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317429e4c718fc07cbbcfafe832f56a6 | Do genetics play a role in contracting multiple sclerosis? | Doctors still don't understand what causes multiple sclerosis. |
43497e8ce2f11c30786bf6c9baa89dd5 | Does the environment affect a person's risk of multiple sclerosis? | It's especially common in cooler climates like Scotland, Scandinavia, and throughout northern Europe -- places that are farther from the equator. People who live close to the equator are least likely to get it. In the U. S., it affects white people more than other racial groups. |
4e3c2f3dba0e35d38466e51a00a772eb | Is multiple sclerosis more common in certain parts of the world? | MS is an autoimmune condition. It's especially common in cooler climates like Scotland, Scandinavia, and throughout northern Europe -- places that are farther from the equator. This suggests that something about the place you live before puberty raises your odds of getting MS. But the risk factors could be in your genes. At one point, people believed each of these might cause MS. |
81dd78714dbd46a7c35316bb7cc97d2a | What diseases can Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) cause other than mono? | EBV is best known for causing mononucleosis, but less often it can lead to other diseases, including: Ear infections and diarrhea in children Guillain- Barre syndrome Certain cancers, including Burkitt's lymphoma and cancers of the nose and throat Studies also show a link between EBV and multiple sclerosis ( MS), but more research is needed to determine if the virus can lead to MS. |
4d567c5d67ca1c3b5e4c0b32d34fd28e | How is your activity restricted if you're recovering from an Epstein-Barr virus infection? | There are some rare complications of mono, so see your doctor if you or your child has any of these symptoms: Sudden, sharp pain on the left side of the belly, which could mean a problem with your spleen Very little urine, a sign of dehydration Trouble breathing or swallowing -- call 911 immediately Also call if your symptoms don't go away after 4 to 6 weeks. |
a8870d40be8b4e1b18162f7d03be629a | How can an Epstein-Barr virus infection be prevented? | No vaccine can protect you against the EBV virus. The best way to avoid catching it is to stay away from anyone who has mono. Don't share any items, including glasses, silverware, and toothbrushes, with someone who is infected. Also avoid kissing or having sex with an infected person. |
b33d777f9bd5a06ed7db1e6e78d48932 | How do you protect yourself from catching mono? | No vaccine can protect you against the EBV virus. The best way to avoid catching it is to stay away from anyone who has mono. Don't share any items, including glasses, silverware, and toothbrushes, with someone who is infected. Also avoid kissing or having sex with an infected person. |
b1f4007e7f7cca7608c3e527897df331 | How common is Epstein-Barr virus? | Even though Epstein- Barr virus ( EBV) isn't a household name, you've probably been infected without knowing it. Lots of people carry the virus but don't get sick. |
9154917a1416ff96f82b918a5a5835d9 | How does mono, or Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), spread? | The virus is found in saliva, so you can catch mono from kissing someone who's infected. You can also get it from drinking from the same glass or using an infected person's toothbrush. It's also found in blood and semen, so it's possible to get mono from sex, a blood transfusion, or an organ transplant. You don't have to be sick to pass the virus to someone else. EBV stays in your body long after you get over mono. The virus can become active again months or years later, making you contagious once more. |
a05bf2b3bb3c297877e01c5aef513214 | How is mono diagnosed? | It's hard to tell whether you have mononucleosis just by your symptoms. Fever, fatigue, and sore throat could also be signs of other illnesses, like the flu or a cold. See your doctor for an exam to learn for sure what's making you sick. He might find signs that you have mono, such as an enlarged spleen, an organ in your belly that filters blood. Your doctor will also check to see if you have a swollen liver and white patches on your tonsils. You may also need to get some blood tests. |
ffe2526edc2b02f606d24f511edf8d07 | What are symptoms of Epstein-Barr virus infection? | If you do get symptoms, most likely you'll have: Fatigue Fever Lack of appetite Rash Sore throat Swollen glands in the neck Weakness and sore muscles Although you should start feeling better in 2 to 4 weeks, the fatigue can stick around much longer. |
9ce47844850e9a27fe6eaf01eafda840 | How does the Epstein-Barr virus spread? | The virus is found in saliva, so you can catch mono from kissing someone who's infected. You can also get it from drinking from the same glass or using an infected person's toothbrush. It's also found in blood and semen, so it's possible to get mono from sex, a blood transfusion, or an organ transplant. You don't have to be sick to pass the virus to someone else. EBV stays in your body long after you get over mono. The virus can become active again months or years later, making you contagious once more. |
b6ad2d9c892aca59b773a873797e0518 | What are the symptoms of mono? | Once you're infected with EBV, symptoms can take 4 to 6 weeks to show up. When they do, they're often mild, especially in young children. Kids' symptoms may be more like those of a cold or flu. Teens often have more obvious symptoms of mono. If you do get symptoms, most likely you'll have: Fatigue Fever Lack of appetite Rash Sore throat Swollen glands in the neck Weakness and sore muscles Although you should start feeling better in 2 to 4 weeks, the fatigue can stick around much longer. You may still feel tired a couple of months later. |
e642e5544f3bdbf324da163e980ac37b | What are other disease caused by the Epstein-Barr virus? | EBV is best known for causing mononucleosis, but less often it can lead to other diseases, including: Ear infections and diarrhea in children Guillain- Barre syndrome Certain cancers, including Burkitt's lymphoma and cancers of the nose and throat Studies also show a link between EBV and multiple sclerosis ( MS), but more research is needed to determine if the virus can lead to MS. |
2b6cfb367fbf9536a94128962422ff18 | How long does it take to recover from an Epstein-Barr virus infection? | If you do get symptoms, most likely you'll have: Fatigue Fever Lack of appetite Rash Sore throat Swollen glands in the neck Weakness and sore muscles Although you should start feeling better in 2 to 4 weeks, the fatigue can stick around much longer. You may still feel tired a couple of months later. |
2e7e090be6dd9461a3e90ee825a1eefb | What is the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)? | You might know this disease better by its nickname, "mono." It's also called the "kissing disease" because of one way you can spread it to someone else. Even though Epstein- Barr virus ( EBV) isn't a household name, you've probably been infected without knowing it. Lots of people carry the virus but don't get sick. Like other viruses, Epstein- Barr can't be treated with antibiotics. |
be3f4415acf22515dc3429c8827f1c5d | How is an Epstein-Barr virus infection treated? | Once you're infected with EBV, symptoms can take 4 to 6 weeks to show up. Fever, fatigue, and sore throat could also be signs of other illnesses, like the flu or a cold. |
1eb18bc871ecc4ac260c53b43aec63f6 | How is mono treated? | Once you're infected with EBV, symptoms can take 4 to 6 weeks to show up. Drink a lot of water and other liquids to stay hydrated. Suck on lozenges or ice pops, or gargle with warm salt water, to make your sore throat feel better. Take painkillers like acetaminophen or ibuprofen to bring down fever and relieve body aches. ( Don't give aspirin to children under 19 years of age because of the risk of a rare but serious condition called Reye's syndrome.) |
01147d27f66160a30cccefeac1259fbc | What is Epstein-Barr virus? | You might know this disease better by its nickname, "mono." It's also called the "kissing disease" because of one way you can spread it to someone else. Like other viruses, Epstein- Barr can't be treated with antibiotics. |
a84cf9fe8be00dcd34c034582f881c69 | How is electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) used to treat bipolar I disorder? | Electroconvulsive Therapy ( ECT) Despite its scary reputation, electroconvulsive therapy ( ECT) is a safe and effective treatment for both manic and depressive symptoms. ECT is often used to treat severe forms of depression or mania in bipolar I disorder when medicines may not be effective or likely to work fast enough to bring symptom relief. |
cc031718fa90fbd4c813c9930b192270 | Who is at risk for bipolar I disorder? | Understanding Bipolar Disorder Virtually anyone can develop bipolar I disorder. About 2.5% of the U. S. population suffers from bipolar disorder -- almost 6 million people. Most people are in their teens or early 20s when symptoms of bipolar disorder first appear. Nearly everyone with bipolar I disorder develops it before age 50. People with an immediate family member who has bipolar are at higher risk. |
f52db1e75fbb1a9975a758d4a5220fa8 | How does bipolar I disorder differ from other types of bipolar I disorder? | People with bipolar I disorder experience full episodes of mania -- the often severe abnormally elevated mood and behavior described above. These manic symptoms can lead to serious disruptions in life (for example, spending the family fortune, or having an unintended pregnancy). In bipolar II disorder, the symptoms of elevated mood never reach full-blown mania. They often pass for extreme cheerfulness, even making someone a lot of fun to be around -- the "life of the party." Not so bad, you might think -- except bipolar II disorder usually involves extensive and disabling periods of significant depression, which can often be harder to treat than if episodes of hypomania had never occurred. |
cef819cce950f1d343bb30c686f156cc | Which antipsychotic medications are used to treat bipolar I disorder? | Antipsychotics For severe manic episodes, traditional antipsychotics (such as Haldol, Loxapine, or Thorazine) as well as newer antipsychotic drugs -- also called atypical antipsychotics -- may be necessary. Cariprazine ( Vraylar) is a newly approved antipsychotic to treat manic or mixed episodes. Aripiprazole ( Abilify), asenapine ( Saphris), clozapine ( Clozaril), olanzapine ( Zyprexa), quetiapine ( Seroquel), risperidone ( Risperdal), and ziprasidone ( Geodon) are often used, and many other drugs are available. The antipsychotic lurasidone ( Latuda)is approved for use -- either alone or with lithium or valproate ( Depakote) -- in cases of bipolar I depression. Antipsychotic medicines are also sometimes used for preventive treatment. |
0c401951398d2872e7afec6348efe3bb | How are manic bipolar I disorder episodes treated? | Manic episodes in bipolar I disorder require treatment with drugs, such as mood stabilizers and antipsychotics, and sometimes sedative-hypnotics which include benzodiazepines such as clonazepam ( Klonopin) or lorazepam ( Ativan). |
a5e632a9f14e1dfd68825665216bb30f | How is lithium used to treat bipolar I disorder? | Mood Stabilizers Lithium: This simple metal in pill form is especially effective at controlling mania that involves classical euphoria rather than mixtures of mania and depression simultaneously. Lithium has been used for more than 60 years to treat bipolar disorder. Lithium can take weeks to work fully, making it better for maintenance treatment than for sudden manic episodes. Blood levels of lithium as well as tests to measure kidney and thyroid functioning must be monitored to avoid side effects. |
749d714c34674946928adbd687f2b134 | Can bipolar disorder be prevented? | Other antiseizure medicines that are less well-established but still sometimes used experimentally for the treatment of bipolar disorder, such as oxcarbazapine ( Trileptal). It's not known if bipolar I disorder can be prevented entirely. It is possible to lower the risk of episodes of mania or depression once bipolar disorder has developed. Regular therapy sessions with a psychologist or social worker can help people to identify factors that can destabilize mood (such as poor medication adherence, sleep deprivation, drug or alcohol abuse, and poor stress management), leading to fewer hospitalizations and feeling better overall. Taking medicine on a regular basis can help to prevent future manic or depressive episodes. |
13868946f8387b3e159134ced3752c02 | What are the symptoms of bipolar I disorder? | Abnormal behavior during manic episodes includes: Flying suddenly from one idea to the next Rapid, "pressured" (uninterruptable), and loud speech Increased energy, with hyperactivity and a decreased need for sleep Inflated self-image Excessive spending Hypersexuality Substance abuse People in manic episodes may spend money far beyond their means, have sex with people they wouldn't otherwise, or pursue grandiose, unrealistic plans. In severe manic episodes, a person loses touch with reality. They may become delusional and behave bizarrely. As a mood stabilizer that can be used by a "loading dose" method -- beginning at a very high dose -- valproate allows the possibility of significant improvement in mood as early as four to five days. |
8762a5b9dfc98c6ebcf3221e04b2fdb2 | What is "nursemaid's elbow"? | Nursemaid's Elbow, or "pulled elbow," occurs in small children as a result of being lifted, yanked, swung by the hand or wrist, or falling on an outstretched arm. One of the arm bones slips out of place slightly. The child may: Complain that the elbow hurts Cry when the arm is moved or touched Hold the arm close to his or her side or support it with the other arm. Not use the arm The health care provider may see the child or refer you to a hospital emergency room. |
1ba71015287631da8ae2d975d016a62e | How do the drugs Ditropan and Levsin work for bed-wetting, and what are their side effects? | Ditropan and Levsin Ditropan and Levsin work by reducing unwanted bladder contractions. Side effects may include: Dry mouth Drowsiness Flushing Heat sensitivity Constipation |
4d1b8f41a25d8cfd20bdb5ca8ff4418b | What is Tofranil and how is it used to treat bed-wetting? | Side effects of DDAVP are uncommon but may include: Headache Runny nose Nasal stuffiness Nosebleeds Tofranil Tofranil is a tricyclic antidepressant that has been used to treat bed-wetting for about 30 years. How it works is not clear, but it is known to have a relaxing effect on the bladder, allowing the bladder to hold more urine comfortably. Side effects of Tofranil tend to be rare with correct dosage but may include: Nervousness Anxiety Constipation Personality changes A warning: Tofranil can have toxic side effects if taken improperly. Deaths have been attributed to accidental overdoses. |
01efa12dbd0b705943b0f2f449fd1621 | Are there medications to help with bedwetting? | The two drugs approved by the FDA specifically for bed-wetting are DDAVP and Tofranil. Other medications that are sometimes used to treat bed-wetting include Ditropan and Levsin. Drug therapy does not work for everyone, and these medications can have significant side effects. Talk to your child's doctor to determine if drug therapy is right for your child. |
dd03d41fdc2de523f60e68cf81098379 | Does my child need medication for bed-wetting? | Bed-wetting tends to go away by itself. However, if after talking to your child's doctor you decide to treat your child with medications, several drug therapies are available. Talk to your child's doctor to determine if drug therapy is right for your child. |
d0cfc77203323bb9f96c326304fb528d | What is DDAVP and how is it used to treat bed-wetting? | Here's an overview of each drug used to treat bed-wetting: DDAVP DDAVP is a synthetic form of antidiuretic hormone ( ADH), a substance that occurs naturally in the body. This drug works by imitating ADH in the body, which reduces the amount of urine that the body produces and also increases the concentration of the urine. Its main use is for children who have not been helped by an alarm. It is also used as a stopgap measure to help children attend camps or sleepovers without embarrassment. It is an FDA-approved treatment for bed-wetting. Side effects of DDAVP are uncommon but may include: Headache Runny nose Nasal stuffiness Nosebleeds Tofranil Tofranil is a tricyclic antidepressant that has been used to treat bed-wetting for about 30 years. |
0b216a1d3c7213240654e9bf18f03c98 | When should you call your doctor immediately about back pain? | Certain back pain symptoms mean you should call your doctor ASAP. * New or progressive motor weakness, sometimes with numbness or tingling. * Loss of bowel or bladder function. * Pain for 6 weeks or more. Other red flags indicating that your back pain should be evaluated immediately include: * History of cancer or unexplained weight loss * History of immune system problems * Fever All is fine during the day, but as soon as your head hits the pillow your back starts to hurt, making sleep near impossible. |
41071f8a2d7602245b07135eb95ad089 | Are teachers able to recognize ADHD in children? | Since teachers work with many different children, they also come to know how students typically behave in classroom situations requiring concentration and self-control. So when they notice something outside the norm, they may speak with the school psychologist or the parents about their concerns. But teachers can't diagnose ADHD. They can tell you what they've noticed, but after that, you would need to get a professional to evaluate your child to see if they have ADHD or if something else is going on. |
6a349502c48bbb80e6e4663a1fdf35ef | Is there a test I can give my child if the teacher suggests they have ADHD? | Instead, the ADHD diagnosis is based on observations of a child's behavior in multiple settings. The teacher, sometimes past teachers, will play a key role in the process. The professional who makes the diagnosis is usually a specially trained doctor (apsychiatrist or pediatrician), psychologist, counselor, or social worker. They will ask you and your child's teachers to rate their observations of your child's behavior on standardized evaluation or rating scales. |
dc6aa2b1735449d583dc6838221a20a4 | Is it acceptable for my child's teacher to suggest my child has ADHD? | Teachers are often the first ones to recognize or suspect ADHD in children. That's because ADHD symptoms typically affect school performance or disrupt the rest of the class. Also, teachers are with children for most of the day and for months out of the year. |
1ca05e3ea515605e3fb4b9465f85226b | Do I need to tell the teacher if my child is diagnosed with ADHD? | As a parent, you'll need to keep open the lines of communication with the teacher to ensure a consistent system of incentives and discipline between school and home. For example, a younger child's teacher may make a checklist and reward the child with a star or smiley face each time he or she completes a certain number of items on the list. You may have a similar system at home or provide a bigger reward -- such as a special dinner, a family movie night, or an extra hour of TV or computer time -- when your child gets a certain number of stars or smiley faces. |
0c86d14424a6d659369527bfb7299030 | Should my child's teacher help and support me if they are diagnosed with ADHD? | Your child's teacher can be a good supporter and resource, but you may want more help dealing with the challenges and emotions of parenting a child with ADHD, or with concerns about medications or other issues. |
d17401657f42f9a40ae6d443f4a98d30 | Do I need to tell the school nurse if my child is diagnosed with ADHD? | They can tell you what they've noticed, but after that, you would need to get a professional to evaluate your child to see if they have ADHD or if something else is going on. The school nurse may play a role in dispensing ADHD medications and monitoring for side effects. Your child's teacher will be important in carrying out the behavioral part of a treatment plan and in communicating about the effectiveness of medications. |
308494598a3b6c6d764df28903a294e3 | What are the benefits of testosterone therapy? | What can you expect from testosterone treatment? It's impossible to predict, because every man is different. Many men report improvement in energy level, sex drive, and quality of erections. Testosterone also increases bone density, muscle mass, and insulin sensitivity in some men. Men also often report an improvement in mood from testosterone replacement. Whether these effects are barely noticeable, or a major boost, is highly individualized. |
7f474e30a64d73f40e26b79896a468bf | Can testosterone therapy worsen prostate cancer? | Prostate cancer: Testosterone can stimulate prostate cancer to grow. Most experts recommend screening for prostate cancer before starting testosterone replacement. Men with prostate cancer or elevated prostate specific antigen ( PSA) should probably avoid testosterone treatment. |
a4c6236d55f14780e089d5238b5707ad | Can testosterone therapy worsen blood clots? | Blood clots: The FDA requires that testosterone replacement products carry a warning about the risk of blood clots in veins. This could increase the risk of deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism , a potentially life threatening clot that occurs in the lungs. Products already carried a warning about the risk of blood clots due to polycythemia, an abnormal rise in the number of red blood cells that sometimes occurs with testosterone treatment. Now the warning is more general to include men who don't have polycythemia. |
e89cb9f5e07ce7ddaed930ce5a4a34f1 | Is low testosterone treated if there are no symptoms? | Symptoms of low testosterone include: Low sex drive (libido) Erectile dysfunction Fatigue and poor energy level Decreased muscle mass Body and facial hair loss Difficulty concentrating Depression Irritability Low sense of well-being If a man has symptoms of low testosterone and tests show he has an abnormally low testosterone level, a doctor may suggest treatment. For millions of men who have low testosterone levels but no symptoms, no treatment is currently recommended. It is has also not been approved for treating men with low levels because of aging. |
6caaba9be051505e36983cf3bd601959 | What are the risks of testosterone therapy? | Testosterone replacement therapy side effects most often include rash, itching, or irritation at the site where the testosterone is applied. However, there is also evidence of a possible increased risk of heart attack or stroke associated with testosterone use. Experts emphasize that the benefits and risks of long-term testosterone therapy are unknown, because large clinical trials haven't yet been done. |
97a554135595800e4ed11a36e6ff505f | Can testosterone therapy worsen benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH)? | Testosterone levels decline naturally in men as they age over decades. The result is difficulty urinating. This condition, benign prostatic hypertrophy, can be made worse by testosterone therapy. |
e20a73c5acce352838ea126a9064dcd7 | What is the difference between testosterone replacement and performance-enhancing steroids? | Only men with symptoms of low testosterone and blood levels that confirm this as the cause of symptoms should consider testosterone replacement. Isn't taking testosterone replacement basically the same as taking steroids, like athletes that "dope"? It's true that anabolic steroids used by some bodybuilders and athletes contain testosterone or chemicals that act like testosterone. |
745566321a258bccdcdb4efc3a9ec000 | Is testosterone replacement therapy always a good solution to low testosterone levels? | Only men with symptoms of low testosterone and blood levels that confirm this as the cause of symptoms should consider testosterone replacement. Talking with your doctor is the only way to know if testosterone therapy is right for you. Symptoms of low testosterone include: Low sex drive (libido) Erectile dysfunction Fatigue and poor energy level Decreased muscle mass Body and facial hair loss Difficulty concentrating Depression Irritability Low sense of well-being If a man has symptoms of low testosterone and tests show he has an abnormally low testosterone level, a doctor may suggest treatment. Experts emphasize that the benefits and risks of long-term testosterone therapy are unknown, because large clinical trials haven't yet been done. |
005b6395deaf3be182caef3095e359b3 | What is the psychological cost of psoriasis? | But it affects a lot more than your skin. â That can be difficult to deal with at times. And psoriasis is chronic, so it's an everyday part of your life. That may take a toll on your mood, your self-confidence, and even your relationships.â One study found that people with psoriasis have higher chances for depression and anxiety. And a third of adults with the condition say it interferes with their love life. Trouble is, stress can trigger psoriasis flares and pain. You might feel like you're stuck in a vicious cycle. Those steps can help you feel healthy and in control -- and ease your psoriasis symptoms, too. |
10db4992461fe6dfd926fb0ff8e66697 | What are the emotional effects of psoriasis? | And psoriasis is chronic, so it's an everyday part of your life. Let your friends and family know how psoriasis affects you emotionally. â They may not âget it' until you open up to them. 'â A long-term disease like psoriasis can make you feel like you're not in control. |
985ae2a863d8dd890f2f84de62fcfe3d | What is the emotional toll of psoriasis? | And psoriasis is chronic, so it's an everyday part of your life. When you take care of yourself mentally and emotionally, you'll be more likely to feel in control of your psoriasis. When they do, they may feel itchy, tight, and painful. â They may not âget it' until you open up to them. You can't catch it. 'â A long-term disease like psoriasis can make you feel like you're not in control. |
d59955430f5bd5abfe0f327097944516 | What are the pyschological side effects of psoriasis? | â That can be difficult to deal with at times. That may take a toll on your mood, your self-confidence, and even your relationships.â One study found that people with psoriasis have higher chances for depression and anxiety. Trouble is, stress can trigger psoriasis flares and pain. You might feel like you're stuck in a vicious cycle. Let your friends and family know how psoriasis affects you emotionally. Those steps can help you feel healthy and in control -- and ease your psoriasis symptoms, too. |
b63f105480f3fdc18f50c0069ae687cf | How can I handle other people's reactions to my psoriasis? | Let your friends and family know how psoriasis affects you emotionally. You can't catch it. Others might have told you that you have to âlearn to live with it.â That's not true, says Crutchfield, who has psoriasis himself. |
ea2ff5c4ad7089166c307cec163e78bc | Should I keep going to the doctor if I have psoriasis? | But treatment and some small changes to your daily habits can help you stay happy and healthy, Kaminska says. Your doctor should be able to recommend a therapist. But when you do, they'll want to support you,â Kaminska says. Others might have told you that you have to âlearn to live with it.â That's not true, says Crutchfield, who has psoriasis himself. |
4c2f7750cf48e50afb2f10c31f98682e | Can I get professional help for the emotional side of psoriasis? | Your doctor should be able to recommend a therapist. â I tell people who make comments, â I have psoriasis, which is a genetic condition. |
10aa523f2f96f0726bc6ac913bc8bbf8 | When should you call your doctor about vaginal infections and vaginitis? | You should call your doctor when: Your vaginal discharge changes color, is heavier, or smells different. |
7ef827456928918c995d44cc59b5c68b | How do you know if you have a yeast infection or bacterial vaginosis? | Two of the most common causes are related to organisms that live in your vagina. They can have very similar symptoms. Yeast infections are an overgrowth of the yeast that you normally have in your body. Bacterial vaginosis happens when the balance of bacteria is thrown off. With both conditions, you may notice white or grayish discharge. How can you tell them apart? If there's a fishy smell, bacterial vaginosis is a better guess. If your discharge looks like cottage cheese, a yeast infection may be to blame. That's also more likely to cause itching and burning, though bacterial vaginosis might make you itchy, too. And you could have both at the same time. |
d58c4ad11db6f6c82bfd9ba5d63de659 | How can you prevent vaginitis? | Keep yourself clean and dry. But doctors don't recommend vaginal sprays or heavily perfumed soaps for this area. Douching may cause irritation, too, and more importantly, could hide or spread an infection. It also removes the healthy bacteria that do the housekeeping in your vagina. Douching is never recommended. Avoid clothes that hold in heat and moisture. Nylon underwear, tight jeans, non-breathable gym shorts and leggings, and pantyhose without a cotton panel can lead to yeast infections. Eating yogurt with active cultures (check the label) might help you get fewer infections. Condoms are the best way to prevent passing infections between sexual partners. Get a complete gynecologic exam every year, including a Pap smear if your doctor recommends it. |
324068ad811dff36355f83b65556bb16 | What are the different types of vaginitis? | Doctors refer to the various conditions that cause an infection or inflammation of the vagina as "vaginitis." The most common kinds are: Bacterial vaginosis Candida or "yeast" infections Chlamydia Gonorrhea Reactions or allergies (non-infectious vaginitis) Trichomoniasis Viral vaginitis Although they may have different symptoms, a diagnosis can be tricky even for an experienced doctor. |
43ee096b6dc4d33b877784e92168f5ae | What causes non-infectious vaginitis? | You could also have an infection without any symptoms. Most often, it's an allergic reaction to or irritation from products such as: Detergents Douches Fabric softeners Perfumed soaps Spermicides Vaginal sprays It could also be from a lower level of hormones because of menopause or because you've had your ovaries removed. This can make your vagina dry, a condition called atrophic vaginitis. Sexual intercourse could be painful, and you may notice vaginal itching and burning. |
d742645db08b5ae60d3faab8f14e0267 | What are symptoms of vaginal infections and vaginitis? | Having sex can make some symptoms worse. It burns when you pee. And you could have both at the same time. |
76bdae2ee402f7c9c3b3519f7d8d23c0 | How are middle ear implants used for hearing loss? | This type happens when the outer or middle ear can't bring sound to the inner ear. Sensorineural. In-the-ear. They also don't cause feedback and can stay in place when you swim or bathe, depending on the type of implant you have. |
7413f6843dc46fe2653bea1480b6b6a0 | How are bone-anchored hearing aids used for hearing loss? | In-the-ear. These devices are usually recommended for people with: Hearing loss in one ear Problems with the shape of their ear canals Conductive or mixed hearing loss with long-term ear infections Cochlear implants. |
18eeaea9372c2a1e436279bb77f012dc | What are some tips for your babyâs ninth month? | Your 9-month-old is eager to move around. Give him plenty of opportunities to crawl, stand, and cruise -- with you nearby to supervise, of course. Nine months isn't too young to start setting limits. Your baby should understand the word ânoâ or a similar means of communication by now. Use it whenever your little one is about to do something he should not do. Hold your baby's hands and walk around the room together so he can practice getting around on two feet. |
06acdefe56829aa9dc84cdcb52e22dc0 | What brainpower milestones should you expect in your 9-month-old? | Your baby's first year is a crucial time for brain development. Trillions of tiny connections are forming that will create the foundation for a lifetime of learning. You can accelerate baby's brain growth by providing a stimulating environment. But you don't need to invest in a series of expensive videos or teaching tools to nurture a smart baby. No DVD can ever replace the value of human interaction. Reading, singing, and talking to your baby every day are the best ways to bolster brain development. And remember, your child doesn't need to start reading at nine months to be a smart baby -- he just needs to learn and explore new things every day. |
07757c02811480122fdf87c1eb7d3d52 | What communication milestones should you expect in your 9-month-old? | If your 9-month-old is like many babies at this age, he may be babbling away nonstop. Those babbles might sound almost like real sentences, although no one will understand them but your baby. However, you may start to recognize a couple of real words, such as â Mama,â â Dada,â or âhi.â Your baby's understanding of language is improving, too. If you ask, â Where's the ball?â your baby may go pick up a ball. Or you might ask, â Where's the cow?" and he may point to a picture of a cow. In the brief pauses between babbles your baby is becoming a good listener and reader of body language. You may notice that your baby brings you a favorite toy to see you smile in response. Some babies are effective comedians, even at this young age. They'll blow bubbles and make funny sounds, just to elicit a laugh from the grown-ups around them. At other times, your baby will be a lot less happy -- especially when you're about to leave the room. Separation anxiety is starting to be an issue at this age and so is stranger anxiety. Your baby may express a fear of people and things that never bothered him before. For instance, he may suddenly start crying whenever grandma comes to visit or the lights go out at bedtime. This is because your baby's awareness and memory are improving. For the same reason, you'll probably see a few tears when you try to take something away from him. The good news is that 9-month-old babies are easily distracted and the tears shouldn't last long. |
f2abb00a9ca0ac12feca137f4b362377 | What motor skills milestones should you expect in your 9-month-old? | At nine months, your baby has likely become an expert crawler. Some can even crawl up and down stairs with ease. At nine months, babies are also becoming experts at quickly changing position. They can push up to a crawl position, sit back down, and pivot to pick up a toy. Your little one may even be able to pull to a stand, and may soon start cruising around the room while holding onto furniture. In addition to getting ready for walking, 9-month-old babies are also improving their fine motor skills. With their pincer grasp, they're able to pick up smaller toys, and they can better coordinate the movement of both hands. These little sleuths will use their newfound motor skills to try to figure out how everything works -- which peg fits in the round hole, how cups fit inside one another, and which end of the toy telephone goes over their ear. Remember that each baby's motor skills develop differently. |
b7410df171d8f81e37583e5f6d5f3566 | What are symptoms of hammertoes? | The most common complaint with hammertoes is rubbing and irritation on the top of the bent toe. |
11e1cbe9bdd73916c970337a9596e2f7 | How do I know if I have hammertoes? | Usually, an X-ray is part of this exam to assess the extent of the deformity. You should see a doctor if you have a hammertoe. |
ef0a023f1385c87186d56de6dc46fd40 | How can I treat my hammertoes? | In the meantime, there are steps you can take to relieve the pain and discomfort: Wear only shoes that are high and broad across the toes, called a wide toe-box shoe. There should be at least one-half inch of space between your longest toe and the tip of the shoe. Don't wear heels higher than 2 inches. Wear the appropriate shoe for the activity you are doing. You can buy non-medicated hammertoe pads. Some brands have a gel lining that can prevent irritation of the toe by the shoe. Gently massaging the toe may help relieve pain. Put ice packs on the hammertoe to reduce painful swelling. |
30de88e02b9f1132c4e42a9fcec9b883 | What are common causes of constipation? | The most common causes of constipation are pretty easy to remedy, including: Too little fiber in your diet -- eat more fruits, vegetables, and whole grains A lack of fluids -- drink more water and less liquids that contain caffeine (which can be constipating), such as soda and coffee Too little exercise -- increase the amount of physical activity you do each day Ignoring the urge to go to the bathroom -- schedule a specific time to go each day The use of certain medicines, such as antacids, blood pressure medicines, pain relievers, antidepressants, iron supplements, and anticonvulsants; talk to your doctor about switching to a different medicine. |
4683c92cf47ed18feacba1298b5b5d92 | What happens if constipation is untreated? | Also see your doctor if: You've never been constipated before now You have stomach pain You've noticed blood in your stools You're losing weight without trying Don't let constipation go unchecked for too long. When untreated, constipation can lead to unpleasant complications such as hemorrhoids and rectal prolapse, a condition in which part of the intestine pushes out through the anus from too much straining. |
d85b280882770985abda3c5646f9d20a | What questions should you ask your doctor during an exam for constipation? | The most common causes of constipation are pretty easy to remedy, including: Too little fiber in your diet -- eat more fruits, vegetables, and whole grains A lack of fluids -- drink more water and less liquids that contain caffeine (which can be constipating), such as soda and coffee Too little exercise -- increase the amount of physical activity you do each day Ignoring the urge to go to the bathroom -- schedule a specific time to go each day The use of certain medicines, such as antacids, blood pressure medicines, pain relievers, antidepressants, iron supplements, and anticonvulsants; talk to your doctor about switching to a different medicine. How much fiber do I need to eat? How soon should my constipation improve? Do I need to see a gastroenterologist? When should I make an appointment to see you again? |
b36d50893d008a45cba731293aab1731 | When should you get a check-up for constipation? | Also see your doctor if: You've never been constipated before now You have stomach pain You've noticed blood in your stools You're losing weight without trying Don't let constipation go unchecked for too long. During the exam, the doctor may insert a gloved, lubricated finger into your anus to check for a blockage or signs of blood. |
749b06ceb6eadf22a03f7b76b16ba11c | What will your doctor ask during an exam for constipation? | Also see your doctor if: You've never been constipated before now You have stomach pain You've noticed blood in your stools You're losing weight without trying Don't let constipation go unchecked for too long. Once the cause of your constipation has been determined, your doctor will discuss treatments with you. |
d352c57c704043e64b2d64a2ffb57bb8 | How is constipation treated? | The most common causes of constipation are pretty easy to remedy, including: Too little fiber in your diet -- eat more fruits, vegetables, and whole grains A lack of fluids -- drink more water and less liquids that contain caffeine (which can be constipating), such as soda and coffee Too little exercise -- increase the amount of physical activity you do each day Ignoring the urge to go to the bathroom -- schedule a specific time to go each day The use of certain medicines, such as antacids, blood pressure medicines, pain relievers, antidepressants, iron supplements, and anticonvulsants; talk to your doctor about switching to a different medicine. Do I need to see a gastroenterologist? Once the cause of your constipation has been determined, your doctor will discuss treatments with you. Stay in touch with your doctor while following your constipation treatment. It's possible to become dependent on laxatives and need them to have a bowel movement. In that case, your doctor may have to wean you off laxatives to get your system back to normal. |
89eff42e88b9cc1c56c484e937feca2d | What happens during an exam for constipation? | He or she will ask questions about your constipation, including: When your constipation started How often you normally have bowel movements The consistency of your stools and whether you have to strain during bowel movements Whether you've noticed blood in your stools What other constipation symptoms you're experiencing (abdominal pain, vomiting, unexplained weight loss) What, if anything, seems to relieve your constipation or make it worse Your eating habits Your family and personal history of colon cancer or digestive problems such as irritable bowel syndrome What medicines you're taking These questions may sound personal, but they're the only way your doctor can learn why you're constipated and find the best constipation treatment for you. Sometimes, your doctor may recommend that you have tests such as a barium enema X-ray, sigmoidoscopy, or colonoscopy. These diagnostic tests allow your doctor to look for problems in your intestines, colon, and rectum. |
0064f5320ae5ff1da4da9f4683ec983f | Is it normal to be constipated? | Often, constipation will go away on its own within a few days or get better after you use laxatives or another constipation treatment. He or she will ask questions about your constipation, including: When your constipation started How often you normally have bowel movements The consistency of your stools and whether you have to strain during bowel movements Whether you've noticed blood in your stools What other constipation symptoms you're experiencing (abdominal pain, vomiting, unexplained weight loss) What, if anything, seems to relieve your constipation or make it worse Your eating habits Your family and personal history of colon cancer or digestive problems such as irritable bowel syndrome What medicines you're taking These questions may sound personal, but they're the only way your doctor can learn why you're constipated and find the best constipation treatment for you. |
20dc857e2fc32640d343397ca7ed85cb | Is it healthy for people with diabetes to swap meals for meal replacement bars? | Losing weight can help, and meal replacement bars may seem like an easy way to slim down. Many meal replacement products are aimed at athletes. So they can be high in calories. Others contain ingredients like sugar alcohols (sorbitol and mannitol, for example), which can cause stomach trouble. Occasionally, munching on a bar for breakfast when you're pressed for time is OK as long as you pay attention to the nutrition info. But it's smarter to stick with real meals or calorie-restricted bars that are complete meals and nutritionally balanced . |
90622e556de4a654ce8da81b2d9e75ca | Is it healthy for people with diabetes to buy "sugar-free" foods? | The supermarket is full of things that appear to be diabetes-friendly because they don't have added sugar. But many have sugar substitutes that contain carbs. That means they could send your blood sugar levels soaring. Before you put something in your cart, check the nutrition facts to see how many grams of carbs are in each serving and how much sugar is added. |
b77acb71a0bc99b7e90e9ff97eb1a142 | Can people with diabetes drink diet soda? | It may be calorie-free, carbohydrate-free, and sugar-free, but you can still overdo it. One study found that overweight people who rely on diet soda end up taking in more calories from food. Why? Diet-drink lovers may think they're "saving" calories on drinks and can afford to splurge on food. Artificial sweeteners also confuse your body because they taste sweet but don't provide calories. If you're craving a cola once in a while, it's fine to treat yourself. |
f8ad26075237cac4a66d272d7e7e25d2 | Is it healthy for people with diabetes to avoid all high-fat foods? | A little fat is good for you, assuming you choose the right kinds. You should limit saturated fats (found in meat and dairy products) and avoid trans fats completely. But monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fats are healthy. In fact, certain high-fat foods seem to help people who have diabetes. Eating nuts along with higher-carb foods may prevent blood sugar levels from going up too sharply. Other studies have shown that people who eat avocados are less likely to get metabolic syndrome. That's a cluster of symptoms that includes high blood sugar. Just remember to keep portion sizes small. |
ba8cbf75eb761bb6268a0096b18e1124 | How should you load up on vitamins and supplements to manage type 2 diabetes? | A diet with lots of fruits and vegetables should give you all the nutrients you need. A multivitamin may help fill in the gaps, but it still can't match the real thing -- food. Some people take supplements like cinnamon or chromium to try to keep their blood sugar levels stable. It's unclear whether these work. If you choose to try them -- or any supplement -- tell your doctor. He can make sure it's safe for you and won't interact with any medication you're taking. |
ef710ef75ad199d528a52093152453b0 | How can you avoid high-fat foods if you have type 2 diabetes? | A little fat is good for you, assuming you choose the right kinds. You should limit saturated fats (found in meat and dairy products) and avoid trans fats completely. But monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fats are healthy. In fact, certain high-fat foods seem to help people who have diabetes. Eating nuts along with higher-carb foods may prevent blood sugar levels from going up too sharply. Other studies have shown that people who eat avocados are less likely to get metabolic syndrome. That's a cluster of symptoms that includes high blood sugar. Just remember to keep portion sizes small. The calories can add up quickly. |
b7120e4603e737974ba90dea056fcde3 | Is it healthy for people with diabetes to drink juice? | Natural doesn't always mean healthy. One cup of apple juice, for example, has 25 grams of sugar and just 0.5 grams of fiber. An apple, on the other hand, has less sugar (19 grams) and more fiber (4.5 grams). It will satisfy you longer and help stabilize your blood sugar. What's more, a study found that drinking juice every day can raise the risk of getting diabetes. |
4888bb0fdcd5aca20d35657f73147b44 | How should you swap meals for meal replacement bars to manage type 2 diabetes? | Losing weight can help, and meal replacement bars may seem like an easy way to slim down. Many meal replacement products are aimed at athletes. So they can be high in calories. Others contain ingredients like sugar alcohols (sorbitol and mannitol, for example), which can cause stomach trouble. Occasionally, munching on a bar for breakfast when you're pressed for time is OK as long as you pay attention to the nutrition info. But it's smarter to stick with real meals or calorie-restricted bars that are complete meals and nutritionally balanced . |
99eb3604f220fdc7ae1bfe73bc7ce5e4 | How should you buy sugar-free foods to manage type 2 diabetes? | The supermarket is full of things that appear to be diabetes-friendly because they don't have added sugar. But many have sugar substitutes that contain carbs. That means they could send your blood sugar levels soaring. Before you put something in your cart, check the nutrition facts to see how many grams of carbs are in each serving and how much sugar is added. |
ee7d9180adc0dfc17b484d444517fa1d | Are 100-calorie snack packs healthy for people with diabetes? | They may seem like they're good for you, but they could actually be sabotaging your efforts. So they can be high in calories. One study found that overweight people who rely on diet soda end up taking in more calories from food. So be honest with yourself: Can you really stop after one? |
dd874d7485caf3170c15504df80e60fc | What causes neurofibromatosis? | Neurofibromatosis is often inherited (passed on by family members through our genes), but about 50% of people newly diagnosed with the disorder have no family history of the condition, which can arise spontaneously through a mutation (change) in the genes. Once this change has taken place, the mutant gene can be passed on to future generations. |
e7318d17882c66781af5fa9cb433bd40 | What is the outlook for a person with neurofibromatosis? | Often, the symptoms of NF1 are mild and people who have it are able to lead full and productive lives. Sometimes, however, pain and deformity can result leading to significant disability. The outlook for people with NF2 depends of the person's age at onset of the diseases and on the number and location of tumors. Some can be life-threatening. Often, those with schwannomatosis have severe pain, and this can be very debilitating. |
409ac0ee0d0032093575c5f84e60da07 | How can you raise your blood sugar level if you have low blood sugar (hyperglycemia)? | Give the person a high-sugar food such as: ½ cup fruit juice ½ cup regular (non diet) soda pop 3 glucose tablets Then follow with a more substantial food like a sandwich that offers protein, fat, and complex carbohydrates. If non-diabetic hypoglycemia is recurrent, see a health care provider. |
e4f9da04f6382c376ffc32837974815f | When should I call 911 for low blood sugar? | A person who has low blood sugar not related to diabetes loses consciousness. |
8b21d4497607650ea22c0475b16a56ba | How is anaphylaxis treated? | Inhalers and antihistamines won't work. Epinephrine reverses the more serious problems with breathing (wheezing and shortness of breath and the dangerous drop in blood pressure seen in anaphylaxis). The faster it is given, the better. If you're allergic to insect stings or any of the foods that cause anaphylaxis, or if you ever have had an anaphylactic reaction, ask your doctor to prescribe an epinephrine injection kit. Carry two injections at all times, and know how to use them. Make sure your family members, friends, and colleagues know the signs of anaphylaxis and can give you an injection if they need to. Don't hesitate to use it if you start to show any symptoms of anaphylaxis. It won't hurt you to take the shot as a precaution. |
4720c99d3e338c2cf9cbdb42e27d4e9a | What can lower risks of atherosclerosis? | Both medications and changes in lifestyle can improve cholesterol level and reduce the risks that come with atherosclerosis: Exercise with or without weight loss increases "good" HDL cholesterol and reduces the risk of heart attacks and strokes. A diet high in fiber and low in fats can lower "bad" LDL cholesterol. Oily fish and other foods high in omega 3 fatty acids can raise âgoodâ HDL cholesterol. Statins are the medicines most-often prescribed for high cholesterol. They can dramatically lower "bad" LDL cholesterol, by up to 60% or more. They can also increase HDL. |
d42bd606be296cbe204d8ee2253bc451 | Can statins help with atherosclerosis? | Studies have shown that statins can reduce the rates of heart attacks, strokes, and death from atherosclerosis. But to be effective, statins need to be part of a larger personalized strategy you and your doctor work out together. Among other things, that strategy will be based on your level of risk for heart attack and stroke as well as your own personal life-style choices. If you know or think your cholesterol is high or if you have a family history of high cholesterol, talk to your doctor about ways you can lower it. |
391e0b84e7464e75b4bbcb0440773035 | What should my blood glucose levels be if I am diabetic and pregnant? | Keep blood glucose levels within the ideal range: 70 to 100 mg/d L before meals Less than 120 mg/d L 2 hours after eating 100-140 mg/d L before your bedtime snack Use your meals, exercise, and diabetes medications to keep a healthy balance. |
8577d80bafc0351cf99b0c3b37b03f0c | What are the risks of diabetes in pregnancy? | Other medical tests can help prevent complications during pregnancy: Urinalysis to check for kidney problems Cholesterol and triglyceride blood tests Eye exam to see if you have glaucoma, cataracts, or retinopathy Electrocardiogram Blood work to make sure your kidneys and liver are working Foot exam High blood sugar levels early in the pregnancy (before 13 weeks) can cause birth defects. They also can increase the risks of miscarriage and diabetes-related complications. But many women don't know they're pregnant until the baby has been growing for 2 to 4 weeks. That's why you should have good control of your blood sugar before you start trying to conceive. |
eb6dd57a1c29b6e8bd58cd73636d6ef2 | What can I expect the effects of my diabetes to be on my baby when he or she is born? | If you regularly have high blood sugar levels while you're pregnant (and especially in the 24 hours before delivery), your baby may get dangerously low blood sugar right after they're born. Their insulin is based on your high sugar, and when it's suddenly taken away, their blood sugar level drops quickly and they'll need glucose to balance it out. Their calcium and magnesium levels may be off, too. Those can be fixed with medication. Some babies are too big to be delivered vaginally, and you'll need a cesarean delivery or c-section. Your doctor will keep an eye on your baby's size so you can plan for the safest way to give birth. |
1bfdea8f1a6415a51c7e7b450d8ac36b | Should I change my diet if I am pregnant and have diabetes? | Changing what and how you eat will help you avoid problems with your blood sugar levels. You'll also need to include more calories for your growing baby. Your doctor or diabetes educator can help you figure out how to do that safely. |
5d44056bdcf1335b3d66f43962881e45 | How can you prepare for diabetes and pregnancy? | A pre-conception counseling appointment will help you be physically and emotionally prepared for pregnancy. Meet with your doctor to find out if your diabetes is controlled well enough for you to stop your birth control method. A blood test called the glycosylated hemoglobin test ( Hb A1c, or just A1c) can show how well it's been going over the past 8 to 12 weeks. |
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