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The Excellent Dizzy Collection<EOT>Early on I was pretty useless at the game, getting stuck on the screen with the fire breathing dragon and the bull in the cave in particular. Luckily some help and discussion was at hand when I went along with my dad to his pigeon club meetings every week. One of the other pigeon fanciers brought their grandson along, who happened to play the Dizzy games a lot on his Amstrad CPC . He was a few years older, and I managed to get valuable tips and hints off him each time when I got to a particular screen (Such as giving the meaty bone to the bull to get him to sit in the cave). I used to get very excited about finding out how to get past certain parts, in the days before there was the internet to look up the full solutions and this poor lad used to get interrogated each week as I progressed through the game, eager to find out what was on the next screen. 1

The Excellent Dizzy Collection

The Excellent Dizzy Collection is a video game compilation published by Codemasters in November 1993. The title includes three stand alone games, based on the video game character Dizzy created by the Oliver Twins. The compilation contains, Dizzy the Adventurer, Panic Dizzy and the previously unreleased Go! Dizzy Go!.

The Excellent Dizzy Collection is a video game compilation published by Codemasters in November 1993. The title includes three stand alone games, based on the video game character Dizzy created by the Oliver Twins. The compilation contains, Dizzy the Adventurer, Panic Dizzy and the previously unreleased Go! Dizzy Go!. == Background == After the failure of the Aladdin Deck Enhancer, Camerica was forced to close down, and Codemasters was in financial trouble. As a result, many staff left the Oliver twins' software company, Interactive Studios, who were unable to find replacements. Dizzy The Adventurer was freely bundled with the Aladdin, and three other titles were being developed for it; Dreamworld Pogie, Go! Dizzy Go! and Wonderland Dizzy. However, after the Aladdin was abandoned, the Oliver twins decided to release all four (when completed) on the Sega Master System and Sega Game Gear to bring in some extra revenue. However, Codemasters wasn’t comfortable releasing each as a full priced stand alone title, so forced them to combine the games into a compilation, but only three would fit. They abandoned the non-Dizzy oriented game, Dreamworld Pogie, and intended to release the action game Go! Dizzy Go! and the two adventure games Wonderland Dizzy and Dizzy The Adventurer. However Codemasters marketing team informed the Olivers that they couldn’t release two adventure games on the one compilation. They decided that the previously released Dizzy The Adventurer was the stronger title and didn’t require any further development and, as a replacement for Wonderland Dizzy, the twins included the previously released Panic Dizzy. After The Excellent Dizzy Collection was released, the Oliver twins left Codemasters for another publisher and with the intellectual property split between Codemasters and the Oliver twins no more Dizzy games were ever produced, although both companies have since said they would like to revisit the series. Wonderland Dizzy was eventually released in 2015. Dreamworld Pogie remains unreleased. == Games == == Dizzy the Adventurer == Dizzy the Adventurer is an enhanced version of the previously released Dizzy Prince of the Yolkfolk that was bundled with the Aladdin Deck Enhancer for the Oliver twin's publisher (Codemasters/Camerica) ill-fated NES peripheral. The title had not previously been released on the Sega platforms so was originally going to be released as a stand-alone game but publisher Codemasters was uncomfortable releasing it at full price. == Panic Dizzy == The game was originally released as a stand-alone product, Dizzy Panic!, for the Amstrad CPC, ZX Spectrum and Commodore 64, but was later included as a last-minute replacement for Wonderland Dizzy. Codemasters felt that two adventure games should not be included on the one compilation, so the Oliver Twins decided to leave Dizzy the Adventurer and replace Wonderland Dizzy (which was eventually released in October 2015) with Panic Dizzy to complement the other two game styles. == Go! Dizzy Go! == Go! Dizzy Go! was originally to be released on the NES for the Aladdin; however, due to its unexpected failure, the title was then planned for release as a stand-alone title for the Sega Master System and Sega Game Gear. However, the publisher, Codemasters, was uncomfortable releasing it separately at full price, so included it as part of The Excellent Dizzy Collection. Quattro Arcade, released for the NES in 1992, featured Go! Dizzy Go!. The game is an arcade-style puzzle game where the player must navigate the Dizzy through a series of mazes similar to the Adventures of Lolo games.1

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A break away!<EOT>Not what you were looking for? Consider directly contacting our staff . <doc-sep> Membership - We gather and consistently share best practices with program leaders at member institutions through conference calls, monthly State of the Movement memos, and our annual National Chapter Survey . 1

A break away!

A break away! is an 1891 painting by Australian artist Tom Roberts. The painting depicts a mob of thirsty sheep stampeding towards a dam. A drover on horseback is attempting to turn the mob before they drown or crush each other in their desire to drink. The painting, an "icon of Australian art", is part of a series of works by Roberts that "captures what was an emerging spirit of national identity." Roberts painted the work at Corowa. The painting depicts a time of drought, with little grass and the soil kicked up as dust. The work itself is a reflection on the pioneering days of the pastoral industry, which were coming to an end by the 1890s. The painting is now part of the collection of the Art Gallery of South Australia. It was included in Quintessence Editions Ltd.'s 2007 book 1001 Paintings You Must See Before You Die.1

A break away! is an 1891 painting by Australian artist Tom Roberts. The painting depicts a mob of thirsty sheep stampeding towards a dam. A drover on horseback is attempting to turn the mob before they drown or crush each other in their desire to drink. The painting, an "icon of Australian art", is part of a series of works by Roberts that "captures what was an emerging spirit of national identity." Roberts painted the work at Corowa. The painting depicts a time of drought, with little grass and the soil kicked up as dust. The work itself is a reflection on the pioneering days of the pastoral industry, which were coming to an end by the 1890s. The painting is now part of the collection of the Art Gallery of South Australia. It was included in Quintessence Editions Ltd.'s 2007 book 1001 Paintings You Must See Before You Die.1

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Conasprella kohni<EOT>1

Conasprella kohni

Conasprella kohni is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Conidae, known as the cone snails, cone shells or cones. Like all species within the genus Conasprella, these cone snails are predatory and venomous. They are capable of "stinging" humans, therefore live ones should be handled carefully or not at all.

Conasprella kohni is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Conidae, known as the cone snails, cone shells or cones. Like all species within the genus Conasprella, these cone snails are predatory and venomous. They are capable of "stinging" humans, therefore live ones should be handled carefully or not at all. == Description == the shell grows to a length of 35 mm. == Distribution == This marine species is endemic to the Galapagos Islands, Ecuador.1

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St Oswald's Church, Lassington<EOT>1

St Oswald's Church, Lassington

St Oswald's Church is a redundant Anglican church in the village of Lassington and the civil parish of Highnam, Gloucestershire, England. Only its tower now survives. The tower is recorded in the National Heritage List for England as a designated Grade II* listed building, and is under the care of the Churches Conservation Trust.

St Oswald's Church is a redundant Anglican church in the village of Lassington and the civil parish of Highnam, Gloucestershire, England. Only its tower now survives. The tower is recorded in the National Heritage List for England as a designated Grade II* listed building, and is under the care of the Churches Conservation Trust. == History == Construction of the tower began in the late 11th century. The church was initially a chapel of St Oswald's Priory in Gloucester. The nave and south porch of the church were in Norman style, and the chancel was Early English. A third stage was added to the tower in the 14th century. In 1678 a south chapel was demolished, and the following year the south wall of the chancel was rebuilt and two new windows were added. A major restoration was carried out in 1875 by Medland and Son. This consisted of demolishing all the church except for the tower, rebuilding it on its original footings, and adding an organ chamber and vestry on the north side of the chancel. The fabric of the building deteriorated during the 20th century, and by 1970 there were holes in the roof. It was declared redundant in 1972, and the body of the church was demolished in 1975, leaving only the tower. The tower was restored the following year. It had been vested in the Churches Conservation Trust on 6 September 1974. == Architecture == The tower is constructed in lias rubble with a stone slate roof. It is in three stages, and it has a pyramidal roof with an iron cross on its apex. In the bottom stage is a round-headed doorway on the east side and a narrow round-headed lancet window on the west. The middle stage has a lancet window on the south face. In the top stage are wider trefoil-headed bell openings containing stone louvres.1

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Ori Murray<EOT>Join Kelly in welcoming a variety of regional and national artists to the stage at PLONK! for your side serving of jazz at this landmark of Bozeman nightlife . 1

Ori Murray

Ori Murray (born Rory Murray; September 2, 1983; Seattle, Washington) is an American-born Israeli rapper, best known as the co-founder and rap vocalist of the band Shtar.

Ori Murray (born Rory Murray; September 2, 1983; Seattle, Washington) is an American-born Israeli rapper, best known as the co-founder and rap vocalist of the band Shtar. == Early life == Murray was born in Seattle, Washington to an Irish father and a Jewish mother, although he was raised with little connection to Judaism. His father, Rod Murray, was a high-ranking martial arts instructor with a school in Seattle. Ori himself actively trained and competed in karate and other disciplines from a young age, including several years as a collegiate wrestler. He was introduced to hip hop through albums like Jurassic 5's Quality Control and the Rawkus Records compilation Lyricist Lounge 2, and was further influenced by his high school poetry class. As a teenager, he would often get into fights at house parties in the city's South Side. One such fight left him so badly injured that he required metal plates in one leg and was unable to walk on it for a year. As part of his recovery, he worked with personal trainer and family friend Yaakov Lunen, an African American who had converted to Orthodox Judaism. Lunen's influence inspired Murray and his entire family to pursue a deeper relationship to Judaism. Murray began attending a weekly class at a local yeshivah; there, he encountered two rabbis from Aish HaTorah who persuaded him to come study at their yeshivah in Israel, where he ended up settling. == Career == Murray began rapping professionally while living in Seattle. He recorded his first album at age 19 under the name Madsteez and performed at shows throughout the West Coast. He also performed as an MC and DJ in the city's house and drum and bass scenes. At Aish HaTorah, Murray initially gave up rapping to focus on his studies, until one of his rabbis told him it would be a chillul Hashem to repress his talents in such a way. == Shtar == In 2006, Murray met fellow Aish HaTorah student Brad Rubinstein, who had previously been a guitarist in the short-lived English trip hop band Lisp. They began writing music together and formed Shtar, initially as a duo, before adding a full band to strengthen their live performance. They released their debut album, Infinity through Shemspeed in 2012, followed by their Boss EP, which featured Murray's fellow Seattle native D. Black on the song "Rabbit Hole". They competed on the 2015-16 season of the Israeli reality singing competition HaKokhav HaBa, coming in ninth place. == Personal life == Murray currently lives in Beit Shemesh with his wife and children. In addition to his music career, he teaches kung fu and works in real estate. He has also written for The Times of Israel as a blogger. == Discography == Infinity (2011) Boss EP (2012)1

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Happy Jack (song)<EOT>1

Happy Jack (song)

"Happy Jack" is a song by the British rock band The Who. It was released as a single in December 1966 in the UK, peaking at No. 3 in the charts. It peaked at No. 1 in Canada. It was also their first top 40 hit in the United States, where it was released in March 1967 and peaked at No. 24. It was included on the American version of their second album, Happy Jack, originally titled A Quick One in the UK. The song features Roger Daltrey on lead vocals with John Entwistle singing the first verse, making it one of the few songs composed by Pete Townshend to feature Entwistle on lead vocals. Author Mike Segretto describes Daltrey's vocal as "imitating Burl Ives." At the tail end of "Happy Jack", Townshend can be heard shouting "I saw you!", and it is said that he was noticing drummer Keith Moon trying to join in surreptitiously to add his voice to the recording, something the rest of the band disliked. Rolling Stone critic Dave Marsh calls this line "the hippest thing" about the song. According to some sources, Townshend reported the song is about a man who slept on the beach near where Townshend vacationed as a child. Children on the beach would laugh at the man and once buried him in the sand. However, the man never seemed to mind and only smiled in response. According to Marsh, "the lyric is basically a fairy tale, not surprisingly, given the links to Pete's childhood. Greg Littmann interprets the song as a possible reaction to alienation, as Jack allows "the cruelty of other people slide off his back." Despite its chart success, Who biographer Greg Atkins describes the song as being the band's weakest single to that point. Daltrey reportedly thought the song sounded like a "German oompah song." But Chris Charlesworth praised the "high harmonies, quirky subject matter" and "fat bass and drums that suspend belief. Charlesworth particularly praised Moon's drumming for carrying not just the beat, but also the melody itself, in what he calls "startlingly original fashion." Marsh states that although the song contained little that the band had not done before, it did "what the band did well," giving the "soaring harmonies, enormously fat bass notes, thunderous drumming" and the guitar riffs as examples.

"Happy Jack" is a song by the British rock band The Who. It was released as a single in December 1966 in the UK, peaking at No. 3 in the charts. It peaked at No. 1 in Canada. It was also their first top 40 hit in the United States, where it was released in March 1967 and peaked at No. 24. It was included on the American version of their second album, Happy Jack, originally titled A Quick One in the UK. The song features Roger Daltrey on lead vocals with John Entwistle singing the first verse, making it one of the few songs composed by Pete Townshend to feature Entwistle on lead vocals. Author Mike Segretto describes Daltrey's vocal as "imitating Burl Ives." At the tail end of "Happy Jack", Townshend can be heard shouting "I saw you!", and it is said that he was noticing drummer Keith Moon trying to join in surreptitiously to add his voice to the recording, something the rest of the band disliked. Rolling Stone critic Dave Marsh calls this line "the hippest thing" about the song. According to some sources, Townshend reported the song is about a man who slept on the beach near where Townshend vacationed as a child. Children on the beach would laugh at the man and once buried him in the sand. However, the man never seemed to mind and only smiled in response. According to Marsh, "the lyric is basically a fairy tale, not surprisingly, given the links to Pete's childhood. Greg Littmann interprets the song as a possible reaction to alienation, as Jack allows "the cruelty of other people slide off his back." Despite its chart success, Who biographer Greg Atkins describes the song as being the band's weakest single to that point. Daltrey reportedly thought the song sounded like a "German oompah song." But Chris Charlesworth praised the "high harmonies, quirky subject matter" and "fat bass and drums that suspend belief. Charlesworth particularly praised Moon's drumming for carrying not just the beat, but also the melody itself, in what he calls "startlingly original fashion." Marsh states that although the song contained little that the band had not done before, it did "what the band did well," giving the "soaring harmonies, enormously fat bass notes, thunderous drumming" and the guitar riffs as examples. == Live performances == The song was first performed by The Who in 1967 and continued to be played until 1970; a performance from The Who's February 1970 concert at Leeds may be heard in a medley with other songs on the 1995 CD reissue of Live at Leeds and subsequent reissues. It was also performed in Townshend's first solo concert in 1974. The most recent performances of the song were short (one-and-a-half-minute) versions at the Shepherd's Bush Empire, London, on December 22 and 23, 1999. A snippet of the song was played at a 1982 concert in Indianapolis to appease a fan who was holding a sign saying, "Play Happy Jack, It's My Birthday!", which was blocking the vision of several fans behind him. However, Townshend stated that he and the band couldn't remember how to play the full song anymore. == Cover versions == American rock band Southern Culture on the Skids covered it on their 2007 album Countrypolitan Favorites. The song was used as the soundtrack to a Hummer TV commercial in 2005. Too Much Joy performed it on their 2001 live album Live At Least, the title and cover of which were nods to Live At Leeds. Their version fell apart before the song was over. == Cultural impact == The song is used in the introduction to the first episode of Legion (TV series).1

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International Federation of Hard of Hearing Young People<EOT>1

International Federation of Hard of Hearing Young People

The International Federation of Hard of Hearing Young People (IFHOHYP) is an international federation for organizations of hearing impaired young people. In general, the mission of IFHOHYP is to defend and promote the rights and interests of hard of hearing youth worldwide. IFHOHYP works closely with the International Federation of Hard of Hearing People and with EFHOH (European Federation of Hard of Hearing People). Also, IFHOHYP cooperates with the Council of Europe, where is a member of the Advisory Council on Youth for the period (2009–2011). An outcome of this cooperation are the IFHOHYP Study Sessions, in which relevant topics concerning the hearing impairment are worked. IFHOHYP is an associate member of the European Disability Forum.

The International Federation of Hard of Hearing Young People (IFHOHYP) is an international federation for organizations of hearing impaired young people. In general, the mission of IFHOHYP is to defend and promote the rights and interests of hard of hearing youth worldwide. IFHOHYP works closely with the International Federation of Hard of Hearing People and with EFHOH (European Federation of Hard of Hearing People). Also, IFHOHYP cooperates with the Council of Europe, where is a member of the Advisory Council on Youth for the period (2009–2011). An outcome of this cooperation are the IFHOHYP Study Sessions, in which relevant topics concerning the hearing impairment are worked. IFHOHYP is an associate member of the European Disability Forum. == Members of IFHOHYP == Members in 2010:1

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Alexia Khadime<EOT>1

Alexia Khadime

Alexia Khadime (born June 9, 1983) is an English actress and mezzo-soprano, known for her roles in British musical theatre and television.

Alexia Khadime (born June 9, 1983) is an English actress and mezzo-soprano, known for her roles in British musical theatre and television. == Career == == Theatre == Khadime made her first appearance on the stage in 1999, when she appeared in "Cinderella" at the Hackney Empire, and the following year, she took part in the UK Tour of Leader of the Pack. She made her West End debut aged 17, appearing as part of the ensemble in The Lion King in 2001, additionally providing cover for the role of "Nala". In 2003, she appeared in the UK Tour of Whistle Down the Wind, playing the role of "Candy". In 2004, she returned to The Lion King - this time playing "Nala" as the lead, and she remained in the role until 2008. In early 2008, she successfully auditioned for the lead role of "Elphaba" in Wicked. She began performances on her 25th birthday, and played the role for six months (temporarily replacing Kerry Ellis who was playing a limited engagement with the Broadway Company). Khadime left Wicked in November 2008, but returned in May 2009 when Ellis left the company. Throughout both of her spells in Wicked, Khadime played alongside Dianne Pilkington as "Glinda". In 2009, the pair were honored at the "Woman of the Future Awards" in the Arts & Culture category. Khadime's run in Wicked came to an end in March 2010 when she was succeeded by Rachel Tucker. As of 2015, Khadime is the only black woman to play the role of Elphaba full-time in any production of Wicked around the world. After concluding her time in Wicked, she next appeared in the straight play Welcome to Thebes at the Royal National Theatre through the Summer of 2010, before returning to musical theatre, playing "Deb" in Ordinary Days at London's Trafalgar Studios in February and March 2011. In June 2011, replacing Samantha Barks in the iconic role of "Éponine" in the London production of Les Misérables. She played the role for just short of a year, before being succeeded by Danielle Hope. In late 2012, Khadime joined the original West End company of The Book of Mormon, playing the role of "Nabulungi", with performances starting in February 2013. She won the fan voted 2014 WhatsOnStage.com Award for "Best Supporting Actress in a Musical" for her portrayal of Nabulungi, as well as the West End Wilma award for "Best Supporting Cast Member". Her last performance in The Book of Mormon was on the 30th of January 2016. == Television == As a young actress, Khadime made her first television appearance in 1996, appearing in an episode of the BBC's The Sculptress. She appeared in Grange Hill for two years, and in 1998, had a regular role as "Tanisha" in children's ITV series Comin' Atcha In 1999, she appeared as "Ellie Burns" in the BBC's The Queen's Nose, and has additional credits in The Bill, Class Action, and Sky One's Dream Team. While appearing in Les Misérables in 2012, Khadime made a special guest appearance on RTÉ's OMG! Jedward's Dream Factory, when 11-year-old Aoife Dardis received her wish to see Les Misérables in London, and to meet Khadime, her favourite actress. Khadime also had a regular role in the children's gameshow Splatalot!, playing "Madeva", a defender. She also voices Sardonyx in the Cartoon Network series Steven Universe. == Film == Along with fellow Wicked alumni Kerry Ellis and Dianne Pilkington, Khadime appeared as a wench in the 2012 movie edition of Les Misérables. On 9 June, Khadime's birthday, The film adaptation of London Road Directed by Rufus Norris was previewed, where she appeared in a cameo role of "Radio Techy." == Music == In February 2003, credited simply as "Alexia", Khadime released a single entitled "Ring" through Virgin Records. It entered the UK Singles Chart at #48, before dropping to #86 the following week. In 2008, she recorded a duet with Ben James-Ellis entitled "Enchanted" for the album Act One - Songs From The Musicals of Alexander S. Bermange. In 2011, along with her Ordinary Days co-star Daniel Boys, Khadime contributed the duet "Looking Back" to Michael Bruce's "Unwritten Songs". Her voice can also be heard on the film soundtracks for Pride and Amazing Grace1

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Ithaqua<EOT>1

Ithaqua

Ithaqua (the Wind-Walker or the Wendigo) is a fictional character in the Cthulhu Mythos of H. P. Lovecraft. The titular creature debuted in August Derleth's short story "Ithaqua", which was based on Algernon Blackwood's tale The Wendigo. It controls snow, ice and cold, and can walk through the sky as easily as it walks on earth.

Ithaqua (the Wind-Walker or the Wendigo) is a fictional character in the Cthulhu Mythos of H. P. Lovecraft. The titular creature debuted in August Derleth's short story "Ithaqua", which was based on Algernon Blackwood's tale The Wendigo. It controls snow, ice and cold, and can walk through the sky as easily as it walks on earth. == Ithaqua in the mythos == Ithaqua is one of the Great Old Ones and appears as a horrifying giant with a roughly human shape and glowing red eyes. He has been reported from as far north as the Arctic to the Sub-Arctic, where Native Americans first encountered him. He is believed to prowl the Arctic waste, hunting down unwary travelers and slaying them gruesomely, and is said to have inspired the Native American legend of the Wendigo and possibly the Yeti. Ithaqua's cult is small, but he is greatly feared in the far north. Fearful denizens of Siberia and Alaska often leave sacrifices for Ithaqua—not as worship but as appeasement. Those who join his cult will gain the ability to be completely unaffected by cold. He often uses Shantaks, a dragon-like "lesser race", as servitors. A race of subhuman cannibals, the Gnophkehs, also worshiped him, along with Rhan-Tegoth and Aphoom-Zhah. Ithaqua figures prominently in Brian Lumley's Lovecraft-based Titus Crow series, ruling the ice-world of Borea. In Lumley's works, Ithaqua periodically treads the winds of space between Earth and Borea, bringing helpless victims back to Borea to worship him among its snowy wastes. He frequently attempts to reproduce with humanoid females, hoping to create offspring which can surpass his own limitations, imposed by the Elder Gods, and so help free the rest of the Great Old Ones. It is suggested that Ithaqua has the ulterior motive of desiring offspring to assuage his bitter loneliness, as he is the only one of his kind. None of his surviving offspring to date has accommodated him, all turning against him at some point. Anders Fager's "The Wish of the Broken Man" describes how 18th-century Scandinavian Saami worship "Ittakka" and calls up on him to create blizzards. It also fingers Ittakka/Ithaqua as responsible for the 1718 Carolean Death March.1

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Frank Maxwell<EOT>The Hood needed help to take Frank down, so he brought Microchip back from the dead. The Hood said he would bring back David's son if he took out the Punisher. After Microchip failed to do so, the Hood summoned back some supervillains from the dead to help take out the Punisher. The Hood then took G.W. Bridge's wife away and killed her, while his son was kidnapped. The Hood also took Frank's family out of their grave. Frank saw the Hood and Microchip, with G.W. Bridge tied up. The Hood told Frank to kill Bridge so he could have his family, and Microchip's son, back from the dead . Frank refused to do so. Microchip took the Hood's gun and killed G.W.Bridge. Microchip's son and Frank's family were brought back to life. Frank was shocked to see his family alive. Frank used Firebrand's flames to burn his family and Microchip's son alive. The Hood and Frank battled it out. While Frank was on the losing side, he bribed the Hood with one of his family members. The Hood let him go and told him that Henry was Jigsaw's son. The Punisher went back to his van, kicking Henry out. Henry then said "Don't you want to undo what happened in the past?" Frank gave a straight "No" and drove off.[130] 1

Frank Maxwell

Frank Maxwell (November 17, 1916 – August 4, 2004) was an American actor who served as president of the American Federation of Television and Radio Artists from 1984 to 1989.

Frank Maxwell (November 17, 1916 – August 4, 2004) was an American actor who served as president of the American Federation of Television and Radio Artists from 1984 to 1989. == Life and career == A native of The Bronx borough of New York City, and a graduate of the University of Michigan, he appeared in 151 films or television programs. Maxwell began his acting career on the Broadway stage, appearing in such notable plays as Death of a Salesman (playing the role of Willy Loman's son, "Happy"), South Pacific (playing "Luther Billis," a role that went to Ray Walston in the film version, and Stalag 17. His first television acting roles were in 1950 in episodes of the Goodyear Playhouse/Philco Playhouse followed in 1951 by an appearance in the episode "The Overcoat" of the television series Big Town. Maxwell subsequently appeared in such series as Decoy, with Beverly Garland, Peter Gunn (twice), Alfred Hitchcock Presents (five episodes), Whirlybirds, Black Saddle, The Man and the Challenge, The Deputy, Cain's Hundred, Follow the Sun, Hong Kong, The Asphalt Jungle, Target: The Corruptors, and Mr. Novak. He was cast three times each on Robert Montgomery Presents, Cannon, and Emergency! and four times each on Rawhide, Quincy, M.E., and The F.B.I. In 1960, Maxwell was cast in CBS's science fiction series, The Twilight Zone as Marty Fisher in the episode "A World of Difference". That same year, he appeared as Hackett in the episode "Millionaire Jessica March" of the CBS fantasy drama, The Millionaire. In 1960 he made two guest appearances on Perry Mason: as Harry Wilson in "The Case of the Wayward Wife," and defendant Joe Dixon in "The Case of the Red Riding Boots." He made a third appearance in 1961 as Dr. Mooney in "The Case of the Injured Innocent." In the 1962–1963 television season, he was a co-star of the ABC sitcom, Our Man Higgins, starring Stanley Holloway in the title role and with Audrey Totter and Ricky Kelman. Maxwell played the father, Duncan MacRoberts, in all thirty-four episodes of the series. He also appeared as a regular on the TV series "Felony Squad" with Howard Duff from 1966-68 and "The Second Hundred Years" with Monte Markham from 1967-68. From 1973 to 1975, he appeared in five episodes of CBS's Barnaby Jones, with Buddy Ebsen. In 1977, he appeared an in episode of ABC's The Feather and Father Gang. In 1984, he appeared in a two-part episode of ABC's The Love Boat, in which he was cast as Colonel Charles Holmsey. His last regular acting role was as Dan Rooney, the lovable aging hospital administrator on General Hospital which he appeared on from 1978-1988. Over the years, the character had a hand in practically every storyline and was a major participant in the now famous "Ice Princess" storyline which dominated the daytime ratings in 1981.1

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Noelle Kennedy<EOT>Cork's defensive strengths began to crumble. To find the best player to mark McDonnell became an urgent priority for Pa Finn and his selectors. But the Tipperary schemers up front were threatening danger from so many angles that the task for the Cork defenders became urgent. . 1

Noelle Kennedy

Noelle Kennedy is a camogie player and five-times All-Ireland winner in Tipperary's breakthrough year of 1999, 2000, 2001, 2003 and 2004.

Noelle Kennedy is a camogie player and five-times All-Ireland winner in Tipperary's breakthrough year of 1999, 2000, 2001, 2003 and 2004. == Career == She was largely responsible for Tipperary’s breakthrough to senior status in 1997, scoring 1-18 in the She won an All Ireland All Ireland Intermediate final against Clare. Despite an off-day in the 1999 All Ireland final she scored five points in Tipperary's historic victory. She played in six successive All Ireland finals for Tipperary winning All Ireland medals in 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, and 2005.1

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Sonny Black<EOT>Bill Ferris Ph. D., Senior Associate Director of the Center for the Study of the American South, professor of history, and adjunct professor in the Curriculum in Folklore at University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill . He wasco-editor of The Encyclopedia of Southern Culture, former Director of the National Endowment for the Humanities (under Clinton) and former Director of the Center for the Study of Southern Culture at the University of Mississippi. 1

Sonny Black

Sonny Black is a leading acoustic guitarist based in the UK, who plays blues, rags and original compositions usually fingerstyle or slide. "Sonny Black" is a pseudonym adopted when he began the first "Sonny Black's Blues Band". He previously became well known by his real name of Bill Boazman on the folk club circuit and at college gigs during the 1970s as a singer, songwriter and acoustic guitarist. He has been credited with accompanying J. J. Cale, but this is a fallacy arising from a typographic error involving an American musician with a similar name, Bob Brozman.

Sonny Black is a leading acoustic guitarist based in the UK, who plays blues, rags and original compositions usually fingerstyle or slide. "Sonny Black" is a pseudonym adopted when he began the first "Sonny Black's Blues Band". He previously became well known by his real name of Bill Boazman on the folk club circuit and at college gigs during the 1970s as a singer, songwriter and acoustic guitarist. He has been credited with accompanying J. J. Cale, but this is a fallacy arising from a typographic error involving an American musician with a similar name, Bob Brozman. == Biography == == First influences == Bill Boazman's father, also named William, was an officer in the REME regiment of the British Army. William senior took an active part in army entertainment and on retirement became an actor, appearing in several West End shows. Bill travelled with his family to several overseas postings, and lived for a while in Singapore. He was later educated at Churchers College in Petersfield, while his family lived in Camberley, near Aldershot. Boazman's younger sister, Sally Boazman, is a traffic reporter with BBC Radio 2, popularly known as 'Sally Traffic' Boazman left school in 1965, before sitting A levels, and moved to Hayling Island, where his girlfriend Jackie Blundell, now writer and traveller Jackie Cornwall, was a student. He was absorbed in music, admiring artists like Alan Price, Bob Dylan and The Animals, but when he heard Bert Jansch's first (1965) LP; he found his direction. He learned every song on this album, including the difficult track 'Angie'. At the age of seventeen Boazman first heard "San Francisco Bay Blues" by Jesse Fuller, which led to his enduring love of blues music. Boazman returned to Camberley in 1965, where he worked on the first edition of Yellow Pages, while establishing contacts in the world of folk and blues. In June 1966, Boazman and Blundell moved to London together, but their relationship ended shortly afterwards. Boazman performed in folk clubs, including the Hand and Flower in the Fulham Road, and began to make his name as a singer/guitarist. By the late 1960s he lived near Reading, Berkshire and made regular visits to London clubs such as Les Cousins in Soho, where he learnt from Roy Harper, Bert Jansch, Ralph McTell, The Incredible String Band, Davey Graham and many an American guitar picker. At this point he still did not own a guitar, relying on instruments borrowed from friends and other performers, including John Renbourn who loaned Boazman the Scarth guitar pictured on the sleeve of Renbourn's first album. Eventually he purchased a Gibson of his own. == Early collaborations == == Heron == During the early 1970s he worked with Heron, alongside a line-up of Michael Cooper – Vocals; Gerald (G.T.) Moore – Guitar, Keyboards, Vocals; Roy Apps – Guitar, Keyboards, Vocals; Mike Finesilver – Bass; Steve Jones – Keyboards; Tony Pook – Percussion, Vocals; Mike Cooper – Guitar; and Terry Gittins – Drums. Boazman appeared on the early Heron albums, but (contrary to some sources) was not formally a member of the band. These albums are now highly collectible, fetching about £150 each. == Mike Cooper == With Mike Cooper, a leading light of the emerging UK country blues scene in the late 1960s, Boazman began playing acoustic and slide guitar on gigs around the UK and Europe. He played on a couple of Cooper's albums on the Dawn label, alongside such luminaries as Danny Thompson, Stefan Grossman, Mike Osborne and Alan Skidmore. He also added his vocals and guitar to albums by Ian A. Anderson. == Solo work == There then followed a period in the 1970s and 80s when Bill spent much of his time working as a trucker by day and playing solo gigs in the evenings at which he performed mainly self-penned songs with guitar accompaniment, in his distinctive blues-influenced style. Occasionally, during this period, Bill was accompanied by multi-instrumentalists Tim Pinton and Howard Fullbrook. In 1976 the vocal group BMW (Bower, Morrison & Woollard) invited Bill (together with Tim & Howard) to record some tracks during their sessions at Sun Studios in Reading. The songs recorded were Ballad of Charlie Daniels, The Worm Forgives the Plough, Bless These Children and The River Waits for No Man (Roll on River). These tracks are available for download on various sites (iTunes, Napster, Amazon, etc..) from the BMW album called From the Lion to the Plough – The Sun Sessions. There are also recordings of his songs by other artists such as The Worm Forgives The Plough recorded by both Johnny Coppin and Paul Downes; and Roll on River recorded by Wizz Jones and Werner Lämmerhirt. Other notable Boazman compositions of this period include Tall Ship and Breaking Even. == Sonny Black's Blues Band, Sonny Black and the Dukes == Boazman then adopted the persona of "Sonny Black" and formed the first line-up of Sonny Black's Blues Band Dave Bispham on drums, Dick Jones on bass guitar, with Paul Swinton on harmonica and additional vocals. The band's first album, "The Filth" (recorded in 1983 to 1987) also included guest musicians Graham Hobbs on organ, Ian Smith on bass and Frank Sidebottom on piano. Over the following years they played their hard Chicago type of blues and acted as the houseband at Dino's Blues Bar at the West End Centre in Aldershot. Here they played with Eddie C Campbell, Lowell Fulson, Guitar Shorty, Carey Bell and others. Various line-ups featured, at different times, Sam Kelly (drums), Dan Smith (piano), George Pearson (bass), Alan Glenn (harmonica), Dino Coccia and Damon Sawyer (drums) and Bob Haddrell (organ/piano) – some of whom reformed as The Barcodes. Although performing entirely in a traditional blues idiom, most numbers were written by Sonny Black. Over time and through various line-up changes (including a change of name from Sonny Black's Blue Band to Sonny Black and the Dukes), the driving style of the band mellowed and jazz influences became more apparent. == Return to acoustic roots == In the 2000s Sonny Black was drawn back to playing just finger picking acoustic and national steel guitar, often accompanied by bassist Chris Belshaw. His repertoire is now a varied selection including blues, ragtime, jazz standards. He has performed live sessions for BBC Radio 2's Paul Jones and Johnnie Walker shows and, under the name of Bill Boazman, has produced a guitar tutorial DVD, Jazzin' The Blues. His recent recordings are on his own independent label, Free Spirit Records. During 2008 Sonny Black performed at festivals in France and Italy as well as the UK. == Selected discography == Heron (Dawn Records) – 1970*‡‡‡ Twice As Nice & Half The Price (Dawn Records DNLS3025) – 1972*‡‡‡ From the Lion to the Plough (NYPL Records) – 1978 **** The Filth (private pressing) – recorded 1983 to 1987, date of issue not stated**‡ Smile on the Blues (Roads Records RRCD0001) – 1993 **‡ Free Spirit (Free Spirit Records FS100) – 1998 **‡‡ Heart & Soul (Bluetrack Records BRCD004) – 2000 **‡‡ Blues of a Kind (Free Spirit Records FSCD002) – 2002 ** The Blue Way (Free Spirit Records FSCD003 tbc) – date tbc ** The Corner Seat (Free Spirit Records FSCD004) – 2006 ** The Best of Days (Free Spirit Records FSCD0005) – 2007 ** DVD – Jazzin' The Blues (Omnibus Media DV10043) – 2003 * *as Bill Boazman **as Sonny Black ‡with Sonny Black's Blues Band ‡‡with The Dukes ‡‡‡with Heron **** with BMW1

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La Meuse (newspaper)<EOT>1

La Meuse (newspaper)

La Meuse is a French language regional newspaper published in Liège, Belgium.

La Meuse is a French language regional newspaper published in Liège, Belgium. == History and profile == La Meuse has its headquarters in Liège and is owned by the Rossel group which also owns Le Soir and La Lanterne, among the others. La Meuse is published by Rossel et Cie S.A. in tabloid format. Its editor-in-chief is Olympe Gilbart. In the nineteenth century La Meuse had a progressive liberal political stance. The paper together with La Lanterne had a circulation of 102,539 copies in 1990 and 97,869 copies in 1991.1

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David P. Calleo<EOT>1

David P. Calleo

David P. Calleo (* 19 July 1934) is an American political scientist, based at the Johns Hopkins University School of Advanced International Studies, where he holds the titles of Dean Acheson Professor and University Professor. He served as director of the SAIS European Studies program for more than 40 years, from 1968 through May 2012. A noted American theorist on Europe and its future, Calleo was born in 1934 into an Italian immigrant family of humble origins (his father was a firefighter). He earned undergraduate and doctoral degrees at Yale University, where he also served as President of the Yale Political Union and was a member of Manuscript Society as an undergraduate. In his 1978 book The German Problem Reconsidered, Calleo offered a revisionist picture of Imperial Germany, in which he argued that the Second Reich was not an aggressive power, but instead a victim of the sanctimoniousness and envy of other powers. Calleo wrote that "Imperial Germany was not uniquely aggressive, only uniquely inconvenient. Whatever faults and ambitions the Germans had were amply shared by the other major nations of the modern era". Calleo asserted that because of Germany's location in Central Europe, the Germans "lacked the space to work out their abundant vitality", and so because of Germany's geographical location, the drive and vitality of German society made them a threat to others". Calleo claimed that "Modern Germany was born encircled". Calleo claimed that there were many similarities between Imperial Germany and the United States, as both were late-comer powers characterized by huge economic growth and a certain arrogance caused by their success. Calleo argued that the key differences were that the Americans had a "continental backyard" to expand into, whereas the Germans did not. Moreover, the Germans "...lacked the Anglo-Saxon talent for cant". In this way, Calleo claimed that all of the disasters of 20th-century Germany were caused by Germany's geographical circumstances". In 2001 Calleo published a new land-mark book, Rethinking Europe's Future, where he comes back to his 1964 theme. Calleo has consistently argued that Europe will turn protectionist in the face of China and other countries in order to preserve the national welfare state. A theorist of the decline of American power, Calleo sees Europe as an ally to the US but also as a friendly counterweight. A critic of America's "unipolar folly", Calleo fears the consequences of continued belief in a unipolar world, a dysfunctional view he believes America can correct with the help of its European allies. Calleo has also been an early critic of America's "twin deficits" with such books as "The Imperious Economy" and "The Bankrupting of America". David Calleo is married to Avis T. Bohlen, former ambassador and arms control expert. She is the daughter of Charles E. Bohlen, who was Ambassador to the Soviet Union. Since 2011 he also acts as Advisor to Fair Observer, an online magazine covering global issues from a plurality of perspectives, on editorial issues with a focus on Europe and the US. Calleo owns a former farm house on the Italian island of Elba, where he spends his summers researching and hosting friends.

David P. Calleo (* 19 July 1934) is an American political scientist, based at the Johns Hopkins University School of Advanced International Studies, where he holds the titles of Dean Acheson Professor and University Professor. He served as director of the SAIS European Studies program for more than 40 years, from 1968 through May 2012. A noted American theorist on Europe and its future, Calleo was born in 1934 into an Italian immigrant family of humble origins (his father was a firefighter). He earned undergraduate and doctoral degrees at Yale University, where he also served as President of the Yale Political Union and was a member of Manuscript Society as an undergraduate. In his 1978 book The German Problem Reconsidered, Calleo offered a revisionist picture of Imperial Germany, in which he argued that the Second Reich was not an aggressive power, but instead a victim of the sanctimoniousness and envy of other powers. Calleo wrote that "Imperial Germany was not uniquely aggressive, only uniquely inconvenient. Whatever faults and ambitions the Germans had were amply shared by the other major nations of the modern era". Calleo asserted that because of Germany's location in Central Europe, the Germans "lacked the space to work out their abundant vitality", and so because of Germany's geographical location, the drive and vitality of German society made them a threat to others". Calleo claimed that "Modern Germany was born encircled". Calleo claimed that there were many similarities between Imperial Germany and the United States, as both were late-comer powers characterized by huge economic growth and a certain arrogance caused by their success. Calleo argued that the key differences were that the Americans had a "continental backyard" to expand into, whereas the Germans did not. Moreover, the Germans "...lacked the Anglo-Saxon talent for cant". In this way, Calleo claimed that all of the disasters of 20th-century Germany were caused by Germany's geographical circumstances". In 2001 Calleo published a new land-mark book, Rethinking Europe's Future, where he comes back to his 1964 theme. Calleo has consistently argued that Europe will turn protectionist in the face of China and other countries in order to preserve the national welfare state. A theorist of the decline of American power, Calleo sees Europe as an ally to the US but also as a friendly counterweight. A critic of America's "unipolar folly", Calleo fears the consequences of continued belief in a unipolar world, a dysfunctional view he believes America can correct with the help of its European allies. Calleo has also been an early critic of America's "twin deficits" with such books as "The Imperious Economy" and "The Bankrupting of America". David Calleo is married to Avis T. Bohlen, former ambassador and arms control expert. She is the daughter of Charles E. Bohlen, who was Ambassador to the Soviet Union. Since 2011 he also acts as Advisor to Fair Observer, an online magazine covering global issues from a plurality of perspectives, on editorial issues with a focus on Europe and the US. Calleo owns a former farm house on the Italian island of Elba, where he spends his summers researching and hosting friends. == Bibliography (selected) == Follies of Power: America's Unipolar Fantasy (Cambridge University Press, 2009). ISBN 0-521-76767-9 Rethinking Europe's Future (Princeton University Press, 2001). ISBN 0-691-11367-X The Bankrupting of America (Morrow, 1992). ISBN 0-688-05162-6 Beyond American Hegemony: The Future of the Western Alliance (Twentieth Century, 1987) The Imperious Economy (Harvard University Press, 1982). ISBN 0-674-44522-8 The German Problem Reconsidered (Cambridge University Press, 1978) America and the World Political Economy (Indiana University Press, 1973) The Atlantic Fantasy (Johns Hopkins Press, 1970) Britain's Future (Hodder & Stoughton, 1968) The American Political System (Dufour Editions, 1968) Coleridge and the Idea of the Modern State (Yale University Press, 1966) Europe's Future: The Grand Alternatives (W. W. Norton & Company, 1965). ISBN 0-393-00406-61

0.15

Leonard Hofstadter<EOT>1

Leonard Hofstadter

Leonard Leakey Hofstadter, Ph.D., is a fictional character in the CBS television series The Big Bang Theory, in which he is portrayed by actor Johnny Galecki. Leonard is an experimental physicist, who shares an apartment with colleague and best friend Dr. Sheldon Cooper (Jim Parsons). For his portrayal, Galecki was nominated for a Primetime Emmy Award and a Golden Globe Award in 2011. It is possible that Leonard is based on the show's co-creator, Bill Prady, back when he was a computer programmer. Leonard has been described as the straight man of the series. Penny (Kaley Cuoco) is Leonard's next-door neighbor and main love interest, and the teasing of romance between the two of them is a major force driving the series. In "The Gorilla Dissolution", they finally become engaged, marrying in Las Vegas at the beginning of season 9.

Leonard Leakey Hofstadter, Ph.D., is a fictional character in the CBS television series The Big Bang Theory, in which he is portrayed by actor Johnny Galecki. Leonard is an experimental physicist, who shares an apartment with colleague and best friend Dr. Sheldon Cooper (Jim Parsons). For his portrayal, Galecki was nominated for a Primetime Emmy Award and a Golden Globe Award in 2011. It is possible that Leonard is based on the show's co-creator, Bill Prady, back when he was a computer programmer. Leonard has been described as the straight man of the series. Penny (Kaley Cuoco) is Leonard's next-door neighbor and main love interest, and the teasing of romance between the two of them is a major force driving the series. In "The Gorilla Dissolution", they finally become engaged, marrying in Las Vegas at the beginning of season 9. == Creation and casting == Leonard is named after actor/producer Sheldon Leonard, and Nobel Prize in Physics Laureate Robert Hofstadter. Johnny Galecki was originally asked to play the role of Sheldon Cooper, but thought he would be "better suited" for the character of Leonard. Leonard is one of four characters to appear in every episode of the series, along with Sheldon, Howard Wolowitz and Raj Koothrappali. == Personality == Originally from New Jersey and a graduate of Princeton University, Leonard works as a Caltech experimental physicist, mainly working with lasers, and shares an apartment with colleague Sheldon Cooper in Pasadena, California. He is usually seen wearing his characteristic black thick-framed glasses, low-cut black Converse All Stars sneakers, pastel hoodies or neutral-colored sweat jackets (i.e. jackets with integrated hoodies) or a combination of the two, brown or red trousers (or, less frequently, jeans), and physics-themed T-shirts. His various girlfriends have tried to change his outfits: Penny had no success while Stephanie got him to wear dress shirts and sweaters (which he found uncomfortable), and Priya got him to briefly switch to dress shirts, waistcoats and dark slacks; he reverted to his original outfits after she left for India, but started eschewing his hoodies in favor of unbuttoned safari shirts and non-hooded jackets towards the end of the seventh season, a trend that continued into successive seasons. Although Leonard feels at home with his geek colleagues, he wants to be more social. Among the main characters, he generally has the least amount of difficulty interacting with "non-geek" individuals. He is instantly captivated by Penny, and from the beginning sets out to date her. In early episodes, Leonard is reluctant to let Penny know about his recreational activities (such as Klingon Boggle), as he does not want her to see him as a geek. While certainly a geek by most definitions, he is less socially inept than Sheldon (who is unable to grasp social norms and is often even dismissive of them), Raj (who was unable to talk to women unless he was under the influence of alcohol or anti-anxiety prescription drugs, and even after getting over his handicap still tended to speak inappropriately), and Howard (who was often seen as "creepy" when flirting with women, including Penny). Leonard can also play the cello, although he holds the bow upside down and plays on the finger board. As seen in the season 1 episode "The Hamburger Postulate", he and Leslie Winkle practice their instruments and then leave to have intercourse, which Leonard calls "a little musical foreplay". Despite his attempts to not appear to be a geek, Leonard owns, among other things, Star Wars hygiene products, a prop of the One Ring, Star Trek and Star Trek: The Next Generation officer's uniforms, an expansive Superman comic book collection (and wears Clark Kent-type glasses) and a Battlestar Galactica Colonial warrior's flight suit. Early in the series, Leonard tried to get rid of his collectables to impress Penny with his maturity. However, he changed his mind when he saw that Penny was already dating another man. Because he has lived with Sheldon for several years, Leonard knows him better than his other colleagues: this has led Sheldon to believe (slightly erroneously) that Leonard is his best friend. Nevertheless, Leonard often finds himself explaining Sheldon's behavior or serving as a mediator between him and other people in many situations. For instance, when Penny and Sheldon engaged in a fierce dispute, Leonard gave Penny Sheldon's mother's phone number so she would call her son and scold him for his behavior, thus ending the fight. "The Staircase Implementation" features a flashback to when Leonard first moved in with Sheldon. Leonard explains to Penny that he moved in despite the difficulty of living with Sheldon because the rent was so reasonable. Shortly after moving in, during a rocketry experiment Leonard, Raj and Howard conducted, Sheldon observed miscalculations Leonard made in mixing the rocket fuel and managed to avert disaster by grabbing the fuel and placing it in their apartment building's elevator. The resulting explosion disabled the elevator, thus explaining why the elevator is out of order for the duration of the series. Leonard explains that Sheldon, despite his tendency to alienate others, kept quiet about Leonard's destruction of the elevator. (Leonard cites: "He didn't rat me out to the landlord, or the police.... or Homeland Security.") Despite Leonard's reasonable nature and friendly personality, he occasionally demonstrates a mean streak. These include deliberately triggering Sheldon's obsessive compulsive problems, mocking Howard and Raj whenever they slip up, and making sniping comments when Penny's commitment issues flare up. In addition, he is often shown to be quite jealous, often feeling insecure and defensive whenever Penny interacts with another guy, and on one occasion trying to frighten off a British college student she was doing a project with, because Penny commented positively on his accent. Leonard's primary health concern is his lactose intolerance: his consuming melon or any dairy products (and according to the pilot episode, even corn) results in flatulence. Leonard wears eyeglasses because of myopia, and cannot see without them. On one occasion, when his glasses were broken at the movie theater, he had to surreptitiously return to his apartment and retrieve his backup glasses. In order to avoid detection by a sick Sheldon and Penny, who was nursing him, Howard and Raj helped him to navigate through the living room by using a helmet camera. Leonard states in one episode that he suffers from sleep apnea. During his relationship with Leslie Winkle, he tells her that many members of his family have died from heart disease and thus he has a genetic disposition to the condition. At various points in the show, Sheldon also says that Leonard gets carsick unless he sits in the front seat. In season four, it was revealed that Leonard has asthma as well, and also has to use an inhaler after intercourse. == Family == All of the members of Leonard's family are accomplished scientists, except for his younger brother Michael, who is a tenured law professor at Harvard University. Leonard's mother, Dr. Beverly Hofstadter, is a psychiatrist and neuroscientist. She has a personality almost identical to Sheldon's, including strict speech patterns, lack of social conventions, and attention to detail, and she is principally responsible for Leonard's difficult childhood. Sheldon and Beverly have a friendly relationship where they share details of each other's lives, with Sheldon often failing to pass on significant information to Leonard such as Leonard's parents divorcing and the family dog Mitsy's death. Leonard is upset with the fact that she tells Sheldon more than she tells him. After a night out of bonding and drinking with Penny in which she notices an attractive busboy, Beverly kisses Sheldon but realizes she "would rather have the busboy". Due to his mother's views, Leonard never celebrated his birthday when he was a child, and when she visited him she was not impressed with his unoriginal research. Leonard revealed to Penny that he built a "hugging machine" when he was young in order to compensate for the lack of affection from his mother. He further stated that his father used to borrow it. Beverly also belittles Leonard by pointing out that his brother and sister are more successful in their respective fields than he is. Leonard's brother, Michael, is a Harvard law professor and is engaged to the youngest appellate court judge in New Jersey history, and his older sister, Hayley, is a cutting-edge medical researcher working with gibbons to cure diabetes. Leonard also dislikes Christmas because instead of gifts the Hofstadter kids had to turn in papers to "Santa" which were graded the next day. Over the course of six years he never got over a "C minus", which according to Sheldon was a true gift, because by Sheldon's lights he never deserved anything better. Leonard had two childhood pets, a cat named Dr. Boots Hofstadter and a dog named Mitsy. Leonard's father is briefly mentioned as an anthropologist. Sheldon reveals that Leonard's middle name, "Leakey", comes from famed archaeologist Louis Leakey, with whom Leonard's father had worked. Leonard is embarrassed by his middle name and its humorous connotations, and rarely mentions it, as the name is an obvious embarrassment. Apparently his father was not very affectionate towards him either; he mentions that he had to compete with the bones of an Etruscan boy for his father's attention. Though little is known about Leonard's extended family, a few references to it have been made. In the first episode, Sheldon and Leonard discuss Leonard's grandmother, who had visited them on Thanksgiving the year before. She has Alzheimer's disease and apparently "had an episode" during her visit, which resulted in her stripping off her clothes and carving the turkey. On Beverly's first visit, she tells Leonard that his uncle Floyd has died, which greatly upsets him (according to him, Floyd was the only family member he really liked). Leonard also has several other uncles, whom Sheldon says are all very bald; when they gather together, they look "like a half carton of eggs." Leonard describes his aunt, however, as "one of the hairiest women you'll ever meet". He also mentioned an Aunt Nancy, apparently a "crazy cat lady" who had 25 cats, died, and was eaten by them. == Work == Leonard has an IQ of 173, and was 24 years old when he received his PhD from Princeton University. Leonard also received a dissertation of the year award for his doctoral paper on experimental particle physics. Leonard has been established to have been a child prodigy, and a gifted scientist with an impressive knowledge of theoretical physics. His work as an experimental physicist often includes the use of lasers, such as a helium–neon laser or free-electron laser, and his research topics have varied from Bose–Einstein condensates and foundations of quantum mechanics to soft cosmic rays at sea level and development of novel rocket propellants. Leonard designs experiments in order to test theories but, according to Sheldon, his work is mostly derivative and thus unimportant. Although Leonard's attempts to disprove the existence of dark matter were made moot by the work of another physicist, Leonard helped to solidify proof of the hypothetical matter's existence with a photomultiplier, and was invited as keynote speaker to a topical conference by the Institute of Experimental Physics for his successful research on super solids. From the season 6 finale, The Bon Voyage Reaction" Leonard heads to the United Kingdom to work on a physics project seeking the hydrodynamics equivalent of the Unruh effect, sponsored by Professor Stephen Hawking, for three months on a ship in the North Sea. == Relationships == Leonard became interested in Penny almost immediately after seeing her for the first time. His infatuation with Penny becomes the major force that drives the series during the first few seasons. By the end of the first season, Leonard finally manages to ask Penny out, and they have their first date. Subsequently, they break up because Penny felt she was not as smart as Leonard would like. Besides Penny, Leonard has been involved with only a few other women. One of Leonard's former girlfriends who is mentioned on several occasions is Joyce Kim, who did not appear until the third season. Leonard's friends recalled on many occasions that they were together for only 27 days, after which Joyce, later revealed to be a spy, defected to North Korea. Initially, after feeling that Penny was not for him, Leonard turned his attention to fellow scientist Leslie Winkle. The first time Leonard asks Leslie out, she rejects him, and his further relationships with her proved to be only short-lived casual sexual encounters that only happened to satisfy Leslie's libido. Leslie briefly started dating Leonard in Season 2, but when he failed to back her up in an argument with Sheldon, she dumped him. In the second season, Leonard began a stable relationship with a physician named Stephanie Barnett. Although the relationship went well, even earning Sheldon's approval, Leonard felt uncomfortable with Stephanie moving in with him, and the relationship ended. On another occasion, when Leonard's mother was visiting, he and Penny came very close to having sex, but Leonard ruined the moment by suggesting that they were burying their lifelong issues with their parents by doing so, which offended Penny. In the second-season finale, when Leonard, Sheldon, Howard, and Raj were due to leave for a three-month scientific expedition to the North Pole, Penny privately expresses sadness, and wishes that he would not leave. In the third season premiere, Leonard and Penny finally started a romantic relationship and had intercourse for the first time. However, the relationship ended after eight months, after Leonard told Penny he loved her and took umbrage at her inability to reciprocate, which led to friction that was exploited by guest star Wil Wheaton who appeared as a fictionalized version of himself, who observed and exacerbated it in order to break them up in the middle of a bowling match Wheaton's team was having against Leonard, Penny, Sheldon, Howard and Raj. Shortly after his breakup with Penny, in "The Plimpton Stimulation", Leonard has a one-night stand with Dr. Elizabeth Plimpton (Judy Greer), a physicist he admires, when Sheldon invited her to stay in their apartment for a brief visit. This encounter causes some tension between Leonard and Penny, who is somewhat judgmental of Leonard's doing so. However, the two later resolve their feelings and their friendship continues. In the third-season finale, "The Lunar Excitation", after Penny's failed attempts to move on from her relationship with Leonard, she becomes intoxicated and has sex with him. In the morning, Leonard believes that their relationship has resumed, though Penny tells him that the previous night was a mistake. This causes a strain on their friendship; at the end of the episode, Leonard becomes intoxicated and tries to have intercourse with her, prompting Penny to push him out of her apartment, to which Leonard suspects a double standard. He immediately makes the same advances towards Leslie Winkle, who replies, 'Let me think about it" and slams the door in his face. Throughout the fourth season, it becomes obvious that Penny is still in love with Leonard. It is unclear whether or not Leonard has noticed this, though he clearly is still interested in Penny. In "The Benefactor Factor", an older rich woman propositions Leonard in exchange for a large donation to the physics department; he initially resists and she admits that she planned to make the donation anyway, after which they engage in a one-night stand. Leonard arrives home the next morning, whereupon Penny recognizes his "walk of shame" and Sheldon thinks Leonard has a future in becoming a gigolo to rich ladies in exchange for donations. Leonard also has an affair with Raj's younger sister Priya (apparently every time she comes to town), despite a pinky swear with Howard that neither of them would attempt to make a move on her, and Raj giving his strong disapproval. When Priya returns, she and Leonard begin a relationship. Raj strongly opposes this, and Penny is secretly uncomfortable with Leonard dating someone else, eventually breaking down and crying while talking with her friend Amy Farrah Fowler. Once again, Leonard is unaware of Penny's true feelings. Subsequently, Priya pressures Leonard into ending his friendship with Penny, which he attempts with extreme reluctance. Penny complies, though it is clear that she does not want Leonard out of her life. Penny eventually resolves to stay in Leonard's life by ingratiating herself to Priya. In the Season 4 finale, Leonard runs into Penny and Raj as they come out of his room in the morning, just after Leonard and Priya appear to break up upon Leonard's learning that Priya is soon moving back to India. At the start of Season 5, Leonard and Priya are trying to maintain a long-distance relationship via Skype (including a failed attempt at cybersex) with Priya continuing to treat Leonard like a submissive partner. Despite being the most eager to have sex, Leonard proves he is quite awkward in these situations. Leonard later goes to a wedding with Amy, and they seem to take a liking to each other, though Sheldon disapproves, karate-chopping Leonard and saying, "She's not for you...not for you!". Later, despite feeling that he and Priya were in love and might get married, Leonard finds himself attracted to a comic book artist named Alice. The attraction is mutual, and they even share a kiss. Right when they are about to have sex, however, he tells Alice that he has a girlfriend, thus ending the relationship. Leonard then decides to confess his behavior to Priya via Skype, but he is shocked to learn that Priya has also betrayed him, sleeping with her former boyfriend; Priya defends that they both slipped up a little, but Leonard corrects her saying that he slipped a little, while she slipped a lot, bringing the conversation to a strained end. In the next episode, Leonard tells Sheldon that he is single, implying that he and Priya have broken up; his actions since then have confirmed their split occurred. Through the fourth and fifth seasons, Penny was still single and dating, though when intoxicated, she has confessed that she regrets breaking up with Leonard. In "The Ornithophobia Diffusion", Leonard and Penny go to the movies as friends. Leonard decides that since they are no longer dating, he can be honest and does not have to pay for everything or do whatever Penny wants. The two bicker all evening and sabotage each other's attempts to chat up people in the bar. Penny admits that she likes the new, more assertive Leonard. Leonard sees this as another opportunity to grovel and try to get Penny to sleep with him, so she leaves. On the spur of the moment in "The Recombination Hypothesis", Leonard asks Penny out on a date after he imagines what getting back with her might be like. Their real date ends successfully and they agree to take their relationship slow in "The Beta Test Initiation." During their renewed relationship Penny has dismissed comments about him ever leaving or dumping her or about worrying about his unfaithfulness around other women and strippers as in the episode "The Stag Convergence". After Penny suggested having sex in "The Launch Acceleration", Leonard breaks the mood by proposing to her accidentally. They later meet and Penny does have the courage to tell him "no" and not break up with him as she did two years previously when he told her that he loved her. However, their relationship is still obviously strained. In season 5, Leonard and Penny watch Howard being launched into space while holding hands to comfort each other. With the start of season 6, he wants a reluctant Penny to define their relationship in "The Date Night Variable". Penny finally does admit her love to Leonard, in "The 43 Peculiarity". Penny and Leonard awkwardly stare at each other before running off in opposite directions. Leonard, though, is buoyed by optimism over Penny's admission. Alex Jensen asks Leonard out to dinner in "The Egg Salad Equivalency", which boosts Leonard's ego because two beautiful women are interested in him, however, Alex's interest makes Penny insecure. After another dispute with Sheldon, Leonard tries to move in with Penny in "The Spoiler Alert Segmentation", however she is not ready. During their Valentine's Day dinner in "The Tangible Affection Proof", Leonard again tries to propose to Penny and she cuts him off quickly. She admits that she is very happy with him, but she also admits to commitment issues and the thought of being married forever really "freaks" her out. Leonard then tells her that when she is ready to get married, she can propose to him. In the season finale, Leonard leaves for an overseas job for four months and Penny is confident enough in their relationship to wait for him. In "The Gorilla Dissolution", Leonard and Penny become engaged. Throughout season 8, a running gag is their reluctance to decide upon a wedding date. In the season 8 finale, Penny asks Leonard to marry her that night in Las Vegas. Leonard happily accepts, but during the journey, after Penny expresses happiness that they will get married while knowing everything about each other, Leonard confesses to having shared a drunken kiss with another woman while on the boat in Europe, though he adds that the woman started it and he rejected her. Penny becomes hurt by the revelation, and even though she claims to forgive Leonard, there is clearly tension between them, leaving the season ending in a cliffhanger as to whether or not they will go through with the wedding. At the beginning of season 9, Leonard and Penny marry, although not without some initial problems. They both reveal that they were subconsciously trying to sabotage their relationship, feeling unworthy of the other. Leonard, concerned that he was trying to sabotage his relationship with Penny, meets with the woman he kissed on the boat. She barely remembers the incident and quickly grows bored with Leonard's ramblings, taking a sarcastic and dismissive tone toward him. From that meeting Leonard comes to terms with his insecurities and he and Penny are able to become more comfortable in dealing with their mutual fears about their relationship. Leonard seriously tries to move into Penny's apartment though Sheldon has serious objections and makes them compromise to spend multiple nights a week in Leonard's old room. Early in season 10, the couple is very happy to be finally living alone after Sheldon moves in with Amy.1

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Social Democratic Party of America<EOT>The 1908 Convention of the Socialist Party of America was attended by 216 delegates representing 46 states . <doc-sep> Debs summed up his strategy with a declaration that would win broad assent in the SP: “The trades-union expresses the economic power and the socialist party expresses the political power of the Labor movement.” Yet Debs’s pamphlet also outstripped the party consensus in multiple places, providing glimpses of the road other socialists would later explore more thoroughly. Craft unionism, he argued, was no longer appropriate. Because modern plants were so massive, with hundreds of different trades represented inside, to organize them on a craft basis “is to divide and not to organize them, to give them over to factions and petty leadership and leave them an easy prey to the machinations of the enemy.” While much of the SP would have agreed with this in principle, Debs also discussed internal sources of tensions in unions that figures like Greenbaum and Berger would never broach. The trade union officialdom, Debs noted, were at once “the leaders of labor and the lieutenants of capital . . . who, in their dual role, find it more and more difficult to harmonize the conflict interests of the class of who they are the leaders and the class of whom they are the lieutenants.” The party campaigned on a scale it had never before attempted. Debs traveled across the country in a train called the Red Special, speaking daily to thousands. From New York to California, he blasted the capitalist system for crushing workers and destroying the natural brotherhood of man. He electrified audiences in working-class cities like Rochester, thundering: “The capitalist refers to you as mill hands, farm hands, factory hands, machine hands — hands, hands!. . . A capitalist would feel insulted if you called him a hand. He’s a head. The trouble is he owns his head and your hands.” Perhaps no other document articulated the syndicalist politics of the SP left in greater detail than Industrial Socialism , a pamphlet written by Big Bill Haywood and Frank Bohn, an SLP leader turned Wobbly and SP member. The first half of the 1911 pamphlet surveyed the history of capitalism in the United States, explaining how it had evolved from the small workshops of the early nineteenth century to the massive trusts of the early twentieth. While workers produced more wealth than ever before, they were “becoming thinner, shorter, weaker — that is, they have less life — than the American people of fifty years ago. . . . [T]he vast majority of toilers . . . die premature deaths caused by overwork, by underfeeding, and diseases.” The following year, the party published a pamphlet entitled Socialism and the Negro Problem . The work, authored by a Christian socialist, argued explicitly against the economic reductionist position so often ascribed to the party. It acknowledged that a socialist society could not abolish racism in one fell swoop, and that pro-equality measures would be needed to “destroy race prejudice.” As a result, the right was able to mobilize its support in the party to expel Haywood. The decisive move came at the 1912 national convention. At first, it seemed as if the left would continue its ascent. The party passed a landmark resolution calling for the organizing of the unorganized and unskilled, and urged unions to eliminate “artificial restrictions” on membership. Haywood saw this as evidence of progress in the party, effusing to the delegates that, as a result of this policy, “I can go to the working class, to the eight million women and children, to the four million black men, to the disenfranchised white men . . . and I can carry to them the message of Socialism.” At the national level, neither Hillquit nor Berger were exemplars of antiwar politics in these years. When the war first broke out, and the Second International collapsed, Hillquit was quick to exonerate the European socialists, arguing that “national feeling . . . stands for everything we hold dear . . . the workingman has a country as well as a class. Even before he has a class.” After the United States joined the war, Hillquit was similarly equivocal. For one, the pro-war sentiment from New York elected officials could hardly have come as a surprise to him, as Hillquit maintained tight control over the party organization in the city. In addition, he actively defended the militarists. When the party membership across the country tried to censure London for his pro-war stance, Hillquit joined the rest of the national leadership in blocking the initiative. In an interview with the New Republic , Hillquit even denied holding any substantial antiwar position, saying, “I do not advocate an immediate separate peace, a withdrawal by America . . . I want America to act, not to withdraw.” Debs himself was drawn to this milieu. He was furious at pro-war socialists like Hoan, reminding Hoan that “[s]ocialists are not required to demonstrate their patriotism for the benefit of the capitalist class.” He also joined the editorial board of the Class Struggle , one of the new journals of the left. Writing to a friend in the party, Debs declared, “I am in sympathy with the radical tendencies in our party . . . We have got to take a clear cut stand in favor of revolutionary industrial unionism . . . [and] get completely away from Scheidemannism.” Consider Victor Berger’s writings on revolution. In a 1918 article entitled “Socialism, Revolution, & Civilization,” he warned his readers that “Some day in the near future and soon after the war . . . there will be a volcanic eruption. The hungry millions will turn against the overfed few. A fearful retribution will be enacted on the capitalist class as a class.” Far from celebrating this prospect, however, Berger deplored it as “a revolution [which] will retrograde civilization — it might throw back the white race into barbarism.” Socialism, he argued, was the only way to prevent such a revolution. I can see the dawn of the better day for humanity. The people are awakening. In due time they will and must come to their own. . . . Let the people everywhere take heart of hope, for the cross is bending, the midnight is passing, and joy cometh with the morning. <doc-sep> The Civil War Pension program began shortly after the start of the War, with the first legislation in 1862 providing for benefits linked to disabilities "incurred as a direct consequence of . . .military duty." Widows and orphans could receive pensions equal in amount to that which would have been payable to their deceased solider if he had been disabled. In 1890 the link with service-connected disability was broken, and any disabled Civil War veteran qualified for benefits. In 1906, old-age was made a sufficient qualification for benefits. So that by 1910, Civil War veterans and their survivors enjoyed a program of disability, survivors and old-age benefits similar in some ways to the later Social Security programs. By 1910, over 90% of the remaining Civil War veterans were receiving benefits under this program, although they constituted barely .6% of the total U.S. population of that era. Civil War pensions were also an asset that attracted young wives to elderly veterans whose pensions they could inherit as the widow of a war veteran. Indeed, there were still surviving widows of Civil War veterans receiving Civil War pensions as late as 1999! "As changing economic conditions are rendering the dependence of old people on their descendants for support increasingly precarious, so, on the other hand, new obstacles are arising to providing for old age through voluntary saving. . . The proper method of safeguarding old age is clearly through some plan of insurance. . . for every wage earner to attempt to save enough by himself to provide for his old age is needlessly costly. The intelligent course is for him to combine with other wage earners to accumulate a common fund out of which old-age annuities may be paid to those who live long enough to need it." "We must protect the crushable elements at the base of our present industrial structure...it is abnormal for any industry to throw back upon the community the human wreckage due to its wear and tear, and the hazards of sickness, accident, invalidism, involuntary unemployment, and old age should be provided for through insurance." TR would succeed in having a plank adopted in the Progressive Party platform that stated: "We pledge ourselves to work unceasingly in state and nation for: . . .The protection of home life against the hazards of sickness, irregular employment, and old age through the adoption of a system of social insurance adapted to American use." "Security was attained in the earlier days through the interdependence of members of families upon each other and of the families within a small community upon each other. The complexities of great communities and of organized industry make less real these simple means of security. Therefore, we are compelled to employ the active interest of the Nation as a whole through government in order to encourage a greater security for each individual who composes it . . . This seeking for a greater measure of welfare and happiness does not indicate a change in values. It is rather a return to values lost in the course of our economic development and expansion . . ." "Long before the economic blight of the depression descended on the Nation, millions of our people were living in wastelands of want and fear. Men and women too old and infirm to work either depended on those who had but little to share, or spent their remaining years within the walls of a poorhouse . . .The Social Security Act offers to all our citizens a workable and working method of meeting urgent present needs and of forestalling future need . . . One word of warning, however. In our efforts to provide security for all of the American people, let us not allow ourselves to be misled by those who advocate short cuts to Utopia or fantastic financial schemes. We have come a long way. But we still have a long way to go. There is still today a frontier that remains unconquered--an America unclaimed. This is the great, the nationwide frontier of insecurity, of human want and fear. This is the frontier--the America--we have set ourselves to reclaim." -- President Franklin Roosevelt August 14, 1938, Radio address on the third anniversary of the Social Security Act "Thirty years ago, the American people made a basic decision that the later years of life should not be years of despondency and drift. The result was enactment of our Social Security program. . . . Since World War II, there has been increasing awareness of the fact that the full value of Social Security would not be realized unless provision were made to deal with the problem of costs of illnesses among our older citizens. . . . Compassion and reason dictate that this logical extension of our proven Social Security system will supply the prudent, feasible, and dignified way to free the aged from the fear of financial hardship in the event of illness." -January 7, 1965 <doc-sep> On unemployment insurance the major disagreement in the circles of the Committee on Economic Security concerned the advisability of a Federal system of unemployment insurance. The first decision of the subcommittee of the Technical Board-on unemployment insurance was that a Federal system should be proposed. The staff then tried to hammer out a Federal plan of unemployment insurance, but ran into irresolvable differences of opinion as to the details of such a program . . . . There was a very general belief that a Federal system would probably be held unconstitutional, and there seemed to be good reason for expecting that the tax offset plan of the prior Wagner-Lewis bill would be found valid. In the end, the Technical Board and the Committee on Economic Security unanimously came back to the plan which was referred to as the "State-Federal" system, which is State unemployment insurance, stimulated by the tax offset device in the Federal law. In Congress, there was practically no sentiment for a Federal plan or for extensive Federal controls. Congressional sentiment was strongly for wide freedom to the States in shaping their own unemployment insurance programs, including freedom to include or omit experience rating, which many members of the staff of the Committee on Economic Security did not like, although it was endorsed by the President. Even more have I been satisfied with the administration of social security. Billions of dollars have been expended by the Government of the United States for social security without a trace of scandal or corruption. Costs of administration have been far lower than anyone thought possible in 1935 . . . . <doc-sep> For more famous women, see Important and Famous Women in America . <doc-sep> In 1891, the SLP ran Daniel DeLeon for Governor of New York. DeLeon received 13,000 votes. DeLeon was also named as Associat e Editor of The People . He ttook over the top position at that paper when Editor Lucien Sanial resigned in 1892. The turn was formalized after heated debate of a resolution introduced to the convention by Daniel DeLeon . DeLeon’s resolution stated that the AF of L and Knights of Labor had both “fallen hopelessly into the hands of dishonest and ignorant leaders” and lauded the formation of the Socialist Trade & Labor Alliance, calling for the American proletariat to form “one irresistible class-conscious army, equipped both the shield of teh economic organization and the sword of the Socialist Labor Party ballot.” DeLeon’s resolution passed by a vote of 71 to 6, with one abstention. 1

Social Democratic Party of America

The Social Democratic Party of America (SDP) was a short-lived political party in the United States, established in 1898. The group was formed out of elements of the Social Democracy of America (SDA), and was a predecessor to the Socialist Party of America, established in 1901.

The Social Democratic Party of America (SDP) was a short-lived political party in the United States, established in 1898. The group was formed out of elements of the Social Democracy of America (SDA), and was a predecessor to the Socialist Party of America, established in 1901. == Organizational history == == Forerunners == Following the defeat of the 1894 American Railway Union (ARU) strike, the former populist Eugene V. Debs exhaustively read socialist literature provided to him by Milwaukee publisher Victor L. Berger and other independent Socialists. Debs converted to the Socialist cause, believing in the aftermath of the suppression of the ARU strike by federal troops that trade union action alone was insufficient to bring about the liberation of the working class. In this same summer, smarting from a failed effort at establishing a socialist community near Tennessee City, Tennessee, publisher Julius Wayland established in Kansas City a new socialist weekly newspaper, Appeal to Reason, eventually moving the operation for financial reasons to a small town in southeastern Kansas called Girard. This paper was a major success, quickly gaining a paid subscribership of 80,000 and invigorating the Socialist movement. A new colonization project was conceived through this paper, the Brotherhood of the Cooperative Commonwealth, which aimed to seed an undecided western state with socialist colonies and to electorally take over the government of that state, thus establishing a foothold for socialism in America. Eugene V. Debs was named the head of this project and the planets were thus aligned for the formation of a new national political organization. A convention of the remnant of the American Railway Union was called for June 15, 1897 in Chicago. == Formation == The convention which gave birth to the new organization actually began as a final conclave of the American Railway Union, which opened Tuesday morning, June 15, 1897, in Handel Hall, Chicago. Director William E. Burns called the meeting to order and A.B. Adair of the Typographical Union presided. President of the ARU Eugene Debs delivered an address to the assembled delegates. The first three days of the convention were occupied with hearing reports of officers and of committees and closing up the affairs of the American Railway Union. On Friday, June 18, the organization formally changed its name to the Social Democracy of America and adopted a Declaration of Principles. The convention was then thrown open to delegates representing other organizations. Those represented included the Socialist Labor Party, the Socialist Trade and Labor Alliance, the Scandinavian Cooperative League, the Metal Polishers and Buffers' Union, the United Brotherhood of Carpenters and Joiners, the Chicago Labor Union Exchange, and an assortment of other organizations. The Social Democracy of America initially did not have an official head — its executive powers were vested in an Executive Board, with a chairman (Eugene Debs) merely presiding over the activities of that body. The unit of organization of the Social Democracy was the "Local Branch" of at least 5 members. On the first Tuesday in April, each of these Local Branches was to elect a single representative to the "State Union," the state-level governing body. On the first Tuesday in May, all the State Unions were to assemble and elect one representative each to the "National Council," which was in turn to meet on the first Tuesday in May and elect a 5-member "Executive Board," which was to hold office for a term of one year. An initiation fee of 25 cents was set, and monthly dues pegged at 15 cents per month. Office of the organization was established at 504 Trude Building, Corner of Randolph and Wabash Aves., Chicago. The Social Democracy of America proved to be a short lived and disparate group of Marxists, trade unionists (especially veterans of the ARU), Owenite socialists, populists, and unaffiliated radicals. The SDA initially sought to establish socialist cooperative colonies. In August 1897 a three-member "Colonization Committee" was established, consisting of Col. Richard J. Hinton (Washington, DC), Wilfred P. Borland (Bay City, Michigan), and Cyrus Field Willard (Chicago). This trio explored the possibility of establishing a colony to seed the future "Cooperative Commonwealth" in the Cumberland plateau of Tennessee. As an associated side-project seems to have made a concrete proposal to the city of Nashville to construct 75 miles of railroad for the city — a project which would put to work the blacklisted and unemployed former members of the ARU and SDA and help to build the notion of social ownership of productive capital in a single moment, it was hoped. In addition to the "colonizationists," who favored concentration of their efforts on building a model economic unit and gaining the achievement of socialism through the power of example there emerged a "political action wing," which sought to achieve socialism through political organization and use of the electoral process, starting with concentration on a single state. The colonization scheme failed to materialize by the time of the second convention of the SDA, held in Chicago from June 7–11, 1898 and attended by some 70 delegates. Frederic Heath, the first historian of the movement, recounted the gathering in a 1900 book: "Chairman Debs presided. Outwardly the meeting presented the picture of a pleasing and harmonious gathering, creditable to the Socialist movement. Under the surface, however, there was a hostility that meant almost certain rupture. The presence of such well-known Anarchists as Mrs. Lucy Parsons, wife of one of the victims of the outrageous Haymarket trial, Emma Goldman, common-law wife of Berkman, who shot Manager Frick at the time of the Homestead strike, and others, all enlisted under the colonization wing, the members of which were now using the phrases of the Anarchists at sneering at political action, showed that a parting of the ways must come. It rapidly developed that the colonization forces had organized to get control of the convention and had even gone to the length of organizing local 'branches on paper' within three days before the convention, in order to increase its list of delegates and make its control a certainty. These branches had been organized by William Burns and the other members of the national board, with the exception of Messrs. Debs and Keliher." In his speech to the convention, delivered June 8, Debs outlined his ideas on the goal of the Social Democracy and the tactics which the organization had best follow: “The mission of Social Democracy is to awaken the producer to a consciousness that he is a Socialist and to give him courage by changing his conditions. I have not changed in regard to our procedure. Give me 10,000 men, aye, 1,000 in a western state, with access to the sources of production, and we will change the economic conditions and we will convince the people of that state, win their hearts and their intelligence. We will lay hold upon the reins of government, and plant the flag of Socialism on the state house." The Colonization Committee delivered a lengthy report, detailing the proposed purchase of a Colorado gold mine and the establishment of a colony around that operation. This imaginative (or hallucinatory) plan fanned the sentiments of the party's political actionists (who called themselves the "antis"), who found themselves more anxious than ever to disentangle themselves from what they perceived as an unsavory stock-selling scheme. A caucus was held of the "anti" faction on the 3rd evening of the convention at which the group determined to fight the colonization program without compromise. During the fourth day of the proceedings, Friday, June 10, things turned increasingly bitter when James Hogan of Utah delivered a 2-hour report as Vice Chairman of the National Executive Board and Treasurer, during the course of which he directly attacked Secretary Sylvester Keliher (a political actionist), alleging incompetence or dishonesty. The day was absorbed by a bitter debate over the program of the organization, with the main object of division a minority report put forward by John F. Lloyd on behalf of the colonizationists (disparagingly called the "goldbrick" faction by the "antis"). The arguments went on all day Friday, June 10, finishing at 2:30 am with a vote in which the colonization minority plank was carried by a vote of 53 to 37. The meeting was adjourned and many delegates straggled off to bed, the anti-colonization faction already having decided to depart the organization and to establish a political party of their own in the aftermath of defeat on the colonization issue. The "anti" faction gathered in Parlor A of the hotel across the street where most of them were staying and in hushed tones continued their discussion until 4 am. June 11, 1898 marked the conclusion of the convention of the Social Democracy of America as well as the day that 33 delegates bolted to hold a meeting establishing themselves as the Social Democratic Party of America. == The (Chicago) Social Democratic Party Established == The political action wing of the Social Democracy in America bolted the final day of the June 1898 Convention of the Social Democracy of America and instead held their own gathering at Hull House on South Halsted Street in Chicago. Since the gathering was held by a bolting faction of a Convention formally called by the Social Democracy of America, subsequent party histories do not regard this first organizational meeting as a formal "Convention" — although the party organ established at the same time, The Social Democratic Herald, did consider it such. The fledgling group issued its organizational platform in the form of a "Statement of Principles" on June 11, 1898. In this document, the group categorized socialism as "the collective ownership of the means of production for the common good and welfare" and called upon "the wage-workers and all those in sympathy with their historical mission to realize a higher civilization" to sever ties with existing conservative capitalist and reformist political parties and to instead work for "the establishment of a system of cooperative production and distribution." The split of the Social Democracy in America into a colonization organization on the one hand and the electorally-oriented Social Democratic Party of America on the other demoralized many American socialists. According to founding member Frederic Heath, "the split...disheartened many Socialists, so that the party grew very slowly. It was not until fully a year after [the split] that real headway began to be made, outside of a few party strongholds like Massachusetts, Milwaukee, and St. Louis." A political-action faction led by Victor Berger left the SDA convention and founded the SDP as an explicitly socialist alternative to the mainstream parties. Later that year the SDP managed early success when two members of the party were elected to the Massachusetts General Court. The colonizationists had taken the Social Democracy of Americans periodical, Social Democrat; so the Social Democratic Party started a new national publication, Social Democratic Herold during the negotiations for the unity of the Socialist Party of America it was decided that the party would not publish an official national publication so the newspaper was sold to the Milwaukee Social Democrats led by Victor Berger. In 1900 Eugene Debs stood as the party's presidential candidate and received some 87,000 votes. This was considerably more than the established Socialist Labor Party. == The ("Rochester" or "Springfield") Social Democratic Party == In addition to the Chicago-based Social Democratic Party of America mentioned above, there was a second Social Democratic Party of America based in Rochester, New York. In the second half of the 1890s, the Socialist Labor Party of America was showing signs of growth in size and influence. Divisions arose within the organization over the group's relationship to the American Federation of Labor and the party's internal regime. The organization was deeply split between two hostile groups. On one side was a so-called "administration faction," represented by the party's national officials, such as Henry Kuhn, Henry Vogt, and Lucien Sanial, and the editors and staffs of the official party publications, The People (English) and Vorwärts (German). This Regular faction included most prominently Daniel DeLeon, editor of The People and the single most influential individual inside the SLP. Against their continued reign stood an opposition faction, centered on the independently-owned German language socialist daily, the Newyorker Volkszeitung, the editor of which was Alexander Jonas. The latter group was particularly hostile to the trade union policy adopted at the 1896 Convention, believing it to have alienated erstwhile allies in the existing labor movement and thus marginalized the SLP. It also resented the rigid party discipline practiced by the National Executive Committee, which included the expulsions of dissidents and the suspension of entire sections. This festering split erupted in open conflict in July 1899 over the election of a new General Committee (akin to a City Committee) of Section New York, a group to which the 1896 SLP Convention purportedly delegated the power to elect the NEC for the national organization. This new NEC was to in turn have the power of selecting editors of the party's printed organs. Section New York, narrowly controlled by the dissident faction, elected such a General Committee, which met for the first time on July 8, 1899. This gathering quickly dissolved in acrimony, and a second meeting was hastily scheduled to be held two nights later by the dissident faction. This second session, elected Henry Slobodin as National Secretary and named a new editor of The People, to replace DeLeon, to whom the dissidents felt personal enmity. This action of the dissident general committee was not recognized by the sitting National Executive Committee, the meeting held to be illegally constitute, and the NEC and the official press continued to conduct their regular operations. The dissidents declared themselves the rightful owners of the Socialist Labor Party's name, logo, and press, and established themselves as such. Two parallel organizations, each designating themself the Socialist Labor Party and issuing a publication called The People, thus emerged in 1899, naming competing full slates of candidates for the elections of 1899. The matter was taken to the "capitalist" courts. The dissidents were derisively referred to in polemics as the "Kangaroos" by the Regulars — the analogy being drawn between the dissidents' free-and-loose interpretation of party legality in the calling and conduct of their reorganizational meetings and the "Kangaroo courts" of the wild west. The dissident faction was bolstered by the support of allies in Chicago, centered on an English language newspaper called The Workers' Call, edited by A.M. Simons. This group initially attempted to circumvent the New York NEC of the SLP by declaring itself the official center of the organization in light of the interparty emergency that erupted in the Summer of 1899 as a result of the rupture of Section New York. In response, Section Chicago was suspended by the New York NEC. Dissident Section Chicago moved in fairly short order towards unity the largely German New York SLP Right oppositionists. An Emergency National Convention was called by the pro-AFL/anti-DeLeon "Kangaroo" dissidents. This gathering was held in Rochester, NY, attended by 59 delegates, and proclaimed itself as the official "10th National Convention" of the Socialist Labor Party. Henry L. Slobodin was formally elected Executive Secretary of the Rochester organization, which tentatively continued to call itself the "Socialist Labor Party" and to issue its own English language newspaper under the name of The People. The convention repudiated the Socialist Trade and Labor Alliance, the hated "dual union" umbrella organization established by the regular SLP in 1896 in opposition to the AF of L, instead proclaiming its support for the struggles of all trade unions without regard to affiliation. A new platform was adopted and revised by-laws approved. The gathering also enacted a resolution calling for unity with the Social Democratic Party and named a Unity Committee, headed by Morris Hillquit, to attend the forthcoming convention of the SDP and to there make a unity appeal. When the New York courts ruled decisively in favor of the claim of DeLeon, Kuhn, and the Regulars in the matter of the ownership of the name, logo, and publication of the Socialist Labor Party, against the claim of the dissidents, the Rochester group changed the name of their organization to "Social Democratic Party of America," anticipating a rapid merger with Berger, Debs, and the Midwestern organization of the same name. The Eastern group established party headquarters in Springfield, Massachusetts and became known as the "Springfield SDP," in distinction to the "Chicago SDP." == Notable members == Leonard D. Abbott Joseph Barondess Victor L. Berger Barney Berlyn Ella Reeve Bloor William Butscher James F. Carey John C. Chase Jesse Cox Eugene V. Debs A.S. Edwards W.E. Farmer Margaret Haile Job Harriman Max S. Hayes Frederic Heath Isaac Hourwich G.A. Hoehn Antoinette Konikow Algernon Lee Frederic O. MacCartney William D. Mahoney William Mailly Mary Harris "Mother" Jones George A. Nelson L.W. Rogers Carl Sandburg Henry Slobodin Seymour Stedman Hermon F. Titus Morris Winchevsky John M. Work1

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Don't Fail Me Now<EOT>Copyright 2000-2005 Folkstreams. home | about | advisors | selected films | rights | blog | press | Contact: folkstreamsva@g m a i l . c o m, 540-592-3701 1

Don't Fail Me Now

"Don't Fail Me Now" is a song by American recording artist Melanie Amaro, the winner of the first season of The X Factor, set to be included on her debut studio album under the label Epic Records. Written by Livvi Franc and produced by Rodney Jerkins, the upbeat pop song features the singer talking about self empowerment and finding a true love. It was first made available for stream on July 31, 2012, and it was released to digital download on September 18, 2012 as Amaro's debut single along with the b-side song "Love Me Now". It received mixed reviews from music critics, who praised the vocal performance, but criticized the use of Auto-Tune. As of December 2012 "Don't Fail Me Now" has sold 20,000 copies in the United States, failing to chart on the Billboard Hot 100 but peaking in the top-ten of the Hot Dance Club Songs chart.

"Don't Fail Me Now" is a song by American recording artist Melanie Amaro, the winner of the first season of The X Factor, set to be included on her debut studio album under the label Epic Records. Written by Livvi Franc and produced by Rodney Jerkins, the upbeat pop song features the singer talking about self empowerment and finding a true love. It was first made available for stream on July 31, 2012, and it was released to digital download on September 18, 2012 as Amaro's debut single along with the b-side song "Love Me Now". It received mixed reviews from music critics, who praised the vocal performance, but criticized the use of Auto-Tune. As of December 2012 "Don't Fail Me Now" has sold 20,000 copies in the United States, failing to chart on the Billboard Hot 100 but peaking in the top-ten of the Hot Dance Club Songs chart. == Background and composition == "Don't Fail Me Now" was written by Livvi Franc and produced by Rodney Jerkins, and is the first song from her upcoming debut studio album on Epic Records. In an interview with Billboard, Amaro spoke that she "look for songs that are connected to real life scenarios -- love songs, breakups, getting hurt, finding the strength to keep on pushing in life." Described as "an uplifting account of Amaro's road to success", the upbeat pop track features the singer talking about self empowerment and finding a true love, which is perceived in lyrics such as "I've paid my dues, I've paid the price, I've prayed for you almost every night...I've walked the longest road so don't fail me now, feet don't fail me now." "Don't Fail Me Now" was made available to stream through her official SoundCloud account on July 31, 2012, and had been played over 175,000 times, as of 31 October 2012. The song was made available to other media outlets the following day. Amaro's manager Simon Cowell also released the single on TwitMusic, a service which lets users discover and share music uploaded by artists, also on August 1. After a week, "Don't Fail Me Now" garnered over 6,500 plays on the platform, making her one of the more popular singers there. The track was released on digital download on September 18, 2012. == Reception == "Don't Fail Me Now" received mixed reviews from music critics. Gerrick Kennedy of Los Angeles Times gave the song a mixed review, saying Amaro's vocal performance and delivery was "flawless," but called the production and dance style "a complete misfire for a debut - especially when listeners haven't seen or heard Amaro since January and other finalists have already made splashes." He also criticized the lyrics, called them "bland" and "couldn't be interpreted as inspirational or romantic, depending on the listener." Entertainment Weekly contributor Grady Smith called it "a mismash, featuring a thumping club beat, soaring diva notes (some of which sound seemingly and unnecessarily Auto-Tuned), techno flourishes, and a bevvy of inspirational-slash-romantic lyrics. All of it leaves me a little confused - is she singing about her man, or The Man Upstairs?" Scott Shetler of Pop Crush rated it two and a half stars out of five, saying, "unfortunately, her first offering offers a rather bland dance-pop arrangement that doesn't flaunt her winning voice effectively." Idolator writer Becky Bain gave the song a negative review, explaining that the track lacked originality, exemplifying the use of "a techno breakdown thrown in for absolutely no reason other than to poorly follow the current trend. It also doesn't seem to know whether it's a love song or a self-empowerment anthem." Since its release, "Don't Fail Me Now" reached a peak of number 21 on Billboard's Hot Dance Club Songs component chart. == Promotion == == Music video == An accompanying music video for the song was directed by Benny Boom, who wanted to showcase Amaro's vision of the track. He explained, "When I first heard the song, I knew I wanted the video to have movement to it and be a journey. I thought of a clever way of taking her on this journey by using a rear-screen projector. She’s no longer the ‘X Factor’ contestant, she is the winner, and I wanted to make sure that we made a video that showed that." On October 19, 2012 Amaro premiered the music video for "Don't Fail Me Now" on her official VEVO account. The video features Amaro sitting at the park as her lover meets her and they go for a walk. As the story goes, she makes her way to a party with her friends, until her love interest meets her again and they dance to the track. The story intercuts with scenes of Amaro singing to the track stage with bright lights behind her. Lyndsey Parker of Yahoo commented that the music video "is actually not a fail" and added, "the ombre hair! The flamingo-pink lip lacquer! The curves! The cat-eyes! The giant hoop earrings! The signs of an actual personality! Melanie is working it here, and it all sort of works. The video is even making me like the single a little bit more, which is a good (and unexpected) thing." == In popular culture == Prior to the digital release of the song, "Don't Fail Me Now" was sampled during previews for the second season of The X Factor. == Track listings == Digital download "Don't Fail Me Now" — 4:01 "Love Me Now" — 3:26 Remix EP "Don't Fail Me Now" (PaperCha$er Extended) — 6:10 "Don't Fail Me Now" (PaperCha$er Edit) — 4:06 "Don't Fail Me Now" (PaperCha$er Dub) — 6:10 "Don't Fail Me Now" (Ferry Corsten Remix) — 5:55 "Don't Fail Me Now" (Ferry Corsten Remix Radio Edit) — 3:13 "Don't Fail Me Now" (Ferry Corsten Remix Instrumental) — 5:55 "Don't Fail Me Now" (Flexican Extended) — 5:37 "Don't Fail Me Now" (Flexican Edit) — 3:45 "Don't Fail Me Now" (Sex Ray Vision Extended) — 5:49 "Don't Fail Me Now" (Sex Ray Vision Edit) — 4:09 "Don't Fail Me Now" (Sex Ray Vision Dub) — 5:49 == Chart performance == According to Nielsen SoundScan, "Don't Fail Me Now" is Amaro's second single to miss a spot on the main Billboard charts, after previous promotional single, a cover of Otis Redding's "Respect" sold 24,000 copies. As of December 2012, "Don't Fail Me Now" has sold 20,000 copies. == Release history == 1

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Oscar Lanford<EOT>1

Oscar Lanford

Oscar Eramus Lanford III (January 6, 1940 – November 16, 2013) was an American mathematician working on mathematical physics and dynamical systems theory.

Oscar Eramus Lanford III (January 6, 1940 – November 16, 2013) was an American mathematician working on mathematical physics and dynamical systems theory. == Professional career == Born in New York, Lanford was awarded his undergraduate degree from Wesleyan University and the Ph.D. from Princeton University in 1966 under the supervision of Arthur Wightman. He has served as a professor of mathematics at the University of California, Berkeley, and a professor of physics at the Institut des Hautes Études Scientifiques (IHES) in Bures-sur-Yvette, France. Since 1987, he was with the department of mathematics, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zürich (ETH Zürich) till his retirement. After his retirement, he taught occasionally in New York University. == Proof of the rigidity conjectures == Lanford gave the first proof that the Feigenbaum-Cvitanovic functional equation has an even analytic solution g and that this fixed point g of the Feigenbaum renormalisation operator T is hyperbolic with a one-dimensional unstable manifold. This provided the first mathematical proof of the rigidity conjectures of Feigenbaum. The proof was computer assisted. The hyperbolicity of the fixed point is essential to explain the Feigenbaum universality observed experimentally by Mitchell Feigenbaum and Coullet-Tresser. Feigenbaum has studied the logistic family and looked at the sequence of Period doubling bifurcations. Amazingly the asymptotic behavior near the accumulation point appeared universal in the sense that the same numerical values would appear. The logistic family of maps on the interval [0,1] for example would lead to the same asymptotic law of the ratio of the differences between the bifurcation values a(n) than . The result is that converges to the Feigenbaum constants which is a "universal number" independent of the map f. The bifurcation diagram has become an icon of chaos theory. Campanino and Epstein also gave a proof of the fixed point without computer assistance but did not establish its hyperbolicity. They cite in their paper Lanfords computer assisted proof. There are also lecture notes of Lanford from 1979 in Zurich and announcements in 1980. The hyperbolicity is essential to verify the picture discovered numerically by Feigenbaum and independently by Coullet and Tresser. Lanford later gave a shorter proof using the Leray-Schauder fixed point theorem but establishing only the fixed point without the hyperbolicity. Lyubich published in 1999 the first not computer assisted proof which also establishes hyperbolicity. Work of Sullivan later showed that the fixed point is unique in the class of real valued quadratic like germs. == Awards and honors == Lanford was the recipient of the 1986 United States National Academy of Sciences award in Applied Mathematics and Numerical Analysis and holds an honorary doctorate from Wesleyan University. In 2012 he became a fellow of the American Mathematical Society. == Selected publications == Lanford, Oscar (1982), "A computer-assisted proof of the Feigenbaum conjectures", Bull.Am.Math.Soc.(New Series), 6 (3): 427–434, doi:10.1090/S0273-0979-1982-15008-X Lanford, O.E (1984), "A Shorter Proof of the Existence of the Feigenbaum Fixed Point", Comm. Math. Phys, 96 (4): 521–538, Bibcode:1984CMaPh..96..521L, doi:10.1007/BF01212533 Lanford, Oscar (1984), "Computer-assisted Proofs in analysis" (PDF), Physica A, 124: 465–470, doi:10.1016/0378-4371(84)90262-01

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89th Military Police Brigade (United States)<EOT>1

89th Military Police Brigade (United States)

The 89th Military Police Brigade is a military police brigade of the United States Army based at Fort Hood, Texas. It is a subordinate unit of III Corps. Activated in Vietnam in the midst of the Vietnam War, the unit provided military police services for two corp-sized forces operating in the region. It played a supporting role throughout the entire conflict, staying in theater for the entire war and earning fifteen campaign streamers. Since then, the brigade has seen duty in numerous areas of operation throughout the world and performed numerous duties including disaster relief for Hurricane Hugo as well as service in Guantanamo Bay. It also played a supporting role in the Gulf War. Recently the brigade served two tours of duty in support of Operation Iraqi Freedom.

The 89th Military Police Brigade is a military police brigade of the United States Army based at Fort Hood, Texas. It is a subordinate unit of III Corps. Activated in Vietnam in the midst of the Vietnam War, the unit provided military police services for two corp-sized forces operating in the region. It played a supporting role throughout the entire conflict, staying in theater for the entire war and earning fifteen campaign streamers. Since then, the brigade has seen duty in numerous areas of operation throughout the world and performed numerous duties including disaster relief for Hurricane Hugo as well as service in Guantanamo Bay. It also played a supporting role in the Gulf War. Recently the brigade served two tours of duty in support of Operation Iraqi Freedom. == Organization == The brigade is subordinate to III Corps. It is headquartered at Fort Hood, Texas. Almost 1,000 soldiers of the brigade are stationed there. The Brigade contains five subordinate battalions of military police: 93D Military Police Battalion, at Fort Bliss 720th Military Police Battalion, at Fort Hood 97th Military Police Battalion (Formerly 924th), at Fort Riley 759th Military Police Battalion, at Fort Carson == History == == Vietnam War == The 89th Military Police Brigade was originally activated as a "group", roughly the size of a modern regiment. The 89th Military Police Group was constituted in the Regular Army on 19 February 1966 and activated on 15 March of that year in the Republic of Vietnam. The mission of the 89th Military Police Group was to provide general military police support for the III Corps and IV Corps Tactical Zones. The group stayed in Vietnam in support of the two corps' areas of operation. As the group was a supporting unit, it never saw front line combat. However, it did receive all 15 campaign streamers that could be earned for Vietnam service. With the removal of US forces from Vietnam, the organization was inactivated on 21 December 1971. On 13 September 1972 the unit was activated at Fort Lewis, Washington. The 89th Military Police Group was designed to command and control the operations of three to five military police battalions and other assigned or attached units. Additionally, it provided a Provost Marshal staff section to the corps headquarters while assigned as their senior military police organization. The 89th Military Police Group remained at Fort Lewis until 21 February 1976 when the colors were transferred to Fort Hood, Texas. On 16 July 1981 the 89th Military Police Group was reorganized as the 89th Military Police Brigade. 1973 & 1974 special members of the 89th PM Group were covertly assigned to Yakima base in Eastern Washington, for special assignments on CID Trafficking via the ASA/NSA center located under ground. PFC Scott Barnes was one member working under orders from MG Gard of Ft. Lewis and Captain Colbert of the MP unit to investigate narcotics trafficking. Source Cited US Congressional Hearings 1986 thru 1989. Classified Hearing as well as in the Book BOHICA 1987 by Scott Barnes and Kiss the Boy's Goodbye by Monika Jensen 2014 == Operation Iraqi Freedom == The 89th Military Police Brigade deployed to Iraq in support of Operation Iraqi Freedom early 2004, where it took over the mission previously tasked to the 18th Military Police Brigade on 31 January 2004. At that time the brigade assumed responsibility for the Iraqi Police training mission as well as the majority of all the Military Police Units in Iraq at that time. The unit returned to Fort Hood in December 2004. The 89th Military Police Brigade deployed for a second tour in August 2006 to the Iraqi theater of operation in support of Operation Iraqi Freedom 2006–2008. During the deployment, it was composed of over 5,000 military police soldiers in the theater. Brigade responsibilities included corrections and security operations. It deployed K-9 units during some operations. The brigade's primary responsibility, though, was the training of Iraqi police units. The brigade focused on local police units throughout the country, as another MP brigade handled the national police. The brigade commander would brief US Department of Defense officials in The Pentagon on the current situation, live from Iraq. It suffered several casualties, including a soldier killed by sniper fire, a soldier killed by a suicide car bomb, and two soldiers who died of non-combat related causes. The brigade returned home in October 2007, replaced again by the 18th Military Police Brigade. After this, the brigade resumed its policing roles at Fort Hood. During its second deployment, one of the unit commanders, William H. Steele, became infamous for being accused of breaching military law by aiding the enemy. He was acquitted of the charges, though he was convicted of other charges and subsequently dismissed from the military. == Operation Enduring Freedom == The 410th Military Police Company deployed to Afghanistan in May 2009 and returned in May 2010. The 116th Military Police Company, 97th MP BN, 89TH MP BDE deployed to FOB Shinwar, Nangarhar Province, Afghanistan from May 2010 to May 2011. The 401st and 64th Military Police Companies deployed to Afghanistan in May 2010 and returned in April 2011. The 411th Military Police Company deployed to Kandahar Province in May 2011 and returned to Fort Hood in May 2012. HHD, 720th Military Police Battalion deployed in December 2011 and returned in December 2012. == Honors == == Unit decorations == == Campaign streamers == 1

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Waterloo Hawks (baseball)<EOT>1

Waterloo Hawks (baseball)

The Waterloo Hawks was the primary name of the minor league franchise that existed on-and-off for 79 seasons between 1895 and 1993 in Waterloo, Iowa. The franchise relocated to Springfield, Il in 1994,before eventually becoming today's Lansing Lugnuts of the Midwest League. Waterloo won 12 league championships, playing in the Mississippi Valley League (1922-1932), Western League (1936), Illinois-Iowa-Indiana League (1940-1942) and the Midwest League (1958-1993). The Hawks were affiliated with the Chicago White Sox (1932, 1940-1942), Boston Red Sox (1958 to 1968), Kansas City Royals (1969-1976), Cleveland Indians (1977-1988) and San Diego Padres (1990-1993). Baseball Hall of Fame Inductees Carlton Fisk and Luis Aparicio played for Waterloo.

The Waterloo Hawks was the primary name of the minor league franchise that existed on-and-off for 79 seasons between 1895 and 1993 in Waterloo, Iowa. The franchise relocated to Springfield, Il in 1994,before eventually becoming today's Lansing Lugnuts of the Midwest League. Waterloo won 12 league championships, playing in the Mississippi Valley League (1922-1932), Western League (1936), Illinois-Iowa-Indiana League (1940-1942) and the Midwest League (1958-1993). The Hawks were affiliated with the Chicago White Sox (1932, 1940-1942), Boston Red Sox (1958 to 1968), Kansas City Royals (1969-1976), Cleveland Indians (1977-1988) and San Diego Padres (1990-1993). Baseball Hall of Fame Inductees Carlton Fisk and Luis Aparicio played for Waterloo. == The ballparks == In 1936 and from 1940 to 1942, they played their home games at Red Hawk Stadium. From 1943 to 1993, they played their home games at Riverfront Stadium. == Championships == The franchise won seven Midwest League titles (1958), (1959), (1960), (1975), (1976), (1980), (1986), two Mississippi Valley League championships (1924) (1928), one Central Association title (1908) and one Iowa State League championship (1907). The 1975 Royals finished with a 93–35 record and were recognized as the sixtieth greatest minor league teams of all time. == Hall of Fame Alumni == Luis Aparicio (1954) Inducted Baseball Hall of Fame (1984) Carlton Fisk (1968) Inducted Baseball Hall of Fame (2000) == Notable Alumni == Homer Bush (1993) Raul Casanova (1993) Bryce Florie (1991) Lance Painter (1990-91) Scott Sanders (1990-91) Tim Worrell (1991) Albert Belle (1988) 5 x MLB All-Star; 1995 AL home run leader; 3 × AL RBI leader (1993, 1995, 1996) Steve Olin (1988) Rudy Seanez (1987-88) Jeff Shaw (1988) 2 x MLB AS; 1997 NL Saves Leader Steve Swisher (1985-86, MGR) MLB All-Star Trey Hillman (1986) MLB MGR Greg Swindell (1986) MLB All-Star Dave Clark (1984) MLB MGR John Farrell (1984) MGR 2013 World Series Champion - Boston Red Sox Kelly Gruber (1981) GG; 2 x MLB All-Star Von Hayes (1980) MLB All-Star Clint Hurdle (1976) MLB MGR: 2013 NL Manager of the Year Dan Quisenberry (1975-76) 3 x MLB All-Star; 5 × AL saves leader (1980, 1982–1985) Willie Wilson (1975) GG; 2 x MLB All-Star; 1982 AL Batting Champion; 1979 AL Stolen Base Leader Dennis Leonard (1972) 1977 AL Wins Leader Al Cowens (1971) GG John Wathan (1971-72) Lynn McGlothen (1968) MLB All-Star Bill Lee (1968) MLB All-Star Roger Moret (1968) Tony Muser (1967) Gerry Janeski (1967) Billy Conigliaro (1965) Jimy Williams (1965) 1999 AL Manager of the Year Reggie Smith (1964) GG; 7 x MLB All-Star Mike Andrews (1963) MLB All-Star Luke Walker (1963) Bob Montgomery (1963-64) Glenn Beckert (1962) GG; 4 x MLB All-Star Wilbur Wood (1960) 3 x MLB All-Star; 2 × AL wins leader (1972, 1973) Galen Cisco (1959) Norm Cash (1956) 5 x MLB All-Star; 1961 AL Batting Champion Sammy Esposito (1953) Bill Fischer (1950-1951) Jim Busby (1948-1949) MLB All-Star Howie Judson (1946-1947) Harry Craft (1937) Les Tietje (1931-1932, 1941-1942)) Ray Berres (1929) Red Worthington (1925-1926) Claude Willoughby (1923-1925) Fred Schulte (1924) Ben Paschal (1917) Patsy Flaherty (1916) Jesse Tannehill (1913) 1901 NL ERA leader Hank Severeid (1909) Lee Magee (1907-1908) Bugs Raymond (1904) == Year-by-year record == (from Baseball Reference)1

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Albert G. Jackes<EOT>1

Albert G. Jackes

Albert G. Jackes (1844 - February 8, 1888) was an early Canadian politician and medical doctor. Jackes served on the short lived Council of Keewatin.

Albert G. Jackes (1844 - February 8, 1888) was an early Canadian politician and medical doctor. Jackes served on the short lived Council of Keewatin. == Early life == Jackes was born in Yorkville, Upper Canada in 1844, the son of Franklin Jackes and his wife, Catherine. He grew up in Ontario and went to the University of Toronto. He graduated from the University of Toronto with honors in 1864. After University he moved to New York City to begin apprenticing in a medical practice with Dr. Louis Bauer. A couple years later he moved west to St. Louis to begin practicing medicine on his own. His health began to fail and he returned Canada. Jackes began his rise to fame after he received his first medical appointment by Lieutenant Governor William McDougall. He traveled with McDougall in the Northwest Territories shortly after the territory was created. From 1871 until 1873 Jackes ran a medical practice in Portage la Prairie. He moved to Winnipeg and continued practicing until 1877. == Political career == Jackes was appointed to serve on the Council of Keewatin, the short lived government for the District of Keewatin territory on November 25, 1876. His persistent health issues flared up and he was the only member of the council to miss the throne speech by Alexander Morris on November 30, 1876 Jackes submitted his resignation with the rest of the council on April 16, 1877. == Late life == He married his wife Catherine sometime around 1880. He died on February 8, 1888 from a case of bronchitis that developed from a cold he caught on New Year's Eve.1

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Propionic anhydride<EOT>1

Propionic anhydride

Propanoic anhydride is an organic compound with the formula (CH₃CH₂CO)₂O. This simple acid anhydride is a colourless liquid. It is a widely used reagent in organic synthesis.

Propanoic anhydride is an organic compound with the formula (CH₃CH₂CO)₂O. This simple acid anhydride is a colourless liquid. It is a widely used reagent in organic synthesis. == Synthesis == Propanoic anhydride has been prepared by dehydration of propanoic acid using ketene: 2 CH₃CH₂CO₂H + CH₂=C=O → (CH₃CH₂CO)₂O + CH₃CO₂H == Safety == Propanoic anhydride is strong smelling and corrosive, and will cause burns on contact with skin. Vapour can burn eyes and lungs. == Legal Status == Due to its potential use as a precursor in the synthesis of fentanyl and fentanyl analogs, propanoic anhydride is regulated by the United States Drug Enforcement Administration as a List I chemical under the Controlled Substances Act.1

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Anne Watanabe<EOT>1

Anne Watanabe

Anne Watanabe (渡辺 杏 Watanabe An, born 14 April 1986 in Tokyo) is a Japanese fashion model, actress, and singer. She is the daughter of film actor Ken Watanabe and his first wife Yumiko. In her modeling work, she is known by the mononym Anne.

Anne Watanabe (渡辺 杏 Watanabe An, born 14 April 1986 in Tokyo) is a Japanese fashion model, actress, and singer. She is the daughter of film actor Ken Watanabe and his first wife Yumiko. In her modeling work, she is known by the mononym Anne. == Career == Watanabe's first high-profile modeling season was spring/summer 2006, in which she was featured in runway shows for Anna Sui, Diane von Furstenberg, Tommy Hilfiger, and Vivienne Tam, among others. She also walked for Baby Phat, Imitation of Christ, Karl Lagerfeld, Lacoste, Marc by Marc Jacobs, and Thakoon in subsequent seasons. Watanabe has been featured in print advertisements for Anna Sui and NARS Cosmetics. She was the main visual model for Sui's Secret Wish Magic Romance fragrancefor both print and video. == Works == == TV drama == Tengoku to Jigoku (TV Asahi, 2007) Tenchijin (NHK, 2009), Megohime Karei Naru Spy (NTV, 2009) Samurai High School (NTV, 2009) Shinzanmono (TBS, 2010, ep1) Naka nai to Kimeta Hi (Fuji TV, 2010) Joker: Yurusarezaru Sōsakan (Fuji TV, 2010) Namae o Nakushita Megami (Fuji TV, 2011) Yokai Ningen Bem (NTV, 2011) Taira no Kiyomori (NHK, 2012), Hōjō Masako xxxHOLiC (WOWOW, 2013) Kasuka na Kanojo (Fuji TV, 2013) Gochisōsan (NHK, 2013) Hanasaki Mai Speaks Out (NTV, 2014–), Mai Hanasaki Date - Koi to wa Donna Mono Kashira (Fuji TV, 2015) == Film == Sakura no Sono (2008) Fashion Week (2009) Bandage (2010) Ninja Kids!!! (2011) Yōkai Ningen Bem The Movie (2012) Platinum Data (2013) Midsummer's Equation (2013) Miss Hokusai (2015), Oei (voice) Hoshigaoka Wonderland (2016) Golden Orchestra (2016) == Radio == Book Bar (2008–present, J-Wave) == Discography == == Mini-albums == Lights (2010, Epic/Sony) Ai o Anata ni (2012, Epic/Sony) == Personal life == In Japan, Watanabe is also a well-known reki-jo (history girl) -- a female history otaku. She married actor Masahiro Higashide on 1 January 2015. In May 2016, Watanabe gave birth to twin daughters. On April 4, 2017, she announced her third pregnancy. == Recognitions == 49th FECJ Awards: International Model of the Year 64th Television Drama Academy Awards: Best Supporting Actress for Naka nai to Kimeta Hi 56th Elan d'or Awards: Newcomer of the Year 5th Tokyo Drama Awards: Best Supporting Actress for Yōkai Ningen Bem 23rd Hashida Award: Newcomer of the Year 52nd Galaxy Award: Individual Award for Hanasaki Mai Speaks Out, Kuroha, and Date - Koi to wa Donna Mono Kashira1

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Harder, Better, Faster, Browner<EOT>Two ILLIMOians had movies in the Top Five on the Hollywood Box Office Report last weekend and will also be part of a fete for a legend in the making comedic actress, Tina Fey . The two are STL native and Emmy nominee Jon Hamm and Oak Park, Ill. Native and Emmy Award winning actress Betty White. Hamm’s movie, “The Town,” directed by Oscar winning actor Ben Affleck fell from the No. 1 spot to No. 3. It raked in $15.6 million and grossing $48.6 million. White was in the chick flick, “You Again” that debuted at No. 5 grossing $8.4 million. Hamm and White will join "Saturday Night Live" cast members when they toast Tina Fey (PICTURED) with the nation's top humor prize at the Kennedy Center in Washington. White will join other "SNL" comics and alumni, show creator Lorne Michaels as well as top entertainers, including Steve Martin, and Chitown native and award winning singer/actress Jennifer Hudson (PICTURED) in awarding Fey the Mark Twain Prize for American Humor on Nov. 9 . The award show honoring Fey will be taped for broadcast on PBS stations Nov. 14 The St. Louis Rams won its first game of the NFL season last Sunday against Philadelphia Eagles 30-16 . The Rams (1-2) won for only the second time in 29 games. The last game they won was November 1, 2009 (they only win that season) against the losingest team of the league The Detroit Lions. . In related newz, St. Louis Rams will have a Tailgate Party at Baer Plaza Oct 3 during the Seahawks game 12 p.m. beginning at 9 am. Speaking of comics, former Saturday Night Live alum and Comedian Rob Schneider will perform at Ameristar’s Bottleneck Blues Bar Oct 14. Also performing at Bottleneck is STL native and former “Last Comic Standing” finalist comedian Kathleen Madigan Nov 17 and 18 . The comedian is also celebrating a b-day today as well. Can we say T.I. and Lil Wayne? . There will be auditions for the hit game show, “So You Want to be a Millioniare” Oct 11 beginning at 7 a.m. at Lumiere Place . The last session starts at 11:00am Abesi PR client and STL native rapper Huey will perform at Hella Fly Promotions’ Facebook Meet And Greet at The Broadway this Friday . Huey will also help pick the next Coca Cola Bottle Model as well. (SEE EVENT BITZ BELOW). In related newz, Huey's protege' Young Rhome just released his new mix tape. To download it go to http://www.facebook.com/YoungRhomeMusicPage Two STL comedians who has had national exposure will be performing at their respective gigs and events in October . Poet Slam is hosting a new poetry slam that will take place starting tonite at Harry’s; Bar and restaurant in STl downtown and every Thursday. Winners of each weekly slam will compete for Harry’s Idol in December and a shot at $1,000 . Six contestants will compete for each week and the winner of each will compete for Harry’s Idol. if you are interested in pre-registering to compete please e-mail your contact info to [email protected]. St. Louis educator/painter Solomon Thurman (FAR LEFT) will feature an art exhibit starting Oct. 1 entitled, “Blues Style: Imaging Improvisation.” The exhibit will be held at the Chesterfield Arts at the Chesterfield Center (near Chesterfield Mall) . There will be a FREE opening reception on Oct 1 starting at 6 p.m. with live music by Kenneth Deshields. The exhibit will run until Nov. 13. For more info go to www.chesterfieldarts.org. The day after his opening, his son, photographer Lance Omar Thurman, will hold a reception for the opening of his new art studio located at 1308 Washington Ave. in downtown St. Louis Oct 2. Starting at 5 p.m. he also will exhibit his photo works on display entitled “How I Dream You.” This event is also FREE. Exotic dancer Bam Bam will be the headliner for MAGNUM XL LADIES ONLY MALE REVUE at Escalades (formerly Hadleys) Oct 2 . For more info or tickets call 314-337-8436 TICKETS ARE $10 IN ADVANCE AND $15 AT THE DOOR (There will only be 150 advance tickets for sale ) NEW: If you know of anyone looking for alternative or new housing arrangements, please pass the word. . looking for a tenant for the 2nd floor unit at 7049 Dartmouth in U. City. The apartment has 2 bedrooms and a sunroom that could be used as a third bedroom. We expect the place will be available by Oct 1. The rent is ­­­$775 per month. The amount could be negotiated Check out Mocha Latte’s column COFFEE TALK in theEvening Whirl . The Missouri History Museum continue sits Twilight Tuesdays Concert Series showcasig St Louis area music talent featuring two who’s garnered national success, legendary guitarist Ernie Isley (who currently lives in St Louis) and East St. Louis native singer/songwriter Phil Perry. The free concerts take place at the Museum’s front lawn starting at 630 p.m. . Here is the rundown of the shows:-- Oct. 5, Ernie Isley 1

Harder, Better, Faster, Browner

"Harder, Better, Faster, Browner" is the first episode of the second season of the animated comedy series The Cleveland Show, originally airing on September 26, 2010. The title is a parody of the song "Harder, Better, Faster, Stronger" by French house duo Daft Punk. This episode is written by Matt Murray and directed by Ian Graham. The episode features a guest performance by Kanye West (who sampled "Harder, Better, Faster, Stronger" in his song "Stronger"). This episode received mostly mixed to positive reviews from critics for its storyline and many cultural references. According to Nielsen ratings, it was viewed in 6.02 million homes in its original airing. The episode featured guest performances by Kanye West and Keke Palmer, along with several recurring guest voice actors for the series. In this episode, Cleveland attempts to get Kenny West's rap career off the ground, while President Barack Obama pays Stoolbend a visit.

"Harder, Better, Faster, Browner" is the first episode of the second season of the animated comedy series The Cleveland Show, originally airing on September 26, 2010. The title is a parody of the song "Harder, Better, Faster, Stronger" by French house duo Daft Punk. This episode is written by Matt Murray and directed by Ian Graham. The episode features a guest performance by Kanye West (who sampled "Harder, Better, Faster, Stronger" in his song "Stronger"). This episode received mostly mixed to positive reviews from critics for its storyline and many cultural references. According to Nielsen ratings, it was viewed in 6.02 million homes in its original airing. The episode featured guest performances by Kanye West and Keke Palmer, along with several recurring guest voice actors for the series. In this episode, Cleveland attempts to get Kenny West's rap career off the ground, while President Barack Obama pays Stoolbend a visit. == Plot == When Cleveland beats Rallo and his friends in a basketball game, he reminisces about his childhood playing days including beating a kid named Barry Obama whom Donna informs him is now President Barack Obama. Cleveland takes the news hard, wondering what he has done with his life. When he runs into Kenny West dropping his daughter Candice off at Rallo's school, he invites him to drop her off for a play date which Kenny agrees to do that afternoon, as he has other business to attend to. When Kenny brings Candice over, Rallo is thrilled to see her. When Cleveland forgets that Kenny will pick Candice up, Candice shows Cleveland where he works; As a server in a rap-themed restaurant. Cleveland also finds out they have been living in Kenny's car and invites them to move into the garage in a gesture intended to show up Barack Obama. Kenny decides to sell his rap recording equipment and becomes a cable installer like Cleveland. Rallo is thrilled with Candice's attention until she slowly becomes pushy. Kenny's emulation of Cleveland reaches the point of growing a mustache and even looking like him after Cleveland loans him a shirt. Donna makes Cleveland see that he has taken Kenny out of his element and Cleveland buys back all of Kenny's recording equipment and they write a new song. At first they have no luck in promoting their new song, but when a little girl named Brandi falls down a well they rush off to perform a benefit concert and their song is well received, and garners extra attention when, during a post-performance interview, Cleveland says "Barack Obama doesn't care about black people", causing Twitter to literally explode from the amount of tweets sent about the incident. When they reach success, Kenny fires Cleveland. On a date with Candice, Walt and another friend of Candice, Rallo has had enough of Candice's attitude and leaves the girls behind at a restaurant with every other guy in the place. Cleveland tells Donna about being fired by Kenny, but just then President Obama's helicopter lands on the front lawn and Obama challenges Cleveland to a game of basketball which he wins and then departs. Donna tries to jump on board but is kicked off by the secret service. == Production == The episode was written by series regular Matt Murray and directed by series regular Ian Graham shortly after the conclusion of the first production season. In addition to the regular cast, rapper Kanye West portrayed Kenny West for the second time. Actress Keke Palmer portrayed Candice. President Obama is voiced by series regular Kevin Michael Richardson (who voices Cleveland Jr. and Lester Krinklesac). == Reception == The Simpsons' 3.7 adults 18-49 rating was down 14% from last season’s premiere (9/27/09). The Cleveland Show's 3.1 rating was down 37% from its series premiere last season. Family Guy's 4.5 rating lead the night, but was down 15% vs. last season’s premiere. Todd VanDerWerff of The A.V. Club graded the episode a B, stating "I laughed quite a few times at it, enjoying the idea that Cleveland had played basketball against a young Barack Obama (and the fact that the show's Obama is kind of an asshole on the court) and the performance of Kanye West as Kenny West. But none of those laughs graduated from mild chuckles. It was all clever, but none of it was inspired. The Cleveland Show, more than any other show in the animated bloc, feels assembled by a joke-writing committee, and that hurts it, even in a pretty good episode like this one".1

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Maggie Greene<EOT>Maggie is seen with Glenn, Axel, Michonne, Andrea, and Tyreese looting a Wal-Mart after they leave the Nation Guard Station. Before leaving the are approached by a group of men from Woodbury . <doc-sep> Sophia reached her end in Season 2 when she’s discovered as a walker in a barn on Hershel’s farm after getting lost from the rest of the group. While many were rooting for her safe return, even Carol refused to accept Sophia’s walker form, saying, “That’s not my little girl. It’s some other . . . thing. My Sophia was lost in the woods. All this time, I thought. But she didn’t go hungry. She didn’t cry herself to sleep. She didn’t try to find her way back. Sophia died a long time ago.” Sophia reached her end in Season 2 when she’s discovered as a walker in a barn on Hershel’s farm after getting lost from the rest of the group. While many were rooting for her safe return, even Carol refused to accept Sophia’s walker form, saying, “That’s not my little girl. It’s some other . . . thing. My Sophia was lost in the woods. All this time, I thought. But she didn’t go hungry. She didn’t cry herself to sleep. She didn’t try to find her way back. Sophia died a long time ago.” <doc-sep> God, of course Eugene wears cargo shorts. Or, wait a minute, are those. . . cargo pants? Rolled up? Somehow that’s even more fitting, isn’t it? Yet, you’ll note, as Eugene sweats through his summer look, there&apos;s Negan. In leather. Barely sweating a drop. 1

Maggie Greene

Maggie Greene is a fictional character from the comic book series The Walking Dead, portrayed by Lauren Cohan in the television adaptation. In both mediums, Maggie and Glenn form a relationship and eventually marry. In the comic book series, Maggie, Hershel's second daughter of seven children, becomes the surrogate mother to Sophia following the suicide of the girl's mother, Carol. Maggie is initially insecure and depressed, even attempting suicide at one point after her entire family is killed. However, as time passes, Maggie hardens and becomes independent. She leaves the Alexandria Safe-Zone and relocates to the Hilltop Colony. Later, she becomes involved with the war against the Saviors. Maggie stands up and encourages the people to follow Rick Grimes instead of Gregory and Negan. Consequently the people of Hilltop listen to her instead of Gregory and she becomes the de facto leader of the Hilltop Colony. After the war, Maggie has a son named after her father, Hershel. She remains fiercely protective of her children, as well as Carl Grimes, while remaining at odds with previous leader, Gregory. However many people are at odds with her leadership because of her obvious greater concern for her group, but there are some who idolize her including Dante, who is shown to have feelings for Maggie. In the television series, Maggie does not share the insecurities her comic book counterpart has, and is much more independent to begin with. Initially, Maggie is inexperienced and ignorant of the apocalypse, being largely sheltered at the Greene family farm, but once Rick's group arrive, Maggie quickly grows into a fierce and skilled fighter, becoming proficient with weapons and participating in supply runs for the group. Maggie forms a casual relationship with Glenn after becoming aware of his crush on her, but insists it is purely a temporary arrangement, until she later realizes after a series of events that occur that she has fallen in love with him, eventually leading to their marriage. Their relationship is tested in numerous ways.

Maggie Greene is a fictional character from the comic book series The Walking Dead, portrayed by Lauren Cohan in the television adaptation. In both mediums, Maggie and Glenn form a relationship and eventually marry. In the comic book series, Maggie, Hershel's second daughter of seven children, becomes the surrogate mother to Sophia following the suicide of the girl's mother, Carol. Maggie is initially insecure and depressed, even attempting suicide at one point after her entire family is killed. However, as time passes, Maggie hardens and becomes independent. She leaves the Alexandria Safe-Zone and relocates to the Hilltop Colony. Later, she becomes involved with the war against the Saviors. Maggie stands up and encourages the people to follow Rick Grimes instead of Gregory and Negan. Consequently the people of Hilltop listen to her instead of Gregory and she becomes the de facto leader of the Hilltop Colony. After the war, Maggie has a son named after her father, Hershel. She remains fiercely protective of her children, as well as Carl Grimes, while remaining at odds with previous leader, Gregory. However many people are at odds with her leadership because of her obvious greater concern for her group, but there are some who idolize her including Dante, who is shown to have feelings for Maggie. In the television series, Maggie does not share the insecurities her comic book counterpart has, and is much more independent to begin with. Initially, Maggie is inexperienced and ignorant of the apocalypse, being largely sheltered at the Greene family farm, but once Rick's group arrive, Maggie quickly grows into a fierce and skilled fighter, becoming proficient with weapons and participating in supply runs for the group. Maggie forms a casual relationship with Glenn after becoming aware of his crush on her, but insists it is purely a temporary arrangement, until she later realizes after a series of events that occur that she has fallen in love with him, eventually leading to their marriage. Their relationship is tested in numerous ways. == Appearances == == Comic book series == Maggie Greene is Hershel's second daughter, a rebellious and independent young woman, as well as a college dropout. Herschel barricaded her, her family, and her friends within the farm and kept them secluded, dependent solely on their farm's resources without knowing what was going on in the outside world. She quickly takes a liking to Glenn when his group arrives at the farm, and the two begin to have a string of sexual encounters while her father is unaware of the relationship. Their relationship gradually becomes more serious and heartfelt each day, with the two often relying on one another. After a barn massacre that claims the lives of several of Maggie's siblings, Hershel ousts Glenn's group from the farm; however, Maggie convinces her father to let Glenn stay. As days go by following the group's departure, the Greene family notices the weakening defense structures of the premises. They decide to go to the prison afterwards. Maggie and Glenn continue their affair in the prison, constantly having sex in open spots. Tragedy soon befalls Maggie, her brother Billy, and Hershel, when her two youngest sisters are brutally murdered by one of the remaining prison inmates, who is revealed to be a psychopathic sadist. The family remains close and in a deep state of depression for an extended amount of time, with Maggie caught in the middle of Billy and Hershel's strained relationship. She initially attempts to break off her relationship with Glenn, paranoid about the idea that the ongoing death pattern of her loved ones will soon reach Glenn. She decides at the last minute to continue to hold onto him after he convinces her that he will help her get through the deaths. As the inmate is prepared to be hanged out in the courtyard, Maggie shoots him to death in cold blood. Because of her deepening interpersonal connection with and emotional reliance on Glenn, his brief absence from the prison becomes difficult to deal with and sends her into her father's arms. She subsequently marries Glenn in a ceremony performed by Hershel. Maggie yearns for a child, but Glenn and Hershel turn down the notion when they remind her of the cruel reality they are living in; despite this, however, she still holds out hope that she will be able to at some point when they have a more secure and better supplied environment. When the Woodbury army descends onto the prison and begins their assaults, Tyreese leads Maggie, Glenn, and other members of the group into town, where they are ambushed by Woodbury and yet are able to make it out alive. The tension heightens when they return to the prison, and the second assault from the army (guaranteed to be more deadly) is looming. Hershel convinces Maggie to leave with Glenn and other members of the group until the war blows over, and those who left soon station themselves back at the farm. It is within this timeframe that Sophia, having faced the loss of her mother, begins to look up to Maggie as a surrogate parent, which fulfills Maggie's gap of not being able to conceive. Upon reuniting with Rick and others, Maggie learns of Hershel and Billy's deaths during the assault; this sinks her into a deep depression, made even worse by the reminders of them around the farm. Glenn's attempts to console her prove effortless, and while journeying with the group led by Sergeant Abraham Ford, to Washington D.C., she sneaks off into the woods one night and hangs herself. She is, however, rescued by Glenn and Abraham and successfully resuscitated. She struggles to convince the group that she is fine and begins to feel like she has to hide herself emotionally from Glenn. Glenn assures her that she should have nothing to hide from him and reminds her of his love for her. His words prove to be insufficient however, as he takes notice during their stay at the Alexandria Safe Zone that she is becoming increasingly distant from him. Their situation becomes even further strained, when Glenn opts to start going out on risky supply runs with fellow Alexandria citizen Heath. Maggie fears for his well-being and refuses to take the risk of losing him, seeing as how he's become her entire life since Hershel and Billy's deaths. After many strenuous events at the Alexandria Safe Zone, she and Glenn finally get some good news, as Doctor Cloyd tells her she is pregnant (much to the couple's surprise). Fearing another attack after the Saviors attempt to break into the community, Glenn convinces Maggie to leave the community with him and Sophia, and head toward the Hilltop Colony, which he believes to be a much safer place. They are later ambushed by The Saviors while camping out during their trip, and she is forced to watch Glenn be viciously bludgeoned to death while crying her name. Maggie is initially bitter and resentful towards Rick for not stepping up and protecting Glenn, and furiously beats him before Carl stops her at gunpoint. She later is able to come to peace with Rick, and decides to stay behind at the Hilltop with Sophia as per her and Glenn's original plan. Later on, Maggie has regained stability and has continued focusing on her parental duties to Sophia, while still mourning Glenn's loss. She befriends a woman in the community named Brianna who has also lost her family and makes regular visits to the community physician, who updates her on the baby's condition. She eventually ousts the Hilltop's leader, Gregory as a selfish coward, who pledges allegiance to Negan in order to avoid his own death, with no concern for the community itself. Maggie delivers a speech coercing the entire town to support Rick in his war against the Saviors, citing their precarious position and future as a reason to push forward against the Saviours. In result, the people follow Maggie in her actions to secure the town's future as she patrols the troops at the Hilltop Colony to save the people of Alexandria after the bombings that have destroyed the town. She relocates them to the Hilltop temporarily before it is re-constructed. Maggie successfully overthrows Gregory's position as leader and the allied forces manage to work together and capture Negan, who subsequently resides as a prisoner at the Alexandria Safe Zone. Two years after the war is won, Maggie has had her son, whom she named Hershel after her father. She maintains her empowered leadership position, but her abilities are often challenged by the vain and self-absorbed previous leader, Gregory. Maggie remains protective of Sophia and Hershel (who is often cared for by Brianna in Maggie's leadership absence). After Sophia is brutally beaten almost to death by two bullies, and is saved by Carl Grimes, now working as a blacksmith apprentice and living at the Hilltop Colony with Maggie, she is forced to send him away. Maggie's leadership position comes at a struggle when the boys' families turn against her and follow along with Gregory's suggestion to kill her. In addition, a new threatening mysterious group of survivors known as "The Whisperers", a tribe of people disguised as roamers, have been capturing and murdering the town's supply runners and herd teams who come their way, as they successfully locate the Hilltop Colony, where one of their people, Lydia, has been interrogated by both Maggie and Jesus. == Television series == Maggie is introduced as Hershel (Scott Wilson)'s confident and athletic eldest daughter and the sister of Beth Greene (Emily Kinney). She has grown up on her father's farm all her life and suffered the loss of her mother at a young age. As the outbreak began, Hershel barricaded the Greene family and friends on the farm. It was during this time that her once-strong sense of faith began to dwindle, and she was left with doubts about what she believed in. She frequently made supply runs for everyone. == Season 2 == In the episode "Bloodletting", after Carl Grimes (Chandler Riggs) is accidentally shot, Maggie retrieves his mother, Lori (Sarah Wayne Callies) and brings her to the farm where he is treated for his wound. In the episode "Save the Last One", Maggie strikes up a conversation with Glenn (Steven Yeun). In the episode "Cherokee Rose", they share a few tender moments before going off on a supply run together. They ultimately have sex inside the local pharmacy, leaving Glenn ecstatic. In the episode "Chupacabra", Maggie insists it was a one time thing. The two make secret exchanges and keep their relationship a secret, until Glenn finds the barn full of zombies across from her house. In the episode "Secrets", Maggie begs Glenn not to tell the others about the barn, but he soon reveals this secret. Maggie feels frustrated and betrayed by Glenn when he does not keep his promise that he will not reveal that zombies are in the barn. However, her feelings for Glenn become stronger after he saves her from a walker during another supply run. In the mid-season finale "Pretty Much Dead Already", Glenn tells the rest of the group about the barn, and Shane eventually breaks the barn open, leading Glenn and the other survivors to kill all of the walkers as they file out of the barn, as Maggie and her family watch in horror. In the episode "Nebraska", Shane (Jon Bernthal) confronts Hershel about the barn, specifically accusing him of knowing that Carol (Melissa McBride)'s daughter Sophia (Madison Lintz) whom the group were searching for was one of the walkers in the barn, Hershel and Maggie deny it. When Hershel disappears, she pleads with Glenn not to look for him. In the episode "18 Miles Out", her sister, Beth becomes suicidal and Andrea (Laurie Holden) encourages her to make a choice whether to take her life. Maggie and Lori find out and pry the door open before Beth can finish cutting her wrists; Maggie bars Andrea from the house as a result. In the episode "Better Angels", when the survivor group is allowed to move into the farm house, Maggie tells Glenn he can move into her room, but he declines. In the season finale "Beside the Dying Fire", a horde of walkers attacks the farm. After the farm is overrun and lives are lost, Maggie and Glenn are left to depend on each other as the group scatters. On the road, he declares his love for her. The two then reconnect with the surviving others on the highway. == Season 3 == In the season premiere "Seed", after spending the winter on the run, the group spots an abandoned prison and Maggie proves herself a capable soldier in helping to clear the yard of walkers. However, Hershel's leg is bitten and amputated in the process. In the episode "Sick", Maggie must come to terms with the possibility of losing her father. She sits with Hershel while he's unconscious and urges him to let go. In the episode "Killer Within", she is present when Lori goes into labor during a walker attack on the prison. Once Lori realizes she's about to hemorrhage to death, she orders Maggie to cut her open. Maggie obliges, saving the baby but losing Lori in the process. In the episode "Say the Word", Daryl Dixon (Norman Reedus) and Maggie go to an abandoned daycare center to search for baby formula and infant supplies. In the episode "Hounded", while out on a supply run, she and Glenn are ambushed by Merle (Michael Rooker) and brought to Woodbury for interrogation. In the episode "When the Dead Come Knocking", Glenn is tortured and Maggie is forced to half-strip for The Governor (David Morrissey) who threatened her with rape in his attempt to get her to divulge the location of their camp, which she eventually does when The Governor threatens to shoot Glenn. In the mid-season finale "Made to Suffer", Rick's group makes it into Woodbury and rescues the couple, with Daryl being captured. As they escape over the wall, Oscar is shot, and Maggie shoots him in the head to prevent reanimation. In the mid-season premiere, "The Suicide King", Maggie goes back into Woodbury with Rick and rescues Daryl and Merle. In the episode "Home", back at the prison, Maggie initially pushes Glenn away, until they reconcile after the incident. In the episode "I Ain't a Judas", when Andrea comes to the prison Maggie tells her what the Governor and his men did to her and Glenn. In the episode "This Sorrowful Life", Glenn proposes thereafter, and Maggie accepts. In the season finale "Welcome to the Tombs", she then takes part in defending the prison from the Woodbury Army, hiding on the prison catwalk in a riot gear suit and shooting at them. When the chaos is finished, she is present as the remaining Woodbury citizens are welcomed into the prison. == Season 4 == In the season premiere "30 Days Without an Accident", a few months later, Maggie uncharacteristically complies with Glenn's urging that she not to go on a run. It is revealed that the couple had a pregnancy scare. Maggie mentions that if she had indeed been pregnant, they could have a family, and seems to be starting to think about the idea. Glenn has more reservations. In the episode "Infected", she and Carl rescue Michonne when she is attacked by walkers. In the episode "Isolation", when a serious sickness ravages the Prison group, Maggie is one of the few not affected by it; even Glenn must be quarantined. Maggie and Rick try to talk Hershel out of going to treat the sick, but he insists that he needs to help them. In the episode "Internment", she tends to the fence along with Rick to keep the walkers from tearing it down, until Rick tells her to help Hershel when they hear gunshots. She finds Glenn unconscious and helps Hershel revive him, and soon Bob (Lawrence Gilliard, Jr.) arrives with antibiotics and administers them to Glenn. In the mid-season finale "Too Far Gone", Maggie witnesses the Governor kill her father, and fights back when The Governor's group attacks the prison. Maggie rescues Glenn and puts him on the bus, but they get separated once the bus leaves. When Bob is shot, she escapes the prison with Sasha (Sonequa Martin-Green) and Bob. In the episode "Inmates", Maggie searches for Glenn with Sasha and Bob following her. Afterwards she finds the bus and clears it but finds no sign of Glenn, she breaks down first in tears, then in laughter as she knows Glenn is out there somewhere. In the episode "Alone", when she finds a Terminus sign she wants to go. She believes Glenn could be there and leaves Sasha and Bob. Following the tracks she leaves signs that she wrote in walker blood telling Glenn to go to Terminus. Eventually, she rejoins Sasha and Bob to Terminus. In the episode "Us", the three run into Abraham (Michael Cudlitz), Eugene (Josh McDermitt), and Rosita (Christian Serratos), and save Glenn and Tara (Alanna Masterson) from walkers in a tunnel. Maggie, with Glenn and the others, finally reach Terminus and are greeted by a resident named Mary who offers them a plate of food. In the season finale "A", after Rick, Carl, Michonne and Daryl are captured by the residents of Terminus they are put into a train block, revealing that Maggie and the others were also put in there and they are all hostage. == Season 5 == In the season premiere "No Sanctuary", Maggie and the others escape from the cannibal compound of Terminus as Carol destroys the compound and infests with zombies. In the episode "Strangers", they meet Fr. Gabriel Stokes (Seth Gilliam) who takes them to his church. In the episode "Four Walls and a Roof", they re-encounter Gareth and the Hunters, whom they massacred, although Maggie does not take part. In the morning, after much negotiation and Bob's death, Maggie agrees to go to Washington, DC to bring Eugene, a claimed scientist to government officials. In the episode "Self Help", along the way, he reveals he has lied. In the episode "Crossed", they return back to the church to meet Michonne, Carl and Gabriel. In the mid-season finale "Coda", Michonne reveals her sister is alive and being held in Grady Memorial Hospital in Atlanta. However, by the time Maggie's group arrive, Beth has been killed in a hostage exchange and Maggie breaks down in tears. In the mid-season premiere "What Happened and What's Going On", in the aftermath, Maggie, now the lone surviving Greene, is depressed but agrees to go onto Washington regardless, in hopes of a safe haven, despite encountering another loss with Tyreese (Chad L. Coleman). In the episode "Them", Maggie is hostile towards Gabriel for abandoning his flock by locking them outside of his church. She bonds with the grieving Daryl and Sasha, before encountering Aaron (Ross Marquand), a recruiter for a community named Alexandria. In the episode "The Distance", while distrustful, they agree to go with him. In the episode "Remember", they meet leader and former congressperson, Deanna Monroe (Tovah Feldshuh) who assigns her as a personal assistant on the future operations of the town. In the episode "Forget", Maggie attends Deanna's party. In the episode "Spend", she overhears Gabriel telling Deanna about her group being dangerous. In the season finale, "Conquer", after Rick tries to resolve issues with the abusive doctor, Pete Anderson, she stands up for Rick's beliefs and questions Deanna's own leadership in trying to exile her friend. She then leaves to confront Gabriel and finds Sasha holding him at gunpoint but the three pray in healing, making peace at last. == Season 6 == In the season premiere, "First Time Again", Maggie deals with the aftermath of Glenn's confrontation with Nicholas. She tells Tara that Glenn spared his life, despite Nicholas' attempt to kill him. In the episode "JSS", she helps keep Deanna safe outside of the walls while the Wolves are slaughtering the residents inside. Once all of the wolves have escaped or been killed, Maggie goes back inside Alexandria and tells Deanna she needs to remain strong. In the episode "Now", Maggie goes searching for Glenn after his disappearance, and reveals she is pregnant to Aaron. In the episode "Heads Up", Maggie sees green balloons in the air and yells out that it's Glenn. She then watches as the watch tower suddenly collapses on the Alexandria wall and the herd begins to make their way into the safe zone. In the mid-season finale "Start to Finish", Maggie runs up a near by lookout post to avoid the herd of walkers that have now swarmed the streets of Alexandria. In the mid-season premiere "No Way Out", Enid and Glenn save Maggie from the lookout post and joins the others in fighting the herd inside Alexandria. In "The Next World" Maggie walks up to Enid and tells her that if she ever needs to talk to somebody then she'll be there. In "Knots Untie", Maggie follows Jesus to the Hilltop and negotiates a trading deal with Gregory, the leader, to take care of Negan in exchange for food and supplies. In the episode, "Not Tomorrow Yet", Maggie and Carol are captured after infiltrating the Saviors' compound. In "The Same Boat", the Saviors take Maggie and Carol to a slaughterhouse in order to interrogate them until reinforcements arrive. Maggie and Carol are able to get free but Maggie wants to stay in order to kill the saviors. The two of them kill the Saviors, along with the reinforcements that show up shortly after. Maggie and Carol then meet back up with Rick and the group and head back to Alexandria. In the episode, "East", Maggie is seen showering with Glenn, which reveals bruises on her hip and waist. In case the Saviors attack, Maggie suggest they create cache of guns throughout the community, to guarantee they'll have weapons. Later that evening, Enid cuts Maggie's hair, when she suddenly collapses onto the ground, screaming and holding her stomach. In the season finale, "Last Day on Earth", Rick, Carl, Sasha, Abraham, Eugene and Aaron drive the RV to get Maggie to the Hilltop's doctor, but they are trapped and captured by the Saviors. Negan arrives and sees a very ill Maggie, saying he should put her out of her misery. Negan then kills one of the group, which also included Daryl, Rosita, Glenn, and Michonne, although it not shown who is killed. == Season 7 == In the season premiere "The Day Will Come When You Won't Be," Maggie is forced to watch Abraham being beaten to death by Negan, but after Daryl tries to attack Negan, he decides he must kill someone else and begins beating Glenn as well. Despite severe head trauma, Glenn manages to tell Maggie he'll find her before being killed by Negan. After the Saviors depart, the now widow of Glenn is distraught and tells the others to return to Alexandria and prepare for war, and let her get to Hilltop by herself. Sasha decides to take Maggie to the Hilltop and keep her safe. In the episode "Go-Getters," Maggie recovers as the doctor advises her to stay put for the safety of the baby. She is comforted by Sasha and Jesus, but is forced to deal with Gregory's ignorance and his refusal to keep them there. Maggie helps stop an attack on the Hilltop using a tractor to destroy the car radio drawing walkers in, and gives orders to Sasha and Jesus. She punches Gregory after he tries to give them up to the Saviors and tells him to remember her name: Maggie Rhee. Enid arrives to the Hilltop and the three have dinner. Maggie is next seen in "Hearts Still Beating" where it's shown that she and Sasha have become quite well-liked in the Hilltop for their bravery. She later reunites with Rick, Michonne, Carl, Rosita and Tara as well as Daryl as they come to the Hilltop to plan their next move against the Saviors. In "Rock in the Road," Maggie, along with Rick, try to talk Gregory into allowing the Hilltop to join Alexandria in their plot to rebel against Negan, with Gregory declining. In the episode "The Other Side," Maggie is seen training residents of the Hilltop and teaching them how to throw knives and the citizens of the Hilltop begin to look at her as their leader, making Gregory paranoid. Simon and the Saviors arrive at the Hilltop, causing Maggie and Daryl to hide in a cellar. While hiding, Daryl and Maggie talk about Glenn, causing Daryl to break down and cry, telling Maggie that he is sorry for prompting Negan to kill Glenn. Maggie insists that Glenn's death was not his fault and the two of them hug with Maggie telling Daryl that they will win and beat Negan. In the episode "Something They Need," Maggie is seen gardening when Gregory approaches her. Gregory, realizing the people of the Hilltop are beginning to view Maggie as their leader, attempts to offer her a united front in leadership. Maggie says she'll consider his offer and he contemplates killing her, but instead is saved by Maggie when a walker attacks him. In the season finale, "The First Day of the Rest of Your Life," Maggie learns that Sasha has been captured by the Saviors, Dwight is offering to help Alexandria, and that Negan knows about Rick's plan to rebel. Jesus asks Maggie what the Hilltop should do and Maggie says they will help Alexandria. Maggie, Jesus and citizens of the Hilltop travel to Alexandria and join Rick and the others are they battle Negan and the Saviors, causing Negan to flee. After the battle, Maggie and Jesus find Sasha, who is now a walker, causing Maggie to tearfully stab her in the head. The season ends with Rick, Maggie, and King Ezekiel, each leaders of their respective communities, uniting and agreeing to declare war. == Development and critical reception == Lauren Cohan was officially announced as being cast in June 2011, along with co-stars Scott Wilson and Pruitt Taylor Vince. She was promoted to series regular starting with the third season. She is currently the top billed female actress on the show as of season four. The character has received very positive reviews, with many critics praising Maggie's relationship with Glenn, Lauren Cohan's emotional performance and the character's growth, as well as her interactions with Hershel Greene. The episode "Cherokee Rose" marks Glenn and Maggie's first sexual encounter. Critics commended the development of the relationship between Maggie and Glenn. Andrew Conrad of The Baltimore Sun stated that the storyline epitomized a "steamy romance", while The Wall Street Journal's Aaron Rutkoff called it "the funniest moment of the series." Goldman opined that their sexual encounter felt genuine; "He's a nice guy, she seems like a cool gal, and it felt genuine when she noted she felt plenty lonely too and ready for some companionship." Nick Venable of Cinema Blend asserted that the interactions between Maggie and Glenn was the highlight of the episode. "I'm glad the writers are introducing this comic book plot point, as this show seriously needs a couple without closets full of skeletons. When Glenn accidentally grabs a box of condoms for Maggie to see, I chuckled heartily. The ensuing conversation also made me smile, which makes me wonder why humor is paid the least amount of attention on the show." Jackson was surprised with the scene, and called it "unexpected". The progressing relationship between Maggie and Glenn in "Secrets" was well received by critics. Nate Rawlings of Time asserted that their interactions carried the most emotional poignance. Rawlings opined: "She's forced to confront, perhaps for the first time, that these creatures are slobbering monsters. Before her attack, she yelled at Dale [sic] for calling them Walkers; to her they're mom, her brother, the neighbors. After her attack, her mind might be changed." Cohan's performance in "Killer Within" was praised by Eric Goldman. Goldman later praised Cohan in When the Dead Come Knocking when referring to the scene where The Governor forces Maggie to strip saying: "More importantly, what he did do to her was terrible as it was, as he forced her to strip, slammed her down on a table and basically did all he could to try and mentally break her. Her telling him, in the face of all this, “Do whatever you’re gonna do. Go to hell” was a powerful moment for Maggie. Lauren Cohan did terrific work here, showing someone simultaneously terrified and defiant in the face of a hellish scenario." In "Coda", Cohan's performance was praised, in particular, the scene where Maggie reacts to Beth's death. Laura Prudom of Variety said: "The episode’s final few moments did prove to be some of the series’ most powerful yet — both Lauren Cohan and Norman Reedus gave truly gut-wrenching performances after Beth’s death, and it was heartbreaking to see Maggie’s rapid transition from elation at learning her sister was alive to utter devastation at seeing her dead over the course of twenty minutes."1

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Penny McNamee<EOT>1

Penny McNamee

Penny McNamee (born 17 March 1983) is an Australian actress.

Penny McNamee (born 17 March 1983) is an Australian actress. == Early and personal life == Penny McNamee was born in Sydney to Peter and Helen McNamee. She has three sisters and a younger brother, Patrick. Her younger sister Jessica McNamee is also an actress. McNamee married financier Matt Tooker in 2009. They have a son together. == Career == == Theatre == In 2014, McNamee played the lead role of Jerusha Abbott in John Caird and Paul Gordon's musical Daddy Long Legs. Based on the book of the same name, Daddy Long Legs played at the Florida Studio Theater from February–April. McNamee is perhaps best known for her portrayal of Nessarose in the original Australian cast of Wicked for which she won the 2009 Green Room Award for Best Female in a Featured Role. The show opened on 12 July 2008, in Melbourne where it ran for 13 months, closing on 9 August 2009. It then transferred to Sydney from 12 September 2009. She originally starred opposite Anthony Callea runner up of Australian Idol 2004. McNamee played her final performance at the Capitol Theatre on 12 March 2010. McNamee originated the role of Jennifer Gabriel in Cameron Mackintosh's production of The Witches of Eastwick. The show opened at the Princess Theatre in Melbourne on 15 July 2002. McNamee played opposite So You Think You Can Dance judge Matt Lee - who played the role of Michael Spofford. McNamee was nominated for a Mo Award for Best New Talent. McNamee portrayed the role of Donna in the Australian Premier of Hurlyburly for the Griffin Theatre Company, Sydney. The show opened in May 2005. McNamee starred alongside Alex Dimitriades. McNamee has performed in Carols in the Domain for Channel 7, Carols by Candlelight for Channel 9 and on Good Morning Australia. == Film == McNamee completed filming on John Duigan's Australian feature film Careless Love where she played the lead role of Carol. The film is currently in post production and due for release in 2012. In 2006, McNamee starred as Melissa in the Lionsgate US feature film See No Evil alongside Rachel Taylor. McNamee was cast in Nash Edgerton's award-winning short film Fuel, which was nominated for the Sundance Film Festival. == Television == Guest roles on various US series including Blue Bloods (CBS), Elementary (CBS) and Political Animals (USA). in 2010, McNamee played the role of Hope in Tom Hanks' and Steven Spielberg's HBO miniseries The Pacific. McNamee and Isabel Lucas play best friends who fell in love with American soldiers during World War 2. McNamee was cast in the supporting lead role of Ruth Crockett in the Warner Brothers miniseries Salem's Lot. McNamee starred opposite Rob Lowe and the series was aired on TNT in the USA. In 2005, McNamee landed a regular role in the Channel 7 series headLand. McNamee played the role of Charlie Cooper. McNamee won the role of Alice Blakely in the MTV commissioned pilot Hammer Bay. Jacki Weaver played McNamee's mother in the series. McNamee has played various guest roles in Australian TV series including All Saints, White Collar Blue, Satisfaction and The Harringtons. McNamee was asked to play opposite award-winning singer/songwriter Ben Lee in the video clip for his hit song "Gamble Everything For Love". Lee went on to win Best Male Artist at the ARIA Awards that year based on this album. In November 2015, it was announced that McNamee had joined the cast of Seven Network soap opera Home and Away, as Tori Morgan, a doctor at the Northern Districts Hospital. She was introduced on 5 May 2016 during the Caravan Park explosion storyline.1

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Kaftoun<EOT>1

Kaftoun

Kaftoun (Arabic: كفتون‎‎) is a small Lebanese village located along the north bank of the Walnut River, in the Koura District, North Lebanon. The population of the village is approximately three-hundred, spread around seventy-four houses. They are mostly of Greek Orthodox ancestry. The village is famous for the Moussa-Georges family. The name "Kaftoun" in the ancient Aramaic language means "dug from" or "sculpted from" a cliff and also (Kftuna) could means "the domed". Both roots of the word lead us to believe that the village of Kaftoun was named after the domed Theotokos Monastery which is carved in the red rock cliffs by the banks of the Jaouz River. Kaftoun has three historic churches: Saint Phocas Church (Mar Foka's), the Church of Saint Sergius and Bacchus (Mar Sarkis) 6th century, and the most famed Theotokos Monastery, which houses a two-sided Byzantine icon from the 11th century.1

Kaftoun (Arabic: كفتون‎‎) is a small Lebanese village located along the north bank of the Walnut River, in the Koura District, North Lebanon. The population of the village is approximately three-hundred, spread around seventy-four houses. They are mostly of Greek Orthodox ancestry. The village is famous for the Moussa-Georges family. The name "Kaftoun" in the ancient Aramaic language means "dug from" or "sculpted from" a cliff and also (Kftuna) could means "the domed". Both roots of the word lead us to believe that the village of Kaftoun was named after the domed Theotokos Monastery which is carved in the red rock cliffs by the banks of the Jaouz River. Kaftoun has three historic churches: Saint Phocas Church (Mar Foka's), the Church of Saint Sergius and Bacchus (Mar Sarkis) 6th century, and the most famed Theotokos Monastery, which houses a two-sided Byzantine icon from the 11th century.1

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Bear Mountain (Hudson Highlands)<EOT>1

Bear Mountain (Hudson Highlands)

Bear Mountain is one of the best-known peaks of New York's Hudson Highlands. Located partially in Orange County in the town of Highlands and partially in Rockland County in the town of Stony Point, it lends its name to the nearby Bear Mountain Bridge and Bear Mountain State Park that contains it. Its summit, accessible by a paved road, has several roadside viewpoints, a picnic area and an observatory, the Perkins Memorial Tower. It is crossed by several hiking trails as well, including the oldest section of the Appalachian Trail (AT). As of 2015, the AT across Bear Mountain is continuing to be improved by the New York–New Jersey Trail Conference to minimize erosion and improve accessibility and sustainability as part of a project to rebuild and realign the trail that began in 2006. The steep eastern face of the mountain overlooks the Hudson River. The eastern side of the mountain consists of a pile of massive boulders, often the size of houses, that culminate in a 50-foot (15 m) cliff face at approximately the 1,000-foot (300 m) level. A direct scramble from the shore of Hessian Lake to Perkins Memorial Drive on the summit requires a gain of about 1,000 feet (300 m) in roughly 0.8 miles (1.3 km). From the summit, one can see as far as Manhattan, and the monument on High Point in New Jersey.

Bear Mountain is one of the best-known peaks of New York's Hudson Highlands. Located partially in Orange County in the town of Highlands and partially in Rockland County in the town of Stony Point, it lends its name to the nearby Bear Mountain Bridge and Bear Mountain State Park that contains it. Its summit, accessible by a paved road, has several roadside viewpoints, a picnic area and an observatory, the Perkins Memorial Tower. It is crossed by several hiking trails as well, including the oldest section of the Appalachian Trail (AT). As of 2015, the AT across Bear Mountain is continuing to be improved by the New York–New Jersey Trail Conference to minimize erosion and improve accessibility and sustainability as part of a project to rebuild and realign the trail that began in 2006. The steep eastern face of the mountain overlooks the Hudson River. The eastern side of the mountain consists of a pile of massive boulders, often the size of houses, that culminate in a 50-foot (15 m) cliff face at approximately the 1,000-foot (300 m) level. A direct scramble from the shore of Hessian Lake to Perkins Memorial Drive on the summit requires a gain of about 1,000 feet (300 m) in roughly 0.8 miles (1.3 km). From the summit, one can see as far as Manhattan, and the monument on High Point in New Jersey. == History == Bear Mountain was historically known as "Bear Hill" and "Bread Tray Mountain". Franklin D. Roosevelt's paralytic illness, developed in the summer of 1921, two weeks after he visited a Boy Scout camp at Hessian Lake on the eastern edge of Bear Mountain. It is possible the illness was related to exposure at the camp. Bear Mountain was once the premier ski jumping site in the United States. Because of its notoriety as a ski jumping location, Bear Mountain was considered as a possible site for the 1932 Winter Olympics, which were held in Lake Placid, New York. The ski jump run has not been used in decades, and its stone steps built into the eastern side of the mountain are now crumbling. During World War II, the Brooklyn Dodgers held their spring training here.1

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Jeremy Boreing<EOT>1

Jeremy Boreing

Jeremy Danial Boreing (born February 5, 1979) is an American director, screenwriter, and producer. He was a member of Coattails Entertainment, a production company, with Kurt Schemper, Joel David Moore, and Zachary Levi from 2006 to 2010. Boreing was the producer and co-writer of the 2007 horror film Spiral with Moore, as well as Jeff Mizushima's award-winning 2009 comedy film Etienne!. After the dissolution of Coattails, Boreing co-founded the independent film studio Declaration Entertainment with Bill Whittle. He was also a guest columnist for websites Big Hollywood and Newsbusters.org.

Jeremy Danial Boreing (born February 5, 1979) is an American director, screenwriter, and producer. He was a member of Coattails Entertainment, a production company, with Kurt Schemper, Joel David Moore, and Zachary Levi from 2006 to 2010. Boreing was the producer and co-writer of the 2007 horror film Spiral with Moore, as well as Jeff Mizushima's award-winning 2009 comedy film Etienne!. After the dissolution of Coattails, Boreing co-founded the independent film studio Declaration Entertainment with Bill Whittle. He was also a guest columnist for websites Big Hollywood and Newsbusters.org. == Early career == Born in Slaton, Texas, Boreing began his career at a local historic regional theatre, the Garza, as a writer and producer. The venue was located in the boutique community founded by breakfast cereal magnate C. W. Post. He spent a number of years there composing and staging three-act plays, musicals, and other stage performances. In 2002, Boreing met future writing partner Joel David Moore, a friend of a friend, who helped move Moore's couch with his pickup truck. Boreing eventually made the move to Los Angeles in the mid-2000s to work as a film producer and screenwriter. His first job in Hollywood was with Zachary Levi, another friend from Lubbock, and Eric McCormack for a television pilot with Michael C. Forman's Big Cattle Productions. Boering subsequently signed with the literary department of the William Morris Agency. He wrote his first short film, Miles from Home, in 2006. A Christian pastor, he established a home church in Los Angeles. == Collaboration with Schemper, Moore, and Levi == In June 2006, Boreing joined Kurt Schemper, Joel David Moore, and Zachary Levi to form Coattails Entertainment, a film production company. He produced and co-wrote the company's first feature film, Spiral, with Moore who also directed alongside Adam Green. In addition, Boreing had an uncredited role in the film as an extra. The four men (Boreing, Green, Levi, and Moore) were all personal friends and the filming process was described "a movie by committee". Christopher Stipp of Asitecalledfred.com praised the film writing that "the combination of Moore's directing/writing and of Jeremy Boreing's writing with Levi and Amber Tamblyn's performances should prove to be the reason why this movie stands above most of the other independent fare that passes as film". He was later interviewed with Levi, Moore, and lead actress Tricia Helfer on Up Close with Carrie Keagan to promote the film. That same year, he produced Jeff Mizushima's comedy film Etienne!, which won the Jury Awards at the CineVegas and Oxford International Film Festivals, and the western Shadowheart directed by Dean Alioto. He also wrote a second short film, Byron Phillips: Found, in 2009. An outspoken critic of bias in entertainment industry, Boreing was a columnist for Big Hollywood and Newsbusters.org during this time. == Declaration Entertainment == In early 2010, Boreing formed an independent film studio, Declaration Entertainment, with television editor and screenwriter Bill Whittle. The two met at a luncheon with right-wing figure Andrew Breitbart and together produced some of Whittle's early internet videos. On March 16, 2010, Boreing and Whittle guest hosted for Larry O'Connor's BlogTalkRadio podcast The Stage Right Show. The company used "citizen producers" to finance its film projects. In August 2012, the studio completed filming for its first feature film, The Arroyo, which he directed and co-wrote with John Bickley, and is currently awaiting an official release date. == Filmography == == As producer == == As writer == == As director == == As actor == 1

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Withdean Stadium<EOT>1

Withdean Stadium

Withdean Stadium is an athletics stadium in Withdean, a suburb of Brighton. Between 1999 and 2011 it was the home ground of football team Brighton & Hove Albion F.C..

Withdean Stadium is an athletics stadium in Withdean, a suburb of Brighton. Between 1999 and 2011 it was the home ground of football team Brighton & Hove Albion F.C.. == Use by Brighton & Hove Albion F.C. == The capacity of the ground was 8,850 people, all seated. The stadium was temporary home for Brighton whilst a new stadium was built in nearby Falmer. The club's former stadium, the Goldstone Ground, was sold for redevelopment in 1997 by the board of the time, none of whom any longer has any involvement with the club. This resulted in the team playing their home matches for two seasons at Gillingham's Priestfield Stadium, over 70 miles (110 km) from Brighton, before moving to Withdean Stadium. The only other local option for Albion had been to play at Sussex CCC's County Cricket Ground, Hove. Withdean Stadium was voted the fourth worst stadium in the UK by The Observer in 2004. The temporary nature of the stadium is obvious - the stadium is primarily used for athletics; there is a single permanent stand along the north side, while the other stands are assembled from scaffolding, some of which has also served as temporary seating at the Open Championship golf tournament. The largest is the South Stand, running the entire length of the pitch. The east end of the pitch contains two medium-sized and one small stand. One of the larger stands here is designated as the family stand. The West Stand was the designated away stand. Changing and hospitality facilities are provided with portable cabins placed haphazardly around the site, and there is very limited on-site car parking. There was considerable opposition in the neighbourhood to allowing the club to use the stadium. After some unique concessions were made, the club was allowed to move into Withdean in 1999. Amplified music was banned during football matches (except for the traditional "Sussex by the Sea"), and matchday parking restrictions were imposed within a one-mile radius of the ground. After a year, the music restrictions were eased, but the parking limitations continued in force. The price of each match ticket included a public transportation voucher allowing free bus or rail travel throughout the Brighton and Hove area. For Albion's match against Sheffield United on 2 October 2004 the stadium was temporarily renamed Palookaville as it hosted the launch party for Fatboy Slim's album of the same name. The album was released on Skint Records, then the club's shirt sponsor, and for that match the team wore shirts bearing the name Palookaville instead of Skint. The name Palookaville was also considered appropriate by fans because it reflected the inadequacy of the club's temporary home. Additional seating was added at the East and West Ends of the ground in November 2005. The club played their last game at Withdean on Saturday 30 April 2011 against Huddersfield Town. Some of the temporary seating used at Withdean, is now being used by Whitehawk FC at East Brighton Park. == Stadium management == The stadium was managed and maintained under contract from Brighton and Hove city council by D C Leisure Management. The staff responsible for the preparation and maintenance of the stadium on match days used to be employed and managed by D C Leisure (when the company was called Ecovert Management Limited) until the 2003–2004 football season when responsibility of match day stadium staff was handed over to Brighton and Hove Albion F.C.. The staff responsible for the leisure facilities of the stadium complex including the gym, squash and tennis courts, spa and the stadium on non-match days are still employed and managed by D C Leisure.1

0.31

Best friends forever<EOT>A Jumble Of Words « My Life. . . And I'm Sticking To It 22nd September 2010 <doc-sep> Fulfillment by Amazon (FBA) is a service we offer sellers that lets them store their products in Amazon's fulfillment centers, and we directly pack, ship, and provide customer service for these products. Something we hope you'll especially enjoy: FBA items qualify for FREE Shipping and . If you're a seller, Fulfillment by Amazon can help you increase your sales. We invite you to learn more about Fulfillment by Amazon . Fulfillment by Amazon (FBA) is a service we offer sellers that lets them store their products in Amazon's fulfillment centers, and we directly pack, ship, and provide customer service for these products. Something we hope you'll especially enjoy: FBA items qualify for FREE Shipping and . If you're a seller, Fulfillment by Amazon can help you increase your sales. We invite you to learn more about Fulfillment by Amazon . <doc-sep> When it comes to meeting Belgians, it’s just a matter of finding the right people who are open-minded. Yes, some can be reserved, but there is an equal amount that enjoys new encounters, spontaneous get-togethers and getting to know new people 🙂 . 1

Best friends forever

"Best friends forever" ("BFF") is a phrase that describes a close friendship.

"Best friends forever" ("BFF") is a phrase that describes a close friendship. == Definition == A BFF is a term for someone's best friend and are characterized by intimacy, trust, and permanence. BFFs are usually in close contact and have shared experiences, such as attending the same school or sharing musical tastes. Relationships described as BFF are common in high school and often decline when the parties go to college. The term BFF does not convey exclusivity; people can have more than one BFF. == Origin == Although the concept of having or being a "best friend" is ageless, the acronym BFF was popularized as a quick way for friends to sign off and express their positive feelings for one another while instant-messaging (IM-ing) on the computer or sending a text message on cell phones. The acronym "BFF" was added to the New Oxford American Dictionary on 16 September 2010. The dictionary states that the acronym BFF originated in 1996. == Cultural perception == According to a survey in France, the BFF friendship is a concept that occupies a certain place on social networks. This value is reassuring, especially for the millennial generation that experiences a divorce frequently. It is a sign of social success and a balanced life. A large survey of friendship in the UK in 2003 found that on average, people had nine close friends. In elementary and middle school, best friendships often last less than one full academic year. Barbara Delinsky described a BFF as "someone you don't have to see every day to still connect with, someone who loves you whether you talk often or not, someone who would drop everything and catch the next flight if you needed her. It's someone who couldn't care less where or what she eats, as long as she's with you." == In the media == In a 1997 episode of Friends, Lisa Kudrow's character, Phoebe Buffay, uses the term. Michael Scott uses the abbreviation as well in S2E2 of "The Office (U.S. TV series)". Paris Hilton's My New BFF, also known as My New BFF, is a competitive reality television show in which Paris Hilton searches for her new BFF. Best Friends Forever was an American television comedy series that ran on NBC from April 4, to June 1, 2012. In 2009, social networking service Myspace launched "BFF", an online game show series that tested how well best friends knew each other. Best Friends Forever (South Park) is an Emmy-winning episode of Comedy Central's South Park, which first aired 30 March 2005, based on the Terri Schiavo case. == Academic studies == Eileen Kennedy-Moore says that parents can help children cope with a conflict between friends through strategies such as empathizing, discouraging retaliation, and encouraging relationship repair. In 2010, the BFF concept was a part of a BFF contract "to encourage the signatories to work through their differences before splitting up." In their article "Friendship and Natural Selection" in July, 2014, Nicholas Christakis and James Fowler reported a positive correlation between close friendships and common genotypes, indicating that DNA similarities may be a causal factor in establishing friendships. In a study conducted at the University of Oxford, Tamas David-Barrett and his colleagues reported that there is an unusually large number of profile pictures on Facebook that depict two women. This pattern is present in each region of the world. After eliminating the alternative hypotheses, the study concluded that the finding suggests that (a) close friendship formation patterns are universal among humans, and (b) there is a marked gender difference in the propensity to form lasting friendship due to an evolutionary ultimate cause. This suggests that the BFF concept, albeit with a different name, may exist in many cultures, going back to evolutionary times. Recent studies have also shown that close friends are treated as siblings throughout the lifespan. == Commercial use == Companies like Coca Cola have used the expression on some of their Cola products. Their cans say "Share a Diet Coke with your BFF".1

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Straight Between the Eyes<EOT>1

Straight Between the Eyes

Straight Between the Eyes is the sixth studio album by the British hard rock band Rainbow, released in 1982. A remastered CD reissue, with packaging duplicating the original vinyl release, was released in May 1999.

Straight Between the Eyes is the sixth studio album by the British hard rock band Rainbow, released in 1982. A remastered CD reissue, with packaging duplicating the original vinyl release, was released in May 1999. == History == The band line-up was the same as had recorded the previous year's Difficult to Cure album, with the exception of David Rosenthal, who replaced Don Airey on keyboards. The title allegedly came from a phrase from Jeff Beck, describing Jimi Hendrix to Blackmore. The sleeve-art is by British artist Jeff Cummins and Hipgnosis. The original vinyl issue had the lyrics printed on the inner sleeve. In an April 1982 interview with British rock magazine Kerrang!, Blackmore stated of "MISS Mistreated", "Well it's to avoid confusion that the 'Miss' is written three times bigger than the 'mistreated' but I expect we'll have someone who shall remain nameless coming up to us saying 'I wrote that song'!" That someone being David Coverdale, with whom Blackmore had co-written "Mistreated" for the 1974 Deep Purple album Burn. Blackmore had this issue with Coverdale previously when a rendition of "Mistreated" was included on the Rainbow live album On Stage. Videos were shot for the songs "Stone Cold" and "Death Alley Driver", which featured Sega's video game Turbo. They were occasionally still aired on VH1's Metal Mania program, but have not been aired since 2005, they can be found on YouTube or on the bands "Final Cut" 1985 home video. == Tour == The tour would feature a giant pair of moving mechanical eyes as part of the stageset, with spotlights shining from the pupils. This is captured on the video release Live Between the Eyes. The tour, although extensive, did not include the UK, which rankled with British fans. == Track listing == All tracks written by Ritchie Blackmore, Joe Lynn Turner, and Roger Glover except where indicated. == Personnel == Rainbow Ritchie Blackmore - guitar Roger Glover - bass, producer Joe Lynn Turner - vocals Bobby Rondinelli - drums David Rosenthal - keyboards, orchestral arrangements Additional musicians Francois Dompierre - orchestra conductor Raymond Dessaint - orchestra lead Production Engineered by Nick Blagona (assisted by Robbie Whelan) Recorded at Le Studio, Morin Heights, Canada Digital mixing by Roger Glover and Nick Blagona Digital mastering by Greg Calbi, Sterling Sound, New York == Charts == Album Singles == Certifications == == In other media == The song "Stone Cold" was featured in the video game Grand Theft Auto: Vice City Stories on the radio station Emotion 98.3.1

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Mandela Challenge Plate<EOT>1

Mandela Challenge Plate

The Nelson Mandela Challenge Plate is a rugby union trophy contested between Australia and South Africa. It is named after South Africa's first post-apartheid president, Nelson Mandela. Initially designed to be held every two years, the trophy was first contested as a one-off match in 2000, with Australia winning the game 44-23 at Melbourne's Colonial Stadium. The second, played in Ellis Park, Johannesburg in 2002, was also South Africa's home game in the Tri Nations, and was won 33-31 by South Africa. The 2004 event, delayed until 2005, was played over two legs, and was not part of the Tri Nations. Since South Africa were the holders, Australia needed to win both games to reclaim the trophy. Australia won the first game 30-12, but lost the return leg at Ellis Park, 33-20. Between 2006 and 2011, with the expansion of the Tri Nations series so that each country plays each other three times, the plate was contested over three Tests, akin to the Bledisloe Cup, with the exception of 2007 and 2011, when teams only played 4 games each, to accommodate for the Rugby World Cups in those years. In 2012, the Tri Nations was expanded to include Argentina and the competition was renamed The Rugby Championship. Since the teams now play each other twice, holders of the plate retain it if they win at least one of the two games. The trophy is a leather-clad silver plate containing a 24 carat (100%) rim, and a central gold disk showing a Wallaby and a Springbok (the icons of the two teams). It was designed by Flynn Silver, an Australian family company from Kyneton, Victoria.

The Nelson Mandela Challenge Plate is a rugby union trophy contested between Australia and South Africa. It is named after South Africa's first post-apartheid president, Nelson Mandela. Initially designed to be held every two years, the trophy was first contested as a one-off match in 2000, with Australia winning the game 44-23 at Melbourne's Colonial Stadium. The second, played in Ellis Park, Johannesburg in 2002, was also South Africa's home game in the Tri Nations, and was won 33-31 by South Africa. The 2004 event, delayed until 2005, was played over two legs, and was not part of the Tri Nations. Since South Africa were the holders, Australia needed to win both games to reclaim the trophy. Australia won the first game 30-12, but lost the return leg at Ellis Park, 33-20. Between 2006 and 2011, with the expansion of the Tri Nations series so that each country plays each other three times, the plate was contested over three Tests, akin to the Bledisloe Cup, with the exception of 2007 and 2011, when teams only played 4 games each, to accommodate for the Rugby World Cups in those years. In 2012, the Tri Nations was expanded to include Argentina and the competition was renamed The Rugby Championship. Since the teams now play each other twice, holders of the plate retain it if they win at least one of the two games. The trophy is a leather-clad silver plate containing a 24 carat (100%) rim, and a central gold disk showing a Wallaby and a Springbok (the icons of the two teams). It was designed by Flynn Silver, an Australian family company from Kyneton, Victoria. == Matches == Source: == Results == 1

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Rajasthan Pradesh Congress Committee<EOT>1

Rajasthan Pradesh Congress Committee

Rajasthan Pradesh Congress Committee (Rajasthan PCC or R.P.C.C) is the unit of the Indian National Congress—one of the world's largest political organization—working in the state of Rajasthan. Its head office is situated at Jaipur. Sachin Pilot is the current president

Rajasthan Pradesh Congress Committee (Rajasthan PCC or R.P.C.C) is the unit of the Indian National Congress—one of the world's largest political organization—working in the state of Rajasthan. Its head office is situated at Jaipur. Sachin Pilot is the current president == Chief ministers of Rajasthan state == Hiralal Shastri, 7 April 1949 to 5 January 1951 C. S. Venkatachari,6 January 1951 to 25 April 1951 Jai Narayan Vyas,26 April 1951 to 3 March 1952, 1 November 1952 to 12 November 1954 Tika Ram Paliwal,3 March 1952 to 31 October 1952 Mohan Lal Sukhadia, 13 November 1954 to 13 March 1967,26 April 1967 to 9 July 1971 Barkatullah Khan,9 July 1971 to 11 August 1973 Hari Dev Joshi, 11 October 1973 to 29 April 1977, 10 March 1985 to 20 January 1988, 4 December 1989 to 4 March 1990. Jagannath Pahadia,6 June 1980 to 13 July 1981 Shiv Charan Mathur,14 July 1981 to 23 February 1985, 20 January 1988 to 4 December 1989 Hira Lal Devpura,23 February 1985 to 10 March 1985 Ashok Gehlot,1 December 1998 to 8 December 2003,12 December 2008 to 13 December 20131

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Conrad Bourcier<EOT>1

Conrad Bourcier

Joseph Alphonse Conrad Bourcier (May 28, 1916 – October 5, 1987) was a Canadian professional ice hockey centre. He was born in Montreal, Quebec.

Joseph Alphonse Conrad Bourcier (May 28, 1916 – October 5, 1987) was a Canadian professional ice hockey centre. He was born in Montreal, Quebec. == Playing career == Bourcier played for the Pittsburgh Shamrocks of the International Hockey League, the Montreal Canadiens during the 1935–36 NHL season, as well as a single game with the Cornwall Cookies of the Quebec Provincial Hockey League. His brother Jean also played for Montreal and Pittsburgh throughout the same seasons. == Career statistics == 1

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Jennifer Brea<EOT>1

Jennifer Brea

Jennifer Brea is an American documentary filmmaker and activist. Her debut feature, Unrest, premiered at the 2017 Sundance Film Festival and received the U.S. Documentary Special Jury Award For Editing. Brea also co-created a virtual reality film which premiered at Tribeca Film Festival.

Jennifer Brea is an American documentary filmmaker and activist. Her debut feature, Unrest, premiered at the 2017 Sundance Film Festival and received the U.S. Documentary Special Jury Award For Editing. Brea also co-created a virtual reality film which premiered at Tribeca Film Festival. == Activism == Brea was a Ph.D student at Harvard University when she became suddenly ill with a high fever and became bedridden. She was initially diagnosed with conversion disorder and eventually, myalgic encephalomyelitis, or Chronic Fatigue Syndrome. In 2013 she began making a documentary film from bed about her experience. In 2014 The Root recognized her as one of the hundred most influential African-Americans in its Root100 list, and in 2015 she co-founded #MEAction, a global network of patients living with ME. MEAction went on to spearhead the #MillionsMissing movement, a patient-centered protest in which hundreds of empty shoes were displayed in order to represent the 25% of patients with ME who are housebound or bedbound. In June 2016, Brea gave a TED Talk on her experience as a person with ME. The TED Talk was published on the TED website in January 2017. == Personal == In 2012, Brea married Omar Wasow, co-founder of BlackPlanet and a professor at Princeton University.1

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Thor Johnson<EOT>1

Thor Johnson

Thor Martin Johnson (June 10, 1913 – January 16, 1975) was an American conductor. He was born in Wisconsin Rapids, Wisconsin. He studied at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, where he was president of the Alpha Rho chapter of Phi Mu Alpha Sinfonia Fraternity. He was the first recipient of the fraternity's national Charles E. Lutton Man of Music Award in 1952. A member of the Moravian Church, he was deeply devoted to promoting the music of his faith and was invited to organize and conduct the Early American Moravian Music Festivals from 1950 to 1974. He was an initiate of the Alpha Xi chapter of Pi Kappa Alpha fraternity. From 1940 to 1942, he was music director of the Grand Rapids Symphony in Grand Rapids, Michigan, which was a community orchestra at the time. In 1947 he was appointed conductor of the Cincinnati Symphony Orchestra, the youngest American born conductor of a major American orchestra at that time. That same year, Johnson was named the first Music Director of the Ojai Music Festival in Ojai, California. He served in that capacity from 1947–1950 and again from 1952–53. He visited Jean Sibelius on the personal invitation of the composer's oldest daughter, Eva Sibelius Paloheimo, in the Summer of 1951 at his home Ainola (since 1972 a national museum in Järvenpää, Finland). In 1952, he was the first recipient of Phi Mu Alpha Sinfonia Fraternity's American Man of Music Award. In 1953-54, Johnson made a series of early stereophonic recordings, primarily with the Cincinnati Symphony Orchestra, for Remington Records. From 1958 to 1964, Johnson was a full professor and director of orchestral activities at Northwestern University at Evanston, Illinois. Johnson was appointed director of the Interlochen Arts Academy and conductor of the Interlochen Arts Academy Symphony Orchestra from 1964 to 1967. He founded the Peninsula Music Festival in 1952 that still plays every August in Fish Creek, Wisconsin. He is especially well regarded for the dozens of first performances that he personally commissioned and conducted. He was a National Patron of Delta Omicron, an international professional music fraternity. From 1967 to 1975, Johnson was music director for the Nashville Symphony in Nashville, Tennessee. Upon his death in 1975, Johnson was buried in God's Acre, the Moravian cemetery in the historic Old Salem area of Winston-Salem, North Carolina.1

Thor Martin Johnson (June 10, 1913 – January 16, 1975) was an American conductor. He was born in Wisconsin Rapids, Wisconsin. He studied at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, where he was president of the Alpha Rho chapter of Phi Mu Alpha Sinfonia Fraternity. He was the first recipient of the fraternity's national Charles E. Lutton Man of Music Award in 1952. A member of the Moravian Church, he was deeply devoted to promoting the music of his faith and was invited to organize and conduct the Early American Moravian Music Festivals from 1950 to 1974. He was an initiate of the Alpha Xi chapter of Pi Kappa Alpha fraternity. From 1940 to 1942, he was music director of the Grand Rapids Symphony in Grand Rapids, Michigan, which was a community orchestra at the time. In 1947 he was appointed conductor of the Cincinnati Symphony Orchestra, the youngest American born conductor of a major American orchestra at that time. That same year, Johnson was named the first Music Director of the Ojai Music Festival in Ojai, California. He served in that capacity from 1947–1950 and again from 1952–53. He visited Jean Sibelius on the personal invitation of the composer's oldest daughter, Eva Sibelius Paloheimo, in the Summer of 1951 at his home Ainola (since 1972 a national museum in Järvenpää, Finland). In 1952, he was the first recipient of Phi Mu Alpha Sinfonia Fraternity's American Man of Music Award. In 1953-54, Johnson made a series of early stereophonic recordings, primarily with the Cincinnati Symphony Orchestra, for Remington Records. From 1958 to 1964, Johnson was a full professor and director of orchestral activities at Northwestern University at Evanston, Illinois. Johnson was appointed director of the Interlochen Arts Academy and conductor of the Interlochen Arts Academy Symphony Orchestra from 1964 to 1967. He founded the Peninsula Music Festival in 1952 that still plays every August in Fish Creek, Wisconsin. He is especially well regarded for the dozens of first performances that he personally commissioned and conducted. He was a National Patron of Delta Omicron, an international professional music fraternity. From 1967 to 1975, Johnson was music director for the Nashville Symphony in Nashville, Tennessee. Upon his death in 1975, Johnson was buried in God's Acre, the Moravian cemetery in the historic Old Salem area of Winston-Salem, North Carolina.1

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Oswald von Hoyningen-Huene<EOT>1

Oswald von Hoyningen-Huene

Oswald Theodor Baron von Hoyningen-Huene (* July 29, 1885 in Clarens, Switzerland; † August 26, 1963 in Basel) was a German diplomat.

Oswald Theodor Baron von Hoyningen-Huene (* July 29, 1885 in Clarens, Switzerland; † August 26, 1963 in Basel) was a German diplomat. == Biography == Oswald von Hoyningen-Huene was German Ambassador to Portugal in 1934–1944. A half-English, non-Nazi, he had been a member of Paul von Hindenburg's staff up to 1934. Historian Neill Lochery describes Hoyningen-Huene as sharp, clever and diplomatically astute and says that he played a central role in Lisbon as the war developed, in particular in the delicate negotiations of wolfram supplies from Portugal to Germany. While in Lisbon during the prewar period, Hoyningen-Huene developed close ties between Berlin and Lisbon. He studied Portuguese history and culture, and appealed to the nationalist sentiments of Salazar and other senior Portuguese personalities. He gave talks at universities in Lisbon and Coimbra on the past glories of the Portuguese Empire and positioned himself as a strong supporter of the culture and symbols of the Portuguese Estado Novo. He developed ties with Portuguese elite, including the head of Lisbon's small permanent Jewish community, Moisés Bensabat Amzalak, and he managed to arrange for Amzalak to be awarded the medal of excellence from the German Red Cross, a German civil assistance organization. After the war, Salazar allowed Hoyningen-Huene to settle permanently in the Lisbon area, where he lived out part of his retirement.1

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60S ribosomal protein L17<EOT>1

60S ribosomal protein L17

60S ribosomal protein L17 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the RPL17 gene. Ribosomes, the organelles that catalyze protein synthesis, consist of a small 40S subunit and a large 60S subunit. Together these subunits are composed of 4 RNA species and approximately 80 structurally distinct proteins. This gene encodes a ribosomal protein that is a component of the 60S subunit. The protein belongs to the L22P family of ribosomal proteins. It is located in the cytoplasm. This gene has been referred to as RPL23 because the encoded protein shares amino acid identity with ribosomal protein L23 from Halobacterium marismortui; however, its official symbol is RPL17. Two alternative splice variants have been observed, each encoding the same protein. As is typical for genes encoding ribosomal proteins, there are multiple processed pseudogenes of this gene dispersed through the genome.1

60S ribosomal protein L17 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the RPL17 gene. Ribosomes, the organelles that catalyze protein synthesis, consist of a small 40S subunit and a large 60S subunit. Together these subunits are composed of 4 RNA species and approximately 80 structurally distinct proteins. This gene encodes a ribosomal protein that is a component of the 60S subunit. The protein belongs to the L22P family of ribosomal proteins. It is located in the cytoplasm. This gene has been referred to as RPL23 because the encoded protein shares amino acid identity with ribosomal protein L23 from Halobacterium marismortui; however, its official symbol is RPL17. Two alternative splice variants have been observed, each encoding the same protein. As is typical for genes encoding ribosomal proteins, there are multiple processed pseudogenes of this gene dispersed through the genome.1

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Hasidic Judaism<EOT>Honoring Parents Sanctification of the Moon More Mitzvahs & Traditions What to Expect at . . . The 613 Commandments What to Expect at . . . The Midrash continues: "How do we know this? . . . As the verse (Isaiah 54:3) states: 'For right and left shall you prevail, and your seed shall inherit nations and repopulate desolate cities.'" I.e., when the Jews fill the world – right and left – then we will repopulate the desolate cities of Israel. <doc-sep> "Mitzvah Girls is a rigorous ethnographic study of the education of Hasidic girls in Brooklyn. It is entertaining and engaging, combining personal accounts and subjective prose with critical analysis. . . . [Fader] analyses the use of language in contexts such as the classroom, playtimes and mealtimes to demonstrate how notions of Hasidic femininity are inscribed and transmitted through ordinary linguistic discourse."--Giulia Miller, Times Higher Education "For a window into the rarely seen and little understood (at least by secular Jews) world of Hasidim, read Mitzvah Girls. . . . Fader, an anthropologist, focuses on girls and how they view their lives. . . . She captures their voices, their dreams, their moral vision."--Sandee Brawarsky, Jewish Woman <doc-sep> "Hasidim." Encyclopedia of World Cultures. . Encyclopedia.com. 20 Sep. 2017 <http://www.encyclopedia.com>. "Hasidim." Encyclopedia of World Cultures. . Encyclopedia.com. (September 20, 2017). http://www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/hasidim "Hasidim." Encyclopedia of World Cultures. . Retrieved September 20, 2017 from Encyclopedia.com: http://www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/hasidim "Hasidim." Encyclopedia of the Modern Middle East and North Africa. . Encyclopedia.com. 20 Sep. 2017 <http://www.encyclopedia.com>. "Hasidim." Encyclopedia of the Modern Middle East and North Africa. . Encyclopedia.com. (September 20, 2017). http://www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/hasidim-0 "Hasidim." Encyclopedia of the Modern Middle East and North Africa. . Retrieved September 20, 2017 from Encyclopedia.com: http://www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/hasidim-0 "ḥasidim." The Concise Oxford Dictionary of World Religions. . Encyclopedia.com. 20 Sep. 2017 <http://www.encyclopedia.com>. "ḥasidim." The Concise Oxford Dictionary of World Religions. . Encyclopedia.com. (September 20, 2017). http://www.encyclopedia.com/religion/dictionaries-thesauruses-pictures-and-press-releases/hasidim "ḥasidim." The Concise Oxford Dictionary of World Religions. . Retrieved September 20, 2017 from Encyclopedia.com: http://www.encyclopedia.com/religion/dictionaries-thesauruses-pictures-and-press-releases/hasidim "Hasidim." Oxford Dictionary of Rhymes. . Encyclopedia.com. 20 Sep. 2017 <http://www.encyclopedia.com>. "Hasidim." Oxford Dictionary of Rhymes. . Encyclopedia.com. (September 20, 2017). http://www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/dictionaries-thesauruses-pictures-and-press-releases/hasidim "Hasidim." Oxford Dictionary of Rhymes. . Retrieved September 20, 2017 from Encyclopedia.com: http://www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/dictionaries-thesauruses-pictures-and-press-releases/hasidim <doc-sep> I live in two worlds. I have thought at times of abandoning one of these worlds in favor of the other. But I realize that for me there can be no such flight. Each world has become more attractive by the possibility of life in the other. So, like many Orthodox Jews . . . I have tried wherever possible to remove the boundaries between the two worlds and find a way to make myself a whole person. The Ba'al Shem Tov expressed himself by using simple sayings and stories that the people listening to him could understand. As examples of his principles, he used the life around him. One such saying is, "Get rid of your anger by doing a favor for the one with whom you are angry." Another wise saying of his is, "Bear in mind that life is short, and that with every passing day you are nearer to the end . . . . Do not waste your time with meaningless quarrels with people." <doc-sep> Regarding religious matters, there were halakhic disputes and congregational political arguments in various locations. In Lithuania, Hasidism finally encountered organised resistance, which crystallised around Rabbi Elijah ben Shlomo Zalman (1720–1797), the Gaon ("exceptional Talmud Scholar") of Vilnius . Aside from the ritual innovations which the Hasidim had introduced, the Gaon rejected the mystical enthusiastic devotional practice and the Rebbe's mediatory role because these things went hand-in-hand with the ignorance of the Rebbe's followers who had abandoned the traditional study of the Talmud and rabbinical literature. Although he himself had kabbalist inclinations and had belonged to an ascetic group of Hasidism in his youth, by the end of his life, Rabbi Elijah ben Shlomo Zalman had become a leading figure of the anti-Hasidic opposition in Lithuania ("Mitnagdim", literally: "opponents"). In the course of the conflict with Chabad Hasidism he made the congregation in Vilnius to officially ban this competing movement in 1772. In 1781 the ban was renewed and Hasidic books were burned. The conflict escalated in the years after 1790, when both sides asked the political authorities for help in their bitter fight. Although the conflict between Hasidim and Mitnagdim continued in the following decades and in principle into the twentieth century as well, there was a also a rapprochement between the two groups. This was possible for two reasons: first of all, the Hasidim repeatedly emphasised the basic validity of traditional religious law. They thereby minimised their antinomian tendencies and began a gradual return to the traditional practice of Talmudic study in various forms.33 In addition, both religious groups were held together by their common opposition to the Jewish Enlightenment. 1

Hasidic Judaism

Hasidism, sometimes Hasidic Judaism (Hebrew: חסידות‎, hasidut, Ashkenazi pronunciation: [χaˈsidus]; originally, "piety"), is a Jewish religious sect. It arose as a spiritual revival movement in contemporary Western Ukraine during the 18th century and spread rapidly throughout Eastern Europe. Today, most affiliates reside in the United States, Israel, and Britain. Israel Ben Eliezer, the "Baal Shem Tov", is regarded as its founding father, and his disciples developed and disseminated it. Present-day Hasidism is a sub-group within Ultra-Orthodox ("Haredi") Judaism and is noted for its religious conservatism and social seclusion. Its members adhere closely both to Orthodox Jewish practice – with the movement's own unique emphases – and the traditions of Eastern European Jews, so much that many of the latter, including various garments or the use of the Yiddish language, are nowadays associated almost exclusively with Hasidism. Hasidic thought draws heavily on Lurianic Kabbalah and to an extent is a popularization of it. Teachings emphasize God's immanence in the universe, the need to cleave and be one with Him at all times, the devotional aspect of religious practice, and the spiritual dimension of corporeality and mundane acts. Hasidim, the adherents of Hasidism, are organized in independent sects known as "courts" or dynasties, each headed by its own hereditary leader, a Rebbe. Reverence and submission to the Rebbe are key tenets, as he is considered a spiritual authority with whom the follower must bond to gain closeness to God. The various "courts" share basic convictions, but operate apart and possess unique traits and customs. Affiliation is often retained in families for generations, and being Hasidic is as much a sociological factor, entailing birth into a specific community and allegiance to a dynasty of Rebbes, as it is a purely religious one. There are several "courts" with many thousands of member households each, and dozens of smaller ones. The total number of Hasidim, both adults and children, is estimated to be above 400,000.

Hasidism, sometimes Hasidic Judaism (Hebrew: חסידות‎, hasidut, Ashkenazi pronunciation: [χaˈsidus]; originally, "piety"), is a Jewish religious sect. It arose as a spiritual revival movement in contemporary Western Ukraine during the 18th century and spread rapidly throughout Eastern Europe. Today, most affiliates reside in the United States, Israel, and Britain. Israel Ben Eliezer, the "Baal Shem Tov", is regarded as its founding father, and his disciples developed and disseminated it. Present-day Hasidism is a sub-group within Ultra-Orthodox ("Haredi") Judaism and is noted for its religious conservatism and social seclusion. Its members adhere closely both to Orthodox Jewish practice – with the movement's own unique emphases – and the traditions of Eastern European Jews, so much that many of the latter, including various garments or the use of the Yiddish language, are nowadays associated almost exclusively with Hasidism. Hasidic thought draws heavily on Lurianic Kabbalah and to an extent is a popularization of it. Teachings emphasize God's immanence in the universe, the need to cleave and be one with Him at all times, the devotional aspect of religious practice, and the spiritual dimension of corporeality and mundane acts. Hasidim, the adherents of Hasidism, are organized in independent sects known as "courts" or dynasties, each headed by its own hereditary leader, a Rebbe. Reverence and submission to the Rebbe are key tenets, as he is considered a spiritual authority with whom the follower must bond to gain closeness to God. The various "courts" share basic convictions, but operate apart and possess unique traits and customs. Affiliation is often retained in families for generations, and being Hasidic is as much a sociological factor, entailing birth into a specific community and allegiance to a dynasty of Rebbes, as it is a purely religious one. There are several "courts" with many thousands of member households each, and dozens of smaller ones. The total number of Hasidim, both adults and children, is estimated to be above 400,000. == Etymology == The terms hasid and hasidut, meaning "pietist" and "piety", have a long history in Judaism. The Talmud and other old sources refer to the "Pietists of Old" (Hasidim ha-Rishonim) who would contemplate an entire hour in preparation for prayer. The phrase denoted extremely devoted individuals who not only observed the Law to its letter, but performed good deeds even beyond it. Adam himself is honored with the title in tractate Eruvin 18b by Rabbi Meir: "Adam was a great hasid, having fasted for 130 years." The first to adopt the epithet collectively were apparently the hasidim in Second Temple period Judea, known as Hasideans after the Greek rendering of their name, who perhaps served as the model for those mentioned in the Talmud. The title continued to be applied as an honorific for the exceptionally devout. In 12th-century Rhineland, or Ashkenaz in Jewish parlance, another prominent school of ascetics named themselves hasidim; to distinguish them from the rest, later research employed the term Ashkenazi Hasidim. In the 16th century, when Kabbalah spread, the title also became associated with it. Jacob ben Hayyim Zemah wrote in his glossa on Isaac Luria's version of the Shulchan Aruch that, "One who wishes to tap the hidden wisdom, must conduct himself in the manner of the Pious." The movement founded by Israel Ben Eliezer in the 18th century adopted the term hasidim in the original connotation. But when the sect grew and developed specific attributes, from the 1770s, the names gradually acquired a new meaning. Its common adherents, belonging to groups each headed by a spiritual leader, were henceforth known as Hasidim. The transformation was slow: The movement was at first referred to as "New Hasidism" by outsiders (as recalled in the autobiography of Salomon Maimon) to separate it from the old one, and its enemies derisively mocked its members as Mithasdim, "[those who] pretend [to be] hasidim". Yet, eventually, the young sect gained such a mass following that the old connotation was sidelined. In popular discourse, at least, Hasid came to denote someone who follows a religious teacher from the movement. It also entered Modern Hebrew as such, meaning "adherent" or "disciple". One was not merely a hasid anymore, observed historian David Assaf, but a Hasid of someone or some dynasty in particular. This linguistic transformation paralleled that of the word tzaddik, "righteous", which the Hasidic leaders adopted for themselves – though they are known colloquially as Rebbes or by the honorific Admor. Originally denoting an observant, moral person, in Hasidic literature tzaddik became synonymous with the often hereditary master heading a sect of followers. == Hasidic philosophy == == Distinctions == The lengthy history of Hasidism, the numerous schools of thought therein, and particularly its use of the traditional medium of homiletic literature and sermons – comprising numerous references to earlier sources in the Pentateuch, Talmud and exegesis as a means to grounding oneself in tradition – as the almost sole channel to convey its ideas, all made the isolation of a common doctrine highly challenging to researchers. As noted by Joseph Dan, "every attempt to present such a body of ideas has failed." Even motifs presented by scholars in the past as unique Hasidic contributions were later revealed to have been common among both their predecessors and opponents, all the more so regarding many other traits that are widely extant – these play, Dan added, "a prominent role in modern non-Hasidic and anti-Hasidic writings as well". The difficulty of separating the movement's philosophy from that of its main inspiration, Lurianic Kabbalah, and determining what was novel and what merely a recapitulation, also baffled historians. Some, like Louis Jacobs, regarded the early masters as innovators who introduced "much that was new if only by emphasis"; others, primarily Mendel Piekarz, argued to the contrary that but a little was not found in much earlier tracts, and the movement's originality lay in the manner it popularized these teachings to become the ideology of a well-organized sect. Among the traits particularly associated with Hasidism in common understanding which are in fact widespread, is the importance of joy and happiness at worship and religious life – though the sect undoubtedly stressed this aspect and still possesses a clear populist bent. Another example is the value placed on the simple, ordinary Jew in supposed contradiction with the favouring of elitist scholars beforehand; such ideas are common in ethical works far preceding Hasidism. The movement did for a few decades challenge the rabbinic establishment, which relied on the authority of Torah acumen, but affirmed the centrality of study very soon. Concurrently, the image of its Opponents as dreary intellectuals who lacked spiritual fervour and opposed mysticism is likewise unfounded. Neither did Hasidism, often portrayed as promoting healthy sensuality, unanimously reject the asceticism and self-mortification associated primarily with its rivals. Joseph Dan ascribed all these perceptions to so-called "Neo-Hasidic" writers and thinkers, like Martin Buber. In their attempt to build new models of spirituality for modern Jews, they propagated a romantic, sentimental image of the movement. The "Neo-Hasidic" interpretation influenced even scholarly discourse to a great degree, but had a tenuous connection with reality. A further complication is the divide between what researchers term "early Hasidism", which ended in the early 1800s, and established Hasidism since then onwards. While the former was a highly dynamic religious revival movement, the latter phase is characterized by consolidation into sects with hereditary leadership. The mystical teachings formulated during the first era were by no means repudiated, and many Hasidic masters remained consummate spiritualists and original thinkers; as noted by Benjamin Brown, Buber's once commonly accepted view that the routinization constituted "decadence" was refuted by later studies, demonstrating that the movement remained very much innovative. Yet many aspects of early Hasidism were indeed de-emphasized in favour of more conventional religious expressions, and its radical concepts were largely neutralized. Some Rebbes adopted a relatively rationalist bent, sidelining their explicit mystical, theurgical roles, and many others functioned almost solely as political leaders of large communities. As to their Hasidim, affiliation was less a matter of admiring a charismatic leader as in the early days, but rather birth into a family belonging to a specific "court". == Immanence == The most fundamental theme underlying all Hasidic theory is the immanence of God in the universe, often expressed in a phrase from Tikunei haZohar, Leit Atar panuy mi-néya (Aramaic: "no site is devoid of it"). Derived from Lurianic discourse, but greatly expanded in the Hasidic one, this panentheistic concept implies that literally all of creation is suffused with divinity. In the beginning, God had to contract (Tzimtzum) His omnipresence or infinity, the Ein Sof. Thus, a Vacant Void (Khalal panui) was created, bereft from obvious presence, and therefore able to entertain free will, contradictions and other phenomena seemingly separate from God Himself, which would have been impossible within His original, perfect existence. Yet, the very reality of the world which was created therein is entirely dependent on its divine origin. Matter would have been null and void without the true, spiritual essence it possesses. Just the same, the infinite Ein Sof cannot manifest in the Vacant Void, and must limit itself in the guise of measurable corporeality that may be perceived. Thus, there is a dualism between the true aspect of everything and the physical side, false, but ineluctable, with each evolving into the other: as God must compress and disguise Himself, so must humans and matter in general ascend and reunite with the omnipresence. Elior quoted Shneur Zalman of Liadi, in his commentary Torah Or on Genesis 28:21, who wrote that "this is the purpose of Creation, from Infinity to Finitude, so it may be reversed from the state of Finite to that of Infinity". Kabbalah stressed the importance of this dialectic, but mainly (though not exclusively) evoked it in cosmic terms, referring for example to the manner in which God progressively diminished Himself into the world through the various dimensions, or Sephirot. Hasidism applied it also to the most mundane details of human existence. All Hasidic schools devoted a prominent place in their teaching, with differing accentuation, to the interchanging nature of Ein, both infinite and imperceptible, becoming Yesh, "Existent" – and vice versa. They used the concept as a prism to gauge the world, and the needs of the spirit in particular. Rachel Elior noted: "reality lost its static nature and permanent value, now measured by a new standard, seeking to expose the Godly, boundless essence, manifest in its tangible, circumscribed opposite." One major derivative of this philosophy is the notion of devekut, "communion". As God was everywhere, connection with Him had to be pursued ceaselessly as well, in all times, places and occasions. Such an experience was in the reach of every person, who only had to negate his inferior impulses and grasp the truth of divine immanence, enabling him to unite with it and attain the state of perfect, selfless bliss. Hasidic masters, well versed in the teachings concerning communion, are supposed not only to gain it themselves, but to guide their flock to it. Devekut was not a strictly defined experience; many varieties were described, from the utmost ecstasy of the learned leaders to the common man's more humble yet no less significant emotion during prayer. Closely linked with the former is Bitul ha-Yesh, "Negation of the Existent", or of the "Corporeal". Hasidism teaches that while a superficial observance of the universe by the "eyes of the flesh" (Einei ha-Basar) purportedly reflects the reality of all things profane and worldly, a true devotee must transcend this illusory façade and realize that there is nothing but God. It is not only a matter of perception, but very practical, for it entails also abandoning material concerns and cleaving only to the true, spiritual ones, oblivious to the surrounding false distractions of life. The practitioner's success in detaching from his sense of person, and conceive himself as Ein (in the double meaning of 'naught' and 'infinite'), is regarded as the highest state of elation in Hasidism. The true divine essence of man – the soul – may then ascend and return to the upper realm, where it does not possess an existence independent from God. This ideal is termed Hitpashtut ha-Gashmi'yut, "the expansion (or removal) of corporeality". It is the dialectic opposite of God's contraction into the world. To be enlightened and capable of Bitul ha-Yesh, pursuing the pure spiritual aims and defying the primitive impulses of the body, one must overcome his inferior "Bestial Soul", connected with the Eyes of the Flesh. He may be able to tap into his "Divine Soul" (Nefesh Elohit), which craves communion, by employing constant contemplation, Hitbonenot, on the hidden Godly dimension of all that exists. Then he could understand his surroundings with the "Eyes of the Intellect". The ideal adherent was intended to develop equanimity, or Hishtavut in Hasidic parlance, toward all matters worldly, not ignoring them, but understanding their superficiality. Hasidic masters exhorted their followers to "negate themselves", paying as little heed as they could for worldly concerns, and thus, to clear the way for this transformation. The struggle and doubt of being torn between the belief in God's immanence and the very real sensual experience of the indifferent world is a key theme in the movement's literature. Many tracts have been devoted to the subject, acknowledging that the "callous and rude" flesh hinders one from holding fast to the ideal, and these shortcomings are extremely hard to overcome even in the purely intellectual level, a fortiori in actual life. Another implication of this dualism is the notion of "Worship through Corporeality", Avodah be-Gashmi'yut. As the Ein Sof metamorphosed into substance, so may it in turn be raised back to its higher state; likewise, since the machinations in the higher Sephirot exert their influence on this world, even the most simple action may, if performed correctly and with understanding, achieve the reverse effect. According to Lurianic doctrine, The netherworld was suffused with divine sparks, concealed within "husks", Qliphoth. The glints had to be recovered and elevated to their proper place in the cosmos. "Materiality itself could be embraced and consecrated", noted Glenn Dynner, and Hasidism taught that by common acts like dancing or eating, performed with intention, the sparks could be extricated and set free. Avodah be-Gashmi'yut had a clear, if not implicit, antinomian edge, possibly equating sacred rituals mandated by Judaism with everyday activities, granting them the same status in the believer's eyes and having him content to commit the latter at the expense of the former. While at some occasions the movement did appear to step at that direction – for example, in its early days prayer and preparation for it consumed so much time that adherents were blamed of neglecting sufficient Torah study – Hasidic masters proved highly conservative. Unlike in other, more radical sects influenced by kabbalistic ideas, like the Sabbateans, Worship through Corporeality was largely limited to the elite and carefully restrained. The common adherents were taught they may engage it only mildly, through small deeds like earning money to support their leaders. The complementary opposite of corporeal worship, or the elation of the finite into infinite, is the concept of Hamshacha, "drawing down" or "absorbing", and specifically, Hamschat ha-Shefa, "absorption of effluence". During spiritual ascension, one could siphon the power animating the higher dimensions down into the material world, where it would manifest as benevolent influence of all kinds. These included spiritual enlightenment, zest in worship and other high-minded aims, but also the more prosaic health and healing, deliverance from various troubles and simple economic prosperity. Thus, a very tangible and alluring motivation to become followers emerged. Both corporeal worship and absorption allowed the masses to access, with common actions, a religious experience once deemed esoteric. Yet another reflection of the Ein-Yesh dialectic is pronounced in the transformation of evil to goodness and the relations between these two poles and other contradicting elements – including various traits and emotions of the human psyche, like pride and humility, purity and profanity, et cetera. Hasidic thinkers argued that in order to redeem the sparks hidden, one had to associate not merely with the corporeal, but with sin and evil. One example is the elevation of impure thoughts during prayer, transforming them to noble ones rather than repressing them, advocated mainly in the early days of the sect; or "breaking" oneself's character by directly confronting profane inclinations. This aspect, once more, had sharp antinomian implications was and used by the Sabbateans to justify excessive sinning. It was mostly toned down in late Hasidism, and even before that leaders were careful to stress that it was not exercised in the physical sense, but in the contemplative, spiritual one. This kabbalistic notion, too, was not unique to the movement and appeared frequently among other Jewish groups. == Righteous One == While its mystical and ethical teachings are not easily sharply distinguished from those of other Jewish currents, the defining doctrine of Hasidism is that of the saintly leader, serving both as an ideal inspiration and an institutional figure around whom followers are organized. In the movement's sacral literature, this person is referred to as the Tzaddiq, the Righteous One — often also known by the general honorific Admor (acronym of Hebrew for "our master, teacher and Rabbi"), granted to rabbis in general, or colloquially as Rebbe. The idea that, in every generation, there are righteous persons through whom the divine effluence is drawn to the material world is rooted in the kabbalistic thought, which also claims that one of them is supreme, the reincarnation of Moses. Hasidism elaborated the notion of the Tzaddiq into the basis of its entire system – so much that the very term gained an independent meaning within it, apart from the original which denoted God-fearing, highly observant people. When the sect began to attract following and expanded from a small circle of learned disciples to a mass movement, it became evident that its complex philosophy could be imparted only partially to the new rank and file. As even intellectuals struggled with the sublime dialectics of infinity and corporeality, there was little hope to have the common folk truly internalize these, not as mere abstractions to pay lip service to. Ideologues exhorted them to have faith, but the true answer, which marked their rise as a distinct sect, was the concept of the Tzaddiq. A Hasidic master was to serve as a living embodiment of the recondite teachings. He was able to transcend matter, gain spiritual communion, Worship through Corporeality and fulfill all the theoretical ideals. As the vast majority of his flock could not do so themselves, they were to cleave to him instead, acquiring at least some semblance of those vicariously. His commanding and often — especially in the early generations — charismatic presence was to reassure the faithful and demonstrate the truth in Hasidic philosophy by countering doubts and despair. But more than spiritual welfare was concerned: Since it was believed he could ascend to the higher realms, the leader was able to harvest effluence and bring it down upon his adherents, providing them with very material benefits. "The crystallization of that theurgical phase", noted Glenn Dynner, "marked Hasidism's evolution into a full-fledged social movement." In Hasidic discourse, the willingness of the leader to sacrifice the ecstasy and fulfillment of unity in God was deemed a heavy sacrifice undertook for the benefit of the congregation. His followers were to sustain and especially to obey him, as he possessed superior knowledge and insight gained through communion. The "descent of the Righteous" (Yeridat ha-Tzaddiq) into the matters of the world was depicted as identical with the need to save the sinners and redeem the sparks concealed in the most lowly places. Such a link between his functions as communal leader and spiritual guide legitimized the political power he wielded. It also prevented a retreat of Hasidic masters into hermitism and passivity, as many mystics before them did. Their worldly authority was perceived as part of their long-term mission to elevate the corporeal world back into divine infinity. To a certain extent, the Saint even fulfilled for his congregation, and for it alone, a limited Messianic capacity in his lifetime. After the Sabbatean debacle, this moderate approach provided a safe outlet for the eschatological urges. At least two leaders radicalized in this sphere and caused severe controversy: Nachman of Breslov, who declared himself the only true Tzaddiq, and Menachem Mendel Schneerson, whom many of his followers believed to be the Messiah. The Rebbes were subject to intense hagiography, even subtly compared with Biblical figures by employing prefiguration. It was argued that since followers could not "negate themselves" sufficiently to transcend matter, they should instead "negate themselves" in submission to the Saint (hitbatlut la-Tzaddiq), thus bonding with him and enabling themselves to access what he achieved in terms of spirituality. The Righteous served as a mystical bridge, drawing down effluence and elevating the prayers and petitions of his admirers. The Saintly forged a well-defined relationship with the masses: they provided the latter with inspiration, were consulted in all matters, and were expected to intercede on behalf of their adherents with God and ensure they gained financial prosperity, health and male offspring. The pattern still characterizes Hasidic sects, though prolonged routinization in many turned the Rebbes into de facto political leaders of strong, institutionalized communities. The role of a Saint was obtained by charisma, erudition and appeal in the early days of Hasidism. But by the dawn of the 19th century, the Righteous began to claim legitimacy by descent to the masters of the past, arguing that since they linked matter with infinity, their abilities had to be associated with their own corporeal body. Therefore, it was accepted "there can be no Tzaddiq but the son of a Tzaddiq". Virtually all modern sects maintain this hereditary principle. For example, the Rebbes' families maintain endogamy and marry almost solely with scions of other dynasties. == Schools of thought == Some Hasidic "courts", and not a few individual prominent masters, developed distinct philosophies with particular accentuation of various themes in the movement's general teachings. Several of these Hasidic schools had lasting influence over many dynasties, while others died with their proponents. In the doctrinal sphere, the dynasties may be divided along many lines. Some are characterized by Rebbes who are predominantly Torah scholars and decisors, deriving their authority much like ordinary non-Hasidic rabbis do. Such "courts" place great emphasis on strict observance and study, and are among the most meticulous in the Orthodox world in practice. Prominent examples are the House of Sanz and its scions, such as Satmar, or Belz. Other sects, like Vizhnitz, espouse a charismatic-populist line, centered on the admiration of the masses for the Righteous, his effervescent style of prayer and conduct and his purported miracle-working capabilities. Fewer still retain a high proportion of the mystical-spiritualist themes of early Hasidism, and encourage members to study much kabbalistic literature and (carefully) engage in the field. The various Ziditchover dynasties mostly adhere to this philosophy. Others still focus on contemplation and achieving inner perfection. No dynasty is wholly devoted to a single approach of the above, and all offer some combination with differing emphasis on each of those. In 1812, a schism occurred between the Seer of Lublin and his prime disciple, the Holy Jew of Przysucha, due to both personal and doctrinal disagreements. The Seer adopted a populist approach, centered on the Righteous' theurgical functions to draw the masses. He was famous for his lavish, enthusiastic conduct during prayer and worship, and extremely charismatic demeanour. He stressed that as Tzaddiq, his mission was to influence the common folk by absorbing Divine Light and satisfying their material needs, thus converting them to his cause and elating them. The Holy Jew pursued a more introspective course, maintaining that the Rebbe's duty was to serve as a spiritual mentor for a more elitist group, helping them to achieve a senseless state of contemplation, aiming to restore man to his oneness with God which Adam supposedly lost when he ate the fruit of the Lignum Scientiae. The Holy Jew and his successors did neither repudiate miracle working, nor did they eschew dramatic conduct; but they were much more restrained in general. The Przysucha School became dominant in Central Poland, while populist Hasidism resembling the Lublin ethos often prevailed in Galicia. One extreme and renowned philosopher who emerged from the Przysucha School was Menachem Mendel of Kotzk. Adopting an elitist, hard-line attitude, he openly denounced the folkly nature of other Tzaddiqim, and rejected financial support. Gathering a small group of devout scholars who sought to attain spiritual perfection, whom he often berated and mocked, he always stressed the importance of both somberness and totality, stating it was better to be fully wicked than only somewhat good. The Chabad school, limited to its namesake dynasty, but prominent, was founded by Shneur Zalman of Liadi and was elaborated by his successors, until the late 20th century. The movement retained many of the attributes of early Hasidism, before a clear divide between Righteous and ordinary followers was cemented. Chabad Rebbes insisted their adherents acquire proficiency in the sect's lore, and not relegate most responsibility to the leaders. The sect emphasizes the importance of intellectually grasping the dynamics of the hidden divine aspect and how they affect the human psyche; the very acronym Chabad is for the three penultimate Sephirot, associated with the cerebral side of consciousness. Another famous philosophy is that formulated by Nachman of Breslov and adhered to by Breslov Hasidim. In contrast to most of his peers who believed God must be worshiped through joy, Nachman portrayed the corporeal world in grim colors, as a place devoid of God's immediate presence from which the soul yearns to liberate itself. He mocked the attempts to perceive the nature of infinite-finite dialectics and the manner in which God still occupies the Vacant Void albeit not, stating these were paradoxical, beyond human understanding. Only naive faith in their reality would do. Mortals were in constant struggle to overcome their profane instincts, and had to free themselves from their limited intellects to see the world as it truly is. Tzvi Hirsh of Zidichov, a major Galician Tzaddiq, was a disciple of the Seer of Lublin, but combined his populist inclination with a strict observance even among his most common followers, and great pluralism in matters pertaining to mysticism, as those were eventually emanating from each person's unique soul. Mordechai Yosef Leiner of Izbica promulgated a radical understanding of free will, which he considered illusory and also derived directly from God. He argued that when one attained a sufficient spiritual level and could be certain evil thoughts did not derive from his animalistic soul, then sudden urges to transgress revealed Law were God-inspired and may be pursued. This volatile, potentially antinomian doctrine of "Transgression for the Sake of Heaven" is found also in other Hasidic writings, especially from the early period. His successors de-emphasized it in their commentaries. Leiner's disciple Zadok HaKohen of Lublin also developed a complex philosophic system which presented a dialectic nature in history, arguing that great progress had to be preceded by crisis and calamity. == Practice and culture == == Rebbe and "court" == The Hasidic community is organized in a sect known as "court" (Hebrew: חצר, hatzer; Yiddish: האף, Hoif). In the early days of the movement, a particular Rebbe's following usually resided in the same town, and Hasidim were categorized by their leaders' settlement: a Hasid of Belz, Vizhnitz and so forth. Later, especially after World War II, the dynasties retained the names of their original Eastern European settlements when moving to the West or Israel. Thus, for example, the "court" established by Joel Teitelbaum in 1905 at Transylvania remained known after its namesake town, Sathmar, even though its headquarters lay in New York, and almost all other Hasidic sects likewise – albeit some groups founded overseas were named accordingly, like the Boston (Hasidic dynasty). Akin to his spiritual status, the Rebbe is also the administrative head of the community. Sects often possess their own synagogues, study halls and internal charity mechanisms, and ones sufficiently large also maintain entire educational systems. The Rebbe is the supreme figure of authority, and not just for the institutions. The rank-and-file Hasidim are also expected to consult with him on important matters, and often seek his blessing and advice. He is personally attended by aides known as Gabbai or Mashbak. Many particular Hasidic rites surround the leader. On the Sabbath, holidays, and celebratory occasions, Rebbes hold a Tisch (table), a large feast for their male adherents. Together, they sing, dance, and eat, and the head of the sect shakes the hands of his followers to bless them, and often delivers a sermon. A Chozer, "repeater", selected for his good memory, commits the text to writing after the Sabbath, during which the action is forbidden. In many "courts", the remnants of his meal, supposedly suffused with holiness, are handed over and even fought upon. Often, a very large dish is prepared beforehand and the Rebbe only tastes it before passing it to the crowd. Apart from the gathering at noon, the third repast on Sabbath and the "Melaveh Malkah" meal when it ends are also particularly important and an occasion for song, feasting, tales and sermons. A central custom, which serves as a major factor in the economics of most "courts", is the Pidyon, "Ransom", better known by its Yiddish name Kvitel, "little note": adherents submit a written petition, which the master may assist with on behalf of his sanctity, adding a sum of money for either charity or the leader's needs. Occasions in the "court" serve as pretext for mass gatherings, flaunting the power, wealth and size of each. Weddings of the leader's family, for example, are often held with large multistoried stands (פארענטשעס, Parentches) filled with Hasidim surround the main floor, where the Rebbe and his relatives dine, celebrate and perform the Mitzvah tantz. This is a festive dance with the bride: both parties hold one end of a long sash, a Hasidic gartel, for reasons of modesty. Allegiance to the dynasty and Rebbe is also a cause for tension and violence. Notable feuds between "courts" include the 1926–34 strife after Chaim Elazar Spira of Munkatch cursed the deceased Yissachar Dov Rokeach I of Belz; the 1980–2012 Satmar-Belz collision after Yissachar Dov Rokeach II broke with the Orthodox Council of Jerusalem, which culminated when he had to travel in a bulletproof car; and the 2006–present Satmar succession dispute between brothers Aaron Teitelbaum and Zalman Teitelbaum, which saw mass riots. Like in other Ultra-Orthodox groups, Hasidim who wish to disaffiliate from the community face threats, hostility and various punitive measures. A related phenomenon is the recent rise of Mashpi'im ("influencers"). Once a title for an instructor in Chabad and Breslov only, the institutionalized nature of the established "courts" led many adherents to seek guidance and inspiration from persons who did not declare themselves new leaders, but only Mashpi'im. Technically, they fill the original role of Rebbes in providing for spiritual welfare; yet, they did not usurp the title, and therefore could be countenanced. == Liturgy == Most Hasidim use some variation of Nusach Sefard, a blend of Ashkenazi and Sephardi liturgies, based on the innovations of Rabbi Isaac Luria. Many dynasties have their own specific adaptation of Nusach Sefard; some, such as the versions of the Belzer, Bobover, and Dushinsky Hasidim, are closer to Nusach Ashkenaz, while others, such as the Munkacz version, are closer to the old Lurianic. Many sects believe that their version reflects Luria's mystical devotions best. The Baal Shem Tov added two segments to Friday services on the eve of Sabbath: Psalm 107 before afternoon prayer, and Psalm 23 at the end of evening service. Hasidim use the Ashkenazi pronunciation of Hebrew and Aramaic for liturgical purposes, reflecting their Eastern European background. Wordless, emotional melodies, nigunim, are particularly common in their services. Hasidim lend great importance to kavana, devotion or intention, and their services tend to be extremely long and repetitive. Some courts nearly abolished traditional specified times by which prayers must be conducted (zemanim), to prepare and concentrate. This practice, still enacted in Chabad for one, is controversial in many dynasties, which do follow the specifics of Jewish Law on praying earlier, and not eating beforehand. Another reglement is daily immersion in a ritual bath by males for spiritual cleansing, at a rate much higher than is customary among other Orthodox Jews. == Appearance == Within the Hasidic world, it is possible to distinguish different Hasidic groups by subtle differences in dress. Some details of their dress are shared by non-Hasidic Haredim. Much of Hasidic dress was historically the clothing of all Eastern European Jews, influenced by the style of Polish–Lithuanian nobility. Furthermore, Hasidim have attributed religious origins to specific Hasidic items of clothing. Hasidic men most commonly wear dark overclothes. On weekdays, they wear a long, black, cloth jacket called a rekel, and on Jewish Holy Days, the bekishe zaydene kapote (Yiddish, lit., satin caftan), a similarly long, black jacket, but of satin fabric traditionally silk. Indoors, the colorful tish bekishe is still worn. Some Hasidim wear a satin overcoat, known as rezhvolke. A rebbe's rezhvolke might be trimmed with velvet. Most do not wear neckties. On the Sabbath, the Hasidic Rebbes traditionally wore a white bekishe. This practice has fallen into disuse among most. Many of them wear a black silk bekishe that is trimmed with velvet (known as stro-kes or samet) and in Hungarian ones, gold-embroidered. Various symbolic and religious qualities are attributed to Hasidic dress, though they are mainly apocryphal and the clothes' origin is cultural and historical. For example, the long overcoats are considered modest, the Shtreimel is supposedly related to shaatnez and keeps one warm without using wool, and Sabbath shoes are laceless in order not to have to tie a knot, a prohibited action. A gartel divides the Hasid's lower parts from his upper parts, implying modesty and chastity, and for kabbalistic reasons, Hasidim button their clothes right over left. Hasidim customarily wear black hats during the weekdays, as do nearly all Haredim today. A variety of hats are worn depending on the group: Chabad often pinch their hats to form a triangle on the top, Satmar wear an open-crown hat with rounded edges, and Samet (velvet) or biber (beaver) hats are worn by many Galician and Hungarian Hasidim. Married Hasidim don a variety of fur headdresses on the Sabbath, once common among all wedded Eastern European Jewish males and still worn by non-Hasidic Perushim in Jerusalem. The most ubiquitous is the Shtreimel, which is seen especially among Galician and Hungarian sects like Satmar or Belz. A taller Spodik is donned by Polish dynasties such as Ger. A Kolpik is worn by unmarried sons and grandsons of many Rebbes on the Sabbath. Some Rebbes don it on special occasions. There are many other distinct items of clothing. Such are the Gerrer hoyznzokn—long black socks into which the trousers are tucked. Some Hasidim from Eastern Galicia wear black socks with their breeches on the Sabbath, as opposed to white ones on weekdays, particularly Belzer Hasidim. Following a Biblical commandment not to shave the sides of one's face, male members of most Hasidic groups wear long, uncut sidelocks called payot (or peyes). Some Hasidic men shave off the rest of their hair. Not every Hasidic group requires long peyos, and not all Jewish men with peyos are Hasidic, but all Hasidic groups discourage the shaving of one's beard. Most Hasidic boys receive their first haircuts ceremonially at the age of three years (only the Skverrer Hasidim do this at their boys' second birthday). Until then, Hasidic boys have long hair. Hasidic women wear clothing adhering to the principles of modest dress in Jewish law. This includes long, conservative skirts and sleeves past the elbow, as well as covered necklines. Also, the women wear stockings to cover their legs; in some Hasidic groups, such as Satmar or Toldot Aharon, the stockings must be opaque. In keeping with Jewish law, married women cover their hair, using either a sheitel (wig), a tichel (headscarf), a shpitzel, a snood, a hat, or a beret. In some Hasidic groups, such as Satmar, women may wear two headcoverings – a wig and a scarf, or a wig and a hat. == Families == Hasidic Jews, like many other Orthodox Jews, typically produce large families; the average Hasidic family in the United States has 8 children. This is followed out of a desire to fulfill the Biblical mandate to "be fruitful and multiply". == Languages == Most Hasidim speak the language of their countries of residence, but use Yiddish among themselves as a way of remaining distinct and preserving tradition. Thus, children are still learning Yiddish today, and the language, despite predictions to the contrary, is not dead. Yiddish newspapers are still published, and Yiddish fiction is being written, primarily aimed at women. Even films in Yiddish are being produced within the Hasidic community. Some Hasidic groups, such as Satmar or Toldot Aharon, actively oppose the everyday use of Hebrew, which they consider a holy tongue. The use of Hebrew for anything other than prayer and study is, according to them, profane. Hence, Yiddish is the vernacular and common tongue for many Hasidim around the world. == Literature == Hasidic Tales are a literary genre, concerning both hagiography of various Rebbes and moralistic themes. Some are anecdotes or recorded conversations dealing with matters of faith, practice, and the like. The most famous tend to be terse and carry a strong and obvious point. They were often transmitted orally, though the earliest compendium is from 1815. Many revolve around the Righteous. The Baal Shem, in particular, was subject to excess hagiography. Characterized by vivid metaphors, miracles, and piety, each reflects the surrounding and era it was composed in. Common themes include dissenting the question what is acceptable to pray for, whether or not the commoner may gain communion, or the meaning of wisdom. The tales were a popular, accessible medium to convey to movement's messages. == Organization and demographics == The various Hasidic groups may be categorized along several parameters, including their geographical origin, their proclivity for certain teachings, and their political stance. These attributes are quite often, but by no means always, correlated, and there are many instances when a "court" espouses a unique combination. Thus, while most dynasties from the former Greater Hungary and Galicia are inclined to extreme conservatism and anti-Zionism, Rebbe Yekutiel Yehuda Halbertsam led the Sanz-Klausenburg sect in a more open and mild direction; and though Hasidim from Lithuania and Belarus are popularly perceived as prone to intellectualism, David Assaf noted this notion is derived more from their Litvak surroundings than their actual philosophies. Apart from those, each "court" often possesses its unique customs, including style of prayer, melodies, particular items of clothing and the like. On the political scale, "courts" are mainly divided on their relations to Zionism. The right-wing, identified with Satmar, are hostile to the State of Israel, and refuse to participate in the elections there or receive any state funding. They are mainly affiliated with the Orthodox Council of Jerusalem and the Central Rabbinical Congress. The great majority belong to Agudas Israel, represented in Israel by the United Torah Judaism party. Its Council of Torah Sages now includes a dozen Rebbes. In the past, there were Religious Zionist Rebbes, mainly of the Ruzhin line, but there are virtually none today. In 2005, Prof. Jacques Gutwirth estimated there were some 400,000 men, women, and children adhering to Hasidic sects worldwide, and that figure was expected to grow due to high birth rates of Hasidic Jews. About 200,000, he assumed, lived in the State of Israel, another 150,000 in the United States, and further 50,000 were scattered around the world, especially in Britain, but also in Antwerp, Montreal, Vienna, and other centers. In Israel, the largest Hasidic concentrations are in the Ultra-Orthodox neighbourhoods of Jerusalem – including Ramot Alon, Batei Ungarin et cetera – in the cities of Bnei Brak and El'ad, and in the West Bank settlements of Modi'in Illit and Beitar Illit. There is considerable presence in other specifically Orthodox municipalities or enclaves, like Kiryat Sanz, Netanya. In the United States, most Hasidim reside in New York and New Jersey, though there are small communities across the entire country. In Brooklyn, Borough Park, Williamsburg, and Crown Heights all house a particularly large population. So does the hamlet of Monsey in upstate New York. In the same region, New Square, Monroe, and Kiryas Joel are rapidly growing all-Hasidic enclaves, one founded by the Skver dynasty and the other by Satmar. In Britain, Stamford Hill is home to the largest Hasidic community in the country, and there are others in London and Prestwich in Manchester. In Canada, Kiryas Tosh is a settlement populated entirely by Tosh Hasidim, and there are more adherents of other sects in and around Montreal. There are more than a dozen Hasidic dynasties with a large following, and over a hundred which have small or minuscule adherence, sometimes below twenty people, with the presumptive Rebbe holding the title more as a matter of prestige. Many "courts" became completely extinct during the Holocaust, like the Aleksander (Hasidic dynasty) from Aleksandrów Łódzki, which numbered tens of thousands in 1939, and barely exists today. The largest sect in the world is Satmar, founded in 1905 in the namesake city in Hungary and based in Williamsburg, Brooklyn and Kiryas Joel. Estimates claim as many as 120,000 adherents of all ages. Satmar is known for its conservatism and opposition to both Agudas Israel and Zionism, inspired by the legacy of Hungarian Ultra-Orthodoxy. The sect underwent a schism in 2006 and two competing factions emerged, led by rival brothers Aaron Teitelbaum and Zalman Teitelbaum. The second-largest "court" worldwide is Ger, established in 1859 at Góra Kalwaria, near Warsaw. Ger lists some 10,000 households in its Israel registry alone, and there are more abroad. For decades, it was the dominant power in Agudas and espoused a moderate line toward Zionism and modern culture. Its origins lay in the rationalist Przysucha School of Central Poland. The current Rebbe is Yaakov Aryeh Alter. Another major group is Belz, established 1817 in namesake Belz, south of Lviv. An Eastern Galician dynasty drawing both from the Seer of Lublin's charismatic-populist style and "rabbinic" Hasidism, it espoused hard-line positions, but broke off from the Orthodox Council of Jerusalem and joined Agudas in 1979. It has between 6,000 and 8,000 affiliated households, and is led by Rebbe Yissachar Dov Rokeach. Yet another large dynasty is Vizhnitz, a charismatic sect founded in 1854 at Vyzhnytsia, Bukovina, to which some 7,000 families belong. A moderate sect involved in Israeli politics, it is split into several branches, which maintain cordial relations. The main partition is between Vizhnitz-Israel and Vizhnitz-Monsey, headed respectively by Rebbes Israel Hager and his uncle Mordecai Hager. The Bobover dynasty, founded 1881 in Bobowa, West Galicia, claims some 2,000-3,000 households in total and has undergone a bitter succession strife since 2005, eventually forming the "Bobov" and "Bobov-45" sects. Sanz-Klausenburg, divided into a New York and Israeli branches, also purports to preside over 2,000 households. The Skver sect, established in 1848 in Skvyra near Kiev, is likewise claiming 2,000-3,000. The Shomer Emunim dynasties, originating in Jerusalem during the 1920s and known for their unique style of dressing imitating that of the Old Yishuv, have over 1,500-2,000 families, almost all in the larger "courts" of Toldos Aharon and Toldos Avraham Yitzchak. Karlin Stolin, which rose already in the 1760s in a quarter of Pinsk, also encompasses a few thousands of adherents. There are two other populous Hasidic sub-groups, which do not function as classical Rebbe-headed "courts", but as decentralized movements, retaining some of the characteristics of early Hasidism. Breslov rose under its charismatic leader Nachman of Breslov in the early 19th century. Critical of all other Rebbes, he forbade his followers to appoint a successor upon his death in 1810. His acolytes led small groups of adherents, persecuted by other Hasidim, and disseminated his teachings. The original philosophy of the sect elicited great interest among modern scholars, and that led many newcomers to Orthodox Judaism ("repentants") to join it. Numerous Breslov communities, each led by its own rabbis, now have thousands of full-fledged followers and far more admirers and semi-committed supporters. Chabad-Lubavitch, originating in the 1770s, did have hereditary leadership, but always stressed the importance of self-study rather than reliance on the Righteous. Its seventh and last leader, Menachem Mendel Schneerson, converted it into a vehicle for Jewish outreach. By his death in 1994, it had many more semi-engaged supporters than Hasidim in the strict sense, and they are still hard to distinguish: Estimates for number of Chabad affiliates of all sorts therefore range from 50,000 to 200,000. None succeeded Schneerson, and the sect operates as a large network of communities with independent leaders. == History == == Background == In the late 17th century, several social trends converged among the Jews who inhabited the southern periphery of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, especially in contemporary Western Ukraine. These enabled the emergence and flourishing of Hasidism. The first and most prominent was the popularization of the mystical lore of Kabbalah. For several centuries an esoteric teaching practiced surreptitiously only by a narrow stratum of the highly learned, it was transformed into almost household knowledge by a mass of cheap pamphlets printed by both Jewish and Christian publishers from the beginning of the century. The kabbalistic inundation was a major influence behind the rise of the heretical Sabbatean movement, led by Sabbatai Zevi, who declared himself Messiah in 1665. The propagation of Kabbalah made the Jewish masses susceptible to Hasidic ideas, themselves in essence a popularized version of the teaching – indeed, Hasidism actually emerged when its founders determined to openly practice it instead of remaining a secret circle of aesthetics as was the manner of almost all past kabbalists. The correlation between publicizing the lore and Sabbateanism did not escape the rabbinic elite, and caused vehement opposition to the new movement. Another factor was the decline of the traditional authority structures. Jewish autonomy remained quite secured; later research debunked Simon Dubnow's claim that the Council of Four Lands' demise in 1746 was a culmination of a long process which destroyed judicial independence and paved the way for the Hasidic rebbes to serve as leaders (another long-held explanation for the sect's rise advocated by Raphael Mahler, that the Khmelnytsky Uprising effected economic impoverishment and despair, was also refuted). However, the magnates and nobles held much sway over the nomination of both rabbis and communal elders, to such a degree that the masses often perceived them as mere lackeys of the land owners. Their ability to serve as legitimate arbiters in disputes – especially those concerning the regulation of leasehold rights over alcohol distillation and other monopolies in the estates – was severely diminished. The reduced prestige of the establishment, and the need for an alternative source of authority to pass judgement, left a vacuum which Hasidic charismatics eventually filled. They transcended old communal institutions, to which all the Jews of a locality were subordinate, and had groups of followers in each town across vast territories. Often supported by rising strata outside the traditional elite, whether nouveau riche or various low-level religious functionaries, they created a modern form of leadership. Historians discerned other influences. The formative age of Hasidism coincided with the rise of numerous religious revival movements across the world, including the First Great Awakening in New England, German Pietism and the Russian Old Believers who opposed the established church. They all rejected the existing order, decrying it as stale and overly hierarchic. They offered what they described as more spiritual, candid and simple substitutes. Gershon David Hundert noted the considerable similarity between the Hasidic conceptions and this general background, rooting both in the growing importance attributed to the individual's consciousness and choices. == Israel ben Eliezer == Israel ben Eliezer (ca. 1690–1760), known as the Baal Shem Tov ("Master of the Good Name", Acronym: "Besht"), is considered the founder of Hasidism. Born apparently south of the Prut, in the northern frontier of Moldavia, he earned a reputation as a Baal Shem, "Master of the Name". These were common folk healers who employed mysticism, amulets and incantations at their trade. Little is known for certain on ben Eliezer. Though no scholar, he was sufficiently learned to become notable in the communal hall of study and marry into the rabbinic elite, his wife being the divorced sister of a rabbi; in his later years he was wealthy and famous, as attested by contemporary chronicles. Apart from that, most is derived from Hasidic hagiographic accounts. These claim that as a boy he was recognized by one "Rabbi Adam Baal Shem Tov" who entrusted him with great secrets of the Torah passed in his illustrious family for centuries. the Besht later spent a decade in the Carpathian Mountains as a hermit, where he was visited by the Biblical prophet Ahijah the Shilonite who taught him more. At the age of thirty-six, he was granted heavenly permission to reveal himself as a great kabbalist and miracle worker. By the 1740s, it is verified that he relocated to the town of Medzhybizh and became recognized and popular in all Podolia and beyond. It is well attested that he did emphasize several known kabbalistic concepts, formulating a teaching of his own to some degree. The Besht stressed the immanence of God and His presence in the material world, and that therefore, physical acts, such as eating, have actual influence on the spiritual sphere and may serve to hasten the achievement of communion with the divine (devekut). He was known to pray ecstatically and with great intention, again in order to provide channels for the divine light to flow into the earthly realm. The Besht stressed the importance of joy and contentment in the worship of God, rather than the abstinence and self-mortification deemed essential to become a pious mystic, and of fervent and vigorous prayer as a means of spiritual elation instead of severe aestheticism – though many of his immediate disciples reverted in part to the older doctrines, especially in disavowing sexual pleasure even in marital relations. In that, the "Besht" laid the foundation for a popular movement, offering a far less rigorous course for the masses to gain a significant religious experience. And yet, he remained the guide of a small society of elitists, in the tradition of former kabbalists, and never led a large public as his successors did. While many later figures cited him as the inspiration behind the full-fledged Hasidic doctrine, the Besht himself did not practice it in his lifetime. == Consolidation == Israel ben Eliezer gathered a considerable following, drawing to himself disciples from far away. They were largely of elitist background, yet adopted the populist approach of their master. The most prominent was Rabbi Dov Ber the Maggid (preacher). He succeeded the former upon his death, though other important acolytes, mainly Jacob Joseph of Polonne, did not accept his leadership. Establishing himself in Mezhirichi, the Maggid turned to greatly elaborate the Besht's rudimentary ideas and institutionalize the nascent circle into an actual movement. Ben Eliezer and his acolytes used the very old and common epithet hasidim, "pious"; in the latter third of the 18th century, a clear differentiation arose between that sense of the word and what was at first described as "New Hasidism", propagated to a degree by the Maggid and especially his successors. Doctrine coalesced as Jacob Joseph, Dov Ber and the latter's disciple Rabbi Elimelech of Lizhensk composed the three magna opera of early Hasidism, respectively: the 1780 Toldot Ya'akov Yosef, the 1781 Maggid d'varav le-Ya'akov and the 1788 No'am Elimelekh. Other books were also published. Their new teaching had many aspects. The importance of devotion in prayer was stressed to such degree that many waited beyond the prescribed time to properly prepare; the Besht's recommendation to "elevate and sanctify" impure thoughts rather than simply repress them during the service was expanded by Dov Ber into an entire precept, depicting prayer as a mechanism to transform thoughts and feelings from a primal to a higher state in a manner parallel to the unfolding of the Sephirot. But the most important was the notion of the Tzaddiq – later designated by the general rabbinic honrific Admor (our master, teacher and rabbi) or by the colloquial Rebbe – the Righteous One, the mystic who was able to elate and achieve communion with the divine, but unlike kabbalists past, did not practice it in secret, but as leader of the masses. He was able to bring down prosperity and guidance from the higher Sephirot, and the common people who could not attain such a state themselves would achieve it by "clinging" to and obeying him. The Tzaddiq served as a bridge between the spiritual realm and the ordinary folk, as well as a simple, understandable embodiment of the esoteric teachings of the sect, which were still beyond the reach of most just as old-style Kabbalah before. The various Hasidic Tzaddiqim, mainly the Maggid's disciples, spread across Eastern Europe with each gathering adherents among the people and learned acolytes who could be initiated as leaders. The Righteous' "courts" in which they resided, attended by their followers to receive blessing and council, became the institutional centers of Hasidism, serving as its branches and organizational core. Slowly, various rites emerged in them, like the Sabbath Tisch or "table", in which the Righteous would hand out food scraps from their meals, considered blessed by the touch of ones imbued with godly Light during their mystical ascensions. Another potent institution was the Shtibel, the private prayer gatherings opened by adherents in every town which served as a recruiting mechanism. The Shtibel differed from the established synagogues and study halls, allowing their members greater freedom to worship when they pleased and also serving recreational and welfare purposes. Combined with its simplified message, more appealing to the common man, its honed organizational framework accounted for the exponential growth of Hasidic ranks. From its original base in Podolia and Volhynia, the movement was rapidly disseminated during the Maggid's lifetime and after his 1772 death. Twenty or so of Dov Ber's prime disciples each brought it to a different region, and their own successors followed: Aharon of Karlin (I), Menachem Mendel of Vitebsk and Shneur Zalman of Liadi were the emissaries to the former Lithuania in the far north, while Menachem Nachum Twersky headed to Chernobyl in the east and Levi Yitzchok of Berditchev remained nearby. Elimelech of Lizhensk, his brother Zusha of Hanipol and Yisroel Hopsztajn established the sect in Poland proper. Vitebsk and Abraham Kalisker later led a small ascension to the Land of Israel, establishing a Hasidic presence in the Galilee. The spread of Hasidism also incurred organized opposition. Rabbi Elijah of Vilnius, one the greatest authorities of the generation and a hasid and secret kabbalist of the old style, was deeply suspicious of their emphasis on mysticism rather than mundane Torah study, threat to established communal authority, resemblance to the Sabbatean movement and other details he considered infractions. In April 1772, He and the Vilnius community wardens launched a systematic campaign against the sect, placing an anathema upon them, banishing their leaders and sending letters denouncing the movement. Further excommunication followed in Brody and other cities. In 1781, during a second round of hostilities, the books of Jacob Joseph were burned in Vilnius. Another cause for strife emerged when the Hasidim adopted the Lurianic prayer rite, which they revised somewhat to Nusach Sefard; the first edition in Eastern Europe was printed in 1781 and received approbation from the anti-Hasidic scholars of Brody, but the sect quickly embraced the Kabbalah-infused tome and popularized it, making it their symbol. Their rivals, named Misnagdim, "opponents" (a generic term which acquired an independent meaning as Hasidism grew stronger) soon accused them of abandoning the traditional Nusach Ashkenaz. In 1798, Opponents made accusations of espionage against Shneur Zalman of Liadi and he was imprisoned by the Russian government for two months. Excoriatory polemics were printed and anathemas declared in the entire region. But Elijah's death in 1797 denied the Misnagdim their powerful leader. In 1804, Alexander I of Russia allowed independent prayer groups to operate, the chief vessel through which the movement spread from town to town. The failure to eradicate Hasidism, which acquired a clear self-identity in the struggle and greatly expanded throughout it, convinced its adversaries to adopt a more passive method of resistance, as exemplified by Chaim of Volozhin. The growing conservatism of the new movement – which at some occasions drew close to Kabbalah-based antinomian phraseology, as did the Sabbateans, but never crossed the threshold and remained thoroughly observant – and the rise of common enemies slowly brought a rapprochement, and by the second half of the 19th century both sides basically considered each other legitimate. The turn of the century saw several prominent new, fourth-generation tzaddiqim. Upon Elimelech's death in the now-partitioned Poland, his place in Habsburg Galicia was assumed by Menachem Mendel of Rimanov, who was deeply hostile to the modernization the Austrian rulers attempted to force on the traditional Jewish society (though this same process also allowed his sect to flourish, as communal authority was severely weakened). The rabbi of Rimanov hearkened the alliance the hasidim would form with the most conservative elements of the Jewish public. In Central Poland, the new leader was Jacob Isaac Horowiz, the "Seer of Lublin", who was of a particularly populist bent and appealed to the common folk with miracle working and little strenuous spiritual demands. The Seer's senior acolyte, Jacob Isaac Rabinovitz the "Holy Jew" of Przysucha, gradually dismissed his mentor's approach as overly vulgar and adopted a more aesthetic and scholarly approach, virtually without theurgy to the masses. The Holy Jew's "Przysucha School" was continued by his successor Simcha Bunim and especially the reclusive, morose Menachem Mendel of Kotzk. The most controversial fourth-generation tzaddiq was the Podolia-based Nachman of Breslov, who denounced his peers for becoming too institutionalized, much like the old establishment their predecessors challenged decades before, and espoused an anti-rationalist, pessimistic spiritual teaching, very different from the prevalent stress on joy. == Routinization == The opening of the 19th century saw the Hasidic sect transformed. Once a rising force outside the establishment, the tzaddiqim now became an important and often dominant power in most of Eastern Europe. The slow process of encroachment, which mostly begun with forming an independent Shtibel and culminated in the Righteous becoming an authority figure (either alongside or above the official rabbinate) for the entire community, overwhelmed many towns even in Misnagdic stronghold of Lithuania, far more so in Congress Poland and the vast majority in Podolia, Volhynia and Galicia. It began to make inroads into Bukovina, Bessarabia and the westernmost frontier of autochthonic pre-WWII Hasidism, in northeastern Hungary, where the Seer's disciple Moses Teitelbaum (I) was appointed in Ujhely. Less than three generations after the Besht's death, the sect grew to encompass hundreds of thousands by 1830. As a mass movement, a clear stratification emerged between the court's functionaries and permanent residents (yoshvim, "sitters"), the devoted followers who would often visit the Righteous on Sabbath, and the large public which prayed at Sefard Rite synagogues and was minimally affiliated. All this was followed by a more conservative approach and power bickering among the Righteous. Since the Maggid's death, none could claim the overall leadership. Among the several dozens active, each ruled over his own turf, and local traditions and customs began to emerge in the various courts which developed their own identity. The high mystical tension typical of a new movement subsided, and was soon replaced by more hierarchical, orderly atmosphere. The most important aspect of the routinization Hasidism underwent was the adoption of dynasticism. The first to claim legitimacy by right of descent from the Besht was his grandson, Boruch of Medzhybizh, appointed 1782. He held a lavish court with Hershel of Ostropol as jester, and demanded the other Righteous acknowledge his supremacy. Upon the death of Menachem Nachum Twersky of Chernobyl, his son Mordechai Twersky succeeded him. The principle was conclusively affirmed in the great dispute after Liadi's demise in 1813: his senior acolyte Aharon HaLevi of Strashelye was defeated by his son, Dovber Schneuri, whose offspring retained the title for 181 years. By the 1860s, virtually all courts were dynastic. Rather than single tzaddiqim with followings of their own, each sect would command a base of rank-and-file hasidim attached not just to the individual leader, but to the bloodline and the court's unique attributes. Israel Friedman of Ruzhyn insisted on royal splendour, resided in a palace and his six sons all inherited some of his followers. With the constraints of maintaining their gains replacing the dynamism of the past, the Righteous or Rebbes/Admorim also silently retreated from the overt, radical mysticism of their predecessors. While populist miracle working for the masses remained a key theme in many dynasties, a new type of "Rebbe-Rabbi" emerged, one who was both a completely traditional halakhic authority as well as a spiritualist. The tension with the Misnagdim subsided significantly. But it was an external threat, more than anything else, that mended relations. While traditional Jewish society remained well entrenched in backward Eastern Europe, reports of the rapid acculturation and religious laxity in the West troubled both camps. When the Haskalah, the Jewish Enlightenment, appeared in Galicia and Congress Poland in the 1810s, it was soon perceived as a dire threat. The maskilim themselves detested Hasidism as an anti-rationalist and barbaric phenomenon, as did Western Jews of all shades, including the most right-wing Orthodox such as Rabbi Azriel Hildesheimer. In Galicia especially, hostility towards it defined the Haskalah to a large extent, from the staunchly observant Rabbi Zvi Hirsch Chajes and Joseph Perl to the radical anti-Talmudists like Osias Schorr. The Enlightened, who revived Hebrew grammar, often mocked their rivals' lack of eloquence in the language. While a considerable proportion of the Misnagdim were not adverse to at least some of the Haskala's goals, the Rebbes were unremittingly hostile. The most distinguished Hasidic leader in Galicia in the era was Chaim Halberstam, who combined talmudic erudition and the status of a major decisor with his function as tzaddiq. He symbolized the new era, brokering peace between the small Hasidic sect in Hungary to its opponents. At that country, where modernization and assimilation were much more imminent than in the East, the local Righteous joined forces with those now termed Orthodox against the rising liberals. Rabbi Moses Sofer of Pressburg, while no friend to Hasidism, tolerated it as he combated the forces which sought modernization of the Jews; a generation later, in the 1860s, the Rebbes and the zealot ultra-Orthodox Hillel Lichtenstein allied closely. Around the mid-19th century, over a hundred dynastic courts related by marriage were the main religious power in the territory enclosed between Hungary, former Lithuania, Prussia and inner Russia, with considerable presence in the former two. In Central Poland, the pragmatist, rationalist Przysucha school thrived: Yitzchak Meir Alter founded the court of Ger in 1859, and in 1876 Jechiel Danziger established Alexander. In Galicia and Hungary, apart from Halberstam's House of Sanz, Tzvi Hirsh of Zidichov's descendants each pursued a mystical approach in the dynasties of Zidichov, Komarno and so forth. In 1817, Sholom Rokeach became the first Rebbe of Belz. At Bukovina, the Hager line of Kosov-Vizhnitz was the largest court. The Haskalah was always a minor force, but the Jewish national movements which emerged in the 1880s, as well as Socialism, proved much more appealing to the young. Progressive strata condemned Hasidism as a primitive relic, strong, but doomed to disappear, as Eastern European Jewry underwent slow yet steady secularization. The gravity of the situation was attested to by the foundation of Hasidic yeshivas (in the modern, boarding school-equivalent sense) to enculturate the young and preserve their loyalty: The first was established at Nowy Wiśnicz by Rabbi Shlomo Halberstam (I) in 1881. These institutions were originally utilized by the Misnagdim to inoculate their youth from Hasidic influence, but now, the latter faced a similar crisis. One of the most contentious issues in this respect was Zionism; the Ruzhin dynasties were quite favourably disposed toward it, while Hungarian and Galician courts reviled it. == Calamity and renaissance == Outside pressure was mounting in the early 20th century. In 1912, many Hasidic leaders partook in the creation of the Agudas Israel party, a political instrument intended to safeguard what was now named Orthodox Judaism even in the relatively traditional East; the more hard-line dynasties, mainly Galician and Hungarian, opposed the Aguda as too lenient. Mass immigration to America, urbanization, World War I and the subsequent Russian Civil War uprooted the shtetls in which the local Jews lived for centuries and were the bedrock of Hasidism. In the new Soviet Union, civil equality first achieved and a harsh repression of religion caused a rapid secularization. Few remaining Hasidim, especially of Chabad, continued to practice underground for decades. In the new states of the Interbellum era, the process was only somewhat slower. On the eve of World War II, strictly observant Jews were estimated to constitute no more than a third of the total Jewish population in Poland, the world's most Orthodox country. While the Rebbes still had a vast base of support, it was aging and declining. The Holocaust hit the Hasidim, easily identifiable and almost unable to disguise themselves among the larger populace due to cultural insularity, particularly hard. Hundreds of leaders perished with their flock, while the flight of many notable ones as their followers were being exterminated – especially Aharon Rokeach of Belz and Joel Teitelbaum of Satmar – elicited bitter recrimination. In the immediate post-war years, the entire movement seemed to teeter on the precipice of oblivion. In Israel, the United States, and Western Europe, the survivors' children were at best becoming Modern Orthodox. While a century earlier the Haskalah depicted it as a medieval, malicious power, now it was so weakened that the popular cultural image was sentimental and romantic, what Joseph Dan termed "Frumkinian Hasidism" for it began with the short stories of Michael Levi Rodkinson (Frumkin). Martin Buber was the major contributor to this trend, portraying the sect as a model of a healthy folk consciousness. "Frumkinian" style was very influential, later inspiring the so-called "Neo-Hasidism", and also utterly ahistorical. Yet, the movement proved more resilient than expected. Talented and charismatic Hasidic masters emerged, who reinvigorated their following and drew new crowds. In New York, the Satmar Rebbe Joel Teitelbaum formulated a fiercely anti-Zionist Holocaust theology and founded an insular, self-sufficient community which attracted many immigrants from Greater Hungary; already by 1961, 40% of families were newcomers. Yisrael Alter of Ger created robust institutions, fortified his court's standing in Agudas Israel and held tisch every week for 29 years. He halted the hemorrhage of his followers and retrieved many Litvaks (the contemporary, less adverse epithet for Misnagdim) and Religious Zionists whose parents were Gerrer Hasidim before the war. Chaim Meir Hager similarly restored Vizhnitz. Moses Isaac Gewirtzman founded the new Pshevorsk (Hasidic dynasty) in Antwerp. The most explosive growth was experienced in Chabad-Lubavitch, whose head Menachem Mendel Schneerson adopted a modern (he and his disciples ceased wearing the customary Shtreimel) and outreach-centered orientation. At a time when most Orthodox and Hasidim in particular rejected proselytization, he turned his sect into a mechanism devoted almost solely to it, blurring the difference between actual Hasidim and loosely affiliated supporters until researchers could scarcely define it as a regular Hasidic group. Another phenomenon was the revival of Breslov, which remained without an acting Tzaddiq since the rebellious Rebbe Nachman's 1810 death. Its complex, existentialist philosophy drew many to it. Exorbitant fertility rates, increasing tolerance and multiculturalism on behalf of surrounding society and the great wave of newcomers to Orthodox Judaism which began in the 1970s all cemented the movement's status as very much alive and thriving. The clearest indication for that, noted Joseph Dan, was the disappearance of the "Frumkinian" narrative which inspired much sympathy towards it from non-Orthodox Jews and others, as actual Hasidism returned to the fore. As numbers grew, "courts" were again torn apart by schisms between Rebbes' sons vying for power, a common occurrence during the golden age of the 19th century.1

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Chandabai<EOT>Janpad panchayat chief executive officer KL Dhruve said, “I have sought details . We will help the aggrieved and culprits will be punished if found guilty.” 1

Chandabai

Pandita Brahmacharini Chandabai (1880–1977) was a Jain scholar and a pioneer of women's education in India. She was the founder of the oldest women's publication in India that is still published, Jain Mahiladarsh.

Pandita Brahmacharini Chandabai (1880–1977) was a Jain scholar and a pioneer of women's education in India. She was the founder of the oldest women's publication in India that is still published, Jain Mahiladarsh. == Family == The daughter of Narayandas Agrwal of Vrindavan, Uttar Pradesh, a prominent citizen and a proponent of Indian's independence, she was married at the age of 11 to Dharmakumar, the 18-year-old grandson of the zamindar and scholar Prabhudas Jain of Arrah. Dharmakumar died the next year. His older brother, Devkumar Jain, himself a Jain scholar, encourage Chandabai to study, which was uncommon in that period. == Overview == Chandabai studied the classical subjects including Sanskrit, Prakrit, dharmaśāstra, nyāya (logic), literature and grammar. She earned the title "pandita" from Kashi. She was a good orator, she gave her first speech at Panipat during a Panch-kalyanak Pratishtha at the age of 17. She established a school for girls in 1907, which came to be known as the Jain Balasharm in 1921. Dr. Nemichandra Jyotishacharya, who later emerged as a major Jain scholar, was appointed by her to be the director of the Balasharm in 1939. During the interview, she asked him questions on Sanskrit and Prakrit texts such as Devagama Stotra, Atmanushasana, and Gommatsar Jivakanda. She often herself served sick students at the Balashrama. She nursed a girl sick with typhoid in 1943, who eventually got better and later earned the Nyayatirtha degree. == Magazines == She started a magazine, Jain Mahiladarsh, in 1921 and edited it for many years. She wrote several books including Updesh Ratna Mala, Saubhagya Ratna Mala, Nibandh Ratna Mala, Adarsh Kahaniyan, Adarsh Nibandh, and Nibandh Darpan.1

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Robotic Lunar Observatory<EOT>1

Robotic Lunar Observatory

The Robotic Lunar Observatory (ROLO) was an astronomical observatory funded by NASA and located at the United States Geological Survey Flagstaff Science Campus atop McMillan Mesa in Flagstaff, Arizona. Its purpose was to enable the Moon to be used as a radiance calibration source for Earth-orbiting remote-sensing spacecraft. The program ceased observations in September 2003, but the facility is maintained for calibration and instrument characterization purposes. It consists of two 20 cm (7.9 in) Ritchey-Chrétien telescopes attached to an equatorial mount made by DFM Engineering. One telescope is fitted with a sensor optimized for visible and near-infrared (VNIR) wavelengths, while the other is tuned to short-wavelength infrared (SWIR). The VNIR camera began operations in 1995 and the SWIR camera in 1997.1

The Robotic Lunar Observatory (ROLO) was an astronomical observatory funded by NASA and located at the United States Geological Survey Flagstaff Science Campus atop McMillan Mesa in Flagstaff, Arizona. Its purpose was to enable the Moon to be used as a radiance calibration source for Earth-orbiting remote-sensing spacecraft. The program ceased observations in September 2003, but the facility is maintained for calibration and instrument characterization purposes. It consists of two 20 cm (7.9 in) Ritchey-Chrétien telescopes attached to an equatorial mount made by DFM Engineering. One telescope is fitted with a sensor optimized for visible and near-infrared (VNIR) wavelengths, while the other is tuned to short-wavelength infrared (SWIR). The VNIR camera began operations in 1995 and the SWIR camera in 1997.1

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Sonnet 129<EOT>I took a straw poll. Everyone said they loved the sonnets, all right; but they all named the same 10 poems. And some of those were pretty bad. The deadly boring Sonnet 12 came up a lot: "When I do count the clock that tells the time, And see the brave day sunk in hideous night", as did, inevitably, Sonnet 130: "My mistress' eyes are nothing like the sun; / Coral is far more red, than her lips red: / If snow be white, why then her breasts are dun; If hairs be wires, black wires grow on her head . . . " The latter is a none-too-clever piece of misogynist junk, a litany of barely-disguised disgust masquerading as poem in praise of "real" earthly womanhood; the problem is that after enumerating her apparently infinite faults, Shakespeare almost fails to remember to pay the poor woman any kind of compliment at all. Its reputation seems to have been made by the fact that someone decided it would be fun to teach to schoolchildren. Others, such as the devastatingly insightful Sonnet 118: "Like as, to make our appetite more keen, / With eager compounds we our palate urge . . ." and the mad Hindu asceticism of Sonnet 146: "And Death once dead, there's no more dying then . . ." barely rated a mention. It's still controversial as to whether the original Quarto edition was authorised by Shakespeare, but I fall very strongly into the "there's absolutely no way he didn't authorise them" camp. The sequence has been ordered in a meticulously careful, sensitive and playful way that can only indicate the author's hand. (My reasoning is simple: publishers care, and editors care, but none of them care that much.) The sonnets seem to have been composed between 1582 and their date of publication, 1609 – between Shakespeare's 18th and 45th birthdays. I know: this is a useless piece of information. However the 1582 date refers to an isolated piece of juvenilia. Sonnet 145 is a sonnet so bad that only the likely youth of its author can be offered up as an excuse, while the so-called "dating sonnets" seem to imply that the larger part of the project was likely over some time before 1609. Sonnet 107, for one, seems heavily nailed to James I's coronation. Most folk still argue that the poems were written in a six- or seven-year span in the mid-1590s. Indeed, Francis Meres refers to them in 1598: "The witty soul of Ovid lives in mellifluous and honey-tongued Shakespeare, witness his Venus and Adonis, his Lucrece, his sugar'd sonnets among his private friends . . . ", but I'm suspicious of the claim that they were all composed in this period. Other commentaries look at Elizabethan numerology, or whatever mad little aspect of Shakespeare's ars poetica caught my eye. The black mass of Sonnet 129: "The expense of spirit in a waste of shame/ Is lust in action . . ." ends in a discussion of the neuroscience of poet-coital tristesse. However, in the middle of this poem, we find strange lines that many commentators pass over in silence: "No, neither he, nor his compeers by night / Giving him aid, my verse astonished. / He, nor that affable familiar ghost / Which nightly gulls him with intelligence, / As victors of my silence cannot boast . . . " Who is that affable familiar ghost? Well, the rival poet is often assumed to be George Chapman, of "Chapman's Homer" fame. I feel this must be right. There's far too much corroborating evidence in the poem, which I won't go into here, but Chapman had dedicated poems to Wriothesley, still our best contender for the Young Man's identity, and was known to have boasted that the ghost of Homer himself had helped him with his translation of The Iliad. However, what will have stuck in Shakespeare's craw even more was that Chapman finished off Christopher Marlowe's poem "Hero and Leander" – doubtless boasting again of Marlowe's own supernatural aid. Here is not the place to elaborate, but suffice to say that the square of the sonnet exists for reasons which are almost all direct consequences of natural law, physiological and neurological imperatives, and the grain and structure of the language itself. Or to put it another way: if human poetic speech is breath and language is soapy water, sonnets are just the bubbles you get. Sonnets express a characteristic shape of human thought, and are, after a bit of practice, very easy to write. Badly. (No one ever blew into language and got a sestina or a villanelle – one reason I hate the damn things, two or three by Elizabeth Bishop and Auden apart. Carol Ann Duffy once wrote an absolutely perfect squib called "Fuckinelle", with the repeated lines "The poet has tried to write villanelle; / He's very pleased. The audience can tell . . . " after which the form should have been officially banned.) 1

Sonnet 129

Sonnet 129 is one of the 154 sonnets written by William Shakespeare. The 154 sonnets are typically divided between the "Fair Youth" sonnets (1–126) and the "Dark Lady" sonnets (127–152). There is no evidence that this division follows the chronology of the sonnets. The composition date is unknown but it was published along with the rest of the sonnets in the 1609 Quarto.

Sonnet 129 is one of the 154 sonnets written by William Shakespeare. The 154 sonnets are typically divided between the "Fair Youth" sonnets (1–126) and the "Dark Lady" sonnets (127–152). There is no evidence that this division follows the chronology of the sonnets. The composition date is unknown but it was published along with the rest of the sonnets in the 1609 Quarto. == Overview == Sonnet 129 is one of Shakespeare's most famous sonnets and centers on the idea of the human mind and its primal urges. The sonnet consists of an unknown narrator having an internal mediation with himself about his sexuality; he fears it and harvests feelings of self-disgust for having such desires. "Omne animal post coitum triste est" is a Latin saying that is often quoted in association to sonnet 129. The phrase literally translates into "after sex, every animal is sad." That is the message the sonnet conveys. Shakespeare builds up the sonnet with imagery and desire, and ends it with the feeling of being a victim to lust, as well as the feelings of defeat and disappointment that ensue after the act is done and the desire is no longer there. "Sonnet 129 fixes and deprecates lust with...murderous precision" and Shakespeare leaves us questioning our own primal urges. == Structure == Sonnet 129 is an English or Shakespearean sonnet. The English sonnet has three quatrains, followed by a final rhyming couplet. It follows the typical rhyme scheme of the form abab cdcd efef gg and is composed in iambic pentameter, a type of poetic metre based on five pairs of metrically weak/strong syllabic positions. The 8th line exemplifies a regular iambic pentameter: × / × / × / × / × / On purpose laid to make the taker mad: (129.8) / = ictus, a metrically strong syllabic position. × = nonictus. Line 4 begins with a common metrical variant, the initial reversal: / × × / × /× / × / Savage, extreme, rude, cruel, not to trust; (129.4) The stressed nonictus "rude" increases the heaviness of the list. An initial reversal is also found in line 9; mid-line reversals potentially occur in lines 9 and 14. The meter demands a few variant pronunciations: line 3's "murderous" functions as two syllables, line 5's "despised" as three, and line 14's "heaven" as one. == Context == Sonnet 129 is set between two relatively light and heavy sonnets. Scholars tend to play down its inherent darkness. Despite its intensity and harsh tone, it may have been written from a detached viewpoint. Shakespeare is capable of portraying issues and evoking emotions without having any personal involvement or experience in them. Such examples are shown when he depicts the lust of Tarquin in The Rape of Lucrece; he also looked into the scheming of Angelo in Measure for Measure, a man whose sexual appetite causes a rippling effect on his life; he was also able to portray the jealousy, racism, and passion in Othello. Shakespeare uses a similar theme again with Leontes in his play, The Winter's Tale. The placement of the sonnet leads many to believe that Shakespeare had a direct relation with the "dark lady" (as referenced as the inspiration for sonnets 127-152). Many scholars believe that Shakespeare had an affair and that a mistress was his inspiration for writing as many poems as he did. Even though such a relation was frowned on at the time, it has not been ruled out as a possibility. However, because there are no historical records that such a woman existed, there is not a sufficient evidence to determine whether the woman spoken of in the sonnets was real or fictitious. The sexual pessimism depicted in the sonnets, although extreme, is not unusual to the Christian tradition, especially in ancient times. Beliefs and standards of virginity and sexual abstention can be dated back to Pythagoras, and the views continued to be a tradition through Plato and the Stoics. Sexual pessimism existed before Christianity became a widespread religion. == Exegesis == == Overview == Scholars generally agree that "in sonnet 129, Shakespeare describes graphically both the physical and psychological devastation of 'lust'". Lust is a powerful emotional and physical desire that feels overwhelmingly like heaven in the beginning but can, and often does, end up being more like its own torturous hell in the end. During the time in which Shakespeare wrote Sonnet 129, virginity was protected and women who were promiscuous or adulterers were shunned and this behavior was not an acceptable societal behavior. Lust drives the desire to be with another person, sometimes casting your social norms and ethical behavior aside to fulfill that desire. When you give in to desire, or lust, and the act is complete, then the emotion of lust is filled with fear, anger, disgust and hate until the desire to feel lust again overtakes you. It's important to note that sexually transmitted diseases were not only common during this time period, but were often left untreated or incurable. Giving in to lust and desire was dangerous from not only a societal view but from a medical standpoint as well. Shakespeare's Sonnet 129 graphically displays the struggle between heaven and hell, lust and promiscuity and its aftermath. "The aura surrounding physical sex in this sonnet, an inextricable mingling of attraction and revulsion." == Quatrain 1 == The first quatrain in 129 generally has two scholarly views, the first of which seems more apparent where Shakespeare is writing about his self-hate. "Th'expense of spirit in a waste of shame' ... reads like a poem of self-condemnation for the poet's subjugation to sexual desire". Shakespeare was aware of the consequences of giving into desire and the "murderous, bloody, full of blame" dark feelings that would inevitably follow. The second view is that "in action, lust is the expenditure of vital power (mind and semen)". The "expense of spirit" or expending semen and "waste of shame" "carried the meaning of chastity and genitalia, as parts of shame" were important in Shakespeare's era. Giving into lust so lightly and without regard to the power that you are giving up, could end in "extreme, rude, cruel" consequences that could not be undone. While sonnet 129 does not directly reference the "Dark Lady", scholars generally agree that the "Dark Lady" is seen in this sonnet subtly. Shakespeare uses dark, ugly words such as "murderous, bloody, savage" which scholars believe was directly attributed to the sexual act and lust Shakespeare had toward the "Dark Lady". == Quatrain 2 == Shakespeare's second quatrain tells the reader that "as soon as lust is experienced, it is immediately hated". "Beyond the control of reason" the aggressor is searching for and looking forward to the pleasure that awaits. Shakespeare's "context is equivalent 'to have intercourse', 'to possess sexually'". The hate that is experienced after lust, is almost "irrational as was the original pursuit and like a bait that a fish swallows". The bait is an example of lust; it is not to drive the aggressor crazy, but rather to attract a mate. The lust, in the process can drive the aggressor mad and lose all control. == Quatrain 3 == Shakespeare's third quatrain is interesting in that it changes "the words used to characterize the negative aspects of lust". Lust becomes "perceptibly weaker toward the end of the poem" than in the start. In the beginning of the sonnet, Shakespeare uses the words "Murd'rous", "bloody", "savage" and "cruel" and replaces them in this quatrain with "a very woe" and "a dream". Shakespeare is thought to have confirmed his feelings in the beginning of the poem that lust is not to be given into and by the last quatrain and even into the below couplet, it is as though he has given in to the inevitable and knows that it is all but impossible to overcome lust. == Couplet == The couplet that closes sonnet 129 is arguably a change in tone compared with the rest of the sonnet. "The concluding couplet is one expressing a wryly regretful acceptance of the inevitable, rather than constituting a climax to the angry denunciation of the opening lines." Scholars generally agree that the sonnet is dictated from a male perspective. At times, Shakespeare would appear to have cynical and bitter views about sexuality. On the contrary, it is also easy to find just as many passages in Shakespeare's work that have a positive outlook on sexual relations between men and women. The opposite of this is evidenced in Sonnets 56, 116, and 147, among many others. == Interpretations == Ralph Fiennes, for the 2002 compilation album, When Love Speaks (EMI Classics)1

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Lytrosis unitaria<EOT>1

Lytrosis unitaria

Lytrosis unitaria, the common lytrosis moth, is a species of moth of the Geometridae family. It is found in North America, including Arkansas, Georgia, Iowa, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, Ohio, Oklahoma, Ontario, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, West Virginia and Wisconsin. The wingspan is about 50 mm. The larvae feed on Rosa, Crataegus, Amelanchier, Acer, Quercus and Viburnum species.1

Lytrosis unitaria, the common lytrosis moth, is a species of moth of the Geometridae family. It is found in North America, including Arkansas, Georgia, Iowa, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, Ohio, Oklahoma, Ontario, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, West Virginia and Wisconsin. The wingspan is about 50 mm. The larvae feed on Rosa, Crataegus, Amelanchier, Acer, Quercus and Viburnum species.1

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Ágnes Farkas<EOT>1

Ágnes Farkas

Ágnes Farkas (born 21 April 1973 in Budapest) is a retired Hungarian team handball player. She has been a European champion, and Olympic Games and World Championship silver medalist.

Ágnes Farkas (born 21 April 1973 in Budapest) is a retired Hungarian team handball player. She has been a European champion, and Olympic Games and World Championship silver medalist. == Career == == Club == Farkas started to play handball for Építők SC, where she stayed until 1992, when she moved to Budapesti Spartacus. A year later. she joined Ferencvárosi TC, where she spent six seasons. There, she has achieved her greatest club successes, including league and cup titles, EHF Champions League and EHF Cup silver medals. Thanks to her outstanding performances over the years, she is regarded as a club icon by Ferencváros fans. She also competed abroad, playing for German side Borussia Dortmund and later collecting two Croatian cup and Croatian championship title with Podravka Koprivnica. Farkas played her last seasons for Danish side Aalborg DH, crowning her career with a Danish league silver in her final year. Although in April 2005, Gjerpen IF offered her a one-year contract with the option for another year, Farkas stated she has no desire to stay in professional handball and eventually retired at the end of the season. However, she did not stay away from the sport entirely after her retirement, as she trains children. == International == She debuted on the Hungarian national team on 16 October 1993 against Poland, and participated in her first World Championship in that year, finishing seventh. In 1994, she was named the top scorer of the European Championship. One year later, she was a member of the team that won a silver medal at the World Championship, organized jointly by Austria and Hungary. In 1996, she was forced to the sidelines by an injury and missed both the Olympic Games and the European Championship that year. She placed ninth in the World Championship in 1997. She won a bronze medal on the European Championship the next year and finished fifth in 1999. She was a member of the 2000 Summer Olympics silver medal team, and was also selected to the squad that triumphed at the European Championship the same year. In 2002, she achieved fifth place in the European Championship with Hungary and was given the award as top scorer. She participated on the 2003 World Championship and also took part at the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens, where Hungary finished fifth. == Achievements == == Club == Nemzeti Bajnokság I: Winner: 1991, 1994, 1995, 1996, 2002 Magyar Kupa: Winner: 1992, 1994, 1995, 1996, 2000, 2003 German Cup: Winner: 1997 Croatian Championship: Winner: 1998, 1999 Croatian Cup: Winner: 1998, 1999 Damehåndboldligaen: Silver Medallist: 2005 EHF Champions League: Finalist: 2002 EHF Cup Winners' Cup: Finalist: 1994 EHF Cup: Finalist: 1997 EHF Champions Trophy: Winner: 1999 Third Placed: 2002 == International == Olympic Games: Silver Medalist: 2000 World Championship: Silver Medalist: 1995, 2003 European Championship: Winner: 2000 Bronze Medalist: 1998 == Awards and recognition == European Championship Top Scorer: 1994, 2002 Nemzeti Bajnokság I Top Scorer: 2001 Hungarian Handballer of the Year: 2001, 2002 Knight's Cross of the Order of Merit of the Republic of Hungary:20001

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Jason Michael Holland<EOT>He has never seen the classic 1984 comedy Ghostbusters . Jon is a founder of Ars Technica, and a former Wired editor. He is also the author of Inside the Machine: An Illustrated Introduction to Microprocessors and Computer Architecture . Jon keeps one foot in the content world via freelancing, the occasional op-ed, and as an editor and utility infielder for all things content at Second Media. He lives in Austin, TX with his wife, 3 daughters, 2 dogs, 1 bird, and 5 fish. <doc-sep> You're logged in as . Logout. 1

Jason Michael Holland

Jason Michael Holland (born 25 January 1971) is an English designer, university lecturer, writer and awards judge who created the 1997 website Head-Space, which is included in Management Today’s Ten Websites That Changed the World. and is an acknowledged blueprint for intranets and a precursor to YouTube. Jason is also credited with a number of other interactive firsts.

Jason Michael Holland (born 25 January 1971) is an English designer, university lecturer, writer and awards judge who created the 1997 website Head-Space, which is included in Management Today’s Ten Websites That Changed the World. and is an acknowledged blueprint for intranets and a precursor to YouTube. Jason is also credited with a number of other interactive firsts. == Early life and education == Holland was born in 1971 in Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, England, to Michael Holland, a Quality Controller from Codnor and Linda Holland (née Finnerty), who was from Clowne. His early childhood was spent in Brinsley, where he attended Matthew Holland School, now renamed Selston High School. Holland studied the First Diploma in Art and Design at West Nottinghamshire College from 1989–90, followed by the two-year HND Graphic Design and returns frequently to mentor and lecture. He studied for his BA (Hons) Degree in Graphic design at Northumbria University from 1992-1995. == Career == In 1995, Holland joined Hyperinteractive - one of London’s earliest web design agencies - as Senior Designer. He has since founded three digital agencies. The first was Head New Media which became the UK digital arm of Lowe Worldwide. Head New Media included the specialist Interactive Television agency Head End that produced the first interactive commercials for Tesco and Unilever. In 1999, Holland and his then business partner, Felix Velarde were the subject of "Keeping Creativity", an episode of BBC Knowledge's 15 part series, "The Crunch", profiling innovative entrepreneurs. The documentary was made by Uden Associates and is still broadcast occasionally in Europe as part of BBC Worldwide's business education strand. Head New Media also sponsored the non-commercial, online creative community, Head-Space, that incubated prominent community websites including Urban75 and John Lundberg et al.'s Circlemakers.org. Head-Space has featured in the travelling exhibition Digital Archaeology since 2010, and has been recognised as a digital artefact of considerable historic and cultural relevance, a germinal precursor to YouTube. Holland's next agency Underwired was equally innovative, pioneered the discipline of eCRM and rose to be named The RAR eCRM Agency of the Year 2015. In March 2016, Holland launched THE CRM Agency. with fellow Internet veteran John Thew. == Personal life == Jason Holland now lives in Surrey with his wife, two daughters and two Alfa Romeos. == Notable Internet innovations == 1995 designed the UK’s first University Degree Show CD-ROM 1995 created the first interactive production featured at the D&AD Student Expo (now called New Blood) 1996 created the Sci-Fi Channel’s first interactive TV tests 1996 designed the Snickers MegaBite website, which Campaign magazine described as Mars’ first real attempt to establish itself on the Internet. 1997 created the website Head-Space, which is an acknowledged blueprint for intranets and a precursor to YouTube. 1998 Designed first Interactive Television advertisements for Tesco and Unilever == Not-for-profit lecturing, mentoring & judging == D&AD – “Turning your design portfolio into a job” masterclass D&AD – portfolio surgeries and student mentoring Farnham Sixth Form College – “Nurturing Digital Talent” 2005, 2014-5 BIMA Judge 2010-2015 Visiting Lecturer for Students of FE and HE courses across multiple Art, Design and Digital Media levels – West Notts College, now known as VISION 2013 to 2015 School of Communication Arts, Mentor 2014-5 DMA Judge, Best Use of Technology 2015 The Drum DADI Awards 2016 Visiting Lecturer, Hyper Island == Awards == 1994 Creative Futures Award, UK’s Most Promising Talent, Creative Review 1995 UK’s first University Degree Show CD-ROM (also featured on the cover of Creative Review Magazine) 1995 First Student to show an interactive portfolio at the D&AD Student Expo 1996 Won the Marketing Design Award, the MacUser Maxine and an EPICA for Snickers MegaBite 1997 3 D&AD Awards in Interactive Media 1999 Cannes Lion (Best Online Community) for Head-Space (co-created with Felix Velarde) 2002 Internet Professional Publishers Association (IPPA) DX Design award for Art Community Redism, Bass Beers Worldwide 2005 Webaward for Outstanding Achievement in Web Development for Superscape 2006 BIMA Award for Best Use of Email 2006 & 2007 DMA (Direct Marketing Association) Gold Awards 2008 Interactive Media Council award for Outstanding Achievement for Respro website 2011 Head-Space included in Management Today’s Ten Websites That Changed the World. 2015 eCRM Agency of the Year, RAR Digital Awards1

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Dave Grusin and the NY-LA Dream Band<EOT>don ” red menza ” is from my home town , buffalo . he still returns home from time to time and plays some local gigs . you have to hear him with the buddy rich big band ( terrific ) Lou Donaldson played “Blues Walk” as his theme song yesterday @ the Charlie Parker festival in Tompkins square park NYC . 1

Dave Grusin and the NY-LA Dream Band

Dave Grusin and the NY-LA Dream Band is an album by American pianist Dave Grusin released in 1984, recorded for the GRP label. The album was recorded live in Tokyo, Japan, at Budokan. The album reached No. 4 on Billboard's Jazz chart.

Dave Grusin and the NY-LA Dream Band is an album by American pianist Dave Grusin released in 1984, recorded for the GRP label. The album was recorded live in Tokyo, Japan, at Budokan. The album reached No. 4 on Billboard's Jazz chart. == Track listing == (all selections written by Dave Grusin except where noted) Shuffle City - 4:22 Countdown - 8:03 Serengetti Walk (Dave Grusin / Harvey Mason / Louis Johnson) - 6:18 What Matters Most - 3:20 Number 8 - 4:30 Three Days of the Condor - 4:43 Summer Sketches - 14:19 == Personnel == Dave Grusin – Fender Rhodes Electric Piano, piano, synthesizer, percussion, conductor Don Grusin – piano, synthesizer Tiger Okoshi – trumpet, flugelhorn George Young – saxophone, flute Eric Gale – guitar Lee Ritenour – guitar Anthony Jackson – bass guitar Steve Gadd – drums Rubens Bassini – percussion Dave Grusin, Larry Rosen – producers Ted Jensen at Sterling Sound, NYC – mastering == Charts == 1

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Chris Rahl<EOT>1

Chris Rahl

Christopher Miller "Chris" Rahl (born December 5, 1983) is an American baseball player who has spent his professional career in the minor leagues. In 2004, Rahl was named a First Team NCAA All-American by three of the four major selectors when he was a sophomore at the College of William & Mary.

Christopher Miller "Chris" Rahl (born December 5, 1983) is an American baseball player who has spent his professional career in the minor leagues. In 2004, Rahl was named a First Team NCAA All-American by three of the four major selectors when he was a sophomore at the College of William & Mary. == Early life == Rahl was born in Morristown, New Jersey but grew up in Chesapeake, Virginia. He attended Great Bridge High School where, in his senior year, he batted .465 with eight home runs, had 30 RBIs and 25 steals. He earned honorable mention all-state Group AAA honors for his performance. == College == Rahl played college baseball not too far from his Virginia hometown at the College of William & Mary. He suited up for the Tribe in 2003 and 2004, while his best season came during his sophomore campaign in 2004. Rahl guided William & Mary to a school record 37 wins while setting numerous individual season team records along the way. According to a Tribe press release, Rahl set or tied records in "hits (89), total bases (175), stolen bases (42 in 46 attempts), and RBIs (70), and tied single season records in home runs (20), runs scored (73) and triples (8)." In each of the aforementioned categories he ranked in the national top 20. At the end of the season, Rahl was honored as the Colonial Athletic Association (CAA) Player of the Year. He was the first William & Mary player to earn the award and was concurrently the league's first-ever sophomore honoree. No other player in CAA history had recorded 20 home runs and 40 stolen bases in the same season, either. Nationally, Rahl was recognized as consensus All-American by being selected by three of the four All-America selectors; the American Baseball Coaches Association, Collegiate Baseball, and the National Collegiate Baseball Writers Association all placed him on their First Team All-America selections. == Professional == Rahl began playing professionally in the minor leagues in 2005. He was drafted in the fifth round of the 2005 MLB June Amateur Draft. He has spent time with several teams, and in 2009 was named an all-star in the Southern League. Three years later Rahl won the Eastern League All-Star Weekend home run derby. As of early 2013 he is looking to make a Major League Baseball roster. He signed a minor league deal with the Minnesota Twins on November 20, 2013.1

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George Weir<EOT>An article published in the British Medical Journal some weeks after the trial cited other studies which suggested that SIDS deaths are not random events, and that “recurrence” of SIDS in the same family would be much more frequent than 1 in 73 million live births. Recurrence might even occur in England about once every 18 months, rather than once every 100 yearsxi . 1

George Weir

George Weir (21 April 1903 – 4 July 1956) was an Australian politician and a member of the New South Wales Legislative Assembly from 1941 to 1953.

George Weir (21 April 1903 – 4 July 1956) was an Australian politician and a member of the New South Wales Legislative Assembly from 1941 to 1953. == Early life == Weir was born in Flemington, New South Wales. He was the son of George Weir, telegraphist, and Alice Ada Evans. He received his education at Burwood Public School and Parramatta High School. In 1926, he received his Bachelor of Laws from the University of Sydney. In 1920, he entered public service as a Junior Clerk in Crown Solicitors Office where he remained until 1927. Weir was admitted to the Bar in 1926. He transferred to Public Trustees Office as a Conveyancing Clerk in 1927. On 24 March 1928, he married Elsie Rose Gentle with whom he would have two sons. Rapidly rising through the ranks, he was Chief Clerk at the Probate Office from 1933 until 1939. He was appointed to the Executive of the Public Service Association of New South Wales in 1933 and served as President from 1936 to 1939. He was also elected President of the Australian Public Service Federation in 1937 and served until 1939. Weir resigned from the Public Service in 1939 to go to the Bar. == Political career == In 1940, Weir ran in his first by-election in Croydon, New South Wales to replace former Premier Bertram Stevens. David Hunter of the United Australia Party won the seat. Weir was elected to Parliament 1941 for the seat of Dulwich Hill, New South Wales as a member of the Australian Labor Party. He retained the seat until 1953. While a Member of Parliament, Weir served as an Assistant Minister in 1946. Weir was also chairman of directors of Association of Co-operative Building Societies from 1943 to 1946. Between 1946 and 1952, he was the Minister of Conservation. For a brief time in 1952, he was the Acting Minister for Transport. In 1952–53, he was a Minister without Portfolio. Weir resigned from parliament in 1953 when he was appointed as a Judge for the Industrial Relations Commission of New South Wales where he remained until 1956. == Hexham Bridge opening == On the 17th December 1952, in his position as the Acting minister for Transport, George Weir opened the Hexham Bridge. Prior to opening day, all traffic using the Pacific Highway had to cross the river on a punt. This journey could take over an hour during peak traffic times, so the opening of the bridge was a major step forward for transportation within the region. == Later life and death == From 1953 until 1956, he served as Chairman of the Crown Employees Appeal Board. In 1954, he was the President of the Men of the Land Society. Weir died at Five Dock, New South Wales from a heart attack on 4 July 1956. His funeral was held at the Rookwood Cemetery in the Church of England section. == Books == 1

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Montezuma (BBC documentary)<EOT>1

Montezuma (BBC documentary)

Montezuma is a 2009 BBC Television documentary film in which Dan Snow examines the reign of the Aztec Emperor Moctezuma II.

Montezuma is a 2009 BBC Television documentary film in which Dan Snow examines the reign of the Aztec Emperor Moctezuma II. == Production == The film was produced by BBC Wales to tie in with the exhibition Moctezuma: Aztec Ruler at the British Museum. == Reception == == Reviews == == Ratings == Broadcast 2009-09-19: 1.1 million viewers (5% audience share). == Synopsis == Dan Snow journeys to the ancient heart of Mexico in search of the lost civilisation of the Aztecs and their last and greatest ruler, Montezuma II (1502–1520). Montezuma inherited an empire of five million people, stretching from present-day Mexico to Nicaragua, from his uncle. His rule was marked by incessant warfare. Enemy states were growing more powerful and conquered tribes were becoming more rebellious. Within months of taking the throne in 1502, he changed from a man of good reason into a pitiless autocrat who declared himself a god, believing that fear and ruthlessness were the only ways to stop the empire falling apart. Yet it was at the hands of Cortes and the Spanish conquistadors that Montezuma met his downfall. But what was his relationship with Cortes, and why did such a ruthless leader submit to his captors with such relative ease? As Dan Snow visits the ruins and picks through current excavations, he pieces together the evidence of a gripping story: a divine tragedy of errors, the clash of civilisations, the end of a world - and a very human God. == Media information == == DVD release == Released on Region 2 DVD by BBC DVD on 2009-10-19.1

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Roadkill Ghost Choir<EOT>You'll receive a house show with the full band. Sound system will be provided by the band. For locations 200 miles or more we'll need additional money for gas (Limited to Florida) . You'll also receive a digital copy of the album (before it is released), a physical copy of the record, credit on the album notes and a RKGC shirt. 1

Roadkill Ghost Choir

Roadkill Ghost Choir is an American alternative rock band from DeLand, Florida. In January 2014 they performed on Late Night with David Letterman, and have had notable appearances at Bonnaroo, Lollapalooza and Governors Ball festivals. In August 2014, the band released their debut full-length album In Tongues, produced by Doug Boehm (Powderfinger, The Vines, Booker T. Jones). Their sound has been described as "combining the experimental edge of Radiohead and the dusty roots-rock of Tom Petty, tailor-made for arena-sized, prog-rock festivals and grassy, pastoral stages alike.”

Roadkill Ghost Choir is an American alternative rock band from DeLand, Florida. In January 2014 they performed on Late Night with David Letterman, and have had notable appearances at Bonnaroo, Lollapalooza and Governors Ball festivals. In August 2014, the band released their debut full-length album In Tongues, produced by Doug Boehm (Powderfinger, The Vines, Booker T. Jones). Their sound has been described as "combining the experimental edge of Radiohead and the dusty roots-rock of Tom Petty, tailor-made for arena-sized, prog-rock festivals and grassy, pastoral stages alike.” == Overview == Forming in 2011, the band released their debut EP, Quiet Light, in 2012. Self-released, the mastering and printing of the record was supported by a successful Kickstarter campaign. “Quiet Light” premiered on Consequence of Sound and received positive critical acclaim from outlets such as Absolute Punk and The Dropp. In January 2014 the band was invited to perform on Late Night with David Letterman, where they performed standout track “Beggar’s Guild.” They also were one of the bands handpicked to join the inaugural Communion Presents Tour Dates, an artist showcase curated by Mumford and Sons' Ben Lovett. Their debut full-length album, In Tongues, was released 19 August 2014 to wide critical acclaim. Recorded in their home studio and produced by Doug Boehm, the album received exclusive streams on Consequence of Sound and Paste Magazine, as well as positive reviews from Rolling Stone, SPIN, Relix and In Your Speakers. Rolling Stone’s Cady Drell noted that Andrew Shepard’s vocals on the opening track "make him sound like the latter-day Tom Petty he's been pitched as”, and that "synths and roiling surf rock guitars illuminate fans' flattering comparisons of Shepard to My Morning Jacket's Jim James”. Similarly, Justin Jacobs of Relix magazine stated “Roadkill Ghost Choir hit the sweet spot between Mumford & Sons’ power-folk and My Morning Jacket’s passionate post-Southern rock.” == Touring == The band toured with Band of Horses performing opening slots in 2013, and were featured at Austin City Limits, New York’s Governors Ball and Shaky Knees. 2014 saw festival inclusions at Bonnaroo, Lollapalooza, Electric Forest and SXSW, among others. They also joined the inaugural Communion Presents tour, alongside Willy Mason, Yacht Club DJs and Rubblebucket, stopping at nine cities in one month. == Band Members == Andrew Shepard - songwriter and singer Stephen Garza - lead guitar Zach Shepard - bass Maxx Shepard - drums Kiffy Myers - pedal steel, banjo == Discography == == 2012/09/25 ‘Quiet Light’ EP == Track listing: Beggars' Guild Drifter Devout Tarot Youth Bird in my Window In the Lion's Mouth == 2014/08/19 'In Tongues' == Track listing: Slow Knife Hwy Down & Out A Blow to the Head I Could see Everything No Enemy Womb Lazarus, You've Been Dreaming Dead Friend See You Soon1

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Court Appointed Special Advocates (CASA)<EOT>1

Court Appointed Special Advocates (CASA)

Court Appointed Special Advocates (CASA) is a national association in the United States that supports and promotes court-appointed advocates for abused or neglected children in order to provide children with a safe and healthy environment in permanent homes. In many jurisdictions, CASA are known as Guardians ad litem. In other jurisdictions, the CASA is a volunteer who need not be an attorney, whose role is to gather information and make recommendations to the judge, while the GAL is an attorney whose role is to represent the child's interests. According to National CASA Association, today there are more than 70,000 advocates serving in nearly 1,000 state and local program offices nationwide. Because of these volunteers, each year nearly a quarter of a million children are assisted through CASA services.

Court Appointed Special Advocates (CASA) is a national association in the United States that supports and promotes court-appointed advocates for abused or neglected children in order to provide children with a safe and healthy environment in permanent homes. In many jurisdictions, CASA are known as Guardians ad litem. In other jurisdictions, the CASA is a volunteer who need not be an attorney, whose role is to gather information and make recommendations to the judge, while the GAL is an attorney whose role is to represent the child's interests. According to National CASA Association, today there are more than 70,000 advocates serving in nearly 1,000 state and local program offices nationwide. Because of these volunteers, each year nearly a quarter of a million children are assisted through CASA services. == History == During 1977, Seattle Superior Court Judge David Soukup was faced with making decisions on behalf of abused and neglected children with only the information provided by the state Child Protective Services. Soukup formulated the idea that volunteers could be dedicated to a case and speak for children's best interests. Fifty volunteers responded to his idea, which started a movement that provides better representation for abused and neglected children throughout the country. == Current situation == Since that time, CASA programming has grown to cover all U.S. states. Some state and local agencies receive government funding, while others do not. The National CASA agency relies on pass thru grants from the Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention as well as partnerships with organizations like Jewelers for Children. National CASA then passes grant funding to state and local agencies. This state and local agency funding has constituted over $125 million since 1993. == Strategic objectives == According to CASA, the strategic objectives of the organization are listed as follows: Every court in the United States recognizes that a CASA/GAL volunteer is essential for a successful outcome for children Our volunteer base reflects the diversity and cultural makeup of children in the system Every potential donor understands the importance of our mission, and places it at the top of their priority list Every government official at the local, state, tribal and federal level understands the far-reaching results a CASA/GAL volunteer can achieve, and places our work at the top of their agenda Every child can thrive in the safe embrace of a loving family == Training == Court Appointed Special Advocates (CASA) can be found in cities all over the United States. Different locations vary on their training process but all advocates are properly trained to assess a familial situation, a child's opinion, and adequately represent children in court. Typical training consists of 30 hours spent in workshops and 10 hours spent in observing court cases and procedures. Each CASA location also has a volunteer coordinator along with the location overseer that are available for consultation and guidance on cases.1

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Oswald Georg Hirmer<EOT>1

Oswald Georg Hirmer

Oswald Georg Hirmer (February 28, 1930 Amberg, Germany– March 5, 2011) was a Roman Catholic bishop of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Umtata, South Africa. Born in Germany, Hirmer was ordained a priest in 1955. In 1997, he was named bishop of the Umtata Diocese. Hirmer retired in 2008 and henceforth was bishop emeritus. Bishop Hirmer died on March 5, 2011.1

Oswald Georg Hirmer (February 28, 1930 Amberg, Germany– March 5, 2011) was a Roman Catholic bishop of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Umtata, South Africa. Born in Germany, Hirmer was ordained a priest in 1955. In 1997, he was named bishop of the Umtata Diocese. Hirmer retired in 2008 and henceforth was bishop emeritus. Bishop Hirmer died on March 5, 2011.1

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Carter Larsen<EOT>BG Flute Cleaning Products and Accessories Discover all options to maintain your flute in perfect cleaning and safe conditions . Free samples for attendees! This gala concert offers something for everyone: Robert Dick, wizard of extended techniques; an "Improvised Encounter" between jazz flutist Ali Ryerson and low flute virtuoso Matthias Ziegler; and rising star, Alena Lugovkina . 1

Carter Larsen

Carter Lawrence Larsen is an American classical pianist and composer. Most widely known for his European performances in the 1980s. He is sought after in Hollywood for film scoring and now primarily focuses on piano composition.

Carter Lawrence Larsen is an American classical pianist and composer. Most widely known for his European performances in the 1980s. He is sought after in Hollywood for film scoring and now primarily focuses on piano composition. == Early life and education == Larsen was born in San Francisco, California, and began piano studies at the age of six. Composing music in his teens, Larsen graduated from the San Francisco Conservatory of Music, pursuing a dual career as composer and pianist. He studied composition under John Adams and piano under Milton Salkind (Conservatory president) and Mack McCray. Post Conservatory, he worked with Peter Feuchtwanger and Ruth Nye in London, and Vlado Perlemuter (Maurice Ravel's assistant) in Paris. == Musical style and compositions == Larsen is known for creating a new style of 21st-century romanticism which combines 19th-century romanticism with influences of the 20th century, such as jazz, minimalism and world music. His group of compositions, Fantasia Suite, is seen as a Neo-Romantic reaction to the violence and dissonance of the last century, emphasizing beauty and fantasy with idealism at its foundation. His more than 180 substantial solo piano works in Fantasia Suite establishes Larsen as one of today's most prolific solo piano composers. These compositions represent a continuous cycle of cinematic, yet classically written music in a bold, new contemporary idiom. Andrea Van de Kamp, Chairman Emeritus of the Music Center in Los Angeles, declares, “Fantasia Suite is the music of the future. Larsen is creating a breakthrough with his twenty-first century Neo-Romantic approach. He has embraced the summation of our classical culture in music, while exploding into another dimension of creativity.” Scott Epstein insists, “Larsen composes music for our age that is personal, deeply felt and sophisticated. Resisting conventional labels, his music pursues its own path with intense inspiration. It reaches us and reflects us. Larsen is a composer for out times.” In Larsen's compositions, the melody, harmony, rhythm and instrumental virtuosity attains a level of complexity that is richly satisfying. Larsen's approach to the piano, though modern and individual, has its antecedents in the pianism of the great classical and romantic composers. The music is sometimes vocal, sometimes orchestral and sometimes peculiarly pianistic in figuration. The forms are clear and accessible and the music is always at the service of the emotional content, whether serious or capricious, bitter or sweet, worldly or spiritual. == Performances and appearances == Starting in 1980, Larsen became renowned in Europe for his piano performances of the High Romantics. In particular, his interpretations of Liszt, Grieg, Rachmaninoff and Saint-Saëns made significant contributions to the Romantic Revival and won acclaim from both audiences and critics. Carter Larsen conducted and performed as soloist with major concerts including the Royal Philharmonic and the London Symphony Orchestras. His featured presentation in London performing Chopin's music, was broadcast on BBC television's prestigious "Omnibus " program in 1986. Renowned for several world premieres and recordings of previously unknown works of Liszt and Saint-Saëns, Larsen became the first pianist to make a complete cd recording of Saint-Saëns' solo piano music in 1989. Carter Larsen established himself as a serious composer premiering four original compositions alongside the classics, which were first broadcast on the UK's Classic FM "Platform Live" in 1994. He also served as conductor in the 70th Academy Awards. Further expanding his musical influence, in 2010 Larsen was invited to perform during the Shanghai Expo 2010, at the Shanghai Grand Theatre June 21, the closing night of the International Film Festival and the Shanghai Music Festival. Larsen performed the classics, original compositions, and improvisations. It was the first time CNN had interviewed an artist for the Grand Theatre. The concert was covered by two television stations broadcasting to a total estimated audience of 500 million and included the Shanghai International Channel and the Shanghai Arts Channel filming a documentary of the concert. == Larsen's Volumes == Twenty-first century composer Carter Larsen has, since 1973, written more than 180 substantial piano and orchestra works in Fantasia Suite, now available in a complete collection of Six Volumes and as individual books. Volume I - ARCADIA Volume II - NEXUS Volume III - EMERANCE Volume IV - ODYSSEY Volume V - KALIDA Volume VI - ALTURAS “The significance of this collection on the culture of classical music cannot be overstated. Larsen’s volumes of solo piano and orchestral music impact classical music’s identity to twenty-first century audiences, who will find that its focus is vital and culturally relevant. This collected edition marks an important and large contribution to piano and orchestra repertoire through its aesthetic vision, originality and legacy.” Dr. Mark Howard, PhD These volumes establish Larsen as one of today’s most prolific piano composers. Larsen compositions represent a continuous cycle of romantic, yet classically written, music in a bold, new contemporary idiom. == Music in film == Larsen extended his talents to create film and television scores, writing music for major Hollywood studios. He was asked to compose music for prestigious films, such as Paramount's Star Trek to Nosferatu along with Masterpiece Theatre and The Mark of Zorro. Larsen's films, "Innocents Mission" and Love Bytes, premiered during the Sundance Film Festival and his feature Big Shots premiered during the Cannes Film Festival. The composer is currently scoring Martin Scorsese’s new film Something to Believe In, as well as creating his most ambitious work, the Fantasia Suite. == Works list == Fantasia Suite Arcadia Flight, Op. 7 Reverence, Op. 36 Lumiere, Op. 28 Soliloquy, Op. 10 Bridges, Op. 3 Elegie, Op. 1 Brunella, Op. 22 Someday, Op. 2 Celebration, Op. 21 Spirit of Auriel, Op. 18 Seagulls of Capri, Op. 5 Gypsy’s Waltz, Op. 13 Carousel, Op. 25 Eternal Rhapsodie, Op. 4 Nexus Ethereal Nights, Op. 6 Innocence, Op. 17 Raging Light, Op. 33 Solstice, Op. 12 Circus Waltz, Op. 31 Dernier Voyage, Op. 37 Dragonfly, Op. 46 Moonlit Nostalgia, Op. 26 Spinato, Op. 68 Esprit, Op. 38 Lament, Op. 8 Mass Ascension Op. 9 Emerance Seacliff, Op. 27 Elysia, Op. 29 Cirrus, Op. 11 To the Wind, Op. 41 The Game, Op. 67 Leonora, Op. 42 Spectrum of Triumph, Op. 16 Dimanche, Op. 32 Mercurious, Op. 73 Santorini Op. 35 Odyssey Sirens in Trancoso Op. 62 Tale of Velasco Op. 72 Iris Op. 107 Call Of Asturias Op. 66 Realization Op. 63 Firestorm Op. 69 Prophecy Op. 49 Delphi Crystals Op. 79 Esaltante Op. 105 Euphoric Odyssey Op. 45 Reminiscence Op. 20 Ratanga Op. 61 The Gift Op. 14 Enrique’s Song Op. 59 Lance of Soleris Op. 95 March To The Cosmos Op. 44 Kalida Sapphire Op. 47 Reflect Op. 48 Amore E Destino Op. 34 Kai Op. 19 Folletta Op. 75 Spectre Op. 40 Valse Pensif Op. 51 Alexei’s Mission Op. 86 The Vision Op. 30 Scherzana Op. 52 Rainbow Op. 24 Mirage Op. 15 == Recordings == Solo Saint-Saëns Film Scoring for Piano and Orchestra Scoring Selections Fantasia Suite for Piano and Orchestra Music for Piano - Camille Saint-Saëns Original Music for Film and Television Romantic Rarities Melodic Montage Live at St. Martin-in-the-Fields Fantasia Suite I Fantasia Suite II == Soundtracks == The Healing Chamber Impressions Big Shots Pierced Heart The Innocents Mission Love Bytes Cannon in Flowers: Film about Chopin and Poland == Videos == Awakening Elegie Sapphire, Op. 47 Appassionato Solstice Bridges and Beyond Impressions1

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Suicide attacks in the North Caucasus conflict<EOT>1

Suicide attacks in the North Caucasus conflict

In June 2000, the North Caucasian Chechen separatist-led Islamic insurgents added suicide bombing to their tactics in their struggle against Russia. Since then, there have been dozens of suicide attacks within and outside the republic of Chechnya, resulting in thousands of casualties among Russian security personnel and civilians. The profiles of the suicide bombers have varied, as have the circumstances surrounding the bombings. Although the most publicized Chechen suicide attacks have taken place in Moscow, most attacks have occurred in Chechnya, while several additional attacks have taken place in the extended North Caucasus region and particular the neighboring Russian republic of Ingushetia. The majority of suicide bombings, targeting military installations and government compounds in and around Chechnya and also top government officials, have been directed against those whom the separatists consider to be combatants.

In June 2000, the North Caucasian Chechen separatist-led Islamic insurgents added suicide bombing to their tactics in their struggle against Russia. Since then, there have been dozens of suicide attacks within and outside the republic of Chechnya, resulting in thousands of casualties among Russian security personnel and civilians. The profiles of the suicide bombers have varied, as have the circumstances surrounding the bombings. Although the most publicized Chechen suicide attacks have taken place in Moscow, most attacks have occurred in Chechnya, while several additional attacks have taken place in the extended North Caucasus region and particular the neighboring Russian republic of Ingushetia. The majority of suicide bombings, targeting military installations and government compounds in and around Chechnya and also top government officials, have been directed against those whom the separatists consider to be combatants. == Summary == As of 2009, most of the bombers appear to be ethnic Chechens, with a few known exceptions. Although some of the attacks may have also been carried out by Ingush, an ethnic group closely related to the Chechens (the Ingush bear a separate set of grudges against Russia, including Russian support of the Ossetian side of the East Prigorodny Conflict), none have occurred in the republics of Dagestan and Kabardino-Balkaria or with any known involvement of local rebel groups there. There is no evidence of any foreign involvement in either the planning or execution of Chechen attacks aside from the inspiration from the tactics employed in the Arab–Israeli conflict. In contrast to Palestinian suicide bombers, whose families are offered large cash rewards, no financial rewards are given. Female suicide bombers, referred to as "shahidka" by Chechens (meaning a female Islamic martyr) or "Black Widows" by Russians (as they have often had their husbands [and/or children] killed by the Russian army or the Kadyrovtsy), comprise a clear majority of Chechen suicide attackers; this trend stands in direct contrast to ongoing suicide bomb campaigns in Israel and Iraq, where women constitute only a small minority of suicide bombers. What is also somewhat unusual about Chechen bombing is that although the tactics used are largely similar to those used by Islamic militants, religion is usually not the cited motivation, despite Russian claims. For example, female bomber Khava Barayeva stated that she attacked in the name of Chechen independence, and urged more Chechens to do the same for their national honor. Family members of identified bombers often suffer severe reprisals (beatings, arson attacks, kidnappings, torture and murder) at the hands of masked gunmen presumed to be government agents and members of pro-Kremlin militias, although the same may be said about the relatives of all Chechen rebels. Through the first five years of the Chechen-Russian conflict (including the First Chechen War and most of the first year of the Second Chechen War), there were no planned suicide bombings related to Chechnya. The highest concentrations of suicide attacks to date occurred in the following time periods: the summer of 2000, when suicide bombers used cars and trucks filled with explosives] to attack military and police targets in Chechnya 2003–2004, when a much-publicized wave of explosive belt terrorist attacks against Russian civilians swept out of Chechnya and into Moscow the summer of 2009. The 2009 terrorists appear to have been mostly male, targeting police and regional top officials in and near Chechnya. Radical rebel commander Shamil Basayev and his extremist gang, Riyadus-Salikhin Reconnaissance and Sabotage Battalion of Chechen Martyrs, claimed responsibility for many of them. In late 2004, following the Beslan disaster, attacks (excluding those against the Kadyrov regime) ceased for four years due to major changes in tactics employed by the separatist movement. The reason for this was cited as a certain amount of shame over Beslan on the part of the Chechen separatists. A spokesman said in 2004 that "A bigger blow could not have been dealt on us. ... People around the world will think that Chechens are beasts and monsters if they could attack children." The bombings resumed by 2008 and in April 2009. Caucasus Emirate leader Doku Umarov announced the reactivation of the Riyadus-Salikhin extremist gang, which had been disbanded in 2006 at the behest of Umarov's predecessor Sheikh Abdul Halim. Numerous attacks were then conducted during what Umarov called the "year of offensive". The Emirate's leadership has been compelled to revert to the tactic of istishhad by the influx of volunteers, which has coincided with a severe shortage of food and weapons. == Russia's suicide bombing incidents == == Attacks against Russian government targets == June 2000 Chechnya bombings June 6–11, 2000 – Chechnya experienced its first suicide bombings when two Chechen girls, 22-year-old Khava Barayeva and 16-year-old Luiza Magomadova, and Russian former prisoner of war and Islam convert Djabrail Sergeyev (Sergey Dimitriyev) attacked separate checkpoints manned by Russian paramilitary police in the Chechen capital Grozny and in the village of Alkhan-Yurt with two car bombs, killing at least four OMON troops (25 Russians were killed according to rebels). July 2000 Chechnya bombings July 2–3, 2000 – Chechens launched five or six bomb attacks targeting various Russian military and police headquarters and barracks within 24 hours, killing at least 54 people and injuring more than 100, including civilians. The most deadly of the attacks killed 25 Russian MVD troops and injured 81 at the Interior Ministry base in the town of Argun (this bombing was also filmed from a safe distance). In the city of Gudermes, 11 people were killed at a police station. Other, less successful attacks in Grozny, Urus Martan and Novogroznensky resulted in the government losses of eight killed and three missing, according to official reports. Shamil Basayev claimed responsibility for organization of the attacks, which according to Movladi Udugov, resulted in more than 600 federal casualties. August 2000 Chechnya bombings A series of attacks in Urus-Martan, Khankala, Argun and elsewhere killed at least 30 people and injured 50. November 2000 Urus-Martan bombing November 29, 2001 – A young Chechen woman, Aiza Gazuyeva (aged 18 or 20), blew up herself with a hand grenade, killing Russian General Gaidar Gadzhiyev, whom she blamed for the death of her detained husband. Two other soldiers were also killed and two were injured. 2002 Grozny bombing December 27, 2002 – Two Chechen bombers, Gelani Tumriyev and his 17-year-old half-Russian daughter, Alina Tumriyeva, dressed in Russian military uniforms and using official passes, drove a truck bomb into the heavily guarded main republican administration compound in Grozny, wrecking the four-story "government house". At least 83 people were killed and 210 injured, many of them Chechen and federal government officials. Deputy Prime Minister Zina Batyzheva was seriously hurt and a deputy military commandant of Chechnya was also injured. The explosion had the force of one ton of TNT. Shamil Basayev claimed responsibility for both the planning and execution of the attack, which was recorded by camera. 2003 Znamenskoye bombing On May 12, 2003, three bombers (a man and two women) drove a truck full of explosives into a government complex in Znamenskoye, northern Chechnya. The blast gutted the regional republican FSB headquarters responsible for coordinating the ongoing "counter-extremist operation" in all of Chechnya. At least 59 people were killed and about 200 injured in the filmed attack, including many civilians in the nearby marketplace. 2003 Iliskhan-Yurt bombing May 14, 2003 – Pro-Russian Chechen President Akhmad Kadyrov was targeted by a pair of female bombers (Shakhidat Baymuradova and Zulai Abdulazakova) at a religious festival in the village of Iliskhan-Yurt. The pair were however stopped by his bodyguards. An explosive device detonated by Baymuradova, a 46-year-old veteran woman guerrilla, killed 16 people, including Abdulazakova, and injured 43 others. June 2003 Mozdok bombing June 5, 2003 – An unidentified female bomber, apparently dressed as a medic, attacked a bus carrying Russian Air Force pilots and other personnel (including civilian workers) to the Mozdok airbase in North Ossetia, killing at least 17 of them and injuring 14. Mozdok Air Base has been used by the Russian federal forces for operations in Chechnya since 1994. June 2003 Grozny bombing June 20, 2003 – A truck bomb attack on a cluster of Grozny government buildings, including headquarters of the OMON special police and the Justice Ministry, failed when the bomb exploded prematurely, killing up to eight and injuring some 36. August 2003 Mozdok bombing August 1, 2003 – An unidentified bomber driving a KamAZ truck packed with one ton of explosives blew up a military hospital treating the military casualties from Chechnya in another attack at Mozdok, North Ossetia, less than two months after the airbase bus blast. The massive explosion destroyed the hospital building completely, collapsing it and killing at least 50 and injuring 82, mostly wounded or sick soldiers and medical personnel. Chechen rebels loyal to the Aslan Maskhadov government claimed they had nothing to do with the bombing. The commander of the Mozdok military hospital, Lt. Col. Artur Arakelian, was arrested on charges of criminal negligence and failure to carry out an order. 2003 Magas bombing September 15, 2003 – Two unidentified attackers detonated a truck bomb outside the republican FSB headquarters in Magas, the new capital of Ingushetia, killing three other people and injuring 29. The building was only slightly damaged and the devastation was limited mostly to its parking lot. 2008 Vedeno bombing August 30, 2008 – A pair of suicide bombers in a car attacked perimeter of a base of Internal Troops at Vedeno, killing at least one paramilitary soldier and injuring 11 more. May 2009 Grozny bombing May 15, 2009 – An elderly man detonated a bomb after unsuccessfully trying to get into the Interior Ministry in Grozny, killing two policemen at the security gate and injuring at least five other people. A taxi driver who had dropped him there was gunned down by the police and then declared to be an accomplice of the attacker; the first reports said he was a civilian killed in the blast. That was the first bombing in Grozny since 2003. June 2009 Nazran bombing June 23, 2009 – Ingush President Yunus-bek Yevkurov was critically injured in a suicide car bomb attack on his motorcade that wrecked his armoured Mercedes car. His brother, who served as his head of security, was also injured, and his driver and a bodyguard were killed. Police said they identified the bomber as an Ingush woman Pyatimat Mutaliyeva. July 2009 Grozny bombing July 26, 2009 – A belt attack by 21-year-old Rustam Mukhadiyev (Mukhadiev) outside the Grozny theatre and concert hall killed at least six people, including four high-ranking police officers (one of them sent to Chechnya from the republic of Adygea), and injured up to 10. The possible target of the attack may have been Chechen President Ramzan Kadyrov, who later accused the young Islamic rebel scholar Said Buryatsky (born as Alexander Tikhomirov) of an attempt to assassinate him. The two civilians killed in the attack were said to be from Georgia and Turkey, the first foreigners to have died in North Caucasus attacks. August 2009 Nazran bombing August 17, 2009 – A filmed car bomb attack against the police headquarters in Nazran killed at least 25 and injured about 138 people, including civilians, and destroyed the main police station in the republic's largest city. Russian President Dmitry Medvedev sacked the Ingush police chief, while the Ingush President Yevkurov accused Britain, the United States and Israel as well as Islamic militants. The rebels did not reveal the bomber's identity, allegedly out of fear of reprisals against his family, but the preparation of the bombing was claimed by a young Russian, Buryat Muslim ideologist Sheikh Said Buryatsky (Alexander Tikhomirov), at first widely presumed to be the man who had carried out the attack. August 2009 Chechnya bombings August 21–25, 2009 – Two bombers riding bicycles staged an apparently coordinated pair of attacks against the Chechen police in Grozny, killing at least four officers and injuring a civilian woman, according to police officials. The use of bicycles would represent a new tactic for the insurgents. Four days later, four more policemen were killed and another one and two civilians injured in a suicide attack at a car wash in the village of Mesker-Yurt, according to the police. 2009 Makhachkala bombing September 1, 2009 – In the reportedly first attack in the Russian republic of Dagestan, a federal customs officer was killed and 14 people (including five police officers and four civilians) injured in the regional capital, Makhachkala, as a result of a car bomb, a spokesman for the Russian Interior Ministry's office in Dagestan said. September 2009 Grozny bombing September 16, 2009 – A female suicide bomber attacked a traffic police car at the crossroads of the Peace and Putin Avenues in the center of Grozny, killing at least one policeman and injuring at least six other people, according to a Chechen police spokesman. December 2009 Nazran suicide bombing December 17, 2009 – A suicide bomber himself up with a car bomb at a police station in Ingushetia, killing himself and injuring 23 others. It was reported that three children were among the injured. The car reportedly had a license plate from nearby Chechnya. January 2010 Makhachkala suicide bombing January 6, 2010 – A bomber detonated his explosives near the gates of the base Battalion DPS. The bomb reportedly detonated prematurely as local police were suspicious of a vehicle trying to enter the gates to the base and rammed it. The vehicle exploded. At least six people were killed in this bombing and another 14 others were injured. 2010 Kizlyar bombings March 31, 2010 – In Kizlyar, Dagestan, two bomb blasts resulted in the deaths of at least 12 people, including the local police chief for the area. It is known that the second bomber had been dressed as a policeman, and it has been reported that another 29 were wounded in these blasts. The first bomber detonated his car near the buildings of the Interior Ministry. The second bomber apparently struck as a team of investigators were working at the scene of the first explosion. April 2010 Karabulak suicide bombing April 5, 2010 – Two blasts occurred near to a police station in Karabulak, Ingushetia. It was reported that at least two police officers were killed and another 13 injured. At least one of these blasts was carried out by a suicide bomber. The second explosion was allegedly caused by a car nearby that had presumably been mined by the suicide bomber, who had arrived in the vehicle. April 2010 Ingushetia suicide attack April 9, 2010 – A female bomber blew herself up after shooting dead a police officer in the village of Ekazhevo within the republic of Ingushetia. April 2010 Makhachkala suicide bombing April 29, 2010 – In Makhachkala, Dagestan, a bomber set off a car-bomb at a police checkpoint after being stopped for an inspection. Three police officers were killed and another 16 were injured. June 2010 Grozny suicide bombing June 30, 2010 – In Grozny, Chechnya, a bomber blew himself up during a document check in the centre of the capital city. The bomber was killed and at least 10 others were apparently injured, including at least four police officers and six civilians. August 2010 Prigorodny suicide bombing August 17, 2010 – In the Prigorodny district of North Ossetia, a bomber blew himself up after an identification check at a police checkpoint between the borders of the North Caucasus republics of Ingushetia and North Ossetia. It was later reported that the bomber and at least two police officers died. At least three others were apparently injured. September 2010 Buinaksk bombing September 5, 2010 – A car bomber rammed his explosive-laden vehicle into the gates of a military base near Buinaksk, Dagestan. It was reported that at least five Russian soldiers were killed and that around 39 others were injured. A secondary IED explosion apparently blew up as investigators were traveling to the scene of the first bombing. However, there were no reported casualties. September 2010 Makhachkala bombing September 24, 2010 – In Makhachkala, the capital city of Dagestan, a bomber detonated his explosives at a police cordon. At least two police officers were killed and another 44 others were injured, some critically. October 2010 Grozny attack October 19, 2010 – Three gunman attacked a parliament building in Grozny, killing three and injuring another 17. All three blew themselves up when police reached them. October 2010 Khasavyurt suicide bombing October 23, 2010 – In Khasavyurt, Dagestan, a car-bomber attempted to drive his vehicle into a police station within the city, then blew himself up. At least one police officer was killed and 12 others were apparently injured. February 2011 Gubden suicide bombings February 15, 2011 – In the village of Gubden, Dagestan, it was reported that two bomb explosions occurred, one of which involved a female and the other a car-bomber, both targeting a Russian security checkpoint. At least three police officers were killed and more than 25 others injured. == Attacks against Russian civilians == 2003 Tushino bombing July 5, 2003 – 20-year-old Chechen woman Zulikhan Elikhadzhiyeva blew herself up outside a rock festival at the Tushino airfield near Moscow; her bomb did not detonate as expected. 15 minutes later, only a few meters from where Zulikhan blew herself up, 26-six-year-old Zinaida Aliyeva detonated her explosives. The attack killed 11 people on the spot, while at least 60 people were injured and four of them later died in hospital. 2003 Stavropol train bombing December 5, 2003 – A shrapnel-filled bomb, believed to have been strapped to a lone male attacker, ripped apart a commuter train near Chechnya, killing 46 people and injuring nearly 200. The explosion occurred during a busy morning rush hour when the train was loaded with many students and workers; it ripped the side of the train open as it approached a station near the town of Yessentuki in Stavropol Krai. The attacks occurred one day after Russia's State Duma elections. 2003 Red Square bombing December 10, 2003 – Only five days later, a blast occurred at Red Square in the very center of Moscow, as Khadishat Mangeriyeva (widow of separatist field commander Ruslan Mangeriyev) set off a body belt packed with ball bearings near the Kremlin and State Duma, killing six people and injuring 44. Shamil Basayev claimed responsibility for organising both of the December 2003 attacks, as well as the August aircraft bombings. February 2004 Moscow metro bombing February 6, 2004 – A bomb ripped through a Moscow metro car during rush hour morning near the Avtozavodskaya subway station in Moscow, killing at least 40 people and injuring 134. This time, Basayev denied responsibility for the bombing. A previously unknown Chechen extremist group claimed it launched the attack to mark the fourth anniversary of the February 2000 Novye Aldi massacre in Chechnya. 2004 aircraft bombings August 24, 2004 – Two Russian airliners crashed nearly simultaneously in the Tula and Rostov regions of Russia, killing a total of 90 people. Two Chechen women, Amanta Nagayeva (30) and Satsita Dzhebirkhanova (37), have been identified as the perpetrators of the attack. August 2004 Moscow metro bombing August 31, 2004 – Twenty-nine-year-old Roza Nagayeva (sister of Amanat Nagayeva) apparently panicked and prematurely detonated explosives before entering the Rizhskaya metro station in the Russian capital. Ten other people were killed (including her apparent handler, ethnic Ukrainian Islamic militant Nikolai Kipkeyev) and about 30 injured in the blast. 2008 Vladikavkaz bombing November 6, 2008 – A suspected female bomber exiting a minibus killed at least 11 people and injured as many as 40 others at a taxi-van stop next to the central market in Vladikavkaz, capital of North Ossetia, officials said. No claim of responsibility was issued. 2010 Moscow Metro bombings March 29, 2010 – Two female bombers blew themselves up in Moscow's subway system as it was packed with rush-hour passengers, killing at least 40 and wounding more than 75. 2010 Vladikavkaz bombing September 9, 2010 – A car-bomber detonated his explosive-laden vehicle at the Central market in the city of Vladikavkaz, capital of North Ossetia. At least 17 people were killed and more than 160 others were apparently injured, according to official reports. 2011 Domodedovo International Airport bombing January 24, 2011 – A male bomber detonated his explosives at the international arrivals hall of Moscow's Domodedovo International Airport, killing at least 36 people and injuring more than 180 others. Several foreign nationals were among the fatalities. == Hostage crises == Moscow theater hostage crisis October 23–26, 2002 – Among about 40 hostage takers at Dubrovka musical theater were some 20 young female militants who claimed to be wearing explosive belts. The women, between the ages of 16 to 26, were led by Zura Barayeva, widow of the Chechen warlord Arbi Barayev and also a relative of 22-year old Movsar Barayev, the self-described leader of the entire group. On the third day of the crisis, Russian special forces raided the theater and all of the militants in the building were shot to death at close range, many after being subdued. None of the explosive devices detonated during the Russian assault; the bombs turned out to be mostly just dummies, and even the few real ones were not in working order. Beslan school hostage crisis September 1–3, 2004 – A group of armed mostly Ingush and Chechen extremists took more than 1,100 people (including 777 children) hostage at School Number One in the town of Beslan, North Ossetia. Some of the adult hostages were killed. On the third day, Russian security forces stormed the building. At least 334 hostages, including 186 children, died, hundreds more were injured and many were reported missing. == Failed attacks == December 2000 – A truck bomb driven by a 16-year-old Chechen girl, Mareta Dudayeva, was stopped by gunfire as it smashed through the checkpoints and blockposts on its way to an Interior Ministry building in the Leninsky district of Grozny. Dudayeva was wounded by the guards but survived the attack. February 5, 2002 – 15-year-old Zarema Inarkayeva smuggled a small bomb inside of the building of Zavodsky district police station in Grozny; the bomb did not detonate properly and she was captured alive. July 10, 2003 – 22-year-old ethnic Ingush woman Zarema Muzhakhoyeva was captured while exiting a café on central Moscow’s Tverskaya Street; she said she believed that she was under observation by her male handlers ("Igor" and "Andrei"), who could detonate her bomb by remote control. An FSB bomb expert was killed trying to defuse her explosive device, but Muzhikoyeva survived. In April 2004, she was sentenced to 20 years in prison despite her full cooperation with the authorities. July 27, 2003 – Chechen woman Mariam Tashukhadzhiyeva detonated explosives outside a police station in the outskirts of Grozny, where Ramzan Kadyrov was reviewing his paramilitary troops, killing herself. The blast also injured one of guards who had stopped her and a female passerby. April 7, 2004 - Ingushetia's President Murat Zyazikov, a former KGB general, was lightly injured by a suicide car bomb attack on his motorcade. He was saved by the armour plating of his Mercedes-Benz car; six of his bodyguards were also injured. January 9, 2007 – A car laden with explosives attempted to ram through a roadblock set up by OMSN forces roughly 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) south-west of Grozny. The driver was killed by gunfire and the passenger exited the vehicle. It is likely the occupants attempted to detonate the explosives, but were unable to; recovered evidence showed the explosives were not properly wired. The driver, Dimitri Kozletski (24), was a Ukrainian national and the young passenger, whose identity is still unknown, is reported to have fled to either Saudi Arabia or the United States. October 1, 2008 – A male suicide bomber attacked the motorcade of Ingush Interior Minister Musa Medov in Nazran. Medov and his bodyguards were unharmed, but five bystanders were injured by the blast. September 11–12, 2009 – At least three civilians and two policemen were injured (one of the civilians mortally) in a suicide car-bomb attack on a road-patrol police blockpost at the Kavkaz federal highway near Nazran in Ingushetia. The police opened fire on a van as it approached. Subsequent reports stated nine people were wounded. On the same day, Dagestani security forces detained a woman, Sakinat Saidova, suspected of planning to carry out a suicide bombing in the regional capital Makhachkala. The next day, September 12, three policemen were injured in an explosion set off by a female bomber near a police post in central Grozny, according to authorities. October 23, 2009 - Chechen security services claimed they prevented an assassination attempt on Chechen President Ramzan Kadyrov and his (and Duma) deputy Adam Delimkhanov visiting a construction site of Akhmad Kadyrov memorial center in Grozny. Alleged Urus-Martan region rebel leader Beslan Bashtayev was shot and killed while driving a VAZ car, Chechen deputy interior minister Roman Edilov said. The deceased was known to be a follower of Sulim Yamadayev (the rival of Kadyrov, who was assassinated earlier in 2009, allegedly by Delimkhanov). October 5, 2010 - A bomber, Yerlan Usupov, opened fire at Russian security forces surrounding a private house and tried to break through the police cordon. However, Russian security forces returned fire, prematurely detonating the suicide-bomb belt that he was wearing. == Bombings by cornered militants == February 16, 2005 – A prominent foreign extremist named Abu Zaid Al-Kuwaiti blew up himself after being surrounded by Russian special forces in his safe house in Ingushetia, the FSB said. February 10, 2009 – A group of about four militants allegedly preparing to assassinate the President of Ingushetia blew up the building they were holed in during a siege/firefight in Magas, killing at least four members of Murmansk Oblast OMON and injuring as many as 24 others, including three civilians. The blast was powerful enough to overturn an armoured vehicle and several trucks. Unofficial reports put the police death toll at 15. August 28, 2009 – Three police officers and three civilians were injured when two insurgents wounded in a firefight blew themselves up in the Chechen town of Shali, a police spokesperson said. October 21, 2009 – Four policemen and a passerby were injured by a blast in the Oktyabrsky district of Grozny when police tried to detain 17-year old Zaurbek Khashumov, Chechen Interior Minister Ruslan Alkhanov said. October 23, 2009 – Five people, including a policeman and two militants, were killed during a special operation by Chechen police against a suspected cell in Grozny. According to Interior Minister Alkhanov, who was at the scene of the operation, two women in the house (20-year-old Eva Gaisumova and 21-year-old Khava Khasaeva) blew themselves up. October 27–29, 2009 – A Chechen militant identified as 24-year-old Ibrahim Kasumov blew himself up on one of Grozny's main squares with a hand grenade, killing one police officer and injuring another policeman during an attempt to detain him, Interior Minister Alkhanov said. Two days later on October 29, another militant, Kureysh Duguyev, 19, also blew himself up after being surrounded by police in the Lenin district of Grozny, but with no other casualties, Alkhanov said.1

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Bhavnagar Taluka<EOT>1

Bhavnagar Taluka

Bhavnagar Taluka is a taluka of Bhavnagar District, state of Gujarat, India. It was named after the largest city in the district, Bhavnagar which is also the administrative headquarters for the taluka, as well as the district. Bhavnagar Taluka is in the northeastern part of Bhavnagar District, and borders on Botad District to the north, Ahmedabad District to the northeast, the Gulf of Khambhat to the east, Ghogha Taluka to the southeast, Sihor Taluka to the southwest, and Vallabhipur Taluka to the west.

Bhavnagar Taluka is a taluka of Bhavnagar District, state of Gujarat, India. It was named after the largest city in the district, Bhavnagar which is also the administrative headquarters for the taluka, as well as the district. Bhavnagar Taluka is in the northeastern part of Bhavnagar District, and borders on Botad District to the north, Ahmedabad District to the northeast, the Gulf of Khambhat to the east, Ghogha Taluka to the southeast, Sihor Taluka to the southwest, and Vallabhipur Taluka to the west. == Villages == There are fifty-six panchayat villages in Bhavnagar Taluka.1

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Between the Buried and Me (album)<EOT>1

Between the Buried and Me (album)

Between the Buried and Me is the debut studio album by American progressive metal band Between the Buried and Me. It was produced by Jamie King and was released on April 30, 2002 through Lifeforce Records, and contains re-recordings of all the songs that were on the group's 2001 3-track demo. The musical style featured on their debut showcases the band's early metalcore influences, particularly its use of breakdowns and considerably less clean vocals. Starting with The Silent Circus, the band started going in a progressive metal direction, while still retaining some of the metalcore style from their debut. The songs on the album demonstrate numerous concepts—one of which, the song "Arsonist", was written about their strong feelings towards Westboro Baptist Church in Topeka, Kansas, which has become well known as a very controversial religious organization and hate group. A music video was released for the song "Aspirations".

Between the Buried and Me is the debut studio album by American progressive metal band Between the Buried and Me. It was produced by Jamie King and was released on April 30, 2002 through Lifeforce Records, and contains re-recordings of all the songs that were on the group's 2001 3-track demo. The musical style featured on their debut showcases the band's early metalcore influences, particularly its use of breakdowns and considerably less clean vocals. Starting with The Silent Circus, the band started going in a progressive metal direction, while still retaining some of the metalcore style from their debut. The songs on the album demonstrate numerous concepts—one of which, the song "Arsonist", was written about their strong feelings towards Westboro Baptist Church in Topeka, Kansas, which has become well known as a very controversial religious organization and hate group. A music video was released for the song "Aspirations". == Track listing == All lyrics written by Tommy Rogers; all music composed by Between the Buried and Me. == Personnel == Between the Buried and Me Tommy Giles Rogers – lead vocals, keyboards Paul Waggoner – lead guitar, rhythm guitar, vocals Nick Fletcher - rhythm guitar Jason King - bass guitar Will Goodyear - drums, clean vocals Production Produced by Jamie King1

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We Need Diverse Books<EOT>1

We Need Diverse Books

We Need Diverse Books (WNDB) is a nonprofit organization created to promote diversity of multiple forms in children's literature and publishing. The organization's programming includes funding grants and internships for diverse authors and people interested in publishing, a mentorship program, providing lists of book recommendations for librarians, teachers, and parents on finding books with characters from marginalized backgrounds, and publishing an anthology of short stories featuring multiple authors from diverse backgrounds.

We Need Diverse Books (WNDB) is a nonprofit organization created to promote diversity of multiple forms in children's literature and publishing. The organization's programming includes funding grants and internships for diverse authors and people interested in publishing, a mentorship program, providing lists of book recommendations for librarians, teachers, and parents on finding books with characters from marginalized backgrounds, and publishing an anthology of short stories featuring multiple authors from diverse backgrounds. == History == We Need Diverse Books started on Twitter. Following the announcement of a panel of all-white, all-male children's authors at BookCon in 2014, Ellen Oh and other authors and publishing insiders began protesting and discussing the lack of diversity and representation in the field on Twitter using the hashtag #WeNeedDiverseBooks. As the online discussion surrounding the hashtag grew, a core group of individuals decided to formally create a group to continue the movement. On July 29, 2014, We Need Diverse Books filed for incorporation as a nonprofit in Pennsylvania. == Programs == == Walter Dean Myers Award and Grants == The Walter Dean Myers Award for Outstanding Children's Literature (or "The Walter" for short) was created in 2014. Named after young adult author Walter Dean Myers, the award recognizes published, diverse authors who champion marginalized voices in their stories. The inaugural award was given to Jason Reynolds and Brendan Kiely in 2016 for their book All American Boys. In addition the The Walter, We Need Diverse Books also established the Walter Dean Myers grant program open to unpublished, diverse authors. == Collaboration with Scholastic == In 2016, Scholastic and We Need Diverse Books announced their expanded collaboration for the 2016-2017 school year via a series of eight flyers distributed to classrooms via the Scholastic Reading Club. == Publications == In January 2017, We Need Diverse Books published a middle-grade anthology of short stories called Flying Lessons and Other Stories featuring a wide breadth of diverse authors and stories.1

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Vladimir Karalić<EOT>1

Vladimir Karalić

Vladimir Karalić (Serbian Cyrillic: Bлaдимиp Kapaлић, born 22 March 1984 in Belgrade) is a Bosnian professional footballer who currently plays for First League of the Republika Srpska club Sloboda Mrkonjić Grad as a forward. Karalić has represented Bosnia and Herzegovina national football team once in 2007.

Vladimir Karalić (Serbian Cyrillic: Bлaдимиp Kapaлић, born 22 March 1984 in Belgrade) is a Bosnian professional footballer who currently plays for First League of the Republika Srpska club Sloboda Mrkonjić Grad as a forward. Karalić has represented Bosnia and Herzegovina national football team once in 2007. == Club career == == Sun Pegasus == On 11 January 2013, Karalić joined Hong Kong First Division League club Sun Pegasus from Rudar Prijedor for an undisclosed fee. After the season ended, Karalić was released by Sun Pegasus. == International career == Karalić has made one appearance for the full Bosnia and Herzegovina national football team, a friendly match against Poland on 15 December 2007. == Career statistics == == Hong Kong == 1

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Telekon – Live<EOT>1

Telekon – Live

Telekon – Live is a live album by English musician Gary Numan. The album was released in 2008 by Mortal Records and is a recording of Numan's 9 December 2006 Telekon concert at the London Forum. This was the first of Numan's 'classic album' tours. The CD is an exclusive fan club release via Townsend Records. A DVD of the concert was also released.

Telekon – Live is a live album by English musician Gary Numan. The album was released in 2008 by Mortal Records and is a recording of Numan's 9 December 2006 Telekon concert at the London Forum. This was the first of Numan's 'classic album' tours. The CD is an exclusive fan club release via Townsend Records. A DVD of the concert was also released. == Track listing == CD1 "This Wreckage" – 7:13 "Remind Me to Smile" – 4:20 "I Dream of Wires" – 5:04 "Telekon" – 4:28 "The Aircrash Bureau" – 6:14 "Photograph" – 3:27 "Sleep by Windows" – 6:48 "Please Push No More" – 5:28 CD2 "Remember I Was Vapour" – 5:08 "I'm an Agent" – 5:24 "We Are Glass" – 5:30 "The Joy Circuit" – 8:22 "A Game Called Echo" – 5:07 "I Die: You Die" – 5:12 "Down in the Park" – 5:41 "Are 'Friends' Electric?" – 7:24 This was the first time that the instrumental song Photograph (originally the b-side to This Wreckage) was played live. == Personnel == Gary Numan: Vocals, Guitar, Keyboard, Producer, Mixer; Rob Holliday: Bass; Ade Orange: Keyboards; David Brooks: Keyboards; Richard Beasley: Drums; Chris McCormack: Guitars; Andrew Keightley – Lighting Designer Cass Irvine: Mastering; Tom Grimshaw: Artwork1

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Mary Elizabeth Vroman<EOT>1

Mary Elizabeth Vroman

Mary Elizabeth Vroman (c. 1924 – April 29, 1967) was an American author of several books and short stories, including "See How They Run", a short story published in 1951.

Mary Elizabeth Vroman (c. 1924 – April 29, 1967) was an American author of several books and short stories, including "See How They Run", a short story published in 1951. == Background == Vroman was born circa 1924 in Buffalo, New York, and was raised in the British West Indies. She attended Alabama State Teachers College and graduated in 1949. She was a schoolteacher in Alabama and wrote her first short story, "See How They Run", based on her experiences in the classroom. It was published in Ladies' Home Journal in June 1951. She was presented the 1952 Christopher Award for the work and it was made into a 1953 film entitled Bright Road. Her work on the film earned her admittance to the Screen Writers Guild. She was their first African-American woman member. An author, her stories and screenplays depict the challenges of poverty and disadvantage. She was married to Dr. Oliver M. Harper at the time of her death after surgery in April 29, 1967, in New York. == Works == 1

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Wellington Street bus station<EOT>If you need to plan your route use the Journey Planner (external link) . <doc-sep> You can plan your journey from any location in the greater Wellington region using the Journey Planner (external link) . Simply enter where you're travelling from, where you are going to and what time of day you intend to travel. You'll be given a range of travel options for your journey. 1

Wellington Street bus station

Wellington Street Bus Station was a Transperth bus station located next to Perth railway station in Perth CBD, Western Australia.

Wellington Street Bus Station was a Transperth bus station located next to Perth railway station in Perth CBD, Western Australia. == History == Wellington Street bus station was opened on 2 March 1973 as Perth Central bus station by Premier John Tonkin. After just over 40 years of service, the majority of bus services were moved to the Roe Street bus station on 12 January 2014. Wellington Street bus station remained in use for a further two weeks due to roadworks in the central business district, temporarily servicing Beaufort Street bus services, closing on 27 January 2014 and being demolished soon after. The station will be replaced by the new underground Perth Busport on the same site. To cater for the remaining bus services during the construction period, a temporary replacement Wellington Street bus station opened on 6 July 2014, occupying some of the original site. This closed on 1 February 2015. It had 17 stands and was served by 34 Transperth routes operated by Path Transit, Swan Transit and Transdev WA. == Bus routes == Many major bus services started and terminated at the station: == Platform D == == Platform C == == Platform B == == Platform A == == Key == Services operated by Path Transit Services operated by Swan Transit (East and South-east regions) Services operated by Swan Transit Riverside (West and Central regions) Services operated by Transdev WA1

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Purnell W. Choppin<EOT>1

Purnell W. Choppin

Purnell W. Choppin is an American virologist. He served on the faculty of Rockefeller University for nearly thirty years, becoming the Leon Hess Professor of Virology. He moved to the Howard Hughes Medical Institute in 1985, became the president of the institute in 1987, and retired in 1999, succeeded by Thomas Cech. He is currently the chair of the Scientific Advisory Board at the Center for the Study of Hepatitis C, supported by a university consortium consisting of Rockefeller, Weill Cornell Medical College, and New York-Presbyterian Hospital.

Purnell W. Choppin is an American virologist. He served on the faculty of Rockefeller University for nearly thirty years, becoming the Leon Hess Professor of Virology. He moved to the Howard Hughes Medical Institute in 1985, became the president of the institute in 1987, and retired in 1999, succeeded by Thomas Cech. He is currently the chair of the Scientific Advisory Board at the Center for the Study of Hepatitis C, supported by a university consortium consisting of Rockefeller, Weill Cornell Medical College, and New York-Presbyterian Hospital. == Early life and education == Choppin was born on July 4, 1929, in Baton Rouge, Louisiana. He attended medical school at Louisiana State University and received an M.D. in 1953. Before beginning his independent research career, Choppin did his internship and residency at Washington University School of Medicine and Barnes Hospital in St. Louis, Missouri. He also served as a medical officer in the United States Air Force. == Academic career == Choppin began work at Rockefeller in 1957 as a research fellow and joined the faculty there in 1959, heading a virology research program focused on the influenza virus. He became a full professor and senior physician at Rockefeller in 1970, and served in various administrative roles including the vice president of academic programs and the dean of graduate studies. In 1985 Choppin moved from his position as the Leon Hess Professor of Virology at Rockefeller to the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, where he served as vice president and chief scientific officer. He assumed the presidency in 1987, succeeding Donald Fredrickson. During his presidency, both the institute's budget and its number of scientists increased dramatically. Choppin retired from HHMI at the end of 1999, succeeded by Thomas Cech. Choppin became a member of the National Academy of Sciences in 1977. He received the University of Chicago's Howard Taylor Ricketts Award in 1978 and the National Academy of Sciences' Selman A. Waksman Award in Microbiology in 1984. In the early 1980s, Choppin was among the group of American virologists who helped organize and became the founding members of the American Society for Virology.1

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Young Scrap<EOT>1

Young Scrap

Mark Anthony Greene (born September 8, 1989 in Inglewood, California, U.S) popularly known by his stage name Young Scrap is an American recording artist, rapper and songwriter. His hit single titled "Love L.A" off his Faded Ambition album charted at #18 on the Billboard Twitter Top Tracks during the week of July 12, 2014. Young Scrap is also credited to have written V.I.C.'s song titled "Twerk It" which charted at #69 on the Billboard Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs.

Mark Anthony Greene (born September 8, 1989 in Inglewood, California, U.S) popularly known by his stage name Young Scrap is an American recording artist, rapper and songwriter. His hit single titled "Love L.A" off his Faded Ambition album charted at #18 on the Billboard Twitter Top Tracks during the week of July 12, 2014. Young Scrap is also credited to have written V.I.C.'s song titled "Twerk It" which charted at #69 on the Billboard Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs. == Early life and career == Young Scrap grew up dancing in Inglewood, California where he performed with notable acts like Debbie Allen and Savion Glover until he moved to Maryland. While in his sophomore year in high school, he released his first album titled Puppy Power under his uncle's record label and in 2008 he signed a recording contract with Universal Music Group under which he released the single "The Melody" which was positively received among music fans. On September 12, 2011, Young Scrap released the first of his "Music We Can Fuck To" series titled Music We Can Fuck Too which featured guest appearances from notable rappers like Yo Gotti and V.I.C. His Jahlil Beats-produced single titled "Love L.A" was widely received and charted at #18 during the week of July 12, 2014 on the Billboard Twitter Top Tracks. On August 4, 2014, he released a mixtape titled Faded Ambition with guest appearance from Lil Wayne and music production from popularly producers like DJ Mustard and Jahlil Beats. On 20 June 2016, Young Scrap released Trill and B, a project he started recording since 2014. He also revealed to have scrapped over 300 songs in order to get the proper balance in the musical production of the album. == Discography == == Selected singles == == Mixtapes == == EPs == 1

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Top Thrill Dragster<EOT>1

Top Thrill Dragster

Top Thrill Dragster is a steel accelerator roller coaster built by Intamin at Cedar Point in Sandusky, Ohio, United States. It was the sixteenth roller coaster built at the park since the Blue Streak in 1964. When built in 2003, it was the first full circuit roller coaster to exceed 400 feet (120 m) in height, and was the tallest roller coaster in the world, before being surpassed by Kingda Ka at Six Flags Great Adventure in May 2005. Top Thrill Dragster, along with Kingda Ka, are the only strata coasters in existence. It was the second hydraulically launched roller coaster built by Intamin, following Xcelerator at Knott's Berry Farm. The tagline for Top Thrill Dragster is "Race for the Sky".

Top Thrill Dragster is a steel accelerator roller coaster built by Intamin at Cedar Point in Sandusky, Ohio, United States. It was the sixteenth roller coaster built at the park since the Blue Streak in 1964. When built in 2003, it was the first full circuit roller coaster to exceed 400 feet (120 m) in height, and was the tallest roller coaster in the world, before being surpassed by Kingda Ka at Six Flags Great Adventure in May 2005. Top Thrill Dragster, along with Kingda Ka, are the only strata coasters in existence. It was the second hydraulically launched roller coaster built by Intamin, following Xcelerator at Knott's Berry Farm. The tagline for Top Thrill Dragster is "Race for the Sky". == History == Planning for Top Thrill Dragster started around 2000 when Millennium Force opened. Footers started being poured during the winter of 2001/2002 then were covered up during the 2002 operating season. To construct the roller coaster, the park had to use a 480 feet (150 m) crane, only one of four in the United States. Vertical construction by Martin & Vleminckx started in fall 2002, months before the announcement. By October 2002, the roller coaster had reached 200 feet (61 m). The ride was announced on January 9, 2003 and the structure, built by Intamin's subcontractor Stakotra, was finished shortly after. It is tied with Millennium Force for being the two largest investments in Cedar Point history. The announcement revealed the park's goal to build "the tallest and fastest roller coaster on earth", reaching 420 feet (130 m) and accelerating up to 120 miles per hour (193 km/h) in 3.8 seconds. On March 10, 2003, Cedar Fair Entertainment Company filed a trademark for the name Top Thrill Dragster. Top Thrill Dragster's media day was held on May 1, 2003 then it officially opened to the public on May 4. It became the "tallest" and "fastest" roller coaster in the world overtaking both world records from Steel Dragon 2000 at Nagashima Spa Land that was just built three years earlier. It lost the title of being the world's tallest and fastest roller coaster when Kingda Ka at Six Flags Great Adventure opened in May 2005. Intamin designed both Kingda Ka and Top Thrill Dragster, and the two share a similar design and layout that differs primarily by the theme and the additional hill featured on Kingda Ka. The ride had constant downtime in its first couple seasons. Several problems such as the ride's hydraulic system and launch cable caused the ride to experience downtime. Top Thrill Dragster was also closed in 2003 for the annual event, CoasterMania. == Ride experience == == Layout == After leaving the station, the train enters the launch area. To the left of the launch area is a "Christmas tree" light, similar to those employed at the starting line of a drag strip. A brief message is played to the riders to: "keep arms down, head back, and hold on." Once the train is prepared to launch, a motor revving sound effect is played and its magnetic braking fins are lowered from the launch track. It then launches, accelerating to a speed of 120 mph (190 km/h) in 3.8 seconds. Shortly after reaching its maximum velocity, the train begins its ascent up a 90-degree incline, twisting 90 degrees clockwise before climbing over the 420-foot (130 m) top hat. Upon descending, the track twists 270 degrees before leveling out, allowing the train to be stopped by the magnetic brakes. == Theme/trains == The roller coaster is based on the Top Fuel drag racing motor sport. A real Top Fuel dragster weighs approximately one ton, while each train on the coaster weighs 15 tons. Its dragster themed trains once had decorative spoilers and engines, but these were removed soon after opening, allowing an extra row of seats to be added to each one. Also, when the ride opened, it had only four cars on each train, including the decals. By the middle of the 2003 season, the fifth cars were added to all trains, making them the five cars long that they are now. The fifth cars were added on shortly before the decals were removed. The ride's theme song, "Ready to Go" by Republica, is played while in the station. == Rollbacks == Occasionally, a train is launched with not enough speed to clear the crest. This typically happens in cool, wet, or breezy weather, or when the wind is working against it. In these conditions, the launch often does not provide it with enough speed to climb over the hill, which causes it to stop short of the top, and roll back down the hill in reverse, hence the term "rollback". The launch track is equipped with retractable magnetic braking fins which are raised after the train is launched in order to slow one that did not crest the hill. On very rare occasions, a combination of the weight distribution of the train, the force of the launch, and the wind can stall a train on the top of the tower. When this happens, a mechanic takes the elevator to the top and pushes the train down the hill. == World records == When Top Thrill Dragster debuted, it set four new records: World's tallest complete circuit roller coaster World's tallest roller coaster World's tallest roller coaster drop World's fastest roller coaster It was the fourth roller coaster to break the 100 miles per hour (160 km/h) speed barrier. It was preceded by Tower of Terror II at Dreamworld, Superman: Escape from Krypton at Six Flags Magic Mountain and Dodonpa at Fuji-Q Highland. The previous record holder for overall height was Superman: Escape from Krypton at Six Flags Magic Mountain, standing at 415 feet (126 m). Its record was broken in 2005 when Kingda Ka opened at Six Flags Great Adventure, standing 456 feet (139 m) tall. The previous record holder for speed was Dodonpa, at 107 miles per hour (172 km/h). This record was broken by Top Thrill Dragster, which reaches speeds up to 120 miles per hour (190 km/h), which was later broken by Kingda Ka which reached a top speed of 128 miles per hour (206 km/h). In November 2010, Formula Rossa at Ferrari World broke the record for fastest roller coaster, with a top speed of 149.1 miles per hour (240.0 km/h). As of 2015, Top Thrill Dragster has the second tallest lift, the third fastest speed, and the second-highest drop among steel roller coasters in the world. == Operation == Top Thrill Dragster is negatively affected by unfavourable weather conditions as both a high altitude and high velocity ride. "Rain, high winds, and/or lightning" may result in the closing of the ride depending on the severity. It will close in high winds and any kind of precipitation. There is no minimum age requirement, but passengers must meet the miniumum height requirement of 52 inches and a maximum of 78 inches to ride. Some persons over a certain weight/waist size will not be permitted to ride if the seat and lapbar harness cannot accommodate them. Passengers on Dragster may not bring any loose articles onto the train and will be required to wear shirts and footwear. Headphones must be removed before boarding. Passengers are advised that they must not ride Dragster if they have "a history of recent surgery, heart trouble/high blood pressure, neck trouble, back trouble, or any other condition that may be aggravated by riding, or who are pregnant". == Incidents == On July 14th, 2004, four people were struck by flying debris while riding the coaster. Reports indicated that a metal cable frayed during launch, shearing off shards of metal that struck the riders. The injuries were mainly arm abrasions, with one passenger experiencing cuts to the face. They were treated at the park's first aid station, and two later sought further medical attention. On August 7th, 2016, two people were treated for minor injuries when the launch cable detached from the ride. The ride was closed for the following day while the park and Ohio state officials investigated the incident. == Awards == == Records == 1

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Cenchrometopa curvinervis<EOT>1

Cenchrometopa curvinervis

Cenchrometopa curvinervis is a species of ulidiid or picture-winged fly in the genus Cenchrometopa of the family Ulidiidae.1

Cenchrometopa curvinervis is a species of ulidiid or picture-winged fly in the genus Cenchrometopa of the family Ulidiidae.1

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Union Valley Congregational Church<EOT>1

Union Valley Congregational Church

Union Valley Congregational Church, also known as Union Valley Community House, is a historic Congregational church located at Taylor in Cortland County, New York. It was built about 1849 and is a modestly scaled, one story meetinghouse building with a mortise and tenon timber frame built on an above grade rubble stone foundation. It is rectangular in shape, three bays wide and three bays deep, in the Greek Revival style with an overlay of Late Victorian elements. It features a stout belfry that risesfrom the crest of the roof. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2002.1

Union Valley Congregational Church, also known as Union Valley Community House, is a historic Congregational church located at Taylor in Cortland County, New York. It was built about 1849 and is a modestly scaled, one story meetinghouse building with a mortise and tenon timber frame built on an above grade rubble stone foundation. It is rectangular in shape, three bays wide and three bays deep, in the Greek Revival style with an overlay of Late Victorian elements. It features a stout belfry that risesfrom the crest of the roof. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2002.1

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American Nurses Association<EOT>1

American Nurses Association

The American Nurses Association (ANA) is a professional organization to advance and protect the profession of nursing. It started in 1896 as the Nurses Associated Alumnae and was renamed the American Nurses Association in 1911. It is based in Silver Spring, Maryland and Pamela F. Cipriano is the current President. The ANA states nursing is the protection, promotion, and optimization of health and abilities, prevention of illness and injury, alleviation of suffering through the diagnosis and treatment of human response, and advocacy in the care of individuals, families, communities, and populations.

The American Nurses Association (ANA) is a professional organization to advance and protect the profession of nursing. It started in 1896 as the Nurses Associated Alumnae and was renamed the American Nurses Association in 1911. It is based in Silver Spring, Maryland and Pamela F. Cipriano is the current President. The ANA states nursing is the protection, promotion, and optimization of health and abilities, prevention of illness and injury, alleviation of suffering through the diagnosis and treatment of human response, and advocacy in the care of individuals, families, communities, and populations. == History == Initial organizational plans were made for the Nurses Associated Alumnae of the United States of America on September 2, 1896 at Manhattan Beach Hotel near New York City. On February 11-12, 1897 those plans were ratified in Baltimore, Maryland at a meeting that coincided with the annual conference of the American Society of Superintendents of Training Schools for Nurses. Isabel Hampton Robb served as the first president. A major early goal of the organization was the enhancement of nursing care for American soldiers. == Primary mission == The Association is a professional organization representing registered nurses (RNs) in the United States through its 54 constituent member associations. The ANA is involved in establishing standards of nursing practice, promoting the rights of nurses in the workplace, advancing the economic and general welfare of nurses. ANA also has three subsidiary organizations: (1) American Academy of Nursing, to serve the public and nursing profession by advancing health policy and practice through the generation, synthesis, and dissemination of nursing knowledge,(2) American Nurses Foundation, the charitable and philanthropic arm, and (3) American Nurses Credentialing Center, which credentials nurses in their specialty and credentials facilities that exhibit nursing excellence. == Publications == 1

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Got 'til It's Gone<EOT>Hello to every one out here, am here to share the unexpected miracle that happened to me three days ago, My name is Jeffrey Dowling,i live in TEXAS,USA.and I`m happily married to a lovely and caring wife,with two kids A very big problem occurred in my family seven months ago,between me and my wife so terrible that she took the case to court for a divorce she said that she never wanted to stay with me again,and that she did not love me anymore So she packed out of my house and made me and my children passed through severe pain. I tried all my possible means to get her back,after much begging,but all to no avail and she confirmed it that she has made her decision,and she never wanted to see me again. So on one evening,as i was coming back from work,i met an old friend of mine who asked of my wife So i explained every thing to her,so she told me that the only way i can get my wife back,is to visit a spell caster,because it has really worked for her too So i never believed in spell,but i had no other choice,than to follow her advice. Then she gave me the email address of the spell caster whom she visited.([email protected] }, So the next morning,i sent a mail to the address she gave to me,and the spell caster assured me that i will get my wife back the next day what an amazing statement!! I never believed,so he spoke with me,and told me everything that i need to do. Then the next morning, So surprisingly, my wife who did not call me for the past seven {7}months,gave me a call to inform me that she was coming back So Amazing!! So that was how she came back that same day,with lots of love and joy,and she apologized for her mistake,and for the pain she caused me and my children. Then from that day,our relationship was now stronger than how it were before,by the help of a spell caster . So, was now stronger than how it were before,by the help of a spell caster . So, i will advice you out there to kindly visit the same website [email protected] ,if you are in any condition like this,or you have any problem related to “bringing your ex back. So thanks to DR VOVOLA for bringing back my wife,and brought great joy to my family once again.{[email protected] } , Thanks. 1

Got 'til It's Gone

"Got 'til It's Gone" is a song by American singer Janet Jackson, featuring American rapper Q-Tip and Canadian singer Joni Mitchell. It was released on September 22, 1997, as the lead single from Jackson's sixth studio album, The Velvet Rope (1997). Written by Jackson, Jam and Lewis, with additional writing by René Elizondo, Jr., Mitchell, and Kamaal Ibn Fareed, "Got 'til It's Gone" was considered a departure from Jackson's mainstream pop appeal, striving for a less polished and more authentic alternative hip hop and trip hop-influenced sound. Its lyrics speak of appreciating what you have while you have it. "Got 'til It's Gone" was met with mostly positive reviews from music critics, who praised its fusion of Jackson's pop style with "harder-edged hip-hop". Adversely, the song was also labeled "disappointing" with an "incongruous" appearance from Mitchell. "Got 'til It's Gone" was not released as a commercial single in the United States, making it ineligible to appear on the Billboard Hot 100. However, the song peaked at number 36 on pop formats and reached number three on urban radio. Internationally, "Got 'til It's Gone" peaked within the top 10 of the charts in Australia, Denmark, the Netherlands, New Zealand and the United Kingdom, and the top 20 of the charts in many territories, including France, Germany, Italy, Norway and Switzerland. The music video for "Got 'til It's Gone", directed by Mark Romanek, portrays Jackson as a lounge singer during the time of apartheid in South Africa. It was called a "masterpiece" by critics, winning a Grammy Award for Best Short Form Music Video.

"Got 'til It's Gone" is a song by American singer Janet Jackson, featuring American rapper Q-Tip and Canadian singer Joni Mitchell. It was released on September 22, 1997, as the lead single from Jackson's sixth studio album, The Velvet Rope (1997). Written by Jackson, Jam and Lewis, with additional writing by René Elizondo, Jr., Mitchell, and Kamaal Ibn Fareed, "Got 'til It's Gone" was considered a departure from Jackson's mainstream pop appeal, striving for a less polished and more authentic alternative hip hop and trip hop-influenced sound. Its lyrics speak of appreciating what you have while you have it. "Got 'til It's Gone" was met with mostly positive reviews from music critics, who praised its fusion of Jackson's pop style with "harder-edged hip-hop". Adversely, the song was also labeled "disappointing" with an "incongruous" appearance from Mitchell. "Got 'til It's Gone" was not released as a commercial single in the United States, making it ineligible to appear on the Billboard Hot 100. However, the song peaked at number 36 on pop formats and reached number three on urban radio. Internationally, "Got 'til It's Gone" peaked within the top 10 of the charts in Australia, Denmark, the Netherlands, New Zealand and the United Kingdom, and the top 20 of the charts in many territories, including France, Germany, Italy, Norway and Switzerland. The music video for "Got 'til It's Gone", directed by Mark Romanek, portrays Jackson as a lounge singer during the time of apartheid in South Africa. It was called a "masterpiece" by critics, winning a Grammy Award for Best Short Form Music Video. == Background == "Got 'til It's Gone" was released as the lead single from Jackson's sixth studio album, The Velvet Rope, which chronicled Jackson's struggle with depression and intimacy. In an interview for MTV, she discussed how the depression had made her frequently sad and caused her to take breaks from her music career. She felt this was heightened by her estrangement from the rest of the Jackson family. Jimmy Jam was aware of Jackson's depression during the writing of the album, noticing how she would spontaneously cancel recording sessions, appearing constantly troubled. Jackson discussed "Got 'til It's Gone" and The Velvet Rope album during an interview with Rolling Stone, saying, "Singing these songs has meant digging up pain that I buried a long time ago. It's been hard and sometimes confusing. But I've had to do it. I've been burying pain my whole life. It's like kicking dirt under the carpet. At some point there's so much dirt that you start to choke. Well, I've been choking. My therapy came in writing these songs. Then I had to find the courage to sing them or else suffer the consequences - a permanent case of the blues." The song's music video and promotional photos were the first glimpse of the new image Jackson developed for The Velvet Rope campaign, which combined elements from gothic and African cultures and consisted of red hair, nasal and body piercings, and various tattoos. "Got 'til It's Gone" was serviced to multiple airplay formats, including Pop, Urban, Rhythmic, and Adult Contemporary/Jazz, in early September, 1997. == Composition == "Got 'til It's Gone" was a departure from Jackson's mainstream pop appeal, striving for a less polished and more authentic alternative hip hop and trip hop-influenced sound. It also incorporates elements of diverse genres such as pop, R&B, folk, jazz, reggae, neo soul, and downtempo, featuring guest vocals from rapper Q-Tip and a sample from Joni Mitchell's 1970 song "Big Yellow Taxi". It was written by Jackson, Jimmy Jam & Terry Lewis, and René Elizondo, Jr., with Q-Tip and Mitchell having written their own verses, and produced by Jackson, Jam & Lewis. Co-producer Jimmy Jam spoke of the song's crossover potential, commenting "Janet has always been one of those artists that bridges R&B and hip-hop and pop and rock", adding "We really thought 'Got 'Til It's Gone' would be accepted [by all audiences] across the board." Jackson revealed "'Got 'Til It's Gone' is about a great life lesson she learned — appreciate what you have while you have it. When discussing the song with Jet Magazine Jackson stated, "In my life, I try to take nothing for granted, even if I don't always succeed." Jackson explained why she felt compelled to combine the folk elements from Mitchell with Q-Tip's rap verse, saying "Him and Joni Mitchell have something in common: what they write is poetry." "I think of folk and rap among similar strands. Especially lyrically because you can put so much content into one song. Hip hop is great and I think it's good that it talks of the harsh realities of life in the ghettos[...]." Speaking about Q-Tip's appearance, Jackson said, "Q-Tip represents all that's creative and strong about rap. He's real and right to the point, and I loved working with him." Jackson has frequently mentioned Mitchell as an influence and artist she's admired throughout her career, which led to Jackson asking Mitchell to contribute vocals to "Got 'til It's Gone". Jackson stated, "As a kid I was drawn to Joni Mitchell records," continuing [...] "Joni's songs spoke to me in an intimate, personal way." Jackson contacted Mitchell personally to ask for permission to use the sample, stating "everyone said it couldn't be done, but if [Mitchell] was going to say no to me, I had to hear it from her myself [...] I called her and told her I wanted her to hear it before she made a decision. Everybody was surprised when a couple of days later, she said yes." Describing the situation, Jackson recalled "[...] I told her I'd like to send her a tape before she made a decision. She listened to it, and called back a few days later and said she absolutely loved it and would be honored if we did, so I was very excited." Jam and Lewis recently revealed the inspiration behind the musical arrangement of "Got 'til It's Gone". According to Jimmy Jam, the song was inspired by J Dilla's remix of the Brand New Heavies' song "Sometimes", released a few months prior in 1997. == Critical reception == "Got 'til It's Gone received mostly positive reviews from music critics. Rob Fitzpatrick of The Guardian described it as an "Absolutely sublime pop production," saying Jackson sounds "fresher than ever." Fitzpatrick also praised the song's simple production, adding the "revolutionary use of space and dynamics worked wonders on the radio and in clubs." MTV observed the song "sets the tone for the new, more experimental material," complete with "a spooky vocal loop," "old-school DJ scratching," and "layering it all with Jackson's fragile, whispered vocals, the song is then, now and later all at the same time." People Magazine applauded the track as "an understated, hip-hop pastiche that features the unlikely but inspired pairing of rapper Q-Tip and a sampled Joni Mitchell," commenting "if you sneeze, you might miss her vocals altogether." The excerpt concluded Jackson's "star power" and "thundering, damn-the-torpedoes production" make it "easy to overlook what's missing." The New York Times considered it "hip-hop-tinged R&B", also noticing "a depressive sobriety" in Jackson's vocals, and Neil McCormick of The Daily Telegraph approved the song as "a deliciously light confection." A review from San Francisco Weekly classified it as "a clever pastiche" which blended well with Jackson's vocals and Q-Tip's "low-key rapping." Larry Flick from Billboard said the song displays "finesse" and "marked maturity," saying "Apparently, 'tis the season for pop divas to explore edgy hip-hop territory," adding "this jam is a deftly structured study in subtle vocal styling and raw keep rhythms." The review also noted the departure from Jackson's upbeat pop and dance style might confuse listeners at first, though was ultimately a wise decision, adding "She's joined by rap superstar Q-Tip, who floats a smooth rhyme or two." Entertainment Weekly decided the "relaxed groove" of the song is "certainly an enigmatic teaser", and Jet Magazine commented "Janet has her fans up on the dance floor with the album's first hit Got Til It's Gone", calling Q-Tip's guest verse "street smart." Arena Magazine called the song "brilliant" and praised the "emotional turmoil that's gone into it." Time Magazine considered it "an R.-and-B. reworking" which "draws smartly" from the sample. Los Angeles Times also gave the track a positive review, saying the "cool, breezy hip-hop" of the single "cannily intertwines a Joni Mitchell sample and a seductive guest rap by Q-Tip." Adversely, the song was also labeled "disappointing" and "a dreary reggae-influenced number" with an "incongruous" appearance from Mitchell. == Live performances == "Got 'til It's Gone" received little promotion, with Jackson only performing the song on The Oprah Winfrey Show. The song was also performed on various tours, including The Velvet Rope Tour, All for You Tour, Rock Witchu Tour, and as an interlude on the Number Ones, Up Close and Personal Tour. MTV praised The Velvet Rope Tour's performance as "high energy", which served as the tour's encore performance on select dates, with the live version also described as a "hypnotic rendition" by The Washington Post. Jackson included the song on her 2015-2016 Unbreakable World Tour. == Chart performance == "Got 'til It's Gone" was not released as a commercial single, making it ineligible to appear on the Hot 100 or various other charts under the chart rules that existed at that time. However, the song peaked at number thirty-six on Hot 100 Airplay and reached number three on Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Airplay. Internationally, "Got 'til It's Gone" reached the top twenty in several European markets — including, France, Germany, Italy and Switzerland — as well as the top ten in Australia, Denmark, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Sweden and the United Kingdom, also receiving multiple certifications. The song also became a #1 hit in Japan on Tokyo FM's J-Wave chart and in South Africa. == Music video == == Background == The video for "Got 'til It's Gone" was directed by Mark Romanek and filmed at the Hollywood Palladium in Los Angeles. It made its worldwide premiere immediately preceding the MTV Video Music Awards, with the clip airing on other music channels such as VH1 and BET later the same evening. Jackson wanted to work with Romanek because she believed him to be "amazing," commenting "I gravitate toward the directors that I really fall in love with [...]." After hearing the song, Romanek decided to use African photography as a motif, creating what he called a "pre-Apartheid celebration based on that African photography." Romanek commented on the video's theme, saying "[...] it was a situation of what I was into at that time, and I was really into this magazine that was popular in South Africa called Drum Magazine. I guess it was sort of like the 'Life Magazine' of the township, and the photography was stunning, and I said 'I would like to make a video that depicted Black culture that wasn't so obsessed, as a lot of the hip-hop videos were in that period and still are, with less materialism and sexism. I just felt like 'there's got to be other aspects of Black culture to depict.'" Joni Mitchell also commented "From the time [music] video began well into the late eighties there was a monstrous image of females being perpetrated without much exception. In the face of that I found this video to be full of humanity. Janet herself was lovely. It had dignity, and it was full of life." Jackson stated that she is "very proud" of the video, adding it was "fun to make." == Synopsis == In the video Jackson portrays a lounge singer during the time of apartheid in South Africa. Inspired by a blend of '60s and '70s African culture, the video depicts freedom and prosperity, opposing racial segregation and supremacy. It has been described as "a great study of the fashion and sensibilities of 1960s pre-apartheid South Africa", with Jackson wearing "vintage wide-lapeled brown leather jacket, men's tailored trousers, a printed halter top and individually-sectioned pigtails that bring to mind "the higher the hair, the closer to God." The video wanders a massive house party and includes scenes inspired by the work of photographer Malick Sidibé. Images shown throughout the video include a cigarette lighter flicking by a man's groin, a young child peeking behind a man as if he had been magically birthed, a one-eyed boxer posing, a couple presses up as if simulating rear-entry sex, children jump on mattresses, a lone figure walking outside, and Jackson's shadow crawling up a wall like a stalking animal. Joni Mitchell appears on a TV screen throughout the video, and Sudanese model Alek Wek also makes a cameo. The video ends with bottles thrown at Afrikaan segregation signs, which represents rebellion against discrimination and racism, celebrating freedom and embracing unity. The video is featured on the limited edition DVD released with the Special Edition of Jackson's All for You album as well as the video compilation From janet. to Damita Jo: The Videos. Photographs from the video are included in Mark Romanek's book "Music Video Stills." == Reception and analysis == Slant Magazine considered the "Got Til' Its Gone" video a "masterpiece" and listed it as the tenth best music video of all time, stating: “"Though it was the winner of VH1's "Most Stylish Video" award in 1997, Janet Jackson's "Got 'Til It's Gone" has as much substance as it does style. Set in South Africa during the time of apartheid, the video is a celebration of the music and rhythms that helped sustain black culture under the weight of segregation. As for style, Janet, who dons little-to-no make-up and a bead of sweat on her brow, has never looked so sexy."” MusicOMH observed the video "stands out" in comparison to Jackson's other clips and "has a powerful impact, a nice shot of Joni Mitchell at the opening and a very dark canvas for Jackson and Q-Tip to work on". B&S Magazine described the clip as "a genuine tour de force. Subtly (and not so subtly) conveying images from a party in the South African townships, together with flash-photography shots of Janet and herself and one Q-Tip of [A] Tribe Called Quest. The whole thing emphasizes the elusive, not to say, precious value of happiness as something to savor. As with the rest of the set, it is perhaps Janet's most mature vehicle yet." Complex commented on the video, saying "This is about as cool as videos get. So many incredible style references in this one it’s like a moving Tumblr." Jackson's appearance was also described as an "earthy, urban look". In "Unruly Media: Youtube, Music Video, and the New Digital Cinema," author Carol Vernallis' analyzes the video, stating "Romanek's environments somehow suggest both the miniature and the enormous. One feels space in Romanek's videos: a viewer's eyes seek out the set's corners and edges and quilts them to the song's features. One such example is [...] 'Got 'til It's Gone,' The video's dance hall is beige and narrow. To one side a window joins its twin — a similarly long blue-tinged room; murals gird both rooms' walls, or people wearing boldly patterned earthtones line up in tiers along them. These embellishments alongside an underlying structure — tiered people, murals, and duplicated rooms — complicate the video's sense of space, evoking the aforementioned monumentality and miniaturization. "Got 'til it's Gone"'s bass and acoustic guitar, shaped into lilting, wavelike gestures that seem to roll out into a more shallow, nonreverberant sonic and visual field, seem to match the song's space, its textures and colors." Vernallis goes on to call the video progressive, commenting that despite the video's "bevy of loaded images tied to race and myth," its mood and tone are overwhelmingly warm [...] draw[ing] attention to Jackson's and Joni Mitchell's vocal similarities." == Legacy and usage in media == The song inspired the title of the novel "Got til It's Gone", published 2008, and is mentioned throughout the book. Larry Duplechan's 2008 novel Got 'til It's Gone was also titled after the song and references Jackson in the book. Producer DJRum credits "Got 'til It's Gone" as one of the songs which inspired him to pursue a career as a DJ. The song was used on the CBS science fiction series Now and Again, with the show's executive producer saying "the song's melancholy was appropriate" to be used during a scene where actor John Goodman's character passes away. The song is mentioned in Jay-Z's memoir Decoded, in which he compares the song's meaning to the theme of "December 4th", which appeared on his eighth studio album The Black Album. The song is also mentioned in the novels "Getting to the Good Part" and "In Due Time" and in the economics book For the Love of Money: The 411 to Taking Control of Your Taxes and Building Your Net Worth. == Cover version == In 2012, English singer Marsha Ambrosius covered the song with rapper TWyse. TWyse's rap verse was different from Q-Tip's and Ambrosius re-sang the Joni Mitchell sample. It was featured on the album Bone Appétit Vol. 1 - Main Course by Jeff Bradshaw, released on Hidden Beach Recordings. The video for their cover was dedicated to the seven-year anniversary of Hurricane Katrina and was shot in New Orleans, Louisiana. == Track listings == European CD single (VSCDE 1666) Radio Edit – 3:39 Mellow Mix – 5:11 European CD maxi single (7243 8 94600 2 5) UK CD single (VSCDG 1666) iTunes EP / Japanese promo CD single (VJCP-12070) Radio Edit – 3:39 Mellow Mix – 5:11 Nellee Hooper Master Mix – 4:18 Mellow Mix Edit – 3:51 Album Version – 4:00 European cassette single (VSC 1666) Morales My Club Mix – 7:48 Morales Extended Classic Club Mix – 10:11 Morales Def Club Mix – 10:54 UK 12" promo single (VSTDJ 1666) Mellow Mix – 5:11 Mellow Mix Edit – 3:51 Album Version – 4:00 Instrumental – 4:49 UK double 12" single (VSTX 1666) UK double 12" promo single (VSTXDJ 1666) Def Club Mix – 10:53 Armand Van Helden Speedy Garage Mix – 9:11 Def The Bass Mix – 9:12 Def Instrumental – 8:44 Armand Van Helden Bonus Beats – 5:05 UK 12" single (VST 1666) Album Version – 4:00 Instrumental – 4:49 Mellow Mix – 5:11 Nellee Hooper Master Mix – 4:18 U.S. 12" promo single (SPRO-12732) Radio Edit – 3:39 No Q-Tip – 3:51 No Rap – 3:38 Instrumental – 4:49 Album Version – 4:00 U.S. double 12" promo single (SPRO-12768) Def Club Mix – 10:53 Def Radio Mix – 3:18 Armand Van Helden Speedy Garage Mix – 9:11 Nellee Hooper Master Mix – 4:19 Mellow Mix – 5:10 Ummah's Uptown Saturday Night Mix – 4:23 Original Extended Version – 5:31 Ummah Jay Dee's Revenge Mix – 3:45 Instrumental – 4:49 Canadian promo CD single (CDPROJANCAAV) Mellow Mix – 5:11 Nellee Hooper Master Mix – 4:18 == Official remixes == Jackson commended the song's remixes, commenting "It is not an easy song to remix really. It's kind of a tough song. For one, the key that the song is in is really weird." Album Version Edit – 4:01 Radio Edit – 3:39 No Q-Tip – 3:56 No Rap – 3:43 Instrumental – 4:54 Album Version – 5:31 Mellow Mix – 5:11/Jimmy Jam Mellow Mix – 5:10 Mellow Mix Edit – 3:52 Nellee Hooper Master Mix – 4:19 Nellee Hooper Remix (Edited Master) – 4.04 Ummah Jay Dee's Revenge Mix – 3:45 Ummah's Uptown Saturday Night Mix – 4:23 Armand Van Helden Bonus Beats – 5:05 Armand Van Helden Speed Garage Mix – 9:08 Armand Van Helden Extended Mix – 10:14 Armand Van Helden 12" Mix – 12:50 Morales Def Club Mix – 10:54 Morales Def Extended Radio Mix – 5:12 Morales Def Instrumental Dub – 8:44 Morales Def Radio Mix – 3:18 Morales Def The Bass Mix – 9:12 Morales My Club Mix – 7:48 Morales Drum & Beats Remix – 3:52 Morales Drum, Bass & Beats Remix – 11:43 Morales Classic Club Mix Edit – 8:48 Morales Classic Club Mix – 10:11 Morales Classic Radio Mix – 3:54 == Charts == == Weekly charts == == Year-end charts == == Certifications == 1

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Decline of Buddhism in India<EOT>Greg Sarafan founded Greg Sarafan’s Sensible Reason in 2007. He started blogging for HeadCount in January 2011. Soon after he organized and ran a small but successful charity festival called Binghamtronica to benefit HeadCount and OxFam America. He is a Team Leader in NYC as well as Artist Relations representative for HeadCount. Greg has BAs in political science and art history from Binghamton University. Greg has a J.D. as well as a Certificate in Intelectual Property, Media and Privacy from Brooklyn Law School . Greg also volunteers for OxFam America as a Concert Outreach Coordinator. In 2009 Greg presented his theory of Artistic Stylistic Transmission in the Royal Mughal Atelier at an art history symposium at Ohio State University. 1

Decline of Buddhism in India

A steady decline of Buddhism in India set in during the 1st millennium CE in the wake of the White Hun invasion followed by Turk-Mongol raids., though it continued to attract financial and institutional support during the Gupta era (4th to 6th century) and the Pala Empire (8th to 12th century). The decline of Buddhism in the Indian subcontinent has been attributed to various factors, especially the regionalisation of ancient India after the end of the Gupta empire (320-650 CE), which lead to a competition with Hinduism and Jainism and the loss of patronage and donations; and the conquest and subsequent persecutions by Huns, then Muslim Turks and Persians particularly from the 10th century onwards. Buddhism largely disappeared from most of India with the Muslim conquests of the Indian subcontinent, surviving in the Himalayan regions and south India. The total Buddhist population in 2010 in the Indian subcontinent – exclusive of Sri Lanka, Nepal and Bhutan – was about 10 million, of which about 7.2% lived in Bangladesh, 92.5% in India and 0.2% in Pakistan.

A steady decline of Buddhism in India set in during the 1st millennium CE in the wake of the White Hun invasion followed by Turk-Mongol raids., though it continued to attract financial and institutional support during the Gupta era (4th to 6th century) and the Pala Empire (8th to 12th century). The decline of Buddhism in the Indian subcontinent has been attributed to various factors, especially the regionalisation of ancient India after the end of the Gupta empire (320-650 CE), which lead to a competition with Hinduism and Jainism and the loss of patronage and donations; and the conquest and subsequent persecutions by Huns, then Muslim Turks and Persians particularly from the 10th century onwards. Buddhism largely disappeared from most of India with the Muslim conquests of the Indian subcontinent, surviving in the Himalayan regions and south India. The total Buddhist population in 2010 in the Indian subcontinent – exclusive of Sri Lanka, Nepal and Bhutan – was about 10 million, of which about 7.2% lived in Bangladesh, 92.5% in India and 0.2% in Pakistan. == Growth of Buddhism == Buddhism expanded in South Asia in the centuries after the death of the Buddha, particularly after receiving the endorsement and royal support of the Maurya Empire under Ashoka in the 3rd century BCE. It spread even beyond the Indian subcontinent to Central Asia and China. The Buddha's period saw not only urbanisation, but also the beginnings of centralised states. The successful expansion of Buddhism depended on the growing economy of the time, together with increased centralised political organisation capable of change. Buddhism spread across ancient India and state support by various regional regimes continued through the 1st millennium BCE. The consolidation of monastic organisation made Buddhism the centre of religious and intellectual life in India. Pushyamitra, the first ruler of the Shunga Dynasty built great Buddhist topes at Sanchi in 188 BCE. The succeeding Kanva Dynasty had four Buddhist Kanva Kings. == Causes of decline == The decline of Buddhism has been attributed to various factors, especially the regionalisation of India after the end of the Gupta Empire (320–650 CE), which led to a competition with Hinduism and Jainism and the loss of patronage and donations; and the conquest and subsequent persecutions by Huns, Turks and Persians. == Patronage and religious dynamics == == Loss of patronage and donations == In ancient India, regardless of the religious beliefs of their kings, states usually treated all the important sects relatively even-handedly. This consisted of building monasteries and religious monuments, donating property such as the income of villages for the support of monks, and exempting donated property from taxation. Donations were most often made by private persons such as wealthy merchants and female relatives of the royal family, but there were periods when the state also gave its support and protection. In the case of Buddhism, this support was particularly important because of its high level of organisation and the reliance of monks on donations from the laity. State patronage of Buddhism took the form of land grant foundations. Numerous copper plate inscriptions from India as well as Tibetan and Chinese texts suggest that the patronage of Buddhism and Buddhist monasteries in medieval India was interrupted in periods of war and political change, but broadly continued in Hindu kingdoms from the start of the common era through early 2nd millennium CE. The Gupta kings built Buddhist temples such as the one at Kushinagara, and monastic universities such as those at Nalanda, as evidenced by records left by three Chinese visitors to India. After the end of the Gupta Empire (c. 320–650 CE), power became decentralised in India, and Buddhism started to lose financial support from the seventh century onward. The disintegration of central power also led to regionalisation of religiosity, and religious rivalry. Rural and devotional movements arose within Hinduism, along with Shaivism, Vaishnavism, Bhakti and Tantra, that competed with each other, as well as with numerous sects of Buddhism and Jainism. This fragmentation of power into feudal kingdoms was detrimental for Buddhism, with royal support shifting toward Hindu and Jain communities. Vaishnavism, Shaivism and other Hindu traditions became increasingly popular, and Brahmins developed a new relationship with the state, gaining influence in socio-political process, which contributed to the decline of Buddhism. == Religious convergence == Buddhism's distinctiveness diminished with the rise of Hindu sects. Though Mahayana writers were quite critical of Hinduism, the devotional cults of Mahayana Buddhism and Hinduism likely seemed quite similar to laity, and the developing Tantrism of both religions were also similar. Buddhist ideas, and even the Buddha himself, were absorbed and adapted into orthodox Hindu thought, while the differences between the two systems of thought were emphasized. == Internal social-economic dynamics == According to some scholars such as Lars Fogelin, the decline of Buddhism may be related to economic reasons, wherein the Buddhist monasteries with large land grants focussed on non-material pursuits, self-isolation of the monasteries, loss in internal discipline in the sangha, and a failure to efficiently operate the land they owned. With the growing support for Hindusim and Jainism, Buddhist monasteries also gradually lost control of land revenue. == Wars and persecution == == Hun Invasions == Chinese scholars travelling through the region between the 5th and 8th centuries, such as Faxian, Xuanzang, Yijing, Hui-sheng, and Sung-Yun, began to speak of a decline of the Buddhist Sangha in the north-west parts of Indian subcontinent, especially in the wake of the Hun invasion from central Asia. Xuanzang wrote that numerous monasteries in north-western India had been reduced to ruins by the Huns. Mihirakula, who ruled from 515 CE in north-western region (modern Afghanistan, Pakistan and north India), suppressed Buddhism as well. He did this by destroying monasteries as far away as modern-day Allahabad. == Turk-Mongol raids == The Muslim conquest of the Indian subcontinent was the first great iconoclastic invasion into South Asia. The Persian traveller Al Biruni's memoirs suggest Buddhism had vanished from Ghazni (Afghanistan) and medieval Punjab region (northern Pakistan) by early 11th century. By the end of twelfth century, Buddhism had further disappeared, with the destruction of monasteries and stupas in medieval north-west and western India (now Pakistan and north India). The Chach Nama records many instances of conversion of stupas to mosques such as at Nerun. In the Gangetic plains, Orissa, north-east and the southern regions of India, Buddhism survived through the early centuries of the 2nd millennium CE. According to William Johnston, hundreds of Buddhist monasteries and shrines were destroyed, Buddhist texts were burnt by the Muslim armies, monks and nuns killed during the 12th and 13th centuries in the Gangetic plains region. The Islamic invasion plundered wealth and destroyed Buddhist images: From 986 CE, the Muslim Turks started raiding northwest India from Afghanistan, plundering western India early in the eleventh century. Force conversions to Islam were made, and Buddhist images smashed, due to the Islamic dislike of idolarty. Indeed in India, the Islamic term for an 'idol' became 'budd'. — Peter Harvey, An Introduction to Buddhism The north-west parts of South Asia fell to Islamic control, and the consequent take over of land holdings of Buddhist monasteries removed one source of necessary support for the Buddhists, while the economic upheaval and new taxes on laity sapped the laity support of Buddhist monks. In the north-western parts of medieval India, the Himalayan regions, as well regions bordering central Asia, Buddhism once facilitated trade relations, states Lars Fogelin. With the Islamic invasion and expansion, and central Asians adopting Islam, the trade route-derived financial support sources and the economic foundations of Buddhist monasteries declined, on which the survival and growth of Buddhism was based. The arrival of Islam removed the royal patronage to the monastic tradition of Buddhism, and the replacement of Buddhists in long-distance trade by the Muslims eroded the related sources of patronage. == Islamic conquest and rule == Muslim forces attacked the north-western regions of the Indian subcontinent many times. Many places were destroyed and renamed. For example, Udantpur's monasteries were destroyed in 1197 by Mohammed-bin-Bakhtiyar and the town was renamed. Taranatha in his History of Buddhism in India (dpal dus kyi 'khor lo'i chos bskor gyi byung khungs nyer mkho) of 1608, gives an account of the last few centuries of Buddhism, mainly in Eastern India. Mahayana Buddhism reached its zenith during the Pala dynasty period, a dynasty that ended with the Islamic invasion of the Gangetic plains. Vikramashila was destroyed by the forces of Muhammad bin Bakhtiyar Khilji around 1200. Many Buddhist monks fled to Nepal, Tibet, and South India to avoid the consequences of war. Tibetan pilgrim Chöjepal had to flee advancing Muslim troops multiple times, as they were sacking Buddhist sites. A major empire to support Buddhism, the Pala dynasty, fell in the 12th century, and Muslim invaders destroyed monasteries and monuments. According to Randall Collins, Buddhism was already declining in India by the 12th century, but with the pillage by Muslim invaders it nearly became extinct in India in the 1200s. In the 13th century, states Craig Lockard, Buddhist monks in India escaped to Tibet to escape Islamic persecution; while the monks in western India, states Peter Harvey, escaped persecution by moving to south Indian Hindu kingdoms that were able to resist the Muslim power. Brief Muslim accounts and the one eye-witness account of Dharmasmavim in wake of the conquest during the 1230s talk about abandoned viharas being used as camps by the Turukshahs. Later historical traditions such as Taranathas are mixed with legendary materials and summarised as "the Turukshah conquered the whole of Magadha and destroyed many monasteries and did much damage at Nalanda, such that many monks fled abroad" thereby bringing about a demise of Buddhism with their destruction of the Viharas. == Survival of Buddhism in India == Buddhist institutions flourished in eastern India right until the Islamic invasion. Buddhism still survives among the Barua (though practising Vaishnavite elements), a community of Bengali Magadh descent who migrated to Chittagong region. Indian Buddhism also survives among Newars of Nepal. Lama Taranatha (1575–1634) mentions Buddhism as having survived in some pockets of India, even though it had greatly declined and had disappeared on many regions. Inscriptions at Bodh Gaya mention Buddhist pilgrims visiting it throughout the period of Buddhist decline: 1302-1331: Several groups from Sindh 15th or 16th century: a pilgrim from Multan 2nd half of the 15th century, monk Budhagupta from South India 16th century Abhayaraj from Nepal 1773 Trung Rampa, a representative of the Panchen Lama from Tibet, welcomed by Maharaja of Varanasi 1877, Burmese mission sent by king Mindon Min Buddhism was virtually extinct in British Raj by the end of the 19th century, except from its Himalayan region, east and some niche locations. According to the 1901 census of British India, which included modern Bangladesh, India, Myanmar and Pakistan, the total population was 294.4 million, of which total Buddhists were 9.5 million. Excluding Myanmar's nearly 9.2 million Buddhists in 1901, this colonial era census reported 0.3 million Buddhists in Bangladesh, India and Pakistan in the provinces, states and agencies of the British India, or about 0.1% of the total reported population. The 1911 census reported a combined Buddhist population in British India, exclusive of Myanmar, of about 336,000 or about 0.1%. == Revival == In 1891, the Sri Lankan native Don David Hewavitarna who left Christianity and became known as Anagarika Dharmapala visited India. His campaign, in cooperation with European Theosophists such as Madamme Blavatsky, led to the revival of Buddhist pilgrimage sites along with the formation of Maha Bodhi society and Maha Bodhi Journal. His efforts increased awareness and raised funds to recover Buddhist holy sites in British India, such as the Bodh Gaya in India and those in Myanmar. In the 1950s, B. R. Ambedkar pioneered the Dalit Buddhist movement in India for the Dalits. Dr Ambedkar, on 14 October 1956 in Nagpur converted to Buddhism along with his 365,000 followers. Many other such mass-conversion ceremonies followed. Many converted employ the term "Ambedkar(ite) Buddhism" to designate the Dalit Buddhist movement, which started with Ambedkar's conversion. in 1959, Tenzin Gyatso, the 14th Dalai Lama, escaped from Tibet to India along with numerous Tibetan refugees, and set up the government of Tibet in Exile in Dharamsala, India, which is often referred to as "Little Lhasa", after the Tibetan capital city. Tibetan exiles numbering several thousand have since settled in the town. Most of these exiles live in Upper Dharamsala, or McLeod Ganj, where they established monasteries, temples and schools. The town has become one of the centres of Buddhism in the world. The Buddhist population in the modern era nation of India grew at a decadal rate of 22.5% between 1901 and 1981, due to birth rates and conversions, or about the same rate as Hinduism, Jainism and Sikhism, but faster than Christianity (16.8%), and slower than Islam (30.7%). According to a 2010 Pew estimate, the total Buddhist population had increased to about 10 million in the nations created from British India. Of these, about 7.2% lived in Bangladesh, 92.5% in India and 0.2% in Pakistan.1

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Arlington (Staten Island Railway station)<EOT>As a kid in the 50’s I used to walk the tracks from Port Ivory to the ferry terminal just to see where they went. Great memories of the past when Staten Island was a vibrant place . Thanks . <doc-sep> the Lily Avenue overpass which lines up perfectly with the ROW . 1

Arlington (Staten Island Railway station)

Arlington was a station on the abandoned North Shore Branch of the Staten Island Railway, in Staten Island, New York. Located in an open-cut 5.2 miles (8.4 km) from the Saint George terminal., it had two tracks and one island platform. For a few years before its closure in 1953, it was the western (railroad direction south) terminus of the North Shore Line; before then, the terminus was the Port Ivory station to the west, though most trains terminated at Arlington. It was located in the Arlington and Mariners Harbor sections of Staten Island, near the Arlington Yard, under the South Avenue overpass, between Arlington Place and Brabant Street.

Arlington was a station on the abandoned North Shore Branch of the Staten Island Railway, in Staten Island, New York. Located in an open-cut 5.2 miles (8.4 km) from the Saint George terminal., it had two tracks and one island platform. For a few years before its closure in 1953, it was the western (railroad direction south) terminus of the North Shore Line; before then, the terminus was the Port Ivory station to the west, though most trains terminated at Arlington. It was located in the Arlington and Mariners Harbor sections of Staten Island, near the Arlington Yard, under the South Avenue overpass, between Arlington Place and Brabant Street. == History == The station was put up at the South Avenue grade crossing in 1889–1890. This location was where trains were turned on their way back to Saint George. The name of the neighborhood Arlington was coined after the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad (B&O) purchased a farm at Old Place, on Staten Island’s northwestern corner, which would become the Arlington freight yard. The B&O renamed the area Arlington. An exit staircase to South Avenue and a stationhouse were located at the east end of the platform. A wooden overpass to the side of the right-of-way was located at the west end. Non-electrified freight sidings were located on both sides of the station, with a switch to the northern-most track located in the center of the station. The station was closed on March 31, 1953, along with the rest of the North Shore Branch and the South Beach Branch. The station site is currently occupied by tail tracks for the reactivated Arlington freight yard, which began serving the Howland Hook Marine Terminal in 2005. Because of this, the former station was demolished. Arlington is one of the stations to be returned to operation under the proposals for reactivation of the North Shore branch for rapid transit, light rail, or bus rapid transit service. Any new service would require a physical separation from the current freight tracks. A new terminal station has been proposed south of the original site along South Avenue between Brabant Street and Continental Place, along with a second nearby station for a proposed West Shore service at Forest Avenue.1

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Jack Stephens (basketball)<EOT>1

Jack Stephens (basketball)

Jack Francis "Junior" Stephens (May 18, 1933 – August 31, 2011) was an American basketball player. He played one season in the National Basketball Association (NBA). Stephens, a guard from Mount Carmel High School in Chicago, played college basketball at the University of Notre Dame from 1951 to 1955. He was a standout for the Irish, raising his scoring average each year. In his senior season of 1954–55, Stephens averaged 20.9 points per game and was named an All-American by the United Press International (third team) and Collier's (second team). He tied the Irish single-game scoring record with 35 points against Marquette in his final career game for Notre Dame. Stephens served as captain of the '54–55 Irish. Stephens played on Irish teams that finished 19–5 and 22–3 and qualified for the NCAA Championships his sophomore and junior years, respectively. In 1953 he was named to the NCAA All-Mideast Regional team. Stephens also played one year of football for the Irish at halfback. After graduation, Stephens was drafted by the St. Louis Hawks in the second round (7th pick overall) of the 1955 NBA draft. He played one season for the Hawks, averaging 10.3 points and 5.2 rebounds per game in 72 appearances. Stephens later served as President of the University of Notre Dame Monogram Club from 1993 to 1994. On November 4, 2004, Stephens was named to the Irish All-Century Team. Jack Stephens died on August 31, 2011, in Peoria, Illinois.1

Jack Francis "Junior" Stephens (May 18, 1933 – August 31, 2011) was an American basketball player. He played one season in the National Basketball Association (NBA). Stephens, a guard from Mount Carmel High School in Chicago, played college basketball at the University of Notre Dame from 1951 to 1955. He was a standout for the Irish, raising his scoring average each year. In his senior season of 1954–55, Stephens averaged 20.9 points per game and was named an All-American by the United Press International (third team) and Collier's (second team). He tied the Irish single-game scoring record with 35 points against Marquette in his final career game for Notre Dame. Stephens served as captain of the '54–55 Irish. Stephens played on Irish teams that finished 19–5 and 22–3 and qualified for the NCAA Championships his sophomore and junior years, respectively. In 1953 he was named to the NCAA All-Mideast Regional team. Stephens also played one year of football for the Irish at halfback. After graduation, Stephens was drafted by the St. Louis Hawks in the second round (7th pick overall) of the 1955 NBA draft. He played one season for the Hawks, averaging 10.3 points and 5.2 rebounds per game in 72 appearances. Stephens later served as President of the University of Notre Dame Monogram Club from 1993 to 1994. On November 4, 2004, Stephens was named to the Irish All-Century Team. Jack Stephens died on August 31, 2011, in Peoria, Illinois.1

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2nd Wisconsin Volunteer Infantry Regiment<EOT>1

2nd Wisconsin Volunteer Infantry Regiment

The 2nd Regiment Wisconsin Volunteer Infantry was an infantry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War. It spent most of the war as a member of the famous Iron Brigade of the Army of the Potomac.

The 2nd Regiment Wisconsin Volunteer Infantry was an infantry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War. It spent most of the war as a member of the famous Iron Brigade of the Army of the Potomac. == Service == The Governor of Wisconsin, Alexander W. Randall (R), issued a call to arms throughout the state of Wisconsin following President Abraham Lincoln's April 15, 1861, proclamation for troops to put down the rebellion. Enough Wisconsin men enrolled to allow the formation of two regiments, one more than the single regiment quota from Lincoln's directive. The 2nd Wisconsin was primarily raised in Madison, Racine, Milwaukee, Oshkosh, and La Crosse. It assembled in Madison and was mustered into Federal service on June 11, 1861, as a three years regiment (reorganized from the original three months regiment). Governor Randall commissioned S. Park Coon, a 41-year-old native of New York and Wisconsin's attorney general prior to the war, as the new regiment's first colonel. The lieutenant colonel, Henry W. Peck, was an Ohioan who had graduated from West Point in 1851 and provided some professional military experience and training, versus the political appointee Coon. The regiment was transported to Washington, D.C., and saw its first combat at the First Battle of Bull Run in July 1861 in a brigade under William T. Sherman. Coon, never comfortable in his role as a military man, resigned July 30 to return to politics. Peck and the major also resigned, all were considered victims of the regiment's poor performance at Bull Run. Three new field officers replaced them—Col. Edgar O'Connor, Lt. Col. Fairchild, and Maj. Thomas S. Allen. The appointment of O'Connor, married to a Southern woman and an outspoken Democrat, was met with sharp criticism in Wisconsin's media, particularly in the Republican newspapers. He would prove to be a brave and competent leader, however, and was killed in action in Virginia in late summer 1862. Lt. Col. Fairchild was promoted to the rank of full colonel on September 8, 1862, to become the third commander of the 2nd Wisconsin Volunteers. The regiment suffered severe casualties during the 1862 Northern Virginia Campaign, fighting against Stonewall Jackson's Confederates at the Battle of Groveton, and seeing more action at the Second Battle of Bull Run. During the subsequent Maryland Campaign, the 2nd Wisconsin attacked Turner's Gap during the Battle of South Mountain, and then again took high casualties in the Cornfield at Antietam. Perhaps the regiment's finest hour came at Gettysburg, where it lost 77% of its strength (233 casualties out of 302 effectives) in stubborn fighting on McPherson's Ridge during the Iron Brigade's lengthy action on July 1, 1863. Colonel Fairchild lost an arm due to severe wound, and most of the line officers went down as well. The regiment reformed on Culp's Hill and entrenched for the rest of the battle. It later served in the Bristoe and Mine Run Campaigns. Although the 2nd Wisconsin was able to replenish some of its losses, it was never the same fighting force again. The regiment was mustered out on July 2, 1864. New recruits and later enlistees were consolidated into a battalion which was amalgamated with the 6th Wisconsin Volunteer Infantry Regiment on November 30, 1864. == Total enlistments and casualties == The 2nd Wisconsin Infantry initially mustered 1051 men and later recruited an additional 152 men, for a total of 1203 men. The regiment lost 10 officers and 228 enlisted men killed in action or who later died of their wounds, plus another 77 enlisted men who died of disease, for a total of 315 fatalities. == Colonels == Colonel S. Park Coon - April 24, 1861, to July 30, 1861 - Resigned. Colonel Edgar O'Connor - August 3, 1861, to August 28, 1862 - Killed in action at Gainesville, Virginia, during the Second Battle of Bull Run. Colonel Lucius Fairchild - September 8, 1862, to October 20, 1863 - Promoted to brigadier general by President Lincoln. Colonel John Mansfield - February 9, 1864, to August 14, 1864 - Mustered out with the regiment1

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Fugitive glue<EOT>1

Fugitive glue

Fugitive glue, also called credit card glue, E-z-release glue, or (colloquially) booger glue, snot glue, or gooey glue, is a low-tack adhesive that produces a removable, non-permanent joint. Fugitive glue contains a high amount of alcohol and is delivered to the substrate at a glue station when wet. The type of bond it produces is temporary in nature and is intended to hold two pieces of material together through the duration of folding and gluing operations. It will eventually evaporate without causing damage to either one of the separated substrate. Fugitive glues are frequently used in marketing, where some object—product sample or a return envelope—is glued to another, usually paper, object—a mailing envelope or a magazine. They tend to perform best on smooth, non-porous surfaces. In these applications, fugitive glues are not resealable pressure-sensitive adhesives such as are used on pressure-sensitive tapes or post-it notes, although resealable formulations are available. Fugitive glues are usually available in hot melt or latex form, with low VOC emissions. They can be also applied in liquid form.1

Fugitive glue, also called credit card glue, E-z-release glue, or (colloquially) booger glue, snot glue, or gooey glue, is a low-tack adhesive that produces a removable, non-permanent joint. Fugitive glue contains a high amount of alcohol and is delivered to the substrate at a glue station when wet. The type of bond it produces is temporary in nature and is intended to hold two pieces of material together through the duration of folding and gluing operations. It will eventually evaporate without causing damage to either one of the separated substrate. Fugitive glues are frequently used in marketing, where some object—product sample or a return envelope—is glued to another, usually paper, object—a mailing envelope or a magazine. They tend to perform best on smooth, non-porous surfaces. In these applications, fugitive glues are not resealable pressure-sensitive adhesives such as are used on pressure-sensitive tapes or post-it notes, although resealable formulations are available. Fugitive glues are usually available in hot melt or latex form, with low VOC emissions. They can be also applied in liquid form.1

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Richard J. Corman<EOT>1

Richard J. Corman

Richard Jay Corman (July 22, 1955 – August 23, 2013) was the founder and owner of R. J. Corman Railroad Group, a Nicholasville, Kentucky-based railroad services and short line operating company.

Richard Jay Corman (July 22, 1955 – August 23, 2013) was the founder and owner of R. J. Corman Railroad Group, a Nicholasville, Kentucky-based railroad services and short line operating company. == Early life == Corman was born and died in Nicholasville, Kentucky. The son of a state highway worker, he grew up in a home not far from his company's future headquarters in Nicholasville. He first went into business at age 11, when his paternal grandfather made him a 25% partner in a business hauling cattle, goods, and junk. According to a 2011 profile in Fortune, "high school utterly bored him"; he missed 105 of 173 possible school days during his senior year but still graduated in 1973. == Business career == In 1973, immediately after graduating from high school, he started performing railroad construction jobs for L&N Railroad with a single backhoe and dump truck. He quickly developed a reputation for his fast and thorough work. Within a few years, another opportunity came when friends in the rail industry asked his company to step in and take over derailment work after a Columbus, Ohio company that had done this work left the city. Throughout the next few years, Rick established a railroad construction company and then a derailment company under the banner of R. J. Corman. When larger railroads began contracting out their derailment and construction work in order to cut costs, Rick was able to provide them with the high-quality service that they were looking for. Though the early years of the business were financially difficult, Corman worked diligently to gain support for his companies. After Congress passed the Staggers Rail Act in 1987, Rick started a railroad company after he purchased the Bardstown Line. A year later, he began operating My Old Kentucky Dinner Train on that line using a car that had been part of the funeral procession for Dwight Eisenhower in 1969. Corman's company acquired more short lines over time, and was operating over 600 miles of track when Corman died in 2013. Rick went on to establish six more companies and acquire eight more short lines and before his passing in 2013. Although Corman technically retired in 1997, he remained intimately involved in his company's day-to-day affairs for the rest of his life. He spent his final years planning for the company's future after his death. While he received many purchase offers, he refused them all out of loyalty to his employees. His company continues to provide a variety of services for the railroads. In 2011, BNSF Railway CEO Matt Rose said about Corman, "He's kind of like an oilfield firefighter. He's the Red Adair of the railroad industry." == Personal life == Corman was married three times in all, and had five children. His two oldest, a daughter and a son, bear his name, but were born to a woman he never married. The three youngest, a son and two daughters, are from his third marriage. He spent the last 11 years of his life in a relationship with Tammie Taylor, an executive in his company. After his death his family removed her from the business. He was also a significant University of Kentucky sports booster. In his final years, Corman became a close friend of UK men's basketball head coach John Calipari, who came to call him "a brother". Corman first met Calipari in 2009, when he sent one of his private jets to take Calipari and his wife from Memphis to Calipari's introductory press conference in Lexington. Shortly after Corman's death, Calipari recalled that they spent almost the entire flight "talking about anything other than basketball" once Corman made it clear he knew virtually nothing about the sport. Corman occasionally attended UK practices; Calipari noted that Corman was the only person he ever allowed into a UK practice wearing a red shirt, the color of UK's archrival, the University of Louisville. Corman's support was not limited to the men's basketball team; he also used a personal jet to deliver Mark Stoops to Lexington for his 2012 introduction as UK's new football head coach. As a tribute to Corman, Calipari announced that he would wear red for at least one home game in the 2013–14 season. == Illness and death == Corman was diagnosed with multiple myeloma in 2001, after feeling excruciating back pain while running in Amsterdam. He entrusted much of his care to Kathleen Martin, a Lexington gastroenterologist whom he had previously dated, and the two then set on a journey that eventually led to the Dana–Farber Cancer Institute in Boston. When they arrived at Dana–Farber, the institute's lead myeloma researcher told him, "If you come here, we will do everything possible to see that you grow old gracefully and die of something other than multiple myeloma." For the rest of his life, Corman contributed heavily to Dana–Farber, and also set up a trust to run his company following his death that reportedly had the institute as a beneficiary. He had two bone marrow transplants as part of his treatment, the first in 2001 and the second in 2008. The cancer returned again in 2011; after a final turn for the worse in 2013, Corman died on August 23 at his home in Nicholasville.1

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Mind Games (song)<EOT>Mind Games = conversing with each other changing each others beliefs . <doc-sep> When Mind Games came out , alot had happened since the two years following Imagine . John and Yoko had left Britain for New York , ” Some Time in New York City ” had alienated alot of people ( not me , I thought it was honest , and good in parts) . John was living apart from Yoko. Had alot of women in England forgiven John for splitting up with Cynthia ? I felt, at the time, everyone was suddenly going to give John some back lash . A lot of friends thought Mind Games was okay , not great , and its sort of suffered from that ever since. Mind games as a song and a single was excellent , it should have got a much better chart position than it did . The next track “Tight A$” is a Tex Mex Rocky track with great humour in the lyrics , and the famous Lennon laugh . Another highlight is Aisumasen , an apology to Yoko, sung superbly , with an excellent guitar solo. “Out Of The Blue” build from an acoustic start to a full blown band climax with excellent lyrics . ” Bring On The Lucie ” is a “lost gem ” , ” Right Boys, this is it, over the Hill!” Heart on the sleeve, as always , some one had to say something , great biting lyrics . ” You Are Here ” is a complete contrast with its lyrics on meeting a woman from Japan , cultural differences , and original . “Only People ” does sound a bit steeped in slogans these days, but does have its moments . ” Intuition” sounds quite bland, which is rare for JL . Never liked “One Day ( at a time )” sung in falsetto for Yoko, still sounds no better . The new cd comes in a fine package now, with new photos and drawings . The bonus tracks are home versions for Aisumasen , Bring On The Lucie and Meat City . 1

Mind Games (song)

"Mind Games" is a song written and performed by John Lennon, released as a single in 1973 on Apple Records. It was the lead single for the album of the same name. The UK single and album were issued simultaneously on November 16, 1973. In the US it peaked at No. 18 on the Billboard Hot 100 and No. 10 on the Cashbox Top 100. In the UK it peaked at No. 26.

"Mind Games" is a song written and performed by John Lennon, released as a single in 1973 on Apple Records. It was the lead single for the album of the same name. The UK single and album were issued simultaneously on November 16, 1973. In the US it peaked at No. 18 on the Billboard Hot 100 and No. 10 on the Cashbox Top 100. In the UK it peaked at No. 26. == Background == This song, which was begun in 1969 and can be heard in the Beatles' Let It Be sessions, was originally titled "Make Love, Not War", a popular hippie slogan at that time. Another song, "I Promise", contains the melody that would later be featured on "Mind Games". The original Lennon demos for "Make Love, Not War" and "I Promise", recorded in 1970, are available on the John Lennon Anthology. Lennon finished writing the song after reading the book Mind Games: The Guide to Inner Space by Robert Masters and Jean Houston (1972). Lennon later encountered Masters in a restaurant and told him, "I am one of your fans. You wrote Mind Games." In keeping with the original theme, the lyrics advocate unity, love, and a positive outlook. The lyric "YES is the answer" is a nod to his wife Yoko Ono's art piece that brought them together originally. The song was recorded as Lennon split with her for his 18-month "lost weekend" with May Pang. == Chart performance == == Weekly charts == == Year-end charts == == Personnel == John Lennon – vocals, guitar, slide guitar, clavichord David Spinozza – guitar Ken Ascher – mellotron Gordon Edwards – bass Jim Keltner – drums Personnel per The Beatles Bible. == Cover versions == In 1990 South African musician Ratau Mike Makhalemele released an EP of Lennon covers including a 16-minute-long version of Mind Games. In 1995, it was recorded by George Clinton for the John Lennon tribute album Working Class Hero: A Tribute to John Lennon. In 2001, it was performed by Kevin Spacey as part of the tribute concert Come Together: A Night for John Lennon's Words and Music. The Irish band Hal covered Mind Games for Q Magazine in 2005. In 2006, it was covered by German rock /pop group MIA., as well as Australian band, Eskimo Joe, as part of the project Make Some Noise to support Amnesty International. In 2007, Gavin Rossdale's version appeared on Instant Karma: The Amnesty International Campaign to Save Darfur as an iTunes exclusive bonus track. In April 2009, Sinéad O'Connor's version of the song recorded in the mid 90's appeared on the re-released deluxe edition of her second album, I Do Not Want What I Haven't Got.1

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Arizona Derby Dames<EOT>Recommended by nearly all players that have tried the other types of mouthguard . 1

Arizona Derby Dames

Arizona Derby Dames (AZDD) is an all-women's amateur roller derby league based in the Phoenix, Arizona metropolitan area. It is one of many such leagues across the United States. The league currently plays the banked-track style of roller derby. AZDD was founded by four skaters, Suzy Homewrecker (XXX), Joan Threat (50), All The Way Mae (213) and Prima Donna (32). These skaters had an ambition that AZDD will become Arizona's first banked track roller derby league. Suzy Homewrecker originally skated for TXRD Lonestar Rollergirls, one of the first leagues that was established of the current resurgence of roller derby and was the league featured on an A&E reality show. These founding skaters were originally members of Arizona Roller Derby. AZDD normally holds one doubleheader bout per month. Between 2006 and 2008, these bouts were held at the Castle Sports Club in Phoenix. This venue is also used for roller hockey and is the home of the Arizona Excalibur Women's Hockey league. In late 2008, the league announced that the 2009 season will be held in the Arizona Veterans Memorial Coliseum. (need ref) The Castle Sports Club is still the venue for Arizona Roller Derby and Desert Dolls Roller Derby. On March 20, 2010, AZDD played their first doubleheader at the Veteran's Memorial Coliseum using a newly designed banked track. The last known banked track events in Arizona were in the 1960s with the Arizona Raiders of the National Skating Derby. The crowd, estimated to be over 4,000 is a record crowd for the league and a record crowd for "resurgence-era" roller derby in Arizona. Arizona was a founding member of the Roller Derby Coalition of Leagues, in January 2012.

Arizona Derby Dames (AZDD) is an all-women's amateur roller derby league based in the Phoenix, Arizona metropolitan area. It is one of many such leagues across the United States. The league currently plays the banked-track style of roller derby. AZDD was founded by four skaters, Suzy Homewrecker (XXX), Joan Threat (50), All The Way Mae (213) and Prima Donna (32). These skaters had an ambition that AZDD will become Arizona's first banked track roller derby league. Suzy Homewrecker originally skated for TXRD Lonestar Rollergirls, one of the first leagues that was established of the current resurgence of roller derby and was the league featured on an A&E reality show. These founding skaters were originally members of Arizona Roller Derby. AZDD normally holds one doubleheader bout per month. Between 2006 and 2008, these bouts were held at the Castle Sports Club in Phoenix. This venue is also used for roller hockey and is the home of the Arizona Excalibur Women's Hockey league. In late 2008, the league announced that the 2009 season will be held in the Arizona Veterans Memorial Coliseum. (need ref) The Castle Sports Club is still the venue for Arizona Roller Derby and Desert Dolls Roller Derby. On March 20, 2010, AZDD played their first doubleheader at the Veteran's Memorial Coliseum using a newly designed banked track. The last known banked track events in Arizona were in the 1960s with the Arizona Raiders of the National Skating Derby. The crowd, estimated to be over 4,000 is a record crowd for the league and a record crowd for "resurgence-era" roller derby in Arizona. Arizona was a founding member of the Roller Derby Coalition of Leagues, in January 2012. == Teams == The Arizona Derby Dames has five home teams: The Bombshells are themed after the pin-up girls of the 1940s. Their uniforms are red and are styled from the World War II era. (Team captain: Deadlee Limbz) The Brutal Beauties are the beauty queen rejects of the league, apparently inspired by Tonya Harding, the team sports pink and has the motto "pink por vida" (pink for life). (Team captain: Kimber Slice) The Coffin Draggers wear neon green and black colors on their uniforms. Some team members will wear face make-up. They are dubbed "the prettiest girls in the morgue". (Team captain: Lelu Dallas MultiBASH) The Schoolyard Scrappers are the league's 2007 expansion team. Wearing blue plaid skirts and black shirts, these "good girls gone bad" reminiscent of the private school bully. (Team captain: Nikki Badazz) The Runaway Brides was the league's 2008 expansion team. This team was inspired by the story of Jennifer Wilbanks. Wearing white and maroon colors, many of the team member's uniforms feature lace and ruffles like wedding dresses. (Team captain: Ellie Mayhem) == "Fresh Meat" == AZDD recruits members through tryouts that are held periodically. Those new recruits who pass the tryouts start attending practices and will eventually need to pass a skills test before being placed on a team. While waiting for placement on a team, the "fresh meat" skaters will perform other tasks at the bout such as the sales of raffle tickets. Fresh Meat is a common term used in roller derby to define a skater that is still in training. == Quick facts == Founded: 2005 League motto: "Live Fast Die Pretty" League promo-line: "Live, Fast, Rollergirls" Venue: Arizona Veterans Memorial Coliseum, Phoenix AZ.1

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Vidup Agrahari<EOT>Mr. Arun Dang has two hotels in Agra named Grand Hotel & Ranjit Hotel. He is law graduate and elected Seven times as President of Tourism Guild of Agra - an apex of body of hospitality industry of Taj City . 1

Vidup Agrahari

Vidup Agrahari (Born in 1969) is an Indian politician, business person and singer, who is affiliated with Bhartiya Janata Party. He is best known for his album Kaisi Ye Deewangee and "Jaane Kya Dekh Liya" telecasts on Doordarshan. He is one of the directors of the Shyam Group of Companies. He is son of twice MP Shyama Charan Gupta and his wife Jamunotri Gupta.

Vidup Agrahari (Born in 1969) is an Indian politician, business person and singer, who is affiliated with Bhartiya Janata Party. He is best known for his album Kaisi Ye Deewangee and "Jaane Kya Dekh Liya" telecasts on Doordarshan. He is one of the directors of the Shyam Group of Companies. He is son of twice MP Shyama Charan Gupta and his wife Jamunotri Gupta. == Early life == Born at his maternal home Manikpur Jaunpur in Uttar Pradesh, Vidup Agrahari was educated at Allahabad and Kanpur. His father, Shyama Charan Gupta, is a politician and incumbent Member of Parliament of the Allahabad and founder of Shyam Group. Since school, he took part in various singing competitions. He grew up listening to songs by Manna Dey, Lata Mangeshkar, Mohammad Rafi and Kishore Kumar. Before his first album, he took rigorous training in music and voice modulation. Agrahari likes soft melodious songs more than boisterous and loud songs. == Career == Agrahari launched his first album Kaisi Yeh Deewangee in 2004 and has come out with his second album Jaane Kya Dekh Liya under the label of Venus. Its music is composed by Prakash Ashish and has lyrics by Faaiz Anwar. Music video of title track jaane kya dekh liya is shot at Bangkok with Vidup, TV Actress Surveen Chawla and Shibani Dandekar. Agrahari is very happy because his song Jaane Kya Dekh Liya from the same album, has reached to number 9 spot on DD1.In an interview Agrahari stated, "It's a good feeling. Music for me is a passion. To be appreciated for it inspires you to do more and better work." After "Kaisi Ye Deewaangee" Agrahari did some playbacks in few films and again come up with new album "Jaane Kya Dekh Liya". In this album lyrics are penned by the lyricist Faaiz Anwaar.1

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Gulam Bodi<EOT>1

Gulam Bodi

Gulam Hussain Bodi (born 4 January 1979) is an Indian-born South African cricketer who has represented his country at Under-19, Twenty20 and ODI level. He is a left-handed batsman and a handy slow left-arm chinaman bowler. Bodi has represented various teams in South African domestic cricket, Transvaal, Easterns, KwaZulu-Natal and The Titans. In June 2007 he played for an African XI in a Twenty20 game against an Asia XI and made his ODI debut in a game against Zimbabwe later in that years. He was one of the beneficiaries of the selection policy criticized by Kevin Pietersen, forcing him from KwaZulu-Natal. In January 2016 he was charged by Cricket South Africa (CSA) under their anti-corruption code for match fixing in the 2015–16 Ram Slam T20 Challenge. On 14 January 2016 CSA confirmed that it was Bodi that was at the centre of a possible match fixing scandal, and on 25 January 2016 it was announced that he had been banned from cricket for 20 years.1

Gulam Hussain Bodi (born 4 January 1979) is an Indian-born South African cricketer who has represented his country at Under-19, Twenty20 and ODI level. He is a left-handed batsman and a handy slow left-arm chinaman bowler. Bodi has represented various teams in South African domestic cricket, Transvaal, Easterns, KwaZulu-Natal and The Titans. In June 2007 he played for an African XI in a Twenty20 game against an Asia XI and made his ODI debut in a game against Zimbabwe later in that years. He was one of the beneficiaries of the selection policy criticized by Kevin Pietersen, forcing him from KwaZulu-Natal. In January 2016 he was charged by Cricket South Africa (CSA) under their anti-corruption code for match fixing in the 2015–16 Ram Slam T20 Challenge. On 14 January 2016 CSA confirmed that it was Bodi that was at the centre of a possible match fixing scandal, and on 25 January 2016 it was announced that he had been banned from cricket for 20 years.1

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Tommy the Clown<EOT>1

Tommy the Clown

Thomas Johnson, also known as Tommy the Clown, is an American dancer best known as the inventor of the "clowning" style of dance, which evolved into krumping. Johnson invented the style in 1992 to enhance birthday party clown acts, thereby creating the concept of "hip-hop clowns". Johnson and his followers have performed at birthday parties ranging from inner city communities to celebrities like Madonna, Pamela Anderson, and Cedric the Entertainer. He achieved international acclaim as focus of David LaChapelle's 2005 documentary Rize. Tommy the Clown also danced with Ray Ray, of Mindless Behavior fame.

Thomas Johnson, also known as Tommy the Clown, is an American dancer best known as the inventor of the "clowning" style of dance, which evolved into krumping. Johnson invented the style in 1992 to enhance birthday party clown acts, thereby creating the concept of "hip-hop clowns". Johnson and his followers have performed at birthday parties ranging from inner city communities to celebrities like Madonna, Pamela Anderson, and Cedric the Entertainer. He achieved international acclaim as focus of David LaChapelle's 2005 documentary Rize. Tommy the Clown also danced with Ray Ray, of Mindless Behavior fame. == Biography == Thomas Johnson was born in Detroit, Michigan, and was raised in South Central Los Angeles, California. Growing up, he, as did many of his friends and neighbors in the community, often found himself falling in and out of trouble. After Johnson spent five years in jail he realized that his lifestyle needed a significant change. He acquired a job as a typist clerk until 1992 when he received his first opportunity to perform; a co-worker asked him to be a clown at her child's birthday celebration because of his entertaining personality. He accepted the job, thus creating his Tommy the Clown persona. After this event, Tommy the Clown led the way in the stirring dance movement called "Clowning" and "Krumping". He also developed this form of dance in response to the 1992 Rodney King riots. He is now internationally known as the "Father of Krumping". Tommy's performances incorporated the current music and dancing of the time, and he encouraged the children to get up and dance with him. He soon developed loyal followers throughout Los Angeles. He used this opportunity to give children the chance to take an interest in dancing rather than drugs or gang activity and established a dance crew called the Hip Hop Clowns who performed with him at parties. His only rules for his crew were as follows: "No gangs, No drugs, Do well in school (grades, attendance and behavior) and be a role model by living a positive lifestyle at all times." By 2000, there were over 60 clown crews in Los Angeles. To avoid a clashing of these different groups, Tommy took it upon himself to hold weekly dance battles at his former Tommy the Clown Academy, where an audience judged who was best. The popularity of these contests flourished, and Tommy created and hosted the Battle Zone event—an official dance battle featuring community dancers and celebrity guests. Tommy's dance phenomenon caught the attention of the acclaimed director and photographer, David LaChapelle. Feeling inclined to capture this movement on film, LaChapelle directed the 2005 Lions Gate Films documentary Rize. Since then, Tommy the Clown and the Hip Hop Clowns have been traveling the globe performing and making appearances to spread the movement, as well as performing for various celebrities. Tommy has also appeared at numerous schools and colleges across the United States. He has a partnership with the Los Angeles Unified School District to provide an in-school Clowning and Krumping workshop based on the California Education Standards. He also provides a variety of youth programs in schools and the community.1

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Thought<EOT>simple past tense and past participle of think1 . <doc-sep> He just sat there, not moving a muscle. I nudged him slightly with the towel, but nothing happened . . . . I left, but when I came back two hours later he hadn't moved. <doc-sep> Honoring Parents Sanctification of the Moon More Mitzvahs & Traditions What to Expect at . . . The 613 Commandments <doc-sep> Against "strong AI," Searle (1980a) asks you to imagine yourself a monolingual English speaker "locked in a room, and given a large batch of Chinese writing" plus "a second batch of Chinese script" and "a set of rules" in English "for correlating the second batch with the first batch." The rules "correlate one set of formal symbols with another set of formal symbols"; "formal" (or "syntactic") meaning you "can identify the symbols entirely by their shapes." A third batch of Chinese symbols and more instructions in English enable you "to correlate elements of this third batch with elements of the first two batches" and instruct you, thereby, "to give back certain sorts of Chinese symbols with certain sorts of shapes in response." Those giving you the symbols "call the first batch 'a script' [a data structure with natural language processing applications], "they call the second batch 'a story', and they call the third batch 'questions'; the symbols you give back "they call . . . 'answers to the questions'"; "the set of rules in English . . . they call 'the program'": you yourself know none of this. Nevertheless, you "get so good at following the instructions" that "from the point of view of someone outside the room" your responses are "absolutely indistinguishable from those of Chinese speakers." Just by looking at your answers, nobody can tell you "don't speak a word of Chinese." Producing answers "by manipulating uninterpreted formal symbols," it seems "[a]s far as the Chinese is concerned," you "simply behave like a computer"; specifically, like a computer running Schank and Abelson's (1977) "Script Applier Mechanism" story understanding program (SAM), which Searle's takes for his example. But in imagining himself to be the person in the room, Searle thinks it's "quite obvious . . . I do not understand a word of the Chinese stories. I have inputs and outputs that are indistinguishable from those of the native Chinese speaker, and I can have any formal program you like, but I still understand nothing." "For the same reasons," Searle concludes, "Schank's computer understands nothing of any stories" since "the computer has nothing more than I have in the case where I understand nothing" (1980a, p. 418). Furthermore, since in the thought experiment "nothing . . . depends on the details of Schank's programs," the same "would apply to any [computer] simulation" of any "human mental phenomenon" (1980a, p. 417); that's all it would be, simulation. Contrary to "strong AI," then, no matter how intelligent-seeming a computer behaves and no matter what programming makes it behave that way, since the symbols it processes are meaningless (lack semantics) to it, it's not really intelligent. It's not actually thinking. Its internal states and processes, being purely syntactic, lack semantics (meaning); so, it doesn't really have intentional (that is, meaningful) mental states. Searle's main rejoinder to this is to "let the individual internalize all . . . of the system" by memorizing the rules and script and doing the lookups and other operations in their head. "All the same," Searle maintains, "he understands nothing of the Chinese, and . . . neither does the system, because there isn't anything in the system that isn't in him. If he doesn't understand then there is no way the system could understand because the system is just part of him" (1980a, p. 420). Searle also insists the systems reply would have the absurd consequence that "mind is everywhere." For instance, "there is a level of description at which my stomach does information processing" there being "nothing to prevent [describers] from treating the input and output of my digestive organs as information if they so desire." Besides, Searle contends, it's just ridiculous to say "that while [the] person doesn't understand Chinese, somehow the conjunction of that person and bits of paper might" (1980a, p. 420). Against this, Searle insists, "even getting this close to the operation of the brain is still not sufficient to produce understanding" as may be seen from the following variation on the Chinese room scenario. Instead of shuffling symbols, we "have the man operate an elaborate set of water pipes with valves connecting them." Given some Chinese symbols as input, the program now tells the man "which valves he has to turn off and on. Each water connection corresponds to synapse in the Chinese brain, and the whole system is rigged so that after . . . turning on all the right faucets, the Chinese answer pops out at the output end of the series of pipes." Yet, Searle thinks, obviously, "the man certainly doesn't understand Chinese, and neither do the water pipes." "The problem with the brain simulator," as Searle diagnoses it, is that it simulates "only the formal structure of the sequence of neuron firings": the insufficiency of this formal structure for producing meaning and mental states "is shown by the water pipe example" (1980a, p. 421). Searle responds that this misses the point: it's "not. . . how I know that other people have cognitive states, but rather what it is that I am attributing when I attribute cognitive states to them. The thrust of the argument is that it couldn't be just computational processes and their output because the computational processes and their output can exist without the cognitive state" (1980a, p. 420-421: my emphases). In reply to this second sort of objection, Searle insists that what's at issue here is intrinsic intentionality in contrast to the merely derived intentionality of inscriptions and other linguistic signs. Whatever meaning Searle-in-the-room's computation might derive from the meaning of the Chinese symbols which he processes will not be intrinsic to the process or the processor but "observer relative," existing only in the minds of beholders such as the native Chinese speakers outside the room. "Observer-relative ascriptions of intentionality are always dependent on the intrinsic intentionality of the observers" (Searle 1980b, pp. 451-452). The nub of the experiment, according to Searle's attempted clarification, then, is this: "instantiating a program could not be constitutive of intentionality, because it would be possible for an agent [e.g., Searle-in-the-room] to instantiate the program and still not have the right kind of intentionality" (Searle 1980b, pp. 450-451: my emphasis); the intrinsic kind. Though Searle unapologetically identifies intrinsic intentionality with conscious intentionality, still he resists Dennett's and others' imputations of dualism. Given that what it is we're attributing in attributing mental states is conscious intentionality, Searle maintains, insistence on the "first-person point of view" is warranted; because "the ontology of the mind is a first-person ontology": "the mind consists of qualia [subjective conscious experiences] . . . right down to the ground" (1992, p. 20). This thesis of Ontological Subjectivity, as Searle calls it in more recent work, is not, he insists, some dualistic invocation of discredited "Cartesian apparatus" (Searle 1992, p. xii), as his critics charge; it simply reaffirms commonsensical intuitions that behavioristic views and their functionalistic progeny have, for too long, highhandedly, dismissed. This commonsense identification of thought with consciousness, Searle maintains, is readily reconcilable with thoroughgoing physicalism when we conceive of consciousness as both caused by and realized in underlying brain processes. Identification of thought with consciousness along these lines, Searle insists, is not dualism; it might more aptly be styled monist interactionism (1980b, p. 455-456) or (as he now prefers) "biological naturalism" (1992, p. 1). To show that thought is not just computation (what the Chinese room -- if it shows anything -- shows) is not to show that computers' intelligent seeming performances are not real thought (as the "strong" "weak" dichotomy suggests) . 1

Thought

Thought refers to ideas or arrangements of ideas that are the result of the process of thinking. Though thinking is an activity considered essential to humanity, there is no consensus as to how we define or understand it. Because thought underlies many human actions and interactions, understanding its physical and metaphysical origins, processes, and effects has been a longstanding goal of many academic disciplines including linguistics, psychology, neuroscience, philosophy, artificial intelligence, biology, sociology and cognitive science. Thinking allows humans to make sense of, interpret, represent or model the world they experience, and to make predictions about that world. It is therefore helpful to an organism with needs, objectives, and desires as it makes plans or otherwise attempts to accomplish those goals.

Thought refers to ideas or arrangements of ideas that are the result of the process of thinking. Though thinking is an activity considered essential to humanity, there is no consensus as to how we define or understand it. Because thought underlies many human actions and interactions, understanding its physical and metaphysical origins, processes, and effects has been a longstanding goal of many academic disciplines including linguistics, psychology, neuroscience, philosophy, artificial intelligence, biology, sociology and cognitive science. Thinking allows humans to make sense of, interpret, represent or model the world they experience, and to make predictions about that world. It is therefore helpful to an organism with needs, objectives, and desires as it makes plans or otherwise attempts to accomplish those goals. == Etymology and usage == The word thought comes from Old English þoht, or geþoht, from stem of þencan "to conceive of in the mind, consider". The word "thought" may mean: a single product of thinking or a single idea ("My first thought was ‘no.’") the product of mental activity ("Mathematics is a large body of thought.") the act or system of thinking ("I was frazzled from too much thought.") the capacity to think, reason, imagine, and so on ("All her thought was applied to her work.") the consideration of or reflection on an idea ("The thought of death terrifies me.") recollection or contemplation ("I thought about my childhood.") half-formed or imperfect intention ("I had some thought of going.") anticipation or expectation ("She had no thought of seeing him again.") consideration, attention, care, or regard ("He took no thought of his appearance" and "I did it without thinking.") judgment, opinion, or belief ("According to his thought, honesty is the best policy.") the ideas characteristic of a particular place, class, or time ("Greek thought") the state of being conscious of something ("It made me think of my grandmother.") tending to believe in something, especially with less than full confidence ("I think that it will rain, but I am not sure.") Definitions may or may not require that thought take place within a human brain (see anthropomorphism), take place as part of a living biological system (see Alan Turing and Computing Machinery and Intelligence), take place only at a conscious level of awareness (see Unconscious Thought Theory), require language, is principally or even only conceptual, abstract ("formal"), involve other concepts such as drawing analogies, interpreting, evaluating, imagining, planning, and remembering. Definitions of thought may also be derived directly or indirectly from theories of thought. == Theories == "Outline of a theory of thought-processes and thinking machines" (Caianiello) – thought processes and mental phenomena modeled by sets of mathematical equations Surfaces and Essences: Analogy as the Fuel and Fire of Thinking (Hofstadter and Sander) – a theory built on analogies The Neural Theory of Language and Thought (Feldman and Lakoff) – neural modeling of language and spatial relations ThoughtForms – The Structure, Power, and Limitations of Thought (Baum) – a theory built on mental models Unconscious Thought Theory – thought that is not conscious Linguistics theories – The Stuff of Thought (Steven Pinker, Noam Chomsky) – The linguistic and cognitive theory that thought is based on syntactic and linguistic recursion processes == Philosophy == What is most thought-provoking in these thought-provoking times, is that we are still not thinking. — Martin Heidegger The phenomenology movement in philosophy saw a radical change in the way in which we understand thought. Martin Heidegger's phenomenological analyses of the existential structure of man in Being and Time cast new light on the issue of thinking, unsettling traditional cognitive or rational interpretations of man which affect the way we understand thought. The notion of the fundamental role of non-cognitive understanding in rendering possible thematic consciousness informed the discussion surrounding Artificial Intelligence during the 1970s and 1980s. Phenomenology, however, is not the only approach to thinking in modern Western philosophy. Philosophy of mind is a branch of philosophy that studies the nature of the mind, mental events, mental functions, mental properties, consciousness and their relationship to the physical body, particularly the brain. The mind-body problem, i.e. the relationship of the mind to the body, is commonly seen as the central issue in philosophy of mind, although there are other issues concerning the nature of the mind that do not involve its relation to the physical body. == The mind-body problem == The mind-body problem concerns the explanation of the relationship that exists between minds, or mental processes, and bodily states or processes. The main aim of philosophers working in this area is to determine the nature of the mind and mental states/processes, and how—or even if—minds are affected by and can affect the body. Human perceptual experiences depend on stimuli which arrive at one's various sensory organs from the external world and these stimuli cause changes in one's mental state, ultimately causing one to feel a sensation, which may be pleasant or unpleasant. Someone's desire for a slice of pizza, for example, will tend to cause that person to move his or her body in a specific manner and in a specific direction to obtain what he or she wants. The question, then, is how it can be possible for conscious experiences to arise out of a lump of gray matter endowed with nothing but electrochemical properties. A related problem is to explain how someone's propositional attitudes (e.g. beliefs and desires) can cause that individual's neurons to fire and his muscles to contract in exactly the correct manner. These comprise some of the puzzles that have confronted epistemologists and philosophers of mind from at least the time of René Descartes. == Functionalism vs. embodiment == The above reflects a classical, functional description of how we work as cognitive, thinking systems. However the apparently irresolvable mind-body problem is said to be overcome, and bypassed, by the embodied cognition approach, with its roots in the work of Heidegger, Piaget, Vygotsky, Merleau-Ponty and the pragmatist John Dewey. This approach states that the classical approach of separating the mind and analysing its processes is misguided: instead, we should see that the mind, actions of an embodied agent, and the environment it perceives and envisions, are all parts of a whole which determine each other. Therefore, functional analysis of the mind alone will always leave us with the mind-body problem which cannot be solved. == Biology == A neuron (also known as a neurone or nerve cell) is an excitable cell in the nervous system that processes and transmits information by electrochemical signaling. Neurons are the core components of the brain, the vertebrate spinal cord, the invertebrate ventral nerve cord, and the peripheral nerves. A number of specialized types of neurons exist: sensory neurons respond to touch, sound, light and numerous other stimuli affecting cells of the sensory organs that then send signals to the spinal cord and brain. Motor neurons receive signals from the brain and spinal cord and cause muscle contractions and affect glands. Interneurons connect neurons to other neurons within the brain and spinal cord. Neurons respond to stimuli, and communicate the presence of stimuli to the central nervous system, which processes that information and sends responses to other parts of the body for action. Neurons do not go through mitosis, and usually cannot be replaced after being destroyed, although astrocytes have been observed to turn into neurons as they are sometimes pluripotent. == Psychology == Psychologists have concentrated on thinking as an intellectual exertion aimed at finding an answer to a question or the solution of a practical problem. Cognitive psychology is a branch of psychology that investigates internal mental processes such as problem solving, memory, and language. The school of thought arising from this approach is known as cognitivism which is interested in how people mentally represent information processing. It had its foundations in the Gestalt psychology of Max Wertheimer, Wolfgang Köhler, and Kurt Koffka, and in the work of Jean Piaget, who provided a theory of stages/phases that describe children's cognitive development. Cognitive psychologists use psychophysical and experimental approaches to understand, diagnose, and solve problems, concerning themselves with the mental processes which mediate between stimulus and response. They study various aspects of thinking, including the psychology of reasoning, and how people make decisions and choices, solve problems, as well as engage in creative discovery and imaginative thought. Cognitive theory contends that solutions to problems take the form of algorithms—rules that are not necessarily understood but promise a solution, or heuristics—rules that are understood but that do not always guarantee solutions. Cognitive science differs from cognitive psychology in that algorithms that are intended to simulate human behavior are implemented or implementable on a computer. In other instances, solutions may be found through insight, a sudden awareness of relationships. In developmental psychology, Jean Piaget was a pioneer in the study of the development of thought from birth to maturity. In his theory of cognitive development, thought is based on actions on the environment. That is, Piaget suggests that the environment is understood through assimilations of objects in the available schemes of action and these accommodate to the objects to the extent that the available schemes fall short of the demands. As a result of this interplay between assimilation and accommodation, thought develops through a sequence of stages that differ qualitatively from each other in mode of representation and complexity of inference and understanding. That is, thought evolves from being based on perceptions and actions at the sensorimotor stage in the first two years of life to internal representations in early childhood. Subsequently, representations are gradually organized into logical structures which first operate on the concrete properties of the reality, in the stage of concrete operations, and then operate on abstract principles that organize concrete properties, in the stage of formal operations. In recent years, the Piagetian conception of thought was integrated with information processing conceptions. Thus, thought is considered as the result of mechanisms that are responsible for the representation and processing of information. In this conception, speed of processing, cognitive control, and working memory are the main functions underlying thought. In the neo-Piagetian theories of cognitive development, the development of thought is considered to come from increasing speed of processing, enhanced cognitive control, and increasing working memory. Positive psychology emphasizes the positive aspects of human psychology as equally important as the focus on mood disorders and other negative symptoms. In Character Strengths and Virtues, Peterson and Seligman list a series of positive characteristics. One person is not expected to have every strength, nor are they meant to fully capsulate that characteristic entirely. The list encourages positive thought that builds on a person's strengths, rather than how to "fix" their "symptoms". == Psychoanalysis == "Id", "ego", and "super-ego" are the three parts of the "psychic apparatus" defined in Sigmund Freud's structural model of the psyche; they are the three theoretical constructs in terms of whose activity and interaction mental life is described. According to this model, the uncoordinated instinctual trends are the "id"; the organized realistic part of the psyche is the "ego," and the critical and moralizing function the "super-ego." The unconscious was considered by Freud throughout the evolution of his psychoanalytic theory a sentient force of will influenced by human desire and yet operating well below the perceptual conscious mind. For Freud, the unconscious is the storehouse of instinctual desires, needs, and psychic drives. While past thoughts and reminiscences may be concealed from immediate consciousness, they direct the thoughts and feelings of the individual from the realm of the unconscious. For psychoanalysis, the unconscious does not include all that is not conscious, rather only what is actively repressed from conscious thought or what the person is averse to knowing consciously. In a sense this view places the self in relationship to their unconscious as an adversary, warring with itself to keep what is unconscious hidden. If a person feels pain, all he can think of is alleviating the pain. Any of his desires, to get rid of pain or enjoy something, command the mind what to do. For Freud, the unconscious was a repository for socially unacceptable ideas, wishes or desires, traumatic memories, and painful emotions put out of mind by the mechanism of psychological repression. However, the contents did not necessarily have to be solely negative. In the psychoanalytic view, the unconscious is a force that can only be recognized by its effects—it expresses itself in the symptom. == Sociology == Social psychology is the study of how people and groups interact. Scholars in this interdisciplinary area are typically either psychologists or sociologists, though all social psychologists employ both the individual and the group as their units of analysis. Despite their similarity, psychological and sociological researchers tend to differ in their goals, approaches, methods, and terminology. They also favor separate academic journals and professional societies. The greatest period of collaboration between sociologists and psychologists was during the years immediately following World War II. Although there has been increasing isolation and specialization in recent years, some degree of overlap and influence remains between the two disciplines. The collective unconscious, sometimes known as collective subconscious, is a term of analytical psychology, coined by Carl Jung. It is a part of the unconscious mind, shared by a society, a people, or all humanity, in an interconnected system that is the product of all common experiences and contains such concepts as science, religion, and morality. While Freud did not distinguish between an "individual psychology" and a "collective psychology," Jung distinguished the collective unconscious from the personal subconscious particular to each human being. The collective unconscious is also known as "a reservoir of the experiences of our species." In the "Definitions" chapter of Jung's seminal work Psychological Types, under the definition of "collective" Jung references representations collectives, a term coined by Lucien Lévy-Bruhl in his 1910 book How Natives Think. Jung says this is what he describes as the collective unconscious. Freud, on the other hand, did not accept the idea of a collective unconscious.1

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Dion Bentley<EOT>1

Dion Bentley

Dion Bentley (born August 26, 1971) is an American long jumper. Bentley attended Penn Hills High School, where he had a stellar track career, including setting the still current American Junior record in the long jump. He was Track and Field News "High School Athlete of the Year" in 1989. He went to the University of Florida, where he continued to compete in the long jump and holds the Gators' indoor (26 ft 8 ¹⁄₄ in or 8.13 m) and outdoor (27 ft 6 ¹⁄₂ in or 8.39 m) records. Bentley had the unfortunate timing of reaching the elite ranks at the peak of the careers of Carl Lewis, Mike Powell, Larry Myricks and Joe Greene among others, reaching as high as #6 on the U.S. rankings in 1994 in his three visits to the top ten. As of 2013, he ranks as #50 on the all-time world performer list.1

Dion Bentley (born August 26, 1971) is an American long jumper. Bentley attended Penn Hills High School, where he had a stellar track career, including setting the still current American Junior record in the long jump. He was Track and Field News "High School Athlete of the Year" in 1989. He went to the University of Florida, where he continued to compete in the long jump and holds the Gators' indoor (26 ft 8 ¹⁄₄ in or 8.13 m) and outdoor (27 ft 6 ¹⁄₂ in or 8.39 m) records. Bentley had the unfortunate timing of reaching the elite ranks at the peak of the careers of Carl Lewis, Mike Powell, Larry Myricks and Joe Greene among others, reaching as high as #6 on the U.S. rankings in 1994 in his three visits to the top ten. As of 2013, he ranks as #50 on the all-time world performer list.1

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Motl Zelmanowicz<EOT>1

Motl Zelmanowicz

Motl Zelmanowicz (1914 – 16 October 2010) was a Bundist activist. Zelmanowicz was born in Łódź, Congress Poland. His father, Ephraim, was an activist in the General Jewish Labour Bund. At a very early age, he became an activist in the Bund in Poland, becoming the local chairman of S.K.I.F. (Sotsyalistishe Kinder Farband). In 1940, he moved to Seattle to escape from the Holocaust. He arrived with his brother, Shloyme, his future wife, Emma Pat, and various friends and colleagues from the Bund. After moving to New York, he was instrumental in establishing the World Coordinating Committee of the Bund and was its president for most of its existence, until it was folded at a small meeting at its headquarters. Zelmanowicz was on the Board of Directors and a Trustee for YIVO, a member of the Board of Advisors of the Folksbiene, a Vice-President of the Jewish Daily Forward, one of the Vice-Chairs of the Democratic Socialists of America, member of the Executive Committee of the Jewish Labor Committee, President of the International Jewish Labor Bund, author of "A Bundist Comments on History As It Was Being Made – The Post–Cold War Era", a major writer for the Bundist magazine Undzer Tsayt, responsible for the production of the "In Love and Struggle" CD, and assisted Jack Lester Jacobs, the author of Bundist Counterculture in Interwar Poland, in his research.1

Motl Zelmanowicz (1914 – 16 October 2010) was a Bundist activist. Zelmanowicz was born in Łódź, Congress Poland. His father, Ephraim, was an activist in the General Jewish Labour Bund. At a very early age, he became an activist in the Bund in Poland, becoming the local chairman of S.K.I.F. (Sotsyalistishe Kinder Farband). In 1940, he moved to Seattle to escape from the Holocaust. He arrived with his brother, Shloyme, his future wife, Emma Pat, and various friends and colleagues from the Bund. After moving to New York, he was instrumental in establishing the World Coordinating Committee of the Bund and was its president for most of its existence, until it was folded at a small meeting at its headquarters. Zelmanowicz was on the Board of Directors and a Trustee for YIVO, a member of the Board of Advisors of the Folksbiene, a Vice-President of the Jewish Daily Forward, one of the Vice-Chairs of the Democratic Socialists of America, member of the Executive Committee of the Jewish Labor Committee, President of the International Jewish Labor Bund, author of "A Bundist Comments on History As It Was Being Made – The Post–Cold War Era", a major writer for the Bundist magazine Undzer Tsayt, responsible for the production of the "In Love and Struggle" CD, and assisted Jack Lester Jacobs, the author of Bundist Counterculture in Interwar Poland, in his research.1

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Risley Residential College<EOT>1

Risley Residential College

Prudence Risley Residential College for the Creative and Performing Arts, commonly known as Risley Residential College, Risley Hall, or just Risley, is a program house (themed residence hall) at Cornell University. Unlike most other dormitories on campus, Risley is a residential college; house members, or "Risleyites," have some say in the administration of the residence hall, can continue to reside there as long as they are enrolled at Cornell, are encouraged to eat together at the in-house dining hall, and participate in educational activities such as guest lectures within the dormitory. The building houses 192 students, chosen by Risleyites from a number of applications, as well as one or two Artists-In-Residence ("AIRs"), who live in the building and organize regular programs in which the house members participate. Currently, Risley's Artist-In-Residence is Adam J. Boggs. Previous AIRs include Patrick Gray, Carolina Osorio-Gill, Natalie Tyler, Abraham Burickson, Gregory Halpern, and Brandon Bird. Many famous people have visited the house for intimate discussions with the Risleyites, such as Anthony Rapp and John Cleese, who hosted a question and answer session after the showing of his film A Fish Called Wanda.

Prudence Risley Residential College for the Creative and Performing Arts, commonly known as Risley Residential College, Risley Hall, or just Risley, is a program house (themed residence hall) at Cornell University. Unlike most other dormitories on campus, Risley is a residential college; house members, or "Risleyites," have some say in the administration of the residence hall, can continue to reside there as long as they are enrolled at Cornell, are encouraged to eat together at the in-house dining hall, and participate in educational activities such as guest lectures within the dormitory. The building houses 192 students, chosen by Risleyites from a number of applications, as well as one or two Artists-In-Residence ("AIRs"), who live in the building and organize regular programs in which the house members participate. Currently, Risley's Artist-In-Residence is Adam J. Boggs. Previous AIRs include Patrick Gray, Carolina Osorio-Gill, Natalie Tyler, Abraham Burickson, Gregory Halpern, and Brandon Bird. Many famous people have visited the house for intimate discussions with the Risleyites, such as Anthony Rapp and John Cleese, who hosted a question and answer session after the showing of his film A Fish Called Wanda. == History == In 1911, Mrs. Russell Sage donated $300,000 to the University for the construction of a women's dormitory. At her request, the building was named after her husband's mother, Prudence Risley. The building was opened to students in 1913. It was unusually luxurious, with sculptures and expensive furnishings in common areas, many of which were donated by Cornell co-founder Andrew Dickson White. In 1970, under the guidance of Ruth Darling, the University converted Risley into a co-ed creative arts themed dormitory, the campus's first program house. Judith Goodman had been looking for a house to share with some of her more artistic friends. When she asked Cornell about the house she wanted, they said it had just been given away, but offered Risley instead. The cost of running the fancy all-female dorm was too much, and Cornell was going to shut Risley down. After several attempts to develop an acceptable plan for running Risley as an arts dorm, and much Cornell paperwork aided by Ruth, Judith and her friends finally got her vision of Risley approved. In the first year, the college received over 1000 applications for the roughly 200 spots in the building. Their system of government in 1970 is similar to the current one today, though there have been many amendments to the Risley Charter in the intervening years. Notable former Risley residents from before the creation of Risley Residential College include Margaret Bourke-White', Elspeth Huxley, Barbara McClintock, Helen Reichert, and Janet Reno. Notable residents from after the creation of the Residential College include Matt Ruff, Mia Korf, Jamie Silverstein, Christopher Reeve, Andre Balazs, Madalyn Aslan, Duo Dickinson, and Andrew C. Greenberg. == Facilities == As a dormitory, Risley offers a unique living experience. The Tudor Gothic building itself is shaped like a large red castle, modeled directly on Hampton Court Palace in England. The architect, William H Miller, was requested to design the floor plan such that no two rooms would be identical. Consequently, the rooms vary greatly. Sizes range from a single room that is 93 square feet (9 m²), a former maid's room, to a double room that is 273 square feet (25 m²), the largest double on campus. Room features include balconies, fireplaces, dumbwaiter shafts, secret stairwells, bay windows, embrasures, and turrets. At the request of Andrew Dickson White, the Risley Great Hall was constructed as a smaller scale replica of Oxford's Christ Church's own dining hall. According to campus legend, its gargoyles represent the fourteen stages of botulism. In order to fulfill its purpose of encouraging creativity, the residence offers a variety of outlets. All residents have access to Risley Theatre (the only fully student-operated theater at Cornell), music practice rooms, pianos, workshops for art, digital music, jewelry, sewing, letterpress, video editing, woodworking, metalworking, stained glass, and pottery, as well as a recording studio, a darkroom, and a small library. Unlike other houses, the affairs of the building are managed by an elected student government, "Kommittee," which determines the budget, use of facilities, and allocation of funds. Kommittee even allows students to paint the interior walls of the building, which has resulted in numerous murals on all the hallways painted by the residents. On many Fridays or Saturdays throughout the school year, the students run a coffee house, "Tammany," where regional bands come to perform. Students have created numerous special interest groups/clubs to meet their interests including a debate society ("The Society for Individualists"), Superhero Club (commonly referred to as Ris-S.H.I.E.L.D.), and a classic video gaming group ("Nintendo Church") among others. == Risley Theatre == Risley Theatre is an 81-seat black box theater built by Risley Residents in a converted ballroom left over from Risley's days as a women's dorm. Until 1971, it was used to teach dance as a part of the Women's Physical Education program. The seating was added in 1972. It is the only fully student-operated theater on the Cornell campus. Risley Theatre is run by the Risley Theatre Subcommittee ("T-Sub"), a subcommittee of the governing body of Risley Hall, Kommittee. T-Sub meets weekly in Risley's Central Living Room (CLR). T-Sub is responsible for producing regular seasons in the space, allocating theatre resources, funding student-run productions, and managing the theatre space. Any member of the Ithaca community is eligible to participate in T-Sub. Risley Theatre has two seasons, based around Cornell's major breaks. Each season is planned out near the end of the previous season during a competitive process called "Play Selection." Any member of the Cornell and greater Ithaca community may submit proposals for productions during play selection to be included in the upcoming season. The theatre hosts a wide variety of productions, which have included musical theatre, Shakespearean plays, student works, and comedy groups in the past. Performances are open to anyone, and tickets can be bought at the door. == Traditions == The hall hosts numerous annual events. For example, on the weekend before Halloween, students host a large costumed dance party called MasqueRave. Since 1991, on the weekend following Halloween, an in-house group, the "Denton Drama Troupe," has hosted a live performance of the Rocky Horror Picture Show in the Great Hall. Because both of these events draw hundreds of people, they generate the revenue that supports smaller projects. Other notable events include themed dinners, such as Harry Potter Night, first organized in 2005 by Risley Resident, Charlene Morales, who was at the time a junior in Industrial and Labor Relations. The event included a menu akin to several beloved dishes, snacks, and drinks such as "butter beer" unique to the Harry Potter film, drawing over 200+ guests. All dishes were uniquely crafted by kitchen director, Lorna McNab. The event was so beloved by all that it was then decreed a tradition. Another notable tradition is the reading of Handel's Messiah. In addition to annual events, there are also several weekly events (programs), most of which involve free food. Kommittee allocates money every semester to fund events like Eat This!, in which one or more Risleyites cook food for everyone else on Wednesdays at 10:30PM, RisBrunch (RizBrunch), in which one or more Risleyites cook food for everyone else on Saturdays at noon, and Lost Coffee, in which one Risleyite makes coffee and tea, which is placed somewhere in the building along with some cookies, on Monday nights and sends out clues as to where to find it. Legend says that Prudence Risley, affectionately known as "Auntie Prue," haunts the building, flickering the lights whenever she appears. Some doubt the stories, though, and wonder if these "hauntings" might actually be the result of old wiring and the imaginations of overtired students.1

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Spot-winged monarch<EOT>1

Spot-winged monarch

The spot-winged monarch (Symposiachrus guttula), or spot-wing monarch flycatcher, is a species of bird in the family Monarchidae. It is found in Indonesia and Papua New Guinea. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests.

The spot-winged monarch (Symposiachrus guttula), or spot-wing monarch flycatcher, is a species of bird in the family Monarchidae. It is found in Indonesia and Papua New Guinea. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests. == Taxonomy and systematics == The spot-winged monarch was originally placed in the genus Muscicapa and later Monarcha until moved to Symposiachrus in 2009.1

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Debbie Martin<EOT>1

Debbie Martin

Deborah "Debbie" Martin is a fictional character from the Australian soap opera Neighbours, played by Marnie Reece-Wilmore. She made her first screen appearance during the episode broadcast on 22 July 1985. Debbie was initially played by Mandy Storvik and later Katrina McEwan. Reece-Wilmore was cast in the role in 1992. Debbie remained in the show until late 1994 and returned in 1996 and left again on 22 October 1997. In 2005, Reece-Wilmore reprised her role as Debbie for the show's 20th anniversary. It was revealed that Debbie is working for Lassiter's in New York. She appeared in 401 episodes.

Deborah "Debbie" Martin is a fictional character from the Australian soap opera Neighbours, played by Marnie Reece-Wilmore. She made her first screen appearance during the episode broadcast on 22 July 1985. Debbie was initially played by Mandy Storvik and later Katrina McEwan. Reece-Wilmore was cast in the role in 1992. Debbie remained in the show until late 1994 and returned in 1996 and left again on 22 October 1997. In 2005, Reece-Wilmore reprised her role as Debbie for the show's 20th anniversary. It was revealed that Debbie is working for Lassiter's in New York. She appeared in 401 episodes. == Casting == Mandy Storvik was the first actress to play Debbie in 1985. Reece-Wilmore was cast in the "much sought after" role of Debbie in 1992. She was initially reluctant to attend the audition because she was out with friends and saw it as an interruption. Reece-Wilmore explained "I just wanted to get it over with and get back to the shops. When I think back on it now I realise how close I came to messing it up because of my attitude." She was told she had the part of Debbie a couple of weeks later. The actress departed at the end of 1994, but was lured back to the soap with the promise of "sizzling" storylines and a new look for her character. In April 2005, Kris Green of Digital Spy reported that Reece-Wilmore would reprise her role for the show's 20th anniversary episode. == Development == Debbie is the oldest child of Philip (Ian Rawlings) and Loretta Martin (Lyn Semler). Josephine Monore, author of Neighbours: The First 10 Years, said Debbie was not one of the show's glamour girls, but just "an ordinary girl next door" who did well at school because she worked hard. A writer for the BBC described Debbie as having spirit, gumption and determination. They added "The poor girl did have her dark moments, though. She had it in her head that she was not nearly as pretty as the girls at school, or her neighbours, and that can be a terrible curse for a teenager." In 1994, Debbie developed bulimia. She was struggling with the pressures of school and her unrequited love for Andrew "Macca" Mackenzie (John Morris). She was also depressed over the state of her parents' marriage. Debbie was seen bingeing on food and then deliberately making herself sick. Her friends suspected something was wrong when they discovered a food stash underneath her bed, but Debbie denied having a problem until she collapsed at a rehearsal for the debutante ball and was rushed to hospital. Mary Fletcher of Inside Soap said "Friends and family have already realised something is wrong with the normally sunny-natured Debbie. It's not only puppy fat that she seems to be losing – her weight has dropped dramatically." Reece-Wilmore told Fletcher that everyone can remember a time when they felt like they were under a personal black cloud, but it probably felt like it was raining 24 hours a day for Debbie. Helen Daniels (Anne Haddy) became especially keen for Debbie to seek professional help for her condition and she went to stay in a clinic. Helen's daughter Rosemary (Joy Chambers) then invited Debbie to spend some time with her in America. Fletcher said the whole experience was a chance for Debbie to grow closer to her family. Reece-Wilmore revealed she came up with the idea for the bulimia storyline, saying "When I came back from my Christmas holiday, I'd lost tons of weight. Everyone commented on my new figure and I thought to myself 'If there was anything wrong with me, those sorts of comments would have made me really paranoid about my weight.'" The actress then suggested the storyline, believing it was a subject familiar with a lot of teenage girls. The Neighbours bosses were initially "wary" of tackling such a difficult and sensitive storyline and a spokesperson said "We try to tackle serious issues such as bulimia as much as possible. We may not be able to wave a magic wand and make the problems go away, but by dealing with current situations they become topics for wider discussion." Reece-Wilmore added that she could see how eating disorders were connected to teenagers' anxieties about approaching adulthood as she used to make herself sick to avoid going to school. Debbie's sudden return from the United States surprises her father. She sports "a sophisticated new image", but also seems troubled by something. Debbie eventually broke down and confessed that she had had a relationship with Rosemary's personal assistant and toyboy, Joel Supple (Bruce Hughes). Joel later arrived in Erinsborough and declared his love for Debbie, before asking her to return to the United States with him. A columnist for Inside Soap deemed the storyline "racy". == Storylines == Debbie is taken to the hospital after she tries to commit suicide following escalating tensions between her parents Philip and Loretta. Several months later, Julie Robinson (Julie Mullins) arrives to tell Debbie and her brother Michael (Troy Beckwith) that there has been a car accident and their mother is dead. Julie helps look after the children and she eventually marries Philip. The family later move to the country and are heard from sparingly throughout the years. The Martin family return to Erinsborough for the funeral of Todd Landers (Kristian Schmid), but get lost along the back roads, after finding Helen Daniels (who was taken hostage earlier by Todd's father, Bob (Bruce Kilpatrick). The family settle into Ramsay Street and Debbie is immediately attracted to Rick Alessi (Dan Falzon) and they begin dating much to Julie's chagrin. When Rick wins tickets to see Michael Jackson in London, he invites Debbie but knowing their respective parents, the teens concoct a plan with Rick's older brother, Marco (Felice Arena) acting as Rick's chaperone and while Helen and Debbie tell Philip and Julie that they will be visiting a friend of Helen's in the outback. The plan works and the four of them arrive in London. While there, Rick and Debbie encounter George Carter (Andrew Dicks), a young thief who has been stealing to raise money for his dying brother, Terry (Lee Cheesewright) to see Michael Jackson in concert. Rick and Debbie then give their tickets away. Their act of generosity makes news and the two appear on the Casey Butler show. They worry about the show being broadcast in Australia, but are assured that it will not. However, it makes Australian news and is eventually broadcast leaving Julie livid, sparking a war between the Martins and Alessis. Debbie and Rick's relationship steps up a gear when the couple decide to have sex. Soon after, Rick's parents decide to move to Sydney, which could spell the end for the couple. However, Rick gets to stay. Debbie and Rick later break up and Debbie begins dating Darren Stark (Scott Major), who unknown to her, has served time in a juvenile detention centre with Michael. Rick tries to warn Debbie about Darren but she ignores the advice. After a robbery goes awry, resulting in Michael being shot while trying to save Debbie, Debbie realises Rick was right about Darren. When Andrew "Macca" McKenzie begins working for Doug Willis (Terence Donovan), Debbie becomes besotted with him. When Macca rejects Debbie's advances, she questions him and he reveals he is gay. Debbie spirals into an eating disorder, which is discovered by Cody Willis (Peta Brady) and Brett Stark (Brett Blewitt). More problems arise for Debbie when Julie dies and Philip is the prime suspect for pushing her off the roof of the hotel they stayed in during a Murder Mystery Weekend. Philip is cleared when Debbie reveals Julie had been drunk that night and she watched her fall from the roof. Following Julie's funeral, Debbie agrees to go with Rosemary Daniels to New York. Several weeks later, Debbie receives a phone call while on 5th Avenue and talks with Philip. Debbie returns home in the wake of an affair with Rosemary's boyfriend, Joel Supple. After settling back in the area, Debbie begins first working at the pub and later the coffee shop. She is upset to find Darren has been released from prison and is cold towards him. When Luke Handley (Bernard Curry) is diagnosed with cancer and undergoes chemotherapy, Debbie is keen to help him and ends up embroiled in a battle for his affections with Danni Stark (Eliza Szonert). In the end, Luke chooses Danni. Debbie later becomes manager of the coffee shop and briefly begins a second romance with Darren. The relationship does not last as Debbie believes Darren still has feelings for his ex-girlfriend, Libby Kennedy (Kym Valentine). When Helen dies in October 1997, the family are devastated. Michael, who arrives home for the funeral suggests Debbie comes back to Marree with him. Their younger sister, Hannah (Rebecca Ritters) feels like everyone is deserting her, but Debbie comforts her and leaves with Michael after the funeral. A few years later, Debbie appears in Annalise Hartman's (Kimberly Davies) documentary about Ramsay Street. She reveals she is working for the New York branch of Lassiter's. == Reception == A writer for the BBC's Neighbours website named Debbie's most notable moments as "Going to London to see Michael Jackson" and "Tipping a bowl of dip over Rick Alessi's head during dinner." Matthew Clifton, writing for entertainment website Heckler Spray, included Debbie in his list of "The Best Ever Mid-90s Neighbours Characters". He said "One word: eyebrows." When Debbie developed feelings for Luke, an Inside Soap columnist stated "Debbie Martin certainly knows how to pick her men, doesn't she? After sinking her claws into her great aunt's toyboy she has now fallen for a man who has found out he has cancer. Talk about setting herself up for a fall. Just like her mother."1

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Hutchinson's patch<EOT>1

Hutchinson's patch

Hutchinson's patch (or salmon patch of Hutchinson) is a dull orangish-pink area (generally without clear boundaries) on the cornea, most often found at the periphery of the cornea. The sign is an indication of interstitial (or parenchymatous) keratitis, causing corneal neovascularisation. Blood vessels derived from the ciliary vessels are thickly set in the layers of the cornea and produce a dull red color—"the salmon patch of Hutchinson." These patches may be small and crescent-shaped, or large and sector-like. It is named after the English physician Jonathan Hutchinson (1828–1913).1

Hutchinson's patch (or salmon patch of Hutchinson) is a dull orangish-pink area (generally without clear boundaries) on the cornea, most often found at the periphery of the cornea. The sign is an indication of interstitial (or parenchymatous) keratitis, causing corneal neovascularisation. Blood vessels derived from the ciliary vessels are thickly set in the layers of the cornea and produce a dull red color—"the salmon patch of Hutchinson." These patches may be small and crescent-shaped, or large and sector-like. It is named after the English physician Jonathan Hutchinson (1828–1913).1

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Tommy Lee Edwards<EOT>1

Tommy Lee Edwards

Tommy Lee Edwards is an American illustrator. Edwards' varied portfolio includes works created in the realm of comics, video-games, books, advertising, film, and animation.

Tommy Lee Edwards is an American illustrator. Edwards' varied portfolio includes works created in the realm of comics, video-games, books, advertising, film, and animation. == Career == As well as comic-related work he has also worked on film projects, providing the style guides for films like Batman Begins, Superman Returns and Men in Black II as well as providing movie posters, illustrations for role-playing games and other promotional or licensing work. Recent projects include Marvel 1985, with writer Mark Millar, which Millar has said "is about the real world, the world we live in right now, dealing with the villains of the Marvel Universe finding us." He has also provided the art for Turf with Jonathan Ross.1

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Crash (2009 TV series)<EOT>If you're a seller, Fulfillment by Amazon can help you increase your sales. We invite you to learn more about Fulfillment by Amazon . If you're a seller, Fulfillment by Amazon can help you increase your sales. We invite you to learn more about Fulfillment by Amazon . <doc-sep> Barely a day after the devastating Tohoku earthquake and tsunami hit Japan, comedian Gilbert Gottfried began Tweeting tasteless jokes about it. Aflac Insurance, whose products he endorses (he provided the voice of the duck), fired him less than an hour after discovering these Tweets . It helps that Aflac is VERY BIG in Japan (though someone else does the voice there). He responded to this by tweeting jokes about shoes and/or witches and apologizing after each one. At least he apologized on it. X1999, which has been suspended at 18 out of a planned 21 volumes since 2003, has been struck by Too Soon repeatedly. The series is intentionally violent and disturbing, but uncomfortable resemblances to real-life tragedies have caused repeated suspensions in publication. In particular, beheadings depicted in the story became controversial after the gruesome Sakakibara Incident and the recurring theme of earthquakes as a sign of the end of the world after the Kobe Earthquake . The current publication hiatus does not seem to have a single trigger, but may be due to the general post-9/11 climate towards terrorism (which is essentially what the antagonists are engaging in). CLAMP has stated in interviews that they did not believe that they would be able to get the planned ending published at the time and that they have not abandoned X. Fans have mixed opinions about the likelihood of the series restarting publication. One episode of Higurashi: When They Cry and the final episode of School Days had to be delayed for a week in Japan because the contents of it were eerily similar to a murder case in Tokyo, where one girl killed her father with a cleaver which was identical to the kind that Rena has. This eventually led to Higurashi Kai and School Days being dropped from several channels' prime time line up and Higurashi's opening song being reworked to change the scene of Rena's cleaver to that of the junkyard where she goes to. In terms of School Days' changes, see this link . Japanese author/artist Gensoukoumuten is internationally renowned in the Touhou fandom for their Touhou Days Woven With Illusion series, highly emotional, character-driven stories, set in a modernized version of Gensokyo. On the 8th of March, 2011, preview images of the next installment of their doujin series Days Woven With Illusionnote Gensou to Yamugu Hibi were posted to their pixiv account, the full item to be released the following week. The images (worksafe, although banner ads will probably be otherwise) showed a small fairy struggling to rescue a puppy as the city is flooded by a typhoon . The Tohoku earthquake struck three days later. Shortly, the artist announced that, due to the imagery employed , the book's release was cancelled and shelved for any foreseeable future date. In-universe in Under the Hood . Laurel has just returned from the hospital after being injured from the particle accelerator explosion, and is currently (worryingly permanently) unable to speak. Felicity comments that between her and Cassandra she will now have to talk for three people. They both stare down: Hours before Brüno's red-carpet premiere in Los Angeles, Michael Jackson died, so Universal cut a scene that joked about him, a trim that was confirmed for the general release as well . After the execution by firing squad of murderer Gary Gilmour in January 1977, punk rock band The Adverts put out a song called Looking through Gary Gilmour's Eyes . (Gilmour had asked for useful parts of his body to be donated for transplant. The Adverts noted that somebody out there had got his corneas. And wrote a song speculating on what psychic changes might be expected in somebody receiving a killer's eyes.) The song was slated as tasteless and Too Soon. The Onion: Is it too soon to make fun of the Boston Massacre? Ironically, now an example of this trope due to a different Boston massacre . Speaking of Jim Davis comics and bad timing, on September 6, 2012, a devastating earthquake struck China . The U.S. Acres webcomic of the day when it occurred, which was part of an arc about sneezing jokes, had Orson recieving a phone call from China in it. Luckily, unlike the "National Stupid Day" Garfield comic, nobody noticed this because the comic changed 30 minutes after said earthquake happened, because the earthquake happened at 11:30PMEST, 30 minutes before both the Garfield and U.S. Acres comics changed. In Dance Dance Revolution X3, one of the Encore Extra Stages was "Tohoku EVOLVED" (now available for standard play), a song made in tribute to the victims of the 2012 Tohoku earthquake and tsunami. If you tried to invoke this trope by getting a AA on your Extra Stage with the Wave modifier turned on, the game prevents you from playing "Tohoku EVOLVED" . Between Failures had one of these early on . A list of "The 5 Major Cities Most Likely to Be Spectacularly Destroyed" , putting a few possible natural disasters (volcanoes in Italy, mud slides in Seattle, earthquakes in San Francisco and basically everything in Wellington) came out the same day of a tragedy . They took it down in respect temporarily (and banned all the users who complained). It was put back up the following day with the title of the article changed to "5 Major Cities Most Likely To Be Wiped Away By Natural Disasters". <doc-sep> Author becuzitswrong - tthfanfic - spacebattles - fanfiction dot net , passed away in 2016note shortly after improvements to his health led him to invoke Reports of My Death Were Greatly Exaggerated, leaving behind a handful of finished stories and a large body of well-reviewed unfinished works including Memories Of Iron and Life's Ending, Life's Beginning . Vladimir Nabokov died before finishing The Original of Laura . What remains is a series of notecards with isolated scenes and plot which only his family and a few selected scholars have seen. He requested that the notecards be burnt in the event of his death, but his son, believing that the story was Nabokov's best, agonized for 30 years before deciding in 2008 to publish it. Negativland lost three of its founding members in two years. Ian Allen , who started it all, died of infection January 17, 2015 while hospitalized for routine heart surgery. He was only fifty-seven. Seven months later, on July 22, sound collage master and cultural jammer Don Joyce succumbed to heart failure, taking with him Crosley Bendix, C. Elliot Friday, Izzy Isn't and dozens more of the group's familiar characters. He was seventy-one. Don had hosted the avant-garde program Over the Edge on KPFA for over thirty years and there was serious talk of ending the show with him. Listeners called in asking surviving members to keep and evolve OTE in Don's memory. Jon "Wobbly" Leidecker and Rob "K-Rob" Cole are now in charge (hear their shows here ), and a near-complete library of Don's shows is preserved at the Internet Archive. Don's final appearance is on the group's October 2016 CD, Chopping Channel . The first few hundred buyers also received a small container of Don's ashes. In April 2016, Richard Lyons , whose mellifluous voice portrayed radio preachers and '70s media moguls, and whose dark sarcastic wit gave birth to one of the group's biggest scandals , died of cancer on his fifty-seventh birthday. One of his last conscious acts was to sing in a final recording of his "Nesbitt's Lime Soda" song and the newly copyright-free "Happy Birthday" with his family. Hear it here. 1

Crash (2009 TV series)

Crash is an English-language Welsh television drama series created by Tony Jordan and produced by Red Planet Pictures for BBC Wales. The series follows the lives of four newly qualified doctors. The series is filmed in Cardiff. The series first aired at 20:30 BST on BBC One Wales and BBC HD on Wednesday 9 September 2009.

Crash is an English-language Welsh television drama series created by Tony Jordan and produced by Red Planet Pictures for BBC Wales. The series follows the lives of four newly qualified doctors. The series is filmed in Cardiff. The series first aired at 20:30 BST on BBC One Wales and BBC HD on Wednesday 9 September 2009. == Plot == The plot of the show follows the lives of junior doctors Cath, Rob, Rhian and Ameer as they start work at the fictional Cardiff City Hospital. The show will focus on the main characters personal relationships rather than on medical issues, as creator Tony Jordan states "...it’s not a medical show, it’s just set in a hospital.” == Cast == == Main cast == == Current cast members == Elin Phillips as Rhian Matthews: Wanting to be a Doctor since she was a little girl, Rhian is compassionate to her patients but a bit too overconfident, which leads her to not notice that a patient she is diagnosing has already died. Gareth Milton as Simon Strettle: Another Junior Doctor at the Hospital, Simon wants to be a Pathologist. He also has romantic feelings for Rhian, which doesn't go by unnoticed by Ameer. Kezia Burrows as Cath Llewelyn: A Junior Doctor who likes to party, Cath wakes up for her first day at work in bed with Rob. Simon Rivers as Ameer Mowad: The most intelligent of the Junior Doctors. Ameer always got top marks while at University and wants to be a Surgeon. Initially confident he crumbles under the pressure of his first day on call on the Crash team. Mark Lewis Jones as Mike Hill: A&E Consultant at the Hospital. Nia Roberts as Mary Finch: The Hospital Registrar and wife of Mike Hill. Ian Virgo as Alun Gethin: The Senior House Officer to the Junior Doctors. Kezrena James as Penny: A Nurse at the Hospital who takes a shine to Rob. == Former cast members == Gareth Jewell as Rob Williams: (Series 1, Episode 1) Confident in his work Rob seeks to help his patients and his friends to the best of his ability. However, when dealing with a mentally ill patient (david lee smith) he is fatally stabbed. == Production == Crash was commissioned by Clare Hudson and Piers Wenger of BBC Wales for a 12-episode run to be produced by Tony Jordan's independent production company Red Planet Pictures. The show was filmed at the former site for St. Ilan's High School in Caerphilly, which closed down and became abandoned in 2008, which was re-dressed to become the wards and corridors of the fictional Cardiff Metropolitan Hospital. Cardiff University's bioscience and psychology buildings were used for many of the hospital's exterior shots. The Cardiff University optometry building is also used for some of the interior shots. The series was filmed in HD and shot on Panasonic P2 cameras. 85% of the cast and crew were made up of local people. == Writing == The episodes of Crash are each written by one writer, with the whole production overseen by Tony Jordan. Jordan himself wrote the first episode of the show, while subsequent episodes have been written by a range of new and established writers including playwright Kit Lambert, actor Richard Harrington and winner of the first Red Planet Prize, Joanna Leigh. Unlike other shows that use this writing model, Jordan doesn't rewrite or add to any of the other writers scripts. Instead each writer has to go through several drafts of rewriting their own scripts before they are filmed. == Reception == Reviews for the show's first episode have been mixed. Gavin Allen at Media Wales said that the show was of "...much better quality than you might expect for regional programming.". Caroline Hitt at the Western Mail felt the show looked good but bemoaned the death of Rob after just one episode. DeeDee Ramona at Mental Health Nursing site Mental Nurse however thought that the storyline of Rob and his patient was sensationlised, while TV reviewer and blogger Dan Owen awarded the show 1 and a half out of five stars and summed up the show as being like "...Scrubs with the jokes taken out, only not as hard-hitting." Viewing figures for the show however have been quite positive. The first episode peaked with 170,000 viewers and an 18% audience share with a further 85,000 watching the Tuesday night repeat. BBC Wales head of programmes Clare Hudson said she was “...delighted with how well Crash has been received by the audience."1

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Athletics at the 2012 Summer Olympics – Women's 10,000 metres<EOT>Hastings returns to the Olympics for the first time since 2008 as she missed the 2012 Summer Games due to . She was a member of the women's 4x400-meter relay team that won gold in Beijing. She owns a personal best of 49.84 seconds for the 400. Martinez capped off a rollercoaster of emotions by diving at the finish line for the third and final spot to Rio by .03 seconds ahead of Amanda Eccleston. Just six days earlier, she knocked off her stride in a tangle with Olympian Alysia Montano in the final 200 meters of the women's 800 meter final . Montano hit the ground and Martinez was unable to recover to catch the competition ahead of her and finished seventh. The Hayward Field crowd errupted as Martinez fell at the end of the 1,500 with a much different result and a spot on her first Olympic team. 1

Athletics at the 2012 Summer Olympics – Women's 10,000 metres

The women's 10,000 metres competition at the 2012 Summer Olympics in London, United Kingdom was held at Olympic Stadium on 3 August. The race started off conservatively, led by the three Japanese runners, trailed by Britton who broke away to a 15-meter lead 800 metres into the race, though the peloton reeled that in. After the first 8 laps, the Kenyan and Ethiopian runners moved to the front as other runners dropped off the back, one by one. The field whittled itself down to just the three Kenyan and Ethiopian athletes, trailed by Eshete (Ethiopian born, running for Bahrain). Eshete would set the Bahrain national record in this race. With 7 laps to go, Chepkirui dropped out. In that same move Oljira and Eshete lost a step of contact and were separated from the field. Led by Kidane pushing the pace, it turned into a dual meet. With three laps to go, Kipyego edged into the lead with her move covered by the defending champion Dibaba. World champion Cheruiyot trailed but didn't look like she had the power to push ahead. In the turn with under 600 metres to go, Dibaba put the hammer down, passing Kipyego decisively and charging away. The last lap was a victory sprint for Dibaba with no challenger in sight.

The women's 10,000 metres competition at the 2012 Summer Olympics in London, United Kingdom was held at Olympic Stadium on 3 August. The race started off conservatively, led by the three Japanese runners, trailed by Britton who broke away to a 15-meter lead 800 metres into the race, though the peloton reeled that in. After the first 8 laps, the Kenyan and Ethiopian runners moved to the front as other runners dropped off the back, one by one. The field whittled itself down to just the three Kenyan and Ethiopian athletes, trailed by Eshete (Ethiopian born, running for Bahrain). Eshete would set the Bahrain national record in this race. With 7 laps to go, Chepkirui dropped out. In that same move Oljira and Eshete lost a step of contact and were separated from the field. Led by Kidane pushing the pace, it turned into a dual meet. With three laps to go, Kipyego edged into the lead with her move covered by the defending champion Dibaba. World champion Cheruiyot trailed but didn't look like she had the power to push ahead. In the turn with under 600 metres to go, Dibaba put the hammer down, passing Kipyego decisively and charging away. The last lap was a victory sprint for Dibaba with no challenger in sight. == Competition format == Only a final, without preliminary heats, was held. == Schedule == All times are British Summer Time (UTC+1) == Records == Prior to the competition, the existing World and Olympic records were as follows. == Results == Official Photofinish 3 August 2012.1

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Brett Page<EOT>1

Brett Page

Brett Page (born 5 September 1966) is a former Australian rules footballer who played with the Sydney Swans in the Australian Football League (AFL). Page, from East Wagga, played his only senior AFL game in the 11th round of the 1990 season, against Hawthorn at Princes Park. He had four disposals and kicked a behind.1

Brett Page (born 5 September 1966) is a former Australian rules footballer who played with the Sydney Swans in the Australian Football League (AFL). Page, from East Wagga, played his only senior AFL game in the 11th round of the 1990 season, against Hawthorn at Princes Park. He had four disposals and kicked a behind.1

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Barbara Stock<EOT>1

Barbara Stock

Barbara Stock (born May 26, 1956) is an American actress, best known for roles as Susan Silverman in ABC crime drama series Spenser: For Hire (1985-1988), and as Liz Adams in CBS primetime soap opera Dallas (1990-1991); she also appeared in the role of Heather Wilson in two episodes in Season 5 of the series.

Barbara Stock (born May 26, 1956) is an American actress, best known for roles as Susan Silverman in ABC crime drama series Spenser: For Hire (1985-1988), and as Liz Adams in CBS primetime soap opera Dallas (1990-1991); she also appeared in the role of Heather Wilson in two episodes in Season 5 of the series. == Life and career == Stock was born in Downers Grove, Illinois, and began acting professionally in 1978. She played the role of Claudia in the Tommy Tune-directed, Tony Award-winning musical Nine on Broadway, replacing Shelley Burch in the original cast in 1983. She is best known for having appeared in the prime-time drama Spenser: For Hire for two non-consecutive seasons (1985–1986; 1987–1988) as Susan Silverman, the love interest of Spenser (Robert Urich). Stock starred in the final season of CBS primetime soap opera Dallas from 1990 to 1991 as Liz Adams, the fiancée of Cliff Barnes (Ken Kercheval). She later starred in the ABC primetime soap opera miniseries Trade Winds as Grace Sommers. She also appeared in "The Subway," an episode of Seinfeld, where she enticed George Costanza (Jason Alexander) off a subway, brought him to a hotel, then handcuffed him to a bed and robbed him of eight dollars and all of his clothes. In 1997, Stock had a recurring role on the now-defunct ABC daytime soap opera Port Charles as Nicole Devlin. Stock has appeared in more than 100 hours of television, and made over 30 guest appearances on television shows, including CHiPs, The Facts of Life, Fantasy Island, Remington Steele, Knight Rider, Moonlighting, Murder, She Wrote, The Twilight Zone, MacGyver, Touched by an Angel, and Charmed. Her final screen appearance was in the 2001 television film The Princess & the Marine, alongside Mark-Paul Gosselaar. After she gave up acting, Stock changed careers and commenced to run an interior design firm whose clientele were generally located in Los Angeles and the San Fernando Valley. As of the middle of April 2017, "Barbara Stock Design," as she called the firm, remained in business. == Filmography == 1

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Carindale bus station<EOT>FEMALES ONLY.QUIET AREA IN CUL DE SAC IN PRESTIGE AREA. PRIVATE FROM MAIN HOUSE AND HAVE YOUR OWN TWO SECURITY DOORS ENTRANCE TO YOUR ROOM. HAS PLENTY OF LIGHT WITH WINDOWS ALSO AIR CONDITIONING . HAS LOUNGE/ COFFEE TABLE /WASHING MACHINGE/KITCHENETTE/MICROWAVE CONVENTION OVEN/ BUTANE COOKTOPS/DESK/QUEEN BED IF NEEDED/ FRIDGE/FREEZER IF NEEDED. TV AND HAS FOXTEL CONNECTION ( AT YOUR OWN EXPENSE). YOU MORE THAN WELCOME TOO BRING YOUR OWN FURNITURE IF PREFERRED. INTERNET INCLUDED IN RENT AND POWER. MORE THAN WELCOME USE OF THE INGROUND POOL GREAT FOR SUMMER. SHORT 10 MINUTE WALK TO BUS STOP . CLOSE TOO WESTFIELD CARINDALE SHOPPING CENTRE WHERE BUS INTERCHANGE IS. HANDY TOO MOTORWAY, BIKE PATHS/PARKS. YOUR OWN PIECE OF PRIVACY This double bedroom is available now in the peaceful, sought-after suburb of Carindale is the perfect place to call home! It is set in a highly convenient location that is only metres from a bus stop (taking you straight into the city or to Uni) and within walking distance to Westfield Carindale (which includes all the stores you'd need to satisfy your retail therapy needs, plus a vast number of restaurants and even a public library!). Other amenities close-by include recreational parks, a tranquil waking track, a public pool, gym and more! The Bedroom (with ensuite)for rent has wardrobe, and Queen size bed, study desk.The other tenants living in that house who are very friendly, quiet, sensible and considerate young professionals. The rent is $160 for single person or $200 for couple including water, electricity and Telstra fast cable WIFI. NO Landlord on site. We prefer long term, clean and tidy, no party no smoking,similar minded to the current housemates to share . A big double story house has a big double room available for $170 per week for one person including everything no more to pay. The room is fully furnished with double bed and plenty cupboards in downstairs. The house is very quiet with big garden and lots of fruit trees. few minutes walk to Big Westfield Carindale shopping center. Bus stops212,204,222,210 just two minutes away, city bus every 5-10 minutes, direct express bus to QUT, UQ AND GRIFFITH . The rent include bills and high speed cable WIFI..NO Landlord on site. We prefer long term, clean and tidy, no party no smoking no drinking , quiet tanant to share with other warm and friendly, multiculture housemates in twenties and early thirties . 4 weeks bond and written agreement needed. 1

Carindale bus station

Carindale bus station is located in Brisbane, Australia serving the suburb of Carindale and Westfield Carindale. It was first used on 11 March 1991, being officially opened on 1 July 1991. The station serves as a regional transport hub with services connecting to many major destinations including Brisbane City, Redland City, Brisbane Airport (DFO), the University of Queensland and Griffith University. Carindale is also a stop for the Great Circle Line bus routes which connect several major shopping centre destinations around Brisbane. For special events, shuttle buses travel from the bus station to major sporting venues such as the Gabba and Lang Park.

Carindale bus station is located in Brisbane, Australia serving the suburb of Carindale and Westfield Carindale. It was first used on 11 March 1991, being officially opened on 1 July 1991. The station serves as a regional transport hub with services connecting to many major destinations including Brisbane City, Redland City, Brisbane Airport (DFO), the University of Queensland and Griffith University. Carindale is also a stop for the Great Circle Line bus routes which connect several major shopping centre destinations around Brisbane. For special events, shuttle buses travel from the bus station to major sporting venues such as the Gabba and Lang Park. == Station Features == The station in its present location was constructed as part of renovations to the neighbouring Carindale shopping centre in the 1990s. Subsequent renovations to the station have included minor improvements, such as the addition of electronic passenger information displays, improved CCTV surveillance and tactile paving as well as changes to access between the bus station and the shopping centre. The station is under cover but is not enclosed or air-conditioned. It is configured in two platforms - the inner being adjacent to the shopping centre and the outer being an island exposed to Carindale Street. One stop was removed from the original configuration to make way for a centrally-located pedestrian crossing between the two platforms. A holding stand and bus turning bay is located on the opposite side of the street. Stops A and B provide facilities for articulated buses, although no buses of this type currently service the station. The station is also the terminus of a Personalised Public Transport (PPT) taxi service operated by the Brisbane City Council. The PPT route operates independently of the TransLink system and services areas of Carindale Hills which do not have a dedicated bus service. No dedicated public parking facilities are provided, and in July 2012 Westfield introduced paid parking as a means of discouraging commuter parking within the shopping centre. == Eastern Busway == The station will be nearby the proposed Carindale busway station to be built on the Eastern Busway. No specific date has been announced for commencement of construction, however, since the opening of the first sections of the Eastern Busway in 2009 and 2011, many routes servicing the Carindale bus station now travel via the completed sections of the Eastern Busway.1

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World Association of Kickboxing Organizations<EOT>Should you have any questions about this Guide, please contact us at . 1

World Association of Kickboxing Organizations

The World Association of Kickboxing Organizations (W.A.K.O or WAKO) is an international organization of kickboxing. The governing body of amateur kickboxing certified by WAKO is created to develop support and govern at an amateur level In addition to holding world championship events, WAKO sanctions the champions of kickboxing.

The World Association of Kickboxing Organizations (W.A.K.O or WAKO) is an international organization of kickboxing. The governing body of amateur kickboxing certified by WAKO is created to develop support and govern at an amateur level In addition to holding world championship events, WAKO sanctions the champions of kickboxing. == History == WAKO originated in Europe in 1976 and formulated the rules and regulations for the new fighting sport de facto, acting as the Kickboxing Federations of the World. It was founded by American Kickboxing promoter Mike Anderson, and his friend, German Kickboxing promoter George Bruckner. WAKO's rules are based on democratic principles and are forming the governing body of the sport that is officially registered in Zurich, Switzerland. WAKO is the largest unified kickboxing organization in the world. In 2006 the International Amateur Kickboxing Sports Association (I.A.K.S.A) and WAKO merged under the umbrella of WAKO, making its acceptance possible by the General Association of International Sports Federations (G.A.I.S.F) as the governing body for the sport of Kickboxing. WAKO offers 7 different styles: Points Fighting, light-contact, full-contact, kick-light, low-kick, K1-style, and musical forms. Today WAKO can count on 126 affiliated nations in the five continents, with 95 officially recognized by their respective Sports or Olympic Council. WAKO is a member of Sport Accord and is officially recognized as the official Kickboxing governing body by Sport Accord, Olympic Council of Asia, WADA and the International World Games Association. Kickboxing is included in World Combat Games, Asian Indoor Games, and the Martial Arts Games (promoted by OCA) in the 2017 International World Games. WAKO has five continental divisions functioning under the auspices of the WAKO International Federation which are WAKO Europe, WAKO Pan America, WAKO Asia, WAKO Oceania and WAKO Africa. == Styles == WAKO supports 7 different styles: four of them are on the tatami and three of them are in the ring, == Tatami Sports == == Musical form == A musical form is a staged or imaginary fight against one or more opponents in which the performer uses techniques from Oriental Martial Arts to personally selected music. == Point Fighting == Point fighting is a discipline where two contestants fight with the primary goal of scoring defined points and using controlled legal techniques with speed, agility, and focus. Opponents are allowed to hit each other with punches and kicks. striking above the waist. Foot sweeps are allowed. Elbows and knees are forbidden. Clinch fighting and throws are forbidden. == Light Contact == Light Contact is an intermediate stage between semi contact and full contact Kickboxing. Opponents are allowed to hit each other with punches and kicks. striking above the waist and below ankle/mid-calf. Foot sweeps are allowed. Elbows and knees are forbidden. Clinch fighting and throws are forbidden. == Kick-Light == Kick-Light is an intermediate stage between semi-kick and low-kick Kickboxing. Opponents are allowed to hit each other with punches and kicks, striking the thigh (only from outside to inside and vice versa), which can be attacked using the shin. Foot sweeps are allowed. Elbows and knees are forbidden. Clinch fighting and throws forbidden. == Ring Sports == == Full Contact == Full Contact is a discipline of Kickboxing where the intention of a fighter is to beat his opponent with sheer power and strength. Opponents are allowed to hit each other with punches and kicks, striking above the waist and below the ankle/mid-calf. Foot sweeps are allowed. Elbows and knees are forbidden. Clinch fighting and throws are forbidden. == Low-Kick == In full contact Kickboxing, there is the possibility of attacking the opponent’s legs with clean kicks. Opponents are allowed to hit each other with punches and kicks, striking the thigh (only from outside to inside and vice versa) which can be attacked using the shin. Foot sweeps are allowed. Elbows and knees are forbidden. Clinch fighting and throws forbidden. == K1-style == See K-1. Opponents are allowed to hit each other with punches and kicks. Legs and any other part of the body can be attacked using the shin. Foot sweeps are allowed. Elbows are forbidden. Throws are forbidden. Clinching must be less than 5 seconds. Kickboxers are allowed to hold the opponent's neck with both hands in order to attack only with the knee. You are only allowed one knee strike per clinch exchange. == Competitions == WAKO holds a world championship every two years, with youth (18 and under) and adult (18–45) championships in separate years; only national teams are accepted. Each member country can present only one competitor in each weight class. Competitors are commonly the national champion of their weight class in that particular Kickboxing style and many are also officially recognized by their National Olympic Committees or Ministry of Sports. WAKO Kickboxing was one of thirteen combat sports participating in the first Combat Games being held in Beijing, China under the patronage of the IOC and SportAccord. WAKO participated in the World Combat Games in St. Petersburg, Russia in September 2013, under the patronage of the IOC and SportAccord. There were three styles at the Combat Games: Low Kick, Points Fighting (formally called Semi Contact), and Full Contact. == Notable WAKO Pro world champions == K-1 - Cedric Doumbe, Yohan Lidon, Chingiz Allazov, Freddy Kemayo, Vladimir Mineev, Redouan Cairo, Grégory Tony, Ivan Strugar, Nenad Pagonis, Alexei Papin, Batu Khasikov, Loren, Azem Maksutaj, Abraham Roqueñi Thai Boxing - Mike Bernardo, Musashi, Dmitry Shakuta, Dmitry Valent Full Contact - Alessandro Riguccini, Marek Piotrowski, Roberto Cocco, Abdallah Mabel, Bruce Codron1

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Artois Bock<EOT>1

Artois Bock

Artois Bock was a speciality beer, brewed by InBev, and first sold in May 2005 based upon a recipe dating from 1892. It was brewed in a "Bock" style and was 6.2% ABV. The beer was phased out following the launch of the new Eiken Artois in 2008, in a revamp of the "Artois Family" brand to try to stem falling sales. Eiken Artois was itself withdrawn from sale later in 2008.1

Artois Bock was a speciality beer, brewed by InBev, and first sold in May 2005 based upon a recipe dating from 1892. It was brewed in a "Bock" style and was 6.2% ABV. The beer was phased out following the launch of the new Eiken Artois in 2008, in a revamp of the "Artois Family" brand to try to stem falling sales. Eiken Artois was itself withdrawn from sale later in 2008.1

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Eduard Schmidt von der Launitz<EOT>1

Eduard Schmidt von der Launitz

Eduard Schmidt von der Launitz (23 November 1796 – 12 December 1869) was a German sculptor.

Eduard Schmidt von der Launitz (23 November 1796 – 12 December 1869) was a German sculptor. == Biography == Launitz was born a Baltic German in Grobin, Courland, which was then part of the Russian Empire. He was raised in Vechelde in the Duchy of Brunswick in 1809 after the death of his parents. In 1815 he began studying jurisprudence at the University of Göttingen. He became more interested in art, however, and visited an artists colony in Rome. There he became a student of Bertel Thorvaldsen, whom he assisted in restoring the Æginetan marbles. Launitz spent most of his adult life in Frankfurt. He taught at the Städel in Frankfurt and the art academy in Düsseldorf. Launitz is buried in the Hauptfriedhof Frankfurt. United States sculptor Robert Eberhard Launitz was his nephew. == Work == Launitz's first independent work was an 1820 relief of his brother, who had died during the Battle of Leipzig. In Frankfurt, he executed a Gutenberg monument and other notable works. For the Villa Torlonia in Rome, he made several statues, and other works of his are at the Hague.1

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Jen Jacobs<EOT>1

Jen Jacobs

Jennifer Mary "Jen" Jacobs (8 March 1956 – 21 July 2016) was an Australian cricketer. She played seven tests and thirteen one day internationals for the Australia national women's cricket team.1

Jennifer Mary "Jen" Jacobs (8 March 1956 – 21 July 2016) was an Australian cricketer. She played seven tests and thirteen one day internationals for the Australia national women's cricket team.1

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Jerónimo Manrique de Lara y de Herrera<EOT>1

Jerónimo Manrique de Lara y de Herrera

Jerónimo Manrique de Lara y de Herrera, O. de M. (1581 – 22 June 1644) was a Roman Catholic prelate who served as Bishop of Santiago de Cuba (1630–1644).

Jerónimo Manrique de Lara y de Herrera, O. de M. (1581 – 22 June 1644) was a Roman Catholic prelate who served as Bishop of Santiago de Cuba (1630–1644). == Biography == Jerónimo Manrique de Lara y de Herrera was born in Valladolid, Spain in 1581 and ordained a priest in the Order of the Blessed Virgin Mary of Mercy. On 7 January 1630, he was appointed during the papacy of Pope Urban VIII as Bishop of Santiago de Cuba and installed on 30 November 1630. He served as Bishop of Santiago de Cuba until his death on 22 June 1644.1

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A Big Hand for the Little Lady<EOT>1

A Big Hand for the Little Lady

A Big Hand for the Little Lady (released in the UK as Big Deal at Dodge City) is a 1966 Technicolor western film, made by Eden Productions Inc. and released by Warner Bros. The film was produced and directed by Fielder Cook from a screenplay by Sidney Carroll, adapted from their TV play Big Deal in Laredo which aired on the The DuPont Show of the Week in 1962. The film stars Henry Fonda, Joanne Woodward, Paul Ford, and Jason Robards, with Charles Bickford, Burgess Meredith, Kevin McCarthy, Robert Middleton, and John Qualen. The original TV play starred Walter Matthau as Meredith.

A Big Hand for the Little Lady (released in the UK as Big Deal at Dodge City) is a 1966 Technicolor western film, made by Eden Productions Inc. and released by Warner Bros. The film was produced and directed by Fielder Cook from a screenplay by Sidney Carroll, adapted from their TV play Big Deal in Laredo which aired on the The DuPont Show of the Week in 1962. The film stars Henry Fonda, Joanne Woodward, Paul Ford, and Jason Robards, with Charles Bickford, Burgess Meredith, Kevin McCarthy, Robert Middleton, and John Qualen. The original TV play starred Walter Matthau as Meredith. == Plot == The five richest men in the territory gather in Laredo for their annual high-stakes poker game. The high rollers let nothing get in the way of their yearly showdown. When undertaker Tropp (Charles Bickford) calls for them in his horse-drawn hearse, cattleman Henry Drummond (Jason Robards) forces a postponement of his daughter's wedding, while lawyer Otto Habershaw (Kevin McCarthy) abandons his closing arguments in a trial, with his client's life hanging in the balance. They are joined by Wilcox (Robert Middleton) and Buford (John Qualen) in the back room of Sam's saloon, while the curious gather outside for occasional reports. Settler Meredith (Henry Fonda), his wife Mary (Joanne Woodward), and their young son Jackie (Gerald Michenaud) are passing through, on their way to purchase a farm near San Antonio, when a wheel on their wagon breaks. They wait at Sam's while the local blacksmith repairs it. Meredith, a recovering gambler, learns of the big poker game and begins to feel the excitement once again. During a break, Otto Habershaw catches a glimpse of Mary in her violet dress. Being so enchanted by her, he permits Meredith's request to watch the game only if Mary allows him. The newcomer buys into the game, eventually staking all of the family savings, meant to pay for a home. The game builds to a climactic hand; the gamblers raise and re-raise until more than $20,000 is in the pot. Meredith, out of cash, is unable to call the latest raise. Under the strain, he collapses. The town physician, Joseph "Doc" Scully (Burgess Meredith), is called to care for the stricken man. Barely conscious, Meredith signals for his wife to play out the hand. Taking his seat, Mary asks, "How do you play this game?" The other players object loudly to playing with someone who does not know the game, but eventually give in. The situation is explained to her: if she cannot match the last raise (and any others that may follow), she will be out of the hand. Despite the men's protests, she leaves the room to borrow additional funds. With Jackie and four of the players trailing behind, Mary crosses the street and talks to the owner of the Cattle and Merchants' Bank, C. P. Ballinger (Paul Ford). After she shows him her hand, Ballinger assumes she is playing a practical joke. When he learns otherwise, he loans her $5,500 (at 6% interest) and makes a $5,000 raise for her. The other players, aware of Ballinger's tightfisted, cautious nature, all reluctantly fold. Mary collects her sizable winnings and pays Ballinger back with interest. The game then breaks up, no one ever having seen the winning hand. The lady's determination earns her the admiration of the men. Even Drummond, the most hard-hearted of the bunch, is so touched that, when he returns home to the waiting wedding ceremony, he talks privately to his weak-willed, prospective son-in-law, gives him some money, and orders him to run away and find himself a better wife than his daughter. The final scene takes place in the gambling town of Black Creek, where it is revealed that Meredith, Mary, and even their "son" are confidence tricksters and expert card sharps. Together with Ballinger and Scully, they have perpetrated a scam on the five poker players, who had swindled the banker in a real estate deal sixteen years before. "Mary" is actually Ballinger's girlfriend Ruby. She had promised him she would give up gambling after the caper, but it becomes clear that she had no such intent when she sits down to another poker game. == Cast == Henry Fonda as Meredith Joanne Woodward as Mary Jason Robards as Henry P.G. Drummond Paul Ford as C.P. Ballinger Charles Bickford as Benson Tropp Burgess Meredith as Doc Joseph Scully Kevin McCarthy as Otto Habershaw Robert Middleton as Dennis Wilcox John Qualen as Jesse Buford Percy Helton as Kevin McKenzie Gerald Michenaud as Jackie James Kinney as Sam Rhine Allen Collins as Toby Jim Boles as Pete Virginia Gregg as Mrs. Drummond Chester Conklin as Old Man In Saloon Mae Clarke as Mrs. Craig Ned Glass as Owney Price James Griffith as Mr. Stribling Noah Keen as Sparrow == Nominations == Joanne Woodward was nominated for the Golden Laurel Award for Female Comedy Performance.1

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Everything Changes (Peggy Seeger album)<EOT>In March 1941, Cunningham met Gordon Elmer Friesen (1909-1996). They were married on 23 July 1941. They moved to New York City and were invited by Pete Seeger to stay at the Almanac House, a three-story house rented by the Almanac Singers, a topical singing group. Cunningham performed with the Almanac Singers and appeared on their album Dear Mr. President . In December 1942, Cunningham and Friesen moved to Detroit to establish a Detroit branch of the Almanacs. They returned to New York City in May 1944, where Friesen worked for the Office of War Information and Cunningham performed and wrote songs for People's Songs, a radical musical organization. Their daughters Jane and Aggie were born in the late 1940s. In the 1950s, the family struggled with health problems, poverty, and battles with the welfare system. Side 1.6. "Robert the Robot," Dub. From the musical John Murray Anderson's Almanac and Other Broadway-London Revues . Side 1.7. "Nobody Asked Me," Dub. From the musical John Murray Anderson's Almanac and Other Broadway-London Revues . Side 1.8. "Thanks Yanks," Dub. From the musical John Murray Anderson's Almanac and Other Broadway-London Revues . Side 1.6. A. J. Weberman interviewed by Broadside magazine. Weberman discusses Bob Dylan's John Wesley Harding. A highly edited version of this interview is printed in Broadside #93 . Side 1R.2. Reading from Been Down So Long It Looks Like Up to Me . Side 1R.4. Reading from Been Down So Long It Looks Like Up to Me . Side 1R.6. Reading from Been Down So Long It Looks Like Up to Me . Side 1R.8. Reading from Been Down So Long It Looks Like Up to Me . Side 1R.11. Reading from Been Down So Long It Looks Like Up to Me . Side 1.13. Len Chandler singing a cappella . Piano playing with a party in the background. Side 1.1. Readings from Alice in Wonderland . Side 1.2. Readings from Alice in Wonderland . Side 1. Interview. Friesen asks about Ochs's 1965 predictions. The interview is interrupted several times by under-dubbed music. There is a discussion of technology and how easy it is to get a message across through the recorded medium. As an example, Ochs cites the album Songs of the Algierian Revolution verses the film The Battle of Algiers . There is a discussion of corruption of the music industry in 1955 by Dick Clark and others. Ochs recalls how, after this corruption, folk music stepped into the space left by rock. Ochs claims that this corruption eventually found its way into the folk revival. According to Ochs, everybody wanted to be the Beatles or Bob Dylan. Ochs speaks of artists "going classical" by adding instrumentation to their records verses the common notion of folk musicians leaving their roots by "going rock." Ochs discusses his critical stance; he claims that he has seen all of the music around him, including his own, flounder. Ochs discusses an argument with Dylan at the Kettle of Fish. Ochs talks about Dylan's downfall, comparing him with Michelangelo. Ochs discusses the unfair positive reviews of Dylan and cites the critic Richard Goldstein as an example of a non-objective reviewer. Ochs wishes Dylan well; he offers hope that Dylan's great writing will return. The subject turns to the assassination of John Kennedy. Ochs discusses his fear of death when performing. He discusses the way drugs have changed the vibe of the musical community. Ochs discusses the mass flight from the Elektra and Vanguard record companies. There is a general discussion of record companies and Ochs's leaving Elektra for A& M. Ochs offers praise for Moe Ashe. Ochs discusses a past conflict with Elektra that arose when the record company attempted to release a fourth Phil Ochs record without his approval. Ochs talks about Warner buying all of the folkies. Side 2. Pete Seeger dictation to Sis Cunningham. 7 December 1964. (1) Mid-letter to Dina Hersch about a statue of Woody Guthrie and Ledbelly. (2) A letter to Bruce Jackson (Harvard Society of Fellows) thanking him for the tape. Seeger suggests that one of the songs may be printed in Sing Out! . This letter also mentions a film, a Newport Folk Festival grant and Nagra tape machines. (3) A letter to Maurice McCracken about writing letters to folksingers; Seeger suggests that he write letters to other folksingers. (4) A letter to Henry Wilcox thanking him for a log and color photographs (sailing). General information about the Seeger family and their well-being. (5) A letter to Wynn Strackey apologizing for not getting the letter in about the "gatheralls." (6) A letter to Photographic Enterprises Guild inquiring about a cardboard frame for photographs. (7) A letter to Sally Goldin: Seeger sends his regrets about not being able to sing for her group. (8) A letter to Harold Leventhal: Seeger is looking for a place to sing for a large group of campers in upstate New York. 1

Everything Changes (Peggy Seeger album)

Everything Changes is a 2014 album by American folk singer Peggy Seeger. It is Peggy's 22nd album and was released on September 1, 2014 by Signet Music.

Everything Changes is a 2014 album by American folk singer Peggy Seeger. It is Peggy's 22nd album and was released on September 1, 2014 by Signet Music. == Recording == Although Seeger was 79 when it was made, it is the first solo album which Seeger has recorded with a band (rather than solo or as a duo). Musicians included Calum and Neil MacColl, her sons with her late husband Ewan MacColl. One track, "Swim To The Star", was commissioned by the BBC for a program about the sinking of the Titanic. == Critical reaction == Metacritic rates it 79/100 from 5 reviews. Robin Denislow in The Guardian gave it 5/5, calling it "a revelation". The Guardian also rated it number 35 in their best albums of 2014. The Financial Times gave it 4/5, praising the "impeccable musical backing". The Daily Telegraph praised it for dealing with difficult subjects and "keeping up with the times", scoring it 3/5. Music OHM gave it 5 stars. == Track listing == 1