching relentlessly up island, multiplying by the millions.
They arrived in the Comox Valley 10 years ago, and continue their spread north and west from here. They prey on anything they can get hold of, which includes all our native frogs, spawn and tadpoles, as well as fish of all kinds, baby birds and even dragonflies.
There are so many of them that it is easy to scoop up in nets 50 or 60 in an hour out in a canoe on ponds and wetlands in Merville, as well as many other places in the Comox Valley, and all over the south of the Island.
Many environmentalists are keen to attempt to limit the bullfrogs as much as possible by catching and killing them, although it will never be possible to eradicate them, let alone make much of a dent in their population.
Thus the Island ecosystem is being changed forever. Before too long, many of our native pond and wetland dwellers will be endangered or extinct.
From what I read in the papers, I understand a certain local entrepreneur wants to introduce aquatic animals called sea cucumbers in large numbers into our local ocean waters for the purpose of a commercial enterprise to sell them to the Chinese, who we hear relish eating these disgusting looking creatures.
I have an idea. Forget messing up our ocean ecosystem forever, and start up a bullfrog industry instead to sell to the Chinese, who already eat frogs as part of their diet. This could solve all our resource and unemployment problems.
Those outdoorsy types with hunting instincts could earn a living catching the frogs, and others could work in the processing plants where frogs could be made into every conceivable product.
Entrepreneurs, secretaries, sales people and transport trades would all be involved. Bargeloads of the frogs could be sent to China along with the barges of metal and plastic now going there.
Start a rumour about the aphrodisiac properties of the exceptionally prolific bullfrogs, and the Chinese would be clamouring for them. Perhaps body parts (ahem) other than the legs would become popular there.
Vancouver Island would become world famous, and B.C. a wealthy province. Who needs resources like oil and coal when you’ve got something as valuable as bullfrogs overrunning the place and free for the picking?
Think of all the secondary industries that would boom, things like bullfrog fertilizer, made with the leftovers since much of the frog isn’t eaten, bullfrog art, stationery, jewelry, shopping bags, you name it.
Plenty of harmless scope for entrepreneurs. The bullfrog could become the symbol of the Comox Valley, and our gateway to wealth.
And no, generally sticking to vegetarian food myself, I didn’t try the frog, or even really want look at it. Yuck. But my husband tried a leg, and yes apparently, it tastes just like chicken. | <urn:uuid:544ad35b-1854-4ad4-8930-799822919693> | CC-MAIN-2021-10 | https://www.comoxvalleyrecord.com/opinion/invasive-species-could-be-put-to-good-use/ | 2021-02-24T23:16:20Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178349708.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20210224223004-20210225013004-00399.warc.gz | en | 0.963017 | 677 | [
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Tent House – The comfort of a tent
If you wish to combine the experience of the festival community with a comfortable sleep-over, then our Tent House is the perfect match for you! A Tent House is above the earth and includes:
- A double mattress (135 × 200)
- Room for luggage to be dry and safe
- Built-in power so you can charge your phone
- Lockable safety box and entrance area
- Remember to bring bedding, pillows, duvets, and locks for both the safety box and the Tent House itself.
Please note that a camping pass is not included in the Tent House -package – the right amount of camping passes needed, can easily be added when you make the purchase. | <urn:uuid:3e90471f-d385-4381-9499-9725c52a114b> | CC-MAIN-2021-10 | https://heartlandfestival.dk/tenthouse-en/ | 2021-02-26T12:14:44Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178357641.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20210226115116-20210226145116-00079.warc.gz | en | 0.910134 | 153 | [
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After apprenticing under some of the finest Candy Makers in the area, Walter Tuck founded his own business, Tuck’s Candies in Rockport, MA in 1929. It was located in the same building as his father, Dr. Albert E. Tuck’s Dental practice. A short time later, his twin brother George Tuck, a registered pharmacist, joined him, expanding the business to include drugs, sundries, and an Ice Cream Fountain. In the early 1960s George’s son Edward Tuck and Walter’s son Bob Tuck joined the business full time. Over the next two decades various family members took leadership and in 1977 Ed & his wife, Carol, had full control of the business with Bob as Candy Manufacturing Manager. It was in the mid-seventies that the Pharmacy was discontinued due to the increasingly limiting federal regulations. Brian Tuck, son of Ed & Carol, and his wife Laurie continued to assist Carol in running the business. Dan Tuck, (Walter’s grandson) was hired as second Candy Maker to his father, Bob, in 2000.
Time changes many things, but Tuck’s Candy is still being made just as it was when Walter Tuck started in 1929. Nowadays his grandson Dan, with his father, Bob’s occasional help, still uses the very best ingredients to make Tucks Candy from the old family recipes. The candy takes longer to produce this way, but the quality is exceptional and always fresh, making Tuck’s Candy the perfect gift for enjoying yourself or mailing to a loved one.
Our mail order business started by popular demand – in response to customer requests for a year-round “Taste of Rockport”. Many of our customers lived in the area originally, but now are scattered far & wide, and Tuck’s Candy is a sweet reminder of “home”. At this point Tuck’s Candy can be ordered by phone or on-line and has been shipped to most states.
In 2011, in anticipation of Carol’s retirement, Dan purchased the Manufacturing and 7 Dock Square portion of the business from Carol. This new entity, Tuck’s Candy Factory, run by Dan, is now supplying these fine candies to his factory, retail store as well as to the original, 1929 location, Tuck’s Candy & Gifts , 15 Main St. Over the years the original store has increased its merchandise to include many cards, gifts, jewelry, toys and more to become the largest gift shop in Rockport. This store is now primarily being managed by Laurie & Brian with assistance from Carol. The family traditions are continuing!
Call 1-800-569-2767 for more information.
Tuck’s Candy & Gifts
15 Main Street
Rockport, MA 01966
www.tuckscandy.com to order candy | <urn:uuid:a6ad57b6-d5b2-4016-a4cb-bf747b9dcb4f> | CC-MAIN-2021-10 | https://rockportusa.com/shopping/tucks-candy-gifts/ | 2021-02-26T13:47:12Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178357641.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20210226115116-20210226145116-00079.warc.gz | en | 0.976152 | 609 | [
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Merillat Centre for the Arts (MCA)
The MCA, of the Merillat Centre for the Arts, houses a large auditorium, a recital hall and an intimate studio theater where performances such as musicals, plays and concerts are shown throughout the year.
The Robert E. Wilson Gallery showcases exhibits from students, faculty and the community including the annual Juried Student Art Exhibit.
The MCA is also equipped to host banquets and conferences and may be rented out for various occasions. Technical Information about the Merillat Centre for the Arts is available.
Please visit the Box Office to purchase tickets or to get more information. | <urn:uuid:05bdb69f-65eb-48c7-ae69-ea49a76d03fa> | CC-MAIN-2021-10 | https://www.huntington.edu/mca | 2021-02-26T13:24:45Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178357641.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20210226115116-20210226145116-00079.warc.gz | en | 0.931661 | 134 | [
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Christmas or new years gifts
Ceramic tea caddies,tea caddies,tea box,tea tank
Storage food and tea
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Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. | <urn:uuid:46868077-0154-4773-8861-000fc857e10a> | CC-MAIN-2021-10 | https://www.vluvi.com/product/luwu-cute-lucky-cat-porcelain-tea-caddies-porcelain | 2021-02-26T13:10:38Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178357641.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20210226115116-20210226145116-00079.warc.gz | en | 0.737011 | 93 | [
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Video Poker Apk
By NSE Nerd Soft Entertainment
No Rating Available.
Video Poker Apk
Video Poker Apk APK Free Download
Video Poker Apk latest version download for Android. Here I have uploaded the Video Poker for Android 5.0 Version and up. If your phone meets the minimum requirements, so you can directly download this game from our website. Video Poker (com.jovasoft.VideoPoker) is listed in the Google Play store officially.
This is the newest and latest version of the official Video Poker Apk uploaded from Google Play Store. We have included the direct download link in the above section. It’s very easy to download and install this game on your Android that’s run minimum 5.0 Version Android versions.
Download the app from the above download link using your favorite browser and click on install to install the app. Do not forget to allow app installation from unknown sources. We provide an official direct download link with hight speed download. Please be aware that we only share the original, free and pure apk installer file for Video Poker Apk V2.1.21 without any modifications.
All the apps & games included here are for home or personal use only. If any apk download infringes your copyright, please contact us. Video Poker V2.1.21 is the property and trademark from the developer listed in the above section. You could visit the developer Team official website to know more about the company/developer who developed this.
Video Poker for Android
This is a simulator of one of most popular casino game Jack or Better also known as Video Poker. We keep it simple and old fashion designed to bring sense of old days, hopes you will like it.
● Bet from 1 to 10
● Double game
● Sounds of/on
Video Poker Apk Download
Well, from this segment you can complete the Video Poker download for free. You don’t need to root your Android phone for Video Poker Apk. I have provided the fastest download links below. If you are facing issues with download then leave a comment below.
Unfortunately, if you get any problem with this download link then write a comment below. We will update the link as soon as possible. And our team will keep adding the new version official download link. Don’t forget to come back for downloading the new version.
More Game: Crowd Run 3D Apk
How to Install Video Poker on Android?
You just need an Android Smartphone with little space on your Phone Memory or SD Card. It won’t require superuser access for installing it on your smartphone. Once you are ready, you can simply follow steps and install it on your phone.
Step-1: First of all, you have to enable settings to install the application from the third party. For this, you have to follow these simple steps. Simply go to the setting page on your Android device. Now scroll down and navigate for the security and tap on it.
Step-2: Then go to settings then find the “unknown sources” tab and enable it. In some devices, it is located in privacy settings, while in others it is available in fingerprint settings.
Step-3: Once the download is complete, you have to locate the downloaded file on your smartphone. You can open your SD Card using ES File Explorer Apk.
Step-4: Once you have found the file, tap on it. Now the installation process for the application will start. If your phone is showing any warning just ignore it and install it anyway.
Step-5: After that, you will get to see an Install button. Simply tap on the “Install” option. (Now your smartphone will take a few moments to install the application.
Step-6: Once the app is installed, you will see an Open button. Tap on the “Open” button, and you are all set to use the application. If the installation process giving any error just let me know in the comment section. I will help you with the installation.
As it is an open-source app, you can download Video Poker Apk for free. Well, It is going to take your Video Poker experience to a whole new level. It has a bunch of ultra-cool features.
I hope you like the post, share it with your friends and family, they will also found it useful. Still, want to ask anything? Leave your precious feedback below in the comments box. I will get back to you soon. | <urn:uuid:268de4a7-a9d5-46b2-9028-8563ed06ee87> | CC-MAIN-2021-10 | https://apksan.com/app/video-poker-apk/ | 2021-02-28T00:50:02Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178359624.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20210227234501-20210228024501-00399.warc.gz | en | 0.896037 | 939 | [
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No wondering what top to wear with it or what bottom, whether to tuck it in on leave it hanging. It's a romper, indecisiveness is not apart of its game. So don't wait and grab our new Floral Romper
- This playful one-piece can easily go from day-to-night. Throw on this romper with a cardigan and a pair of cute wedged shoes and enjoy your own fashioned outlook that will attract anyone.
- This spanking romper is very comfortable to wear and gives you the sophistication you looking for.
- The floral design of this romper will make you eye-catchy in the crowd.
- Besides, the deep V-neck design will show-up your bustline perfectly, and make sexier.
- This will help you to breakdown the playful factor of the garment.
- he romper will give you the benefits of wearing shorts and you won't have to worry about a blouse becoming un-tucked!
- This is impossible to go wrong with it and it fits every occasion because of its elegance and sophistication. | <urn:uuid:944629c1-d983-4212-8ec9-5feb538d1bef> | CC-MAIN-2021-10 | https://jennibelleboutique.com/products/floral-romper | 2021-02-28T00:59:38Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178359624.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20210227234501-20210228024501-00399.warc.gz | en | 0.929719 | 228 | [
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Shiao, Jerry 蕭宇劭
Joint Associate Fellow
National Nano Device Laboratories
R7N2, Chee-Chun Leung Cosmology Hall (CCLCH), NTU
+ 886 2 33668637
Yu-Shao Jerry Shiao received the B.S. degree in communications engineering and the M.S. degree in electronics engineering from National Chiao Tung University in Taiwan, in 1996 and 1998. Later he received the second M.S. degree in physics from National Taiwan University in 2001 and the Ph.D. degree in astronomy from University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign in 2008. | <urn:uuid:3a14ec9d-aa2b-42ce-bb84-58a108fbc897> | CC-MAIN-2021-10 | https://lecospa.ntu.edu.tw/person/jerry-shiao-%E8%95%AD%E5%AE%87%E5%8A%AD/ | 2021-02-28T00:17:49Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178359624.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20210227234501-20210228024501-00399.warc.gz | en | 0.884014 | 136 | [
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I’ll be sharing something personal. It’s about money, and the anxiety bubble that surrounds it.
As someone in the “creative industry” (and I count yoga teachers among them), making enough money is always on your mind. Creatives, particularly when they start out, don’t earn much. Most of them will happily and readily tell you that they “don’t need” that much anyway. They do it because they love their job. Luxuries? Thanks, but no, thanks. Don’t need them.
It almost becomes a mantra: Live with less, declutter, be minimalist. It sounds good, and it’s trendy. It’s more or less what I’ve done for the past few years.
Now a book recommended by a friend got me thinking.
“The Artist’s Way“ is a book about “unblocking” the artist within, a 12 week course that aims at “discovering and recovering your creative self”. One chapter is about money – and how money in itself represents a major creative block.
The essence of what the author says is that we adopt “attitudes that limit abundance and luxury in our current life”, consequently blocking creative abundance. Gosh: It’s of our own doing. Our self-sabotaging beliefs simply block our creative flow.
So how do we do this?
To all those who want to be creative – be it creating a vinyasa sequence or a piece of writing – the author has this to say:
For those of us who have become artistically anorectic – yearning to be creative and refusing to feed that hunger in ourselves so that we become more and more focused on our deprivation – a little authentic luxury can go a long way. The key word here is authentic. Because art is born in expansion, in a belief in sufficient supply, it is critical that we pamper ourselves for the sense of abundance it brings to us.
What does the author mean by “authentic luxury”?
It could be the single flower on the bedside table. The record from the vintage store. The punnet of raspberries once a week (or when we feel like!). A nice, very special tea set from the thrift store.
The essence of what she says is that it’s all about enjoyment, expansion, creating a sense of abundance. If you have the penthouse, the four cars and only fly first class, you still may not have created any of these in your life.
It’s about creating the right kind of luxury, well within our means:
All too often, we become [creatively] blocked and blame it on our lack of money. This is never an authentic block. The actual block is our feeling of constriction, our sense of powerlessness.
Her words really got me thinking and I started asking myself: What can I do today to create abundance in my life? While I write this, I’m looking at the flowers I bought a few days ago. They give me pleasure every day, just by being so splendid, always there, shining at 5.30am.
They bring a smile on my face. And that’s luxury.
What is luxury for you? | <urn:uuid:85e9a3a4-779a-42f5-968d-e75ad7c03050> | CC-MAIN-2021-10 | https://andrealeber.com/2015/11/13/how-to-create-a-life-full-of-authentic-luxury/ | 2021-03-01T15:54:59Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178362741.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20210301151825-20210301181825-00079.warc.gz | en | 0.953451 | 700 | [
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Imagine a place with Southern hospitality, constant beach weather, breathtaking mountains, sophisticated cities, and bohemian chic. This magical place goes by the name of North Carolina.
In this beautiful Southern state, you and your loved one can sink your toes into the sand, unwind in the serene Appalachian Mountains, go out for a night on the town, or stroll arm-in-arm through quaint towns reminiscent of yesteryear.
Whatever you’re craving for a romantic getaway with your significant other, North Carolina has something and more. Check out our picks of the best 15 destinations for a love-cation:
1. The Duke Mansion – Charlotte
To call this merely a Bed & Breakfast would be like calling The Beatles just a band. This 32,000-square-foot mansion built in 1915 showers guests with Southern charm, exquisite furnishings and gardens, and ultimate luxury in the heart of Charlotte’s historic district.
This beautifully restored landmark boasts fine Southern architecture, full breakfast included, prepared by an Executive Chef, a library, and 4.5 acres of lush gardens and courtyards.
For the highest quality in romantic getaways at the Duke Mansion, stay in the Dowd Suite. You and your special someone will have your own sleeping porch, spa tub, and shower for two in this extravagant space.
2. Blue Waters Mountain Lodge
Settle in to the lush Nantahala National Forest, and gaze out onto the 2,800-acre picturesque Santeetlah Lake. When you and your loved one stay at the Blue Waters Mountain Lodge, you have a first-class ticket to one of North Carolina’s most serene spots.
Relax among the tranquility of nature on a weekend getaway here. Whether you’re looking for a low-key vacation or an exciting outdoors adventure, Blue Waters has it for you. Settle in with a book on the deck overlooking the tranquil waters. Or go kayaking, hiking, biking, and horseback riding through the Park. If you just want to get away from the city life to spend some quality time with your significant other, Blue Waters in the perfect haven for you.
3. Historic Brookstown Inn – Winston-Salem
Having opened its doors in 1837, this historic gem in downtown Winston-Salem offers couples a charming destination for their next romantic getaway. The Historic Brookstown Inn has stood the test of time, providing the highest degree of hospitality and comfort for nearly two decades, while enhancing its amenities and fixtures to give guests modern luxury.
Wake up to the smell of bacon and eggs every morning, as you head to the sunny breakfast room for your complimentary first meal of the day. After you’ve refueled, explore the city of Winston-Salem, the home of Krispy Kreme Doughnuts, Texas Pete Hot Sauce, numerous arts and cultural venters, and many local wineries to choose from. In the evening, head back to the Brookstown for complimentary wine and cheese.
This place is perfect for couples looking for a quaint weekend away from the stresses of daily life.
4. Inn on Pamlico Sound – Outer Banks
Soak up the sun at the Inn on Pamlico Sound, a boutique waterfront hotel on North Carolina’s Outer Banks. From the Inn’s docks and porches, you and your loved one can stare off into the sunset overlooking the water while you sip on cocktails with live acoustic music playing in the background.
And if you decide to leave the fishing to the professionals, savor the robust flavors of Café Pamlico on-site. This world-class dining experience brings you the contemporary coastal cuisine of locally caught sea scallops, crab cakes, tuna ceviche, blackened Mahi Mahi, and so much more.
In the morning, the Inn on Pamlico Sound serves an upscale three-course breakfast. After devouring delectable eggs, check out complimentary bikes and kayaks from the hotel to roam the land and sea with your significant other.
5. Inn on Biltmore Estate – Asheville
Live large while you’re on your next romantic vacation when you stay at the Biltmore Estate, originally owned by the Vanderbilts. This Four-Star Inn offers impeccable hospitality and charm, just as the Vanderbilts would have wanted.
At the Biltmore Estate, you’ll enjoy not once but twice daily housekeeping service to make sure your room is clean and kept at all times. You’ll also be able to take advantage of 24-hour room service, a heated outdoor pool, live piano and jazz, and small touches like complimentary shoe shining. At this luxurious Inn, you and your loved one will be pampered head-to-toe!
6. High Hampton Inn & Country Club
Whisk your sweetheart away to the High Hampton Inn & Country Club, where you’ll find a romantic oasis in the mountains. On 1,400 acres, you’ll have all the breathing room you’ve been craving. And surrounded by a private 35-acre lake, you’ll be able to soak up the fresh air with your loved one in absolute seclusion.
Couples who stay at the High Hampton enjoy intimate mountain cottages with wood-burning fireplaces, private balconies, and elegant décor.
For guys looking to spoil their ladies, consider the “Sweetheart Surprise” spa package, including a full sugar scrub exfoliation, chocolate truffle body wrap, mani/pedi, chocolate-covered strawberries, and wine. You won’t have to do a single thing after this for her to fall into your arms.
7. Lakeview at Fontana
Discover why USA Today named the Lakeview at Fontana one of the “10 Best Southern Mountain Resorts and Inn” when you visit for your next romantic getaway. With stunning views of Fontana Lake and nestled in the forested North Carolina Mountains, this isolated resort gives couples the perfect excuse for intimacy.
Unwind in this wonderfully laid-back environment with charming courtyards, a yoga studio, and a lovely spa. And when you’re seeking ultimate relaxation, check out the Lakeview’s treetop soaking cabana(!). This incredibly serene hideout in the trees is the Lakeview’s most coveted treasure. The soaking cabana features an oversized stand-alone tub large enough for two and an overarching deck peering into the Fontana Lake and Smoky Mountains. Here, you’ll feel like you’re becoming one with nature.
8. The Carolina at Pinehurst Resort
When you want to indulge in culture and luxury with your loved one, there’s no better place than the Carolina at Pinehurst Resort. In this 115-year-old hotel dubbed the “Queen of the South,” you’ll find Four-Diamond accommodations, rich North Carolina finishes, sweeping verandas, and high-class services.
The Carolina defines vintage elegance and finery. Pamper yourself at the spa, hit a round of golf at the hotel’s private golf course, channel your inner Old-South-money with a croquet lesson, or kayak at the Carolina’s private lake (you read that right). And when you’re exhausted from the day’s activities, dig into award-winning traditional Southern cuisine at one of the Carolina’s many restaurants on-site. You’ll feel like you’ve travelled back in time at this exquisite destination, but back to a time where you were extraordinarily proper and refined.
9. Blackbeard’s Lodge
At this home-away-from-home in the remote Ocracoke Island of North Carolina, you and your sweetheart can delight in the romance and privacy you’ve been craving. Only minutes away from the beach, Blackbeard’s Lodge offers couples easy access to the pristine waters and beautiful shores of the Atlantic.
Soak up the sun with your loved one, or unwind on the lodge’s porch swings, breathing in that ocean air with a cold drink in your hand. For more action, dive into the outdoor pool or head into Blackbeard’s game room with billiards, air hockey, foosball, and board games. And if you’re interested in checking out the local town that features boat charters and excellent restaurants, Blackbeard’s Lodge provides free shuttle service.
10. The Windsor – Asheville
Right in the heart of downtown Asheville, the Windsor stands as a boutique hotel offering upscale services and luxurious accommodations. Built in 1907, this beautifully restored hotel is draped in historic character and charm. Each room is adorned in furniture and art purchased in Paris, giving the Windsor a rustic Parisian feel, perfect to set the mood for romance.
Awe at the beauty and charm of the Windsor and then venture out to the quaint and funky town of Asheville. Just steps from the hotel, you’ll find breweries, art galleries, shops, and restaurants.
11. The Ballantyne – Charlotte
Outside the bustling city of Charlotte, North Carolina, lies a luxury hotel awaiting your arrival. The Ballantyne features every amenity you could ask for, from an indoor and outdoor pool to tennis courts, a spa, and more.
When you check into the Ballantyne, you can leave your worries at the door. The only responsibility you’ll have here is to enjoy.
12. Franklin Hotel – Chapel Hill
In the heart of North Carolina’s major college town, the Franklin Hotel exudes style and class. Ideally located within walking distance to art museums, theaters, shopping, and restaurants, the Franklin Hotel gives you a key to discover Chapel Hill.
Sink into the Egyptian cotton sheets, spread out in the king-sized beds, and let relaxation take over. The Franklin is the perfect place to enjoy your loved one’s company in pure comfort. Explore the town during the day, hopping from boutique sites to exciting venues. Then at night, decompress in Roberts Lounge on-site, where you can sip on upscale cocktails on the outdoor patio.
13. Oasis Suites Hotel – Outer Banks
Just as the name implies, you and your sweetie will find your own oasis at this beachfront destination in the Outer Banks. Hide away from the rest of the world at this hotel, where you’ll have the whole luxurious suite to yourselves, complete with modern kitchens and private balconies overlooking the water.
When you’re not on the beach, enjoy the outdoor swimming pool, in-ground hot tub, wooden boardwalk, and gazebo to take in the beautiful views. You can even crab fish from the Oasis docks, cook your catch on the outdoor gas grills, and eat at the waterfront picnic tables.
14. The Swag – Waynesville
The Swag defines itself in four words: “Remote – Rustic – Refined – Remarkable.” It doesn’t get much better than that! This luxury all-inclusive hotel nestled in the idyllic North Carolina Mountains provides guests with the maximum comfort while in the peaceful outdoors.
Enjoy award-winning service at this mountain retreat, along with gourmet breakfasts, picnic lunches, and lavish multi-course dinners—all included. Spend the day zip lining through the forest, playing a game of badminton, or hiking through the trails of Great Smoky Mountains National Park. And when you’re ready to be pampered from all the intensity of your trip, soak in the Swag’s outdoor hot tub or redwood sauna. It’s clear to see how R&R is the Swag’s specialty.
15. Grand Bohemian Hotel – Asheville
In the hippie-chic town of Asheville, the Grand Bohemian fits in perfectly. Grab your significant other and head to this Tudor-inspired hotel with old-world charm and modern amenities.
Marvel at the elegant antique fixtures, hand-carved furniture, gorgeous rustic design, and artistic luxury when you stay at the Grand Bohemian. And as a guest here, you’re just steps away from Asheville’s shopping, restaurants, and breathtaking Blue Ridge Mountains. | <urn:uuid:40dcff56-2205-4438-8dd9-a2e4377d6999> | CC-MAIN-2021-10 | https://www.thecrazytourist.com/15-best-romantic-weekend-getaways-north-carolina/ | 2021-03-01T15:54:12Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178362741.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20210301151825-20210301181825-00079.warc.gz | en | 0.896342 | 2,578 | [
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Poems, &c. written upon several occasions, and to several persons by Edmond Waller.
Waller, Edmund, 1606-1687.
How to cite | |
To the Queen-Mother of France upon her Landing.
GReat Queen of Europe, where thy off-spring wears
All the chief Crowns, where Princes are thy heirs.
Page 126 As welcome thou to Sea-girt Britains shore,
As erst Latona (who fair Cinthia bore)
To Delos was. Here shines a Nymph as bright,
By thee disclos'd, with like increase of light.
Why was her joy in Belgia confin'd?
Or why did you so much regard the wind?
Scarce could the Ocean (though inrag'd) have tost
Thy Soveraign Bark, but where th' obsequious coast
Pays tribute to thy Bed: Romes conquering hand
More vanquish'd Nations under her command
Never reduc'd; glad Berecinthia, so
Among her deathless Progeny did go;
A wreath of Flowers adorn'd her reverent Head,
Mother of all that on Ambrosia fed:
Thy godlike race must sway the age to come,
As she Olympus, peopled with her womb.
Would those Commanders of Mankind obey
Their honor'd Parent, all pretences lay
Page 127 Down at your Royal Feet, compose their Jarrs,
And on the growing Turk discharge these Wars:
The Christian Knights that sacred Tomb should wrest
From Pagan hands, and Triumph o'r the East;
Our Englands Prince and Gallia's Dolphin might
Like young Rinaldo, and Tancredo fight
In single combate; by their sword again
The proud Argantes and fierce Soldan slain;
Again, might we their valiant deeds recite,
And with your Thuscan Muse exalt the fight. | <urn:uuid:dc7c3ca8-b354-4a70-bb8d-4b2000f095b8> | CC-MAIN-2021-10 | https://quod.lib.umich.edu/e/eebo/A67346.0001.001/1:61?rgn=div1;view=fulltext | 2021-03-03T06:49:02Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178365454.63/warc/CC-MAIN-20210303042832-20210303072832-00399.warc.gz | en | 0.902183 | 417 | [
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Actress Uhm Jung Hwa
Uhm Jung Hwa is a South Korean Korean pop singer and actress. Uhm began her career as a chorus member of MBC, in 1987 To 1990. She made her film debut in "Marriage Story" and released her first album Sorrowful Secret, in 1993 on Samsung Music. She is considered to be one of the most influential women and the evergreen in the Korean entertainment industry, many Korean female artists recognize her as a role model. Her younger and only brother Uhm Tae Woong is also an actor.
Name:Uhm Jung Hwa
Also Known as:Eom Jeong Hwa
Born:August 17, 1969
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The passage of the bill has led to some serious soul searching for members of the Ozawa faction in the DPJ, which has consistently voiced its dissent to any move to force tax increases onto the population given that the DPJ's own manifesto pledged not to do this if it came to power. As PM Noda effectively aligned himself with LDP's policy position in order to have the bill passed (thereby giving him a political victory over his internal opponents), those DPJ members who owe their political fortunes to their association with Ozawa (such as former PM Hatoyama Yukio) have voiced their concerns that the rifts within the party are too great to heal and that the DPJ is destined to disintegrate.
This sentiment was tempered somewhat earlier in the week, with Ozawa allies stating that their opposition to the Consumption Tax bill did not necessarily mean they were considering leaving the party. All such comments did was fuel speculation that this is precisely what they have in mind. What the past week has also done is thrust Ozawa back into the limelight, which is a position that Ozawa himself is happy to occupy. The question now is whether Ozawa will indeed jump ship and forge yet another party based around his personal influence. While he may do so, such a move would not improve his own political standing with the public (who, after decades of negative press coverage of Ozawa and his 'reformist' mindset are loathe to allow Ozawa to extend his political career any further than it has already gone) and would merely add to the already overcrowded theatre of political parties within the Diet (not to mention the absence of any likelihood that the new party would have any greater success in opposition given the relatively small number of members it would attract).
One strategy that he seems to have decided to concentrate on is to ramp up debate within the DPJ on what the party actually stands for, convening a 'New Policy Discussion Group' based on an idea that all politics revolves around the policies pursued by parties. Leaving aside the obvious nature of this statement, Ozawa appears to have anointed himself the leader of disaffected politicians seeking to extracate themselves from the DPJ executive. Not only this, Ozawa has hinted that only a general election will reveal whether the DPJ still has the support of the people, and may use his newly formed group to pursue those ideas likely to resonate well with most Japanese - namely an end to the use of nuclear power, a reduction in the presence of US forces in Japan, the removal of consumption taxes, and a reduction in the size and influence of the bureaucracy.
On another note, the lower house of the Diet, after consultation with the Supreme Court of Japan, has decided to go ahead with the adoption of an amended Copyright Law bill that criminalises various forms of on-line activity (mainly file sharing) that (according to the bill) violates the rights of copyright holders. As the legislation is so open ended that leaves it liable to misinterpretation, it has been rejected by the EU and by the Australian government as unworkable, however the DPJ, together with the coalition LDP and Komeito, have given it the green light.
Anonymous, in its somewhat misguided wisdom, has taken exception to this decision, and so has launched DDoS attacks on those websites of institutes it believes were responsible for the legislation being adopted, such as the Ministry of Finance, the Supreme Court of Japan, and the DPJ. As a side note, Anonymous does appear to have missed its mark when it targeted the offices of the Kasumigaura branch of the Ministry of Transport in Ibaraki prefecture, rather than the Ministry itself in Kasumigaseki, Tokyo. Nevertheless, the fact that lawyers for media production and other copyright holders have leant on the Japanese government to approve harsher penalties for copyright infringement cannot be a positive development for intellectual property rights in Japan, no matter what benefits might flow to political parties as a result of such a deal.
The arbitrary nature of the legislation, and the fact that it can be applied to any form of file sharing (or whatever corporation concerned defines as file sharing) will merely impose penalties on end users without addressing the problem of intellectual theft in the first place. If, as a result of this legislation, there is a spike in the number of youths being hauled before courts on charges of intellectual theft and given suspended sentences or harsher penalties, then the public backlash may be greater than any benefit accured by either the companies or political parties concerned. Bad legislation only perpetuates public contempt for political process, hence the only redemption available for the government would be to send the legislation to a review committee for further consideration before committing itself to a law whose limits may beyond the ability of the government to curtail. | <urn:uuid:500f3959-ed2f-49ea-b7dc-38fe9264304b> | CC-MAIN-2021-10 | https://www.farbeyondthemiyako.com/3696012293279312280612398125021252512464---far-beyond-the-miyako-blog/archives/06-2012 | 2021-03-03T04:43:52Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178365454.63/warc/CC-MAIN-20210303042832-20210303072832-00399.warc.gz | en | 0.975758 | 969 | [
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Democratic presidential candidate Amy Klobuchar revived the long-debunked claim this week that Planned Parenthood does mammograms.
Klobuchar, a pro-abortion senator from Minnesota, made the statement during a Fox News town hall Wednesday in Wisconsin, the Washington Times reports.
She defended Planned Parenthood, the largest abortion provider in America, and slammed President Donald Trump for trying to chip away at the nearly half a billion dollars it receives from taxpayers every year.
“So when this president goes . . . against Planned Parenthood, that to me is a major problem,” Klobuchar said.
“In their lifetime, one in five women go there,” she continued. “And most of them are going there for contraception, birth control, they’re going there for mammograms, they’re going there for cancer screenings, and yet over and over again, this president has tried to cut that funding for Planned Parenthood.”
But Klobuchar is wrong. Not only is Planned Parenthood primarily an abortion provider, but it also does not provide mammograms or many other essential health services.
The “mammogram” claim has been debunked repeatedly by pro-life outlets and mainstream news fact checkers.
The Federalist reported the U.S. Food and Drug Administration lists 8,735 licensed mammography facilities in America on its website, but Planned Parenthood does not operate any of them. View the list by clicking here.
SUPPORT LIFENEWS! Help us take on big abortion, please help LifeNews.com with a donation!
Yet, pro-abortion politicians and liberal media personalities continue to repeat the false claim over and over again.
Similarly, in 2017, Live Action also caught Planned Parenthood deceiving the public about offering prenatal care.
Leaders of the abortion group claimed on multiple occasions that women depend on Planned Parenthood for prenatal care, among other things. Richards, its former CEO, once said, “Breast cancer screenings, cervical cancer screenings, prenatal care – these are the kinds of services that folks depend on Planned Parenthood for.”
But prenatal care is virtually non-existent at Planned Parenthood. Of the 97 facilities that Live Action called or visited, only five offered some form of prenatal care or a referral for it.
Many Planned Parenthood facilities – including every single one in Pennsylvania – advertised prenatal services online but did not actually provide them. As a result of the investigation, dozens of the abortion group’s facilities removed prenatal services from their websites.
Planned Parenthood’s own numbers show that, for pregnant women, abortion is its No. 1 service by a huge margin. According to its most recent annual report, it did 332,757 abortions – more than one third of all abortions in the U.S. That same report showed that it provided fewer other services, including contraception, sterilizations, cancer screenings, adoption referrals and other health services.
Its new CEO, Leana Wen, also recently admitted that abortions are their “core mission.”
Most Americans do not want their tax dollars to support the killing of unborn babies. This is why the Trump administration has been working to defund Planned Parenthood. His Mexico City policy cut $100 million in tax dollars from Planned Parenthood’s international arm.
His new Title X “Protect Life” rule also would strip away about $60 million from the abortion chain unless it separates its abortion business from its actual health services. Planned Parenthood has refused to do so, and pro-abortion political leaders are challenging the rule in court. | <urn:uuid:6abdffc5-6b91-4844-8c8c-6165f27d42b4> | CC-MAIN-2021-10 | https://www.lifenews.com/2019/05/09/democrat-presidential-candidate-amy-klobuchar-falsely-claims-planned-parenthood-does-mammograms/ | 2021-03-03T06:18:41Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178365454.63/warc/CC-MAIN-20210303042832-20210303072832-00399.warc.gz | en | 0.949721 | 739 | [
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I love yoga. Hard core. I’m a believer. Yoga has shown me the way and I’m now living it. I have zero desire to go back to the time when yoga had no influence in my life, no effect on my body, no inspiration for my heart, no knowledge to teach my mind. I wouldn’t even want to imagine who and where I’d be without it. Its influence and results have been mostly intangible, something perceived energetically, discernible through my attitude, my approach to challenges, my interaction with others, and my transformed views of my present, my future and of the world in general. My body feels stronger, more limber, healthier; my mind feels clearer, more calm, intelligent; my heart feels vastly more open, more trusting, more creative, capable of real love.
None of the descriptions above are usually enough to convince cynics to give Yoga a try. A very dear friend of mine said herself, “I like the physical challenge but I’m still not ready to sing kumbaya.” Now, not once have I ever sang or chanted kumbaya in yoga, not once. And herein lies the problem. We’re exposed to fractions of truths at all times, through what we absorb outside of us, which we then filter through our minds and interpret in a way that fits in with our previous beliefs. If we see an image of unusually dressed people moving hypnotically in a circle and somehow the word ‘yoga’ is affiliated with this image, our view has been tarnished and we then forget to make up our own minds, to experience something for ourselves and then decide whether it is for us or not. One of my first articles written for MindBodyGreen reflected a similar sentiment.
I’d like to proclaim, unequivocally, with strong passion and enthusiasm that yoga is for everyone, no matter your age, your height, your weight, your ethnic background, your political allegiance, your religious beliefs, your athletic prowess, your flexibility level, no matter what your bank statement says, whether you own a home or not, whether you wear brand name labels or handmade clothing, whether you’re single, divorced, gay or straight, yoga can and will affect your life positively if you allow it. Very similar to life, it is how you choose to perceive it. You don’t even need a teacher (this is saying a lot as I make my living as a Yoga teacher and I love it), a studio, a mat, a DVD, or equipment. There is no excuse, no stereotype or cliche that should keep you at a distance from this practice. Come a little closer, you won’t want to turn back. Below are some helpful, honest reminders about yoga that you can digest and use to finally give it a try, or perhaps you can pass this along to those you know who could benefit but are still on the fence.
1. All you need to practice yoga is a quality breath. Begin to take an active interest in the depth and length of your inhale and exhale, of your experience within, and this simple practice will bring you out of the mind and into the moment. Yoga seeks a comfortable body to rest so the mind can clear. The breath is sacrosanct to anything else; prioritize it, the rest will follow.
2. Whenever you practice, advancing a pose will not bring accolades, money, cookies or fame. Your purpose in yoga is to find the most satisfying experience in each moment, whether you're modifying or amplifying, it's about treating yourself as best as possible during every breath in and every breath out.
3. The ultimate goal in yoga is to calm the fluctuations of the mind, to begin to control and distinguish between worthy and unworthy outside influences and to shut off the thinking mind when we need to. There is no magic here, no manipulation, no rules to follow. This is for you, for all of us.
4. You do not need to follow one teacher, one school of thought, one guru, one book, or one path. Yoga, similar to Bruce Lee, uses “No Way As Way.” When I teach, I aim to provide insight from all walks of life, inside and outside of the Yoga community. You take what resonates with you and apply it to your practice and your daily life.
5. Although chanting, trance dancing, meditating, and many other ancient Eastern practices are weaved into the broad application of yoga, it needn’t be apart of your practice if you don’t wish it to be. I, personally, really enjoy participating in a good chant, in the freedom of movement involved in a trance dance, and I enjoy practicing different forms of meditation, but my chosen way of being in this world surrounds a much more grounded, modern approach to happiness and health. It works for me and it can certainly work for you.
6. When breathing with focus, moving your body mindfully, and tuning into your authentic self, meaning all that you want to be without the influence and expectations of the world around you, yoga will bring to and from you: acceptance, flexibility, calm focus, patience, gratitude, strength, courage and Love. You will appreciate yourself more and this alone will transform your thoughts, words and actions for the better. When you prioritize Now, the future is no longer a worry.
There are dozens of genres within the yoga world, especially here in the States. There is no doubt you can find even a few teachers that lead you in the way you prefer to be lead. Don’t forget: You are your own teacher. Give your body what it needs, whether it be a deeper challenge, or a gentle softness. Begin to observe your mind, adjust your thoughts to suit your desired energy state. Listen to your heart a bit more. Sounds cliche, hippy dippy, ooey gooey and sweet. Sure, I’m fine with that. We benefit from being less consumed by our thoughts, less overwhelmed by the constant sensory overload projected from the outside in, and encouraged instead to simply feel grateful to be alive, trust our own intelligence and kindness and to move forward accordingly.
Yoga will support you in being more fully yourself and aligning your external circumstances with your inner truth. No judgments, no expectations, no comparisons. Give yourself the gift.
Want your passion for wellness to change the world? Become A Functional Nutrition Coach! Enroll today to join our upcoming live office hours. | <urn:uuid:e68fc40d-22cc-429d-9e5a-d8a9b9aa4cff> | CC-MAIN-2021-10 | https://www.mindbodygreen.com/0-5891/6-Helpful-Reminders-for-Yoga-Skeptics.html | 2021-03-04T22:59:05Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178369523.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20210304205238-20210304235238-00079.warc.gz | en | 0.944792 | 1,355 | [
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The IN4200PE flexible nozzle neck frees the operator’s hands during assembly and manufacturing processes. A photoelectric eye controls both ionization and airflow, which reduces compressed air costs and extends the life of the ionizer.
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The IN4200PE ionizer comes factory calibrated and with a calibration certificate. Ionizer performance can be tested and verified with a charge plate monitor. Important tests to perform are positive and negative decay times and ion balance. It is recommended to test ionizer performance at least 1 per year. | <urn:uuid:eabb5a56-0232-4a1e-aefe-fdf162ff366b> | CC-MAIN-2021-10 | https://mx.transforming-technologies.com/product/ptec%C2%99-in4200pe-airflex-flexible-neck-ionizing-nozzle-with-photoelectric-eye-mountable/ | 2021-03-06T10:37:24Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178374686.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20210306100836-20210306130836-00399.warc.gz | en | 0.851655 | 511 | [
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This post may contain affiliate links. This means if you click on the link and purchase the item, I will receive an affiliate commission at no extra cost to you. All opinions remain my own.
After having my daughter, I thought I had this parenting thing down! She is smart, loving, easy going, has great manners, gets straight As, works hard and is just wonderful. I couldn’t understand these kids I saw out and about who were rambunctious and thought, “Boy! I must have done something right!”
Then I had my son. He is smart, loving, has great manners, and is wonderful. However, he is also wild, energetic, head strong and strong willed. He’s that kid others see in the store and wonder why on earth can’t I manage him better!
Well, I will tell you what. My parenting methods overall are very similar. I breastfed both of my children, read to them, have consistent bedtimes and routines, involve them in the arts and sports, take them to museums and libraries. But their temperaments could not be more opposite.
My son Christopher is always moving. Always. Even when he’s laying in bed, reading me a book or being read to, he is swinging his legs or tapping the book. Whereas my daughter Brid can curl up with a book in one position for hours.
Here’s what I’ve learned from parenting opposite children:
- Even if your parenting style is the same for your children, your children are not going to respond to it in the same way.
- Fair does not mean equal. What was fair for one child is not necessarily fair for the other.
- Routine is key-whether your child is calm or wild, children thrive on routine. Consistent bedtimes, nap times, etc… were important to my calm child because she wanted that consistency. They were important with my son because without routine, his day would be one wild whirlwind from sun-up to sun-down.
- What works for one kid doesn’t always work for the other. I remember taking my daughter to story time at the library from the time she was 1 year-old. I tried taking my son around that age and even again at 2 years-old and story time was just too much excitement for him. He wanted to be all over that library. So my son and I have a much different relationship with the library than my daughter did. I do imagine the librarians might cringe when they see us coming. When my daughter was young, they loved our visits.
- Never-ever judge a parent by their child’s behavior in public. Before I had my son, I could do anything, go anywhere and be with anyone with my daughter. She was a breeze. Easy going, well mannered, and loved by everyone. Now I have to plan social outings carefully and have had to be that parent carrying my kid out of a restaurant crying. It doesn’t mean I’ve suddenly turned into a “bad” parent or that I have a “bad” kid-he’s just not the same as his sister.
- I love my kids–always, forever, no matter what their temperament is.
Anything you would add to this list? | <urn:uuid:d4b3e1fd-188f-46a4-9a50-3b2da432ce4b> | CC-MAIN-2021-10 | https://www.simplyrealmoms.com/posts/parenting-polar-opposite-children-from-wild-to-calm/ | 2021-03-06T11:58:55Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178374686.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20210306100836-20210306130836-00399.warc.gz | en | 0.981761 | 694 | [
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I rated my 35 written, but unreleased songs: 12 1’s, 17 2’s, and 6 3’s (ascending scale). It was a lot easier than I thought, and I showed no mercy to the recent, or in some cases, the not-so-recent me, with the only criteria being, “Is it good? If so, how much so?”
Decisions had to be made quickly, so it was this am that, in a nod to efficiency, I decided not to work on the 3’s. At all. Notice I did NOT say I dropped them. Still something there in a few. They are just–they each have issues that feel like a lot of work ahead. There is a point where that all gets to be way too much, and art gives way to dirge. That’s never good with songs.
Considering cash and time, the 17 2’s are destine for a mix tape/ b-side release. There is no point in having good songs in the vault.
Could the 2’s be 1’s? Sure. But the goal is releasing these songs. Some I personally like better than some of the 1’s, but that does not men they are better, which I am sure only makes 1/2 sense. Historically I’ve been a fan of demos and b-sides, and good thing since I end up with a lot of them
I’m saving the #1’s, the 12 for outside production help, with an eye to an album or a bunch of ‘pro’ singles. There is something about each that makes them 1’s, and I cannot say what it is. I’ve investigated this slightly, and may be unknowable. But there does not seem to be any sense in really knowing, just like there is no reason to know where a song comes from. It’s just not worth investigating. Keep it magical/ mystical.
Phase 2 of the system starts tonight with setting up for the am. More on that next. | <urn:uuid:ff2adf4c-ace9-4346-8ce4-cff4b7f2d205> | CC-MAIN-2021-10 | https://alphajuno.com/category/new-music/page/2/ | 2021-02-25T04:25:37Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178350717.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20210225041034-20210225071034-00119.warc.gz | en | 0.966326 | 443 | [
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Cryptorchidism is where one or both of a dog’s testicle fail to descend into the scrotum. Sometimes referred to as retained testicles these can remain in the groin (inguinal canal) or abdomen.
We recommend that these retained testicles are removed and the dog castrated as the testicles may become twisted (testicular torsion) or become tumours.
To remove abdominal testicles an inavsive laparotomy procedure is normally required. However we routinely remove these with keyhole surgery – laparoscopic cryptorchidectomy.
If your dog is affected by this condition, please feel free to contact us.
To view a video of the procedure, please click below. | <urn:uuid:6adcf79e-c635-4ca9-90ed-ce6526f6e55a> | CC-MAIN-2021-10 | https://parkside-vets.co.uk/cryptorchid-retained-testicle | 2021-02-25T04:35:11Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178350717.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20210225041034-20210225071034-00119.warc.gz | en | 0.913478 | 149 | [
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Posted on 29/06/2011 by
This Discussion Request proposes changes to v1.0 of the harmonised baseline documentation for Data Code Items “Work Type” and “Unmetered Type” as detailed in the proposed solution section below.
Click here to open the document.
Category: MCR Harmonisation approved
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When my aunt and uncle drive down from New Jersey to visit us on weekends, my mom stays in the kitchen the entire time. She cleans for hours before they come, and cooks special Indian meals, sometimes along with my grandma, so that our family can enjoy the time that they spend at our house. My aunt usually offers to help with the cooking as soon as she arrives, no matter how tired she is from the drive. But my uncle and my father just position themselves down on the couch in our family room, away from all the women slaving away in the kitchen. Sometimes, my mom asks my sister and I to help serve “our guests”, who are waiting for their dinner. “Our guests”, meaning the men. The men, who don’t bother to ask if the rest of us need help serving, or cooking, or cleaning. The men, who laugh and talk and reconnect on the couch.
This is traditional Indian culture. My mom has always told me stories of how she and her sister were expected to help her mother, while the men and boys sat separately and waited for their food. My grandma once recalled how girls in her household growing up could not even speak to the boys during dinnertime until they were finished helping in the kitchen. This is a real issue, both in India and in American culture.
We see it all the time online. Percentages and numbers are supposed to prove it. We teach our women that it is anticipated for them to devote themselves to men, both physically and emotionally. 33% of them end up in relationships with domestic violence. We tell women that it is normal for them to have children for their husbands or boyfriends, even when they do not want to, because 62.4% of all women are mothers. We instill the idea that women have to shave their legs, wax their eyebrows, and look completely flawless, to attract men, and then 75% endorse unhealthy thoughts and behaviors related to their bodies.
I chose the t-shirt “more than a percentage” because I want to spread the message that women don’t always have to do what they are expected to do. The large percentages of women who currently have eating disorders, abusive relationships, or struggle with self harm and still manage to get through it should show the rest of us what we’re meant to be. All of us are more than the percentage of women who are forced into their traditional roles. My mom doesn’t have to work so hard in the kitchen to attend to the men of our family. And women across the country, across the world, definitely don’t have to do anything that women are conventionally expected to do if they don’t feel that it’s right for them either.
Henderson High School | <urn:uuid:fc426173-a3e0-4828-b91e-31bb7ba0f7ca> | CC-MAIN-2021-10 | https://www.fourgirlsonamission.com/blogs/news/you-are-more-than-a-percentage | 2021-02-25T04:16:17Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178350717.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20210225041034-20210225071034-00119.warc.gz | en | 0.981849 | 579 | [
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Finding recent natural meals is a giant part of being a responsible shopper. linked resource site could sound unusual but there are actually more meals security points involving organics than with most foods. Listed here are five food suggestions that it is best to know before buying or cooking organically.
venta aceite de oliva https://www.coronadeolivo.com needs to be grown in an environmentally responsible manner. Should you plan on raising chickens or animals to your family, then it is important to rent an excellent farmer to do the work for you. Most farms are designed to be environment friendly so that they use as little resources as attainable. If you’re planning on farming yourself, it may be a good idea to find a farmer who buys organically. You may be shocked at how expensive it may be to raise animals and chickens.
The most effective food suggestions for organic farming is to purchase seedlings from a neighborhood nursery. This way you will help guarantee that you’re getting the very best quality plants possible. It is important to take care of your plantings by fertilizing them, because too much fertilizer can do extra hurt than good.
All the time make sure that you have enough lighting when rising natural food. Even when your own home is massive enough to allow for a light fixture, it’s best to have the bulbs turned down a bit. The less light a plant has, the extra probably it is to die.
It is important to have a healthy plant that produces healthy leaves and flowers. A superb rule of thumb is to put a flower pot subsequent to a pot full of soil. This will make sure that the plants get the correct amount of light and nutrients. click this site is usually essential to keep away from plant diseases, especially people who have an effect on the roots.
Learn the way to organize and store organics as a way to avoid any points with spoilage. A few of the very best ways to retailer produce are in a refrigerator, a freezer, or an airtight container. It is very important keep in mind that leftovers from cooking need to be fully defrosted in order to stop potential injury.
When buying natural meals, it is vital to choose the very best high quality that you could afford. Whereas organic meat could value slightly extra, the benefits pays for it in the long run. When making ready natural food, you need to verify that you’ve loads of time to kill an animal. It will be significant to offer the animal sufficient room to maneuver around with out trampling the soil.
If you utilize a fuel stove, then you need to use natural foods for cooking. Simply make sure that the kitchen space is kept clean to keep away from any issues. Additionally, check to see that there aren’t any residue buildups. It’s also important to verify that there is sufficient ventilation in the kitchen with a view to keep away from every other issues.
Everyone has seen someone eat organic food and not know what they have been consuming. comprar aceite is especially true with regards to natural candy. Whether or not you are ready to tell the distinction or not, it is always essential to examine the label to make sure that you’re not consuming anything that would hurt your physique.
A key ingredient in lots of organic foods is the inclusion of probiotics. It is crucial to ensure that the meals you choose has loads of probiotics so that you can get all the benefits of consuming them. One of the best foods to purchase for this objective are yogurt and kefir.
One of the best food suggestions is to let your kids resolve what they want to eat, but just for a while. Youngsters ought to eat fruits and vegetables, but they should even be taught to restrict their sugar intake. So, you’ll be able to never be too careful with your youngsters’s weight loss plan.
When you’re prepared to begin cooking organic meals, there are plenty of recipes that yow will discover online or in books that can make the transition simpler. Just make sure that you perceive the food tips so that you just could be nicely prepared to enjoy organic food with none problems. at all. | <urn:uuid:4e5842ac-e423-4990-9b6d-ad782d21bfc5> | CC-MAIN-2021-10 | https://genesismagazine.top/wholesome-meals-ideas-for-natural-farming/ | 2021-02-26T16:05:21Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178357929.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20210226145416-20210226175416-00439.warc.gz | en | 0.962661 | 862 | [
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Award-winning Nigerian talent, Teni the Entertainer, has joined forces with Davido on a new single titled ‘For You’.
The emotional track, which was released on Friday, sees Teni the Entertainer and Davido trade pitch-perfect vocals amongst poignant acoustic production.
Aptly reflected in the similarly touching official video where we see Teni the Entertainer stuck behind bars before her best friend, Davido breaks her out – but not without consequences.
This track features on her debut album ‘WONDALAND’ set to be released in a few weeks.
It was crafted over two years ago and across six cities – London, New York, Orlando, Ondo, Lagos, and Abuja; and boasts of an LP.
The singer said the album is a labour of love and a rollercoaster of emotions from start to finish.
Explaining the inspiration behind the track, Teni said ‘For You’ is a record she made to celebrate the essence of love, sacrifice, and the reaffirmation to always be there for that special someone who means the world to you.
She said, ‘‘I have always wanted to make a record like this with Davido especially because of my admiration for him as an artist, father, and someone with a big heart.”
Davido said, “This is a special record and as a father to three beautiful kids, I know how much they mean to me and how I am ready to give them everything good the world has to offer’’.
Speaking earlier on how he got invited to feature on the track, Davido said Teni saw him in traffic and chased him down to get in the studio.
Teni the Entertainer, whose real name Teniola Apata, is influenced by everyone from King Wasiu Ayinde and King Sunny right through to Dolly Parton. She is known for mixing an array of genres into her music, including Afrobeats, pop, R&B, and more.
Teni’s highly anticipated debut album is scheduled for release on March 19, 2021.
Check out the video below.
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TEXT AD: To advertise here . Call Willie +2347088095401… | <urn:uuid:e2c629b6-8999-4cac-bf26-ac81b3eaa3e2> | CC-MAIN-2021-10 | https://latestnews.ng/teni-the-entertainer-teams-up-with-davido-in-for-you/ | 2021-02-26T16:13:34Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178357929.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20210226145416-20210226175416-00439.warc.gz | en | 0.955171 | 573 | [
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A beautiful, kindly Irish woman – bestowed a special gift at birth – comes to the aid of a 1950’s New England family-in-crisis unaware she is being hunted by a revenge-seeking, depression-era zealot.
Genre: Family, Thriller, Drama
Narrator: Laura Kyswaty
The Doctor: Brandon Knox
The Vicar: Rob Notman
Joshua: Luke Robinson
The Midwife: Julie McCarthy
Seraphina: Lindsay Rolland Mills
Get to know the writer:
What is your screenplay about?
SERAPHINA is about a heartwarming, beautiful Irish woman who was graced at birth with a special gift from God.
What genres does your screenplay fall under?
Why should this screenplay be made into a movie?
I firmly believe that SERAPHINA would tug at the heartstrings of people around the world. This is the story of a wonderful, kind woman whose only mission in life is helping people in need, and finally has the chance to see her…
View original post 417 more words | <urn:uuid:98b43249-adbe-48cc-ac87-aecbaead01ad> | CC-MAIN-2021-10 | https://thrillersuspensefestival.com/2018/04/28/winning-1st-scene-of-seraphina-by-joe-tuffy-tofuri/ | 2021-02-26T16:47:01Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178357929.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20210226145416-20210226175416-00439.warc.gz | en | 0.90711 | 220 | [
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Photography Speaks Louder Than Words
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Thank you for visiting my website! You can contact me via the contact form on the left or send a direct email to [email protected] or you can call me under +66972024107 | <urn:uuid:8f1f088c-4ad0-4e27-8929-17c795e6e1d2> | CC-MAIN-2021-10 | https://michaschulte.com/food-photography-bangkok-thailand/ | 2021-02-28T06:01:11Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178360293.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20210228054509-20210228084509-00119.warc.gz | en | 0.939067 | 434 | [
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SAN CARLOS (CBS/AP) — A San Francisco Bay area postal worker is facing charges that he stole thousands of pieces of mail to obtain credit cards that he then gave out to friends.
38-year-old Romeo Maniulit Natan has pleaded not guilty to identity theft, possession of stolen property and second-degree burglary. He entered the plea during a court appearance on Friday.READ MORE: Bay Area Health Workers Cheer Newly-Approved 1-Shot Johnson & Johnson Vaccine
Authorities say Natan mostly targeted a San Carlos neighborhood and was nabbed after surveillance video at a Target store caught him using stolen cards.READ MORE: Antioch Gas Station Shooting Leaves Man Suffering Life-Threatening Injuries
A search of his San Bruno home allegedly turned up bags of undelivered mail.
Three other men are also facing charges in the case.MORE NEWS: Hundreds Rally in San Mateo to Denounce Violence Against Asian Americans
(Copyright 2012 by CBS San Francisco. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed.) | <urn:uuid:5f6ba9dc-26d7-43c9-93ec-42a02060de1b> | CC-MAIN-2021-10 | https://sanfrancisco.cbslocal.com/2012/12/26/san-carlos-postal-worker-arrested-for-stealing-mail-stealing-identities/ | 2021-02-28T06:50:04Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178360293.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20210228054509-20210228084509-00119.warc.gz | en | 0.93108 | 221 | [
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2 x 300ml Aerosol Spray Winter De Icer Car Vehicle Windscree Door Lock Auto CareCar Plan
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Are you one of those people farming orange bracers/belts for your characters? Or maybe you are a marauder/sentinel and wondering why there isn’t any orange bacers/belts for you! Have no fear! Legacy vendors are coming in 1.2 and they will solve all your problems! (ok maybe not all).
Legacy vendors are a set of four NPCs newly added to Dromund Kaas and Coruscant in patch 1.2. They each sell 2 sets of orange gear (including orange belts and bracers) that require legacy level 10/20 and also gear in the range of 14-16 and 29-33 that you can trade via tokens obtained as drops. All of them are Bind to Legacy (BTL)
NOTE:: To provide you with the highest renders, some of the images are quite large and can take a bit to load
In Coruscant, you can find the legacy vendors here.
In Dromund Kaas, you can find the legacy vendors here
There are 4 vendors, one for each class and they each sell 4 sets of armor.
- Inheritance: Level 14-16 armor with stats – purchased with Inheritance item construction kits (these are likely obtained as world drops). These are Binds to Legacy (BTL)
- Birthright: Level 29-33 armor with stats – purchased with Birthright item construction kits (these are likely obtained as world drops). These are Binds to Legacy (BTL)
- Renowned: Orange armor without stats- purchased with credits but requires legacy level 10 to purchase. These are Binds to Legacy (BTL)
- Exalted: Orange armor without stats- purchased with credits but requires legacy level 20 to purchase. These are Binds to Legacy (BTL)
Yes for you sentinels/marauders out there, this will make you very happy!
I don’t know if these orange sets have new models or not but it is still worth a look! (will take a bit to load, large image)
Oh I know some of you are not happy with the previews and want ultra high res, “cinematic” quality renders (oh also the male version) of these armors. Luckily the vendor selling them is wearing some of the legacy armor so I will take some pictures of them! (high quality images, take a bit to load)
Oh one last thing, maybe some of you would like to see the stats on those Inheritance/Birthright sets! Here is one for inquisitior, but other classes have similar stat ranges.
Inquisitor Inheritance set – level 14-16
Inquisitor Birthright set – Level 29-33 | <urn:uuid:e760181e-985a-42c0-ba39-8b66c84f2551> | CC-MAIN-2021-10 | http://dulfy.net/2012/03/18/legacy-vendor-in-1-2/ | 2021-03-01T18:49:50Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178362899.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20210301182445-20210301212445-00439.warc.gz | en | 0.937703 | 566 | [
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[fpc-devel] Regarding issue/patch 0032637
J. Gareth Moreton
gareth at moreton-family.com
Wed Nov 29 13:12:05 CET 2017
Apologies for 4 messages coming in at once. I think there were a few technical glitches with the mailing
list. Either way, I have submitted an updated patch to the bug report in question that corrects the stack
unwinding for Windows. Any testing would be greatly appreciated (I'm not in a position to rigorously test
the code for Linux).
Yeah, I got a little emotional with Thaddy's response (which has since been deleted), partly because he
mocked me a bit for even attempting to use assembly language for optimisation. Granted, I tend to do more
low-level and mathematical programming than higher-level components, where assembler optimisation can really
pay dividends. Plus in a perverted way, I actually enjoy trying to squeeze another microsecond out of
Gareth aka. Kit.
On Wed 29/11/17 05:19 , Christo christo.crause at gmail.com sent:
> On Sun, 2017-11-26 at 09:29 +0000, J. Gareth Moreton wrote:
> > I'm guessing my code is not correct or causes
> problems. I haven't
> > had much luck in finding a straight answer
> > regarding proper exception handling with
> assembler code (where
> > correcting non-volatile registers and
> > space are concerned), although I'll keep
> trying. I tried asking on
> > the forum, but Thaddy gave me a response
> > that is somewhat discouraging.
> Thaddy has a somewhat unique perspective of things. As per normal when
> reading things on the internet, try to recognize the difference between
> fact and opinion. Facts are very useful, opinions are sometimes
> (if the person has a good overview of the subject matter) but can also
> reflect a person's bias.
More information about the fpc-devel | <urn:uuid:244b658a-c7d4-46ea-a706-61bdcb452139> | CC-MAIN-2021-10 | https://lists.freepascal.org/pipermail/fpc-devel/2017-November/038484.html | 2021-03-01T20:34:36Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178362899.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20210301182445-20210301212445-00439.warc.gz | en | 0.923205 | 439 | [
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I’ve seen some pretty disturbing science lately including one saying masks hydrate the lungs… Fluid on the lungs is normally caused by Cancer
‘When cancer affects the lungs, fluid can sometimes collect between the sheets of tissue that cover the outside of the lung and the lining of the chest cavity. These sheets of tissue are called the pleura.’
This is why its important to question everything, You can’t even trust science anymore.
You can’t trust politicians, or corporations, or anything or anyone with an agenda,
When you find yourself clinging to an opinion, Google the opposite and get opposing views to challenge your narrative.
This strategy is especially good once you’ve watched a documentary as they are normally very biased it’s great to get a well-rounded view, Iron out any cracks where you may have been misled and you can develop a well-rounded opinion before you trust or take action on anything. | <urn:uuid:91263b9f-b232-46a3-ba6e-b5fc9f5dc4a2> | CC-MAIN-2021-10 | https://royeastham.com/2021/02/23/question-everything/ | 2021-03-01T20:39:24Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178362899.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20210301182445-20210301212445-00439.warc.gz | en | 0.95304 | 197 | [
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Architecture, Building Construction
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From 06 February 2021, 00:00
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Attending individual courses: not possible | <urn:uuid:fda56455-def6-42e7-ba19-c9f5479a0272> | CC-MAIN-2021-10 | https://base.uni-ak.ac.at/courses/2021S/S10176/ | 2021-03-03T12:47:24Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178366959.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20210303104028-20210303134028-00119.warc.gz | en | 0.787022 | 158 | [
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Power forward Pau Gasol has scored 19 points per game while wholesale nfl jerseys from china grabbing a team-best 11 boards per game. Charlotte is 30th in turnovers, as they turn the ball over an average of 12 times per 100 possessions while forcing 11 on defense. He names seven players before naming himself, calling himself a potential safety blanket for Newton. He has allowed 8 hits per Cheap Jerseys Elite 9 innings and he has a FIP of 2. Hilton topped 145 receiving yards in the first half, which is the third-highest total in franchise history for a first Wholesale Jerseys Free Shipping half. San Jose Sharks Betting Trends San Jose Sharks Cheap MLB Jerseys are Against the Spread San Jose Sharks are against the Over Under Anaheim Ducks Betting Trends Anaheim Ducks are Against the Spread Anaheim Ducks are against the Over Under Injuries to Watch San Jose Sharks 12 14 LW Matthew Nieto Ankle is upgraded to probable Tuesday vs. Using an Android phone or tablet . All-Star left fielder Alex Gordon was carted off the field with what is now New Nike NFL Jerseys being called a Grade 2 left groin strain suffered while making a great catch on a ball hit by the Rays’ Logan Forsythe at Kauffman Stadium. Hield chased down MLB Jerseys Cheap the tip, but time expired. He had 103 catches for 2 yards and 26 touchdowns as a senior. He has earned a walk 43 times and has punched out 152 times. | <urn:uuid:5544eeef-8263-4f47-a543-4538dfb930c3> | CC-MAIN-2021-10 | https://eatrightfitness.com/to-date-hes-averaged-1-nobody-shin-going-wholesale-nfl-jerseys-from-china/ | 2021-03-03T10:53:19Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178366959.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20210303104028-20210303134028-00119.warc.gz | en | 0.950735 | 616 | [
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Singer/ Songwriter Maleh is my Top Pick for Woman Crush Wednesday
It’s Woman Crush Wednesday and this week Maleh is my Top Pick for #WCW. Maleh’s (Malehloka Mary Hlalele) musical journey began in the heart of the majestic mountain kingdom of Lesotho where she was born and raised.
The songstresses professional singing career took off during her final high school year when she joined Afro pop group Kaya which released it’s debut album Kunzima, winning the Metro Fm best newcomer award in 2005. Later left Kaya to further her studies at a film college in Johannesburg, where she majored in Cinematography.
After graduating Maleh was working behind the music scenes freelancing as an event coordinator for music festivals. However it seemed it would not be long till the stage would call the songbird back.
Working for one of South Africa’s most prominent Jazz festival Standard Bank Joy of Jazz. “ I was most inspired by artists like Chriss Botti and Laila Hathaway that night and I knew that getting back on the stage and reviving my singing career was what I needed to do if I was going to fulfill my purpose in my life”.
After a few years in corporate, this talent was back on the airwaves with hit collaborations including Dj Qness ” Uzongilinda & Time ” Dj Ganyani ” Not so Far” and Dj Kent ” Falling”.
In a search to find her own identity Maleh has spent time working on a sound that would be the authentic representation of her true spirit.
The “Step Child” record will leave an imprint in your musical ear. A true reflection of her musical talent can be heard in her singles ” Under my Skin ,”Chimsoro”, Eduze Kwam and Se ke la nts’iea.
Checkout her latest project, titled ‘You Make My Heart Go”, on Itunes. | <urn:uuid:fc762c44-4a04-4f10-b187-73d0a229f1e9> | CC-MAIN-2021-10 | http://soleessential.co.za/blog/maleh-wcw/ | 2021-03-05T00:22:48Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178369553.75/warc/CC-MAIN-20210304235759-20210305025759-00439.warc.gz | en | 0.95298 | 424 | [
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Women to by no means start that you simply private relationships with men. When you initiate a conversation, make pretty sure the gap line is very much NOT sleazy or intimately suggestive. Just about all guys (and some women) only arrive online in the market to ‘get below!’ So if you discovered as amongst these competitors at start, jane will aim you across before this even picks up. She will ignore you have to.
Being an effective conversationalist necessities two key. One is surely confidence along with the other end up being be a fantastic observer/listener. Those two elements will probably be actual fact of the matter linked a intrinsic matter. It is almost unlikely to become aware of and hear well when you’re not feeling like comfortable along with confident all over yourself.
When every person does not have confidence their own personal attention is to switch off the appliances inwards. These folks may thoroughly think when they are perhaps looking in existance and putting attention their time upon exterior details, on the other hand in veracity the greater number of or perhaps attention will probably be internalized. This suggests that they’ll will possibly not be cognizant of a new necessary outlines required that can be knowledgeable to speak in the appropriate kinds.
We entirely have to the friends, those we talk with. People that pop-up out for the blue within our Flickr page aka Twitter. they appeared on some text loop and here they fwd those problematic chain correspondence. After a while many forget these there actually where they can came since. Sort of like any kind of couch within your living region. At first you ‘d bump a shin several times however after a long time you block out its sometimes there.
Get in your comfort sector. Keep chatting to girls until end up being second heart. Set yourself a target, you would probably talk each woman clients meet for five minutes, every single single day for 2 months. Young, old, fat, slim, ugly, beautiful, in order to every pregnant woman like is actually your good friend.
Words traded in can give you to successfully really pick-up to keep in mind the essential person. At first I seen talked to actually a only a handful people that a lot of I employed no rationale what these kinds of products looked really enjoy. When My spouse finally had to do get to be able to see his or picture soon about half-dozen months, Write-up was very much surprised. Simply put i probably probably would not eat given people today the day time of 24 hours had We all seen his or her own picture initially, but appropriate now I undergone made range of very high quality friends. It always ask not for you to judge a very book in its cover, and many people are appropriate.
But truth be told that motion picture technology is here now. It’s inexpensive. Make something healthy some organization owners might be become a very important part of the companies’ sales and marketing communications. | <urn:uuid:ccce8707-9723-4a6a-9eaa-15c060101880> | CC-MAIN-2021-10 | http://www.pjvillagecenter.com/speedy-possibilities-in-chatting-convenient-guidelines/ | 2021-03-05T01:43:33Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178369553.75/warc/CC-MAIN-20210304235759-20210305025759-00439.warc.gz | en | 0.963458 | 603 | [
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A warm welcome will put your visitors at ease. KOLM column tables have been specially designed for informal encounters with small groups of people. Whether this is for a cup of coffee at a reception area or in the lounge of a company restaurant. This table is multifunctional due to the column in the centre, making it easy to pull up chairs from any direction. KOLM has a wide range of different models. A café setup is easily realised by combining tables with round and square tops.
KOLM high tables are suitable for all types of reception areas and conference rooms in office, education or healthcare environments. Opt for the round model for a friendly appearance or the square model for optimal use of space.
All KOLM tables share the same universal table frame. Select the tabletop and base of your choosing and create the perfect table for you. The various components are easily replaced or upgraded on site.
We already took account of future returns and reuse of components and materials when we designed KOLM. We take responsiblity for the entire lifespan of this product. When a KOLM product is at the end of its lifecycle, we will take it back and give it a new lease of life.
Gispen KOLM can be ordered in 3 different C2C finishes: white, aluminium and black.
The tabletops consist of 100% circular materials.
of KOLM can be recycled in the future.
Open the drop-down menu below for documentation and more information on the materials and specifications.
|Designer||Peter de Boer|
|Material||Staal en 100% gerecycled spaanplaat|
Would you like to receive more information or a quote? Please contact us.Contact us | <urn:uuid:afe316e3-c419-4f8d-aa2d-97f2b70f9dad> | CC-MAIN-2021-10 | https://www.gispen.com/en/collection/tables/kolm-table/ | 2021-03-05T00:58:06Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178369553.75/warc/CC-MAIN-20210304235759-20210305025759-00439.warc.gz | en | 0.888503 | 361 | [
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Digital Presence Management
We are Single Window for meeting requriements of clients who wants to create there digital presence or sell their merchandise online through various channels like there own website,seo,smm,google ads and e-commerce portals like Amazon , Flpkart, Clubfactory, Paytm, Shopclues,Indiamart.
Since 2015 we have served more tha 15,000 clients and right now we have active client base of more than 2000 clients
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Unlike the market in the western countries which have analytics driven customer engagement,In India businesses are still not competent or skilled enough. There is a gap between how the businesses have been running and there potential outreach.Users are coming online and spending time on the digital platforms but majority of organisations are unable to leverage there full potential. Out of 100 websites only 10-20 are able to take advantage of the the ongoing digital transformation.This is where we come into picture. We help in bridging the gap between the potential and performance. | <urn:uuid:396abac0-ebcf-4278-b4ab-abea11419d59> | CC-MAIN-2021-10 | https://bridge2business.in/about-us-2/ | 2021-03-06T17:47:36Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178375274.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20210306162308-20210306192308-00119.warc.gz | en | 0.923354 | 210 | [
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I am looking for help with reviewing sets and/or maintaining Lore Seeker and the Big Custom Box. If you're interested, please contact me in #general in the Custom Standard Discord. —Fenhl
Dan Dos Santos drew 40 cards.
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Duel Decks: Jace vs. Vraska | <urn:uuid:75ea81ed-e6c6-469a-aa03-059c6f120779> | CC-MAIN-2021-10 | https://lore-seeker.cards/artist/dan_dos_santos | 2021-03-06T16:32:17Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178375274.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20210306162308-20210306192308-00119.warc.gz | en | 0.748419 | 80 | [
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cottage, Kouvola, 3+3 persons
25 km to the south from Kouvola, artificial pond about 400 m² (length 40 m, width 15 m), deep, soft bottom, pier.
Log cabin 1999, spreadable bed in living room for two, kitchen, bedroom (7 m²) with double bed, lobby/dressing room, sauna with wood-burning sauna stove and shower, covered porch.
Sleeping shed with sofa bed for two, electric radiator in cooler weather.
There is also a boat-shaped tree house in the yard and swing located under it. Campfire site, composting toilet, lean-to shelter 200 m.
1-2 dogs are allowed in this destination. Korvensilmä is a nice little rental cabin in the middle of the forest in its own privacy.
Many kinds of activities can be done on the large maintained lawn yard. The small artificial pond allows you to dip in the water after the sauna. The beach is quickly deepening and not suitable for small children, good access to the water from the swimming platform.
Myllykoski 13 km, Valkmusa National Park 23 km, Kouvola 25 km, Helsinki 129 km.
|Location:|| Kouvola |
Show location on map
|Type of holiday home:||cottage|
|Name of holiday home:||Korvensilmä|
|Living area:||55 m²|
|Number of bedrooms:||1|
|Number of beds:||3|
|Number of additional beds:||3|
|Features of the destination:||fireplace|
|Kitchen equipment:||microwave oven, refrigerator, freezer|
|Leisure-time activities:||hiking, swimming|
|Prices shown as provided by the landlord. The final price will be confirmed upon reservation.|
| Hinnat alkaen |
The destination is rented out by
Tel. 0306 502 502 | <urn:uuid:100f2d7c-ca5f-4428-8e30-6ed24bd4b91f> | CC-MAIN-2021-10 | https://www.gofinland.fi/en/kouvola/vacation-rentals/864474/3+3-persons?regionCodes=FI_KYMENLAAKSO&pos=13 | 2021-03-06T18:50:02Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178375274.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20210306162308-20210306192308-00119.warc.gz | en | 0.771193 | 418 | [
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The men sitting at the café formed a motley crew. They had come together on the covered terrace of the Café Viggos between the Plaza Del Mar and the yacht basin of the ancient harbor fishing village of Puerto de Mazarrón on Spain’s Mediterranean coast. They were widely disparate in profession and age. They had been coming together here for an hour after work for years to watch the sun set over the water and to drink beer, wine, or brandy, according to their taste.
The only foreigner among them, the late forties English ex-patriot, Howard Harden, was the most recent arrival. It was an anomaly that he was accepted in this close-knit group who decried the guiris, the foreign tourists, who passed by, but that he had been accepted. He, as the owner of the ex-patriot weekly newspaper published out of a small, three-story building across the Plaza Del Mar from the café, was the one who brought the group the latest news to give them something to talk about rather than the phenomenon that brought them all together and held them like glue. Perhaps it was because he’d lived in Spain nearly his entire life and spoke Spanish fluently that made him acceptable. But maybe also it was because he was bitten by the same affliction as the others.
What had brought them all to this particular café was that one of the original members of the group, the mid-fifties Gervaso Ortega, owned the café and was generous with his servings for what little money they were able to spend. None of the men was wealthy. The two youngest, in their early twenties and both beautiful and well-formed, if forlorn-aspected youths, were Lonzo Alvarez, a mailman, and Santos Diaz, a hospital orderly. Older and more morose than any of them was Esteban Ramos, once a famous Flamenco guitarist in the region, but having suffered a tragic love loss that had dipped him into despair and had silenced his guitar and made him a virtual ward of the café owner, Ortega, until he would recover and return to bringing nighttime business to the café.
What held this group together more than anything else, though, was their love for other men. They all were or had been in love and in affairs with other men. This common bond was never spoken between them and they would have expressed disbelief in public if they were in hearing when it was attributed to another of them, but they all knew, accepted, and hung together in their frustration and the memory of what had been and lost or that could not fully be.
Howard Harden had loved a fellow newspaper man in Cartagena when working on an English-language weekly there. Both men had been married and had families at the time, but that hadn’t prevented them falling into each other’s arms. It had prevented them from continuing their relationship, though, with both of them leaving their families, but for separate locations. Harden didn’t even know where his former lover had gone. In coming to the Mediterranean seaside village of Puerto de Mazarrón, he had not given up his seeking for young men who would top him, but he didn’t indulge often and when he did it was somewhere away from Puerto de Mazarrón and with professional rent-boys, usually muscular thuggish dockworkers who would treat him rough and punish him for what he saw as having been his sinful life.
Esteban Ramos’s mistake had been falling in love with a notable Flamenco dancer he accompanied on the guitar on the Costa del Sol, who had left him behind when Seville beckoned. The story of the rest was more complex and entangled. Gervaso Ortega pined for the submissive hospital orderly Santos Diaz, while the mailman—and occasional rent-boy for men to make ends meet—Lonzo Alvarez, pined for Gervaso Ortega. Ortega had once accorded himself of Alvarez’s sexual services but had met and been smitten by Diaz soon thereafter. Nothing came of his pursuit of Diaz, who fancied younger sailors, but Alvarez lost his heart to the well-endowed Ortega. The young men, of course, were aware of the conundrum and stuck the knives in each other over it when they were able, but Ortega seemed oblivious to his position in the triangle.
It had been Alvarez who had brought Harden into the group. When he’d first arrived and was establishing his newspaper, Harden picked Alvarez up in a bar where they had both become nearly passed out drunk. Alvarez had awakened in Harden’s third-floor bedroom in the newspaper building to the discovery that nothing had happened between them. They were both submissive and had gone to the bar in the mistaken belief they could find a fit. As they drank themselves under the table, they spent so much time trying to determine if they were fit, that they mistakenly thought they were. They commiserated about their mistake with each other over breakfast and the newspaper publisher was brought into the men’s group at the Café Viggos.
One of the customs of the group was to look down into the plaza in the early second hour of their daily vigil, when topics of conversation were waning, to observe the arrival there of the daily bus from Grenada to let off and take on passengers in its routine trek on toward Cartagena. They would watch to see who had arrived and would speculate on what the travelers were here for. A half hour after that the bus from Cartagena, headed for Seville, would stop in the plaza to discharge and take on passengers, and the game of assessment of those coming off the bus here from Cartagena would start all over again.
“Just another guiri—a foreign tourist,” Santos Diaz said dismissively on an early evening that was momentous, although none of them would realize that immediately. He had spied a tall, achingly handsome and well-built blond man descend from the bus from Grenada, carrying a duffel bag and a guitar case and look around the plaza.
“Not just a guiri, I think,” Howard Harden said, with a low whistle. He’s a beautiful young man—a man’s man. This was as close as any of them got to declaring their affinities, but all of the men at the table took a closer look at the new arrival.
“Yes, he does look divine,” Lonzo Alvarez said, which right there and then, backing up his original assessment, set Diaz against the young man wearing a loose white-cotton shirt, tight jeans, and cowboy boots—and wearing them quite well. The young, tanned, fair-haired man with the face of a movie star was broad shouldered and chested, but with a narrow waist. In other circumstances, Diaz would melt to him. But, since Alvarez, was inclined in that direction, Diaz wasn’t.
“More of El Extranjero Rubio,” Howard Harden declared—The Blond Foreigner. A lot of the foreign tourists who alighted here—mostly German—were Nordic blonds. This one didn’t quite fit that bill, while still be a sunny blond. “He looks to be English.” And thus it was that Martin Warren became El Extranjero Rubio, or ER, for short, during his time in Puerto de Mazarrón. “What do you think, Esteban?”
Esteban turned from his inward thoughts and said, “He’s carrying a guitar case. I hope he doesn’t fancy himself a Flamenco. He is, after all, just another guiri.”
“But the young man himself, Esteban?”
“The young man is a blond god,” the Flamenco guitarist uttered.
“Well, if he does play the Spanish guitar,” Gervaso Ortega, who was standing by the table having served another round of drinks, “he can play here in the evening. He is a handsome man and would bring me business—unless, of course, you wish to pay your way by taking up the guitar here again, Esteban.”
Esteban Ramos grunted, turned his face away, and took another drag on his wine.
Accustomed to their evening game of observing those getting off the bus from Granada, they continued talking about El Extranjero Rubio, as the young man looked around the plaza, spied what he was looking for, and walked to and entered Harden’s newspaper office.
Harden stood from the table. “It appears he is looking for me,” he said. “I’d best check that out.” His heart had fluttered when he saw the young man enter the newspaper office—indeed, it was more than just Harden’s heart that had fluttered. The young man was just what Harden dreamed of merging with—the two men were of a similar age and they both walked with assurance and command and were divinely built. This El Extranjero Rubio was a blond, English rendition of the dark, sultry Teyo Torres, Harden’s former lover.
* * * *
Harden woke in the firm embrace of El Extranjero Rubio, embracing him from behind, the two of them stretched, naked, against each other. Harden struggled a bit, not fully realizing yet what was what here. He knew he was in his own bed on the third-floor of the newspaper building on the Plaza Del Mar, but he wasn’t fully in tune with another man being in bed with him—a tall, blond man, well-muscled and strong—and as Harden slowly, but well, could remember was hung, virile, and vigorous.
Martin Warren held the older man close until he gave up struggling. Then he palmed Harden’s belly, pulling his buttocks into Warren’s belly, while rolling Harden’s pelvis up, putting the younger man’s renewed thick and long erection in position again. Harden gasped and yelped, as Warren entered him strongly for the third time since the dark of night, and fucked him hard and deep in a side split. Warren brought an arm around Harden’s hip, possessed the older man’s cock with his hand, and stroked him off as he plowed the man’s channel. Harden gave up, relaxed, and took the cock and the jackoff, coming not long after Warren had. Warren had barebacked him. Harden didn’t care.
Harden turned his face to Warren’s, exhilarated by how achingly handsome the young man was and astonished that he’d fucked him three times in the night—no, three times here in the bed, but once before, downstairs. But it had been Harden who had gone down on all fours on the floor in front of the young Canadian the previous evening, babbling of his need, and had surrendered to Warren mounting him and riding him hard. In the throes of passion, Harden had called out a name—Teyo—and given up his seed. Warren had ridden on to his own release, surprised at the name the older man had invoked but unstinting in the attention he gave to his new boss.
The two men kissed deeply, both of them smiling for each other as they came out of the kiss. Warren slapped Harden playfully on the buttocks, rolled off the bed, and went into the adjoining bathroom. He stood at the toilet, holding his cock, and pissing into the stool. He’d left the door open. Harden watched him from the bed for a couple of minutes, neither of them self-conscious, responding as if long-time lovers. Then, with a grunt, he rolled out bed, pulled on the boxer shorts scattered loosely on the floor next to the bed along with commingled clothes from both of them, and trotted, barefooted, down the stairs to the living and kitchen area on the floor above the newspaper offices to put the coffee pot on.
Did he regret that it had all been so easy—that he’d shown how badly he wanted and needed it? No, he did not. He hummed while he moved around the kitchen putting a breakfast together. As famished as he was, the big hunk upstairs must be starved. Warren had done a lot of work. He was quite vigorous and athletic. Harden smiled to himself at the thought of it. He hadn’t had such a complete lover since he’d split with Teyo.
When Warren came down stairs, he was wrapped in just a towel. Harden melted at the muscular, blond beauty of him. He’d taken a shower and was looking a bit apprehensive.
“I’m sorry, if—”
“There’s nothing to be sorry for,” Harden answered. “I’ll finish fixing our breakfasts and then we can resume our talk from last night that we left off when we’d had one drink too many.”
“Is that how you think of it—as having had too much to drink?”
“No. I thought of it as ‘about time to be fucked like that again.'”
They both laughed, whatever tension they might have been experiencing flowing out of them.
The young man had come to the newspaper office looking for a job. Word had gone out in the region that Harden was looking for an English-language editor—not someone to track down the stories; someone to put it all together in acceptable English. He’d also come looking for a Spanish guitar teacher. He had come to Spain to pursue Spanish guitar music. He was Canadian, but he’d gone to Oxford. He was twenty-five.
“You already have a name—El Extranjero Rubio,” he said, explaining where it had come from, what it meant, and saying, with a laugh, that most English tourists and ex-patriots in town were given much less flattering names. He followed that up by saying, “I think I have a friend who can take you as a guitar student. He is a brilliant Flamenco guitarist who is going through a bout of depression and hasn’t performed in a while. A student may be just what he needs. I’ll have to introduce you to the group we’re both in.”
The two had gotten along famously from the time Harden walked back into the newspaper office and Warren stood, solid, tall, and gorgeous in Harden’s eyes, and handed him his résumé. The CV covered everything Harden would want in a copyeditor and that it was just a parttime job with low pay didn’t faze the young man at all. Harden quickly got the impression that Warren had enough money of his own to sustain him—that he wanted the experience more than anything else. He also was quite clear about wanting to learn Spanish guitar music, and especially the Flamenco.
It wasn’t just Warren’s background melding almost perfectly with the needs of the job. The young man himself fit in with Harden’s lifestyle.
“I have my peculiarities,” Harden had said, broaching the nature of what had brought him here—disappointment in finding he was a gay submissive—rather delicately.
“Not any more peculiar than my own inclinations,” Warren had said, “although I am more of a dominant than a receiver. I had heard of you when I was asking around about this job vacancy. I am quite comfortable with your interests.” Warren didn’t say who exactly he’d heard about Harden’s proclivities from.
“Are you comfortable with that, really? Because most of the young men working on the paper—”
“No, it’s fine. Really.”
When Harden realized they had been talking for some time and finding mutual interests and views on country and world issues and that the young man followed wide-ranging issues and displayed considerable depth of knowledge on several topics, he realized that they were well into the evening meal period and he invited Warren to accompany him across the plaza for dinner at the Café Viggos. The café owner, Gervaso Ortega, was, of course, there and holding court with the diners, most of whom were regulars. But Esteban Ramos was there as well.
Harden introduced Warren to the accomplished Spanish guitarist, and although he mentioned that Warren would be looking for a guitar teacher, he didn’t press Esteban to take the young man on. He just got the two going on discussing the various modes Spanish guitar and the well-known composers and guitarists of the region, already knowing that Warren’s knowledge was broad in that area and his enthusiasm infectious. Having been warned that Ramos was in a sensitive, withdrawn state, Warren didn’t press the possibilities either, but he engaged enthusiastically with Ramos on the topic and, to the eyes of Harden and Ortega, drew the man out more than he had been since he had been disappointed in love.
It was nearly midnight before Harden and Warren returned to the newspaper office. The publisher had proofs to go over for the next edition of the newspaper, and Warren volunteered to help.
“It will be an opportunity for us both to see that it’s something I can handle,” he said.
“Well, I won’t turn down the offer,” Harden said. “I’ll be happy to bring out something that will make the chore easier.” The “something” was Greek brandy.
By the time they were finished with the proofs and Warren mentioned that he would need to find someplace for the night and until he could rent a flat in town, it was really late and the two were fast drinking buddies.
“It’s much too late to find something tonight. I have an extra bedroom upstairs. Come on up and stay the night here. You can go looking for a flat tomorrow. You can start with the ads in our own paper.”
They initially only made it as far as the next flight above, which essentially was one long room with a kitchen wall at the far end. They continued drinking as they sat in the living area of the flat. They continued acquainting themselves with each other and the discussions got more intimate. Although the signals were coming fast and thick from Harden, it was the young Warren who turned to him on the sofa, touched him, and moved into the first kiss. The kiss was followed by fondling and even more honest and open talk of what the two wanted from a man—and, eventually, what they would like to have from each other.
When Harden slipped to his knees on the carpet between Warren’s spread thighs, unzipped the young man, pulled him out, and gave him suck, Warren made no effort to pull away from him. He just sighed, laid back into the sofa, cupped Harden’s head in his hands, and helped control the blow job.
When it came to the fuck, Harden went down on the carpet on all fours and the young man mounted him on top and rode him like a dog in heat. From there they moved up to the bedroom level, but the second bedroom was not put in use that night.
The next evening, after a day of training the blond foreigner in on the job, Martin Warren accompanied Howard Harden to the group gathering on the covered terrace of the Café Viggos as the sun was going down on the Mediterranean. The young mailman, Lonzo Alvarez, was enthralled with Harden’s El Extranjero Rubio guest, but a glowering hospital orderly, Santos Diaz muttered “guiri” under his breath. The senior group members, Gervaso Ortega and Esteban Ramos had already met and been favorably impressed with Warren, so there was no open opposition to welcoming the young Canadian into their regular fellowship.
Warren didn’t go looking for a flat that day or any subsequent day. He was content with the second bedroom Harden offered him in his flat above the newspaper offices, even though he didn’t use the bed in that room often.
Martin Warren was a perceptive young man. It didn’t take him more than a couple of evenings with the Café Viggos men’s group to figure out both what held them together and what kept them apart. He also was surprised to find how small the world in Mediterranean Spain was.
* * * *
Esteban Ramos slept in a bedroom in a warren of rooms about the Café Viggos, having gained acceptance there years before when he was performing nightly on the Spanish guitar in the café. It was here that he gave guitar lessons to El Extranjero Rubio and where, eventually, the two men—the skillful and brilliantly performing Spanish guitarist once more becoming in tune with life and his enthusiastic student—fucked.
Warren was taken aback when he entered Esteban’s room above the café. The walls were covered by posters and photographs of Flamenco dancers. One stood out prominently—a transvestite dancer named La Perla—the Pearl. Warren did the double-take because he’d only recently left La Perla—in Grenada, where there was a Flamenco club Warren went to and where La Perla, once quite famous but now somewhat down on her luck, danced.
“Have you played for any of these dancers?” he asked Esteban, fishing for the answer he halfway knew was coming since La Perla figured so prominently on the man’s wallpaper.
“Yes, that one there. One of the greatest dancers there ever was. La Perla. She danced here. I saw her talent and we went to Costa del Sol, where the best money for such entertainment is to be found—among the guiris, though, a bastardization of the art. She was discovered there and went on to greater fame to where Spanish music is appreciated by Spaniards. I returned here to pine and decay.”
Should he tell the man? Warren wondered. La Perla didn’t last that long in pure Spanish appreciation. The transvestite club in Grenada was mainly for the foreign tourists—the guiris—and La Perla was a forlorn person there, speaking of a glorious past she once had had and the lover to go with it, the finest Spanish guitarist she’d even danced for. Warren could only surmise that it was Esteban she had been speaking of and that she was as sunk in depression as Esteban was.
“Come, let us get to work,” the teacher said. “First you learn the different forms of Spanish music—and the various ways the guitar serves it.”
“I’m mostly interested in the Flamenco,” Warren said.
“You must build up to the Flamenco. When you have learned to live the Flamenco with your guitar, there were be no more you can learn of music.”
It was hot in the small room and the air was close. Both men were stripped down to just shorts and sat side-by-side on Esteban’s bed, each with a Spanish guitar held lovingly in his arms.
“Flamenco is a way of life,” Esteban said. “You must become one with it either to dance with it or to play it on the guitar. It is love, the very essence of Spain. It isn’t the only form of Spanish guitar. There are other forms—palos—you must master, calling forth other moods on your way to being one with the music in the Flamenco. There is the Taranta for melancholy, the Alegria for joy, the Tango for sexual energy.”
Esteban demonstrated them all, holding off on the Flamenco.
“You say you play the guitar already. Hold your guitar in the position you play and place your fingers on the strings, ready to play. No, that is all wrong. We will have to start from the very beginning. Place your right hand like this, the fingers there. Yes, yes, it is painful. With the proper fingering you will have to rebuild the calluses on your hands. You will bleed and you will suffer for your music. But you will remember the suffering and it will come out as it should eventually in your playing. In Flamenco, your hands will work entirely separately. The left will be playing the chords of the melody. But it is the right hand that matters in Flamenco—it provides the fire, the rhythm, the urgency of the music.”
The first hour was spent just on learning to position the fingers—how to automatically place them where they needed to be when the guitar was picked up—and then how to tap out the rhythm of the beat on the case of the guitar while playing the melody with the left hand. Eventually, Esteban called a stop to this part of the lesson, seeing the frustration of his student but also impressed by the intensity Warren was showing in trying to learn and for his fingers to remember.
“Here, you are tired, and we are getting nowhere. No, no, it is well enough. This is good for a first lesson. Rest. I will play the more complex palos for you to show you what can be, what will be if you truly have the talent for it and apply yourself to learning.”
Esteban took Warren’s guitar from his hands and lowered it back into its case. The two men remained seated close beside the other on the bed. “Concentrate on the music. Watch my fingering,” he said. “I will start with the Taranta.”
He started playing, losing himself in the music, seemingly forgetting that anyone else was in the room. When he got to the Tango, Warren rose and stood in front of him, eyes closed, moving with the music. The more Esteban played, the more the two moved to two different planes, lost in themselves but also melding with each other. Warren’s swaying became dancing. He was dancing a Tango, almost believing and making Esteban believe he had a partner sexually fused with him in the dance. When Esteban changed to a Flamenco, Warren changed with him.
Both men were panting, breathing hard, and fusing with their eyes, as Esteban’s playing became more frantic and Warren’s dance became wilder, showing that, as large he was of frame, he was flexible and masterful, as fiery as the dance demanded, and he knew more than the rudiments of the dance.
“It’s like La Perla. You dance like Le Perla,” Esteban cried out in amazement.
“Yes,” Warren cried out. And, indeed, there was a reason he did. In immersing himself in Spanish music and dance, he did just attend the transvestite dance club in Grenada where La Perla now danced. He’d studied the dance there, under La Perla, and had dressed the part himself and danced for weeks in the Grenada club review.
Becoming overwhelmed, Esteban abandoned the Flamenco and returned to the slow-moving, sensuous Taranta. Warren came close to him, standing in front of Esteban at the side of the bed. The music faded out, Esteban wrapped his arms around Warren’s waist and buried his face in the young blond’s belly. Warren cupped the man’s head with one hand and moved the other one lower, unzipping and flaring his shorts, letting them fall to his ankles. Esteban’s lips moved down through the blond pubic hair and he took the young man’s cock in his mouth. Warren swayed in front of him, crouching between the older man’s spread thighs, cupping the Spaniard’s head in his hands, as Esteban gave him suck.
When Warren was in full erection, he pressed gently on the Spaniard’s chest and Esteban lay back on the bed. His shorts slid down his legs, and the younger man, leaning over him, coaxed Esteban’s ankles onto his shoulders, and moved his cockhead into position.
Esteban cried out La Perla’s name, Paco, as Warren penetrated deep and began the dance of the fuck, completing the master Spanish guitarist as the dancer did at the height of the combined performance of the two lovers.
Esteban kept alternating between “La Perla” and “Paco” all the time Warren was fucking him. They didn’t mention again how it had started or whether it would continue, but Warren continued to come to Esteban’s room three nights a week for lessons and the lessons always ended in a fuck.
Esteban’s morose demeanor changed a bit during the evenings the men’s group reformed on the covered terrace of the Café Viggos, but, although the other men surmised why, the change was never mentioned there either. Esteban continued to barely acknowledge Martin Warren in the evenings and Howard Harden ignored the change—as long as Warren was sleeping in his bed and maintained the vigor to fuck him, he didn’t care who else the young man fucked. Ortega, himself a top, had no designs on either Harden or Ramos, so he ignored the changing dynamics in the group. Sensing that Warren was doing both Harden and Ramos, the mailman and parttime rent-boy, Lonzo Alvarez, exhibited increased interest in El Extranjero Rubio. And, although the hospital orderly continued to exhibit disparagement for the guiri among them, his sense of competition, coupled with Lonzo’s interest in Warren, piqued his own interest in the man.
* * * *
“This letter has come for you from Grenada, ER,” Lonzo Alvarez, the young postman, said one evening as Martin Warren was sitting by Esteban Ramos in the Café Viggos covered terrace with the men’s group. Warren and Ramos had their heads together closely watching Warren fingering a soft Taranta tune on his guitar. The men had turned to calling Warren ER, shortened from El Extranjero Rubio. “The man of the sender is familiar. Teyo Torres. I wonder who—”
Warren turned abruptly and took Alvarez’s lips with his in a kiss. He eyes, though, had gone to Howard Harden, sitting across from them but his head turned to say something to the café owner, Gervaso Ortega, standing behind the table, serving wine from a jug.
Taking the letter out of the mesmerized postman’s hand, and surreptitiously dropping it into his guitar case, address side down, Warren murmured, “Sorry, Lonzo, I have wanted to do that for some time.”
Touching the fingers or one hand to his lips and touching the young Canadian guitarist on the chest with the other, Lonzo, eyes sparkling, whispered, “And I. I have wanted the kiss from you. Does this mean—?”
“Tonight, later, I will come to you at the Club Miramar. I will not pay, though. So, if you will not take me just because we both lust for it, tell me and I will not come.”
“Yes, yes, come,” Lonzo said, breathlessly, no longer giving any thought to the letter he had passed to the beautiful young, blond stud who had been signaling his interest for several days now and who had Lonzo in deep heat for him. “I have a room at the club.”
And so Lonzo did have a room at the Club Miramar, reached along with the rooms of two other male whores with whom the club serviced the male brothel needs of the men of Puerto de Mazarrón through a beaded curtain-covered doorway at the end of the club’s bar.
Warren looked up beyond where Howard Harden was seated and met the gaze of the café owner, Ortega, who nodded at him, the two men having discussed the dynamics in the group, Warren having learned the desires of the café owner and agreed to help him toward his newly formed goal now that Esteban Ramos had begun to emerge from his sulk and was again playing on the Spanish guitar at night for the growing clientele of the café. Howard had brought the proofs off the next newspaper with him and returned to looking over them while, at the side, a sultry and sour Santo Diaz, the young hospital orderly, looked on and assessed the sensual undercurrents in the group, not being completely sure what he wanted—just knowing it was something more than he was getting. He particularly was displeased with the kiss between the guiri, Warren, and Lonzo Alvarez.
An hour later Lonzo was getting what he’d been dreaming of, having turned his attention from the café owner Ortega just when the man had begun to notice that Lonzo fancied him. The young mailman was on all fours on his bed in a back room beyond the beaded curtain of the Club Miramar, in the Mazarrón port area, catering to the sailors of the port, with, by his choice, his arms stretched over his head, his wrists bound to the bed’s brass headboard railing. The gorgeous blond Canadian stud, Martin Warren, was mounted on his tail, grasping his hips, and rising and falling in a deep fuck.
As he fucked, Warren leaned over and placed his lips beside Lonzo’s ear and whispered what he was dreaming of doing with the young postman—that he would like to share him with another, older man in a threesome or even maybe a foursome. Reveling in the El Extranjero Rubio‘s thick cock stretching and working him deep, Lonzo moaned and acceded to whatever Warren dreamed of doing with him whenever the blond stud wanted it.
The next day Santos Diaz had a day off from the hospital and, being somewhat of a solitary person who needed to relax from the life-and-death situations he got involved in at work, he went to a private beach along the Mediterranean coast outside of Puerto de Mazarrón on land belonging to the café owner, Gervaso Ortega, that Ortega, doing what he could to curry favor, let the young man use. The small pebble beach opened to the sea with rock walls on the other three sides. It was very private and, as he’d done many times before, after Diaz swam in the sea naked, he came back onto the beach and stretched out on his back on a large beach towel. He cleared his mind of all of the illness and death he’d seen in the previous week, let his sexual frustrations and musings on the interworkings of the Café Viggos men’s group float through his mind, once more unsuccessfully rectifying the mixed emotions he had on that and the remix of relationships that had been stirred up by the appearance of the sexy guiri, Martin Warren, and, eventually, he fell into a doze.
The beach was on an incline down to the sea, so when Santos slitted his eyes open, he could see the blue expanse of the Mediterranean. He assumed he was dreaming when he saw the beautiful, blond, naked figure of a young man rise from the sea and walk up, through the surf, toward where he lay. Martin Warren moved slowly, majestically, sunlight reflecting off his sea droplet-embellished blond, lightly muscular body. One of Warren’s hand cupped his balls and thick, long cock, in full erection. The man was smiling, capturing and holding Santos’s attention.
Santos moaned. Almost involuntarily, he spread and bent his legs, putting his feet flat on the pebbled sand and lifting his pelvis. As Warren knelt down on the towel between the young hospital orderly’s thighs, Santos arched his back and moved his arms to embracing the young Canadian’s broad back. He arched his head, looking heavenward, and crying out the glorious penetration as Warren thrust up hard and deep inside his channel and started the conquering of the cock.
As he fucked, Warren leaned over and whispered in Santos’s ear all that he dreamed of doing with the sultry young man who was surrendering all his previous indecision and defensiveness in a flood of lust and passion. His channel was stretching, betraying his need for the possessing, mastering cock, the muscles of his passage walls grasping at the conquering shaft, undulating over it, caressing it. His hips moved into a coordinated dance of the fuck.
“Yes, yes, whatever you want,” he whispered in response to Warren speaking of his dream of three or four men locked in an entangled embrace, fucking, engaging in an orgy of sexual give and take.
And that, by the agreement between Warren and Ortega, was where they were three days hence, in Ortega’s flat overlooking the Puerto de Mazarrón yacht marina on the third floor of his Café Viggos. Two couples were on the bed, Lonzo Alvarez and Santos Diaz both on the backs, side by side, touching and kissing each other, as Ortega, holding Diaz’s legs raised and spread, knelt between the young man’s thighs and fucked him. Martin Warren likewise knelt between Alvarez’s thighs, with the young man’s ankles hooked on his shoulders, and he was fucking him as well.
The café owner and young Canadian moved on to sharing the young postman and hospital orderly separately in double penetrations, Ortega on his back, first Lonzo and then Santos, on top of him, riding his shaft, facing him, and with Warren behind, running his cock in on top of Ortega’s and driving the fuck. When Lonzo and Santos weren’t in the sandwich, they were flitting around encouraging the other young man and touching and kissing him. At long last the two were no longer rivals in any sense of the word and had become two aspects of a shared need and lust.
At length, duty performed, Warren withdrew, first to across the room, as Lonzo and Santos shared Ortega’s prodigious shaft, and eventually, with the other three no longer needing or noticing him, from the room altogether.
For the next several days, the evening meeting on the covered terrace of the Café Viggos was one of humming and smiles, with affectionate banter touching while Esteban Ramos and Martin Warren wove their soft musical magic on the Spanish guitars, Warren’s expertise increasing by the moment and Esteban moving fully into his former glory. All of the men were being well fucked. Ortega was covering Lonzo and Santos and Warren was taking care of Harden and Ramos.
Such harmony could have gone on forever—and it did go on, but not as it had now been developed.
* * * *
It came to pass that Martin Warren built up enough vacation time to be gone for nearly a week. He chose to travel from Puerto de Mazarrón randomly across Spain to have his vacation, taking his Spanish guitar with him. Esteban had declared that the young Canadian was good enough on the guitar now to play in cafés, and Warren planned to do that for a few nights at places he had stopped for a short time while traveling about. His friends at the Café Viggos opined that if he had settled in as well elsewhere in Spain as he had done in Puerto de Mazarrón, he would have opportunities to play—and they weren’t talking just about the Spanish guitar.
Thus, it was one evening just before dusk that they all waved to him from the rooftop-covered terrace of the Café Viggos, all somewhat feeling the loss already not to have his glorious presence, as he got on the bus headed for Grenada in the Plaza Del Mar. And they gathered at the railing there when the bus from Grenada pulled in six days later and Martin Warren disembarked. They had gathered there the two evenings before that in the hope that he returned early.
It was with great surprise—much greater for two of them—when, after Warren came off the bus, he was followed, first, by Le Perla—the transvestite Flamenco dancer, Paco—and then by Teyo Torres, the once-upon-a-time lover of the English-language newspaper publisher, Howard Harden. Both of them arrived with considerable luggage. They weren’t, they hoped, there just for a visit.
Neither Esteban Ramos nor Howard Harden held back in their welcome of the lovers who had sent them into depression and to Puerto de Mazarrón and into the company of men who pined for men. The reunions were celebratory. Warren had brought both Harden and Ramos back from the brink and taught them to love again—and to appreciate what they once had had in sexual fulfillment that they were fully prepared to fall full-tilt back into their former relationships.
That Warren had become a bridge between Esteban Ramos and La Perla wasn’t happenstance, and neither was that he reconnected Howard Harden and Teyo Torres. Warren met and worked on a paper with Torres before he met Harden. It was Torres who told Warren about the job Harden had on offer in a coastal town were Warren had already said he’d heard of a brilliant Spanish guitarist he wanted to study with. It had been Paco—La Perla—who Warren had danced with in the Grenada gay club who had voiced the reputation of Ramos. Torres had asked Warren to assess the chances of a reunion with Harden, and in his time in Puerto de Mazarrón, Warren had determined for himself not only that this reunion would be desirable but also that La Perla reuniting with Esteban Ramos was what both of them needed.
Martin Warren was a highly sexed and highly desired young man; he could satisfy himself sexually anywhere. He did not regret giving up bed space with Harden to Torres or in sharing Ramos with La Perla. In the latter case, the presence of the Flamenco dancer just added dimension to Warren’s developing expertise in working with Ramos. The café owner, Gervaso Ortega, was delighted, as the trio entertained regularly at the café at night, and business burgeoned.
In the short run, Warren was sexual satisfied with being part of a foursome with Ortega and the young men, Lonzo Alvarez and Santos Diaz, but a new sexual interest for him had arrived in the Plaza Del Mar at the same time as he, Torres, and La Perla had stepped down from the bus from Grenada.
* * * *
As Martin Warren, La Perla, and Teyo Torres stepped down from the bus from Grenada, a sleek black Porsche 718 Cayman coupe rolled into the Plaza Del Mar and Alessandro Romero, also sleek, elegant, and fifty, climbed out, doing a double-take when he saw La Perla, whom he recognized, as he was in the same business. Seeing the Flamenco dancer told him that he was in the right place and that prospects were probably rather better than he had supposed they would be. Romero was the owner of the famous Theatre Alegrías, in Madrid, the center of the Flamenco world in Spain, albeit the Flamenco that the world of tourists to Spain was accustomed to seeing. Romero had come to Puerto de Mazarrón in search of the famed Spanish guitarist, Esteban Ramos. Imagine his delight to have discovered that just maybe Ramos was being reunited with his creative other half, the Flamenco dancer, La Perla.
He slipped up to the covered terrace of the Café Viggos and found a remote table in the shadows of a bougainvillea vine to observe the joyous and boisterous homecoming celebration at the table where the three who had arrived from the Grenada bus merged in with a table of men who appeared to have possession of the café’s terrace. Although Romero’s goal was to convince Ramos to come to Madrid and to play for the tourists in his theater, now enhanced by the possibility of landing the dancer La Perla as well, Romero couldn’t help but letting his attention periodically go to the gorgeous young, blond guiri, who people were referring to as Martin or ER, and who appeared to have engineered this homecoming.
Romero was an active submissive to men and he quickly assessed manflesh. The young blond was someone he could ache for and open his legs to. He already could imagine lying under the man, his knees hooked on the blond foreigner’s hips, his eyes locked with those of the young god’s, and the young man’s shaft inside him, doing its magic. He was here on business, but just perhaps his business could be mixed with pleasure.
The homecoming party extended from the group’s usual “sundowner” evening meeting into the dinner hour, with La Perla taking the dance stage for the adoring patrons with the accompaniment of Esteban Ramos and Martin Warren on the Spanish guitars. Romero was delighted to discover that the delectable guiri also was adept at the guitar. He drew closer to the performance, his eyes meeting with those of the blond, and a mutual interest flickering up between them. He sensed from the young man’s gaze that he also was thinking of covering and being inside Romero. He also caught the eye of Ramos, who recognized the Spanish music impresario from Madrid.
Between sets, Ramos brought La Perla and Warren over to Romero’s table, introductions were made, and Romero spoke of his interest in engaging Ramos and La Perla to play at the Theatre Alegrías in Madrid. Warren had seated himself beside the impresario and the two exchanged knowing glances. Romero included Warren in his invitation to play in Madrid as well, complimenting the young Canadian on his guitar playing and being able to complement a master such as Ramos.
“I’ll bet you are accomplished at much more than the Spanish guitar,” Romero said, giving the young blond a knowing look. “You look like a very capable young man.”
Smiling, Warren put a hand on Romero’s knee under the table, and the handsome older impresario boldly took it and moved it to his basket, where it remained, rubbing him and cause a rise in the bulge at the crotch, for several minutes. With that, the deal was done. The two would fuck.
When the two had shaken hands upon being introduced, Warren had folded his thumb under into the palm of the Spaniard’s hand and Romero had instinctively—a universal signal of a submissive to a dominant—encased the thumb and stroked it several times. From that moment on, although Ramos and La Perla were included in the conversation, the action at the table was a dance of signaling and dealing between Warren and Romero.
“Think about it. You can’t do better in establishing yourselves about the masters of Flamenco than a run at the Theatre Alegrías in Madrid in Madrid,” Romero said. He was turned toward La Perla and Ramos, speaking to them in earnest tones, although he maintained a grip on Warren’s hand under the tabletop and on his crotch. The guitarist and dancer were leaning in too, wrapped in each other’s arms like they couldn’t remember what fiery exchanges had pulled them apart together before but intent now on never losing each other again. They knew it was true what Romero said about performing in Madrid, especially at his theater. But they would have to compromise their art to do so. The Flamenco in Madrid was for the visiting world, not the Spanish at home.
“I will be here for a couple of days, so you have time to make your decision.” He turned and smiled at Warren, who had been included in the invitation. It was fairly evident that the young Canadian, just now honing his expertise on the Spanish guitar, would accept the invitation. It was equally clear that he would accept other invitations the elegantly dressed and handsome Spaniard might extend. It only now was dawning on Warren that his success in bringing La Perla back to Ramos and Torres back to Harden meant he had no place himself to bed down that night.
Unless . . .
“I will be staying at the Hotel Dos Playas,” Romero said as if he read Warren’s mind. He was speaking to Ramos but he was looking at Warren. “I came straight here. I haven’t been to the hotel yet, and I have no idea where it is. Perhaps someone—”
“I would be happy to guide you to your hotel,” Warren said. “It isn’t far. On the other side of the harbor.”
“That would be very fine,” Romero said, squeezing the hand that was cupping his basket.
The celebrations continued at the group table, as Romero and Warren were left alone to consummate their private deal in the shadows of the café. Romero, his eyes remaining locked on Warren’s, slouched back in his chair, legs spread, as Warren, leaning over the small table, unzipped Romero’s fly, pulled the Spaniard’s erection out, and stroked him off. Warren brought his lips to Romero’s for a deep kiss, as the Spaniard jerked and came and jerked and came again in Warren’s hand.
Taking surreptitious glances in their direction, those at the group table were fully aware of what was happening in the shadows—and they were more than fine with it.
* * * *
One drink in the hotel bar downstairs with no mention whatsoever of what they both knew was coming, and then Alessandro Romero rose, gave Martin Warren a pointed look, and headed for the elevators. Martin followed him.
Romero wanted to be the one cocked, but he also demanded to be the one in control. Warren was slouched in an upholstered chair, naked before he’d danced a bit of a sensual dance to a Spanish guitar recording on the bedside radio, and had lowered himself into the chair upon demand, hooked one leg on the arm of the chair and masturbated while Romero, drinking brandy, also naked now, and sitting on the edge of the bed, watched the gorgeous young Canadian with slitted eyes. Romero was stroking himself off as he watched Warren doing so.
Before Warren came, the older Spaniard rose, placed his nearly empty brandy glass on the bedside table, came over to Warren, and, holding the young man’s thick, long, and hard erection in one hand, hovered over Warren’s pelvis, slowly impaled himself on the young man’s shaft, and, gripping the arms of the chair, raised and lowered his tall, trim, black-curly haired hirsute body on Warren’s cock, pulling moans and an ejaculation out of the young man.
Even when they reached the bed, it was Warren stretched out on his back and Romero settled on his hips, facing him, Warren gripping the man’s waist between his hands, and Romero palming Warren’s pecs as he rose and fell, fucking himself on the young man’s shaft.
Warren had no trouble with where he would bed down for the next three nights. The evening after the third night, the two drove in the black Porsche coupe to the Plaza Del Mar to say their good-byes to the “sundowner” group that appeared on the covered terrace of the Café Viggos nearly every evening. Any sexual tensions that had once moved among that group were now gone. Lonzo Alvarez and Santos Diaz were now moving around the tables, helping the café owner, Gervaso Ortega, respond to the needs of the café patrons. The three laughed with, touched, and interacted with each other comfortably. Howard Harden and Teyo Torres had their heads together over a sheaf of newspaper print, but happily murmuring with each other. Esteban Ramos and La Perla were in fiery temper, arguing with each other. It was their natural, chosen state. It was obvious that they were immensely enjoying discussing their music.
Romero tooted the horn of the Porsche as he and Warren folded themselves into the coupe’s seats. The group of men who had gathered in the evening for several years to share their sexual preferences came to the railing to wave the two off. Ramos and La Perla had decided they would not compromise their art by playing for the guiris in Madrid. They wished El Extranjero Rubio—the blond foreigner—well in both playing guitar and stud for Alessandro Romero for as long as that worked out for their young friend before Warren decided to move on and help other men disentangle their lives as he had done here in such short order and so well. Martin Warren waved back, ready for any Spanish adventures—and hot Spanish men—that came his way and wanted to lay down for him.
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Ryan Reynolds reprises his role as Deadpool, the superhero who can regenerate injured body parts. The film starts with Deadpool wanting to restart his life with his girlfriend. However, a bunch of bad guys enter the apartment, and Deadpool’s trajectory is drastically altered. A totally bad agent is sent back from the future to find and kill a guy who in this time is a teenager living in an orphanage. Deadpool canvases all of his forces to try to save the kid from a terrible future. The movie is very funny and is loaded with the same foul-mouthed humor as the first. It serves one of its purposes – to spoof the Marvel Comics movies. Ryan Reynolds is as charming and likeable as ever. The group of us who went had the same feeling after it was over – the first one was better, and this one seemed to try a bit too hard in places for laughs. In some places, the gags were so prolific that I felt like I wanted a break. One star of the film I really liked was Zazie Beetz who plays Domino, a woman whose superpower is luck (and she is really great to watch). So, thumbs-up from here for a film that doesn’t achieve what the first one did but still managed to keep me laughing from start to finish. And, Brad Pitt has a cameo that is very funny but also easy to miss – so pay attention. And the credits are worth staying for. | <urn:uuid:046b818c-5624-4292-a4e6-958aa6b2207e> | CC-MAIN-2021-10 | https://whatwouldgarysay.com/index.php/2018/05/20/deadpool-2/ | 2021-02-25T08:21:23Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178350846.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20210225065836-20210225095836-00479.warc.gz | en | 0.987792 | 297 | [
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You could have forgiven buyers for allowing their property search to slow down a little due to the uncertainty surrounding Brexit. During the back end of February and the first two weeks of March our activity and production has been much slower than in recent Months. We have also seen sellers reluctant to place their property for sale due to press scaremongering around what Brexit may do to property prices. Therefore buyers who are out there viewing and wanting to buy have had even less properties to select from. However this has changed dramatically during the last few days following recent events in the Brexit negotiations. Buyers and sellers seem to have taken the view to get on with their lives and property moves.
Indeed all of our properties listed are now experiencing much more in the way of activity and offers with many of them now having sales agreed on them. Buyers appear to be much more enthusiastic now and offering much quicker than previously. We are unfortunately still seeing a lot of properties reducing their price daily on Rightmove which may mean they were listed too high in the first place.
If you are currently on the market you should think long and hard before altering your price too quickly. If viewing activity doesn’t pick up then talk to your agent and get their views on why interest is low. You MUST AVOID however entering into any contract with an agent who will be tying you into a lengthy contract. This is usually a sure sign they have little confidence in their future success and service levels and want to ensure you stay with them for as long as possible. Some contract can be as long as 6 MONTHS meaning you are completely stuck with them for far too long.
Please let us know if we can help with your future plans or just offer you advice on any potential future move. | <urn:uuid:0af137f9-def3-4251-bca1-caa3d616418f> | CC-MAIN-2021-10 | https://www.dmandcohomes.co.uk/blog/blog-1/market-update.html | 2021-02-25T07:05:23Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178350846.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20210225065836-20210225095836-00479.warc.gz | en | 0.985505 | 354 | [
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Business Project/Study Skills
Run by Marketing: Bangor International College
20.000 Credits or 10.000 ECTS Credits
Semester 1 & 2
Organiser: Mrs Laura McKenzie
Overall aims and purpose
To encourage students to become active and reflective learners by utilising focussed study on financial systems and markets as a framework for learning. Students will come to understand how financial markets and financial firms like banks affect the economy at large through in-depth research into a related topic of their choice.
To develop and apply academic and study skills to a level effectively preparing students to participate at HE in the UK. This includes the additional skills of synthesising source material, presenting analysis and production of a final extended research essay with bibliography as well as the delivery of a group presentation.
Students will build on the progress they have made in all areas of communication. They will become aware of the expectations of study, the resources available and will use these to engage on a project based learning task.
Students how to source a wide variety of information from academic sources such as the university library, academic journals and internet sources.
They will gain awareness of note taking skills and the different approaches to achieving this, essay writing skills, learn how to correctly reference and construct a bibliography and develop skills in expressing opinions in a clear and concise manner, both orally and written.
By completing a variety of assessments across the two terms, students will have a chance to practice and demonstrate understanding of these skills before producing a final, written essay encompassing all of the skills learnt during the module.
To help structure their learning, the module will introduce the topics of financial systems and markets, allowing them to develop their skills by using this learning to allow them to identify the area that they would like to study in more detail. An indicative list of topics may include but is not limited to: Money; Interest Rates; Bonds; Stocks; Financial Structure; Bank Management; Bank Regulation; Financial Innovation; Financial Crises; Central Banks; Monetary Policy; Banking Systems.
Excellent (A- to A*) (70-100%)
Student has demonstrated consistent engagement with all topics and issues studied in the module and attained a grade which shows the ability to study effectively at undergraduate degree level.
Threshold (D- to D+) (40-49%)
Student has shown sufficient grasp of some of the topics studied to have achieved the lowest level of pass which allows progression onto an undergraduate degree programme.
Good (C- to B+) (50-69%)
Student has demonstrated a sound, basic knowledge of most of the topics and issues covered in the module and achieved a grade showing clear suitability for study at undergraduate degree level.
Plan and deliver a presentation with a degree of fluency and spontaneity, expanding and supporting ideas with subsidiary points and relevant examples.
Work as an independent learner and as part of a group to complete tasks and take responsibility for learning.
Understand the role of financial systems and the impact that financial markets have on wider society by writing an evaluative, in-depth investigation on a pre-agreed topic in conjunction with the tutor.
Understand the university’s referencing system and be able to reference in the correct format to paraphrase, use citations, quotes, and to produce a full and accurate bibliography of academic sources.
Write a clear, detailed essay, synthesizing and evaluating information and arguments from a number of sources.
|INDIVIDUAL PRESENTATION||Term 1 - Presentation||
Students will select a small-scale topic related to financial markets and systems in agreement with the tutor. A group mark will be awarded, using the quality of their teamwork as an assessment criteria.
|ESSAY||Term 2 - Extended research essay||
Building on the learning of both the study skills and the subject content of the previous term, students will select a topic related to financial markets and systems in agreement with the tutor. The topic may or may not be a continuation of the topic selected in the first term presentation. With guidance from the tutor, students will produce an in-depth, extended essay exploring all aspects of their topic and how they have an impact on wider society and other financial systems, thus demonstrating a full set of evaluative skills to produce a detailed and coherent argument.
|CLASS TEST||Term 1 - Interim test||
Students are presented with a piece of academic writing that has been incorrectly formatted and referenced. They are tasked with identifying the mistakes throughout and writing a commentary on how the mistakes could be rectified as well as detailing the importance of referencing in academic work.
Teaching and Learning Strategy
5 hours per week. Student will be encouraged to participate in seminar style activities.
Private Study – 100 hours. Students will be expected to spend up to 100 hours over the two semesters in independent study
- Literacy - Proficiency in reading and writing through a variety of media
- Computer Literacy - Proficiency in using a varied range of computer software
- Self-Management - Able to work unsupervised in an efficient, punctual and structured manner. To examine the outcomes of tasks and events, and judge levels of quality and importance
- Exploring - Able to investigate, research and consider alternatives
- Presentation - Able to clearly present information and explanations to an audience. Through the written or oral mode of communication accurately and concisely.
- Management - Able to utilise, coordinate and control resources (human, physical and/or financial)
- Argument - Able to put forward, debate and justify an opinion or a course of action, with an individual or in a wider group setting
- Self-awareness & Reflectivity - Having an awareness of your own strengths, weaknesses, aims and objectives. Able to regularly review, evaluate and reflect upon the performance of yourself and others
Subject specific skills
Communication – develop the ability to convey own and the ideas of others in clear and coherent ways in both written and spoken ways
Information Technology – Use Microsoft Word, Excel and Powerpoint efficiently and effectively to support learning
Work with others in group work and present formal talks information to larger audiences
Talis Reading listhttp://readinglists.bangor.ac.uk/modules/bic-1002.html
Bell, D (2008). Passport to Academic Presentations. Reading: Garnet Publishing Limited
Fava-Verde, A and Manning, A (2007). University Foundation Study: Essay Writing. Reading: Garnet Publishing Limited
Burns, T. and Sinfield, S. (2012). Essential study skills. 3rd ed. London: Sage
Moore, S, Neville, C, Murphy, M Connolly, C (2010). The Ultimate Study Skills Handbook. Open University Press
Buckle, M (2016) The UK Financial System: Theory and Practice, Fifth Edition Paperback. Manchester University Press
Courses including this module
Compulsory in courses:
- N406: BSc Accounting and Finance (Bangor International College) year 1 (BSC/BICAF)
- N324: BSc Banking and Finance (Bangor International College) year 1 (BSC/BICBF)
- N105: BSc Business Studies (Bangor International College) year 1 (BSC/BICBS)
- N106: BSc Business Stud & Finance (Bangor International College) year 1 (BSC/BICBSF)
- NN24: BSc Management with Account (Bangor International College) year 1 (BSC/BICMNA)
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Beauty Prep – We suggest getting a mani/pedi a few days prior to your session. If you wax, don’t forget to factor that into your schedule, as well. We never recommend ‘bottle tans’ only professionally applied tans and even then, we’d prefer to add tan in photoshop. (It’s cleaner, easier and more natural) If you want to have a base tan for your photos, we recommend beginning to tan a few weeks before your session to avoid burning – and remember to think about your outfit as well to avoid any tan lines that will look bad in photos.
Drink a lot of water leading up to your session for beautiful, healthy skin and get a good night’s rest the night before. Obviously this is easier said than done, particularly if you lead a busy and stressful life but it really does make a huge difference.
Shave and moisturise for beautiful legs. Wear a clear deodorant. Don’t wear tight clothing, bras, knickers, socks, etc. the morning of your session or driving to your session. These will leave red marks on your skin and we want you looking your best after all. | <urn:uuid:ce706ad2-faa2-43fa-ac86-187d2233c773> | CC-MAIN-2021-10 | https://www.madisonbou.com/portfolio/boudoir-photographers-Leeds/leeds-boudoir-photographers-329 | 2021-02-28T10:12:38Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178360745.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20210228084740-20210228114740-00479.warc.gz | en | 0.934494 | 251 | [
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- Dozens of supported file formats, including PDF, JPG, PNG, EPS, AI, TIFF, PSD, DOCX and many more, let you import and export files quickly and easily. | <urn:uuid:f2cda964-46e6-4057-9742-af861c038c5c> | CC-MAIN-2021-10 | http://www.dljagat.com/2013/03/download-coreldraw-graphics-suite-x6.html | 2021-03-02T01:18:40Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178363211.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20210302003534-20210302033534-00159.warc.gz | en | 0.879342 | 338 | [
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Friday, June 20. 2014
Hey! Guess what we did!
WE STORMED CAPITOL HILL.
Over the last weekend, dates June 14 – 17, eight students from our team went down to Washington DC to lobby with our very own regional representatives! We met with staffers from Senators Gillibrand and Schumer, and Representatives Maffei and Maloney. They were awesome! Kirsten Gillibrand has recently come up with three new bills to increase STEM education funding. Maloney was not one of our representatives, but he is from Orange County NY. His staffer was stunned to find out that they didn’t have any robotics teams in their area. We plan on working with him to change this!
Oh! A staffer is a person that works for the government official and takes important meetings and notes. The ones that met with us were very intelligent in their areas, and they all asked a lot of awesome questions. A few even had experiences on FIRST teams!
One of our most exciting occurrences on Tuesday was the ability to meet Louise Slaughter. She greeted us outside her office and enthusiastically welcomed us in. Did you know she has a B.S. in microbiology? And a Masters in Public Health? We didn’t, and that’s awesome! She explained to us about her STEM projects with the women she works with in Harris! In fact, she’s even thinking about writing legislation on our behalf to take funds from the H1B Visa and make them accessible to programs like FIRST!
To finish off our meeting with her, she showed us the amazing view she had from her window. She could see almost all of Capitol Hill! We followed this with a private tour of the Capitol, courtesy of Senator Gillibrand.
Of course, meeting with Government Officials isn’t all we did.
On Saturday, when we arrived, we went straight to the hotel to drop our things off. Then, we went on a tour of the mall! We saw the Washington Monument, Lincoln Memorial, Jefferson Memorial, the Vietnam Memorial, the Korean Memorial, the World War Two Memorial, the FDR Memorial, and the Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. Memorial! We walked well into the night! Personally, the Vietnam is my favorite.
Sunday started a day of learning! The First FIRST Advocacy Conference. Yay! We went to the seminar hall in the hotel and were greeted by Team 27, Team Rush. They are the 2014 FIRST Championship Chairman’s Award Winners! Again, we would like to thank them for inviting us! They even fed us breakfast! We then all sat down, 18 FIRST teams from all over the US, and learned how to lobby our government. It started at noon and went ‘til five.
After that, we went to Arlington.
Arlington holds a special place in my heart, but I’ll try not to drag you into too much! We arrived just at the tail end of the changing of the guards and we sat around and watched until the next. It was incredibly peaceful, very powerfully moving, and eerily precise. After the final changing of the guards, we left.
Monday came and we learned much more about lobbying in an even longer time. This is when we began to script out what we would say to our representatives. After that session, all 18 teams went to the capitol building for a group photo.
Over all, the entire experience was absolutely incredible and Team 1511, Rolling Thunder (That’s us!), plan on making another appearance next year!
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IWA & Pinay sa Holland members joined the annual March 8 demonstration at the Dam, Amsterdam organized by 8 maart comité.
©️ IWA Secretariat
IWD celebration in a village in Haripur, Pakistan.
©️ Azra Sayeed
GABRIELA, founding member of IWA, led the biggest March 8 rally in the country.
©️ GABRIELA National Alliance of Women Facebook page | <urn:uuid:ca6cb0a8-d70e-4dff-b92f-c60dc910a459> | CC-MAIN-2021-10 | https://intlwomensalliance.org/2019/03/11/photos-iwa-commemorates-march-8-around-the-world/ | 2021-03-03T13:53:48Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178366969.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20210303134756-20210303164756-00479.warc.gz | en | 0.880742 | 92 | [
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MAXQDA Order Information
You can order MAXQDA in our online shop, run by our e-Sales partner Cleverbridge. Your order information is handled with the highest level of security (SSL encryption) and care.
Forms of payment
The following forms of payment are accepted:
- Credit card (Visa, MasterCard, American Express, JCB)
- Wire transfer
- Additional payment options (e.g. check) may be offered depending on your location
Your order delivery includes:
- Software (download or optional on CD)
- License information (via e-mail)
- Installation and Activation Guide (in PDF format)
Optional Installation CD
The standard delivery of your MAXQDA license is electronic (download link and serial number via e-mail). You do have the option to order an installation CD. This CD is not necessary, but it allows you to install the software without downloading it from the internet. And if you need to reinstall MAXQDA later, you have the program at hand.
Processing & Delivery Time
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Copyright © 2020 Koncrete Machinery Company All rights reserved | <urn:uuid:0ccc6c50-90e4-4174-88bf-f2c756cd29f7> | CC-MAIN-2021-10 | https://www.otlichnik-plus.ru/default/2018-11-22/27si06.html | 2021-03-03T14:49:13Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178366969.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20210303134756-20210303164756-00479.warc.gz | en | 0.837085 | 2,090 | [
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Why Vaping Might be a Good Choice For Teenagers
Vape is a new new e-cigarette group. An electronic cig is a vaporized computer that replicates the actual smoking process. It generally consists of a disposable cartridge or perhaps tank, an lumière, and an electric power source just like a rechargeable battery or an power charger. Rather than tobacco, the user cigarettes vapor instead. Because such, utilizing a good e-cig is usually described as “vaping. ” This post briefly covers the concept of steam, what the vapes actual use is, some of the particular problems associated along with them, as well as how to prevent them.
What exactly is Vape? Since the title suggests, Vape is a brand associated with e cigarettes that are refillable with e-liquid. The e-liquid can replicate the actual liquid nicotine present in cigarettes, but without the damaging tar and poisonous chemicals. Many vapour products are similar to inhalable medicines. Many vapers claim that because typically the vapor is inhaled as opposed to ingested, these people are not consuming nicotine but are still getting all of the poisons released by burning up cigarettes.
Vape pens are accustomed to mimic the genuine act of cigarette smoking cigarettes. They are available in several sizes in addition to flavors. They routinely have a button on the side that triggers a puff regarding vapor to end up being released, just like a cigarette. To incorporate flavorings to your own Vape, simply utilize to the tip of the reservoir, follow the included directions, screw on a new replacement battery, and so on. Inhaling from the mouthpiece releases a delicious aerosol.
Are there any downsides to Vape? Whilst vapor products do not contain pure nicotine, they are marketed as “nicotine free”, or even “light nicotine”, and may contain other chemical substances. They typically price more than similar products to supply the same digital nicotine delivery. For most of us, these additional charges are well well worth it. Most Vape products come with an choice to refill along with liquid nicotine, therefore you never have in order to purchase additional ink cartridges or pay for expensive nicotine replacement.
One of many key differences between regular smoking and ex-smoking is the possibility of disease transmission. Holiday providers familiar with the particular fact that carbon monoxide smoke is dangerous. E smokes mimic smokes in a quantity of ways. Being a smoker, you would inhale the same amount Eightvape Coupon of tar and other toxins present in cigarettes. Just with all the vapor coming from Vaping, does the user go through the real taste of a cigarette.
Another benefit of Vaping is the reduce in nicotine addiction. Over time, cigarette smokers who have switched to Vaping record that they experience much less nicotine cravings plus find it easier to quit. This particular reduction in dependancy is particularly important considering the quantity of fatalities related to cigarette each year. Several people who are not able to quit cigarettes resort to applying tobacco to begin with. Inhaling and exhaling the vapor from Vaping can act as an alternate to cigarettes and significantly decrease the desires users feel.
The opportunity of damage associated with Vaping is also decreased. By using e-liquids as an alternative of a smoke, you are not exposing you to typically the same health risks as when a person smoke. By avoiding all of typically the tar, toxins plus other dangerous elements in cigarettes, you are decreasing your own risk for malignancy as well as other diseases associated with smoking. If you suffer coming from diabetes, lung condition or another illness related with smoking, an individual will benefit by making use of Vaping instead. Simply by avoiding nicotine, you are also avoiding the many complications and health risks associated with this specific addictive substance.
Vaping gives a variety of benefits to users associated with all ages. A person have a number of options to choose from when you begin to utilize Vaping. The liquids are usually available in a number of different flavors, giving a person an opportunity in order to choose something a person enjoy the most. This makes Vaping specifically appealing to younger people. Vaping is also more expense effective than several other methods of quitting smoking presently available. The cost to purchase e-liquids and the cost to re-fill them do not really add up to much of an expense when compared to the high cost regarding cigarettes. | <urn:uuid:68bd80ff-5754-4a27-9c30-4f6ad61e2f69> | CC-MAIN-2021-10 | https://smith301.mikequienalty.com/why-vaping-might-be-a-good-choice-for-teenagers/ | 2021-03-05T07:40:20Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178370239.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20210305060756-20210305090756-00159.warc.gz | en | 0.945529 | 894 | [
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Through a teaser appeared on Weibo (and which you will find below), Oppo Renault Ace 2 On April 13, he made an appointment for his official presentation. This will be the next top of the range of the Chinese company, mainly focused on game lovers. The device has already appeared in the database of the famous e-commerce jd.com, with many photos and details on the technical sheet, which are added to the certification already identified. Tenaa,
Oppo Renault Ace 2 thus, it is expected that with the characteristic circular module will be placed 4 rear cameras (of which the main should have a resolution of 48 megapixels), while the display confirms the hole, which will integrate a 16 megapixel selfie camera.
No doubt about being on board Snapdragon 865 (with a built-in 5G modem), while there will be three options on the market, with the only discriminants regarding RAM and internal memory. The configurations will be 8 + 128 GB, 8 + 256 GB and 12 + 256 GB.
Oppo Renault Ace 2 then it will be equipped with a 6.5-inch Full HD + display and can count on a battery of at least 4000 mAh with support for 65 W fast charging and 40 W wireless. We’ll see if there will be first rumors of prices in the next few days and before the official launch. | <urn:uuid:b8f630a9-e6dd-41f9-9bc1-d7fc96b93dae> | CC-MAIN-2021-10 | https://techumble.com/photos-videos-and-new-details-on-the-data-sheet/ | 2021-03-05T06:13:21Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178370239.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20210305060756-20210305090756-00159.warc.gz | en | 0.938903 | 280 | [
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One bold airline CEO is making a statement that is sure to be controversial, and goes against the grain of what some of his peers have publicly stated.
United Airlines CEO Scott Kirby said in an employee town hall, that if it were his choice, he’d make a COVID-d10 vaccination mandatory for people to work for his company. “The worst thing that I believe I will ever do in my career is the letters that I have written to the surviving family members of coworkers that we have lost to the coronavirus.And so, for me, because I have confidence in the safety of the vaccine – and I recognize it’s controversial – I think the right thing to do is for United Airlines, and for other companies, to require the vaccines and to make them mandatory.”
Kirby pointed out in the memo that his airline is working with government officials and health care providers to set up vaccine distribution centers near some of the big hubs they service around the county.
That would help regarding the logistics of trying to have everyone vaccinated, but even with that it would nearly be impossible. “I don’t think United will get away with and can realistically be the only company that requires vaccines and makes them mandatory,” he said. “We need some others. We need some others to show leadership. Particularly in the healthcare industry.”
American Airlines has said they do not plan on requiring employees to be vaccinated unless its required to reenter certain destinations. Southwest also does not currently require employees to get vaccinated, but they encourage staff to do it. | <urn:uuid:4cc29eba-4f51-42dd-b180-d7506f3045e2> | CC-MAIN-2021-10 | https://vtpost.com/one-airline-ceo-wants-all-his-employees-united-on-one-thing-mandatory-covid-19-vaccinations/ | 2021-03-05T06:28:05Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178370239.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20210305060756-20210305090756-00159.warc.gz | en | 0.981096 | 327 | [
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What on earth is Dog Parkour?
Well, as we were the first place in the UK to be offering training courses and attaining international titles in Dog Parkour then it’s not surprising that you might not have heard of it! Take a look at this article about the dog parkour we did on BBC2’s Me and My Dog to learn more.
From the website of the International Dog Parkour Association:
Parkour is a physical discipline in which individuals move through their environment and conquer obstacles in their path. It includes climbing, balancing, jumping, running, vaulting, creativity and working past fear. So what is dog parkour? Dog parkour, sometimes known as urban agility, is an activity based on the same principles. It is a challenging, but fun, physical activity in which the dogs learn to interact with their environment. Just like in the human version, in dog parkour we work on ways to conquer obstacles, such as climbing, balancing, and jumping. Dog Parkour is a non competitive event, but it is a titling event.
We offer weekly classes during the summer months when the evenings are light enough to enjoy being outside, and these longer workshops at weekends.
Dates:15th April, 26th May, 16th June, 21st July
Advanced: Must have Novice title from IDPA or Developing Dogs
Beginners: Dogs under 12 months welcome and will do activities suitable for their age and size
There are multiple dates available so click through on the calendar and book your workshop now: | <urn:uuid:8a7dec30-9127-4f2b-832a-faef67b9e13c> | CC-MAIN-2021-10 | https://www.developingdogs.co.uk/workshops/90minute/ | 2021-03-08T13:21:25Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178375439.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20210308112849-20210308142849-00479.warc.gz | en | 0.964352 | 319 | [
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Despite a continued lack of content and waning consumer interest, Panasonic has claimed 3D is still a ‘key feature’ for the TV scene.
Although in past years 3D has been the buzzword of the home entertainment sector, recently it has been superseded by Smart connectivity and 4K visuals. Despite this drop is focus, however, Panasonic has insisted that 3D is not dead yet.
“I think [3D] is still very much a key feature on the TVs and it’s linked to content,” Craig Cunningham, a Panasonic Product Manager for the UK and Ireland said speaking with TrustedReviews.
Despite broadcasters continuing to reduce their 3D efforts, and fewer 3D films making its to cinemas, Cunningham has insisted that extra dimensional content will still drive adoption of 3D TVs for the home.
He added: “Gravity is quite recent and that in 3D is much better than watching it in 2D. As long as 3D is adding to the experience, I think it is really well appreciated by the consumer.
“I think when it’s just doing 3D for 3D’s sake it hasn’t been accepted quite as well.”
Although content is key, Cunningham has confirmed Panasonic will continue to do its part to support the future of 3D, with the ‘key feature’ to remain prominent on its forthcoming TV lines.
“You’ll see when you see our full line-up for next year, 3D is still very much a part of it,” he said. “It’s not going to be a kind of hero message the way 4K is or the way smart is.”
Although Panasonic has offered its continued backing to the 3D TV space, earlier this year Toshiba told us it doesn’t see the 3D market progressing much further.
Speaking exclusively with TrustedReviews during CES 2014, an official Toshiba spokesperson told us “No, there is not still demand for 3D.”
He added: “We have not seen a huge demand for 3D and we do not see that trend extending its lifeline much further.”
Read More: Best TVs 2014 | <urn:uuid:161cc556-42c0-4b31-84ad-24620f8690dd> | CC-MAIN-2021-10 | https://www.trustedreviews.com/news/panasonic-3d-still-a-key-feature-for-the-tv-market-2918005 | 2021-03-08T15:49:54Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178385378.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20210308143535-20210308173535-00159.warc.gz | en | 0.97216 | 468 | [
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By Lisa Newkirk
Pancreatic cancer is one of the deadliest forms of cancer, but patients who are diagnosed at an early stage can survive five years or longer.
A team at Mayo Clinic is developing patient-centered solutions for early detection of pancreatic cancer using artificial intelligence and biomarkers.
This year, over 57,000 Americans will be diagnosed with pancreatic cancer, and 47,000 Americans will die of the disease, according to American Cancer Society estimates. More than 50% of patients with pancreatic cancer are diagnosed at a late stage, when the disease has spread beyond the pancreas.
Pancreatic cancer is challenging to catch early because most tumors don’t produce symptoms and elude diagnosis. There are no tests or tools for low-cost, convenient, safe and accurate screening.
Mayo Clinic researchers are creating an early-detection strategy to change that and transform patient care.
“As Mayo Clinic physicians and scientists it is our responsibility to purposefully innovate with a focus on improving outcomes for our patients, a shared responsibility to create the best-in-class care models for the future generation,” says Shounak Majumder, M.D., a Mayo Clinic gastroenterologist and pancreatologist.
Dr. Majumder and Gloria Petersen, Ph.D., a Mayo Clinic scientist and the Purvis and Roberta Tabor Professor, are leading the research team that is developing the early-detection strategy. Using multidisciplinary team science and artificial intelligence tools, the team will build state-of-the-art algorithms to systematically identify people at high risk for pancreatic cancer, and discover and validate novel imaging and molecular biomarkers for accurate early detection.
Systematic identification for high-risk patients isn’t available yet as a standard of care in clinical practice, but Dr. Petersen has shown that people with a family history of pancreatic cancer and those who are carriers of a predisposing gene mutation have higher risk, as well as people who develop new onset of diabetes mellitus later in life.
Dr. Petersen and Dr. Majumder’s team will develop algorithms that make it possible to systematically identify people at high risk, using information from electronic health records. The team includes artificial intelligence researchers in the Department of Health Sciences Research. They will leverage decades of well-characterized clinical data to develop the algorithms and build a comprehensive approach.
The research team will also develop a machine learning algorithm for precise, image-based identification of early pancreatic cancer and advanced precancerous lesions. They will collaborate with Mayo Clinic radiologists who have expertise in artificial intelligence and pancreatic imaging. Mayo has begun this work with an artificial intelligence tool that can quickly scan CT images and accurately outline the pancreas — requiring minimal assistance from humans. The next step is to develop deep learning algorithms using images from patients with pancreatic cancer and people who have risk factors for pancreatic cancer. The goal is to reliably detect early-stage pancreatic cancer and identify changes that are harbingers of the disease.
The early detection strategy calls for combining imaging techniques with blood tests and other noninvasive, cost effective tools. These approaches require discovery and validation of molecular biomarkers. Dr. Majumder has shown that DNA markers in tissue and pancreatic juice can accurately detect pancreatic cancer and advanced precancerous lesions. Studies are ongoing. The research team is also in the early stages of developing a blood-based molecular test.
Dr. Majumder has also initiated a high-risk pancreas clinic for patients on Mayo Clinic’s Rochester campus that uses an innovative clinical model. Dr. Majumder and his team collaborate with primary care physicians, genetic counselors and other practitioners to identify patients at high risk; develop accurate, cost-effective and practical approaches to screening and surveillance; and treat advanced precancerous lesions and early-stage disease. The clinic will serve as a translational research hub for early detection.
The Centene Charitable Foundation is supporting the research team’s work to create the early-detection strategy, which Drs. Majumder and Petersen seek to bring to the clinic within five years. (Read related news release.)
Mayo Clinic cares for nearly 1,100 patients with pancreatic cancer each year. Mayo is active in several areas of research, leads national initiatives such as the Mayo Clinic Pancreatic Cancer Specialized Program of Research Excellence and the Pancreatic Cancer Genetic Epidemiology Consortium, and has created one of the largest research registries in the world of pancreatic cancer patients and families.
“We so appreciate the many Mayo patients whose data and biospecimens have already helped us to make major advances and now enable our research team to take our work to the next level with this support,” says Dr. Petersen.
Tags: About, artificial intelligence, biomarkers, cancer genomics, cancer screening, collaboration, CT, DNA, Gloria Petersen, Innovations, Mayo Clinic Cancer Center, News, pancreatic cancer, patient experience, Shounak Majumder | <urn:uuid:6660b930-84c6-4c96-945d-148af6c007be> | CC-MAIN-2021-10 | https://advancingthescience.mayo.edu/2020/10/29/developing-solutions-for-early-detection-of-pancreatic-cancer/ | 2021-02-25T13:43:17Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178351134.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20210225124124-20210225154124-00199.warc.gz | en | 0.925602 | 1,036 | [
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|Registry of biomedical companies:
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Phone: ++49 89 4521 7710
Fax: ++49 89 4521 7720/1
Please notice: This entry hasn't been updated by the submitting company for more than 2 years. It could be possible that this company doesn't longer exists.
nabios is an ECG Core Lab for high precision measurement and anlysis of ECG data. We are specializing in the evaluation of electrocardiographic data taken in Phase I trials especially in thorough QT studies.
We also provide statistical evaluation of the data and report writing.
Last update of this entry: October 24, 2017 | <urn:uuid:9a7a8d59-df26-4f13-b322-d21696fd201b> | CC-MAIN-2021-10 | https://hum-molgen.org/companies/profile.php3/1253-nabios | 2021-02-25T13:19:37Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178351134.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20210225124124-20210225154124-00199.warc.gz | en | 0.88566 | 216 | [
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