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M. J. Kelly, J. Defendant, Kimberly Murphy, was convicted following a jury trial of second-degree child abuse, MCL 750.136b(3). Murphy was sentenced to 36 to 120 months' imprisonment, with 76 days of credit for jail time served. Because the jury verdict is not supported by sufficient evidence, we vacate Murphy's conviction and sentence. I. BASIC FACTS This case arises from the death of Murphy's 11-month-old daughter, Trinity Murphy. The prosecutor presented evidence showing that Trinity died after ingesting a toxic quantity of morphine. The prosecutor's theory was that Trinity died because of her parents' "reckless acts," which she contended consisted of "their inaction" and their inability to protect their child and provide a safe home environment. In support of her theory, the prosecutor presented substantial evidence showing that the home was in a deplorable and filthy condition, that there were prescription morphine pills in the home, and that Trinity's parents had failed to clean the home to ensure that the morphine pills were removed after Trinity's grandmother (who was prescribed the medication and had been living in the home) passed away. The defense theory was that no reckless act taken by Murphy caused Trinity's death. II. SUFFICIENCY OF THE EVIDENCE A. STANDARD OF REVIEW Murphy argues that there was insufficient evidence to convict her of second-degree child abuse. We review de novo challenges to the sufficiency of the evidence. People v. Ericksen , 288 Mich.App. 192, 195, 793 N.W.2d 120 (2010). When reviewing a challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence, "[a]ll conflicts in the evidence must be resolved in favor of the prosecution, and circumstantial evidence and all reasonable inferences drawn therefrom can constitute satisfactory proof of the crime." People v. Solloway , 316 Mich.App. 174, 180-181, 891 N.W.2d 255 (2016) (citations omitted). " 'It is for the trier of fact, not the appellate court, to determine what inferences may be fairly drawn from the evidence and to determine the weight to be accorded those inferences.' " People v. Henry , 315 Mich.App. 130, 135, 889 N.W.2d 1 (2016), quoting People v. Hardiman , 466 Mich. 417, 428, 646 N.W.2d 158 (2002). B. ANALYSIS Under MCL 750.136b(3), a person is guilty of second-degree child abuse under any one of three circumstances: (a) The person's omission causes serious physical harm or serious mental harm to a child or if the person's reckless act causes serious physical harm or serious mental harm to a child. (b) The person knowingly or intentionally commits an act likely to cause serious physical or mental harm to a child regardless of whether harm results. (c) The person knowingly or intentionally commits an act that is cruel to a child regardless of whether harm results. Only Subdivision (a) is applicable in this case. Under Subdivision (a), a person can be convicted of second-degree child abuse if his or her "omission causes serious physical harm or serious mental harm to a child" or if his or her "reckless act causes serious physical harm or serious mental harm to a child." MCL 750.136b(3)(a). The prosecutor proceeded under the theory that Murphy had committed a reckless act causing serious physical harm to Trinity, not that her omission caused serious physical harm to Trinity, and that was the only theory on which the jury was instructed. To establish second-degree child abuse based on a reckless act, the prosecution must prove (1) that the defendant was a parent or a guardian of the child or had care or custody of or authority over the child, (2) that the defendant committed a reckless act, (3) that, as a result, the child suffered serious physical harm, and (4) that the child was under 18 years old at the time. See M. Crim. J.I. 17.20. Generally, determining whether an act was reckless is a jury question. See People v. Edwards , 206 Mich.App. 694, 696-697, 522 N.W.2d 727 (1994). The question in this case, however, is not whether Murphy was "reckless." Instead, it is whether she committed a "reckless act ." The statute does not define what constitutes an "act" for purposes of MCL 750.136b(3)(a). Black's Law Dictionary (10th ed.) defines "act" as "1. Something done or performed, esp. voluntarily; a deed," or "2. The process of doing or performing; an occurrence that results from a person's will being exerted on the external world[.]" Thus, in order to constitute a "reckless act" under the statute, the defendant must do something and do it recklessly. Simply failing to take an action does not constitute an act. In this case, the prosecutor presented no evidence that any affirmative act taken by Murphy led to Trinity's death. Instead, she only directed the jury to Murphy's reckless inaction , i.e., her failure to clean her house to ensure that morphine pills were not in Trinity's reach. Because there is no evidence in the record of a reckless act taken by Murphy that caused Trinity to suffer serious physical harm, we vacate her conviction and sentence for second-degree child abuse. Shapiro, J., concurred with M.J. Kelly, J. Trinity's father, Harold Murphy, was also charged in connection with her death. He was tried jointly with Murphy, convicted of second-degree child abuse, and sentenced. He has not appealed. It is not clear where Trinity found the morphine pill. However, there was testimony that her grandmother, who had been living in the home, had been prescribed morphine for pain management. The grandmother had colon cancer and had passed away about a month before Trinity's death. Murphy admitted to a police detective that a pill could have possibly fallen on the floor in the grandmother's bedroom. The police also located a prescription pill bottle containing morphine pills in a closet in the grandmother's former bedroom, but it appeared to be out of reach of an 11-month-old child. Thus, although speculative, the prosecutor argued that a pill had likely fallen to the floor and that because Trinity's parents had failed to clean the bedroom, Trinity was able to find and consumed it. "Person" is defined as "a child's parent or guardian or any other person who cares for, has custody of, or has authority over a child regardless of the length of time that a child is cared for, in the custody of, or subject to the authority of that person." MCL 750.136b(1)(d). There is no dispute in this case that Murphy qualifies as a "person" under the statute, nor is there any dispute that Trinity suffered serious physical harm. We note that under the facts presented to the jury, Murphy could not have been convicted of second-degree child abuse on an omission theory because the statute defines "omission" as "a willful failure to provide food, clothing, or shelter necessary for a child's welfare or willful abandonment of a child." MCL 750.136b(1)(c). Here, there is no evidence that Murphy willfully failed to provide food, clothing, or shelter to Trinity or that she willfully abandoned her. The concurrence takes issue with the definition of "reckless" set forth in People v. Gregg , 206 Mich.App. 208, 520 N.W.2d 690 (1994) and the definition of "reckless" adopted by the trial court in this case. We also have serious concerns about the loose definition in Gregg and the definition adopted by the trial court. However, given that the issue is not outcome-determinative, we decline to address it now, especially in the absence of briefing on the issue. Given our resolution of this issue we need not address Murphy's argument that she was completely deprived of the assistance of a lawyer during a portion of the trial or that her jail credit was improperly calculated. Nevertheless, we are compelled to briefly discuss the ineffective-assistance claim. Here, it is undisputed that for approximately 27 minutes during the trial, Murphy's lawyer was completely absent while her codefendant's lawyer cross-examined a police detective and while the prosecutor conducted a redirect-examination of the detective. The questions asked during Murphy's lawyer's absence included questions pertaining to Murphy that were arguably inculpatory. Although the lawyer's absence likely did not amount to a complete denial of counsel under United States v. Cronic , 466 U.S. 648, 659-662, 104 S.Ct. 2039, 80 L.Ed.2d 657 (1984), we find the court's willingness to proceed without Murphy's lawyer disturbing. A criminal defendant should not be punished for his or her lawyer's failure to timely appear for court proceedings. Although the absence was undoubtedly inconvenient for the court, the jury, the opposing lawyers, and the witnesses, the proposition that the presence of a lawyer in the courtroom is necessary for a party's proper defense is so fundamental that it hardly requires a citation of authority, and it should not have been so lightly ignored by the trial court.
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On order of the Chief Justice, the motion to substitute "RALPH HEGADORN, as Personal Representative of the Estate of MARY HEGADORN" as the plaintiff-appellant in all further proceedings before this Court is GRANTED.
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On order of the Chief Justice, the motion of defendant-appellee to extend the time for filing its supplemental brief is GRANTED. The supplemental brief will be accepted for filing if submitted on or before May 23, 2018.
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By order of September 6, 2016, the application for leave to appeal the November 17, 2015 judgment of the Court of Appeals and the motion to appoint counsel were held in abeyance pending the decisions in People v. Steanhouse (Docket No. 152849) and People v. Masroor (Docket Nos. 152946-8). On order of the Court, the cases having been decided on July 24, 2017, 500 Mich. 453, 902 N.W.2d 327 (2017), the application and motion are again considered. The motion to appoint counsel is DENIED as moot. The defendant is represented in this Court by attorney Michael Skinner, who filed the application on the defendant's behalf. We direct the Clerk to schedule oral argument on whether to grant the application or take other action. MCR 7.305(H)(1). The appellant shall file a supplemental brief within 42 days of the date of this order, addressing: (1) the appropriate basis for distinguishing between permissible trial court consideration of acquitted conduct, see People v. Ewing (After Remand) , 435 Mich. 443, 451-452, 458 N.W.2d 880 (1990) (opinion by BRICKLEY, J. ); id . at 473, 458 N.W.2d 880 (opinion by BOYLE, J. ); see also United States v. Watts , 519 U.S. 148, 117 S.Ct. 633, 136 L.Ed.2d 554 (1997), and an impermissible "independent finding of defendant's guilt" by a trial court on an acquitted charge, see People v. Grimmett , 388 Mich. 590, 608, 202 N.W.2d 278 (1972), overruled on other grounds by People v. White , 390 Mich. 245, 258, 212 N.W.2d 222 (1973) ; see also People v. Fortson , 202 Mich. App. 13, 21, 507 N.W.2d 763 (1993) ; and (2) whether the trial court abused its discretion by departing from the guidelines range, where the jury acquitted the defendant of murder, but the court departed based on its finding by a preponderance of the evidence that the defendant had perpetrated the killing. In addition to the brief, the appellant shall electronically file an appendix conforming to MCR 7.312(D)(2). In the brief, citations to the record must provide the appendix page numbers as required by MCR 7.312(B)(1). The appellee shall file a supplemental brief within 21 days of being served with the appellant's brief. The appellee shall also electronically file an appendix, or in the alternative, stipulate to the use of the appendix filed by the appellant. A reply, if any, must be filed by the appellant within 14 days of being served with the appellee's brief. The parties should not submit mere restatements of their application papers. We further direct the Clerk to schedule the oral argument in this case for the same future session of this Court when it will hear oral argument in People v. Dixon-Bey (Docket No. 156746), --- Mich. ----, 910 N.W.2d 303, 2018 WL 2089665 (2018). The Prosecuting Attorneys Association of Michigan and the Criminal Defense Attorneys of Michigan are invited to file briefs amicus curiae. Other persons or groups interested in the determination of the issues presented in this case may move the Court for permission to file briefs amicus curiae.
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On order of the Chief Justice, the motion of defendant-appellant to extend the time for filing his reply is GRANTED. The reply will be accepted for filing if submitted on or before May 23, 2018.
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On order of the Chief Justice, the motion of Michigan Protection and Advocacy Service, Inc., to participate as amicus curiae and to file an amicus brief is GRANTED. The amicus brief submitted on April 30, 2018, is accepted for filing.
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On order of the Chief Justice, the motion of James Dayson to file a brief amicus curiae in support of the defendant-appellee is DENIED because it fails to address the issues identified by the Court in its December 27, 2017 order directing oral argument on the application. The motion to extend the time for filing such brief is DENIED as moot.
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On order of the Court, the application for leave to appeal the July 11, 2017 order of the Court of Appeals is considered, and it is DENIED, because the defendant has failed to meet the burden of establishing entitlement to relief under MCR 6.508(D). The motion for evidentiary hearing is DENIED.
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On order of the Court, the application for leave to appeal the May 12, 2017 order of the Court of Appeals is considered, and it is DENIED, because the defendant has failed to meet the burden of establishing entitlement to relief under MCR 6.508(D). The motions to remand are DENIED. Wilder, J., did not participate because he was on the Court of Appeals panel.
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On order of the Court, the application for leave to appeal the November 22, 2017 order of the Court of Appeals is considered, and it is DENIED, because we are not persuaded that the questions presented should be reviewed by this Court.
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On order of the Court, the application for leave to appeal the December 28, 2017 judgment of the Court of Appeals is considered, and it is DENIED, because we are not persuaded that the question presented should be reviewed by this Court.
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On order of the Court, the application for leave to appeal the September 6, 2017 order of the Court of Appeals is considered, and it is DENIED, because we are not persuaded that the questions presented should be reviewed by this Court.
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On order of the Court, the application for leave to appeal the November 28, 2017 judgment of the Court of Appeals is considered, and it is DENIED, because we are not persuaded that the questions presented should be reviewed by this Court.
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On order of the Court, the application for leave to appeal the October 17, 2017 judgment of the Court of Appeals is considered, and it is DENIED, because we are not persuaded that the questions presented should be reviewed by this Court.
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On order of the Court, the application for leave to appeal the September 6, 2017 order of the Court of Appeals is considered, and it is DENIED, because we are not persuaded that the questions presented should be reviewed by this Court.
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On order of the Court, the application for leave to appeal the October 5, 2017 judgment of the Court of Appeals is considered, and it is DENIED, because we are not persuaded that the question presented should be reviewed by this Court.
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On order of the Court, the application for leave to appeal the November 22, 2017 order of the Court of Appeals is considered, and it is DENIED, because we are not persuaded that the question presented should be reviewed by this Court.
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On order of the Court, the application for leave to appeal the November 7, 2017 judgment of the Court of Appeals is considered, and it is DENIED, because we are not persuaded that the questions presented should be reviewed by this Court.
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On order of the Court, the application for leave to appeal the November 7, 2017 judgment of the Court of Appeals is considered, and it is DENIED, because we are not persuaded that the questions presented should be reviewed by this Court.
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On order of the Court, the application for leave to appeal the October 10, 2017 judgment of the Court of Appeals is considered, and it is DENIED, because we are not persuaded that the question presented should be reviewed by this Court. BERNSTEIN , J., did not participate because he has a family member with an interest that could be affected by the proceeding.
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On order of the Court, the application for leave to appeal the August 29, 2017 judgment of the Court of Appeals is considered, and it is DENIED, because we are not persuaded that the questions presented should be reviewed by this Court.
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On order of the Court, the motion for reconsideration of this Court's January 3, 2018 order is considered, and it is DENIED, because it does not appear that the order was entered erroneously.
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On order of the Court, the application for leave to appeal the June 27, 2017 order of the Court of Appeals is considered, and it is DENIED, because the defendant has failed to meet the burden of establishing entitlement to relief under MCR 6.508(D).
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On order of the Court, the application for leave to appeal the October 24, 2017 judgment of the Court of Appeals is considered, and it is DENIED, because we are not persuaded that the questions presented should be reviewed by this Court.
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On order of the Court, the application for leave to appeal the October 27, 2017 order of the Court of Appeals is considered, and it is DENIED, because we are not persuaded that the questions presented should be reviewed by this Court.
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On order of the Court, the application for leave to appeal the October 17, 2017 judgment of the Court of Appeals is considered, and it is DENIED, because we are not persuaded that the questions presented should be reviewed by this Court.
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On order of the Court, the application for leave to appeal the October 12, 2017 order of the Court of Appeals is considered, and it is DENIED, because we are not persuaded that the question presented should be reviewed by this Court.
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On order of the Court, the application for leave to appeal the September 19, 2017 judgment of the Court of Appeals is considered, and it is DENIED, because we are not persuaded that the questions presented should be reviewed by this Court.
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On order of the Court, the application for leave to appeal the August 22, 2017 judgment of the Court of Appeals is considered, and it is DENIED, because we are not persuaded that the questions presented should be reviewed by this Court.
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On order of the Court, the motion for reconsideration of this Court's February 20, 2018 order is considered, and it is DENIED, because it does not appear that the order was entered erroneously.
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On order of the Court, the motion for immediate consideration is GRANTED. The motion for reconsideration of this Court's May 16, 2018 order is considered, and it is DENIED, because it does not appear that the order was entered erroneously.
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On order of the Court, the application for leave to appeal the January 11, 2018 order of the Court of Appeals is considered, and it is DENIED, because we are not persuaded that the question presented should be reviewed by this Court.
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On order of the Court, the application for leave to appeal the September 14, 2017 order of the Court of Appeals is considered, and it is DENIED, because the defendant has failed to meet the burden of establishing entitlement to relief under MCR 6.508(D).
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On order of the Court, the application for leave to appeal the November 27, 2017 order of the Court of Appeals is considered and, pursuant to MCR 7.305(H)(1), in lieu of granting leave to appeal, we REMAND this case to the Court of Appeals for consideration as on leave granted.
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On order of the Court, the application for leave to appeal the December 7, 2017 judgment of the Court of Appeals is considered, and it is DENIED, because we are not persuaded that the questions presented should be reviewed by this Court.
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On order of the Court, the application for leave to appeal the August 28, 2017 order of the Court of Appeals is considered, and it is DENIED, because we are not persuaded that the questions presented should be reviewed by this Court.
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On order of the Court, the application for leave to appeal the January 4, 2018 judgment of the Court of Appeals is considered, and it is DENIED, because we are not persuaded that the question presented should be reviewed by this Court.
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On order of the Court, the application for leave to appeal the January 4, 2018 judgment of the Court of Appeals is considered and, it appearing to this Court that the case of People v. Ames (Docket No. 156077) is pending on appeal before this Court and that the decision in that case may resolve an issue raised in the present application for leave to appeal, we ORDER that the application be held in ABEYANCE pending the decision in that case.
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On order of the Court, the application for leave to appeal the December 12, 2017 judgment of the Court of Appeals is considered, and it is DENIED, because we are not persuaded that the questions presented should be reviewed by this Court.
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On order of the Court, the application for leave to appeal the February 13, 2018 judgment of the Court of Appeals is considered, and it is DENIED, because we are not persuaded that the questions presented should be reviewed by this Court.
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On order of the Court, the application for leave to appeal the February 13, 2018 judgment of the Court of Appeals is considered, and it is DENIED, because we are not persuaded that the questions presented should be reviewed by this Court.
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On order of the Court, the application for leave to appeal the October 25, 2017 order of the Court of Appeals is considered, and it is DENIED, because the defendant has failed to meet the burden of establishing entitlement to relief under MCR 6.508(D).
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On order of the Court, the application for leave to appeal the December 12, 2017 judgment of the Court of Appeals is considered, and it is DENIED, because we are not persuaded that the questions presented should be reviewed by this Court.
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On order of the Court, the application for leave to appeal the January 16, 2018 judgment of the Court of Appeals is considered, and it is DENIED, because we are not persuaded that the question presented should be reviewed by this Court.
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On order of the Court, the application for leave to appeal the September 15, 2017 order of the Court of Appeals is considered, and it is DENIED, because the defendant has failed to meet the burden of establishing entitlement to relief under MCR 6.508(D).
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On order of the Court, the application for leave to appeal the October 25, 2017 order of the Court of Appeals is considered and, it appearing to this Court that the case of People v. Harbison (Docket No. 157404), --- Mich. ----, 911 N.W.2d 199 (2018) is pending on appeal before this Court and that a decision in that case may resolve an issue raised in the present application for leave to appeal, we ORDER that the application be held in ABEYANCE pending the decision in that case. The motion to suppress statement remains pending.
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On order of the Court, the application for leave to appeal the January 23, 2018 judgment of the Court of Appeals is considered, and it is DENIED, because we are not persuaded that the questions presented should be reviewed by this Court.
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On order of the Court, the application for leave to appeal the February 6, 2018 order of the Court of Appeals is considered, and it is DENIED, because we are not persuaded that the question presented should be reviewed by this Court.
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On order of the Chief Justice, the stipulation signed by counsel for the parties agreeing to the dismissal of the application for leave to appeal is considered, and the application for leave to appeal is DISMISSED with prejudice and without costs.
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On order of the Chief Justice, the motion of defendant-appellant to file an application for leave to appeal in excess of the page limitation is DENIED. The defendant-appellant shall file a substitute application for leave to appeal within 35 days of the date of this order limited to no more than 70 pages. Failure to timely file the substitute application may result in the administrative dismissal of this appeal under MCR 7.317(B).
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On order of the Chief Justice, the motion of defendant-appellant to extend the time for filing its supplemental brief is GRANTED. The supplemental brief will be accepted as timely filed if submitted on or before July 25, 2018.
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Murray, J. This case arises from defendant's robbery and shooting of James Winbush on December 15, 2015, during the course of what was supposed to be a sale of Winbush's video game equipment to defendant. Defendant was convicted by a jury of assault with intent to do great bodily harm less than murder, MCL 750.84, armed robbery, MCL 750.529, carrying a concealed weapon, MCL 750.227, and possession of a firearm during the commission of a felony (felony-firearm), MCL 750.227b. Defendant does not argue that anything occurring during trial warrants a reversal of his convictions. Nor does he challenge his sentences. Instead, defendant argues that the use of a one-person grand jury, see MCL 767.3 and MCL 767.4, violated his right to counsel and his right to confront the witnesses against him. And, because his counsel did not lodge these objections to the proceedings, defendant argues that he received the ineffective assistance of counsel. We affirm. I. PERTINENT BACKGROUND On December 14, 2015, Winbush made arrangements through the Internet to sell two video game systems and some accompanying video games to a buyer named Darius King. The transaction was to be completed at Winbush's house on the morning of December 15, 2015. Winbush had never met King, and did not otherwise know who King was. That morning, Winbush informed his adoptive brother, Dion Strange, that a buyer was coming to their house to purchase the video game systems and accompanying video games. Not long after the discussion between Winbush and Strange, a man arrived at the house and called to let Winbush know. Winbush and Strange went to the porch to complete the sale. The man then exited a parked Ford Taurus and came to the porch. Winbush, however, recognized the man not as King, but as defendant, because Winbush had spent time with defendant at a juvenile detention facility. Winbush attempted to proceed with the sale. However, not long after arriving at the porch, defendant pulled out a gun and indicated that he was robbing Winbush. In response, Winbush reached out to grab the gun, a struggle ensued, and defendant subsequently shot Winbush several times before fleeing the scene. Strange, who was in the doorway leading into the house during the incident, was not hit by any bullets. Before being taken to the hospital, Winbush indicated to his aunt that he was shot by someone named TSN Monya. While at the hospital, Strange asked Winbush who shot him. Winbush responded, "TSN Monya." Strange recognized the name because, at some point in the past, Strange had seen defendant rapping in a music video. Once Strange heard Winbush's response, he searched for defendant on Facebook, an Internet website, and was able to find a corresponding Facebook account entitled "TSN Big Homie Monya" that featured photographs of defendant. Strange then showed Winbush two photographs from the account, and Winbush recognized the photographed individual as the shooter. Strange later showed the photographs to a detective. In turn, the detective spoke to Winbush, obtained a statement, and showed Winbush a photographic lineup. Winbush selected defendant from the photographic lineup. The lineup was eventually introduced at trial. Defendant was indicted by a one-person grand jury at which Winbush and Strange were the only witnesses who testified. At trial, both Winbush and Strange made in-court identifications of defendant as the shooter. Defendant was subsequently convicted by the jury. II. STANDARD OF REVIEW "The question whether [defendant's trial attorney] performed ineffectively is a mixed question of law and fact[.]" People v. Trakhtenberg , 493 Mich. 38, 47, 826 N.W.2d 136 (2012). To the extent that defendant's arguments rely on constitutional provisions, this Court reviews these issues de novo. People v. Fonville , 291 Mich.App. 363, 376, 804 N.W.2d 878 (2011). Likewise, to the extent defendant's arguments involve the interpretation and application of statutes, this Court's review is also de novo. People v. Waclawski , 286 Mich.App. 634, 645, 780 N.W.2d 321 (2009). Constitutional challenges must be raised in the trial court; otherwise, those challenges are "not properly preserved for appellate review." People v. Hogan , 225 Mich.App. 431, 438, 571 N.W.2d 737 (1997). Because defendant failed to challenge the use of the one-person grand jury procedure in the trial court, defendant's arguments are unpreserved and are reviewed for plain error affecting substantial rights. People v. Carines , 460 Mich. 750, 763-764, 597 N.W.2d 130 (1999). To satisfy the plain error test, defendant must show that an obvious or clear error occurred and that the error affected the outcome of the trial court proceedings. Id . at 763. However, reversal is only warranted when the plain error results in the conviction of an "actually innocent defendant or when an error seriously affect[s] the fairness, integrity or public reputation of judicial proceedings independent of the defendant's innocence." Id . at 763, 597 N.W.2d 130 (quotation marks, apostrophe, and citation omitted). III. ANALYSIS Defendant contends that his trial attorney was ineffective for failing to object to the use of the statutory one-person grand jury procedure because its use to indict defendant was unconstitutional given that it unduly impinged on defendant's constitutional right to counsel and his right to confront the witnesses against him. The first part of the one-person grand jury procedure is set forth in MCL 767.3, and it provides, in pertinent part: Whenever by reason of the filing of any complaint, which may be upon information and belief, or upon the application of the prosecuting attorney or attorney general, any judge of a court of law and of record shall have probable cause to suspect that any crime, offense or misdemeanor has been committed within his jurisdiction, and that any persons may be able to give any material evidence respecting such suspected crime, offense or misdemeanor, such judge in his discretion may make an order directing that an inquiry be made into the matters relating to such complaint, which order, or any amendment thereof, shall be specific to common intent of the scope of the inquiry to be conducted, and thereupon conduct such inquiry. In any court having more than 1 judge such order and the designation of the judge to conduct the inquiry shall be made in accordance with the rules of such court. Thereupon such judge shall require such persons to attend before him as witnesses and answer such questions as the judge may require concerning any violation of law about which they may be questioned within the scope of the order. The second part of the procedure is contained within MCL 767.4, which provides, in pertinent part: If upon such inquiry the judge shall be satisfied that any offense has been committed and that there is probable cause to suspect any person to be guilty thereof, he may cause the apprehension of such person by proper process and, upon the return of such process served or executed, the judge having jurisdiction shall proceed with the case, matter or proceeding in like manner as upon formal complaint. Defendant contends this procedure unduly impinges on his Sixth Amendment right to counsel and right to confrontation. Defendant also asserts that because his trial attorney failed to object to the improper use of the procedure, defendant was denied the effective assistance of trial counsel. Defendant's arguments are unavailing. Arguments that a defendant received the ineffective assistance of trial counsel are evaluated under the standard set forth in Strickland v. Washington , 466 U.S. 668, 687, 104 S.Ct. 2052, 80 L.Ed. 2d 674 (1984). People v. Hoag , 460 Mich. 1, 5, 594 N.W.2d 57 (1999). "In order to obtain a new trial, a defendant must show that (1) [trial] counsel's performance fell below an objective standard of reasonableness and (2) but for [trial] counsel's deficient performance, there is a reasonable probability that the outcome would have been different." Trakhtenberg , 493 Mich. at 51, 826 N.W.2d 136. Under the deficient-performance prong, a reviewing court evaluates whether the trial attorney's "acts or omissions were outside the wide range of professionally competent assistance." People v. Vaughn , 491 Mich. 642, 670, 821 N.W.2d 288 (2012) (quotation marks and citation omitted). In conducting this review, it is strongly presumed that defendant's trial attorney "rendered adequate assistance and made all significant decisions in the exercise of reasonable professional judgment." Id . (quotation marks and citation omitted). Stated differently, "defendant must overcome the strong presumption that [trial] counsel's performance was born from a sound trial strategy." Trakhtenberg , 493 Mich. at 52, 826 N.W.2d 136. And, unless defendant's assertion falls under one of the narrow circumstances where prejudice is presumed, defendant must "affirmatively prove prejudice" by showing "a reasonable probability that, but for [trial] counsel's unprofessional errors, the result of the proceeding would have been different." Vaughn , 491 Mich. at 671, 821 N.W.2d 288 (quotation marks and citation omitted). Defendant's arguments cannot overcome the high legal hurdles placed in their way. And there are many. First, "[t]he right to counsel attaches ... only at or after the initiation of adversary judicial proceedings against the accused by way of a formal charge, preliminary hearing, indictment, information, or arraignment." People v. Buie (On Remand) , 298 Mich.App. 50, 61, 825 N.W.2d 361 (2012) (quotation marks and citation omitted). " 'A grand jury proceeding is not an adversary hearing in which the guilt or innocence of the accused is adjudicated. Rather, it is an ex parte investigation to determine whether a crime has been committed and whether criminal proceedings should be instituted against any person.' " People v. Morris , 228 Mich.App. 380, 385, 579 N.W.2d 109 (1998), quoting United States v. Calandra , 414 U.S. 338, 343-344, 94 S.Ct. 613, 38 L.Ed. 2d 561 (1974). Consequently, because the one-person grand jury procedure is used to determine whether criminal proceedings should be instituted against an individual by way of an indictment, there is not yet a formal charge, preliminary hearing, indictment, information, or arraignment that indicates adversarial judicial proceedings have begun; thus, defendant's right to counsel had not yet attached. See People v. Glass (After Remand) , 464 Mich. 266, 276, 627 N.W.2d 261 (2001) ("[C]riminal prosecutions may be initiated ... by either indictment or information."); MCR 6.112(B) ("A prosecution must be based on an information or an indictment.... An indictment is returned and filed without a preliminary examination. When this occurs, the indictment shall commence judicial proceedings."); MCL 767.4 (providing that the trial court "shall proceed with the case" after the one-person grand jury returns an indictment). Moreover, defendant did not have a statutory right to the presence of counsel at the one-person grand jury proceeding because defendant was not called before the one-person grand jury. See MCL 767.19e (providing that witnesses called before a grand jury are statutorily entitled to consult and have legal counsel present during the inquiry). Thus, defendant's right to counsel was not impinged on by the one-person grand jury procedure because defendant's right to counsel had not yet attached at the time of the challenged procedure. Second, " '[t]he central concern of the Confrontation Clause is to ensure the reliability of the evidence against a criminal defendant by subjecting it to rigorous testing in the context of an adversary proceeding before the trier of fact.' " People v. Pesquera , 244 Mich.App. 305, 309, 625 N.W.2d 407 (2001), quoting Maryland v. Craig , 497 U.S. 836, 845, 110 S.Ct. 3157, 111 L.Ed. 2d 666 (1990). However, because there was no indictment against defendant at the time of the one-person grand jury, defendant's right to confront witnesses was not implicated because he was not yet a "criminal defendant" who had been formally charged. This holds true because " '[a] grand jury proceeding is not an adversary hearing in which the guilt or innocence of the accused is adjudicated. Rather, it is an ex parte investigation to determine whether a crime has been committed and whether criminal proceedings should be instituted against any person.' " Morris , 228 Mich.App. at 385, 579 N.W.2d 109, quoting Calandra , 414 U.S. at 343-344, 94 S.Ct. 613. Hence, defendant's argument is misguided because the protections afforded by the Confrontation Clause have not yet come to fruition at the time of the one-person grand jury. Third, defendant's argument that the one-person grand jury procedure is, as a matter of policy, improper, is neither an issue this Court (or any court) can decide, nor is it otherwise compelling because the Legislature acted within its province when it created an "alternative charging procedure." People v. Farquharson , 274 Mich.App. 268, 273-274, 731 N.W.2d 797 (2007). Having been created, the procedure may be invoked at a prosecutor's discretion. Additionally, because it is an alternative charging procedure, it does not "replace[ ] the preliminary examination" as defendant asserts. Rather, both serve the same function: to determine whether there is probable cause to believe that a person committed a crime. People v. Yost , 468 Mich. 122, 125-126, 659 N.W.2d 604 (2003) (discussing a preliminary examination's function); Farquharson , 274 Mich.App. at 274, 731 N.W.2d 797 (noting that a one-person grand jury may be convened to determine whether probable cause exists). Further, just like "[t]here is no state constitutional right to indictment by grand jury," Farquharson , 274 Mich.App. at 273, 731 N.W.2d 797, there is no state constitutional right to a preliminary examination, Yost , 468 Mich. at 125, 659 N.W.2d 604 (noting that the right to preliminary examination is a purely statutory right). Moreover, in both a one-person grand jury and a preliminary examination, the individual who decides whether there is probable cause is the same: a judge. MCL 767.3 (one-person grand jury); MCL 766.13 (preliminary examination). At bottom, the one-person grand jury does not impinge on defendant's asserted constitutional rights. Fourth, because there is no basis for concluding that the use of the one-person grand jury violated defendant's asserted constitutional rights, defendant did not receive the ineffective assistance of trial counsel. That is, "[f]ailing to advance a meritless argument or raise a futile objection does not constitute ineffective assistance of counsel." People v. Ericksen , 288 Mich.App. 192, 201, 793 N.W.2d 120 (2010). Because there is no basis on which to conclude that the one-person grand jury violated defendant's constitutional rights, defendant's trial attorney was not ineffective for failing to advance these arguments. The fifth and final hurdle that defendant cannot overcome is a showing of any prejudice. Defendant's argument that his trial attorney was ineffective rests on the theory that if a preliminary examination would have been held, no probable cause would have been found because the "far from certain" identification of defendant would have been exposed on cross-examination. However, defendant's argument ignores the jury verdict. In other words, because "defendant's conviction was based on proof beyond a reasonable doubt, [this Court] can surmise that had a preliminary examination been conducted," as defendant argued for here, "defendant would have been bound over to circuit court for trial since the lesser standard of probable cause is used at preliminary examination." People v. McGee , 258 Mich.App. 683, 698, 672 N.W.2d 191 (2003). Further, because defendant had the opportunity to cross-examine the grand jury witnesses at trial, defendant failed to establish that the use of the one-person grand jury procedure "otherwise affected the fairness of the trial or the reliability of the verdict . . . ." Id. at 698-699, 672 N.W.2d 191. Thus, even if use of the one-person grand jury procedure was unconstitutional, it "was harmless error relating to pleading or procedure that did not result in a miscarriage of justice." Id . at 699, 672 N.W.2d 191 (quotation marks, alteration, and citation omitted). As a result, defendant cannot show prejudice from the use of the one-person grand jury given that he was ultimately convicted by proof beyond a reasonable doubt. Affirmed. TALBOT, C.J., and O'BRIEN, J., concurred with MURRAY, J. The Sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution, applicable to the States through the Fourteenth Amendment, provides as follows: In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right to a speedy and public trial, by an impartial jury of the State and district wherein the crime shall have been committed, which district shall have been previously ascertained by law, and to be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation; to be confronted with the witnesses against him; to have compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his favor, and to have the Assistance of Counsel for his defence. Defendant's argument lacks particular force because the witnesses that testified at the grand jury, Winbush and Strange, later testified at trial and defendant could, and did, confront them there. The core of Winbush's and Strange's grand jury testimony about the shooting largely mirrored their testimony at trial: shortly after defendant came to the porch to buy the merchandise that Winbush was selling, defendant pulled out a gun, aimed it towards Winbush, indicated that Winbush was being robbed, and subsequently shot Winbush before fleeing the scene. Likewise, the core of Winbush's identification of defendant was largely the same: Winbush recognized defendant from the time the two spent together at a juvenile detention facility. Similarly, the core of Strange's identification of defendant was largely the same: Strange asked Winbush who the shooter was, and defendant responded, "TSN Monya." Strange then used that information to find pictures of defendant taken from defendant's Facebook account, Strange showed the pictures to Winbush, and Winbush indicated that the pictures depicted his shooter.
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On order of the Court, the application for leave to appeal the September 5, 2017 judgment of the Court of Appeals is considered, and it is DENIED, because we are not persuaded that the question presented should be reviewed by this Court. McCormack, J. (dissenting.) I would have granted leave to appeal to consider whether the plaintiff's union breached the duty of fair representation when it concluded, apparently without considering the proper legal standard, that the plaintiff's claim lacked merit. Plaintiff William Zastrow worked for the defendant city of Wyoming as the assistant director of the Public Works Department for 13 years. Until he was fired in 2015, Zastrow had never been disciplined, had a good work record, and received a 100% rating on his last performance review. Zastrow's termination occurred after he made comments to a coworker, Randy Colvin, expressing frustration about police officers' repeated violations of a city policy that required them to remove their service weapons from their vehicles before bringing them to the garage for maintenance. Colvin had just discovered a semi-automatic rifle left in the back of a police cruiser he was working on. Colvin gave the gun to Zastrow, who made the gun safe and gave it back to Colvin to place in a secure locker. While he was still holding the gun, Zastrow complained about the frequent violations of the policy and allegedly said something like "Maybe now I will get some respect," referencing the gun. Colvin stated that he did not feel threatened. He described Zastrow's demeanor as "bummed out" and "worried." Colvin described the incident to other city employees, however, and those employees complained to city management. The matter was eventually referred to the Department of Public Works for an investigation. After the investigation, Zastrow was fired. The city cited two grounds for termination: (1) violating a city rule that prohibited threatening statements made to another city employee at work, and (2) violating a city rule that prohibited dishonesty during an investigation. Zastrow asked his union to pursue a grievance on his behalf. The union filed a notice of intent and formed an ad hoc committee to investigate. The grievance committee report recommended against pursuing a formal grievance. The union gave two reasons for not proceeding to arbitration. First, the union did not want to set a precedent that it would be expected to arbitrate other cases in the future. And second, the union concluded that there was a low likelihood that it could prevail at arbitration. Zastrow brought this action claiming, in relevant part, that the union breached its duty of fair representation when it dismissed plaintiff's formal grievance without proceeding to arbitration. The trial court granted defendants' motions for summary disposition under MCR 2.116(C)(10) and dismissed the lawsuit. A divided panel of the Court of Appeals affirmed in an unpublished decision. Zastrow sought leave to appeal that decision here. The duty of fair representation at least includes the following three responsibilities: "(1) 'to serve the interests of all members without hostility or discrimination toward any', (2) 'to exercise its discretion with complete good faith and honesty', and (3) 'to avoid arbitrary conduct'. " Goolsby v. Detroit , 419 Mich. 651, 664, 358 N.W.2d 856 (1984) (citation omitted). A union has "considerable discretion to decide which grievances shall be pressed and which shall be settled." Lowe v. Hotel & Restaurant Employees Union, Local 705 , 389 Mich. 123, 146, 205 N.W.2d 167 (1973). "[A]n individual member does not have the right to demand that his grievance be pressed to arbitration .... When the general good [of the union's membership] conflicts with the needs or desires of an individual member, the discretion of the union to choose the former is paramount." Id. The determination of what constitutes a frivolous grievance is a matter of the union's discretion. But the duty of fair representation requires that the union exercise its discretion in good faith, avoiding conduct that is arbitrary, unreasoned, or irrational. Here, the Court of Appeals majority concluded that the union's decision was based on its determination that the grievance lacked merit and would not serve the union's best interest, and that Zastrow thus failed to show that the union's decision was made in bad faith. The Court of Appeals majority seems to have ruled that because the union went through the motions of an investigation, the court must defer to its conclusions. Yet that is not our standard. "[A] union, through arbitrary conduct and absent any bad faith, can breach its duty of fair representation." Goolsby , 419 Mich. at 679, 358 N.W.2d 856. "In addition to prohibiting impulsive, irrational, or unreasoned conduct, the duty of fair representation also proscribes inept conduct undertaken with little care or with indifference to the interests of those affected." Id . Here, the committee tasked with evaluating the individual merits of Zastrow's case did not have any experience with arbitration, had not been given any instructions, and had not considered the legal standards under which the case's merits would be evaluated. As a result, the union appears to have erroneously focused on whether it could convince the city to reverse its decision, when the question was whether it could convince a neutral arbitrator. As the dissenting judge pointed out, [A] review of the record leads to the conclusion that any attorney moderately skilled at litigation who reviewed the evidence and contractual standards relevant to this grievance would conclude that there was a strong likelihood of success, either of prevailing outright or at least in reducing the sanction. Zastrow v. City of Wyoming , unpublished per curiam opinion of the Court of Appeals, issued September 5, 2017 (Docket No. 331791) ( SHAPIRO , J., dissenting), p. 5, 2017 WL 3878983. Lowe holds that a union has discretion to abandon a claim it determines to be frivolous or that conflicts with the interests of its general membership. Lowe , 389 Mich. at 146, 205 N.W.2d 167. But it must exercise that discretion " 'with complete good faith and honesty, ... avoid[ing] arbitrary conduct.' " Goolsby , 419 Mich. at 664, 358 N.W.2d 856 (citation omitted). It is not clear to me whether the seemingly unreasoned investigation undertaken here by the union's grievance committee could satisfy that standard. It is just as arbitrary to decide a claim after an inadequate or unreasoned investigation as it is to conduct no investigation at all. Moreover, I am troubled by the union's claim that it served "the general good" of its membership to avoid setting a precedent that it would arbitrate other cases in the future. Although a union could indeed avoid arbitration of meritless claims by refusing to arbitrate any claim, such an approach hardly qualifies as representation, much less fair representation. Accordingly, I would have granted leave to consider whether there was a question of fact as to whether the union met its duty of fair representation. Viviano, J., joins the statement of McCormack, J.
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On order of the Court, the application for leave to appeal the January 11, 2018 judgment of the Court of Appeals is considered, and it is DENIED, because we are not persuaded that the question presented should be reviewed by this Court.
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K. F. Kelly, J. The prosecutor appeals by right an order dismissing a charge of possession of a controlled substance (codeine), a violation of MCL 333.7403(2)(b)(ii). The dismissal was based on the circuit court's earlier opinion and order that granted defendant's motion to suppress evidence. Finding no errors warranting reversal, we affirm. I. BASIC FACTS On March 14, 2015, Michigan State Police Trooper Everett Morris observed defendant traveling 83 miles per hour in a 70-miles-per-hour zone. Morris decided to conduct a traffic stop. Defendant was the lone occupant of the car. Morris testified that he "noticed several pill bottles along with several like whippet canisters. They would be nitrous oxide ... [o]n the rear floorboard." Morris observed about a dozen of the containers. He explained: "They caught my attention because I've dealt with them before where people use them and they huff 'em for a temporary high." Morris confronted defendant about the canisters: A . ... We discussed the huffing of the whippets or nitrous oxide that were in the back of the seat. I asked him, you know, when the last time it was that he used it. Q . And what did he say? A . He stated four days ago. Q . Okay. And what, if anything, did you say? A . I informed him that that stuff will kill your brain. Q . And did he respond to your statement? A . I believe he said I know. Morris unsuccessfully sought defendant's consent to search the car. He nevertheless ordered defendant out of the car and searched it. In addition to the nitrous oxide whippets, Morris found a canister that can be used for inhaling nitrous oxide. Morris also found an empty bottle of codeine syrup with the name removed, as well as pill bottles with the names removed. Morris found six pills, which were determined to be codeine, located inside a jacket belonging to defendant. Morris was not concerned that defendant was actually intoxicated at the time, and he did not confiscate the whippets, the canister, or the empty medicine bottles. On January 19, 2016, circuit court granted defendant's motion to suppress the evidence but did not specifically grant or deny defendant's motion to dismiss the case for lack of untainted evidence. The parties subsequently appeared before the court on January 21, 2016: Mr. Meizlish [prosecutor]: Your Honor, as I imagine you recall, you entered an order suppressing the evidence in this matter.... Both sides agreed that if-you should-that you could set the matter for a trial right now. The Court : Okay. So, everybody waives their right to a trial? Ms. Moise [defense counsel]: Yes. Mr. Meizlish : We're just setting it for trial right now. The Court : We'll set it right now. Mr. Meizlish : All right. Your Honor, we are unable to proceed at this time. Ms. Moise : Your Honor, I move for the Court to dismiss this matter. The Court : The prosecutor being unable to proceed, the Court will dismiss the charges. Mr. Meizlish : Your Honor, I've prepared an order. The Court : Do you want to sign it, then- Mr. Meizlish : Sure. The Court : -we can be done with it? All right. We're all set. The circuit court entered an order that provided, "I hereby grant Defendant's motion to dismiss the matter." The prosecution now appeals by right. In response, defendant argues that the appeal is moot. II. MOOTNESS Defendant argues that the prosecution's actions have rendered this appeal moot in keeping with People v. Richmond , 486 Mich. 29, 782 N.W.2d 187 (2010). An appellate court reviews de novo whether an issue is moot. Garrett v. Washington , 314 Mich.App. 436, 449, 886 N.W.2d 762 (2016). In Richmond , the circuit court granted the defendant's motion to suppress the evidence because the affidavit supporting the search warrant was insufficient to establish probable cause. Richmond , 486 Mich. at 33, 782 N.W.2d 187 There, as here, the circuit court's ruling resulted in the exclusion of all of the evidence against the defendant. Id . at 32-33, 782 N.W.2d 187. "The prosecutor then moved to voluntarily dismiss the case without prejudice, stating that '[g]iven the Court's decision, it would make more sense for me to dismiss this case at this time since we are not able to go forward since the evidence has been suppressed.' " Id. at 33, 782 N.W.2d 187 (alteration in original). The circuit court signed an order dismissing the case without prejudice " 'on the motion of the People.' " Id. The prosecutor then appealed the circuit court's decision to suppress the evidence. Id. This Court reversed the circuit court's order and remanded the case for reinstatement of the charges against the defendant. Id . On appeal in the Michigan Supreme Court, the defendant argued for the first time that the Court of Appeals should not have considered the prosecution's appeal "because the issue was moot after the prosecution voluntarily obtained dismissal of the case." Id. The Supreme Court agreed and held "that the prosecution's voluntary dismissal of the charges rendered its appeal moot and, because a court should not hear moot issues except in circumstances that are not applicable under the facts of this case, the Court of Appeals erred by reaching the substantive issues of the prosecution's appeal." Id. at 34, 782 N.W.2d 187. The matter was moot because there was no actual controversy. The Court explained: In this case, the prosecution's own action clearly rendered its subsequent appeal moot. After the circuit court suppressed the evidence, the prosecution moved to dismiss the charges against defendant. As a result of the prosecution's voluntarily seeking dismissal of the charges, the circuit court dismissed the charges without prejudice and any existing controversy between the parties was rendered moot. Once the charges were dismissed, an action no longer existed, and, thus, there was no longer any controversy left for the Court of Appeals to consider. Accordingly, because all the charges against defendant had been dismissed at the time of the prosecution's appeal, the Court of Appeals judgment was based on a pretended controversy that did not rest upon existing facts or rights. Because a court cannot tender advice on matters that are no longer in litigation, the Court of Appeals made a determination on a mere barren right-a purely moot question, which, under this Court's precedent, it did not have the power to decide. [ Id. at 35-36, 782 N.W.2d 187 (quotation marks and citations omitted).] We decline defendant's invitation to extend the Richmond rule to situations in which the prosecution does not specifically seek to dismiss the case. The Court's focus in Richmond was clearly on the prosecution's actions. In this case, the prosecution did not seek a dismissal. The order clearly states that it was defendant's motion. This case is distinguishable from Richmond because it does not involve a voluntary dismissal by the prosecution. Instead, defendant requested that the circuit court dismiss the charges as part of the motion to suppress. III. SUPPRESSION The prosecution argues that Morris had probable cause to search defendant's vehicle under the automobile exception based on defendant's admission that he committed the crime of inhaling a chemical agent, MCL 752.272, and based on Morris's observation of several nitrous oxide canisters and pill bottles on the vehicle's floorboard. The prosecution further argues that there was probable cause to arrest defendant for inhaling nitrous oxide, which would have triggered an inventory search of the vehicle and would have led to the inevitable discovery of the codeine pills. "We review de novo the circuit court's ultimate ruling on a motion to suppress evidence." People v. Barbarich , 291 Mich.App. 468, 471, 807 N.W.2d 56 (2011). The circuit court properly suppressed the evidence seized because it was the result of an unlawful search. Our Court has stated: The Fourth Amendment of the United States Constitution and article 1, § 11 of the Michigan Constitution protect against unreasonable searches and seizures. Generally, searches or seizures conducted without a warrant are presumptively unreasonable and, therefore, unconstitutional. This does not mean that all searches and seizures conducted without a warrant are forbidden; only those that are unreasonable. The United States Supreme Court has carved out numerous exceptions to the general rule that warrantless searches are unreasonable using a test that balances the governmental interest that justifies the intrusion against an individual's right to be free of arbitrary police interference..... ... Each of these exceptions, however, still requires reasonableness and probable cause. [ People v. Barbarich , 291 Mich.App. 468, 472-473, 807 N.W.2d 56 (2011) (quotation marks and citations omitted).] "Probable cause exists when the facts and circumstances known to the police officers at the time of the search would lead a reasonably prudent person to believe that a crime has been or is being committed and that evidence will be found in a particular place." People v. Beuschlein , 245 Mich.App. 744, 750, 630 N.W.2d 921 (2001). A. AUTOMOBILE EXCEPTION "An exception to the warrant requirement exists for searches of automobiles." People v. Levine , 461 Mich. 172, 179, 600 N.W.2d 622 (1999). Once again, however, "[t]he exception applies only to searches supported by probable cause." Id. "The determination whether probable cause exists to support a search, including a search of an automobile without a warrant, should be made in a commonsense manner in light of the totality of the circumstances." People v. Garvin , 235 Mich.App. 90, 102, 597 N.W.2d 194 (1999). "[T]he probable-cause determination must be based on objective facts that could justify the issuance of a warrant by a magistrate and not merely on the subjective good faith of the police officers." United States v. Ross , 456 U.S. 798, 808, 102 S.Ct. 2157, 2164, 72 L.Ed.2d 572 (1982). The question in this case is whether Morris, under the totality of the circumstances, had probable cause to believe that a crime had been or was being committed and that evidence of the crime would be found in the car. The prosecution relies heavily on People v. Kazmierczak , 461 Mich. 411, 605 N.W.2d 667 (2000), and argues that the totality of the circumstances revealed a fair probability that Morris would find evidence that defendant committed the crime of inhaling chemical agents in violation of MCL 752.272, as well as possession or use of controlled substances under MCL 333.7404(2)(b). In Kazmierczak , the Michigan Supreme Court concluded that: when a qualified person smells an odor sufficiently distinctive to identify contraband, the odor alone may provide probable cause to believe that contraband is present. Thus, the odor provides a "substantial basis" for inferring a "fair probability" that contraband or evidence of a crime will be found. Here, Officer Bordo testified that he had previous experience involving marijuana investigations and that he recognized "a very strong smell of marijuana emanating from the vehicle." The trial court found the officer's testimony to have been credible. Under such circumstances, probable cause to search for marijuana existed. [ Kazmierczak , 461 Mich. at 420-422, 605 N.W.2d 667 (citation omitted).] Here, the prosecution argues that, like Bordo in Kazmierczak , Morris had probable cause to believe that a search of defendant's vehicle would reveal evidence of the crime of possession of a controlled substance based on defendant's admission that he committed the crime of inhaling a chemical agent and based on Morris's observation of several nitrous oxide canisters and pill bottles on the vehicle's floorboard. However, Kazmierczak is distinguishable from the case at bar in a significant way-the possession of marijuana in Kazmierczak was a crime in and of itself, whereas defendant's possession of the nitrous oxide canisters and pill bottles was perfectly legal. The canisters did not form the basis for probable cause to search defendant's vehicle. The prosecution argues, however, that the canisters along with defendant's admission provided probable cause for the search. Defendant admitted that he had inhaled nitrous oxide four before the traffic stop, and inhalation of a chemical agent is prohibited by MCL 752.272 : No person shall, for the purpose of causing a condition of intoxication, euphoria, excitement, exhilaration, stupefaction or dulling of the senses or nervous system, intentionally smell or inhale the fumes of any chemical agent or intentionally drink, eat or otherwise introduce any chemical agent into his respiratory or circulatory system. This shall not prohibit the inhalation of any anesthesia for medical or dental purposes. But defendant's statement could not form the basis for probable cause to search defendant's vehicle. The statute does not prohibit possessing nitrous oxide canisters; rather, it prohibits the misuse of the canisters. Therefore, the statute addresses intoxication and impairment. Morris never suspected that defendant was intoxicated or impaired when he pulled defendant over. Defendant had been speeding, but there was no testimony that he had been driving erratically. Nor did Morris suspect that defendant was intoxicated or impaired when Morris spoke with defendant. This case would be entirely different had Morris observed defendant in an impaired state or suspected that defendant was in an impaired state. Instead, Morris believed that defendant's statement and the presence of the canisters created probable cause to believe that other controlled substances would be found. B. ARREST AND INVENTORY SEARCH "[A]n inventory search of a person in detention is constitutional if the underlying arrest was valid and the search was conducted by the police in accordance with standardized department procedures." People v. Houstina , 216 Mich.App. 70, 77, 549 N.W.2d 11 (1996). Such a search "is considered to be an administrative function rather than a part of a criminal investigation." Id. The inventory exception to the warrant requirement does not apply because defendant's arrest was not valid. A police officer may make an arrest without a warrant if there is probable cause to believe that a felony was committed by the defendant, or probable cause to believe that the defendant committed a misdemeanor in the officer's presence. "Probable cause is found when the facts and circumstances within an officer's knowledge are sufficient to warrant a reasonable person to believe that an offense had been or is being committed." The standard is an objective one, applied without regard to the intent or motive of the police officer. [ People v. Chapo , 283 Mich.App. 360, 366-367, 770 N.W.2d 68 (2009) (citations omitted).] MCL 764.15(1)(d) permits warrantless arrests for misdemeanors that occur outside an officer's presence when "[t]he peace officer has reasonable cause to believe a misdemeanor punishable by imprisonment for more than 92 days ... has been committed and reasonable cause to believe the person committed it." The prosecution argues that Morris was entitled to arrest defendant for inhaling a chemical agent. A person who commits that crime "is guilty of a misdemeanor punishable by imprisonment for not more than 93 days or a fine of not more than $100.00, or both." MCL 752.273. Yet, the fact remains that defendant was arrested for possession of codeine pills found as a result of an illegal search, not for inhaling nitrous oxide. We find instructive this Court's recent opinion in People v. Mead (On Remand) , 320 Mich.App. 613, 908 N.W.2d 555 (2017). In Mead , a police officer stopped a driver for an expired license plate. Id. at 616, 908 N.W.2d 555. The driver subsequently consented to a search of the vehicle. Id . As part of that search, the officer opened a backpack belonging to defendant, who was a passenger in the car, and found methamphetamine. Id. The primary issue in the defendant's appeal was whether he had standing to challenge the search. This Court concluded that he did not. Id. at 615, 908 N.W.2d 555. However, the Michigan Supreme Court remanded the case back to this court for further consideration of the issue, along with an instruction that this Court consider " 'whether there are any other grounds upon which the search may be justified.' " Id . at 616, 908 N.W.2d at 555 (citation omitted). On remand, this Court ultimately concluded that defendant lacked standing to challenge the validity of the search. Id . at 616-618, 908 N.W.2d 555. For our purposes, however, the informative portion of the Court's decision was when it addressed whether there were other grounds justifying the search. This Court concluded that there were not. Specifically, it rejected the prosecution's claim that the arrest exception to the warrant requirement applied. The Court first noted: "[T]here is no reason to believe that evidence relevant to the crime of arrest would be found in the vehicle" when police are addressing "civil infractions" or a person "driving without a valid license." [ People v. Tavernier , 295 Mich.App. 582, 586 [815 N.W.2d 154 (2012). ]. "[J]ustifying the arrest by the search and at the same time the search by the arrest, just will not do." Smith v. Ohio , 494 U.S. 541, 543, 110 S.Ct. 1288, 108 L.Ed.2d 464 (1990) (quotations, alterations, and citation omitted). For example, a "search of a container cannot be justified as being incident to an arrest if probable cause for the contemporaneous arrest was provided by the fruits of that search." People v. Champion , 452 Mich. 92, 116-117, 549 N.W.2d 849 (1996). [ Mead , 320 Mich.App. at 624, 908 N.W.2d 555.] . With that in mind, the Court concluded that the police officer lacked probable cause to arrest the defendant: In this case, Officer [Richard] Burkart did not search the backpack incident to the arrest of [the defendant] or [the driver]. Officer Burkart stopped the vehicle because of an expired license plate. It is unclear how the vehicle could contain evidence of an expired license plate. Officer Burkart repeatedly testified that he had no intent to arrest [the driver] for the infraction. Additionally, Officer Burkart testified that [the defendant] and [the driver] admitted to using narcotics. But he did not testify that drug use was the basis for the stop of the vehicle, that either admitted to possessing drugs that night, that either admitted using drugs that night, or that either exhibited signs of being under the influence of narcotics. Upon viewing the video of the traffic stop, it does not appear that [the driver] or [the defendant] are within reaching distance of the backpack or passenger compartment of the vehicle at the time of the search. Therefore, Officer Burkart lacked probable cause for a lawful arrest as is required to permit a search incident to arrest. [ Id .] These facts are eerily similar to those before us. We see no reason to conclude differently. Affirmed. Stephens, P.J., concurred with K. F. Kelly, J. These canisters are also commonly called "whip-its," "whippits," or "whipits." We use the "whippet" spelling in this opinion for consistency with the spelling used in the hearing transcript.
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On January 10, 2018, the Court heard oral argument on the application for leave to appeal the October 20, 2016 judgment of the Court of Appeals. On order of the Court, the application is again considered. MCR 7.305(H)(1). In lieu of granting leave to appeal, we REVERSE the judgment of the Court of Appeals and REINSTATE the November 10, 2015 order of the Chippewa Circuit Court granting defendants' motion for summary disposition. Plaintiff's notice of her intent to bring a claim under the highway exception to governmental immunity merely provided, without further elaboration, that she had suffered "severe and permanent injuries." Although this vague description refers to the injuries' severity and duration, the notice contains no information at all about the particular injury that plaintiff sustained. The statute requires that the notice must "specify ... the injury sustained," MCL 691.1404(1), and therefore some description of the injury itself beyond merely classifying it as severe or permanent is required. Tattan v. Detroit , 128 Mich. 650, 652, 87 N.W. 894 (1901) ("The statute, in terms, requires that the nature of the injury shall be stated in this notice. Beyond the fact that it is an injury to the person, rather than to property, there is no attempt in this notice to state the nature of the injury at all.") Plaintiff claims that her notice of the injury sustained should be deemed to include certain documents referred to in, but not attached to, her notice. We need not reach the issue whether it is appropriate to consider documents not submitted with the notice itself because, in this case, plaintiff referred to those documents for the purpose of identifying witnesses, not to provide a description of the injury sustained. Therefore, consideration of those documents in this case would not change the outcome. We conclude that plaintiff's notice was insufficient on its face because it failed to specify the injury that plaintiff sustained in accordance with MCL 691.1404(1). Bernstein, J., would deny leave to appeal.
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On order of the Court, the motion for reconsideration of this Court's March 9, 2018 order is considered, and it appearing to this Court that the case of People v. Davis (Docket No. 156406), --- Mich. ----, 910 N.W.2d 901, 2018 WL 2089654 (2018) is pending on appeal before this Court and that the decision in that case may resolve an issue raised in the present motion for reconsideration, we ORDER that the motion for reconsideration be held in ABEYANCE pending the decision in that case.
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On order of the Court, the application for leave to appeal the November 17, 2017 order of the Court of Appeals is considered, and it is DENIED, because we are not persuaded that the questions presented should be reviewed by this Court. The motion for peremptory reversal is DENIED.
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On order of the Court, the application for leave to appeal the November 28, 2017 judgment of the Court of Appeals is considered, and it is DENIED, because we are not persuaded that the question presented should be reviewed by this Court.
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On order of the Court, the application for leave to appeal the October 17, 2017 order of the Court of Appeals is considered, and it is DENIED, because we are not persuaded that the question presented should be reviewed by this Court.
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On order of the Court, the application for leave to appeal the February 6, 2018 order of the Court of Appeals is considered and, pursuant to MCR 7.305(H)(1), in lieu of granting leave to appeal, we VACATE in part the order entered by the Ingham Circuit Court on June 27, 2017. We VACATE that part of the order stating, "Pursuant to MCR 2.602(A)(3), this judgment resolves the last pending claim and closes the case." Motions that do not substantially comply with the requirements of the court rules and successive motions for relief from judgment may be returned to the defendant under certain conditions. MCR 6.502(D) ; MCR 6.502(G)(1). But a defendant may file a second or subsequent motion for relief from judgment based on a retroactive change in law or a claim of new evidence. MCR 6.502(G)(2). In all other respects, leave to appeal is DENIED, because we are not persuaded that the questions presented should be reviewed by this Court. The motions to remand and the motion for sanctions are DENIED.
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On order of the Court, the application for leave to appeal the September 5, 2017 judgment of the Court of Appeals is considered, and it is DENIED, because we are not persuaded that the questions presented should be reviewed by this Court.
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On order of the Court, the application for leave to appeal the July 28, 2017 order of the Court of Appeals is considered, and it is DENIED, because the defendant has failed to meet the burden of establishing entitlement to relief under MCR 6.508(D).
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On order of the Court, the application for leave to appeal the August 1, 2017 order of the Court of Appeals is considered, and it is DENIED, because the defendant has failed to meet the burden of establishing entitlement to relief under MCR 6.508(D).
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On order of the Court, the application for leave to appeal the July 17, 2017 order of the Court of Appeals is considered and, it appearing to this Court that the case of People v. Cameron (Docket No. 155849) is pending on appeal before this Court and that the decision in that case may resolve an issue raised in the present application for leave to appeal, we ORDER that the application be held in ABEYANCE pending the decision in that case.
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On order of the Court, the application for leave to appeal the July 31, 2017 order of the Court of Appeals is considered and, it appearing to this Court that the case of People v. Straughter (Docket No. 156198), 501 Mich. 944, 904 N.W.2d 633 (2017) is pending on appeal before this Court and that the decision in that case may resolve an issue raised in the present application for leave to appeal, we ORDER that the application be held in ABEYANCE pending the decision in that case.
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On order of the Court, the application for leave to appeal the August 3, 2017 order of the Court of Appeals is considered, and it is DENIED, because the defendant's motion for relief from judgment is prohibited by MCR 6.502(G).
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On order of the Court, the motion for reconsideration of this Court's January 3, 2018 order is considered, and it is DENIED, because it does not appear that the order was entered erroneously.
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On order of the Court, the motion for reconsideration of this Court's January 3, 2018 order is considered, and it is DENIED, because it does not appear that the order was entered erroneously.
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On order of the Court, the motion for immediate consideration is GRANTED. The motion for reconsideration of this Court's March 5, 2018 order is considered, and it is DENIED, because it does not appear that the order was entered erroneously. The motion for miscellaneous relief is DENIED.
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On order of the Court, the motion for immediate consideration is DENIED. The application for leave to appeal the March 30, 2017 order of the Court of Appeals is considered, and it is DENIED, because we are not persuaded that the question presented should be reviewed by this Court.
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On order of the Court, the application for leave to appeal the May 5, 2017 order of the Court of Appeals is considered, and it is DENIED, because the defendant has failed to meet the burden of establishing entitlement to relief under MCR 6.508(D).
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On order of the Court, the application for leave to appeal the May 12, 2017 order of the Court of Appeals is considered, and it is DENIED, because the defendant has failed to meet the burden of establishing entitlement to relief under MCR 6.508(D). Wilder, J., did not participate because he was on the Court of Appeals panel.
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On order of the Court, the application for leave to appeal the April 18, 2017 order of the Court of Appeals is considered, and it is DENIED, because the defendant has failed to meet the burden of establishing entitlement to relief under MCR 6.508(D).
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On order of the Court, the application for leave to appeal the April 10, 2017 order of the Court of Appeals is considered, and it is DENIED, because the defendant has failed to meet the burden of establishing entitlement to relief under MCR 6.508(D).
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On order of the Court, the application for leave to appeal the April 12, 2017 order of the Court of Appeals is considered, and it is DENIED, because the defendant has failed to meet the burden of establishing entitlement to relief under MCR 6.508(D).
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On order of the Court, the application for leave to appeal the June 19, 2017 order of the Court of Appeals and the motion to remand are considered. Pursuant to MCR 7.305(H)(1), in lieu of granting leave to appeal, we VACATE the June 19, 2017 order of the Court of Appeals, and the September 16, 2016 order of the Wayne Circuit Court denying the defendant's motion for an evidentiary hearing. We REMAND this case to the Wayne Circuit Court for further proceedings. The defendant filed three post-judgment motions in the circuit court: a motion to appoint counsel, a motion for an evidentiary hearing, and a motion for relief from judgment. While these motions are not listed in the register of actions, they are stamped "received" July 26, 2016, and are contained in the lower court file. The circuit court's September 16, 2016 order denied the motion for an evidentiary hearing, but there is no order in the circuit court record addressing the other motions. On remand, the circuit court shall rule on the defendant's other pending motions, and shall reconsider the motion for an evidentiary hearing in light of the arguments made in the defendant's related motion for relief from judgment. We do not retain jurisdiction.
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By order of April 4, 2017, the application for leave to appeal the September 15, 2016 judgment of the Court of Appeals was held in abeyance pending the decisions in People v. Steanhouse (Docket No. 152849) and People v. Masroor (Docket Nos. 152946-8). On order of the Court, the cases having been decided on July 24, 2017, 500 Mich. 453, 902 N.W.2d 327 (2017), the application is again considered and, it appearing to this Court that the case of People v. Ames (Docket No. 156077) is pending on appeal before this Court and that the decision in that case may resolve an issue raised in the present application for leave to appeal, we ORDER that the application be held in ABEYANCE pending the decision in that case. Wilder, J., did not participate because he was on the Court of Appeals panel.
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On order of the Court, the motion for reconsideration of this Court's January 3, 2018 order is considered, and it is DENIED, because it does not appear that the order was entered erroneously.
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On order of the Court, the application for leave to appeal the May 26, 2017 order of the Court of Appeals is considered, and it is DENIED, because the defendant's motion for relief from judgment is prohibited by MCR 6.502(G).
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On order of the Court, the application for leave to appeal the May 8, 2017 order of the Court of Appeals is considered, and it is DENIED, because we are not persuaded that the questions presented should be reviewed by this Court.
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On order of the Court, the application for leave to appeal the June 1, 2017 order of the Court of Appeals is considered, and it is DENIED, because the defendant has failed to meet the burden of establishing entitlement to relief under MCR 6.508(D).
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On order of the Court, the application for leave to appeal the November 9, 2016 order of the Court of Appeals is considered. We DIRECT appellate counsel, Tracie Gittleman, to file a supplemental brief addressing the reason for her failure to file the defendant's delayed application for leave to appeal in the Court of Appeals within the deadlines set forth in MCR 7.205(G)(3), which led to the defendant losing his right to direct first-tier review of his plea-based conviction. Counsel shall file the supplemental brief within 28 days of the date of this order. The application for leave to appeal remains pending.
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On order of the Court, the application for leave to appeal the September 12, 2017 judgment of the Court of Appeals is considered. We direct the Clerk to schedule oral argument on whether to grant the application or take other action. MCR 7.305(H)(1). We further ORDER the Washtenaw Circuit Court, in accordance with Administrative Order 2003-03, to determine whether the defendant is indigent and, if so, to appoint the State Appellate Defender Office, if feasible, to represent the defendant in this Court. If this appointment is not feasible, the trial court shall, within the same time frame, appoint other counsel to represent the defendant in this Court. The appellant shall file a supplemental brief within 42 days of the date of the order appointing counsel addressing whether: (1) defendant was denied the right to a fair trial when the trial court informed the jury that his confession to police had already been reviewed by the court and had been held admissible, see People v. Kincaid , 136 Mich. App. 209, 215-216, 356 N.W.2d 4 (1984) ; People v. Gilbert , 55 Mich. App. 168, 172-173, 222 N.W.2d 305 (1974) ; and (2) to the extent that the trial court erred, whether that error was harmless, People v. Corbett , 97 Mich. App. 438, 442, 296 N.W.2d 64 (1980) ; People v. Mathis , 75 Mich. App. 320, 324, 255 N.W.2d 214 (1977). In addition to the brief, the appellant shall electronically file an appendix conforming to MCR 7.312(D)(2). In the brief, citations to the record must provide the appendix page numbers as required by MCR 7.312(B)(1). The appellee shall file a supplemental brief within 21 days of being served with the appellant's brief. The appellee shall also electronically file an appendix, or in the alternative, stipulate to the use of the appendix filed by the appellant. A reply, if any, must be filed by the appellant within 14 days of being served with the appellee's brief. The parties should not submit mere restatements of their application papers.
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By order of September 12, 2017, the application for leave to appeal the March 20, 2017 order of the Court of Appeals was held in abeyance pending the decision in Jendrusina v. Mishra (Docket No. 154717), --- Mich. ----, 895 N.W.2d 927 (2017). On order of the Court, leave to appeal having been denied in Jendrusina on January 12, 2018, 501 Mich. 958, 905 N.W.2d 231 (2018), the application is again considered, and it is DENIED, because we are not persuaded that the questions presented should be reviewed by this Court. WILDER , J., did not participate because he was on the Court of Appeals panel.
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On order of the Court, the application for leave to appeal the January 17, 2018 order of the Court of Appeals is considered, and it is DENIED, because we are not persuaded that the question presented should now be reviewed by this Court.
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On order of the Court, the application for leave to appeal the February 20, 2018 judgment of the Court of Appeals is considered, and it is DENIED, because we are not persuaded that the question presented should be reviewed by this Court.
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On order of the Court, the motion for immediate consideration is GRANTED. The application for leave to appeal the August 14, 2017 order of the Court of Appeals is considered, and it is DENIED, because we are not persuaded that the question presented should be reviewed by this Court.
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On order of the Court, the motions to expedite and for immediate consideration are GRANTED. The application for leave to appeal the February 27, 2018 judgment of the Court of Appeals and the application for leave to appeal as cross-appellant are considered, and they are DENIED, because we are not persuaded that the questions presented should be reviewed by this Court.
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On order of the Court, the application for leave to appeal the February 22, 2018 judgment of the Court of Appeals is considered, and it is DENIED, because we are not persuaded that the questions presented should be reviewed by this Court.
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On order of the Court, the application for leave to appeal the March 6, 2018 judgment of the Court of Appeals is considered and, it appearing to this Court that the case of People v. Straughter (Docket No. 156198) is pending on appeal before this Court and that the decision in that case may resolve an issue raised in the present application for leave to appeal, we ORDER that the application be held in ABEYANCE pending the decision in that case.
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On order of the Court, the application for leave to appeal the January 18, 2018 judgment of the Court of Appeals is considered, and it is DENIED, because we are not persuaded that the questions presented should be reviewed by this Court.
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On order of the Court, the application for leave to appeal the January 23, 2018 judgment of the Court of Appeals is considered, and it is DENIED, because we are not persuaded that the questions presented should be reviewed by this Court.
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On order of the Court, the application for leave to appeal the February 20, 2018 judgment of the Court of Appeals is considered, and it is DENIED, because we are not persuaded that the question presented should be reviewed by this Court.
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On order of the Court, the application for leave to appeal the January 23, 2018 judgment of the Court of Appeals is considered, and it is DENIED, because we are not persuaded that the question presented should be reviewed by this Court.
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On order of the Court, the application for leave to appeal the January 11, 2018 judgment of the Court of Appeals is considered, and it is DENIED, because we are not persuaded that the questions presented should be reviewed by this Court.
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On order of the Court, the application for leave to appeal the November 21, 2017 judgment of the Court of Appeals is considered, and it is DENIED, because we are not persuaded that the questions presented should be reviewed by this Court.
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On order of the Court, the application for leave to appeal the December 11, 2017 order of the Court of Appeals is considered, and it is DENIED, because we are not persuaded that the question presented should be reviewed by this Court. The motion to remand is DENIED.
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On order of the Court, the application for leave to appeal the December 5, 2017 judgment of the Court of Appeals is considered, and it is DENIED, because we are not persuaded that the questions presented should be reviewed by this Court.
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On order of the Court, the application for leave to appeal the October 6, 2017 order of the Court of Appeals is considered, and it is DENIED, because the defendant has failed to meet the burden of establishing entitlement to relief under MCR 6.508(D).
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