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On order of the Court, the application for leave to appeal the November 21, 2017 judgment of the Court of Appeals is considered, and it is DENIED, because we are not persuaded that the questions presented should be reviewed by this Court. | [
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On order of the Court, the application for leave to appeal the September 27, 2017 order of the Court of Appeals is considered, and it is DENIED, because the defendant has failed to meet the burden of establishing entitlement to relief under MCR 6.508(D). | [
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On order of the Chief Justice, the motion of defendants-appellees to extend the time for filing their answer to the application for leave to appeal is GRANTED. The answer will be accepted for filing if submitted on or before April 11, 2018. | [
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On order of the Chief Justice, the motion of the Michigan Realtors to file a brief amicus curiae is GRANTED. The amicus brief submitted on March 7, 2018, is accepted for filing. | [
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On April 12, 2018, the Court heard oral argument on the application for leave to appeal the February 9, 2017 judgment of the Court of Appeals. On order of the Court, the application is again considered, and it is DENIED, because we are not persuaded that the questions presented should be reviewed by this Court.
McCormack, J. (concurring).
The equitable principle of estoppel is many centuries old. Under the doctrine, a promise that the promisor should reasonably expect to produce action or inaction from its recipient may be binding if justice so requires. See Restatement Contracts, 2d, § 90. Its age highlights its staying power. Over the years, it has been widely adopted, easily applied, and narrowly tailored. I agree with the Court that we should decline an invitation to disassemble it today.
The English Parliament adopted the first statute of frauds in 1677. Note, Statute of Frauds-The Doctrine of Equitable Estoppel and the Statute of Frauds , 66 Mich. L. Rev. 170, 170 (1967). The enactment of the statute was largely driven by concerns unique to the seventeenth century. As Sir William Holdsworth explains, at that time, tangible evidence of agreement was necessitated by the virtually unfettered discretion given to juries. 6 Holdsworth, A History of English Law (1924), p. 388. Nothing prevented juries from receiving independent information on cases, and motions for a directed verdict were relatively new and untested at the time. Id . Additionally, the witness testimony that juries could hear was tightly restricted, as neither the parties to an action nor any parties interested in the outcome of the action were considered competent witnesses. Id . Within this framework, the statute of frauds played the important role of ensuring that juries were not provided false information regarding contracts that had never been formed.
From the very beginning of British jurisprudence relating to the statute of frauds, British courts have applied equitable rules to enforce promises that induced a party to act in reliance. Costigan, Jr., The Date and Authorship of the Statute of Frauds , 26 Harv. L. Rev. 329, 343 (1913). The British Court of Chancery would regularly apply these equitable rules, particularly equitable estoppel and specific performance, "if insistence on the letter of the statute would facilitate a fraud." 6 Holdsworth, p. 393. From its inception, then, there was agreement that exceptions to the statute of frauds were needed in order to prevent the statute itself from perpetuating frauds. The trend crossed the pond. Today, promissory estoppel is employed in every variety of United States court. See Comment Note.-Promissory estoppel , 48 A.L.R. 2d. 1069 (1956).
Michigan is no outlier. Our Legislature passed the first statute of frauds in 1838, just after statehood, 1838 RS, pt. 2, tit. vi, ch. 1, and before that, a statute of frauds could be found in Michigan's territorial laws, 1 Territorial Laws, Act of December 7, 1819, § 10, p. 467. And this Court has applied the doctrine of equitable estoppel for nearly a century to prevent the statute from becoming "an instrument of fraud." Lyle v. Munson , 213 Mich. 250, 260, 181 N.W. 1002 (1921) ; see also Jones v. Pashby , 67 Mich. 459, 462, 35 N.W. 152 (1887) ("[A] parol agreement under such circumstances would act as an estoppel, if acquiesced in for years, and the statute of frauds would not intervene to prevent the enforcement of such estoppel."). We have reaffirmed that principle time and time again. Brummel v. Brummel , 363 Mich. 447, 452, 109 N.W.2d 782 (1961) (citing cases). So too has the Legislature. Since 1921, the Legislature has amended the statute of frauds three times and never repudiated the statute's estoppel-based exceptions. 1945 PA 261; 1974 PA 343; 1992 PA 245. When the Legislature reenacts a statute, we presume it did so with an understanding of the court's interpretation of it. See Anzaldua v. Band , 457 Mich. 530, 544, 578 N.W.2d 306 (1998), citing Lorillard v. Pons , 434 U.S. 575, 581, 98 S.Ct. 866, 55 L.Ed.2d 40 (1978). The doctrine has withstood the tests of time, and legislative and judicial scrutiny.
More recently, this Court affirmed promissory estoppel in Opdyke Investment Co. v. Norris Grain Co. , 413 Mich. 354, 320 N.W.2d 836 (1982). There we declined to adopt "narrow and rigid rules for compliance with the statute of frauds." Id . at 367, 320 N.W.2d 836. Instead, we unanimously held that "recovery based on a noncontractual promise falls outside the scope of the statute of frauds" and that the plaintiff's claim of promissory estoppel required the denial of the defendant's summary disposition motion. Id . at 370, 320 N.W.2d 836. This conclusion was necessary to "avoid the arbitrary and unjust results required by an overly mechanistic application of the rule." Id . at 365, 320 N.W.2d 836.
We have considerable company. Three-fifths of the states apply promissory estoppel in some fashion despite the statute of frauds. And only a handful of states have explicitly forbidden the use of promissory estoppel as an exception to the statute of frauds. The dissent's canvass of the several states makes the case that abandoning promissory estoppel remains a distinctly minority position.
And even the cases the dissent cites do not uniformly support its position. The dissent cites Tiffany Inc. v. WMK Transit Mix, Inc. , 16 Ariz. App. 415, 421, 493 P.2d 1220 (1972), for the proposition that promissory estoppel would nullify the statute of frauds. Tiffany is an intermediate court decision from Arizona, but the Arizona Supreme Court has held promissory estoppel may be applied to defeat the statute of frauds where "there is a second promise not to rely on the statute." Mullins v. Southern Pacific Transp. Co. , 174 Ariz. 540, 542, 851 P.2d 839 (1992). The cases the dissent cites from Maine and Washington are also unhelpful: Stearns v. Emery-Waterhouse Co. , 596 A.2d 72 (Me., 1991) and Greaves v. Med. Imaging Sys., Inc. , 124 Wash. 2d 389, 879 P.2d 276 (1994). Although each case is evidence that promissory estoppel is not an immutable exception to the statute of frauds in those jurisdictions, neither has done away with the doctrine altogether (as the dissent would have us do here). Harvey v. Dow , 962 A.2d 322, 327 (Me., 2008) (applying promissory to an agreement to transfer land); Klinke v. Famous Recipe Fried Chicken, Inc. , 94 Wash. 2d 255, 260, 616 P.2d 644 (1980) (applying promissory estoppel to restaurant franchise agreement). If there is any wisdom to be found in majorities, we should not rush to abandon promissory estoppel.
And then there's stare decisis. We don't overrule precedent lightly. Our test for determining whether to overrule Opdyke has us consider these factors: (1) "whether the earlier decision was wrongly decided," (2) "whether the decision at issue defies practical workability," (3) "whether reliance interests would work an undue hardship," and (4) "whether changes in the law or facts no longer justify the questioned decision." Robinson v. Detroit , 462 Mich. 439, 464, 613 N.W.2d 307 (2000) (cleaned up).
As the brief tour of the statute's history, our relevant jurisprudence and that of our sister states demonstrates, Opdyke was correctly decided. Confronted with this same problem over the years and across jurisdictions, courts have repeatedly permitted parties to rely on promissory estoppel to enforce noncontractual promises in the right circumstances. This is unsurprising, as the doctrine exemplifies practical workability by setting out a straightforward legal rule for courts to follow. The Court of Appeals opinion in this case proves the point: for all its grousing about the result, the panel had no trouble reaching it.
To overrule Opdyke and reject equitable exceptions to the statute of frauds would contravene core principles of stare decisis. Stability in the law is usually preferred, as it prevents arbitrary discretion by courts. McCormick v. Carrier , 487 Mich. 180, 210, 795 N.W.2d 517 (2010). Considerations in favor of stability are strongest in "cases involving property and contract rights, where reliance interests are involved ...." Payne v. Tennessee , 501 U.S. 808, 828, 111 S.Ct. 2597, 115 L.Ed.2d 720 (1991). And overruling a 35-year-old unanimous opinion would be especially noteworthy. See Garner et al., The Law of Judicial Precedent (St. Paul: Thomson/West, 2016), p. 182 ("When everyone sitting on a case agrees on the outcome of an issue or case, the panel speaks with one voice. The decision carries the full weight of the panel's authority. ... Other things being equal, courts will usually consider a precedent that speaks for a unanimous court as more authoritative than one that speaks for a split panel.").
But there's more. To abandon all equitable exceptions to the statute of frauds, as the dissent advocates, implicates not only Opdyke , but also more than a century of our Court's precedent (not to mention centuries of English common law before that). While the dissent believes that this result is warranted by the plain language of the text and by principles of judicial restraint, in fact overruling, in one fell swoop, centuries of well-settled precedent tilts in the other direction. "[T]he longer a rule has continued, the more thoroughly has it inevitably become interwoven with the business and property interests of the community at large; and, therefore, the more disastrous must be a change, especially a sudden change." Wells, A Treatise on the Doctrines of Res Judicata and Stare Decisis (1878), pp. 544-545. The dissent has this characterization backwards; the majority's decision today is compelled by principles of stability and judicial modesty.
The rule has not, moreover, declared open season on contracts. As an equitable doctrine, courts retain the discretion to strictly enforce the statute of frauds. Countless decisions have done just that. E.g. Hazime v. Martin Oil Co. of Ind. , 792 F.Supp. 1067 (ED Mich., 1992) ; Marrero v. McDonnell Douglas Capital Corp. , 200 Mich. App. 438, 441-443, 505 N.W.2d 275 (1993) ; Lovely v. Dierkes , 132 Mich. App. 485, 489-490, 347 N.W.2d 752 (1984). We have also limited the doctrine-such as requiring the promise to be "clear and definite"-to ensure it is not abused. State Bank of Standish v. Curry , 442 Mich. 76, 85, 500 N.W.2d 104 (1993). Contrary to the claims of the dissent, the reliance interests cut squarely in favor of maintaining our precedents. Citizens, businesses, and lawyers naturally will rely on any doctrine that has endured a century or more, particularly after it was clarified by Opdyke . And that is especially true where the Legislature has never amended the statute of frauds to eliminate the exception.
While it may be correct that very few people have ever entered an agreement with the expectation of having it violated and later judicially enforced by promissory estoppel, this view misses the point. Very few people have ever driven a car with the expectation of triggering their airbags, but the presence of the safety device allows them peace of mind and mitigates injuries from the unexpected crash. Just so, promissory estoppel allows parties to trust each other in matters where trust is essential and permits limited recovery where a party has acted in bad faith. See Curry , 442 Mich. at 83-84, 500 N.W.2d 104. And, finally, the dissent makes no claim that any changes in the law justify overturning Opdyke . But this is not surprising because there have been no relevant changes to the law since Opdyke was decided, which underscores the ongoing vitality of the decision.
There are times when courts must overturn precedent. But, in my view, those occasions should be rare and the case for doing so compelling. This is plainly not one of those cases.
Even if doctrine had grown stale, this case would be a poor vehicle to upend it. I largely agree with the dissent's view of the facts, but one key point is missing: the defendant chose not to produce any evidence to support its position regarding summary disposition. Instead of giving the trial court facts from which it could have determined that the plaintiff's claim of promissory estoppel was not supported, it decided instead to ask the court to hold the doctrine inapplicable, an impossible request of any court but this one.
This strategic decision should have prevented the trial court from granting the defendant's motion for summary disposition under MCR 2.116(C)(8). In ruling on the motion, the trial court must accept all well-pled factual allegations as true in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party, and it may only grant the motion if the claims are so clearly unenforceable as a matter of law that no factual development could possibly justify recovery.
Maiden v. Rozwood , 461 Mich. 109, 119, 597 N.W.2d 817 (1999). At this stage, the court may only consider the pleadings. Id . at 119-120, 597 N.W.2d 817. The "existence and scope of the promise are questions of fact ...." Curry , 442 Mich. at 84, 500 N.W.2d 104. The question for the trial court was, "Was there sufficient evidence, which, if believed by the trier of fact, would support a finding of estoppel sufficient to circumvent the statute of frauds?" Conel Dev., Inc. v. River Rouge Savings Bank , 84 Mich. App. 415, 423, 269 N.W.2d 621 (1978).
The plaintiffs claim that the defendant promised them they would be paid a broker's commission for their role in matching the defendant with a buyer. They submitted a photo of the defendant's sign that read "Brokers Protected" and alleged that this text is understood in their industry as a promise to pay a brokerage fee. The defendant made no counter allegations and submitted nothing to rebut the plaintiffs' claims. Perhaps if the defendant had submitted evidence in support of summary disposition, the trial could have properly concluded that there was no "clear and definite" promise, and thus, promissory estoppel was inapposite. But because it did not, the trial court was obligated to follow Opdyke and was not in a position to make the new rule of law the dissent would want this Court to make. And the Court of Appeals was correct to reverse the trial court's grant of the defendant's motion on this record.
What's more, the procedural history of this case makes it a poor candidate to announce a watershed ruling. It is interlocutory, and discovery has not taken place, so there is still room for factual development. If we were to make the robust doctrinal move the dissent would have us make, this would be a startling case in which to do so.
For all these reasons, the Court is correct to deny leave on this case.
Viviano, J., joins the statement of McCormack, J.
As rules of evidence developed to address many of the concerns that gave rise to the statute of frauds, the statute came under criticism as unnecessary or dangerous. See Epstein, Starbird & Vincent, Reliance on Oral Promises: Statute of Frauds and Promissory Estoppel , 42 Tex. Tech. L. Rev. 913, 928 (2010) ("[The Statute of Frauds] remained the law in England until 1954 when most of its provisions were repealed so that it applies only to land contracts and guarantees. According to Professor John Krahmer of Texas Tech University School of Law, England abolished the statute of frauds 'for being superfluous and irrelevant.' While the statute of frauds has been virtually eliminated from the law of contracts in England, it remains an important (albeit long unpopular) part of the law of contracts in the United States."); Summers, The Doctrine of Estoppel Applied to the Statute of Frauds , 79 U. Penn. L. Rev. 440, 442 (1931) (" 'The special peculiarity of ... the Statute of Frauds is that it is in the nature of things impossible that it ever should have any operation, except that of enabling a man to escape from the discussion of the question whether he has or has not been guilty of a deliberate fraud by breaking his word.' "), quoting Pollock & Stephens, Section Seventeen of the Statute of Frauds , 1 L. Q. Rev. 1 (1885).
The 1992 revision added a section that the Court of Appeals has interpreted to prevent promissory estoppel from applying to suits against financial institutions. See Crown Tech. Park v. D&N Bank, FSB , 242 Mich. App. 538, 550, 619 N.W.2d 66 (2000).
And the Chief Justice has recognized another equitable doctrine, partial performance, as creating an exception to the statute of frauds. Vittiglio v. Vittiglio , 493 Mich. 936, 936-937, 825 N.W.2d 584 (2013) ( Markman , J., concurring) ("[I]t is ultimately correct that plaintiff is bound by the settlement ... [because] defendant gave plaintiff a check for $1.2 million in reliance on the settlement agreement, which was sufficient partial performance to take the oral settlement out of the statute of frauds and render it enforceable.").
Kiernan v. Creech , 268 P.3d 312, 316 (Alaska 2012) ; Mullins v. Southern Pacific Transp. Co. , 174 Ariz. 540, 542, 851 P.2d 839 (1992) ; Ralston Purina Co. v. McCollum , 271 Ark. 840, 844, 611 S.W.2d 201 (1981) ; Garcia v. World Savings, FSB , 183 Cal. App. 4th 1031, 1040 n. 10, 107 Cal.Rptr.3d 683 (2010) ; Kiely v. St. Germain , 670 P.2d 764, 769 (Colo., 1983) ; Taylor v. Jones , unpublished memorandum opinion of the Delaware Court of Chancery, issued December 17, 2002 (Case No. 1498-K), 2002 WL 31926612 ; Tauber v. Dist. of Columbia , 511 A.2d 23, 27 (DC App., 1986) ; 20/20 Vision Ctr., Inc. v. Hudgens , 256 Ga. 129, 135, 345 S.E.2d 330 (1986) ; McIntosh v. Murphy , 52 Haw. 29, 35, 469 P.2d 177 (1970) ; Brown v. Branch , 758 N.E.2d 48, 52 (Ind., 2001) ; Kolkman v. Roth , 656 N.W.2d 148, 153 (Iowa, 2003) ; Bittel v. Farm Credit Servs. of Central Kansas , 265 Kan. 651, 659, 962 P.2d 491 (1998) ; Snyder v. Snyder , 79 Md. App. 448, 558 A.2d 412 (1989) ; Barrie-Chivian v. Lepler , 87 Mass. App. Ct. 683, 685, 34 N.E.3d 769 (2015) ; Del Hayes & Sons, Inc. v. Mitchell , 304 Minn. 275, 285, 230 N.W.2d 588 (1975) ; Alpark Distrib., Inc. v. Poole , 95 Nev. 605, 608, 600 P.2d 229 (1979) ; Eavenson v. Lewis Means, Inc. , 105 N.M. 161, 730 P.2d 464 (1986), overruled on other grounds by Strata Prod. Co. v. Mercury Exploration Co. , 121 N.M. 622, 627-628, 916 P.2d 822 (1996) ; In re Hennel Estate , 29 N.Y.3d 487, 494, 80 N.E.3d 1017 (2017) ; Home Elec. Co. of Lenoir,Inc. v. Hall & Underdown Heating & Air Conditioning Co. , 86 NC App. 540, 543, 358 S.E.2d 539 (1987), aff'd 322 NC 107, 366 S.E.2d 441 (1988) ; Knorr v. Norberg , 872 N.W.2d 323, 326 (ND, 2015) ; Olympic Holding Co., LLC v. ACE Ltd. , 122 Ohio St. 3d 89, 96, 909 N.E.2d 93 (2009) ; Lacy v. Wozencraft , 188 Okla. 19, 105 P.2d 781 (1940) ; Potter v. Hatter Farms, Inc. , 56 Or. App. 254, 262, 641 P.2d 628 (1982) ; Brochu v. Santis , 939 A.2d 449, 453 (RI, 2008) ; Durkee v. Van Well , 654 N.W.2d 807, 815 (SD, 2002), overruled in part on other grounds by Mundhenke v. Holm , 787 N.W.2d 302, 306-307 (2010) ; Shedd v. Gaylord Entertainment Co. , 118 S.W.3d 695, 699-700 (Tenn. App., 2003) ; "Moore" Burger, Inc. v. Phillips Petroleum Co. , 492 S.W.2d 934, 937-938 (1972) ; Stangl v. Ernst Home Ctr., Inc. , 948 P.2d 356, 365-366 (Utah App., 1997) ; T... v. T... , 216 Va. 867, 873, 224 S.E.2d 148 (1976) ; Hoover v. Moran , 222 W. Va. 112, 119, 662 S.E.2d 711 (2008) ; Klinke v. Famous Recipe Fried Chicken, Inc. , 94 Wash. 2d 255, 259-260, 616 P.2d 644 (1980) ; McLellan v. Charly , 313 Wis. 2d 623, 653, 758 N.W.2d 94 (2008) ; B & W Glass, Inc. v. Weather Shield Mfg., Inc. , 829 P.2d 809, 816-817 (Wy., 1992).
"Stare decisis," the Latin phrase that means "to stand by the decided matters," is, of course, our shorthand for the principle that guides our branch of government: that we should respect our earlier decisions.
Writing in support of the defendants, Michigan Realtors argues that Opdyke undermines good business practices, and the dissent is persuaded that this should feature in our consideration. We are in no position to gainsay these policy arguments, but they are more properly directed towards the Capitol Building, not the Hall of Justice. The Legislature has amended the Statute of Frauds to clarify the application of promissory estoppel for certain industries. See Crown Technology Park v. D&N Bank , 242 Mich. App. 538, 549, 619 N.W.2d 66 (2000) (interpreting MCL 566.132(2) ). It can do so for this industry if it chooses to.
If it is a retreat from textualism, as the dissent asserts, to recognize that in certain instances-this case being an obvious example-the doctrine of stare decisis operates as a pragmatic exception to dogmatic textualism, at least I have the comfort of knowing that I am in good company. See Scalia, A Matter of Interpretation: Federal Courts and the Law , pp. 138-139 (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1997) ("Originalism, like any other theory of interpretation put into practice in an ongoing system of law, must accommodate the doctrine of stare decisis ; it cannot remake the world anew. It is of no more consequence at this point whether the Alien and Sedition Acts of 1798 were in accord with the original understanding of the First Amendment than it is whether Marbury v. Madison was decided correctly."); Scalia & Garner, Reading Law: The Interpretation of Legal Texts (St. Paul: Thomson/West, 2012), pp. 413-414 (asserting that "[s]tare decisis ... is not a part of textualism. It is an exception to textualism ... born not of logic but of necessity. Courts cannot consider anew every previously decided question that comes before them. Stare decisis has been a part of our law from time immemorial, and we must bow to it. All we categorically propose here is that, when a governing precedent deserving of stare decisis effect does not dictate a contrary disposition, judges ought to use proper methods of textual interpretation. If they will do that, then over time the law will be more certain, and the rule of law more secure.").
Promissory estoppel has also gained widespread acceptance in learned treatises. E.g., Restatement Contracts, 2d, § 90 ; 4 Williston, Contracts (4th ed.), § 8:4; 4 Am. Jur. 2d, Proof of Facts, § 641; 3 Williston & Jaeger, A Treatise on the Law of Contracts (3d ed.), § 533A. | [
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On order of the Court, the application for leave to appeal the July 26, 2017 order of the Court of Appeals is considered, and it is DENIED, because we are not persuaded that the questions presented should be reviewed by this Court. | [
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On order of the Court, the application for leave to appeal the September 14, 2017 judgment of the Court of Appeals is considered, and it is DENIED, because we are not persuaded that the questions presented should be reviewed by this Court. The motion to compel witnesses is DENIED. | [
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On order of the Court, the application for leave to appeal the September 15, 2017 order of the Court of Appeals is considered, and it is DENIED, because the defendant's motion for relief from judgment is prohibited by MCR 6.502(G). The motion to remand and the motion to compel release of manual are DENIED. | [
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On order of the Court, the application for leave to appeal the May 26, 2017 order of the Court of Appeals is considered, and it is DENIED, because we are not persuaded that the question presented should be reviewed by this Court. The motion for miscellaneous relief is DENIED. | [
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On order of the Court, the application for leave to appeal the November 21, 2017 judgment of the Court of Appeals is considered, and it is DENIED, because we are not persuaded that the questions presented should be reviewed by this Court. | [
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On order of the Court, the application for leave to appeal the December 29, 2016 judgment of the Court of Appeals is considered, and it is DENIED, because we are not persuaded that the questions presented should be reviewed by this Court. | [
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On order of the Court, the application for leave to appeal the December 20, 2017 order of the Court of Appeals is considered, and it is DENIED, because we are not persuaded that the question presented should be reviewed by this Court. | [
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On order of the Court, the motion for reconsideration of this Court's February 20, 2018 order is considered, and it is DENIED, because it does not appear that the order was entered erroneously. | [
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On order of the Court, the application for leave to appeal the September 20, 2017 order of the Court of Appeals is considered, and it is DENIED, because the defendant's motion for relief from judgment is prohibited by MCR 6.502(G). | [
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On order of the Court, the motion of plaintiffs-appellants to extend the time for filing their reply is GRANTED. The reply submitted on November 21, 2017, is accepted for filing. The application for leave to appeal the August 10, 2017 order of the Court of Appeals is considered and, pursuant to MCR 7.305(H)(1), in lieu of granting leave to appeal, we REMAND this case to the Court of Appeals for consideration as on leave granted. | [
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On order of the Court, the application for leave to appeal the October 10, 2017 order of the Court of Appeals is considered, and it is DENIED, because the defendant's motion for relief from judgment is prohibited by MCR 6.502(G). | [
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On order of the Court, the motion for reconsideration of this Court's February 20, 2018 order is considered, and it is DENIED, because it does not appear that the order was entered erroneously.
Wilder, J., did not participate because he was on the Court of Appeals panel. | [
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On order of the Court, the application for leave to appeal the May 4, 2017 order of the Court of Appeals is considered, and it is DENIED, because we are not persuaded that the questions presented should be reviewed by this Court. | [
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On order of the Court, the application for leave to appeal the September 15, 2017 order of the Court of Appeals is considered, and it is DENIED, because the defendant's motion for relief from judgment is prohibited by MCR 6.502(G). | [
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] |
On order of the Court, the motion for reconsideration of this Court's April 3, 2018 order is considered, and it is DENIED, because it does not appear that the order was entered erroneously. The motion to hold proceedings in abeyance is DENIED.
WILDER , J., did not participate because he was on the Court of Appeals panel. | [
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On order of the Court, the application for leave to appeal the September 15, 2017 order of the Court of Appeals is considered and, pursuant to MCR 7.305(H)(1), in lieu of granting leave to appeal, we REMAND this case to the Oakland Circuit Court for a determination of whether the defendant is indigent and, if so, for the appointment of substitute appellate counsel, in light of Halbert v. Michigan , 545 US 605, 125 S.Ct. 2582, 162 L.Ed.2d 552 (2005). Based on our review of the record, the circuit court granted original appointed appellate counsel's motion to withdraw, but did not address the request for the appointment of substitute appellate counsel. On remand, substitute appellate counsel, once appointed, may file an application for leave to appeal in the Court of Appeals for consideration under the standard for direct appeals, and/or any appropriate postconviction motions in the circuit court, within six months of the date of the circuit court's order appointing counsel. Counsel may include among the issues raised, but is not required to include, the issues that were raised by the defendant in his motion for relief from judgment that was filed in 2016. The defendant's motion for appointment of counsel and his motions for miscellaneous relief are DENIED as moot.
We do not retain jurisdiction. | [
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On order of the Court, the application for leave to appeal the November 28, 2017 order of the Court of Appeals is considered and, it appearing to this Court that the case of People v. Dixon-Bey (Docket No. 156746), --- Mich. ----, 912 N.W.2d 179 (2018) is pending on appeal before this Court and that the decision in that case may resolve an issue raised in the present application for leave to appeal, we ORDER that the application be held in ABEYANCE pending the decision in that case. | [
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On order of the Court, the application for leave to appeal the September 14, 2017 judgment of the Court of Appeals is considered, and it is DENIED, because we are not persuaded that the questions presented should be reviewed by this Court. | [
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On order of the Court, the motion to permit supplemental brief is GRANTED.
The application for leave to appeal the January 9, 2018 judgment of the Court of Appeals is considered, and it is DENIED, because we are not persuaded that the questions presented should be reviewed by this Court. | [
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On order of the Court, the application for leave to appeal the October 10, 2017 order of the Court of Appeals is considered, and it is DENIED, because the defendant's motion for relief from judgment is prohibited by MCR 6.502(G). The motion for confession of error is DENIED. | [
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On order of the Court, the application for leave to appeal the February 1, 2018 order of the Court of Appeals is considered, and it is DENIED, because we are not persuaded that the questions presented should be reviewed by this Court. The motion for remand is DENIED. | [
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On order of the Court, the application for leave to appeal the August 22, 2017 judgment of the Court of Appeals is considered, and it is DENIED, because we are not persuaded that the question presented should be reviewed by this Court. | [
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On order of the Court, the application for leave to appeal the July 18, 2017 order of the Court of Appeals is considered, and it is DENIED, because the defendant has failed to meet the burden of establishing entitlement to relief under MCR 6.508(D). The motion for appointment of counsel is DENIED. | [
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On order of the Court, the application for leave to appeal the March 7, 2017 order of the Court of Appeals is considered, and it is DENIED, because the defendant has failed to meet the burden of establishing entitlement to relief under MCR 6.508(D).
WILDER , J., did not participate because he was on the Court of Appeals panel. | [
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On order of the Court, the application for leave to appeal the July 31, 2017 order of the Court of Appeals is considered, and it is DENIED, because the defendant has failed to meet the burden of establishing entitlement to relief under MCR 6.508(D). | [
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On order of the Court, the motion for reconsideration of this Court's April 3, 2018 order is considered, and it is DENIED, because it does not appear that the order was entered erroneously. | [
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On order of the Court, the motion for reconsideration of this Court's May 1, 2018 order is considered, and it is DENIED, because it does not appear that the order was entered erroneously. | [
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On order of the Court, the application for leave to appeal the June 26, 2017 order of the Court of Appeals is considered and, it appearing to this Court that the case of People v. Tucker (Docket No. 152798), --- Mich. ----, 912 N.W.2d 861, 2018 WL 3203601 (2018) is pending on appeal before this Court and that the decision in that case may resolve an issue raised in the present application for leave to appeal, we ORDER that the application be held in ABEYANCE pending the decision in that case. | [
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Per Curiam.
Plaintiff, Robert McMillan, appeals by leave granted the circuit court order affirming the decision of the district court to deny plaintiff's request to recoup rent paid to his landlord, defendant Susan Douglas, for the months when defendant rented the property to plaintiff without a rental permit. Because the Battle Creek Code of Ordinances, § 842.06(c), does not provide plaintiff a private cause of action to enforce rental ordinances against defendant, we affirm.
Between August 2011 and October 2014, plaintiff rented residential property in Battle Creek from defendant at a rate of $595 per month for a total of 39 months. During that time, defendant did not have a valid rental permit for the property as required by the Battle Creek Code of Ordinances. On October 23, 2014, plaintiff received an order to vacate the premises because there was no current, valid rental permit. Plaintiff vacated the property on October 31, 2014, and subsequently filed suit against defendant.
Relevant to the present appeal, in the district court, plaintiff claimed that he was entitled to the return of all rent paid to defendant during his tenancy because, under § 842.06(c), defendant could not accept, retain, or recover rent without a current, valid rental permit. According to plaintiff, § 842.06(c) created a private cause of action allowing plaintiff to recoup rental payments made to defendant. The parties stipulated to the facts involved, and the district court ruled in defendant's favor with regard to plaintiff's claim to recoup rent under § 842.06(c), concluding that the ordinance did not grant a private cause of action to tenants to recover rent. Plaintiff appealed the district court's ruling in the circuit court, and the circuit court affirmed. Plaintiff now appeals by leave granted.
On appeal, the issue before us is whether § 842.06(c) creates a private cause of action that allows a tenant to demand the return of rent that was paid to a landlord during a period in which the landlord did not have a valid rental permit. Plaintiff emphasizes that, under § 842.06(c), defendant cannot accept, retain, or recover rent without a valid rental permit. To enforce this prohibition, plaintiff contends that it must be inferred that there is a private right of action allowing plaintiff to demand the return of rent. We disagree.
We review de novo a decision to grant summary disposition under MCR 2.116(A). Flint Mayor v. Genesee County Clerk , 258 Mich. App. 215, 218, 671 N.W.2d 116 (2003). The interpretation and application of an ordinance also presents a question of law, which we review de novo. Great Lakes Society v. Georgetown Charter Twp. , 281 Mich. App. 396, 407, 761 N.W.2d 371 (2008). The rules of statutory construction apply to the interpretation of an ordinance. Goldstone v. Bloomfield Twp. Pub. Library , 479 Mich. 554, 568 n. 15, 737 N.W.2d 476 (2007). "Thus, this Court's goal in the interpretation of an ordinance is to discern and give effect to the intent of the legislative body." Morse v. Colitti , 317 Mich. App. 526, 548, 896 N.W.2d 15 (2016). An ordinance must be construed as a whole, Winchester v. W.A. Foote Mem. Hosp. , 153 Mich. App. 489, 501, 396 N.W.2d 456 (1986), affording words their plain and ordinary meanings, Great Lakes Society , 281 Mich. App. at 408, 761 N.W.2d 371. "If the language used by the legislative body is clear and unambiguous, the ordinance must be enforced as written." Morse , 317 Mich. App. at 548, 896 N.W.2d 15.
Absent an express indication to the contrary, an ordinance imposing a public duty on a property owner does not give rise to a private cause of action. See Levendoski v. Geisenhaver , 375 Mich. 225, 228, 134 N.W.2d 228 (1965) ; Grooms v. Union Guardian Trust Co. , 309 Mich. 437, 440, 15 N.W.2d 698 (1944). Moreover, when a provision "creates a new right or imposes a new duty unknown to the common law and provides a comprehensive administrative or other enforcement mechanism or otherwise entrusts the responsibility for upholding the law to a public officer, a private right of action will not be inferred." Claire-Ann Co. v. Christenson & Christenson, Inc. , 223 Mich. App. 25, 31, 566 N.W.2d 4 (1997).
In this case, Chapter 842 of the Battle Creek Code of Ordinances regulates rental housing. The stated purpose of regulating, permitting, and inspecting rental property as set forth in Chapter 842 is to:
(a) Protect the health, safety, and welfare of persons affected by or subject to the provisions of this chapter.
(b) Ensure that rental unit owners, legal agents, and tenants are informed of and adhere to all applicable code provisions governing the use and maintenance of rental units.
(c) Establish standards for obtaining rental permits, inspection of rental units, and the issuance of certificates of compliance for rental units. [Section 842.02.]
Notably, under § 842.04(a), "no dwelling shall be rented by any person unless there is first issued a rental permit ...." The burden is on the owner of the property to "obtain a current, valid, rental permit." Section 842.04(b). Rental of a property without a permit results in several consequences for landlords and tenants. Specifically, § 842.06 provides:
In addition to all other remedies provided for in this chapter or by any other local ordinance, state statute, or federal law, the following shall apply when there is no rental permit as required:
(a) Order to vacate. Failure to have a current, valid, rental permit subjects the rental dwelling to being ordered vacated as provided in Section 842.12, until a valid rental permit is issued.
(b) Failure to vacate. In addition to any other remedy available to the City under law, including City ordinances, an owner, tenant, or other occupant who fails to vacate a dwelling after having been given notice of an order to vacate under this chapter is subject to the penalties set forth at Section 842.99.
(c) Abatement of rent. Where there is no current, valid, rental permit for a dwelling, no rent shall be accepted, retained or recoverable by the owner or lessor of the premises for the period.
Plaintiff now claims that he has a private cause of action for the recoupment of rent because § 842.06(c) precludes an owner from accepting, retaining, or recovering rent in the absence of a current, valid rental permit. However, this section gives no express indication that a private cause of action exists for a tenant. Indeed, the word "tenant" does not appear at all in § 842.06(c). Instead, the provision only provides for a limitation on the rights and conduct of an "owner or lessor." "Given that the ordinance purports only to limit the rights of owners and lessors, doubt is immediately cast on plaintiff's contention that the ordinance creates a cause of action in [his] favor." Ballman v. Borges , 226 Mich. App. 166, 169, 572 N.W.2d 47 (1997).
Any claim that a private cause of action exists or should be inferred is further undercut by consideration of the ordinance as a whole and in context. First, considering Chapter 842 as a whole, the rental permit requirements impose a public duty on landlords, not an obligation owed by a landlord to a tenant. See Levendoski , 375 Mich. at 228, 134 N.W.2d 228 ;
Szkodzinski v. Griffin , 171 Mich. App. 711, 713, 431 N.W.2d 51 (1988). More specifically, under § 842.04(b), it is certainly the owner's or lessor's obligation to obtain a rental permit. However, this permit requirement provides a public benefit that facilitates the inspection and policing of rental properties, not only for the welfare of occupants of the properties, but also to confirm that the properties are not a nuisance, § 842.08(c)(2), and to ensure that there are no conditions on the properties posing a hazard to the general public, § 842.12. In short, the permit requirement benefits the public as a whole. And because the permit requirement is a public duty, it does not give rise to a private cause of action for a tenant. See Levendoski , 375 Mich. at 228, 134 N.W.2d 228.
Second, the rental permit requirement is not a common-law obligation; and, read as a whole, Chapter 842 provides for the administration and enforcement of this obligation by the city, meaning that a private cause of action cannot be inferred. See Claire-Ann Co. , 223 Mich. App. at 31, 566 N.W.2d 4. As noted, under § 842.04(b), it is certainly the owner's or lessor's obligation to obtain a rental permit, and Chapter 842 provides for various penalties and sanctions if a landlord fails to obtain the necessary permit. However, Chapter 842 makes plain that it is not only the landlord who faces prohibitions and repercussions as a result of rental property regulations. Rather, one of the stated purposes of Chapter 842 is to "[e]nsure that rental unit owners, legal agents, and tenants are informed of and adhere to all applicable code provisions governing the use and maintenance of rental units." Section 842.02(b) (emphasis added). As a corollary to a landlord's obligation to obtain a rental permit, a tenant is prohibited from renting an unpermitted rental dwelling. See § 842.04(a) ("[N]o dwelling shall be rented by any person unless there is first issued a rental permit ...."). Further, both the landlord and the tenant are subject to repercussions under § 842.06, including orders to vacate the property as well as a possible civil infraction or misdemeanor conviction for failing to vacate. See § 842.06(a) and (b); § 842.99. In other words, Chapter 842 plainly contemplates action against the landlord as well as the tenant, and such enforcement action is clearly entrusted to the city.
Given that a tenant is subject to action by the city for the enforcement of Chapter 842, we find unpersuasive plaintiff's assertion that-without any express indication-it should be assumed that a tenant has a private cause of action under § 842.06(c). That is, read as a whole, Chapter 842 makes plain that tenants are not the enforcers of Chapter 842; rather, they are subject to Chapter 842, which is enforced by the city. Indeed, recognizing that a tenant is prohibited from renting property that lacks a rental permit, it would be absurd to conclude that § 842.06(c) was intended to create a private cause of action that would allow a tenant to recoup rent paid for a period in which the tenant lived in the property in violation of § 842.04(a). Instead, reading Chapter 842 as a whole, we conclude that § 842.06(c) is subject to enforcement by the city. Consequently, in the absence of an express indication that a tenant has a private cause of action against a landlord, we will not infer such a cause of action from § 842.06(c).
In sum, while a landlord is required to obtain a permit, this is a public duty, and any authority to seek redress for a landlord's failure to obtain a permit rests with the city. Consequently, plaintiff does not have a private cause of action against defendant, and the trial court properly granted summary disposition under MCR 2.116(A).
Affirmed.
Markey, P.J., and Hoekstra and Royanye Krause, JJ., concurred.
McMillan v. Douglas , unpublished order of the Court of Appeals, entered February 16, 2017 (Docket No. 335166).
Under Ballman , an ordinance preventing a landlord from recovering rent, such as § 842.06(c), could be used as a "shield" by a tenant when being sued for unpaid rent, but it is not a "sword" creating a private cause of action. Ballman , 226 Mich. App. at 169, 572 N.W.2d 47. While controlling with respect to provisions preventing a landlord from recovering rent, Ballman is not entirely on point with the current case because, unlike the ordinance in Ballman , § 842.06(c) also prevents a landlord from accepting or retaining rent.
Under § 842.06(a) and § 842.12, an order to vacate requires everyone, including the tenant, to vacate the premises unless "there are no conditions in the property posing a hazard to life, limb, property or safety of the occupants or the general public, and, the owner makes application [for a rental permit]...." See also § 1462.24. Pursuant to § 842.06(b), anyone who fails to vacate the property-including the owner or tenant-is subject to penalties under § 842.99. Under § 842.99(a), failure to vacate after receiving notice is a municipal civil infraction, and if the order to vacate involves "an imminent danger to life, limb or property," the person who fails to vacate after receiving notice is guilty of a misdemeanor, § 842.99(b). Additionally, with regard to a landlord, under § 842.99(e), "[f]ailure to obtain a rental permit ... is a misdemeanor punishable by a fine of up to five hundred dollars ($500.00) and/or ninety days in jail." "Each day that a person fails to obtain a rental permit is a separate violation." Id .
Insofar as the term "tenant" does not appear in § 842.06(c) in particular, the omission of this term does not impliedly create a cause of action for tenants; rather, it makes plain that the actions available to the city under § 842.06(c) relate only to owners and lessors, not tenants or others. See Ballman , 226 Mich. App. at 169, 572 N.W.2d 47.
A tenant is not without recourse against a landlord when there has been a violation of a duty. By statute and under the common law, there are duties a landlord owes a tenant in terms of habitability, including those duties set forth in MCL 554.139, and a tenant may file suit to seek redress for a violation of these duties, see, e.g., Hadden v. McDermitt Apartments, LLC , 287 Mich. App. 124, 128, 782 N.W.2d 800 (2010). However, we do not read § 842.06(c) as creating a cause of action for recoupment of rent, regardless of the condition of the property, simply because a landlord lacked a rental permit. If the city commissioners intended to create such a windfall for tenants, they easily could have expressed such intent.
It is true that § 842.06(c) does not mention enforcement by "the City," but express reference to the city was unnecessary when, as we have discussed, Chapter 842 as a whole contemplates enforcement by the city against landlords and tenants. See generally § 842.06; § 842.12; § 842.99.
Plaintiff complains that the city's enforcement provisions are not entirely clear because Chapter 842 does not include a mandatory restitution provision requiring the city to return any rent recouped to the tenant. We agree that Chapter 842, and § 842.06(c) in particular, is not a model of clarity. For example, it is unclear what the city should do with the funds recouped (i.e., whether the city may keep the funds or must return them to a tenant), whether § 842.06(c) applies to the entire period for which a permit is lacking or only "the period" after a notice to vacate is given under § 842.06, and whether the recouped rent is part of, or in addition to, the hefty fines applicable under § 842.99(e) for failing to obtain a permit. However, these issues are not before us, and we offer no opinions on the procedures available to the city under § 842.06(c). On appeal, plaintiff also asks us to determine whether the city has the authority to enact a private right of action for tenants against landlords for the recoupment of rent when the landlord failed to obtain a rental permit. Having determined that the city did not attempt to create such an ordinance, we need not determine whether the city had the authority to do so. Cf. Bivens v. Grand Rapids , 443 Mich. 391, 396, 505 N.W.2d 239 (1993). | [
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On order of the Court, the application for leave to appeal the August 31, 2017 judgment of the Court of Appeals is considered. We direct the Clerk to schedule oral argument on whether to grant the application or take other action. MCR 7.305(H)(1).
The appellant shall file a supplemental brief within 42 days of the date of this order addressing: (1) whether the Court of Appeals in People v. Coy , 243 Mich. App. 283, 302, 620 N.W.2d 888 (2000), set forth the appropriate standard for the admission of a potential DNA match when it held that "some qualitative or quantitative interpretation must accompany evidence of the potential match," (2) if not, what standard should govern the admission of a potential DNA match, and (3) whether, under the appropriate standard, the potential DNA match was properly admitted in this case, where the expert's report indicated that the match was supported to a "reasonable degree of scientific certainty." In addition to the brief, the appellant shall electronically file an appendix conforming to MCR 7.312(D)(2). In the brief, citations to the record must provide the appendix page numbers as required by MCR 7.312(B)(1). The appellee shall file a supplemental brief within 21 days of being served with the appellant's brief. The appellee shall also electronically file an appendix, or in the alternative, stipulate to the use of the appendix filed by the appellant. A reply, if any, must be filed by the appellant within 14 days of being served with the appellee's brief. The parties should not submit mere restatements of their application papers. | [
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By order of October 27, 2017, the application for leave to appeal the September 12, 2017 judgment of the Court of Appeals was held in abeyance pending the decision in In re Hill, Minors (Docket No. 155152). On order of the Court, leave to appeal having been denied in In re Hill , Minors on April 6, 2018, 501 Mich. 1047, 909 N.W.2d 260 (2018), the application is again considered and, it appearing to this Court that the case of In re Ferranti, Minor (Docket No. 157907-8) is pending on appeal before this Court and that the decision in that case may resolve an issue raised in the present application for leave to appeal, we ORDER that the application be held in ABEYANCE pending the decision in that case. | [
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On order of the Court, the application for leave to appeal the February 1, 2018 judgment of the Court of Appeals is considered and, it appearing to this Court that the case of People v. Dixon-Bey (Docket No. 156746), --- Mich. ----, 912 N.W.2d 179 (2018) is pending on appeal before this Court and that the decision in that case may resolve the issue raised in the present application for leave to appeal, we ORDER that the application be held in ABEYANCE pending the decision in that case. | [
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On order of the Court, the application for leave to appeal the March 6, 2018 judgment of the Court of Appeals is considered and, it appearing to this Court that the cases of Wigfall v. City of Detroit (Docket No. 156793) and West v. City of Detroit (Docket No. 157097) are pending on appeal before this Court and that the decisions in those cases may resolve an issue raised in the present application for leave to appeal, we ORDER that the application be held in ABEYANCE pending the decisions in those cases. | [
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] |
On order of the Court, the application for leave to appeal the February 15, 2018 judgment of the Court of Appeals is considered, and it is DENIED, because we are not persuaded that the questions presented should be reviewed by this Court. | [
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On order of the Court, the application for leave to appeal the January 25, 2018 order of the Court of Appeals is considered, and it is DENIED, because we are not persuaded that the questions presented should be reviewed by this Court. | [
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On order of the Court, the application for leave to appeal the January 30, 2018 judgment of the Court of Appeals is considered, and it is DENIED, because we are not persuaded that the question presented should be reviewed by this Court.
Wilder, J., did not participate because he was on the Court of Appeals panel at an earlier stage of the proceedings. | [
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On order of the Court, the application for leave to appeal the January 16, 2018 judgment of the Court of Appeals is considered, and it is DENIED, because we are not persuaded that the questions presented should be reviewed by this Court. | [
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On order of the Court, the application for leave to appeal the January 11, 2018 judgment of the Court of Appeals is considered, and it is DENIED, because we are not persuaded that the question presented should be reviewed by this Court. | [
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On order of the Court, the application for leave to appeal the January 23, 2018 judgment of the Court of Appeals is considered, and it is DENIED, because we are not persuaded that the questions presented should be reviewed by this Court. | [
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On order of the Court, the application for leave to appeal the January 11, 2018 judgment of the Court of Appeals is considered, and it is DENIED, because we are not persuaded that the questions presented should be reviewed by this Court. | [
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On order of the Court, the application for leave to appeal the February 1, 2018 judgment of the Court of Appeals is considered, and it is DENIED, because we are not persuaded that the questions presented should be reviewed by this Court. | [
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On order of the Court, the application for leave to appeal the January 23, 2018 judgment of the Court of Appeals is considered, and it is DENIED, because we are not persuaded that the questions presented should be reviewed by this Court. | [
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On order of the Court, the application for leave to appeal the December 28, 2017 order of the Court of Appeals is considered, and it is DENIED, because we are not persuaded that the questions presented should be reviewed by this Court. | [
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On order of the Court, the application for leave to appeal the January 24, 2018 order of the Court of Appeals is considered, and it is DENIED, because we are not persuaded that the question presented should be reviewed by this Court. | [
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On order of the Court, the application for leave to appeal the December 26, 2017 judgment of the Court of Appeals is considered, and it is DENIED, because we are not persuaded that the questions presented should be reviewed by this Court. | [
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On order of the Court, the application for leave to appeal the December 20, 2017 order of the Court of Appeals is considered, and it is DENIED, because we are not persuaded that the questions presented should be reviewed by this Court. | [
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On order of the Court, the application for leave to appeal the January 2, 2018 order of the Court of Appeals is considered, and it is DENIED, because we are not persuaded that the questions presented should be reviewed by this Court. | [
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On order of the Court, the application for leave to appeal the December 14, 2017 judgment of the Court of Appeals is considered, and it is DENIED, because we are not persuaded that the questions presented should be reviewed by this Court. | [
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On order of the Court, the application for leave to appeal the December 13, 2017 order of the Court of Appeals is considered and, it appearing to this Court that the case of People v. Ames (Docket No. 156077), --- Mich. ----, 911 N.W.2d 804 (2018) is pending on appeal before this Court and that the decision in that case may resolve an issue raised in the present application for leave to appeal, we ORDER that the application be held in ABEYANCE pending the decision in that case. | [
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On order of the Court, the application for leave to appeal the October 19, 2017 judgment of the Court of Appeals is considered, and it is DENIED, because we are not persuaded that the questions presented should be reviewed by this Court. | [
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On order of the Court, the motions for immediate consideration and to supplement application are GRANTED. The application for leave to appeal the December 8, 2017 order of the Court of Appeals is considered, and it is DENIED, because we are not persuaded that the questions presented should be reviewed by this Court. To the extent the defendant's motion to supplement application includes a request to remand for an evidentiary hearing, the motion is DENIED. | [
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On order of the Court, the application for leave to appeal the February 6, 2018 order of the Court of Appeals is considered, and it is DENIED, because we are not persuaded that the question presented should be reviewed by this Court. | [
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On order of the Court, the application for leave to appeal the February 6, 2018 order of the Court of Appeals is considered, and it is DENIED, because we are not persuaded that the questions presented should be reviewed by this Court. | [
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On order of the Court, the application for leave to appeal the February 7, 2018 order of the Court of Appeals is considered, and it is DENIED, because the defendant has failed to meet the burden of establishing entitlement to relief under MCR 6.508(D). | [
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On order of the Court, the application for leave to appeal the December 26, 2017 judgment of the Court of Appeals is considered, and it is DENIED, because we are not persuaded that the questions presented should be reviewed by this Court. | [
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On order of the Court, the application for leave to appeal the January 9, 2018 order of the Court of Appeals is considered, and it is DENIED, because we are not persuaded that the question presented should be reviewed by this Court. | [
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On order of the Court, the application for leave to appeal the December 19, 2017 order of the Court of Appeals is considered, and it is DENIED, because we are not persuaded that the questions presented should be reviewed by this Court. | [
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On order of the Court, the application for leave to appeal the December 21, 2017 judgment of the Court of Appeals is considered, and it is DENIED, because we are not persuaded that the questions presented should be reviewed by this Court. | [
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On order of the Court, the application for leave to appeal the November 29, 2017 order of the Court of Appeals is considered, and it is DENIED, because the defendant's motion for relief from judgment is prohibited by MCR 6.502(G). The motion for miscellaneous relief is DENIED. | [
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On order of the Court, the application for leave to appeal the November 15, 2017 order of the Court of Appeals is considered, and it is DENIED, because we are not persuaded that the questions presented should be reviewed by this Court. | [
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On order of the Court, the application for leave to appeal the December 4, 2017 order of the Court of Appeals is considered, and it is DENIED, because we are not persuaded that the question presented should be reviewed by this Court. | [
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On order of the Court, the application for leave to appeal the October 26, 2017 order of the Court of Appeals is considered, and it is DENIED, because the defendant's motion for relief from judgment is prohibited by MCR 6.502(G). | [
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] |
On order of the Chief Justice, the motion to extend the time for filing the brief amicus curiae of the Academy of Adoption and Assisted Reproduction Attorneys is GRANTED IN PART. The amicus brief will be accepted as timely filed if submitted on or before August 20, 2018. | [
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On order of the Chief Justice, the motion to extend the time for filing the defendant-appellee's answer is GRANTED. The answer will be accepted as timely filed if submitted on or before August 20, 2018. | [
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On order of the Chief Justice, the motion to substitute "ELIZABETH ELLEN MCKAIG, Personal Representative of the Estate of JOHN H. MCKAIG, II" as the defendant-appellee in all further proceedings before this Court is GRANTED. | [
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On order of the Chief Justice, the motion to extend the time for filing the defendant-appellant's supplemental brief is GRANTED. The supplemental brief submitted on August 9, 2018, is accepted for filing. | [
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On order of the Chief Justice, the motion of defendant-appellant to extend the time for filing her reply is GRANTED. The reply will be accepted as timely filed if submitted on or before August 16, 2018. | [
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On order of the Chief Justice, the second motion of defendant-appellant to extend the time for filing his supplemental brief is GRANTED. The supplemental brief will be accepted as timely filed if submitted on or before August 26, 2018. | [
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On order of the Court, the application for leave to appeal the January 4, 2018 order of the Court of Appeals is considered, and it is DENIED, because the defendant has failed to meet the burden of establishing entitlement to relief under MCR 6.508(D). | [
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On order of the Court, the application for leave to appeal the January 3, 2018 order of the Court of Appeals is considered, and it is DENIED, because the defendant has failed to meet the burden of establishing entitlement to relief under MCR 6.508(D). | [
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On order of the Court, the application for leave to appeal the February 20, 2018 judgment of the Court of Appeals is considered, and it is DENIED, because we are not persuaded that the questions presented should be reviewed by this Court. | [
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On order of the Court, the application for leave to appeal the January 16, 2018 judgment of the Court of Appeals is considered, and it is DENIED, because we are not persuaded that the question presented should be reviewed by this Court. | [
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On order of the Court, the motion for reconsideration of this Court's May 1, 2018 order is considered, and it is DENIED, because it does not appear that the order was entered erroneously. | [
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On order of the Court, the application for leave to appeal the January 16, 2018 judgment of the Court of Appeals is considered, and it is DENIED, because we are not persuaded that the questions presented should be reviewed by this Court. | [
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On order of the Court, the application for leave to appeal the November 8, 2017 order of the Court of Appeals is considered, and it is DENIED, because the defendant has failed to meet the burden of establishing entitlement to relief under MCR 6.508(D). The motion to remand is DENIED. | [
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On order of the Court, the application for leave to appeal the October 24, 2017 order of the Court of Appeals is considered, and it is DENIED, because the defendant's motion for relief from judgment is prohibited by MCR 6.502(G). The motion to remand and appoint counsel is DENIED. | [
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On order of the Court, the application for leave to appeal the January 4, 2018 order of the Court of Appeals is considered, and it is DENIED, because we are not persuaded that the questions presented should be reviewed by this Court. | [
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On order of the Court, the application for leave to appeal the January 3, 2018 order of the Court of Appeals is considered, and it is DENIED, because we are not persuaded that the question presented should be reviewed by this Court. | [
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On order of the Court, the application for leave to appeal the November 30, 2017 order of the Court of Appeals is considered, and it is DENIED, because the defendant's motion for relief from judgment is prohibited by MCR 6.502(G). | [
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On order of the Court, the application for leave to appeal the November 2, 2017 order of the Court of Appeals is considered, and it is DENIED, because the defendant has failed to meet the burden of establishing entitlement to relief under MCR 6.508(D). | [
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On order of the Court, the application for leave to appeal the October 17, 2017 judgment of the Court of Appeals is considered, and it is DENIED, because we are not persuaded that the questions presented should be reviewed by this Court. | [
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On order of the Court, the motion for immediate consideration is GRANTED. The application for leave to appeal the June 4, 2018 order of the Court of Appeals is considered, and it is DENIED, because we are not persuaded that the question presented should be reviewed by this Court. | [
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On order of the Court, the application for leave to appeal the April 11, 2017 order of the Court of Appeals is considered, and it is DENIED, because the defendant has failed to meet the burden of establishing entitlement to relief under MCR 6.508(D). | [
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On order of the Court, the motion for immediate consideration is GRANTED. The application for leave to appeal the March 27, 2018 order of the Court of Appeals is considered, and it is DENIED, because we are not persuaded that the question presented should be reviewed by this Court. | [
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On order of the Court, the application for leave to appeal the January 6, 2017 order of the Court of Appeals is considered, and it is DENIED, because the defendant has failed to meet the burden of establishing entitlement to relief under MCR 6.508(D). | [
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On order of the Court, the application for leave to appeal the October 14, 2016 order of the Court of Appeals is considered and, it appearing to this Court that the cases of People v. Tucker (Docket No. 152798), --- Mich. ----, 912 N.W.2d 861 (2018) and People v. Snyder (Docket No. 153696), 501 Mich. 1078, 911 N.W.2d 467 (2018) are pending on appeal before this Court and that the decisions in those cases may resolve an issue raised in the present application for leave to appeal, we ORDER that the application be held in ABEYANCE pending the decisions in those cases. | [
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On order of the Court, the application for leave to appeal the February 27, 2018 judgment of the Court of Appeals is considered, and it is DENIED, because we are not persuaded that the questions presented should be reviewed by this Court. | [
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On order of the Court, the application for leave to appeal the February 27, 2018 judgment of the Court of Appeals is considered, and it is DENIED, because we are not persuaded that the questions presented should be reviewed by this Court. The motions to insert new evidence onto the record are DENIED. | [
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On order of the Court, the application for leave to appeal the February 22, 2018 order of the Court of Appeals is considered, and it is DENIED, because we are not persuaded that the question presented should be reviewed by this Court. | [
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On order of the Court, the application for leave to appeal the February 22, 2018 judgment of the Court of Appeals is considered, and it is DENIED, because we are not persuaded that the questions presented should be reviewed by this Court. | [
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On order of the Court, the motion to add issue is GRANTED. The application for leave to appeal the February 16, 2018 order of the Court of Appeals is considered, and it is DENIED, because we are not persuaded that the questions presented should be reviewed by this Court. | [
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On order of the Court, the application for leave to appeal the February 13, 2018 order of the Court of Appeals is considered, and it is DENIED, because we are not persuaded that the questions presented should be reviewed by this Court. | [
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On order of the Chief Justice, the motion of the Children's Law Section of the State Bar of Michigan to file a brief amicus curiae and to extend the time for doing so is GRANTED IN PART. The amicus brief will be accepted for filing if submitted on or before August 10, 2018. | [
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On order of the Court, the application for leave to appeal the October 17, 2017 order of the Court of Appeals is considered, and it is DENIED, because the defendant has failed to meet the burden of establishing entitlement to relief under MCR 6.508(D). | [
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On order of the Court, the application for leave to appeal the January 18, 2018 order of the Court of Appeals is considered, and it is DENIED, because the defendant's motion for relief from judgment is prohibited by MCR 6.502(G). | [
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