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Howard Head | The skis developed by Head were based on the structural principles that he had learned during his experience as an aircraft engineer. In a warehouse he rented from Albert Gunther Inc in an alley off of Biddle Street in downtown Baltimore, he used a technique known as metal sandwich construction. The first skis he made consisted of two light layers of aluminum bonded to sidewalls of thin plywood, with a center filling of honeycomb plastic. Although these skis were very light, they all broke quite quickly during trials. Head did not give up on his idea, and was encouraged by several professional skiers, including 1939 World Champion Emile Allais and ski instructors Clif Taylor and Neil Robinson, who assured Head that he would love to use his skis if they did not break. Throughout that winter Head would make a ski pair and send it out to Robinson, who returned it to Head after it broke. Head figured out the flaws of his design, came up with modifications, sent the new ski pair to Robinson, and the process repeated. By the end of the winter of 1947, Head came up with skis that were as strong as wooden skis but were half the weight. |
Ibn Khaldun (horse) | Ibn Khaldun made his racecourse debut in a six furlong maiden race at Yarmouth Racecourse on 26 August in which he started at odds of 100/30 in a twelve runner field. Ridden by Ted Durcan he was unable to recover from a slow start and finished fourth behind the Michael Jarvis-trained Ancien Regime. Frankie Dettori took over the ride when the colt started 4/9 favourite for a similar event over seven furlongs at Leicester Racecourse sixteen days later. After being restrained by Dettori in the early stages he took the lead a furlong out and won by one and a quarter lengths despite being eased down in the final strides. On 30 September at Ascot Racecourse Ibn Khaldun was assigned a weight of 130 pounds in a seven furlong nursery handicap and started 9/4 favourite against fourteen opponents. He was held up by Dettori in the early stages before taking the lead approaching the final furlong and winning "readily" by two lengths from Hurricane Hymnbook. The colt was then moved up in class and started 4/7 favourite for the Group Three Autumn Stakes over one mile at Ascot on 13 October. After racing at the rear of the eight-runner field until the last quarter mile he took the lead inside the furlong and won by a length from the Richard Hannon-trained Redolent. |
Ibn Khaldun (horse) | Ibn Khaldun was expected to run in the Breeders' Cup Juvenile Turf at Monmouth Park but was rerouted to the Group One Racing Post Trophy over one mile at Doncaster Racecourse on 27 October. Commenting on the decision to stay in Europe, Godolphin's racing manager Simon Crisford explained that the colt was "progressive, very much so, but perhaps not mentally ready for a trip like that". With Dettori riding in the United States, Godolphin's second jockey Kerrin McEvoy agreed to fly back from Australia to take the ride. Ibn Khaldun was made the 11/4 favourite ahead of the Irish challengers Curtain Call (winner of the Beresford Stakes) and Frozen Fire whilst the other nine runners included City Leader (Royal Lodge Stakes), River Proud (Somerville Tattersall Stakes) and Declaration of War. Ibn Khaldun recovered from being slightly hampered at the start and settled behind the leaders as River Proud set the early pace. City Leader gained the advantage a quarter of a mile out, but Ibn Khaldun took the lead approaching the final furlong and drew away to win by three lengths despite drifting to the right in the closing stages. After the race McEvoy said "I've got rid of the jet lag now! It's my first Group One of the year so I'm really happy. They went a nice tempo and he has obviously improved with every start. I'm just lucky that Frankie was in America and I was here to do the steering". |
Dione Venables | The young Dione's infancy had been dominated by life at St. Leonard's school where she boarded from the age of three until the outbreak of War when she was ten. The Blitz forced many urban families to re-evaluate where their children lived, prompting mass evacuations of children; Dione and her sister June were hastily booked on a passage to Montreal aboard the SS City of Benares to live with their aunt in Canada. Days before they were due to leave, their father had a change of heart, resolving instead to keep the family together at their home in Kensington. A few days later, the Benares was torpedoed and sank, taking with it their luggage and the lives of seventy-seven children. A few weeks after that, still in a state of shock, their Kensington home was destroyed in a bombing raid while the family sheltered in a nearby underground station. With nowhere to live and all of her belongings destroyed, Dione was sent away from the bombing to live with another aunt, Laura Buddicom (née Finlay), in Shiplake, where she was to remain for eighteen months, with her older cousins (who were sisters), Jacintha and Guinever. |
Dione Venables | Between 1951 and 1956, Dione raised two daughters and a son (Nicky, Sally and Guy). Within a decade, her marriage was failing and in 1959, she joined Overseas Aviation as an air hostess participating in sometimes dangerous humanitarian relief flights operating out of Southend. On one such flight to Entebbe, Dione was reportedly captured by rebel soldiers under the command of Colonel Mobutu, when their aircraft stopped in Léopoldville for refueling. In 1960, Dione followed Freddie Laker by transferring to British United Airways for the next four years. In addition to scheduled routes to the Southeast Asia, the airline was chartered by the British Government for trooping flights to East Africa during the unrest that flared up as Kenya, Tanganyika and Uganda transitioned to independence from Britain. Chartered flights gave way to scheduled flights, which Dione flew to the USA and Southeast Asia. It was on regular flights to Singapore that she met, and in 1964, married Lt. Cdr. John Venables (RN). |
Dione Venables | In 2006, Dione created Finlay Publisher as a vehicle to publish and distribute online successive print runs of a newly indexed version Eric & Us. She was encouraged by Gordon Bowker to include a postscript in the autumn, based on a series of previously unpublished diaries, letters and documented interviews. At the same time, Dione developed Orwell Direct online to encourage and to moderate discussion between academics and enthusiasts interested in promoting the life and works of George Orwell. In 2008, the site began publishing a series of twenty articles submitted by scholars who had written at length about Orwell. Contributors included Sir Bernard Crick, Gordon Bowker, John Rodden, Liam Hunt, DJ Taylor, Douglas Kerr, Peter Davison, and Orwell's son, Richard Blair. A number of regulars active on Orwell Direct encouraged Dione to institute a more formal collective of Orwell enthusiasts. The proposal was severely contested and became controversial because Dione herself, who was selling the idea, had no literary or academic background. Despite some resistance, in December 2010, Dione floated The Orwell Society at an informal meeting at Phyllis Court, which became formally inaugurated in April 2011. In 2015, she compiled and published Orwell's poetry, which she donated to The Orwell Society. |
Soupy Sales | From 1968 to 1975, Sales was a regular panelist on the syndicated revival of What's My Line?. He was usually the first panelist introduced and occupied the chair on the far left side (facing the camera), next to Arlene Francis. In 1969, he appeared on Storybook Squares, a children's version of Hollywood Squares, as Henry VIII. In 1976, he hosted Junior Almost Anything Goes, ABC's Saturday morning version of their team-based physical stunt program. He was also a panelist on the 1980 revival of To Tell the Truth; he had appeared as a guest on the show during the mid- to late 1970s. Other game show appearances included over a dozen episodes of the original Match Game from 1966 to 1969 as well as one week of the revived version in 1976; a week of shows on the 1970s edition of The Gong Show; a couple of guest spots on Hollywood Squares and a few appearances on the combined version (Match Game-Hollywood Squares Hour) in 1983–84; and a recurring role in all versions of Pyramid from 1973 to 1988 and 1991 (in one famous episode of which he repeatedly uttered the word "bacon", trying to get a confused contestant to say "greasy things"). He was considered as a host in Nickelodeon's game show, Double Dare, but was deemed too old (the job went to Marc Summers). He also made an appearance on Pictionary in 1997. |
2009 Kansas City Wizards season | The Wizards broke pre-season camp missing many key components with newly acquired forward Adam Cristman going down with a fifth metatarsal fracture, and defender Chance Myers oddly suffering exactly the same injury in the final week of training. Over the first two weeks of the regular season the Wizards would lose the services of seven total players from their normal 18 including the two previously mentioned and; Davy Arnaud, Josh Wolff, Kevin Souter, Eric Kronberg, and Herculez Gomez. These injuries would provide many opportunities for backups. Lance Watson took advantage and found himself playing right back in week 2 @ Colorado and impressed head coach Curt Anolfo enough to secure the spot. Rookie Graham Zusi filled the void out wide in right of midfield and was exposed in the opening loss to Toronto to then rebound in the second match before being sidelined with his own injury, a hamstring strain that would keep him out for all of April. After the disappointing opener the Wizards traveled to Colorado two days behind a blizzard that brought 14 inches of snow to Denver. The two clubs played in cold temperatures in front of a small crowd (at the same time as the USMNT) before the final whistle signaled a 2-1 victory to the Rapids. The Wizards fielded 4 starters in Colorado who had not even seen the field the week before. The lone goal by the Wizards came from seldom used back-up striker Michael Kraus, his first goal in MLS play. |
2009 Kansas City Wizards season | May began with disappointment as the club once again fell behind an opponent in the first half to only share the points with a second half equalizer. This first occurrence was when resurgent D.C. United visited for a rare Wednesday night match, despite creating many early chances the Wizards faltered and found themselves behind only to see Josh Wolff rescue a point on a play in which he appeared to be offside. The following Saturday the Wizards would aid Columbus in winning their first match and celebrating the Party like it's 1999 promotion that highlighted the tenth season of Columbus Crew Stadium. Wolff would score his fourth goal of the season but it proved too little too late despite the excellent service from Jack Jewsbury. Goalkeeper Kevin El Gato Hartman tallied 7 more saves as the Wizards surprised host Salt Lake handing them their first ever regular season loss in Rio Tinto Stadium. Inspired striker Josh Wolff remained on fire as he netted his fifth and sixth goals of the season pushing the club to their first win in May and second road shutout victory of the season. (Reserves News) The Swope Park Rangers welcomed back Doug DeMartin beating the Kansas City Brass 7-0, this marked a resurgence as goals came from the likes of struggling first teamers Herculez Gomez (2), Michael Kraus (2), and Graham Zusi returning from injury. There had been some hope that Adam Cristman could see the field but instead Kevin Souter and Abe Thompson appeared up top. The club's final home match of May brought in the league leaders Chivas USA on what also happened to be Dog's Night Out at the stadium. The Wizards, to form, didn't get it going until the second half and took the lead on Claudio López's Goal of the Week free kick that beat Zach Thornton. Despite great shot stopping from Kevin Hartman the Wizards gave up the equalizer just minutes later and were forced to defend when Wolff was ejected for an attempted head-butt in the 68th minute, Santiago Hirsig also found himself hitting the showers early as the team played with 9 men for the final 7 minutes. The draw marked the first time in six appearances that Chivas has gotten a single point from their travels to Kansas City. Gregg Berhalter received a sending off after denying Claudio López an obvious goal scoring opportunity in the 59th minute when he held Lopez's jersey for dear life, despite the man advantage it took a rather adventitious miss struck header that was redirected by Arnaud to put the club ahead. Arnaud's 84th-minute goal was the club's 7th scored following the 75th minute of matches and the 13th scored in the second half. Both were league records until Jack Jewsbury gave possession away and Edson Buddle brought The Galaxy even three minutes later for the shared points. |
2009 Kansas City Wizards season | The busy month of June kicked off at home with the defending MLS Cup Champion Columbus Crew sweeping the season series and tie breaker despite playing most of the second half down a man. The Wizards treated the home fans to their best game to date just a week after arguably their worst by defeating the Revs 3-1. Davy Arnaud's streaking run and finish won goal of the week and launched the club into a first half scoring frenzy, when Emmanuel Osei was ejected in the 31st minute it was the fourth consecutive match that the Wizards had played in where either side had been shown a red card. The game marked the beginning of a three-week league break for play in the Superliga and U.S. Open Cup. Superliga kicked off versus F.C. Atlas in St. Louis as the sister clubs played a scoreless draw out in serious heat on father's day, Roger Espinoza was shown a late red card on a questionable challenge in the attacking end. Game two of Group B brought a visit to New England and one more point away from home as the Wizards equalized late with the own goal to draw the Revs 1-1. The club returned home only needing a draw against Santos Laguna to advance to the knockout round however in front of many away supporters Santos iced the tough fought match with a third goal 6 minutes into stoppage time. The match also marked the seventh consecutive competitive match that the Wizards had played where a red card was shown, in that time period the Wizards were shown 4 while their opponents received a shocking 5. On the final day of June the club managed only their second victory since May 16 by beating USL-1 Minnesota Thunder on PK's in the U.S. Open Cup after the Thunder fought back twice to equalize. |
Ligier Optima | The car received a thorough facelift in November 1989, with orange front turn signals which wrap around the corners, and the name was changed to Ligier Optima. Initially, only the 265 cc diesel engine was on offer, but later there was also an Optima/Optimax Twin available. The two-cylinder versions received front disc brakes. A van with a built-out, boxier rear end along the lines of the Renault Express or the Citroën C15, was also available under the name Optimax. AutoTechnik Walther (ATW) kept on offering a 49-cc version with a German Sachs engine, to meet local needs for permitless operation. ATW also developed a version with an electric motor, which they installed in their Bad Rappenau facilities. This version used the 10-inch wheels and drum brakes all around, period testers found this insufficient for a car which was 2.5 times the weight of the original and able to reach speeds of over 100 km/h (62 mph) in Power mode. The price was also elevated - with a few options, the price could easily reach DM 40,000 in 1993, equivalent to $51,538 in 2023 and the same as a base model Audi 100 at the time. |
Donald Renner | From the early age of eleven, Donald Renner began taking art lessons. During his junior and senior years of high school in the Austin neighborhood of Chicago he studied art at the Chicago Academy of Fine Arts. He took a Saturday morning cartoon class and a Life drawing class one night a week. When Renner graduated from high school in 1944, he enlisted in the Merchant Marines on July 25, 1944, traveling through the Mediterranean Middle East, Atlantic, and Pacific theaters until the end of the war. He found time in between harrowing wartime adventures to doodle on letters back home and even to paint an elaborate parrot mural on the smokestack of the S.S. Robert Parrot, which cruised around the Mediterranean. Upon returning to Chicago at the end of the war, he rejoined the Academy of Fine Arts where he received a basic education. He refined his talents and style under art teacher Marilyn Bendell. Renner was one of the founding members of the Austin Town Hall Art Guild in 1947. At Silver Spur Ranch in Gresham, Wisconsin, Donald met Shirley Von Bergen, another Chicagoan. The two married in 1952 at the Mayfair Presbyterian Church. While working in the printing industry during the day to earn a steady living, he painted in the evenings, began teaching art classes in 1963, and entered his work in local art shows. In 1961 he moved his wife and their two daughters, Carol, aged 6, and Gail, aged 3, to Spain for 14 months. Renner said, "I got fed up with the world and decided to chuck everything and take off." They traveled the Atlantic Ocean on the T.S. Bremen, a passenger steam liner. The family rented two different homes in Spain, one in Torremolinos and one in Mijas. Renner's Andalusian Still Life won 1st place in the International Art Festival of Gibraltar in 1962. Before returning to Illinois, Renner bought a VW Beetle to make a family road trip across Europe, stopping in Gibraltar, Germany, Denmark, France, Switzerland, Belgium, Holland, and Sweden. |
Donald Renner | Renner resettled his family in West Chicago, Illinois, working at Diamond National Corporation. He continued to pursue art in his spare time, having a one-man show of his Spanish paintings at the Palette and Chisel Academy. In 1963, Renner painted a portrait of Spanish soprano singer, Consuelo Rubio. The Heart Association commissioned the portrait to give to the Spanish Embassy in Washington, D.C. Big opportunities opened up for Renner when he became affiliated with the Pheasant Run Lodge and Playhouse in St. Charles for four years. Celebrities he painted during this time included James Mac Arthur, Robert Wagner, Edward Everett Horton, Maureen O'Sullivan, Howard Duff, Alan Young, Linda Darnell, Carolyn Jones, Dan Dailey, Johnny Desmond, and Virginia Graham–who opened her TV show Girl Talk with the portrait. Renner described this time as leading, "two different lives...I worked as a lithographer by day and painted my portraits at night.... It was lots of fun, but the plays were always on Sunday nights and while everyone else could sleep late Monday mornings, I would have to trudge wearily off to work half dead..." In the summer of 1969 the family made another move, this time to South Florida. |
Donald Renner | Renner continued his occupation and his passion in Plantation, a suburb of Ft. Lauderdale, until his biggest project yet came in 1983. Louis Parker commissioned Renner to paint 32 oil paintings on 4 ft × 16 ft (1.2 m × 4.9 m) aluminum panels for the ceiling of the Parker Playhouse. The project took two years and earned $1,000 each. He gained increased public attention for the work with critics calling him "the Michelangelo of South Florida." Other notable commissions during his time in South Florida include a larger than life 9' portrait of Don King and a portrait of King and his wife. Renner painted numerous oil and watercolor paintings of Seminole Indians, including seven 4 ft × 8 ft (1.2 m × 2.4 m) paintings, a 5 ft × 24 ft (1.5 m × 7.3 m) oil mural that hangs in the Seminole Casino, and a portrait of James Billie, Chairman of the Seminole Tribe of Florida. He also received numerous commissions from government agencies. The State of Florida hired him to paint a portrait of the Speaker of the Florida Senate, Republican Jim Scott, which hangs in the Senate Chambers. The State also commissioned three portraits for the National Guard that hang in the museum at Camp Blanding in Starke, Florida. He became an official Coast Guard artist, completing oil paintings of Coast Guard ships. Meanwhile, the United Way commissioned portraits of 6 of its former presidents. His reputation attracted numerous private commissions as well. Renner enjoyed painting original portraits and landscapes for entering into exhibitions and art shows. He continued teaching art classes at the Broward Arts Guild and conducting live demonstrations as an active member of the Broward County art scene. |
Donald Renner | Often quoted saying that abstract art was "the biggest fraud of the century", Renner was deeply committed to realistic portrayals in both his oil and watercolor compositions, saying that a portrait was only complete when the subject, "jump out of the canvas." Renner worked both from sittings and multiple photographs. He revealed his approach thus, "I paint my subjects from the inside out. The planes and masses then emerge first, before the details. The photos each represent different moods of my subjects–the challenge is to find the common denominator." Renner clarified in a local news story that, "People have said I have a lot of detail. In reality, I only paint a suggestion of detail, which gives an illusion of detail." Art critic of the Sun-Sentinel, Roger Hurlburt called Renner's work "slick and well wrought". He elaborated, "Renner's sultry colors envelop the eye without distracting the viewer from the representation." A curator of one of Renner's shows commented that his work was "'a crowd pleaser.'" |
USM El Harrach | In March 1935, the idea of creating a football club for young Muslims in Maison Carrée was born. It took the name of Union sportive musulmane de Maison-Carrée (USMMC) and played friendly games until its affiliation on January 23, 1935. Towards the end of 1977, a sports reform took place because it was wanted by the Ministry of Youth and Sports, in order to give elite clubs a good financial basis allowing them to structure themselves professionally (in ASP which means Association sportive de performances). The goal was therefore for them to have total autonomy of management with the creation of their own training center. For this, many clubs had to sacrifice their names and rename them according to the main sponsor. In some club names the letter P of the Sonatrach oil companies sponsoring MC Alger, MC Oran and ES Sétif, renamed MP Alger, MP Oran and EP Sétif. Similarly, Sonelgaz, with the K of Kahraba (gas), sponsored JS Kabylie, which abandoned its name of Jeunesse sportive de Kabylie in Jamiat Sari' Kawkabi, or USM Alger renamed USK Alger. But also the CNAN (Compagnie national algérienne de navigation) with the M of Milaha (meaning navigator) which sponsored the athletic Nasr Hussein Dey which became Milaha Athletic of Hussein Dey and many others. The USMMC will be sponsored by the national mining research and exploitation company (SONAREM) which leads to the change of its name which becomes Union sportive Manadjem El Harrach. |
August Sternickel | In October 1912, Franz Kallies, the owner of an approximately 60-acre estate near Ortwig, hired August, who was using the alias "Otto Schöne," as a farmhand. In addition to managing his estate, Kallies also ran a branch of a nearby savings bank. Sternickel proved to be a good worker, treating the animals in a good manner. The farmer noticed, however, that his new employee was often absent for days and refused to present him with any identification or tell him where he went. While he was absent one day, Franz decided to rummage through his belongings to find any papers, an act which was later noticed by Sternickel. According to his later testimony, it was at this moment that he decided to take revenge on his employer. While at a hostel in Müncheberg, Sternickel approached a group of young men (20-year-old Georg Kersten, his 18-year-old brother Willy, and 21-year-old Franz Schliewenz) and asked whether they could "do him a favour," to which they agreed. In accordance with their plan, the three of them went to Kallies' farm early in the morning, where they proceeded to strangle him with a string. When the 16-year-old maid Anna Phillip entered shortly after to milk the cows, she too was overwhelmed and strangled. All of them then went to the main building, where they proceeded to kill Kallies' wife. They woke up the couple's two daughters, whom they threatened with a gun, and forced them to tell where the cash box was. After they found it, Sternickel divided up the loot, giving each of his accomplices 100 gold marks. |
Shlomo Zev Zweigenhaft | Rabbi Zweigenhaft's father, grandfather and great-grandfather were shochtim. As a young boy Zweigenhaft had been privy to his family's masorah (transmission of Jewish religious tradition) of shechita stretching back hundreds of years. When Zweigenhaft was 14 years old and still studying in Amstov, the shochtim of the city encountered a halachic difficulty and summoned Dov Berish Einhorn for assistance. Einhorn asked Zweigenhaft to accompany him on his walk to the slaughterhouse. When they arrived, Einhorn began to contemplate the problem that the shochtim presented to him. Zweigenhaft then proceeded to deftly pick up the chalef (shechitah knife) and demonstrated how to perform the shechitah and resolved their issue. Einhorn was so impressed that from then on he would only eat meat if it was slaughtered by Zweigenhaft despite his youth. Shortly thereafter, Rabbi Einhorn proudly told Yitzchok Mordechai Rabinowicz (Chief Rabbi of Polavno) about Zweigenhaft. Rabinowicz requested that Einhorn send Zweigenhaft to him and then proceeded to teach Zweigenhaft the masorah of shechita that he had learned from his grandfather the Tiferes Shlomo of Radomsk. Thereafter, the Radomsker Rebbe would only eat meat from Zweigenhaft's Shechita. Year later, when the Minchas Elazar of Munkach visited Sosnowiec, he too would only eat from Zweigenhaft's shechitah. |
McGinty v Western Australia | Brennan CJ, Dawson, Gaudron, McHugh and Gummow JJ formed the majority view that the first two of the three questions outlined above were to be answered in the negative, and as a result it was unnecessary to address the third. The majority largely took the view that whilst the principle of representative government was contained within the Commonwealth Constitution and the Western Australian Constitution it did not necessitate an equality of voting power. The majority made reference to ss 7 and 24 of the Commonwealth Constitution, which provides that the Senate and House of Representatives respectively will be "directly chosen by the people". Gummow J found that whilst these sections read with the rest of the Constitution did give rise to a requirement for a representative government; "It does not follow from the prescription by the Constitution of a system of representative government that a voting system with a particular characteristic or operation is required by the Constitution. What is necessary is the broadly identified requirement of ultimate control by the people, exercised by representatives who are elected periodically". Further, the proposed restriction of malapportionment did not entirely reduce the problem, which was near impossible and, "One consideration in was that the challenged electoral distribution laws respectively permitted a similar and lesser degree of malapportionment than legislation in 1978 permitted. Accepting the plaintiffs' argument would entail that the 1978 Parliament was not itself 'chosen directly by the people'. In essence, the Western Australian Constitution was interpreted according to its legislative and historical context, and the phrase 'chosen directly by the people' did not give rise to a strict equality of value in voting. Gaudron J subscribed to some similar reasoning to the dissent of Toohey J, including how the historical realities of the Western Australian electoral system evolved; "Ultimately, it is a question of what is required in the light of current democratic standards, including those which so recently applied in Western Australia." |
McGinty v Western Australia | The 5-1 result in favour of The State of Western Australia answered question (i) (Is section 6 of the Constitution Acts Amendment Act 1899 (WA) invalid?) in the negative. Question (ii) (Are Sections 2A(2), 6 and 9 of the Electoral Distribution Act 1947 (WA), or any of them, invalid?) was similarly rejected, and question (iii) (If any of the Sections 2A(2), 6 or 9 of the Electoral Distribution Act 1947 (WA) is or are invalid, is it or are they severable and, if so, to what extent?) was unnecessary to consider. By ruling against the case, the High Court set the precedent that the phrase "directly chosen by the people" in ss 7 and 24 of the Constitution could not be construed to incorporate a principle of one vote, one value. The court has thus far declined to consider any other state constitutional amendments, or state parliaments, that have entrenched malapportioned electoral districts in their electoral map. The role of malapportionment in Australian politics remains strong, and the impact on states such as Western Australia remains difficult to fully value. The lack of population densi |
McGinty v Western Australia | McHugh J's judgment also extended a line of jurisprudence that had flowed from a series of cases in the 1980s and 1990s dealing with implied freedoms of political communication, that 'the political and legal sovereignty of Australia now resides in the people of Australia'. A distinction between the 'political' conception of sovereignty, and the legal definition, was a concept first elucidated by James Bryce in the early 20th century. The concept of the political, or popular, version of sovereignty could be defined as 'the notion that the ultimate source of all authority exercised through the public institutions of the state originates in the people." A consequence of this decision could be viewed as to what extent this judgment adopts the view that the sovereignty of the nation now resides in the Australian population and how that could impact on prior constitutional law. George Duke suggests that this judgment doesn't clear up entirely the position of the High Court and; "taken as a whole, the dicta of the High Court on popular sovereignty suggest a preference for a weak conception tied to elective parliamentary representation. The relevant High Court dicta on popular sovereignty are far from uniform". The basis of this argument is that the Australian Constitution has been popularly affirmed prior to enaction, and that following the termination of links with the United Kingdom via the Australia Acts the continuing effectiveness of the Constitution has been by the 'acquiescence of the people'. McGinty v Western Australia directly impacted this by adding definition to the words 'directly chosen by the people' and considering what impact the idea of representative democracy should have on subsequent constitutional interpretation. Gummow J's consideration of the role of the population was also particularly interesting, he noted that the extent of the population's control over the Commonwealth Constitution was limited only to an affirmative or negative vote on a proposition, the actual substance of alteration is decided by the parliament. Even the people's control over the governance of the nation is only limited to the election of representatives who are periodically up for re-election. |
HMS Marigold (K87) | Marigold remained part of the 7th Escort Group on 1 July 1941. From 18 August Marigold, now part of Escort Group 36, formed part of the escort of Convoy HG 71, bound for the UK from Gibraltar. While four Italian submarines were deployed against the convoy, none managed to find it, and HG 71 reached Liverpool unharmed on 1 September. On 12 September 1941, Marigold left Liverpool as part of the escort for the Gibraltar-bound convoy OG 74. Two merchant ships were sunk by the German submarine U-124 on the night of 20/21 September, while the rescue ship Walmer Castle was badly damaged by a German Focke-Wulf Fw 200 Condor long-range bomber on 21 September and was scuttled by Marigold and the sloop Deptford. Marigold and Deptford were then detached from the convoy to support four ships that had lost contact with the convoy, but three of the four ships were sunk by U-201 on the night of 21/22 September. Marigold arrived in Gibraltar on 26 September. In total, six ships from OG 74 were sunk. Marigold remained part of the 36th Escort Group on 1 October 1941. |
HMS Marigold (K87) | On 16 November 1941, Marigold set out from Gibraltar as part of Operation Chieftain, a diversion operation for Operation Crusader, the British offensive in the North African desert. The operation was a dummy convoy (with empty merchant ships) intended to attract attention of German and Italian air power away from the land battle. That night Marigold which had lost contact with the convoy because of engine trouble, and was trying to rejoin the convoy, was spotted by the German submarine U-433 30 miles East of Europa Point and south of Málaga. U-433 misidentified the corvette for a cruiser and attacked with a spread of four torpedoes, all of which missed. Marigold then detected the surfaced submarine on radar at a range of about 4,000 yards (3,700 m) and attacked, but U-433 dived away before Marigold could ram the submarine. An initial pattern of five depth charges was ineffective, but after 15 minutes, Marigold detected the submarine on sonar, and attacked with ten depth charges, causing the commander of U-433 to surface the submarine so that the crew could abandon ship. Marigold opened fire on the submarine when it surfaced and U-433 sank quickly. Marigold picked up 38 survivors, with six of U-433's crew killed. The First Sea Lord congratulated the Marigold and its commander, Lieutenant William MacDonald R.N.V.R., on this action. |
Elysium (Pet Shop Boys album) | Elysium received generally positive reviews from music critics. At Metacritic, which assigns a normalised rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream publications, the album received an average score of 67, based on 20 reviews. Simon Price of The Independent on Sunday wrote, "If Elysium has a weakness, it is the absolute absence of thumping disco-pop monsters. Once you accept that, and surrender to the tranquil beauty of Chris Lowe's synth textures, you quickly realise that Neil Tennant is on top lyrical form". Robert Christgau of MSN Music quipped that although the album "may well seem too restrained", the duo are "at peace with the fate of their fame and their retirement accounts. And the understated beats suit their elysian equanimity." Kevin Ritchie of Now described the album as one of the duo's "most serene and sonically consistent efforts to date", adding that the song "Hold On" "exemplifies why Elysium is one of the year's most beautiful pop albums." Drowned in Sound's Jon Clark viewed the album as "a cohesive and strong effort that can stand up with some of best", calling it "a wise and knowing homage to the life of a pop star". BBC Music's Nick Levine commented that although Elysium "isn't quite a top-drawer Pets album like 1988's Introspective or 1993's Very", it "could be Pet Shop Boys' warmest, wisest album yet." Owen Myers of NME characterised the album as "a massive foamy middle-finger to retromania, running elegantly from jangly indie to kraut jabs". David Jeffries of AllMusic referred to Elysium as "an interesting, sour, and insider-aimed dispatch from backstage, interrupted by some big moments that sound entirely commissioned." |
Elysium (Pet Shop Boys album) | The Guardian critic Jude Rogers opined that half of the album "harks back to 1990's reflective masterpiece, Behaviour, with songs about ageing and escape exerting poignant pulls", but the other half "feels bitter and flippant", concluding that producer Dawson "provides a light LA gloss, but not the heavenly direction the duo deserve." In a review for The Observer, Phil Mongredien cited "Your Early Stuff" and "Ego Music" as highlights, while noting that "elsewhere on autopilot too often for this to be anything more than just another solid Pet Shop Boys album." Despite dubbing album opener "Leaving" "excellent", musicOMH's Laurence Green felt that "the rest of the album never materialises in the way you'd quite hope it would." Green continued, "f Elysium is tainted by a slight tang of disappointment, it is a disappointment tempered in part by its recalling of Behaviour." Under the Radar's Dan Lucas complimented keyboardist Lowe's work on the album, stating, "There may be no stand-out musical line that will live long in the memory, but even more naïve melodies such as 'Winner' constantly shift and change, never growing dull." However, he criticised singer Tennant, claiming his "vocal lines often struggle to fit the songs". Douglas Wolk of Pitchfork wrote that "Tennant's mature gift as a lyricist is for sentimentality tempered by slyness, and he pulls that off a few times", but found that "oo much of Elysium misplaces its subtlety." Andy Gill of The Independent expressed that Elysium is "bookended by two of the best songs the Pet Shop Boys have written in years , but flags badly in between", naming "Hold On" the worst song on the album. |
Lyndon B. Johnson School of Public Affairs | The LBJ School offers a Master of Public Affairs program in public policy analysis and administration, with 16 dual degree programs for the Master of Public Affairs degree and a second degree. Program offerings include Master of Public Affairs program, a mid-career master's program, and the seventeen master's-level programs leading to dual degrees: Advertising; Asian Studies; Business Administration; Communication Studies; Energy and Earth Resources; Engineering; Information Studies; Journalism; Latin American Studies; Law; Middle Eastern Studies; Public Health; Radio, Television, Film; Russian, East European, and Eurasian Studies; Social Work; and Women's and Gender Studies. The school offers a Ph.D. in public policy. Master's students have the option to specialize in one of seven areas: international affairs; natural resources and the environment; nonprofit and philanthropic studies; public leadership and management; social and economic policy; technology, innovation, and information policy; or urban and state affairs. |
Sashel Palacios | As a senior in 2017, she appeared in all 53 games, finishing third on the team in batting average (.322), RBI (40) and home runs (10). She hit a grand slam in a 12–1 win over Nebraska on March 10. After amassing 17 RBI through the first six weeks of play, she was named the Pac-12 Player of the Week in late March after batting .533 with six home runs and 11 RBI in a five-game stretch. She recorded two home runs and four RBI in a doubleheader against New Mexico State on March 22. She hit another homer in a 8–0 win against Oregon State on March 25. In the second game of the series the next day, Palacios went three-for-four with two home runs and six RBI, including the walk-off grand slam to seal the 11–0 mercy rule win. Finally, she hit a two-run homer in the third game of the Oregon State series on March 27. On May 5 and 6, she recorded two home runs and five RBI in back-to-back wins over California. At the conclusion of the season she earned first-team All-Pac-12 and Pac-12 All-Defensive honors. |
Sashel Palacios | The summer after Palacios's freshman year at Arizona State, during which she thought about quitting the sport, her father informed her that the Mexican Softball Federation was allowing Mexican-American players to try out for the national team. After some initial hesitation, she began training for the opportunity and eventually earned a spot on the roster. Her first international competition was the 2014 World Cup of Softball in Irvine, California, and she credits the experience for rekindling her love of the game. She also joined the team for the 2015 World Cup of Softball the following summer, driving in a run against Argentina. Palacios played in the 2017 Canada Cup, where she recorded seven hits, four RBI and a home run in seven games. Later that year, she participated in the Pan American Championships, where Mexico finished second and secured a bid to the 2019 Pan American Games. She also won a silver medal with the team at the 2018 Central American and Caribbean Games, with their only loss coming in the championship game after extra innings. At the 2018 Women's Softball World Championship the following month, Palacios drove in the first run of Mexico's 2–0 victory over the Philippines. Four days later, on the last day of group play, she drove in the first two runs of their 4–3 defeat of Chinese Taipei. Mexico finished the tournament in sixth place. |
Wildlife garden | Planning a successful wildlife garden requires consideration of the area surroundings, and a focus on overall ecological functionality. Vegetative structure and complexity play an important role in the benefits the landscape will provide to the wildlife, through the varying plants serving as sources of food and cover for survival. In particular, planting native vegetation creates greater diversity in yards by providing habitat for birds, pollinators such as bees, and other wildlife, which results in their numbers in population growing. There are countless ways in which wildlife gardens can be built or converted, as long as food, water, shelter, and space are provided. The process will usually involve removing invasive species to replace with native species, retaining leaf litter as well as mature trees, assuring varying distribution of vegetation complexity and structure, and implementing other habitat elements such as ponds to include water sources. True to the nature of a habitat in the wild varying depending on its environment and the species inhabiting it, a wildlife garden can be built to resemble a desired habitat, with strategic features meant to attract desired birds or pollinators. |
Wildlife garden | A wildlife garden should be dense enough in native plant species that there is enough ground coverage for species varying in size to find cover (for hiding or shade amongst other things) and shelter. Creating shade is also important in any wildlife garden. Leaf litter, or material that has fallen from a plant on to the ground, creates the perfect mulch and fertilization for a wildlife garden. Leaf litter can soak up excess water from heavy rainfall during the fall and winter time, contain that moisture and slowly release it into surrounding native plants to help them during the spring and summer time. It may also be of help to added native forbs, herbaceous flowering plants, to provide additional food for the wildlife. In the US, some examples of native forbs would be species such as the tapertip hawksbeard (Crepis acuminata), this yellow flowering plant is native and common in the west. The tapertip hawksbeard (Crepis acuminata) is low in abundance and is in need for the sage-grouse species to thrive. |
Wildlife garden | In theory, with proper planning, a wildlife garden can successfully provide habitat for desired wildlife and can attract many pollinators, essentially boosting local species biodiversity. However, a wildlife garden can also become a habitat sink, instead accomplishing the opposite of its intended purpose. Many wildlife gardens will have native vegetation planted due to the benefits it offers to the local fauna, as well as its convenience to humans because of its easy maintenance. It is important to consider when planning these gardens that if there are no similar native plants neighboring its intended location, the garden may indeed attract desired wildlife, but its visibility may also attract unwanted predators. As the local species population grows due to the newly provided habitat, predators may take advantage of the sudden influx in prey populations, and might show up unexpectedly to strike. In cases such as this, the wildlife garden instead becomes a habitat sink; thus it is important to plan carefully and take precautions, while always expecting the unexpected. |
Wildlife garden | Beautifying your home or community, the satisfaction of creative effort, the health benefits of spending time outdoors are just some of the benefits of wildlife gardening. Research has found that a positive feedback loop is built as wildlife choose to visit and enjoy the wildlife gardens in people's homes leaving the owners feeling a sense of satisfaction, fulfillment, and affirmation. Living in the city can result in a loss of connection with nature, and reduce the desire to seek this interaction in our daily lives. Having this disconnect with nature can impact the empathy and care we have for other species other than ourselves as we cannot see our impacts on them if we do not interact with them. Wildlife gardening can enhance urban biodiversity as well as connection to nature. If done in large enough proportions, wildlife gardens can form wildlife corridors. As there continues to be a decline in urban biodiversity it is said that wildlife gardens will need to be the new 'nature,' gardening has now taken a role that transcend the needs of the gardener, they now instead will play a major role in sustaining the wildlife of our country, this will allow the owners of these wildlife gardens to truly make a difference. |
Wildlife garden | The U.S. National Wildlife Federation provides a Certified Wildlife Habitat program that's main goal is to certify homeowners that provide additional habitat for wildlife that reside in urban areas dominated by the human population. In order to be a part of the program one must first fill out the certification application that the National Wildlife Federation has created. The application form includes a check-list that homeowners must check off when each element is providable to wildlife in their wildlife garden. There are five key components on the check-list: sustainable garden practices (such as being without harmful pesticides or fertilizers and practicing techniques such as composting), sources of food and water, places to take cover/hide, and space to raise potential offspring. It is important as well, when considering types of food to include to consider those from categories such as seeds from flowers or trees, nectar, twigs, fruit such as berries, pollen, and sap. There are additional specifications for each property depending on size of yard and region/area that the home is in. The Homeowner's associations have also been working towards aiding the increase of biodiversity, specifically of plant and bird species, and encouraging participants and other homeowners to do so. Residential wildlife gardens can help strengthen connections between humans and the environment, between both its abiotic and biotic features. Wildlife gardens are very necessary to restoration efforts and with more efforts and collaborate work it can be even more effective as an urban footprint that helps offset the negative environmental effects of urban development. The National Wildlife Federation is also able to go far beyond certifying homeowner's yards but also balconies (in apartments for example), workplaces (near or in the buildings) schools (class gardens or rooftops), farms, along with community gardens. |
72 Hours (The Killing) | At the waterfront, an officer (Alex Zahara) tells Holder he arrested a man named Joseph Nowak for breaking into the construction site on the night of Rosie's murder, but that Ames did not press charges against Nowak. The officer adds that Nowak's reason for the break-in was not construction related, noting that Nowak works for Janek Kovarsky. Holder meets with Linden during visiting hours and briefs her on the latest developments in the case. Dazed, Linden keeps mentioning the City Hall keycard that she saw on the casino's tenth floor. Holder vows to get her out. He then finds Joseph Nowak (Brad Kelly) at a lumber yard and chases him down, demanding to know about the waterfront activity that night. Holder meets Carlson to tell him "all our players" are involved in the murder: Nowak was at the mayor's construction site to bury native-American bones, and his arrest prompted a meeting between Ames, Chief Jackson and Mayor Adams. Rosie saw the meeting and was killed. Holder demands Carlson give him Linden's psychiatrist's contact information. |
72 Hours (The Killing) | "72 Hours" received mostly positive reviews. Sean McKenna of TV Fanatic rated the episode 4.5 out of 5 stars, calling it "another quiet episode, but The Killing does them with such a tenacity that even those still and silent moments scream as loud as can be." The A.V. Club's Brandon Nowalk rated this episode a B−, saying "'72 Hours' feels caught between what The Killing was and what it has recently become, which is admittedly a false dichotomy. There's an obviousness, though, that can't entirely be chalked up to pulp's habit of sorting characters into situational conventions." William Bibbiani of CraveOnline called "72 Hours" a "filler episode, disguised as something more". He added, "It could have worked out, but besides the revelation that Linden was engaged to her old psychiatrist, which raises a few questions that have nothing to do with the main storyline, it gives us nothing new besides a connection between several of the key suspects, which could have been integrated into just about any episode of the series." |
NWA World Tag Team Championship (Los Angeles version) | The first version of the Los Angeles NWA World Tag Team Championship was created in 1949, less than a year after the NWA itself was founded. At the time, tag team wrestling was popular on the West Coast, leading to the local NWA promoters Hugh Nichols and Johnny Doyle creating the first-ever NWA World Tag Team Championship when they announced The Dusek Family (Ernie and Emil Dusek) as the first champions on July 14, 1949. The NWA Board of Directors dictated that all NWA territories recognize only one NWA World Heavyweight Champion, but allowed each territory to crown its own world tag team champion, making each championship a regional championship despite the name. The Los Angeles territory promoted its NWA World Tag Team Championship for eleven years, with Ben and Mike Sharpe being the last champions of the era. The Duseks were the only team to hold the championship twice in that period of time. The longest reign of the first era belonged to Guy Brunetti and Joe Tangero, who held the championship for at least 277 days. After the Los Angeles version was abandoned, the local promoters recognized the San Francisco version in subsequent years. |
Walter Jenkins | Anticipating the charge that Jenkins might have been blackmailed, Johnson immediately ordered an FBI investigation. He knew that J. Edgar Hoover would have to clear the administration of any security problem because the FBI itself would otherwise be at fault for failing to investigate Jenkins properly years before. Hoover reported on October 22 that security had not been compromised. Johnson later said: "I couldn't have been more shocked about Walter Jenkins if I'd heard that Lady Bird had tried to kill the Pope." He also fed conspiracy theories that Jenkins had been framed. He claimed that before his arrest Jenkins had attended a cocktail party where the waiters came from the Republican National Committee, though the party was hosted by Newsweek to celebrate the opening of its new offices. The Star printed the story and UPI transmitted its version on October 14. Jenkins resigned the same day. Johnson immediately ordered a poll to determine the public's reaction to the affair and learned the next day that its effect on the voters was negligible. |
Vector General | The system allowed vectors to be represented in a number of ways in memory. The most basic mode, "absolute", required two points, one for each end of the vector. "Relative" vectors were expressed as offsets from the last set of values, so only one point was needed to define a vector, the first point being the endpoint of the last one. This could halve the number of points needed to describe a complete drawing, if the data was continuous like a line chart. "Incremental" vectors further reduced memory by using only 6-bits for each point, allowing the data to be packed into less memory in the host. The system could be set to add the values to the high- or low-order 6 bits of the last value, allowing gross or fine movement. Finally, "autoincrementing" vectors further reduced the memory requirements by requiring only one value to be stored, with the others being incremented by a preset amount as each new point was read in. These were similar to relative vectors, with one of the two axes always having the same relative offset. The system also had a separate circuit to generate circular arcs, as opposed to having to send in a series of points. |
Ministry of Finance (Somalia) | In May 2013, the Somali federal government announced that it had launched a new Public Finance Management Policy (PFMP) in order to streamline the public sector's financial system and to strengthen the delivery capacity of the government's financial sector. Endorsed by the Somali Council of Ministers on May 2, the reform plan has a robust fiduciary framework according to the African Development Bank (AfDB). It is intended to serve as a benchmark for public financial management and the re-establishment of national institutions. The PFMP aims to provide transparent, accurate and timely public sector financial information by ameliorating the national budget process' openness, rendering more efficient and effective public spending, and improving fiscal discipline via both internal and external control. It also sets out to concentrate public expenditure on government priority areas. According to Cabinet members, the policy will cost an estimated $26 million and is expected to be fully implemented over the next four years. |
Ministry of Finance (Somalia) | In September 2015, the Ministry of Finance contracted Smart General Services, Ltd., to collect road taxes and vehicle registration fees on behalf of the Federal Government. Despite a standing Government directive that all State revenue be routed to the Treasury Single Account at the Central Bank of Somalia, the taxes and fees generated by Smart General Services were deposited into a private account at Salaam Somali Bank in Mogadishu. The net revenue, once the company had deducted its 40 per cent share, was intended to be transferred from Salaam Somali Bank to the Treasury Single Account every 15 days. The UN Somalia and Eritrea Monitoring Group found that, instead, only $62,648 (4.2 per cent) of the $1,481,695 generated by Smart General Services from August 2016 to May 2017 was ever transferred to the Treasury Single Account. Moreover, revenue was transferred inconsistently and with irregularities. There were public accusations in August 2016 that "Fargetti", the Minister at the time, had embezzled large sums from the tax receipts. |
Respiratory syncytial virus | The burden of respiratory syncytial virus is high in younger children in low and middle-income countries. The "PROUD (Preventing Respiratory Syncytial Virus in underdeveloped countries) taskforce of 24 RSV worldwide experts assessed key needs for RSV prevention in low- and middle-income countries (LMIC)s, including vaccine and newer preventive measures." RSV and lower respiratory tract infections (LRTI) cause over "3 million hospitalizations and over 100,000 deaths in children under 5 years every year." Around "90%" of these mortality rates occur in LMICs "where RSV has been reported to be the most frequent cause of mortality among infants beyond the neonatal period." In the past two decades, the World Health Organization has made it their priority for RSV and LRTI prevention measures. However, even with "60 years of research," the "preventive measures for RSV disease remain limited to good hygiene and the use of palivizumab, a monoclonal antibody used only for high-risk children, including premature infants (≤35 weeks' gestational age) and those with congenital heart disease and bronchopulmonary dysplasia." |
Respiratory syncytial virus | One of the main concerns is securing access to different types of intervention at a sustainable and affordable cost for "improving the management of RSV in LMICs." Even with the administration of vaccines and "monoclonal antibodies," lower and middle-income countries have access to limited health care and have a "lack of awareness/understanding of the public health impact of RSV among healthcare professionals (HCPs)." There is also a "lack of reliable local/regional epidemiological and disease burden data to inform cost-effectiveness assessment and guide preventive efforts, and lack of access to point-of-care tests." The PROUD taskforce of 24 global RSV was developed to aid in "understanding and propose solutions to these challenges." The goal of the taskforce is to pressure policymakers, influential health providers, public health organizations, and associations to work together to fight RSV in lower and middle-income countries. One of the many first steps the PROUD taskforce took to achieve its goal was creating a "detailed assessment of the key considerations and priorities for the prevention and management of RSV infection in LMICS." They did this through a "global, online based survey of HCPS." |
Respiratory syncytial virus | Differences in treatment and prevention vary globally and RSV symptoms and prevalence varies culturally as well. In an article titled, Comparisons between ethnic groups in hospitalizations for respiratory syncytial virus bronchiolitis in Israel, "Ethnic disparities in RSV bronchiolitis have been documented A study from the United States showed higher rates of RSV hospitalizations in black children than white children aged 12–23 months; yet differences were not found in incidence rates in the first year of life, nor in the severity of disease." The ways that certain areas of the world handle RSV and other viruses vary due to cultural reasons as well as medical preferences. For example, preventative measures may be viable sources in one area of the world such as vaccines and staying up to date on doctor visits, but in other places, preventative care may not be such a large option or opportunity for everyone. Socioeconomic status may also play a role in this disparity of care as certain places have more medical assistance and resources present than others. |
Respiratory syncytial virus | Two vaccines, one with the brand name Arexvy, developed by GSK, and the other with the brand name Abrysvo, from Pfizer, were approved by the FDA and shown to be extremely effective against RSV in August 2023. The vaccine developed by GSK reported an "overall efficacy of 82.6% against lower respiratory tract disease during the first season, 77.3% for mid-season, and 67.2% over two seasons." The second vaccine, created after by Pfizer proved to have "an efficacy of almost 89% against LRTD involving at least three symptoms in the first year after vaccination, and 78.6% mid-way through a second season in the data presented to the FDA." These numbers are groundbreaking from elderly patients who may suffer with effects of underlying medical conditions as well. Overall, "doctors say the benefits of the new vaccines for older adults outweigh the potential harms in cases where RSV could be life-threatening." They recommend the vaccines to all eligible elderly individuals, and specifically aim them at people with underlying conditions. The U.S. CDC recommends use of shared clinical decision-making when deciding to get vaccinated, with communication between healthcare provider and patient about the benefit of being vaccinated, the patient's risk factors for severe RSV disease and any potential side effects of the vaccine. |
Respiratory syncytial virus | Surface protein F (fusion protein) is responsible for fusion of viral and host cell membranes, as well as syncytium formation between viral particles. Its sequence is highly conserved between strains. While viral attachment appears to involve both F and G proteins, F fusion occurs independently of G. F protein exists in multiple conformational forms. In the prefusion state (PreF), the protein exists in a trimeric form and contains the major antigenic site Ø. Ø serves as a primary target of neutralizing antibodies in the body. After binding to its target on the host cell surface (its exact ligand remains unclear), PreF undergoes a conformational change during which Ø is lost. This change enables the protein to insert itself into the host cell membrane and leads to fusion of the viral and host cell membranes. A final conformational shift results in a more stable and elongated form of the protein (postfusion, PostF). Opposite of the RSV G protein, the RSV F protein also binds to and activates toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), initiating the innate immune response and signal transduction. |
Respiratory syncytial virus | RSV is highly contagious and can cause outbreaks from both community and hospital transmission. For each person infected with RSV, it is estimated that an average of 5 to 25 uninfected people will become infected. RSV can spread when an infected person coughs or sneezes, releasing contaminated droplets into the air. Transmission usually occurs when these droplets come into contact with another person's eyes, nose, or mouth. As with all respiratory pathogens once presumed to transmit via respiratory droplets, it is highly likely to be carried by the aerosols generated during routine breathing, talking, and even singing. RSV can also live for up to 25 minutes on contaminated skin (i.e. hands) and several hours on other surfaces like countertops and doorknobs. It has an incubation period of 2 to 8 days. Once infected, people are usually contagious for 3 to 8 days. In infants and in people with weakened immune systems, however, the virus may continue to spread for up to 4 weeks (even after they are no longer showing symptoms). |
Respiratory syncytial virus | RSV reinfection can happen throughout life. As a result, it can cause "winter/early spring epidemics in temperate regions, but synchronization of RSV activity can vary widely" depending on the region that an individual lives in. Usually, "unless immunocompromised," adults have mild symptoms when becoming reinfected. The mild symptoms tend to be restricting upper airways. However, individuals that are younger are extremely vulnerable to developing "severe symptoms," which typically involve the lower airways. Since infants have smaller airways than children do, "they might be obstructed by inflammation, edema, and mucus." This can contribute to developing a "more severe lower respiratory tract illness." As mentioned, RSV reinfection is frequent among all ages and the type of host response to reinfection can determine "which children will develop persistent wheezing and possibly asthma." It is possible that the age you are infected with RSV can be a vital factor in "determining the phenotype of airway response to subsequent RSV infection." |
Respiratory syncytial virus | The F protein is a major target for neutralizing antibodies, but its variability enables viral evasion from neutralization, affecting the efficacy of antibodies like Palivizumab. Cross-reactions between RSV subtypes and genotypes are observed, but immune responses are subtype or genotype-specific, indicating the impact of gene mutations, particularly in the G protein, on immune evasion. Additionally, differences in cytokine expression and immune cell responses highlight the complexity of immune interactions during RSV infection. Genomic variations in RSV, particularly in proteins like G and F, influence immune responses and contribute to immune evasion. This multifaceted immunomodulatory arsenal likely contributes to RSV's ability to cause mild respiratory symptoms in most cases, yet it poses a severe threat to vulnerable populations such as infants and the elderly, potentially leading to life-threatening lung disease characterized by immune dysregulation. RSV has evolved numerous strategies to evade the host's antiviral response, with over half of its proteins exerting immunomodulatory effects. |
Respiratory syncytial virus | A study investigated RSV-specific T cell responses in " 55 infants hospitalized for RSV bronchiolitis and found that these responses were similar during both acute illness and recovery, and did not increase after subsequent RSV infections. This suggests that RSV-specific T-cell responses may not prevent reinfection and might not expand effectively in the body after reinfection. However, it's possible that these cells could be located in specific areas of the lungs and respond more strongly to secondary infection, as seen in animal studies. For instance, a study using mice showed that the "extent of the BALF inflammatory response to reinfection response to reinfection in adulthood is determined by the age at first infection." The study also discovered that the patterns differ for "neonatal infection primes the host to develop a Th2-biased response." The exact mechanisms behind this phenomenon remain unclear. One possibility is that a lack of IFN-γ production in newborns during their first encounter with RSV, possibly due to an immature immune system, allows for the emergence of a Th2-biased response that persists and can be triggered again during subsequent RSV infections. However, it's improbable that variations solely in IFN-γ levels explain this susceptibility window. IL-13 appears to play a significant role as a regulator in this process. IL-13 is a protein located in the lung. It is a "mediator of allergic asthma" and it is in charge of "regulating eosinophilic inflammation, mucus secretion, and airway hyperresponsiveness." |
Menes | The name Menes is first documented in the work of Manetho, an Egyptian historian and priest of the relatively late Ptolemaic period. Manetho noted the name in Greek as Μήνης (transliterated: Mênês). An alternative Greek form, Μιν (transliterated: Min), was cited by the fifth-century-BC historian Herodotus, but this variant appears to be unrelated, the result of contamination from the name of the god Min. The Egyptian form, mnj, is taken from the Turin and Abydos King Lists, which are dated to the Nineteenth Dynasty, whose pronunciation has been reconstructed as */maˈnij/. By the early New Kingdom, changes in the Egyptian language meant his name was already pronounced */maˈneʔ/. The name mnj means "He who endures", which, I.E.S. Edwards suggests, may have been coined as "a mere descriptive epithet denoting a semi-legendary hero whose name had been lost". Alternatively, the name may conceal the collective identity of the Naqada III rulers: Ka, Scorpion II and Narmer, or may simply refer to a functional leadership role. |
Tremors 2: Aftershocks | Earl and Grady begin systematically killing the Graboids by using remote-controlled cars rigged with explosives. Though their strategy seems to work, the vast number of Graboids overwhelms them and Earl enlists the help of Burt Gummer, who arrives with a "deuce-and-a-half" truck loaded with firearms and explosives. The next day, Earl and Grady are surprised by one of the Graboids, causing them to drive backwards in a panic and crash the truck into an inclined ditch. Returning to where they saw the Graboid, Earl and Grady find that the creature looks sick and non-aggressive with all of its tentacles mysteriously dead. Realizing they have one of the creatures alive (which Ortega offered $100,000 if accomplished), they call Pedro to come and pick them up along with the Graboid. However, the Graboid later begins making horrific and painful sounds and is soon found dead with a huge hole torn open into its body. They see Pedro's truck approach from the distance but it suddenly stops, prompting Grady and Earl to investigate and discover the truck's destroyed engine as well as Pedro's remains. They make their way to a nearby radio broadcasting building which has similarly been destroyed, only to be met by strange bipedal graboid-like creatures. Earl successfully kills one as it charges him, but the two flee in a car they had found as more of the creatures arrive. Meanwhile, Burt's truck is ambushed by a pack of these new creatures while returning to base. |
Tremors 2: Aftershocks | Hiding from the Shriekers, Burt is trapped in a bulldozer bucket while Grady, Kate, and Earl are on top of an oil tower. The Shriekers work together in an attempt to climb the tower before Burt traps them in the storage shed with the truck. However, they discover rice flour is stored inside as well, enabling the Shriekers to continue eating and multiplying inside. Earl douses himself in CO2 from a fire extinguisher to hide his body heat, and tries to find Burt's explosives amongst the Shriekers, who have multiplied into dozens of creatures. While the plan initially works, the CO2 quickly wears off and the Shriekers detect his body heat, forcing Earl to throw the detonator among Burt's supplies before escaping. The group manages to escape before a massive explosion devastates the entire facility, destroying all of the Shriekers with it. In the aftermath, Earl and Kate decide to pursue each other romantically, while Grady suggests opening a monster-themed theme park due to the money Ortega now owes them. |
History of Christianity in Norway | The 13th-century Heimskringla attributes the conversion of Norway to four kings—Haakon the Good, Harald Greycloak, Olaf Tryggvason and Olaf Haraldsson—who were baptised abroad in the 10th and 11th centuries. Earlier Christian missionaries are not mentioned in the primary sources. The similar storylines of the four kings' biographies imply that their authors followed a common pattern, but most modern historians accept them as reliable sources. The most ambitious chieftains could strengthen their personal links to foreign rulers through baptism. Fights for the expansion of the new faith enabled the missionary kings to get rid of their enemies, replacing them with their own partisans. The introduction of a professional cast of Christian priests abolished the religious leadership of the kings' heathen rivals. The Christians' belief in one omnipotent God strengthened the ideological basis for a centralized monarchy. Most commoners converted to Christianity either to demonstrate their loyalty to the Christian monarchs or to secure their support. |
History of Christianity in Norway | The archbishops of Hamburg-Bremen were responsible for the missions in Scandinavia. Olaf Haraldsson's half-brother, Harald Hardrada, who was king of Norway from 1046 to 1066, preferred bishops ordained in England or France, but Pope Leo IX confirmed the jurisdiction of the German archbishops in Norway in 1053. Missionary bishops were the first prelates in Norway, but they had no established sees. Adam of Bremen recorded that the Norwegian dioceses had still no defined boundaries in 1076. The fylki (or counties), which were important elements of secular administration, became also the basic units of ecclesiastic organization, most probably already during the reign of Olaf Haraldsson. One church was recognized in each fylki as the district's principal church. The fylki were divided into fourths or eighths and a church of minor rank was established in each subdivision. Wealthy people were allowed to build private churches, known as convenience churches. The earliest churches were built by the monarchs or noblemen and the builders' successors insisted on the appointment of the local priests. Porches of the oldest stave churches were often decorated with scenes from pagan myths. Most stone churches were built on the site of previous stave churches. Anglo-Norman, German and Danish architecture influenced the design of the oldest churches, but a locally inspired style developed in Trondheim in the 11th century. |
History of Christianity in Norway | Sigurd the Crusader ordered the collection of the tithe in 1096 or 1097. The new tax which was regularly collected only from the middle of the 12th century enabled the organization of the first parishes. Sigurd launched a crusade to the Holy Land in 1108. He was the first king to strive for the establishment of an independent Norwegian archbishopric, but only the growing influence of Emperor Frederick Barbarossa in Denmark convinced the pope to support the idea. In March 1152, Cardinal Nicholas Breakspear was appointed papal legate to Norway and Sweden and was tasked with the establishment of new archbishoprics. Breakspear made Jon Birgersson the first archbishop of Nidaros in early 1153. The archbishopric included all Norwegian dioceses and also six bishoprics in the oversea territories. Breakspear also introduced the collection of the Peter's pence (an ecclesiastic tax payable to the Holy See) and organized the first cathedral chapters. Most cathedral chapters consisted of 12 secular canons, each having their own prebend (or regular income). |
History of Christianity in Norway | The monarchs' correspondence with the popes show that they regarded themselves the actual rulers of the Norwegian church in the second half of the 11th century. The establishment of the archbishopric at Nidaros strengthened the authority of the Holy See, especially because prelates who had been staunch supporters of the ideas of Gregorian Reform were made archbishops. John Birgersson's successor, Eysteinn Erlendsson, crowned the minor Magnus Erlingsson king in 1163 or 1164. Both the Law of Succession, which was issued before the ceremony, and the king's coronation oath emphasized that the monarchs should rule justly and seek advice from the prelates. Archbishop Eysteinn also persuaded the king to confirm the privileges of the clergy around 1170. The Gregorian ideas were actually not fully adopted. Clerical celibacy, for instance, was not still a rule. The Canones Nidrosienses—a collection of local canons—introduced a ban on marriage between a priest and a widow or a divorced woman, but otherwise ordinary priests were allowed to contract formal marriages. Pope Gregory IX forbade the Norwegian priests to marry in 1237, but most of them continued to live with women and father children. Concubinage could never be suppressed and priests' children were more easily acknowledged as legitimate heirs than in other parts of Catholic Europe. |
History of Christianity in Norway | Sverre Sigurdsson who defeated and killed Magnus Erlingsson in 1184 refused to confirm the privileges of the Church. He insisted on his right to appoint his candidates to the most important churches and to interfere in the election of bishops. Archbishop Eysteinn and his successor, Eirik Ivarsson, were forced into exile. Sverre crowned himself king in 1194 and refused to accept Pope Innocent III's judgement in favor of the exiled archbishop. After all Norwegian bishops fled to Denmark to join their archbishop, the pope excommunicated the king. The king's views were summarized in the Speech against the Bishops, which emphasized the monarchs' direct link to God. Sverre's son, Haakon III, was reconciled with the Holy See. The bishops' right to appoint the parish priests was confirmed, but the church builders' successors preserved the right to present their candidates to the bishops. The expansion of the Nidaros Cathedral in Gothic style started in the 1180s and was completed in the 1210s. The cathedral became the center of the cult of St Olaf. |
Henry K. Beecher | According to these reports, and partly generated by interest in US historian Alfred W. McCoy's research , Beecher was scientifically responsible for human experiments with drugs (e.g. mescaline) conducted by the CIA in post-war West-Germany. These experiments took place in a secret CIA prison located in "Villa Schuster" (later renamed to "Haus Waldhof") in Kronberg near Frankfurt, a dependency of the nearby US interrogation center in Camp King (West-Germany). According to a witness, several interrogated individuals died during these experiments. According to sources Beecher visited Camp King frequently from September 1951 onwards and prepared human experiments, deliberated with the interrogation staff of the CIA (called "the rough boys") and recommended various drugs for testing. Allegedly, he also met former National-Socialist physician Walter Schreiber several times, both at Camp King as well as in Villa Schuster, for an "exchange of ideas". Later, Beecher described Schreiber in a report as "intelligent and cooperative." |
Tibullus book 1 | A notable feature of Tibullus's poetry is the repeated use of the same words, phrases, and motifs in more than one poem, or sometimes within the same poem. The closest connections are found between the first and last poems (1 and 10) and again between the two central poems (5 and 6), where in each pair a series of echoes in vocabulary or theme link the two poems together. But links are also found connecting other pairs of poems in the collection. For example, the description of the powers of a witch comes in both 2 and 8; a lovers' quarrel in both 6 and 10; the old lady guarding Delia and keeping her chaste occurs in both 3 and 6. Phrases such as mors atra 'black death', liquida aqua 'clear water', celeri rota / celeri orbe rotae 'swift wheel', vincla detrahet / detrecto vincla 'remove the fastenings' occur in more than one poem. In some cases these verbal echoes enable the reader to discover extra layers of meaning in the poems, as with the inhabitants of Tartarus in poem 3, who are shown by the intratextual links to be persons who have thwarted Tibullus's love life. |
Tibullus book 1 | Delia is described as having a "husband" in poem 1.2.43, but it appears from 1.6.67 to 68 that she does not wear the headband and long dress usual for respectable married Roman women. It is likely therefore that she was only the husband's concubine not his wife, and that her status was that of a freedwoman. In poem 5 she is said to have a "rich lover" (dives amator, 1.5.47)), while in poem 6 she has a lover she is concealing from Tibullus in the same way that she conceals Tibullus from her husband (1.6.5–8). If so, she may be thought of as being a courtesan such as Philocomasium in Plautus's Miles Gloriosus, Phronesium in Plautus' Truculentus, or Thais in Terence's Eunuchus, all of whom have a rich soldier lover as well as a less well off young lover. From poem 6 we learn that Delia has a mother who takes Tibullus's side, secretly opening the door and letting him into the house at night when the husband is asleep (6.57–64). Delia is not kept in seclusion, but attends dinner parties at which both Tibullus and the husband are present (1.6.15–30). She wears jewelled rings (1.6.25–26) and a décolleté style of clothing at dinner parties (1.6.18). In 1.5.43–44, she is described as having tender (i.e. delicate) arms and blond hair. |
Tibullus book 1 | Intratextual links with poems 1 and 5 are found in the description of Tartarus (lines 67–82). In this passage, as Joshua Paul points out, verbal echoes show that the various inhabitants of Tartarus are intended to represent the different persons who have violated or thwarted Tibullus's love life. Thus the Fury Tisiphone, who chases an impious crowd of souls, represents the procuress of poem 5, who is driven mad like a Fury (furens) as souls flit around her and who is chased by a crowd of dogs (1.3.70, 1.5.51–56); Cerberus, who 'lies in front of the bronze doors', represents the doorkeeper, who 'sits in front of the hard doors' (1.3.72, 1.1.56). As for those being punished, Ixion, whose limbs are 'turned on a swift wheel', represents Delia's rich lover, whom Tibullus reminds that Fortune 'turns with her swift wheel' (1.3.74, 1.5.70); Tityos, 'stretched across nine acres of land' and plagued by 'assiduous birds', represents the soldier-farmer with his 'many acres of soil' who puts up with 'assiduous labour' (1.3.75–76, 1.1.2-3); the Danaids, punished for killing their husbands, represent Delia herself: the jars which they fill with the water of Lethe ('Forgetfulness') recall by their name dolia the name Delia, while Lethe recalls her ingratitude for Tibullus's devotion (1.5.17). |
Tibullus book 1 | In this poem, a genethliacon (birthday ode) for his patron Messalla, Tibullus celebrates Messalla's military conquests in Gaul, his triumphal procession following them, as well as his mission to Syria and Egypt and his public road-building works in Italy. The chronology of the Aquitanian campaign is uncertain. Messalla was appointed consul in 31 BC, in place of Mark Antony, and took part in the Battle of Actium in that year. According to the historian Appian, Octavian sent Messalla to Gaul following the battle. The historian Ronald Syme believed that Messalla became governor of Syria in 30/29 or 29/28, being succeeded as governor in 27 BC by Marcus Cicero junior, son of the orator. The triumphal procession is known to have been held in September 27 BC. A view held by many historians is that the Aquitanian campaign took place early in 27, after the Syrian governorship and immediately before the triumph. An alternative view, however, argued by Knox, is that Messalla carried out the Aquitanian campaign before his governorship of Syria, and delayed his triumph until after his return from Syria. This journey to Syria and Egypt was presumably the journey on which Tibullus fell ill in Corfu, as described in poem 1.3. |
Life Is Good Company | In 1989, brothers Bert and John Jacobs, who grew up in Needham, Massachusetts, designed their first T-shirts. They began selling their designs in the streets of Boston and out of an old van at colleges and street fairs along the East Coast of the United States. In 1994, following a not-so-successful road trip, they returned to Boston, unsure of the future of their business. It was their common practice to gather friends at their apartment following such trips to share stories and to ask their friends to comment on drawings and sayings posted on their living room walls. On this occasion, one drawing received considerable favorable attention from their friends — the head of a beret-wearing, smiling stick figure and the phrase "Life is good." The brothers named the character Jake and printed up 48 shirts bearing a smiling Jake and the words "Life is good." At a street fair in Cambridge, Massachusetts, the shirts sold out in less than an hour. The brothers began to sell T-shirts and hats featuring Jake in local stores. Sales grew quickly and they hit the $100 million sales mark by 2007. |
Sawah Besar | In 1787, the extensive private estate of Weltevreden (Dutch "well-contented") was established in what is now the southern half of the kelurahan Pasar Baru. Weltevreden estate was bounded by the streets Postweg (now Jalan Pos) - Schoolweg Noord (Jalan Dr. Sutomo) to the north; Jalan Gunung Sahari and Jalan Pasar Senen to the east; Jalan Prapatan to the south; and the Ciliwung to the west. In 1808, Weltevreden estate was sold to the government. The area was designated as a new colonial administrative center of Batavia, replacing the dilapidated Oud Batavia near the port of Sunda Kelapa. The open field Waterlooplein (now Lapangan Banteng) was established as the center of the new colonial center. Surrounding this open field was European-centric colonial landmarks built throughout the course of the late 18th and early 19th-centuries. Among the landmarks were the grand residence of the governor-general of Batavia de Witte Huis ("White House") of the Dutch East Indies; the Roman Catholic cathedral, and Fort Prins Frederik. |
USS United States vs HMS Macedonian | The actual battle developed according to Decatur's plan. United States began the action at 0920 by firing an inaccurate broadside. This was answered immediately by the British vessel, bringing down a small spar of United States. Decatur's next broadside had better luck, as it destroyed Macedonian's mizzen top mast, letting her driver gaff fall and so giving the maneuvering advantage to the American frigate. United States next took up position off Macedonian's quarter and proceeded to riddle the hapless frigate methodically with shot. She hailed Macedonian demanding the name of her antagonist and whether or not she surrendered. By noon, Macedonian was a dismasted hulk. When United States closed for another broadside, Carden was forced to strike her colors and surrender. She had had over 100 round shot lodged in her hull and suffered over one hundred casualties, one third of her crew, while United States only suffered 12. Because of the greater range of the guns aboard United States, she got off seventy broadsides to Macedonian's thirty, and emerged from the battle relatively unscathed. |
Battle of Omagh | The highlights of the match included the sendings-off of Dublin's Alan Brogan and Tyrone's Colin Holmes and, subsequently, Dublin's Denis Bastick and Tyrone's Stephen O'Neill after both received second yellow cards. O'Neill had just won the All Stars Footballer of the Year award, presented annually to the footballer who performed outstandingly in that year's All-Ireland Senior Football Championship. Referee Paddy Russell also issued fourteen yellow cards (eight of which were given to Dublin players and six of which were given to Tyrone players), in a game that featured several mass brawls, the first with as many as eighteen players happening in the fourth minute. The Gaelic Athletic Association (GAA) charged players (including Alan Brogan, Bryan Cullen and Ciarán Whelan) for their actions during the game, while others (including Peadar Andrews) received warnings. However, they all appealed and did not have to serve any suspensions. Only Holmes was suspended, because the referee had issued him with a straight red card. |
Battle of Omagh | On 14 February, the CDC called nine players, five of whom were Dubliners, before it, for the following Saturday, 18 February. The CDC subsequently sanctioned both county boards that oversaw the teams (the Dublin County Board and the Tyrone County Board), fining each a sum of €10,000. The CDC stated the following with regards to the people involved: "Michael Magee (Tyrone) was suspended for eight weeks in accordance with Rule 140; Owen Mulligan (Tyrone) and Kevin Hughes (Tyrone) were suspended for four weeks in accordance with Rule 138 and eight weeks in accordance with Rule 140, to run concurrently. Ryan McMenamin (Tyrone) was cleared of the charge. Dr Seamus Cassidy (Tyrone) was issued with a severe warning as to his future conduct. The Tyrone County Board were fined €10,000 and issued with a severe warning as to the future conduct of their team. Bryan Cullen (Dublin) was suspended for four weeks in accordance with Rule 138. Ciarán Whelan (Dublin), Kevin Bonner (Dublin) and Alan Brogan (Dublin) were all suspended for eight weeks in accordance with Rule 140. Peadar Andrews was issued with a severe warning as to his future conduct. Dublin County Board was fined €10,000 and issued with a severe warning as to the future conduct of their team". However, the affair carried on until the following month as both county boards exploited loopholes to avert the sanctions which had been imposed. The Central Appeals Committee (CAC) struck the suspensions out on a technicality. In the end Holmes was the only player suspended, on the basis that he had received a straight red card. The GAA's disciplinary system was tightened afterwards, with rule changes in a bid to prevent a similar occurrence happening again. |
Loch na Keal | Ulva (Scottish Gaelic: Ulbha, pronounced ), the largest island of the west coast of Mull, is connected to the neighbouring island of Gometra by a bridge. Much of the island is formed from Cenozoic basalt rocks, which is formed into columns in places. Ulva has been populated since the Mesolithic and there are various Neolithic remains on the island. The Norse occupation of the island in the Early Historic Period has left few tangible artefacts but did bequeath the island its name, which is probably from Ulvoy, meaning "wolf island". Celtic culture was a major influence during both Pictish and Dalriadan times as well as the post-Norse period when the islands became part of modern Scotland. This long period, when Gaelic became the dominant language, was ended by the 19th-century Clearances. At its height Ulva had a population of over 800, but today this has declined to fewer than 10. Wildlife is abundant: cetaceans are regularly seen in the surrounding waters and over 500 species of plant have been recorded. Today there is a regular ferry service and tourism is the mainstay of the economy. In March 2018 the Scottish Land Fund pledged £4.4 million towards a community buyout of the island. |
Loch na Keal | Inch Kenneth (Scottish Gaelic: Innis Choinnich) is a small grassy island at the entrance of Loch na Keal, to the south of Ulva. The island is named after St Kenneth, a follower of Saint Columba, who is said to have founded a monastery on the island. Inchkenneth was visited in 1773 by Samuel Johnson and James Boswell during their tour of the Hebrides; they were entertained there by Sir Allan MacLean, head of the Maclean clan. Both Johnson and Boswell published accounts of their visit. Its most famous owners were the eccentric Mitford family. Nazi sympathiser Unity Mitford spent her final years on the island. Following the death of their father Lord Redesdale, the island was inherited under Scots Law by the surviving Mitford sisters and not his wife, as Lord Redesdale had willed it to his deceased son Tom. When their mother died in 1963, Nancy gave her share to Jessica, who bought the shares of Diana, Deborah and Pamela. Jessica, a former communist, teasingly suggested that it might become a Soviet submarine base. |
The Blue Lagoon (1923 film) | Basil Dean announced his intention to create a film adaptation of The Blue Lagoon in January 1920 and predicted that it would be released in December of the same year. The casting of Madeline Robinson as the child Emmeline and Faith Celli as the adolescent Emmeline was announced in September, with the promise of a high-quality film. In his autobiography, Dean stated that The Blue Lagoon was always more suited as a motion picture than as a stage play and that the play's transfer to Broadway in 1921 was a failure.: 157 Consequently, the film's production was postponed following an exchange of messages with London.: 162-163 Stacpoole himself had doubts about the suitability of the stage for his story, arguing that motion pictures were better able to capture the natural world depicted in the novel and that the stage play lacked the emotional and comedic depth that was possible through expression and movement. The Motion Picture Studio reported on its 9 July 1921 issue that Gertrude McCoy was set to star as Emmeline. |
The Blue Lagoon (1923 film) | The Evening Standard critic pointed out that the movie overlooked certain anachronisms in its attention to detail, such as Arthur Pusey's impeccably groomed appearance, which went unnoticed by everyone. However, the film effectively captured the genuine atmosphere of the popular novel by employing straightforward acting and photography on an actual desert island. Additionally, the critic commended the film for preserving the delicate, poetic charm of the original novel while incorporating realistic and thrilling scenes that would make any American director proud. Alder Anderson from the Daily Telegraph stated that everyone who attended the private screening agreed that the movie was one of the best British films made by any production company. He also praised the movie for combining poetic charm with realistic and thrilling scenes that would impress any American director. This critic was also championing German imports like Dr. Mabuse and The Golem as "impressionism" or expressionism, which he preferred over the "realism" of Anglo-American cinema at the time. |
Lorenzo Peretti Junior | Son of the distinguished local painter Bernardino Peretti, grandson and namesake of a celebrated creator of frescoes, Lorenzo Peretti Junior was the last descendant of a gifted dynasty of Valle Vigezzo artists: the Perettis of Buttogno. His artistic inclinations and talent for drawing were evident in his youth, however his father compelled him to study commerce; he went to boarding school in Bern and later worked in Milan for a brief period. In 1889, when his father died leaving him a substantial inheritance, he decided to dedicate himself entirely to painting. He enrolled the following year at the Rossetti Valentini School of Fine Arts in Santa Maria Maggiore, where he took courses in painting, drawing and ornamentation taught by Enrico Cavalli. During these years of study, he became close friends with Carlo Fornara, who had enrolled at the school in 1883. Enrico Cavalli transmitted to his students the aesthetic and emotional values of Impressionism, to which the youthful Lorenzo responded in a very personally inflected way that won the sympathy of his teacher. |
Lorenzo Peretti Junior | When Enrico Cavalli gave up his teaching position at the Rossetti Valentini School, his best students were given the opportunity to widen their horizons and immerse themselves in French culture. In 1892, Peretti, together with Fornara and Giovanni Battista Ciolina (another of Cavalli's former students), made plans to accompany the master to Provence, Lyon and Paris. In the end they set out on the journey in 1893 without Ciolina, who would travel to France only in 1896, with Fornara. Peretti was finally able to see for himself the solutions engendered by the research of the masters Cavalli had constantly invoked during the ten years he taught in Santa Maria Maggiore. In Lyon, Peretti explored the painting of Eugène Delacroix; in Paris he discovered the Pointillism of Georges Seurat and Paul Signac, whose painting of light led him to Divisionism without the mediation of Giovanni Segantini, Plinio Nomellini or Angelo Morbelli. A second journey, in 1894, led Peretti to deepen his study of the work of Adolphe Monticelli, already cited at the time by Vincent van Gogh and Paul Cézanne. Although Peretti had already been noticed by the tight and clearly defined circle of the Italian Divisionists (Morbelli mentions him several times, at first in admiring tones, later with a certain pique, in a series of letters addressed to Giuseppe Pellizza da Volpedo), Peretti chose not to align himself totally with the movement, in particular with a group whose schematic, scientific approach he judged to be too strict and too restrictive. |
Lorenzo Peretti Junior | Lorenzo Peretti Junior then moved away from Divisionism and set out along a solitary pathway, a personal synthesis of research, a scientific approach and mathematical rules with the spontaneity of the gesture, the immediacy of the sign and the emotional and sensory values inherited from Cavalli: a rejection which definitively excluded him from the avant-garde movements and the attention of contemporary criticism. The artist now privileged the technique of the "non finito", the unfinished – already apparent in earlier paintings like Lavandaie alla lanca di Toceno – where masked or flattened colour, superimposed signs and a variety of techniques are made to coexist within a single work with the aim of involving, provoking and embarrassing a hypothetical public. The paintings Conversazione campestre (Conversation in the Fields) and Il bosco dei druidi (The Woods of the Druids) also date from this period. The latter work expresses Peretti Junior's lively interest in esotericism: a follower of René Guénon, a passionate reader of Rudolf Steiner and Allan Kardec, of Eliphas Levi, and of Buddhist and yoga texts, the artist and scholar created a large library of esoteric and theosophical works together with his friend Adolfo Papetti, a collector and the executor of his will. |
George Plaster | George Plaster is a former collegiate sports administrator and a sports broadcasting personality. He previously served as associate athletic director at Belmont University. In May 2019 it was announced that Plaster would be leaving Belmont and returning to hosting a weekday sports talk program, to be entitled (as were several of his previous programs) SportsNight, beginning in July 2019 on WSM-AM. However, this program was discontinued on August 13, 2019, less than a month after its inception, with Plaster's final appearance having been on August 8. Plaster said he intended to return to sportscasting with a podcast to be announced, possibly around Labor Day. However, this plan was quickly supplanted by a new one when Plaster accepted an offer from WNSR to host a show weekdays 2-4 PM effective September 3, 2019. In the fall of 2021, this program was syndicated over several stations in the Middle Tennessee area, notably WKOM in Columbia, Tennessee, as the "Plaster Radio Network". In the summer of 2022, this program was moved to online streaming only under the auspices of Main Street Media. |
George Plaster | However, on August 11, 2003, just hours before he was to debut on WGFX, Cumulus (with assistance from Gaylord) was granted an injunction in Davidson County Chancery Court, preventing Plaster from appearing on his new show. Cumulus had sought to quash Plaster's new contract, citing a non-compete clause in his original WWTN contract. Plaster was under the assumption the clause had been voided along with the contract, which had been signed by Gaylord Entertainment, not Cumulus. Cumulus then filed a breach of contract suit against Plaster, and he reacted with a counter suit alleging that Cumulus was illegally hampering his ability to make a living. Willy Daunic and Darren McFarland, who both also made the move to WGFX (though without legal consequence since neither was under contract to WWTN), took to the air in Plaster's place and continued that way for two full months. On October 11, the case was settled without trial, and Plaster received an undisclosed sum of money from Cumulus and Gaylord. He was also allowed to join his co-hosts on WGFX, where he continued to broadcast until September 16, 2011. |
TransAdelaide | Major work to upgrade the line took place between 5 June and 7 August 2005. Concrete sleepers were installed and much of the track renewed in an intensive nine-week project. Most of the 21 tram stops were reconstructed with higher platforms to allow level access to the new low-floor trams. The overhead electrical supply was upgraded and some minor modifications were made to the H type trams and Glengowrie depot. Tram services were replaced with substitute bus services during this period. Services resumed on 8 August 2005. The terminus at Moseley Square was reconfigured in September 2005 as part of a general redevelopment of the square. An extension opened to the new City West terminus on 14 October 2007. An overpass crossing South Road was announced in the 2007 South Australian Budget. The project was built in conjunction with the Anzac Highway Underpass. Construction by McConnell Dowell commenced in July 2009. On 8 December 2009, the overpass opened to allow trams to pass over it, however the South Road tram stop was not operational until 15 March 2010. Another new extension was opened to the Adelaide Entertainment Centre on 11 May 2009. Testing began in February 2010 and the extension opened on 22 March 2010. |
Omar Suleiman (politician) | Suleiman was seen as a very close and trusted ally of former President Hosni Mubarak, sharing many of his views on key issues such as Iran, Egypt–Israel relations and the United States, and treatment of the Muslim Brotherhood. Although he was a military man who by law is not a member of Mubarak's National Democratic Party, he preferred suits to military uniforms (head of the EGIS is a civilian and accordingly does not wear a uniform) and was seen as a major link between Egyptian political and military elites. Due to his role in the regional political scene and the lack of an alternative candidate acceptable to Hosni Mubarak, some speculated that Suleiman would succeed Mubarak as President. In particular, he was seen as the choice of the Egyptian military establishment. Suleiman denied any intent to run for election to the office. On 29 January 2011, he was named Vice President of Egypt during the civil unrest, ending a vacancy in the position that lasted almost 30 years. He was sworn in two days later. |
Omar Suleiman (politician) | Luis Moreno, a U.S. intelligence analyst, wrote that although he deferred to the Embassy in Cairo for Egyptian succession scenario analysis, "there is no question that Israel is most comfortable with the prospect of" Suleiman. David Hacham stated an Israeli delegation led by Defense Minister Ehud Barak was "shocked by Mubarak's aged appearance and slurred speech," when it met him in Egypt. "Hacham was full of praise for Soliman, however." Hacham added that he sometimes spoke to Suleiman's deputy several times a day via a "hotline." Maha Azzam, a fellow at Chatham House, a London-based international affairs research institute, said "the Israelis are happy with Omar Suleiman, he has been pivotal in the peace process, he's someone they know and someone they can deal with." Avigdor Lieberman, the Deputy Prime Minister of Israel, expressed "his respect and appreciation for Egypt's leading role in the region and his personal respect for Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak and Minister Suleiman". |
WRC 10 | Eurogamer recommended the game and gave praise to its detail-rich, dynamic stages, variety of available rally cars, and game feel while criticizing the wonky delivery of anniversary events and the sluggish pace of the career mode, writing, "This is familiar stuff from WRC 9 - arguably the high point of the series so far - with familiar problems, and plenty of familiar delights." IGN similarly praised the selection of historically significant rally cars and lush color palette of the rallies while criticizing the lack of difficulty settings in anniversary events, inability to skip the WRC Junior series in career mode, and lack of player agency. The site said that WRC 10 was "the spiciest and arguably the strongest official WRC game to date" but noted that it was only marginally better than WRC 9. While liking the entry's cars, PC Magazine criticized the 50th anniversary mode saying that each stage was a "glorified time trial". Push Square gave the PlayStation 5 version title 8 stars out of 10 and lauded the improved handling and physics, DualSense feedback, historic events and cars, in-depth career mode, and abundance of content, but took issue with the rough visuals, minor bugs, odd progression, and occasional screen tearing. Hardcore Gamer gave the game 3.5 out of 5 and wrote, "WRC 10's small but worthwhile alterations to the formula have at least staved off any fear of an eventual plateauing for the series." Shacknews thought positively of the solid driving physics, e-sports functionality, customization options, and amount of content, but disliked the lackluster visuals, lack of iteration upon the prior entry, and performance issues present on PC. |
Paul Wever | Wever joined on 1 April 1912 as a Cadet in the Imperial German Navy (‹See Tfd›German: Kaiserliche Marine) in the 1912 crew year. He took part in basic training on the protected cruiser, then being used as a training ship SMS Hansa, graduating on 11 March 1913. On 12 April 1913, he was appointed Fähnrich zur See (Ensign at sea). From 1 April 1914, he attended further training at the Naval Academy at Flensburg-Mürwik and attended special courses in artillery, infantry and torpedo training. The training courses had to be canceled due to the outbreak of World War I in July 1914. Wever served on the light cruiser Stuttgart from 2 August 1914. On 25 March 1915 he was promoted to Leutnant zur See (Lieutenant at Sea). Wever was then transferred on 16 December 1916 to the light cruiser Emden, which was still under construction at the time. In September 1917 he attended the U-boat training school in Neustadt in Holstein, before he was transferred in December 1917 as officer on the submarine SM UC-52. He was promoted to Oberleutnant on 25 December 1917. Wever remained in the position until October 1918. Then he served as an instructor for anti-submarine patrols on the auxiliary ship SMS Meteor. |
Paul Wever | Wever remained aboard Meteor until December 1918. From 3 June 1920 to 31 March 1922, he was then used as a flag lieutenant on the staff of the commander of the Baltic Sea forces. In this service, he was promoted to lieutenant commander on 1 September 1922. He then served until 22 December 1923 as a torpedo officer on the light cruiser Thetis and was then until 5 October 1927 adjutant at the Torpedo and mine Inspectorate in Kiel. This was followed by the Admiralstabsbildung until 23 March 1929. Subsequently, Wever was briefly put at the disposal of the chief of the Marinestation der Ostsee (Baltic Sea Naval Station). From 17 April 1929, he then served as a navigational officer on the light cruiser Königsberg and was promoted in this position on 1 October 1930 to Korvettenkapitän. On 28 October 1930, Wever then became head of the naval division of the Marines and then from 17 January 1933 Naval attaché at the German embassies in Paris and Madrid. On 1 January 1936, the promotion to the frigate captain. Then Wever served as First Officer on the heavy cruiser Admiral Graf Spee and was appointed at this time on 1 April 1937 Captain at sea. From 31 May 1937, he then served as director of the Inspectorate of the torpedo and mining between 19 July and 17 August 1937 also deputy inspector of the Inspectorate of Education. |
Yuan Chonghuan | This time Yuan had to face again a larger Jurchen force of over 200,000 troops under Nurhaci's successor, Hong Taiji. The Jurchens had incorporated more men into their army, including the newly surrendered Mongols and Ming rebels. They conquered various small tribes in northern China, and defeated Joseon in order to secure it as a tributary. However, the Jurchens never attacked Jinzhou or Ningyuan again. Instead, they bypassed Jinzhou, Ningyuan and Shanhai Pass altogether. They broke through the Great Wall west of Shanhai Pass and reached the north of Beijing in the winter of 1629. Yuan rushed back with a selected veteran force from Ningyuan to defend the capital. He reached Beijing just days before the Jurchens. Outside the city wall of Beijing, he defeated the Jurchen Eight Banners which numbered around 100,000 men, but failed to destroy the Jurchen army. The Jurchens' surprise attack on Beijing was foiled. Despite the fact that Yuan prevented the Jurchens from even reaching the city wall, Yuan was heavily criticized when he arrived in Beijing, and some eunuchs even accused Yuan of collaborating with the enemy. |
Yuan Chonghuan | Yuan Chonghuan's son defected from the Ming to the Qing and in 1642 was placed in the Han Chinese Plain White Banner. Yuan Chonghuan's sixth generation descendant lived during the Taiping rebellion and was the Qing Jiangsu governor, Fumingga (Fuming'a) (富明阿 フミンガ) (Han Chinese name Yuan Shifu 袁世福, courtesy name Zhi'an 治安). Despite being a Han Chinese bannerman (漢軍八旗 漢軍八旗) he used a Manchu personal name. From 1866 to 1870 the Qing appointed Fumingga as the Jilin governor in Manchuria. Fumingga had a son named Shoushan (Shou Shan) (寿山 寿山 (清)) (courtesy name Meifeng 眉峰) born in 1860 in Aigun, Heilongjiang in Manchuria. Shoushan along with his younger brother fought in Fengtian and was wounded against the Japanese in the First Sino-Japanese war in 1894. His brother died in the war. Before that Shoushan spent the last 6 years holding hereditary posts in Beijing. After the war he was sent in central China to be appointed to a position in Kaifeng and after that he was sent back to his Aigun hometown as military lieutenant-governor or brigade-general (fudutong). He could speak some Russian, had visited Blagoveshchensk and was an Amur native. The Qing promoted him to Heilongjiang military governor in January 1900. The Fengtian and Jilin governors along with Shoushan all received orders to fight the Russian empire during the Boxer Rebellion in July 1900 from Beijing. The war started with Blagoveshchensk being shelled and Aigun being destroyed by the Russians. A ceasure was attempted by Shoushan to prevent Qiqihar, the capital of Heilongjiang from being occupied. He received no response so Major General Pavel Rennenkampf received Shoushan's surrender on 28 August since no response to the ceasefire proposal was made. Shoushan then committed suicide by asking subordinate or a son to kill him by shooting after swallowing gold. Because Shoushan was married to a Mongol woman, his body was sent to Inner Mongolia from Qiqihar before the Russians occupied Qiqihar. Shoushan called for Heilongjiang to be further colonized by Han people to prevent Russian encroachment. Shoushan's Mongol wife was a daughter of the Mongol chief of the Dorbod Banner. One of his family members, Yuan Ruizhang (袁瑞昌) who was a northern route barracks officer (北路营官) died in battle against the Tsarist Russian forces in Heihe. |
Arabella Menage | By 1798–1799 Menage was appearing regularly at the Theatre Royal, Drury Lane, dancing that season in the choruses of Bluebeard, The Captive of Spilburg and in Feudal Times. On 1 January 1799 for one night she stood in for Dorothea Jordan as Zingarella in Aurelio and Miranda, while on 7 January that year she played Irene in Bluebeard. On 17 May 1799 she played Nelly in No Song No Supper. During this period she also appeared at other leading venues in London while her salary increased from 13 shillings and 4d a week to £2. During 1799-1800 her roles included Beda in Bluebeard; Cicely Copsley in The Will; Cicely in The Haunted Tower; a Captive in Lodoiska; Sophia in Age of To-Morrow; Viola in The Strangers at Home, and Columbine in the pantomime Harlequin's Amulet, or the Magic of Mona at Drury Lane . In 1801 at the Theatre Royal Haymarket she played Rosina in The Castle of Sorrento and Patty in Inkle and Yarico. According to Gilliland that summer's production of the pantomime The Corsair entirely owed its success to Menage's performance as Spoliata, during which she danced the hornpipe. |
Hallaca | Hallaca (Spanish pronunciation: , ) is a traditional Venezuelan dish. Its origin is indigenous, but raisins, capers, olives, and sometimes bits of bacon were added in the 16th Century and after by settlers from the Iberian peninsula. Hallaca consists of corn dough stuffed with a stew of beef, pork, or chicken and other ingredients such as raisins, capers, and olives, fresh onion rings, red and green bell pepper slices. There are vegetarian hallacas, made with black beans or tofu. Hallacas are folded in plantain leaves, tied with strings, and boiled. The dish is traditionally served during the Christmas season and has several regional variants. It has been described as a national dish of Venezuela. Some speculate it originated from the Orinoquia. Characteristic of the hallaca is the delicate corn dough made with consommé or broth, and lard colored with annatto. Hallacas are also commonly eaten in eastern Cuba, Trinidad where it is called pastelle, and parts of Colombia, Ecuador, Aruba, and Curaçao. |
Fires on the Plain (2014 film) | On his own, Tamura finds that military discipline has faltered as the Japanese army disintegrates into the jungle and subsists largely on yams. Tamura steals food from some local Filipinos while encountering disturbing evidence of the Japanese army's collapse. A despondent soldier blows himself up with a grenade, while others lie dying from malnutrition or injuries on the path. Tamura encounters two soldiers, Yasuda and Nagamatsu, who attempt to trade cigarettes for yams to soldiers who pass by; he declines the cigarette but gives Nagamatsu a yam regardless out of pity. Tamura desperately forages whatever food he can, while American aircraft occasionally strafe the Japanese army remnants with bullets. At a seemingly abandoned church, Tamura stabs a dog. He sees a pile of Japanese corpses nearby, but investigates regardless; he finds a cache of salt hidden beneath a floorboard, but is found out by two Filipino civilians. In a panicked haze, he shoots one; the other runs away, with Tamura's halfhearted shots missing. Tamura runs away with his stolen food before reinforcements come, abandoning his rifle in the process. Tamura joins up with some remaining soldiers from a different company, where he is told that the whole army has orders to attempt to retreat to Palompon. Tamura travels with them for a time, trading his salt for yams; the other soldiers morbidly joke that they practiced cannibalism in order to survive during the New Guinea campaign, although Tamura is unsure if it is actually a joke or not. The retreat to Palompon requires crossing an open road; as Japanese soldiers attempt to cross it at nightfall, they are easily detected and gunned down by the Americans and Filipinos. |
Fires on the Plain (2014 film) | A famished Tamura prepares a white flag to attempt to surrender to a passing American jeep. Just before he runs out to surrender, he sees another Japanese soldier attempt the same act. The other soldier is gunned down by a vengeful Filipino woman in the jeep despite the American soldier's attempt to accept the surrender; Tamura perceives the shooter as the same woman he shot in the chapel. It is clear to Tamura that crossing the road to get to Palompon is impossible, so he returns the way he came into the jungle. Now delirious and perceiving corpses as talking to him, Tamura is found and saved from starvation by Nagamatsu, the soldier he had given a yam to earlier. Tamura is given bark, water, and "monkey meat". Tamura is bullied into giving his grenade to Yasuda, the canny superior whose leg was wounded and rolled up cigarettes for trade. After hearing a shot, Tamura chases after Nagamatsu; he sees that he had fired at a fleeing Filipino civilian, and that the "monkeys" he had been hunting were other humans. The loose alliance between Nagamatsu and Yasuda breaks down now that Yasuda has a grenade, as the two each fear that the other will kill them for their meat. After guarding the only source of clean water in the area, Yasuda is smoked out; Yasuda attempts to negotiate, but Nagamatsu shoots him. As Nagamatsu attempts to devour Yasuda, Tamura grabs his rifle. In the resulting struggle, he shoots Nagamatsu, who assures him before he dies that he knows Tamura will eat him. |
Fires on the Plain (2014 film) | Mark Schilling of The Japan Times gave the film a positive review. He noted that many Japanese war films indulged in a certain amount of soft nationalism, praising the sacrifice and intent of dying Japanese soldiers even if their cause was bad; Fires on the Plain does no such thing, showing undignified and starving soldiers trapped in a "hellish antechamber to death" lashing out at both innocents and each other. He praised Tsukamoto's work and noted he seemed to be inspired by Terrence Malick's style of portraying death and terror on-screen in a hallucinatory, terrifying fashion. Anthony Gates of Easternkicks.com also admired the film, comparing it to a more historical version of Mad Max. He also praised the vibrant color palette and Chu Ishikawa's musical score. Xan Brooks of The Guardian wrote that the movie successfully makes its point that "war is hell, particularly if you are fighting on the losing side" and called the film "brilliantly bonkers". Deborah Young of The Hollywood Reporter opined that Fires on the Plain felt like a "relentlessly cruel and gory horror film" and further stated, "it's not an easy watch but a highly rewarding one that most festival audiences will be anxious to sit through, thanks to Tsukamoto's reputation." While Pierce Conran of Screen Anarchy felt that the film could in no way match the previous 1959 adaptation of the novel, he still praised its "frenetic and almost crude aesthetic" and effective mix of "shaky, high-contrast photography, boundless psychological despair and liberal doses of cheap but stomach churning gore." |
São João Festival in Goa | São João is also a celebration of thanksgiving for newly-weds, and for families with babies born during the preceding year. It is thus referred to as Zanvoiamchem fest (transl. son-in-law's feast) locally. The newly married son-in-law is invited for lunch by his mother-in-law, following which the son-in-law is warmly welcomed with the bursting of firecrackers. Family members then sing the litany of all saints in Latin, followed by hymns dedicated to honour Saint John the Baptist, the Virgin Mary and other saints. As part of the celebratory lunch, dishes such as sanna (a steamed rice cake fermented with coconut palm toddy), verdur (pumpkin cooked in coconut milk, along with spices and shrimps) and pork vindaloo are prepared. Dessert includes patollyo (a dumpling stuffed with grated coconut and palm jaggery that is wrapped in fresh turmeric leaves). Following the meal, the family welcomes the village youth, who sing songs dedicated to Saint John and announce their arrival by hitting stumps of coconut palm on the ground. Later, in the evening, the son-in-law returns to his home with an ojem (transl. bamboo basket with gifts) gifted to him by his mother-in-law. This ojem is filled with fruits and sweets. Upon reaching his home, he places the ojem at the oratory of his house, following which everyone recites a short prayer and then distributes the contents of the ojem among his fellow villagers. This is meant to signify that a marriage is not just between two families but between two villages. |
Rolling hairpin replication | Parvovirus genomes have distinct starting points of replication that contain palindromic DNA sequences. These sequences are able to alternate between inter- and intrastrand basepairing throughout replication, and they serve as self-priming telomeres at each end of the genome. They also contain two key sites necessary for replication used by the initiator protein: a binding site and a cleavage site. Telomere sequences have significant complexity and diversity, suggesting that they perform additional functions for many species. In MVM, for example, the left-end hairpin contains binding sites for transcription factors that modulate gene expression from an adjacent promoter. For AAV, the hairpins can bind to MRE11/Rad50/NBS1 (MRN) complexes and Ku70/80 heterodimers, which are involved in sensing and repairing DNA. In general, however, they have the same basic structure: imperfect palindromes in which a fully or primarily basepaired region terminates into an axial symmetry. These palindromes can fold into a variety of structures such as a Y-shaped structure and a cruciform-shaped structure. During replication, the termini act as hinges in which the imperfectly basepaired or partial cruciform regions surrounding the axis provide a favorable environment for unfolding and refolding of the hairpin. |
Rolling hairpin replication | DNA polymerases are only able to synthesize DNA in a 5′ to 3′ direction, and they require a basepair primer to begin synthesis. Parvoviruses address these limitations by using their termini as primers for complementary strand synthesis. A 3′ hydroxyl end of the left-hand (3′) terminus pairs with an internal base to prime initial DNA synthesis, resulting in the conversion of the ssDNA genome to its first duplex form. This is a monomeric double-stranded DNA molecule in which the two strands are covalently cross-linked to each other at the left-end by a single copy of the viral telomere. Synthesis of the duplex form precedes NS1 expression so that when the replication fork during initial complementary strand synthesis reaches the right (5′) end, it does not displace and copy the right-end hairpin. This allows the 3′-end of the new DNA strand to be covalently ligated to the 5′-end of the right hairpin by a host ligase, thereby creating the duplex molecule. During this step, the tether sequence that was present before viral entry into the cell is resynthesized. |
Rolling hairpin replication | Once an infected cell enters S-phase, parvovirus genomes are converted to their duplex form by host replication machinery, and mRNA that encodes non-structural (NS) proteins is transcribed starting from a viral promoter (P4 for MVM). One of these NS proteins is usually called NS1 but also Rep1 or Rep68/78 for the genus Dependoparvovirus, which AAV belongs to. NS1 is a site-specific DNA binding protein that acts as the replication initiator protein via nickase activity. It also mediates excision of both ends of the genome from duplex RF intermediates via a transesterification reaction that introduces a nick into specific duplex origin sequences. Key components of NS1 include an HUH endonuclease domain toward the N-terminus of the protein and a superfamily 3 (SF3) helicase toward the C-terminus, as well as ATPase activity. It binds to ssDNA, RNA, and site-specifically on duplex DNA at reiterations of the tetranucleotide sequence 5′-ACCA-3′1–3. These sequences are present in the viral replication origin sites and repeated at multiple sites throughout the genome in more or less degenerative forms. |
Rolling hairpin replication | As viral NS proteins accumulate, they commandeer host cell replication apparati, terminating host cell DNA synthesis and causing viral DNA amplification to begin. Interference with host DNA replication may be due to direct effects on host replication proteins that are not essential for viral replication, by extensive nicking of host DNA, or by the restructuring of the nucleus during viral infection. Early in infection, parvoviruses establish replication foci in the nucleus that are termed autonomous parvovirus-associated replication (APAR) bodies. NS1 co-localizes with replicating viral DNA in these structures with other cellular proteins necessary for viral DNA synthesis, while other complexes not required for replication are sequestered from APAR bodies. The exact manner by which proteins are included or excluded from APAR bodies is unclear and appears to vary from species to species and between cell types. As infection progresses, APAR microdomains begin to coalesce with other, formerly distinct, nuclear bodies to form progressively larger nuclear inclusions where viral replication and virion assembly occur. After S-phase begins, the host cell is forced to synthesize viral DNA and cannot leave S-phase. |
Rolling hairpin replication | In the absence of NS1, HMG1 binds the hairpin sequence independently, causing it to bend, without protecting any region from digestion. HMG1 can also directly bind to NS1 and mediates interactions between NS1 molecules bound to their recognition elements in the origin, so it is essential for formation of the cleavage complex. The ability of the axis region to reconfigure into a cruciform does not appear to be important in this process. Cleavage is dependent on the correct spacing of the elements of the origin, so additions and deletions can be lethal, whereas substitutions can be tolerated. Addition of HMG1 appears to only slightly adjust the sequences protected by NS1, but the conformation of the intervening DNA changes, folding into a double helical loop that extends about 30 basepairs through a guanine-rich element in the hairpin stem. Between this element and the nick site there are five thymidine residues included in the loop, and the site has a region to its side containing many alternating adenine and thymine residues, which likely increases flexibility. The creation of the loop likely allows the terminus to assume a specific 3-dimensional structure required to activate the nickase since origins that fail to reconfigure into a double-helical loop once HMG1 is added are not nicked. |
Rolling hairpin replication | Following nicking, a replication fork is established at the newly exposed 3′ nucleotide that proceeds to unfold and copy the right-end hairpin through a series of melting and reannealing reactions. This process begins once NS1 nicks the inboard end of the original hairpin. The terminal sequence is then copied in the opposite direction, which produces an inverted copy of the original sequence. The end result is a duplex extended-form terminus that contains two copies of the terminal sequence. While NS1 is required for this, it is unclear if unfolding is mediated by its helicase activity in front of the fork or by destabilization of the duplex following DNA binding at one of its 5′-(ACCA)n-3′ recognition sites. This process is usually called terminal resolution but also hairpin transfer or hairpin resolution. Terminal resolution occurs with each round of replication, so progeny genomes contain an equal number of each terminal orientation. The two orientations are termed "flip" and "flop", and may be represented as R and r, or B and b, for the flip and flop of the right-end telomere and L and l, or A and a, for the flip and flop of the left-end telomere. Since parvoviral terminal palindromes are imperfect, it is easy to identify which orientation is which. |
Rolling hairpin replication | At the left end of the genome, NS1 is probably required to unfold the hairpin. NS1 appears to be directly involved in melting-out and reconfiguring the resulting extended-form left-end duplexes into rabbit ear structures, though this reaction seems to be less efficient than at the right-end terminus. Dimeric and tetrameric concatemers of the genome are generated successively for MVM. In these concatemers, alternating unit-length genomes are fused through a palindromic junction in left-end to left-end and right-end to right-end orientations. In total, RHR results in coding sequences of the genome being copied twice as often as the termini. Both linear and hairpin configurations of the right-end telomere support initiation of RHR, so resolution of duplex right-end to right-end junctions can occur symmetrically on the basepaired duplex sequence or after this complex is melted and reconfigured into two hairpins. It is unclear which of these two reactions is more common since both appear to produce identical results. |
Rolling hairpin replication | The lower arm of MJ2 is an extended-form duplex palindrome that is essentially identical to those generated during terminal resolution. Once MJ2 is synthesized, the lower arm becomes susceptible to rabbit-ear formation. This repositions the 3′ nucleotide of the newly synthesized copy of the lower arm so that it pairs with inboard sequences on the junction's B arm to prime strand displacement synthesis. If a replication fork is created at this 3′ nucleotide, then the lower strand of the B arm is copied, creating an intermediate junction called MJ1 and progressively displacing the upper strand. This leads to the release of the newly synthesized B turn-around (B-ta) sequence. The residual cruciform, called δJ, is partially single-stranded at the upper part of the B arm and contains the intact upper strand of the junction paired to the lower strand of the A ("left") arm, with an intact copy of the left-end hairpin, ending in a 5′ NS1 complex. Since δJ carries the NS1 helicase, it is presumed to periodically alter configuration. |
Rolling hairpin replication | When MVM genomes replicate in vivo, the aforementioned nick may not occur because both ends of the dimer replicative form contain an efficient number of right-end hairpin origins. Therefore, replication forks may progress back toward the dimer junction from the genome's right end, copying the top strand of the B arm before the final resolution nick. This bypasses dimer bridge resolution and recycles the top strand into a replicating duplex dimer pool. In a closely related virus, LuIII, the single-strand nick releases a positive-sense strand with its left-end hairpin in the flop orientation. Unlike MVM, LuIII packages strands of both sense with equal frequency. In the negative-sense strands, the left-end hairpins are all in the flip orientation, while in the positive-sense strands, there are an equal number of flip and flop orientations. Compared to MVM, LuIII contains a two-base insertion immediately 3′ of the nick site in the right origin, which impairs its efficiency. Because of this, the reduced efficiency of replication fork assembly in the genome's right end may favor single-strand nicking by giving it more time to occur. |
Dammon Round Barn | Dammon Round Barn is a round barn just southeast of Red Wing, Minnesota, United States, adjacent to U.S. Route 61. The barn is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. It was built in 1914, with a foundation of Mississippi River limestone, and is 60 feet (18 m) in diameter and 60 feet (18 m) high. It was built during a time of agricultural growth in Goodhue County, when dairy cow herds were averaging 25 cows per farm and farmers were starting to build specialized barns. The round barn design was built around a silo and provided insulation for the silage, as well as making feeding and cleaning easier. Despite their efficiency round barns were difficult to construct, and they were not widely adopted. Later in its history the barn was used for honey production of the beekeeping owners of the farm. In 2000 the farm was purchased by Robin and Elaine Kleffman and the Dammon Barn underwent some significant restoration. A straightening of the walls and replacement of the original pillars for the upper floor support and a leveling and new installation of a floor in the top level of the barn makes this one of the most premiere remaining round barns in Minnesota. In 2017 this historic barn became integral in a MN wedding venue in Red Wing. The second floor hayloft now serves as a dance floor for weddings from May through October each year. |