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e8178d42de8cb67aeedccff90c435374 | What types of prescription drugs can help with kidney stones? | Prescription drugs can help: Calcium channel blockers and alpha-blockers: These relax your ureter, the tube through which pee passes from your kidney to your bladder. A wider ureter will help the stone move more quickly. Potassium citrate or sodium citrate: Can help keep kidney stones created by uric acid from forming. |
4d312c919bac7504375c36222a92bee1 | What are percutaneous nephrolithotomy or percutaneous nephrolithotripsy to help treat kidney stones? | Percutaneous nephrolithotomy or percutaneous nephrolithotripsy. These similar surgical procedures are options if your stone is large or if other procedures fail to break them down enough. Your doctor uses a thin tube inserted through your skin to reach the stone and them removes (nephrolithotomy) or breaks (nephrolithotripsy) it. You will be given drugs so you won't be awake or feel pain. You'll likely have to stay in the hospital for 1-2 days. |
1f0151e94d17f1a7f11d7dc4cf5ebcf5 | What is open surgery for kidney stones? | Open surgery: This might be an option if your stone is very oversized or your doctor can't take it out with other treatments. You'll be sedated and not awake. Your surgeon cuts through your side to reach the kidney, then takes the stone out through the opening. You may need to stay in the hospital for a few days. It can take 4-6 weeks for you to fully recover. Your surgeon usually will ask a lab to identify the type of stone, so you might be able to take meds to avoid them in the future. |
fd6de7b587dc3da8047bd629d5fb262b | What is an exercise stress test? | Also called an exercise electrocardiogram, treadmill test, graded exercise test, or stress ECG, an exercise stress test can tell your doctor how well your heart handles physical activity. You typically walk on a treadmill or pedal a stationary bike while your doctor watches your heart rate and blood pressure. |
660c84642381687e065735e450a40a43 | What should I ask the doctor before a stress test if I have diabetes? | If you take insulin to control your blood sugar, ask your doctor how much medication you should take the day of the test and if you should eat a light meal. |
063fd424f7bcce621b7f2bc7495216a9 | What happens when you get an exercise stress test? | You'll walk on a treadmill or pedal a stationary bicycle and be asked to gradually go faster or work harder. You'll do this until you reach a target heart rate, feel exhausted, or start having symptoms of heart issues. The lab technician will regularly ask how you're feeling. You should tell them if you feel pain or discomfort in your chest, arm, or jaw, are short of breath, dizzy, or lightheaded, or notice anything else unusual. |
c836774bca581459089a23dd0c8a2d14 | What happens after an exercise stress test? | After the test, you'll walk or pedal slowly for a couple of minutes to cool down. The technician will watch your heart rate, blood pressure, and EKG until they return to normal. |
2ecc734bf436605aa952ff5585c00f1b | Why do I need a stress test? | Your doctor uses this test to: See if your heart gets enough blood when you're physically active See how likely you are to have coronary heart disease Check for abnormal heart rhythms Find out how well your heart medications are working or see if any procedures you've had done have improved the blood flow in your heart vessels Help figure out a safe exercise program for you Your doctor will give you specific instructions on what to do before your stress test. |
df586eef82d1915cb7be2c391e564a4c | What is a stress echocardiogram? | Stress echocardiogram: An echocardiogram (often called an "echo") is a graphic outline of your heart's movement. A stress echo can show the motion of your heart's walls and pumping action when the heart is stressed. It can show a lack of blood flow that other heart tests can't. |
289e0bb67ab9ff5bc4ed9f8908262932 | Do some patients go into remission from rheumatoid arthritis after using combination therapy? | Some people go into remission, which means they don't have any joint pain, swelling, or other RA symptoms. The goal of treatment is to relieve your symptoms as much as possible without side effects from your medicine. |
06640eeb28f7b1d579e40aced219a2d3 | Can I take more than one medication to treat rheumatoid arthritis? | Taking more than one medication can't reverse joint damage that you already have, and it isn't a cure. But it can prevent further damage and help you avoid other health problems that can come with rheumatoid arthritis, like heart attack and stroke. |
4a061db5c89ba8bdac1e7a06740e7444 | What should I expect during combination therapy for rheumatoid arthritis? | Combination therapy can mean less joint pain, morning stiffness, and inflammation. It can also help slow or stop your RA from getting worse. You might be able to have a more active life. |
b9f25efd3bfd01b9a0d572f5f908dc3c | What is the outlook for children with Asperger's syndrome? | Your doctor may prescribe some of these: Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors ( SSRIs) Antipsychotic drugs Stimulant medicines With the right treatment, your child can learn to control some of the social and communication challenges he faces. He can do well in school and go on to succeed in life. |
7d3376846dd39bd5ade3e1ae7c4160d7 | What medicines are used to treat Asperger's syndrome? | There aren't any drugs approved by the FDA that specifically treat Asperger's or autism spectrum disorders. Some medications, though, can help with related symptoms like depression and anxiety. Your doctor may prescribe some of these: Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors ( SSRIs) Antipsychotic drugs Stimulant medicines With the right treatment, your child can learn to control some of the social and communication challenges he faces. |
1163020734ce4d1352d8edfb30558a6a | What is it like for your child to have Asperger's syndrome? | If your child has the condition, he may talk about himself most of the time and zero in with a lot of intensity on a single subject, like rocks or football stats. And he might repeat himself a lot, especially on a topic that he's interested in. He might also do the same movements over and over. He also may dislike change. For instance, he may eat the same food for breakfast every day or have trouble moving from one class to another during the school day. |
323ef2a791bdba3cfea33433773f32f4 | How can applied behavior analysis help with Asperger's syndrome? | It's a technique that encourages positive social and communication skills in your child -- and discourages behavior you'd rather not see. The therapist will use praise or other "positive reinforcement" to get results. |
8134da8ba1cf455ae8db3818e2bce6b3 | How can cognitive behavioral therapy help treat Asperger's syndrome? | It helps your child change his way of thinking, so he can better control his emotions and repetitive behaviors. He'll be able to get a handle on things like outbursts, meltdowns, and obsessions. |
30e50c45a697833c834a4395f107025d | How can social skills training help treat Asperger's syndrome? | In groups or one-on-one sessions, therapists teach your child how to interact with others and express themselves in more appropriate ways. Social skills are often best learned by modeling after typical behavior. |
64f7d4e36f8674b6767c24d374eaae34 | Should I stay away from people who are sick? | If possible, stay away from people who have a cold or the flu. If you can't -- because you're caring for a sick family member, for instance -- step up your hand-washing routine and your attention to other defenses against germs. |
d4d4ea231bae9d56c36cda440cda6f9b | When should I get the flu shot? | It's especially important if you're in a group that doctors say is at high risk for getting sick: Children Adults older than 50 Women who will be pregnant during flu season Nursing home residents People with asthma or a long-term heart or lung condition People with diabetes or another condition that weakens the immune system -- the body's defense against germs Health care workers For the best protection, get the flu vaccine when it comes out each year in October or November. But even later is better than not at all. It takes 2 weeks for the flu vaccine to take effect, and flu season can last into March or April. |
94e85fbea464899ada8e70508471b09d | What is the best method for hand washing to prevent sickness? | Do it thoroughly: Use soap and water. Scrub for at least 20 seconds. Wash before you eat or prepare food and after you use the bathroom or change a diaper. If you're taking care of someone who's sick, wash your hands before and after being with them. |
34bf171562e1853b3f6d086fcfef57cb | Do I have to stay home when I'm sick? | Stay home when you're sick. If you go to school or work when you don't feel well, you can make a lot of people sick. Although a cold or flu might not be a big deal for you, it can be serious for people with weak immune systems, like young children, the elderly, and anyone with a long-term health problem. Working while you're sick isn't good for you, either. It can make it harder for your body to fight off a cold. So do what's best for you and everyone else. Take a couple of days off. |
1639d8bcb60d833aa7ec2f2dc8782251 | Who should get a flu vaccine? | Anyone over 6 months old should get one. It's especially important if you're in a group that doctors say is at high risk for getting sick: Children Adults older than 50 Women who will be pregnant during flu season Nursing home residents People with asthma or a long-term heart or lung condition People with diabetes or another condition that weakens the immune system -- the body's defense against germs Health care workers For the best protection, get the flu vaccine when it comes out each year in October or November. |
8f528976e3c0186f47e8e0bd67e9a075 | Should I wash cloths and towels more often if someone in my home is sick? | Cold and flu germs can cling to fabric. So when someone in your house is sick, replace cloth hand towels and dishrags with paper towels. Remove water glasses and add paper cups in the bathroom, too. |
fcb836b1cbbeb58652c717a21d76a6d2 | Can using hand sanitizer keep me from getting sick? | It's the next best thing if you can't get to a sink. Keep a small bottle with you -- at work, in your car, and in your purse. Buy one with at least 60% alcohol. Rub it all over your hands until they're dry. |
e1dc26c5f17b0caee9c20874493e7172 | How are heart failure and sleep related? | Having heart failure means you're likely to have other health issues, including sleep problems. Likewise, sleep problems, including obstructive sleep apnea ( OSA) and insomnia, can make your heart failure symptoms worse. A good night's sleep is important, whether your heart is healthy or not. Rest helps your heart as well as your energy levels, thinking skills, and overall health. If you can deal with your sleep problems, you may ease the burden on your heart. |
a99bad964562e52931dadab21e0c59ba | How can a sleep specialist help with medical sleep problems? | A sleep specialist can help you figure out what's going on medically, whether you're dealing with insomnia or OSA or something else, and how to treat it. |
108e14015c11ca3febc944a10ed33f9e | What is obstructive sleep apnea (OSA)? | OSA is more common among people who are overweight, but anyone can get it. The tissue in the back of your throat relaxes and blocks your airway while you sleep. You stop breathing, so your brain signals your throat muscles to contract, which opens up your airway again. This can happen dozens or even hundreds of times a night. |
98ed924f93647c9897e1ddb4797c370b | How can heart failure make it hard to breathe while sleeping? | During the day, you're standing and sitting, so extra fluid would normally settle in your legs and feet. But lie down, and it's going to move up into your chest and throat. This can close in your lungs and airway, making it harder to breathe. Your doctor might prescribe diuretics to help get rid of that extra fluid. But these medicines don't stop working when you sleep, which can mean interrupting your slumber for a trip or two to the bathroom. |
2849eae22ad38d8b9f81206b2bc420eb | What can you do to set yourself up for a restful night's sleep? | Set yourself up for restful sleep: Stick to a regular sleep/wake schedule. Turn off the TV, computer, and other devices before bedtime. Keep your bedroom cool and dark. Avoid alcohol before bedtime and caffeine in the afternoon or evening. Exercise every morning. |
345ec52a1a6d7757e21ddf83b1a32267 | What are complications of heart failure that can affect your sleep? | For example: Chest pain and discomfort make it hard to relax and fall or stay asleep. Lying in bed can make you feel short of breath. You may have to get up during the night to pee. |
b7f1e6e2559cc1b97cdb4a87a1954bd9 | What are the symptoms of prostate cancer? | That's why regular prostate cancer screenings are so important. Once a tumor causes the prostate gland to swell, or once cancer spreads beyond the prostate, the following symptoms may happen: The need to pee often, especially at night Trouble starting or stopping a stream of urine A weak stream, or one that starts and stops Leaking when you laugh or cough Not being able to pee standing up Pain or burning when you pee Pain or burning when you ejaculate Less fluid when you ejaculate Blood in your pee or semen Pressure or pain in your rectum Pain or stiffness in your lower back, hips, pelvis, or thighs A decrease in the amount of fluid ejaculated New trouble getting an erection These aren't symptoms of the cancer itself. |
8b011e50dbda73f566caa57803a1f3d8 | When should you call your doctor about prostate cancer? | Symptoms of advanced prostate cancer include: Dull, deep pain or stiffness in the pelvis, lower back, ribs, or upper thighs; pain in the bones of those areas Loss of weight and appetite Fatigue, nausea, or vomiting Swelling of the lower extremities Weakness or paralysis in the lower limbs, often with constipation Bowel problems You have trouble urinating or find that urination is painful or different from normal; your doctor should examine your prostate gland to determine whether it is enlarged, inflamed with an infection, or cancerous. You have chronic pain in your lower back, pelvis, upper thighbones, or other bones. Pain in these areas can be caused by different things, including the spread of prostate cancer. You have unexplained weight loss. You have swelling in your legs. You have weakness in your legs or a hard time walking, especially if you also have constipation. |
4fb6fc32bf10d0016bc1fbe0309508e0 | Should you drink water and go to the bathroom frequently if you have nephrogenic diabetes insipidus? | All adults and children with nephrogenic diabetes insipidus should take frequent bathroom breaks. This helps to avoid over-distending the bladder, which can cause long-term problems, though rarely. The most important treatment for nephrogenic diabetes insipidus is to ensure constant access to lots of water. Not keeping up with fluid losses can lead to dehydration or electrolyte imbalances, which can sometimes be severe. Seek medical help if symptoms don't improve after rehydrating, eating fresh fruit, and taking a multivitamin. |
a6732ca2ed25d2429f6f0394011a6212 | How are my kidneys involved in my nephrogenic diabetes insipidus? | In nephrogenic diabetes insipidus, enough ADH is produced. But the kidneys are partially or completely blind to it. Typically, the kidneys' ADH sensors are missing or defective. As a result, ADH flows by without effect. The kidneys don't absorb enough water. Instead, they excrete abundant dilute urine as if no ADH were present. |
80dffd87abec62e6cd9d40775e0deb0d | Can nephrogenic diabetes insipidus cause me to use the bathroom frequently? | Symptoms of electrolyte imbalances include: Unexplained weakness Lethargy Muscle pains Irritability For someone without nephrogenic diabetes insipidus, the extreme thirst it creates can be hard to understand. Some people need to drink a large glass of liquid every 15 minutes, all day, every day. And since the kidneys aren't holding that water in, that means a lot of bathroom breaks. |
96128c2a0ed69b1be45fe465453ff22a | What causes nephrogenic diabetes insipidus? | Diabetes insipidus is caused by problems related to a hormone called antidiuretic hormone or ADH. ADH is produced in a part of the brain called the hypothalamus. It's stored in the pituitary gland. Release of ADH is triggered by fluid loss or dehydration. When it's released, it causes the kidneys to retain water. This results in a decrease and concentration of urine. |
0936f7b9b65efc0dc8eccca4013f5faf | What are mechanisms by which nephrogenic diabetes insipidus works? | Diabetes insipidus is caused by problems related to a hormone called antidiuretic hormone or ADH. ADH is produced in a part of the brain called the hypothalamus. It's stored in the pituitary gland. Release of ADH is triggered by fluid loss or dehydration. When it's released, it causes the kidneys to retain water. This results in a decrease and concentration of urine. In nephrogenic diabetes insipidus, enough ADH is produced. But the kidneys are partially or completely blind to it. Typically, the kidneys' ADH sensors are missing or defective. As a result, ADH flows by without effect. The kidneys don't absorb enough water. Instead, they excrete abundant dilute urine as if no ADH were present. |
f8ba95955a1064d09d9f746ef70a5d11 | What are symptoms of nephrogenic diabetes insipidus? | The lack of ability by the kidneys to conserve water leads to the symptoms of nephrogenic diabetes insipidus. They include: Excessive thirst Excessive urine production (polyuria). |
00519a73bd9ecf265c4121fabfa8909c | How do I know if my nephrogenic diabetes insipidus caused an electrolyte imbalance? | In some people, these symptoms can become extreme and cause dehydration. Excessive fluid losses can also cause electrolyte imbalances. Symptoms of electrolyte imbalances include: Unexplained weakness Lethargy Muscle pains Irritability For someone without nephrogenic diabetes insipidus, the extreme thirst it creates can be hard to understand. |
ec081f8039e39b95fa83e7091cb5adc1 | What does high blood pressure do to your body? | When the heart beats, it pushes blood through the arteries in your entire body. Higher blood pressures mean that with each beat, arteries throughout the body swell and stretch more than they would normally. This stretching can injure the endothelium, the delicate lining of all arteries, causing arteries to become stiffer over time. |
a339cc29d2a339e3b8f0157e89812176 | What can plaque in your arteries do to your body? | The cholesterol and cells build up in the artery wall, eventually forming the plaque of atherosclerosis. Plaque is dangerous. Although it often grows without symptoms for years, plaque can suddenly rupture, forming a blood clot that blocks the artery, which keeps oxygen from getting to the heart muscle or the brain. The result can be a heart attack or stroke. |
d25465d712b2ff9ff979ed39cdf5e64d | How is high blood pressure treated? | For example, in middle-aged and older adults with high blood pressure, lowering systolic blood pressure (the top number) by 10 points leads to: 50% to 60% lower risk of dying from stroke 40% to 50% lower risk of death from a heart attack Exercise and a low-salt diet that is high in fruits and vegetables will reduce blood pressure by a moderate amount. Weight management is also important in maintaining a healthy blood pressure. For most people, though, medication is necessary to adequately control high blood pressure. In fact, most people will eventually require two or more drugs for blood pressure. Numerous drugs effectively treat hypertension. |
c83fd614b7c24b09e29df4fa9a2a7f14 | What causes atherosclerosis? | Because high blood pressure increases the risk of atherosclerosis, it raises the chance of developing all the complications of atherosclerosis, such as: Heart attack Stroke Peripheral arterial disease Erectile dysfunction Kidney disease When it comes to causing atherosclerosis, though, high blood pressure rarely acts alone. High blood pressure in isolation increases the risk of atherosclerosis, but it's particularly dangerous when it in combination with: Diabetes Abnormal cholesterol levels Cigarette smoking If you have any of these other risk factors and hypertension, your risk of atherosclerosis begins to rise dramatically. |
dcea09002fae77b54b09c179ca4f9621 | What is the normal blood pressure? | Normal blood pressure is less than 120 over less than 80. Treatment is recommended for blood pressure above 130 over 80 for most people. Treatment may be considered at lower levels, depending on other medical conditions you may have. |
10c776a93d90e16a94c2485e6987921d | What can atherosclerosis lead to? | Because high blood pressure increases the risk of atherosclerosis, it raises the chance of developing all the complications of atherosclerosis, such as: Heart attack Stroke Peripheral arterial disease Erectile dysfunction Kidney disease When it comes to causing atherosclerosis, though, high blood pressure rarely acts alone. |
07ad977f52d8834724cb2491ef97c13d | How is high blood pressure linked to atherosclerosis? | High blood pressure is a major cause of atherosclerosis, the artery-clogging process that leads to heart attacks and strokes. Blood pressure higher than 130/80 is seen in: 69% of people who have their first heart attack 77% of people who have their first stroke 74% of people who have congestive heart failure High blood pressure usually has no symptoms, even if it is severely elevated. |
dd6816f2e225824ebe4ad367e46fbdad | What can lowering my blood pressure do for me? | For example, in middle-aged and older adults with high blood pressure, lowering systolic blood pressure (the top number) by 10 points leads to: 50% to 60% lower risk of dying from stroke 40% to 50% lower risk of death from a heart attack Exercise and a low-salt diet that is high in fruits and vegetables will reduce blood pressure by a moderate amount. |
fba9767b77a091a5bd91dcad5272182c | How is hepatitis C known not to spread? | If a mom has hepatitis C and her nipples are cracked and bleeding, she should stop nursing until her nipples have healed. Then she can resume nursing. |
7e501848d38eb13d3bd7effdb62e1ca2 | How can avoiding direct exposure to blood or blood products help prevent hepatitis C infection? | If you are a medical worker or health care provider, avoid coming into direct contact with blood. Any tools that draw blood in the workplace should be thrown out safely or sterilized to prevent hepatitis C infection. |
09b8c772db94677980b3f8cfdc902276 | How can avoiding sharing personal care items help prevent hepatitis C infection? | Often, people will cut themselves while shaving, or their gums will bleed while brushing their teeth. Even small amounts of blood can infect someone, so it is important not to share items such as toothbrushes, razors, nail and hair clippers, and scissors. If you already have hepatitis C, make sure you keep your personal items, such as razors and toothbrushes, separate and out of children's reach. |
003c52a82eb8bfe11bda7be03c8af56b | How can avoiding sharing needles help prevent hepatitis C infection? | Besides needles, the virus may be present in other equipment used with illicit drugs. |
50f89815f828c30a4b9fd1a37e39fe72 | How can practicing safe sex prevent hepatitis C? | It is rare for hepatitis C to be transmitted through sexual intercourse, but there is a higher chance of getting hepatitis C if you have HIV, another sexually transmitted disease, multiple sex partners, or if you engage in rough sex. |
6c828f55535b9222386c5e55e5f90c2d | How is hepatitis C transmission currently prevented? | One of the main problems with preventing hepatitis C is that most people who are infected don't show symptoms at first. Many only find out when they have a blood test for an unrelated reason. Until relatively recently, this often led to infected blood and organs being used in transfusions and transplants. As of July 1992, all blood and organ donations are screened for the hepatitis C virus. Although not perfect, only about 1 in 2 million blood transfusions may transmit hepatitis C. Anyone who received a blood transfusion or organ donation before July 1992 should be tested for the virus. As of 1987, all blood products for the treatment of hemophilia are treated to remove infectious viruses, such as hepatitis C and HIV. But if you took any blood products before 1987, you should be tested for hepatitis C. There is no vaccine to prevent hepatitis C infection. |
b0311cdb72cdda05ee03f9925aaa8022 | How should you choose tattoo and piercing parlors to prevent hepatitis C infection? | Only use a licensed tattoo and piercing artist who does the right sanitary procedures. A new, disposable needle and ink well should be used for each customer. If in doubt, ask about their disposable products and sanitary procedures before getting a tattoo or piercing. |
0a0a031ef5ee2e2f313230fa80d7c608 | What are some symptoms of an insulin overdose? | If you have low blood sugar because of an insulin overdose, you may have: Anxiety Confusion Extreme hunger Fatigue Irritability Sweating or clammy skin Trembling hands If your blood sugar levels continue to fall, you could have seizures or pass out. |
50f6d389b9c149c37c891e5137dfc3ed | What are the signs of an insulin overdose? | Cold sweats, trembling hands, intense anxiety, a general sense of confusion -- these are signs of low blood sugar. |
5299a1dcc8e4765bb666d0640d3deaad | What should someone do if they have an insulin overdose? | Don't panic. Most insulin overdoses can be treated at home. Follow these steps if you're able: Check your blood sugar. You'll need to know where you're starting from. Drink one-half cup of regular soda or sweetened fruit juice, and eat a hard candy or have glucose paste, tablets, or gel. If you skipped a meal, eat something now. Something with 15 to 20 grams of carbohydrates should raise your blood sugar. Rest. Get off your feet and take a break. Recheck your blood sugar after 15 or 20 minutes. If it's still low, take another 15 to 20 grams of a quick-acting sugar, and eat something if you can. Pay attention to how you feel for the next few hours. If you still have symptoms, check your sugar again an hour after eating. Keep snacking if your sugar is low. Get medical help if your sugar level stays low after 2 hours or if your symptoms don't get better. |
346d124ff961d0b8dce3eec0f22be0b8 | How should you take long-term control asthma medications? | Some of these drugs should be taken daily to get your asthma under control and keep it that way. Others are taken on an as needed basis to reduce the severity of an asthma attack. |
1437453f656010f2ee6930c28e4943eb | What are quick-relief asthma medications? | These medications provide fast relief of asthma attack symptoms like cough, chest tightness, and wheezing. They include: Short-acting beta-agonists (bronchodilators) Anticholinergics. These are bronchodilators that can be paired with, or used instead of, short-acting beta-agonists. Systemic corticosteroids are anti-inflammatory drugs that get symptoms under control. |
b17cfebd4dc0a09cb16f3b0a9f079ff2 | Can allergy shots treat my asthma? | Children who get allergy shots are less likely to get asthma, recent studies show, but there are asthma shots specifically for adolescents and adults. Since allergies are an asthma trigger, it makes sense that if you control them, you'll have fewer asthma attacks. |
00161fdf4e33c8046f3d63255840ce69 | How often will you have to take asthma medications? | How often you need to take your medications depends on how severe your condition is and how frequently you have symptoms. For example, if you only have trouble when you exercise, you may only need to use an inhaler before a workout. But most people with asthma need daily treatment. |
77106c5aab6afb8aec00bdcdf4b6ec59 | What problems could develop with a dental crown? | Your newly crowned tooth may be sensitive immediately after the procedure as the anesthesia begins to wear off. If the tooth that has been crowned still has a nerve in it, you may experience some heat and cold sensitivity. Your dentist may recommend that you brush teeth with toothpaste designed for sensitive teeth. Pain or sensitivity that occurs when you bite down usually means that the crown is too high on the tooth. If this is the case, call your dentist. He or she can easily fix the problem. |
c74cd295b036276fb6114d027df790c5 | What happens during the second visit for a dental crown? | Second visit: Receiving the permanent dental crown At the second visit, your dentist will remove the temporary crown and check the fit and color of the permanent crown. If everything is acceptable, a local anesthetic will be used to numb the tooth and the new crown is permanently cemented in place. |
53109acbe61e28388ecde31fed9563bc | Why is a dental crown needed? | A dental crown may be needed in the following situations: To protect a weak tooth (for instance, from decay) from breaking or to hold together parts of a cracked tooth To restore an already broken tooth or a tooth that has been severely worn down To cover and support a tooth with a large filling when there isn't a lot of tooth left To hold a dental bridge in place To cover misshapened or severely discolored teeth To cover a dental implant To make a cosmetic modification For children, a crown may be used on primary (baby) teeth in order to: Save a tooth that has been so damaged by decay that it can't support a filling. |
ead8ac93fa61fae8c412a9daaa565e57 | What metals are used for dental crowns? | Metals used in crowns include alloys that have a high content of gold or platinum, or base-metal alloys (for example, cobalt- chromium and nickel-chromium alloys). Metal crowns withstand biting and chewing forces well and probably last the longest in terms of wear down. Also, metal crowns rarely chip or break. The metallic color -- and the high price of gold -- is the main drawback. Metal crowns are a good choice for out-of-sight molars. |
dc97365882c8179b141a70219eef8d40 | What happens after reshaping a tooth for a dental crown? | After reshaping the tooth, your dentist typically will use a paste or putty to make an impression of the tooth to receive the crown. Sometimes, though, impressions are made with a digital scanner. Impressions of the teeth above and below the tooth to receive the dental crown will also be made to make sure that the crown will not affect your bite. The impressions or scans are sent to a dental lab where the crown will be manufactured. The crown is usually returned to your dentist's office in two to three weeks. If the crown is made of porcelain, your dentist will also select the shade that most closely matches the color of the neighboring teeth. During this first office visit your dentist will make a temporary crown to cover and protect the prepared tooth while the crown is being made. Temporary crowns usually are made of acrylic and are held in place using a temporary cement. |
ca1c28e9d2f26c51f1e8f7deb881b9c7 | How are stainless steel dental crowns used? | Stainless steel crowns are prefabricated crowns that are used on permanent teeth primarily as a temporary measure. The crown protects the tooth or filling while a permanent crown is made from another material. For children, a stainless steel crown is commonly used to fit over a primary tooth that's been prepared to fit it. The crown covers the entire tooth and protects it from further decay. When the primary tooth comes out to make room for the permanent tooth, the crown comes out naturally with it. In general, stainless steel crowns are used for children's teeth because they don't require multiple dental visits to put in place and so are more cost- effective than custom-made crowns and prophylactic dental care needed to protect a tooth without a crown. |
b1b0a7b5a683cecb9611233ba0cb1a48 | How can you get a loose dental crown? | Sometimes the cement washes out from under the crown. Not only does this allow the crown to become loose, it allows bacteria to leak in and cause decay to the tooth that remains. If a crown feels loose, contact your dentist's office. |
3d19c2709452a36c13180f129ea2c631 | How are porcelain-fused-to-metal dental crowns used? | Porcelain-fused-to-metal dental crowns can be color matched to your adjacent teeth (unlike the metallic crowns). However, more wearing to the opposing teeth occurs with this crown type compared with metal or resin crowns. The crown's porcelain portion can also chip or break off. Next to all-ceramic crowns, porcelain-fused-to-metal crowns look most like normal teeth. However, sometimes the metal underlying the crown's porcelain can show through as a dark line, especially at the gum line and even more so if your gums recede. These crowns can be a good choice for front or back teeth as well as long bridges where the metal is needed for strength. |
e76aa3f2488da0d9b493c766f5fc6813 | How much do dental crowns cost? | Costs of crowns vary depending on what part of the country you live in and on the type of crown selected (porcelain versus gold, for example). Generally, crowns can range in cost from $800 to $1700 or more per crown. A portion of the cost of a crown is generally covered by insurance. To be certain, check with your dental insurance company. |
b36f8c8309311f2eafc4838a8a635f44 | How should I care for my temporary dental crown? | Because temporary dental crowns are just that -- a temporary fix until a permanent crown is ready -- most dentists suggest that a few precautions. These include: Avoid sticky, chewy foods (for example, chewing gum, caramel), which have the potential of grabbing and pulling off the crown. Minimize use of the side of your mouth with the temporary crown. Shift the bulk of your chewing to the other side of the mouth. Avoid chewing hard foods (such as raw vegetables), which could dislodge or break the crown. Slide rather than lift out dental floss when cleaning between your teeth to avoid pulling off the temporary crown. |
eb38384732707637aed0b5e7166c90de | What happens before making a dental crown? | Before the process of making a crown begins, your dentist will anesthetize (numb) the tooth and the gum tissue around the tooth. Next, the tooth receiving the crown is reshaped along the chewing surface and sides to make room for the crown. The amount removed depends on the type of crown used. If, on the other hand, a large area of the tooth is missing (due to decay or damage), your dentist will use filling material to "build up" the tooth to support the crown. |
7496129b7e8e8f12e0408c8b72c94747 | What happens during the first visit for a dental crown? | First visit: Examining and preparing the tooth At the first visit in preparation for a crown, your dentist may take a few X-rays to check the roots of the tooth receiving the crown and surrounding bone. If the tooth has extensive decay or if there is a risk of infection or injury to the tooth's pulp, a root canal treatment may first be performed. |
66bab39ea1386aadf021a6494903f214 | How can you get an allergic reaction from a dental crown? | Because the metals used to make crowns are usually a mixture of metals, an allergic reaction to the metals or porcelain used in crowns can occur, but this is extremely rare. |
f7c24df230a9a87637881298a658f139 | How does a dentist prepare a tooth for a dental crown? | Preparing a tooth for a crown usually requires two visits to the dentist -- the first step involves examining and preparing the tooth, the second visit involves placement of the permanent crown. First visit: Examining and preparing the tooth At the first visit in preparation for a crown, your dentist may take a few X-rays to check the roots of the tooth receiving the crown and surrounding bone. |
4f7c7969bf83fa100c7f943496c58e5f | How are all-resin dental crowns used? | However, they wear down over time and are more prone to fractures than porcelain-fused-to-metal crowns. All-ceramic or all-porcelain dental crowns provide better natural color match than any other crown type and may be more suitable for people with metal allergies. |
d4ccf32db1efd01c7ba6628999d362c6 | How can autoimmune thyroiditis cause goiter? | As the disease goes on, your thyroid may become enlarged, a condition called a goiter. The front of your neck will look swollen, and it might make your throat feel full. It may not hurt. Left alone, the thyroid will eventually shrink on its own, but that doesn't mean you're cured. That just means your thyroid is damaged. |
89eaac4e745919712248fd94687e8f48 | What foods and supplements can mess with your treatment for autoimmune thyroiditis? | You'll need to take medicine for the rest of your life. |
408f38cb5c9be5a7eccfc3bb3b1e4fc6 | What causes autoimmune thyroiditis? | Or it could be a combination of causes. |
4efca91e062283f1a4585c079aaea1f5 | How is autoimmune thyroiditis treated? | The usual therapy is a prescription medicine called levothyroxine ( Levo- T, Levothroid, Levoxyl, Synthroid, Tirosint, Unithroid). It's a man-made version of what a healthy thyroid makes. Your doctor will keep an eye on you and may have to adjust your dosage every once in a while. You'll need to take medicine for the rest of your life. |
81b8a50cba48dfa1d78fd20a451546ff | Who is more likely to get autoimmune thyroiditis? | You may be more likely to get autoimmune thyroiditis if you: Are a woman Are middle-aged Have another autoimmune disorder like lupus, type 1 diabetes, or rheumatoid arthritis Are related to someone who has autoimmune thyroiditis Have been exposed to environmental radiation You may not have any in the beginning. |
38a384e0f4e3d4aee2b7284010df9e0a | How is autoimmune thyroiditis diagnosed? | Symptoms can include: Tiredness Sensitivity to cold Puffy face Trouble pooping Enlarged tongue Pale, dry skin and brittle nails Hair loss Weight gain Muscle aches and joint pain Depression Memory lapse Heavy menstrual bleeding Your doctor will order blood tests to check your thyroid hormone levels. The tests also look for something called thyroperoxidase antibodies. You also might have an ultrasound so your doctor can look at your thyroid, especially if your blood test results aren't clear. Your doctor might spot the problem through regular blood tests even if you don't have any symptoms, especially if they're aware that your family has a history of thyroid problems. |
4e5754a85f3cc3e4d834bc70e2a1e4e9 | What are complications of laryngopharyngeal reflux (LPR) in infants and children? | In infants and children, LPR can cause: Narrowing of the area below the vocal cords Contact ulcers Recurrent ear infections from problems with eustachian tube function Lasting buildup of middle ear fluid In adults, silent reflux can scar the throat and voice box. |
5fcc35e5a4dd7b1c0f200cdfc2c68511 | What lifestyle changes can help treat laryngopharyngeal reflux (LPR) treated in adults? | Silent reflux treatment for infants and children may include: Smaller and more frequent feedings Keeping an infant in a vertical position for at least 30 minutes after feeding Medications such as H2 blockers or proton pump inhibitors, as directed by the pediatrician Surgery for any abnormalities that can't be treated in other ways Silent reflux treatment for adults may include these lifestyle modifications: Lose weight, if needed. Quit smoking, if you are a smoker. Avoid alcohol. Restrict chocolate, mints, fats, citrus fruits, carbonated beverages, spicy or tomato-based products, red wine, and caffeine. Stop eating at least three hours before going to bed. Elevate the head of the bed about 4 to 6 inches. Avoid wearing tight-fitting clothes around the waist. Try chewing gum to increase saliva and neutralize acid. |
c6e3cc3e5396e6cc09cabdc7a6f59476 | What is surgery called fundoplication for laryngopharyngeal reflux (LPR)? | Fundoplication is a type of surgery which involves wrapping the upper part of the stomach around the lower esophagus to create a stronger valve between the esophagus and stomach. It is usually done laparoscopically, with small surgical incisions and use of small surgical equipment and a laparoscope to help the surgeon see inside. Fundoplication can also be done as a traditional open surgery with a larger incision. |
deba9d4b93c2ebf9bd48cf60c5c01c1e | How is laryngopharyngeal reflux (LPR) treated in infants and children? | Silent reflux treatment for infants and children may include: Smaller and more frequent feedings Keeping an infant in a vertical position for at least 30 minutes after feeding Medications such as H2 blockers or proton pump inhibitors, as directed by the pediatrician Surgery for any abnormalities that can't be treated in other ways Silent reflux treatment for adults may include these lifestyle modifications: Lose weight, if needed. |
98b26127ad9ad01805b34c959d6b6564 | What medications might be used to treat laryngopharyngeal reflux (LPR)? | You may also need to take one or more types of medicine such as: Proton pump inhibitors such as rabeprazole ( Aciphex), dexlansoprazole ( Dexilant), esomeprazole ( Nexium), lansoprazole ( Prevacid), omeprazole ( Prilosec), or omeprazole and sodium bicarbonate ( Zegerid) to reduce gastric acid. H2 blockers such as nizatidine ( Nizatidine), famotidine ( Pepcid), cimetidine ( Tagamet), or ranitidine ( Zantac) to reduce gastric acid. Prokinetic agents to increase the forward movement of the GI tract and increase the pressure of the lower esophageal sphincter. These medications are not as commonly used, because they have been linked to adverse effects on heart rhythm and diarrhea. Sucralfate to help protect injured mucous membranes. Antacids to help neutralize acid; these are used more commonly for symptoms of heartburn. |
c91ba60a8d2c95eba081ea14bc7b6013 | What are the symptoms of laryngopharyngeal reflux (LPR) in infants and children? | Symptoms in infants and children may include: Hoarseness " Barking" or chronic cough Reactive airway disease (asthma) Noisy breathing or pauses in breathing (apnea) Trouble feeding, spitting up, or inhaling food Trouble gaining weight With LPR, adults may have heartburn or a bitter taste or burning sensation in the back of the throat. |
9791f6f0bed8a767a03cc83f8a688166 | What are the side effects of the Td vaccine? | Mild side effects of Tdap may include: Pain, redness, or swelling in the arm where the shot was given Mild fever Headache Tiredness Stomach upset, including nausea, vomiting, or diarrhea Muscle aches and pains Swollen glands Mild side effects of Td may include: Pain, redness, or swelling in the arm where the shot was given Mild fever Headache In some people, these side effects may be more intense. They may temporarily interfere with daily activities. Severe swelling of the arm has been reported in three out of 100 people receiving either Tdap or Td. About one in 250 adults who receive the Tdap vaccine develop a fever of 102 F or higher. |
e58fd630cb6ffc2828a2669642303e60 | What is tetanus? | Tetanus enters the body through a wound or cut. It affects the brain and nervous system and causes extremely painful muscle spasms. Spasms of the jaw can make it impossible for you to open your mouth. This condition is often called "lockjaw." Tetanus kills one out of five people infected with the disease. |
b431214a2ca6f73a99b063a29ac2d7e9 | What is pertussis? | Pertussis, or whooping cough, is an extremely contagious respiratory infection that can lead to severe breathing problems, especially in infants. Pertussis first appears like an ordinary cold, but then causes intense, uncontrollable coughing spells. A "whoop" noise is heard when the person tries to take a breath after coughing. |
84915ac776aff7dc02f9b409541beaf5 | What is Tdap and Td vaccine? | !s_sensitive, chron ID: $('article embeded_module[type=video][align=top]:eq(0)').attr('chronic_id'), continuous Play: true, cp Options: { flyout: true }, display Ads: true, mode: 'in-article', sticky: true }) }); }); } else { $(function(){ $('.responsive-video-container').remove(); }); } Tdap is a combination vaccine that protects against three potentially life-threatening bacterial diseases: tetanus, diphtheria, and pertussis (whooping cough). Td is a booster vaccine for tetanus and diphtheria. It does not protect against pertussis. |
9f689e0015fad5824f45fd2f0944bc0c | Who needs a Tdap vaccine? | Tdap is given only once during your lifetime. However, you may need routine booster shots of the Td vaccine every 10 years to adequately protect you against tetanus and diphtheria. |
2d510f27ef7448bc9158461f14db010e | What has been found in clinical trials of the Tdap vaccine? | During clinical trials of Tdap, two adults developed temporary nervous system problems. It's unknown whether this was due to the vaccine or not. In rare cases, vaccination with Tdap or Td has led to extreme swelling of the arm where the shot was given. |
2e8b1b4ceb0609c395907fee1e0c057c | What are the mild side effects of Tdap vaccine? | Mild side effects of Tdap may include: Pain, redness, or swelling in the arm where the shot was given Mild fever Headache Tiredness Stomach upset, including nausea, vomiting, or diarrhea Muscle aches and pains Swollen glands Mild side effects of Td may include: Pain, redness, or swelling in the arm where the shot was given Mild fever Headache In some people, these side effects may be more intense. |
743b359a13a4386c157b89bbe473cc4d | What is diphtheria? | Diphtheria is a very contagious infection that makes it difficult to breathe. In severe cases, it can cause heart and nerve damage. |
77347e7ff6b95259b0d845449de311b9 | When should I get the Tdap vaccine? | New mothers who have never received the Tdap People who travel to countries where pertussis is common You may be given the Tdap vaccine if you have a severe cut or burn and have never received a dose before. Severe cuts or burns raise your risk for tetanus. The Tdap vaccine can be given any time of the year. Only one shot is needed. It may be given with other vaccinations. Tdap can be given regardless of the interval since the last Td vaccine was given. The Tdap vaccine can be used safely for those ages 65 and over, according to 2013 CDC recommendations. |
fc8128c1d972d305e78ffacd8d8de0a7 | Who should not get the vaccine? | You should not receive the vaccine if you have had: A serious allergic reaction to any of the vaccine ingredients in the past A coma or seizures within a week of receiving childhood vaccinations for pertussis (such as DTa P), unless the vaccine was not the cause; Td can be used in these cases. |
76a0269df04629542623be9db956ddea | When should adults be vaccinated with Tdap? | New mothers who have never received the Tdap People who travel to countries where pertussis is common You may be given the Tdap vaccine if you have a severe cut or burn and have never received a dose before. |
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