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On order of the Court, the application for leave to appeal the October 27, 2017 order of the Court of Appeals is considered, and it is DENIED, because the defendant's motion for relief from judgment is prohibited by MCR 6.502(G). | [
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On order of the Court, the application for leave to appeal the October 6, 2017 order of the Court of Appeals is considered, and it is DENIED, because the defendant has failed to meet the burden of establishing entitlement to relief under MCR 6.508(D). | [
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On order of the Court, the application for leave to appeal the November 14, 2017 judgment of the Court of Appeals and the application for leave to appeal as cross-appellant are considered, and they are DENIED, because we are not persuaded that the questions presented should be reviewed by this Court. | [
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On order of the Court, the application for leave to appeal the September 28, 2017 order of the Court of Appeals is considered, and it is DENIED, because the defendant has failed to meet the burden of establishing entitlement to relief under MCR 6.508(D). The motion to remand is DENIED. | [
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On order of the Court, the motion for reconsideration of this Court's February 20, 2018 order is considered, and it is DENIED, because it does not appear that the order was entered erroneously. | [
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By order of September 12, 2017, the application for leave to appeal the December 6, 2016 judgment of the Court of Appeals was held in abeyance pending the decision in People v. Chatman (Docket No. 155184). On order of the Court, leave to appeal having been denied in Chatman on March 9, 2018, 501 Mich. 1011, 907 N.W.2d 600 (2018), the application is again considered. It appearing to this Court that the case of People v. Ames (Docket No. 156077) is pending on appeal before this Court and that the decision in that case may resolve an issue raised in the present application for leave to appeal, we ORDER that the application be held in ABEYANCE pending the decision in that case. | [
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Talbot, C.J.
Plaintiffs, Deborah Bennett and Marsha Christine Wilson, initiated this action following a motor vehicle accident that occurred on November 16, 2013. The trial court granted summary disposition in favor of defendant Dennis Hogge under MCR 2.116(C)(10). Plaintiffs appeal by right. We conclude that the trial court erred by dismissing plaintiffs' claim against Hogge because liability under a negligent-entrustment theory is not limited to the owner of the vehicle negligently operated. We therefore reverse the trial court's order granting Hogge's motion for summary disposition and remand this matter to the trial court for further proceedings.
I. BACKGROUND
At 8:30 a.m. on November 16, 2013, plaintiffs were stopped at a traffic light at the intersection of Chalmers and East Vernor in the city of Detroit when their vehicle was struck by a white Chrysler 300 attempting to turn onto Chalmers. According to the traffic crash report, the Chrysler 300 was driven by defendant Carrie Russell. During the course of discovery, plaintiffs learned that Russell was not involved in the accident and that the actual driver, nonparty Latasha Phillips, had falsely identified herself as Russell when she spoke with the police. Moreover, the Chrysler 300 was owned by Enterprise Leasing Company of Detroit (Enterprise) and leased to Hogge at the time of the accident. Shortly after acquiring the vehicle from Enterprise, Hogge turned it over to Latasha. Plaintiffs amended their complaint to add Enterprise and Hogge as defendants to their negligence claim, averring that they were liable for injuries plaintiffs sustained in the accident under the owner's liability statute, MCL 257.401.
Hogge moved for summary disposition, arguing that he could not be held liable for Latasha's negligence because he was not an "owner" of the rental vehicle, as that term is defined in the Michigan Vehicle Code, MCL 257.1 et seq . In pertinent part, plaintiffs asserted that questions of fact remained as to whether Hogge negligently entrusted the vehicle to Latasha. During oral argument, plaintiffs' counsel essentially conceded that plaintiffs' complaint did not allege a negligent-entrustment cause of action against Hogge, but counsel maintained that there was ample evidence to support that theory and asserted that "the pleadings should conform to the proofs...." The trial court found that Hogge did not meet the statutory definition of an "owner" set forth in MCL 257.37 and granted summary disposition in Hogge's favor, reasoning that his lack of ownership was fatal to plaintiffs' claim under the owner's liability statute and under a negligent-entrustment theory.
On appeal, plaintiffs argue that the trial court erred by granting Hogge's motion for summary disposition because the common-law tort of negligent entrustment imposes liability on one who negligently supplies a chattel to another and, therefore, whether Hogge met the statutory definition of an owner was not dispositive.
II. STANDARD OF REVIEW
This Court generally reviews de novo a trial court's rulings on summary disposition motions. A trial court deciding a motion for summary disposition under MCR 2.116(C)(10) considers "the affidavits, pleadings, depositions, admissions, and other evidence submitted by the parties...." "Summary disposition is appropriate ... if there is no genuine issue regarding any material fact and the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. A genuine issue of material fact exists when the record, giving the benefit of reasonable doubt to the opposing party, leaves open an issue upon which reasonable minds might differ."
However, when a party presses a claim of error that was not raised in, and addressed and decided by, the trial court, it is not properly preserved for appellate review. Although plaintiffs asserted before the trial court that Hogge's lack of ownership was irrelevant, the basis of their argument was that Hogge's insurance policy provided liability coverage for the rented vehicle. Accordingly, this issue is unpreserved, and this Court's review is limited to plain error affecting substantial rights. "To avoid forfeiture under the plain error rule, three requirements must be met: 1) the error must have occurred, 2) the error was plain, i.e., clear or obvious, 3) and the plain error affected substantial rights."
III. ANALYSIS
The common-law tort of negligent entrustment "imposes liability on one who supplies a chattel for the use of another whom the supplier knows or has reason to know is, because of youth, inexperience, or otherwise, likely to use it in a manner involving unreasonable risk of physical harm." A negligent-entrustment claim can arise from the use of a motor vehicle, as long as the action falls within the scope of the residual liability allowed by the no-fault statutory scheme. In this context, courts have sometimes referred to the liability of an "owner" of the vehicle. For instance, in Perin v. Peuler (On Rehearing) , the Supreme Court explained that the plaintiff in a negligent-entrustment action has the burden of proving
that the motor vehicle was driven with the permission and authority of the owner ; that the entrustee was in fact an incompetent driver; and that the owner knew at the time of the entrustment that the entrustee was incompetent or unqualified to operate the vehicle, or had knowledge of such facts and circumstances as would imply knowledge on the part of the owner of such incompetency.[ ]
This passage from Perin has since been quoted in other cases and indeed, plaintiffs themselves relied on the quotation in opposing Hogge's motion for summary disposition in the lower court.
However, a full reading of Perin makes it clear that the tort of negligent entrustment imposes liability on the basis of a defendant's negligence in permitting the use of a chattel by a person who is likely to handle it in a manner that will cause harm to others. Therefore, as noted in Perin , liability can arise regardless of "whether the entrusting person is [the] 'owner' of the entrusted chattel or not." In other words, it is a defendant's identity as the supplier of the chattel, rather than as its owner, that is central to a negligent-entrustment theory. Accordingly, while we are reluctant to fault the trial court for relying on plaintiffs' misleading statement of law, we must conclude that the trial court's decision to summarily dismiss plaintiffs' claim solely on the basis of Hogge's lack of ownership constituted plain error.
Hogge testified that he rented the Chrysler 300 from Enterprise's Lucas Street location near the airport on November 16, 2013. The rental agreement indicated that the transaction took place at 7:24 a.m., and Hogge agreed that the time sounded accurate. Hogge drove to his Taylor home, where he gave the keys to Latasha. Hogge stated that he believed Latasha was going to return the vehicle to Enterprise by the end of the following day. Thus, it is evident and undisputed that Hogge supplied the Chrysler 300 to Latasha. However, the parties disagree on appeal as to whether the evidence demonstrated that Hogge knew or should have known that Latasha would be likely to operate the rented vehicle in an unsafe manner. Plaintiffs argue that it can be inferred from the timeline of events that Hogge rented the Chrysler 300 specifically for Latasha's use. Plaintiffs further contend that Hogge's failure to include Latasha as an additional driver in the rental agreement under these circumstances suggests that he knew she was an unfit driver.
Plaintiffs presented evidence suggesting that Latasha did not have a valid driver's license and may have been intoxicated at the time of the accident. The accident occurred approximately one hour after Hogge rented the vehicle from Enterprise, which supports plaintiffs' contention that Hogge entrusted the vehicle to Latasha almost immediately after he rented it and before he could make any significant use of it himself. Hogge understood that he was the only person who was supposed to drive the vehicle under the terms of the rental agreement, and he testified that he only allowed Latasha to drive it because she needed to get home and he was not feeling well. However, Hogge's assertions were contradicted by other evidence. Hogge had known Latasha for several months before the accident and, according to Russell, Latasha bragged that Hogge rented the vehicle for her. Russell also recalled that when Latasha informed Hogge about the accident and assured him that the vehicle was not totaled, he said, "[W]ell, drive it, baby." Hogge's response suggests that he was neither surprised nor concerned that Latasha did not use the vehicle solely to return home. Viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to plaintiffs, the circumstances were such that reasonable minds could differ as to whether Hogge knew or should have known that Latasha was not licensed or fit to drive. Moreover, given the brief time frame in which the relevant events occurred and Russell's observation that Latasha was visibly intoxicated by 8:00 a.m.-almost immediately after Latasha acquired the vehicle from Hogge-a fact-finder could also infer that Hogge knew Latasha had been drinking and that she was therefore unfit to safely operate a vehicle at the time. Accordingly, Hogge was not entitled to judgment as a matter of law with respect to a negligent-entrustment cause of action.
That being said, we recognize that plaintiffs' first amended complaint alleges a single count of negligence against Hogge, which is unambiguously premised on the statutory liability of an owner under MCL 257.401. During oral argument, plaintiffs' counsel seemingly acknowledged the deficiency in plaintiffs' pleadings before saying: "[T]he pleadings should conform to the proofs ... and the negligent entrustment theory does not prejudice Mr. Hogge ... in any way. The, the [sic] facts have been discovered." To the extent that this statement is construed as a request for leave to amend plaintiffs' complaint, the trial court implicitly denied the request when it concluded that Hogge's lack of ownership was fatal to plaintiffs' claim as pleaded in their complaint and under a negligent-entrustment theory.
When a summary disposition motion is brought under MCR 2.116(C)(10), "the court shall give the parties an opportunity to amend their pleadings as provided by MCR 2.118, unless the evidence then before the court shows that amendment would not be justified." The court rules further provide that leave to amend should be "freely given when justice so requires," and this Court has explained that leave to amend is "generally a matter of right rather than of grace." Therefore, leave to amend "should ordinarily be denied only for particularized reasons such as undue delay, bad faith or dilatory motive, repeated failures to cure by amendments previously allowed, or futility." In this case, because the trial court's decision to grant Hogge's motion was based on a mistake of law, it is unclear whether the court would have otherwise granted plaintiffs leave to further amend their complaint. Moreover, because plaintiffs' oral request to amend their complaint was not a proper motion to amend, filed in compliance with MCR 2.118, Hogge did not have a full opportunity to present his arguments in opposition to the proposed amendment. Accordingly, whether plaintiffs should be allowed to further amend their complaint is a matter best left to the discretion of the trial court on remand.
IV. CONCLUSION
For the reasons stated, we reverse the trial court's order granting summary disposition in Hogge's favor and remand this matter to the trial court for further proceedings consistent with this opinion. We do not retain jurisdiction.
Murray and O'Brien, JJ. concurred with Talbot, C.J.
Hogge knew Latasha as "Latasha Dawson." However, Russell recognized the surname Dawson as belonging to the father of Latasha's children and stated that "Latasha Dawson" was actually Latasha Phillips.
Gorman v. American Honda Motor Co., Inc. , 302 Mich.App. 113, 115, 839 N.W.2d 223 (2013).
Joseph v. Auto Club Ins. Ass'n , 491 Mich. 200, 206, 815 N.W.2d 412 (2012).
Gorman , 302 Mich.App. at 116, 839 N.W.2d 223, quoting West v. Gen. Motors Corp. , 469 Mich. 177, 183, 665 N.W.2d 468 (2003).
Hines v. Volkswagen of America, Inc. , 265 Mich.App. 432, 443, 695 N.W.2d 84 (2005).
In re Smith Trust , 274 Mich.App. 283, 285, 731 N.W.2d 810 (2007), aff'd 480 Mich. 19, 745 N.W.2d 754 (2008).
Id . at 285-286, 731 N.W.2d 810 (quotation marks and citations omitted).
Eason v. Coggins Mem. Christian Methodist Episcopal Church , 210 Mich.App. 261, 265, 532 N.W.2d 882 (1995).
Travelers Ins v. U-Haul of Mich., Inc. , 235 Mich.App. 273, 288-289, 597 N.W.2d 235 (1999). See also Roberts v. Vaughn , 214 Mich.App. 625, 631, 543 N.W.2d 79 (1996) ("A claim for negligent entrustment may be based on the use of a motor vehicle."), rev'd on other grounds 459 Mich. 282, 587 N.W.2d 249 (1998).
Perin v. Peuler (On Rehearing) , 373 Mich. 531, 538-539, 130 N.W.2d 4 (1964) (emphasis added) (quotation marks and citation omitted; emphasis added), overruled on other grounds by McDougall v. Schanz , 461 Mich. 15, 597 N.W.2d 148 (1999).
See, e.g., Hendershott v. Rhein , 61 Mich.App. 83, 89, 232 N.W.2d 312 (1975).
Perin (On Rehearing) , 373 Mich. at 536-537, 130 N.W.2d 4.
Id .
MCR 2.116(I)(5).
MCR 2.118(A)(2).
In re Kostin Estate , 278 Mich.App. 47, 52, 748 N.W.2d 583 (2008).
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On order of the Chief Justice, the motion of defendant/counter-plaintiff-appellant to extend the time for filing its reply is GRANTED. The reply will be accepted as timely filed if submitted on or before June 13, 2018. | [
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On order of the Chief Justice, the motion of plaintiff-appellant to extend the time for filing his reply is GRANTED. The reply will be accepted as timely filed if submitted on or before May 23, 2018. | [
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On order of the Court, the application for leave to appeal the March 9, 2017 judgment of the Court of Appeals is considered, and it is DENIED, because we are not persuaded that the questions presented should be reviewed by this Court. | [
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On order of the Court, the application for leave to appeal the July 13, 2017 judgment of the Court of Appeals is considered and, it appearing to this Court that the cases of People v. Davis (Docket No. 156406) and People v. Price (Docket No. 156180) are pending on appeal before this Court and that the decisions in those cases may resolve issues raised in the present application for leave to appeal, we ORDER that the application be held in ABEYANCE pending the decisions in those cases. | [
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On order of the Court, the application for leave to appeal the July 13, 2017 judgment of the Court of Appeals is considered, and it is GRANTED, limited to the issues: (1) whether the defendant's convictions under MCL 750.81a(3) and MCL 750.84 violate double jeopardy; (2) whether MCL 750.81a and MCL 750.84 contain contradictory and mutually exclusive provisions such that the Legislature did not intend a defendant to be convicted of both crimes for the same conduct, compare People v. Miller , 498 Mich. 13, 18-26, 869 N.W.2d 204 (2015) with People v. Doss , 406 Mich. 90, 96-99, 276 N.W.2d 9 (1979) ; (3) whether the Court of Appeals erred in recognizing a rule against mutually exclusive verdicts in Michigan, see generally United States v. Powell , 469 U.S. 57, 69 n. 8, 105 S.Ct. 471, 83 L.Ed.2d 461 (1984) ; State v. Davis , 466 S.W.3d 49 (Tenn., 2015) ; and (4) whether the Court of Appeals erred in applying this rule to the facts of this case. The time allowed for oral argument shall be 20 minutes for each side. MCR 7.314(B)(1).
We direct the Clerk to schedule the oral argument in this case for the same future session of the Court when it will hear oral argument in People v. Price (Docket No. 156180).
We further ORDER the Wayne Circuit Court, in accordance with Administrative Order 2003-03, to determine whether the defendant is indigent and, if so, to appoint Michael L. Mittlestat to represent the defendant in this Court. If this appointment is not feasible, the trial court shall, within the same time frame, appoint other counsel to represent the defendant in this Court.
The Prosecuting Attorneys Association of Michigan and the Criminal Defense Attorneys of Michigan are invited to file briefs amicus curiae. Other persons or groups interested in the determination of the issues presented in this case may move the Court for permission to file briefs amicus curiae. | [
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On order of the Court, the application for leave to appeal the June 1, 2017 judgment of the Court of Appeals is considered. We direct the Clerk to schedule oral argument on whether to grant the application or take other action. MCR 7.305(H)(1).
The appellant shall file a supplemental brief within 42 days of the date of this order addressing: (1) whether the defendant's convictions under MCL 750.82 and MCL 750.84 violate double jeopardy; (2) whether MCL 750.82 and MCL 750.84 contain contradictory and mutually exclusive provisions such that the Legislature did not intend a defendant to be convicted of both crimes for the same conduct, compare People v. Miller , 498 Mich. 13, 18-26, 869 N.W.2d 204 (2015) with People v. Doss , 406 Mich. 90, 96-99, 276 N.W.2d 9 (1979) ; (3) whether the Court of Appeals in People v. Davis , 320 Mich. App. 484, 905 N.W.2d 482 (2017), erred in recognizing a rule against mutually exclusive verdicts in Michigan, see generally United States v. Powell , 469 U.S. 57, 69 n. 8, 105 S.Ct. 471, 83 L.Ed.2d 461 (1984) ; State v. Davis , 466 S.W.3d 49 (Tenn., 2015) ; and (4) whether that rule is applicable to the facts of this case.
In addition to the brief, the appellant shall electronically file an appendix conforming to MCR 7.312(D)(2). In the brief, citations to the record must provide the appendix page numbers as required by MCR 7.312(B)(1). The appellee shall file a supplemental brief within 21 days of being served with the appellant's brief. The appellee shall also electronically file an appendix, or in the alternative, stipulate to the use of the appendix filed by the appellant. A reply, if any, must be filed by the appellant within 14 days of being served with the appellee's brief. The parties should not submit mere restatements of their application papers.
We direct the Clerk to schedule the oral argument in this case for the same future session of the Court when it will hear oral argument in People v. Davis (Docket No. 156406).
The Prosecuting Attorneys Association of Michigan and the Criminal Defense Attorneys of Michigan are invited to file briefs amicus curiae. Other persons or groups interested in the determination of the issues presented in this case may move the Court for permission to file briefs amicus curiae. | [
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On order of the Chief Justice, the motion to substitute Citizens Insurance Company of American for State Farm Mutual Automobile Insurance Association as a defendant-appellee in all further proceedings before this Court is GRANTED. On further order of the Chief Justice, the motion of defendant-appellee Citizens to extend the time for filing its answer to the application for leave to appeal to June 5, 2018 is GRANTED. | [
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On order of the Court, the application for leave to appeal the November 16, 2017 judgment of the Court of Appeals is considered, and it is DENIED, because we are not persuaded that the question presented should be reviewed by this Court. | [
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On order of the Court, the application for leave to appeal the October 25, 2017 order of the Court of Appeals is considered, and it is DENIED, because we are not persuaded that the questions presented should be reviewed by this Court. | [
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On order of the Court, the application for leave to appeal the October 10, 2017 judgment of the Court of Appeals is considered, and it is DENIED, because we are not persuaded that the questions presented should be reviewed by this Court. | [
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On order of the Court, the application for leave to appeal the November 16, 2017 judgment of the Court of Appeals is considered, and it is DENIED, because we are not persuaded that the questions presented should be reviewed by this Court. | [
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On order of the Court, the application for leave to appeal the December 12, 2017 judgment of the Court of Appeals is considered, and it is DENIED, because we are not persuaded that the questions presented should be reviewed by this Court. The motions to subpoena and to order circuit court to release are DENIED. | [
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On order of the Court, the application for leave to appeal the October 27, 2017 order of the Court of Appeals is considered, and it is DENIED, because we are not persuaded that the questions presented should be reviewed by this Court. | [
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On order of the Court, the motion to file a supplemental issue is GRANTED. The application for leave to appeal the November 2, 2017 order of the Court of Appeals is considered, and it is DENIED, because we are not persuaded that the questions presented should be reviewed by this Court. | [
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On order of the Court, the application for leave to appeal the December 7, 2017 judgment of the Court of Appeals is considered, and it is DENIED, because we are not persuaded that the questions presented should be reviewed by this Court. The motion for miscellaneous relief is DENIED. | [
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On order of the Court, the application for leave to appeal the November 29, 2017 order of the Court of Appeals is considered, and it is DENIED, because we are not persuaded that the questions presented should be reviewed by this Court. | [
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On order of the Court, the application for leave to appeal the October 17, 2017 order of the Court of Appeals is considered, and it is DENIED, because we are not persuaded that the question presented should be reviewed by this Court. | [
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On order of the Court, the application for leave to appeal the November 16, 2017 order of the Court of Appeals is considered, and it is DENIED, because we are not persuaded that the questions presented should be reviewed by this Court. | [
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On order of the Court, the application for leave to appeal the August 21, 2017 order of the Court of Appeals is considered, and it is DENIED, because we are not persuaded that the questions presented should be reviewed by this Court. | [
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On order of the Court, the application for leave to appeal the November 21, 2017 judgment of the Court of Appeals is considered, and it is DENIED, because we are not persuaded that the questions presented should be reviewed by this Court. | [
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On order of the Court, the application for leave to appeal the November 15, 2017 order of the Court of Appeals is considered, and it is DENIED, because we are not persuaded that the questions presented should be reviewed by this Court. | [
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On order of the Court, the application for leave to appeal the January 26, 2018 order of the Court of Appeals is considered, and it is DENIED, because the defendant has failed to meet the burden of establishing entitlement to relief under MCR 6.508(D). | [
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On order of the Court, the application for leave to appeal the December 19, 2017 judgment of the Court of Appeals is considered, and it is DENIED, because we are not persuaded that the questions presented should be reviewed by this Court. | [
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On order of the Court, the application for leave to appeal the October 17, 2017 order of the Court of Appeals is considered, and it is DENIED, because we are not persuaded that the question presented should be reviewed by this Court. | [
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On order of the Court, the application for leave to appeal the November 21, 2017 judgment of the Court of Appeals is considered, and it is DENIED, because we are not persuaded that the questions presented should be reviewed by this Court. | [
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On order of the Court, the application for leave to appeal the October 18, 2017 order of the Court of Appeals is considered, and it is DENIED, because we are not persuaded that the questions presented should be reviewed by this Court. | [
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On order of the Court, the application for leave to appeal the November 21, 2017 judgment of the Court of Appeals is considered, and it is DENIED, because we are not persuaded that the questions presented should be reviewed by this Court. | [
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On order of the Court, the application for leave to appeal the November 28, 2017 judgment of the Court of Appeals is considered, and it is DENIED, because we are not persuaded that the question presented should be reviewed by this Court. | [
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On order of the Court, the application for leave to appeal the August 15, 2017 judgment of the Court of Appeals is considered, and it is DENIED, because we are not persuaded that the question presented should be reviewed by this Court. | [
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On order of the Court, the motion to present new issue is GRANTED. The application for leave to appeal the April 19, 2016 and October 12, 2017 judgments of the Court of Appeals is considered, and it is DENIED, because we are not persuaded that the questions presented should be reviewed by this Court. | [
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On order of the Court, the application for leave to appeal the July 6, 2017 order of the Court of Appeals is considered, and it is DENIED, because the defendant's motion for relief from judgment is prohibited by MCR 6.502(G). | [
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On order of the Court, the application for leave to appeal the December 13, 2017 order of the Court of Appeals is considered, and it is DENIED, because we are not persuaded that the question presented should be reviewed by this Court. | [
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On order of the Court, the motion for miscellaneous relief is GRANTED. The application for leave to appeal the August 22, 2017 judgment of the Court of Appeals is considered, and it is DENIED, because we are not persuaded that the questions presented should be reviewed by this Court. | [
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On order of the Court, the application for leave to appeal the November 21, 2017 judgment of the Court of Appeals is considered, and it is DENIED, because we are not persuaded that the questions presented should be reviewed by this Court. | [
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On order of the Court, the motion to file pro per supplemental brief is GRANTED.
The application for leave to appeal the September 14, 2017 judgment of the Court of Appeals is considered, and it is DENIED, because we are not persuaded that the questions presented should be reviewed by this Court. | [
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On order of the Court, the application for leave to appeal the October 31, 2017 judgment of the Court of Appeals is considered, and it is DENIED, because we are not persuaded that the questions presented should be reviewed by this Court. | [
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On order of the Court, the application for leave to appeal the July 31, 2017 order of the Court of Appeals is considered and, it appearing to this Court that the case of People v. Cameron (Docket No. 155849) is pending on appeal before this Court and that the decision in that case may resolve the issue raised in the present application for leave to appeal, we ORDER that the application be held in ABEYANCE pending the decision in that case. | [
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On order of the Court, the application for leave to appeal the November 16, 2017 judgment of the Court of Appeals is considered, and it is DENIED, because we are not persuaded that the question presented should be reviewed by this Court. | [
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On order of the Court, the application for leave to appeal the November 28, 2017 judgment of the Court of Appeals is considered, and it is DENIED, because we are not persuaded that the questions presented should be reviewed by this Court. | [
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On order of the Court, the application for leave to appeal the October 19, 2017 judgment of the Court of Appeals is considered, and it is DENIED, because we are not persuaded that the questions presented should be reviewed by this Court. | [
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On order of the Court, the application for leave to appeal the November 16, 2017 judgment of the Court of Appeals is considered, and it is DENIED, because we are not persuaded that the question presented should be reviewed by this Court. | [
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By order of September 12, 2017, the prosecuting attorney was directed to answer the application for leave to appeal the July 6, 2016 order of the Court of Appeals. We also directed defense trial counsel to file a brief regarding the defendant's March 27, 2015 Notice of Right to Timely Appeal and Request for Appointment of Attorney. On order of the Court, the answer and the brief having been received, the motion to extend time to file the brief is GRANTED, and the application for leave to appeal is again considered, and it is DENIED, because we are not persuaded that the questions presented should be reviewed by this Court.
Wilder, J., did not participate because he was on the Court of Appeals panel. | [
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On order of the Chief Justice, the motions of the Mackinac Center for Public Policy to participate as an amicus curiae and to file an amicus brief on or before July 13, 2018, are GRANTED. On further order of the Chief Justice, the motion of the Michigan District Judges Association to extend the time for filing a brief amicus curiae is GRANTED. The amicus brief will be accepted as timely filed if submitted on or before July 19, 2018. | [
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By order of May 26, 2017, the application for leave to appeal the November 29, 2016 judgment of the Court of Appeals was held in abeyance pending the decision in In re Hill, Minors (Docket No. 155152). On order of the Court, leave to appeal having been denied in In re Hill, Minors on April 6, 2018, 501 Mich. 1047, 909 N.W.2d 260 (2018), the application is again considered and, it appearing to this Court that the case of In re Ferranti, Minor (Docket No. 157907-8) is pending on appeal before this Court and that the decision in that case may resolve an issue raised in the present application for leave to appeal, we ORDER that the application be held in ABEYANCE pending the decision in that case. | [
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On order of the Court, the motion for immediate consideration is GRANTED. The application for leave to appeal the February 22, 2018 order of the Court of Appeals is considered, and it is DENIED, because we are not persuaded that the question presented should be reviewed by this Court. The motion for release on personal recognizance is DENIED. | [
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On order of the Court, the application for leave to appeal the October 17, 2017 order of the Court of Appeals is considered, and it is DENIED, because the defendant has failed to meet the burden of establishing entitlement to relief under MCR 6.508(D). | [
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On order of the Court, the application for leave to appeal the October 11, 2017 order of the Court of Appeals is considered and, pursuant to MCR 7.305(H)(1), in lieu of granting leave to appeal, we REMAND this case to the Court of Appeals for consideration of whether the defendant's delayed application for leave to appeal was timely filed by virtue of the prison mailbox rule, MCR 7.205(A)(3).
We do not retain jurisdiction. | [
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On order of the Court, the motion to supplement is GRANTED. The application for leave to appeal the May 7, 2018 order of the Court of Appeals is considered, and it is DENIED, because the defendant has failed to meet the burden of establishing entitlement to relief under MCR 6.508(D).
Viviano, J., not participating due to a familial relationship with the presiding circuit court judge in this case. | [
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On order of the Court, the motion for reconsideration of this Court's September 12, 2018 order is considered, and it is DENIED, because we are not persuaded that reconsideration of our previous order is warranted. MCR 7.311(G). The motions for miscellaneous relief are DENIED. | [
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On order of the Court, the application for leave to appeal the November 9, 2018 order of the Court of Appeals is considered, and it is DENIED, because we are not persuaded that the question presented should be reviewed by this Court. | [
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On order of the Court, the application for leave to appeal the October 25, 2018 judgment of the Court of Appeals is considered, and it is DENIED, because we are not persuaded that the questions presented should be reviewed by this Court. | [
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On order of the Court, the motion for leave to file amended application is GRANTED. The application for leave to appeal the May 29, 2018 judgment of the Court of Appeals is considered, and it is DENIED, because we are not persuaded that the questions presented should be reviewed by this Court. The motions to expand record and to remand are DENIED. | [
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On order of the Court, the motion for immediate consideration is GRANTED. The application for leave to appeal the December 28, 2018 order of the Court of Appeals is considered, and it is DENIED, because we are not persuaded that the question presented should be reviewed by this Court. | [
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On order of the Court, the application for leave to appeal the April 18, 2017 order of the Court of Appeals is considered. We observe that this appeal arises from a filing mix-up. As the defendant correctly notes, his motion reporting a fraud upon the court was originally filed in this Court and resolved by a denial order entered February 3, 2016. Docket No. 151817. The trial court record reveals that the defendant mailed a copy of that motion, designated as a Supreme Court motion, to the Wayne Circuit Court. Unfortunately, the circuit court did not recognize the designation, mistakenly treated it as a new motion for relief from judgment under MCR subchapter 6.500, and ultimately denied relief. Because it appears to this Court that the defendant did not intend to file the motion in the circuit court, we VACATE all rulings arising from that misfiling, including the Wayne Circuit Court order entered June 20, 2016, and the Court of Appeals denial order entered April 18, 2017. The Court further notes that the defendant remains entitled to file one motion for relief from judgment under MCR subchapter 6.500, but he is barred from relitigating those claims already resolved by this Court's February 3, 2016 order. See MCR 6.502(D)(2). The motion for miscellaneous relief is DENIED. | [
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On order of the Court, the application for leave to appeal the July 17, 2018 order of the Court of Appeals is considered, and it is DENIED, because we are not persuaded that the questions presented should be reviewed by this Court. | [
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On order of the Court, the application for leave to appeal the August 9, 2018 order of the Court of Appeals is considered, and it is DENIED, because the defendant's motion for relief from judgment is prohibited by MCR 6.502(G). | [
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On order of the Court, the application for leave to appeal the May 15, 2018 order of the Court of Appeals is considered. We DIRECT the Macomb County Prosecuting Attorney to answer the application for leave to appeal within 28 days after the date of this order.
The application for leave to appeal remains pending. | [
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On order of the Court, the application for leave to appeal the June 7, 2018 judgment of the Court of Appeals is considered, and it is DENIED, because we are not persuaded that the question presented should be reviewed by this Court. | [
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On order of the Court, the application for leave to appeal the May 15, 2018 judgment of the Court of Appeals is considered. We direct the Clerk to schedule oral argument on the application. MCR 7.305(H)(1).
The petitioner shall file a supplemental brief within 42 days of the date of this order addressing: (1) whether the respondents are entitled to a jury instruction based on MCL 722.634, which states: "A parent or guardian legitimately practicing his religious beliefs who thereby does not provide specified medical treatment for a child, for that reason alone shall not be considered a negligent parent or guardian;" and (2) for purposes of this determination, the distinction, if any, between the terms "neglects" and "refuses" in MCL 712A.2(b)(1), where the family court's jurisdiction is sought on the basis of the parent's failure to obtain medical care for a child. In addition to the brief, the petitioner shall electronically file an appendix conforming to MCR 7.312(D)(2). In the brief, citations to the record must provide the appendix page numbers as required by MCR 7.312(B)(1). Respondents and the lawyer-guardian ad litem shall file supplemental briefs within 21 days of being served with the petitioner's brief. The respondents shall also electronically file an appendix, or in the alternative, stipulate to the use of the appendix filed by the petitioner. A reply, if any, must be filed by the petitioner within 14 days of being served with the briefs of the respondents and the lawyer-guardian ad litem. The parties should not submit mere restatements of their application papers.
The Children's Law and Family Law Sections of the State Bar of Michigan are invited to file briefs amicus curiae. Other persons or groups interested in the determination of the issues presented in this case may move the Court for permission to file briefs amicus curiae. | [
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On order of the Court, the motion for extension of time to file a reply and the motion to exceed the page limit are GRANTED. The application for leave to appeal the March 22, 2018 judgment of the Court of Appeals is considered, and it is GRANTED. The parties shall include among the issues to be briefed: (1) whether the principles set forth in Howell v. Howell , --- U.S. ----, 137 S.Ct. 1400, 197 L.Ed.2d 781 (2017), apply to combat-related special compensation (CRSC), 10 USC 1413a ; (2) if so, whether Megee v. Carmine , 290 Mich. App. 551, 802 N.W.2d 669 (2010), remains good law in light of Howell ; and (3) whether the Court of Appeals was correct in upholding the Dickinson Circuit Court's November 6, 2014 contempt order against the defendant. The time allowed for oral argument shall be 20 minutes for each side. MCR 7.314(B)(1).
Operation Firing for Effect, Forgotten Warriors Project, Inc., and Veterans of Foreign Wars Insurance Institute of Michigan are invited to file briefs amicus curiae. Other persons or groups interested in the determination of the issues presented in this case may move the Court for permission to file briefs amicus curiae. | [
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On order of the Court, the application for leave to appeal the September 18, 2018 order of the Court of Appeals is considered, and it is DENIED, because we are not persuaded that the question presented should be reviewed by this Court. | [
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On order of the Court, the application for leave to appeal the August 16, 2018 judgment of the Court of Appeals is considered, and it is DENIED, because we are not persuaded that the questions presented should be reviewed by this Court. | [
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On order of the Court, the complaint for superintending control is considered, and relief is DENIED, because the Court is not persuaded that it should grant the requested relief.
Cavanagh, J., did not participate due to her prior service as a member of the Attorney Grievance Commission. | [
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On order of the Court, the application for leave to appeal the August 29, 2018 order of the Court of Appeals is considered, and it is DENIED, because we are not persuaded that the question presented should be reviewed by this Court. | [
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On order of the Court, the application for leave to appeal the March 27, 2018 order of the Court of Appeals is considered, and it is DENIED, because we are not persuaded that the questions presented should be reviewed by this Court. | [
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On order of the Court, the motion for reconsideration of this Court's October 2, 2018 order is considered, and it is DENIED, because it does not appear that the order was entered erroneously. | [
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On order of the Court, the application for leave to appeal the May 15, 2018 order of the Court of Appeals is considered, and it is DENIED, because we are not persuaded that the questions presented should be reviewed by this Court. | [
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On order of the Court, the application for leave to appeal the September 18, 2017 order of the Court of Appeals is considered, and it is DENIED, because we are not persuaded that the question presented should be reviewed by this Court. The motion to file an original action is DENIED. | [
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On order of the Court, the application for leave to appeal the April 10, 2018 order of the Court of Appeals is considered, and it is DENIED, because we are not persuaded that the questions presented should now be reviewed by this Court. | [
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On order of the Court, the application for leave to appeal the August 21, 2018 judgment of the Court of Appeals is considered. Pursuant to MCR 7.305(H)(1), and in lieu of granting leave to appeal, we REVERSE the judgment of the Court of Appeals and REMAND this case to the Wayne Circuit Court for a new trial. The Court of Appeals erred in concluding that the prosecution established that the confrontation violation was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt. Reviewing the record de novo, we cannot conclude that admission of Westley Webb's testimony-the only evidence that placed a gun in the defendant's hand-"did not tip the scale in favor of the prosecution and contribute to the jury's verdict." People v. Anderson , 446 Mich. 392, 407, 521 N.W.2d 538 (1994). Instead, it seems "reasonable to believe that this evidence affected the jury's decision to convict." Id.
We do not retain jurisdiction. | [
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On order of the Court, the application for leave to appeal the July 24, 2018 judgment of the Court of Appeals and the application for leave to appeal as cross-appellant are considered. We direct the Clerk to schedule oral argument on the application for leave to appeal as cross-appellant. MCR 7.305(H)(1).
The plaintiff cross-appellant shall file a supplemental brief within 42 days of the date of this order addressing whether the defendant cross-appellee maintained possession and control over the sidewalk such that plaintiff's claim sounded in premises liability rather than ordinary negligence. Compare Orel v. Uni-Rak Sales Co. Inc. , 454 Mich. 564, 563 N.W.2d 241 (1997), and Finazzo v. Fire Equip. Co. , 323 Mich. App. 620, 918 N.W.2d 200 (2018), with Fraim v. City Sewer of Flint , 474 Mich. 1101, 711 N.W.2d 83 (2006). In addition to the brief, the plaintiff shall electronically file an appendix conforming to MCR 7.312(D)(2). In the brief, citations to the record must provide the appendix page numbers as required by MCR 7.312(B)(1). The defendant shall file a supplemental brief within 21 days of being served with the plaintiff's brief. The defendant shall also electronically file an appendix, or in the alternative, stipulate to the use of the appendix filed by the plaintiff. A reply, if any, must be filed by the plaintiff within 14 days of being served with the defendant's brief. The parties should not submit mere restatements of their application papers.
The Michigan Association for Justice, Michigan Defense Trial Counsel, Inc., and the Negligence Section of the State Bar of Michigan are invited to file briefs amicus curiae. Other persons or groups interested in the determination of the issue presented in this case may move the Court for permission to file briefs amicus curiae.
The application for leave to appeal remains pending. | [
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On order of the Court, the application for leave to appeal the May 17, 2018 judgment of the Court of Appeals is considered, and it is DENIED, because we are not persuaded that the question presented should be reviewed by this Court. | [
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On order of the Court, the application for leave to appeal the May 18, 2018 order of the Court of Appeals is considered, and it is DENIED, because we are not persuaded that the questions presented should be reviewed by this Court. | [
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On order of the Court, the application for leave to appeal the November 28, 2017 judgment of the Court of Appeals is considered, and it is DENIED, because we are not persuaded that the questions presented should be reviewed by this Court. | [
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On order of the Court, the motion to intervene is DENIED. The application for leave to appeal the October 12, 2017 judgment of the Court of Appeals is considered and, it appearing to this Court that the cases of People v. Dixon-Bey (Docket No. 156746), --- Mich. ----, 912 N.W.2d 179 (2018) and People v. Beck (Docket No. 152934), --- Mich. ----, 914 N.W.2d 363, 2018 WL 3493942 (2018) are pending on appeal before this Court and that the decisions in those cases may resolve an issue raised in the present application for leave to appeal, we ORDER that the application be held in ABEYANCE pending the decisions in those cases. | [
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On order of the Court, the application for leave to appeal the November 15, 2017 order of the Court of Appeals is considered, and it is DENIED, because the defendant has failed to meet the burden of establishing entitlement to relief under MCR 6.508(D). | [
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On order of the Court, the application for leave to appeal the November 28, 2017 judgment of the Court of Appeals is considered, and it is DENIED, because we are not persuaded that the questions presented should be reviewed by this Court. | [
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On order of the Court, the application for leave to appeal the November 9, 2017 order of the Court of Appeals is considered, and it is DENIED, because the defendant has failed to meet the burden of establishing entitlement to relief under MCR 6.508(D). | [
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On order of the Court, the motion for reconsideration of this Court's April 3, 2018 order is considered, and it is DENIED, because it does not appear that the order was entered erroneously. | [
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On order of the Court, the application for leave to appeal the October 10, 2017 judgment of the Court of Appeals is considered and, it appearing to this Court that the cases of WA Foote Memorial Hospital v. Michigan Assigned Claims Plan (Docket No. 156622) and Dye v. Esurance Property & Casualty Ins Co (Docket No. 155784) are pending on appeal before this Court and that the decisions in those cases may resolve an issue raised in the present application for leave to appeal, we ORDER that the application be held in ABEYANCE pending the decisions in those cases. | [
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On order of the Court, the application for leave to appeal the March 21, 2018 order of the Court of Appeals is considered, and it is DENIED, because we are not persuaded that the question presented should be reviewed by this Court. | [
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On order of the Court, the application for leave to appeal the May 29, 2018 judgment of the Court of Appeals is considered, and it is GRANTED. The time allowed for oral argument shall be 20 minutes for each side. MCR 7.314(B)(1).
Persons or groups interested in the determination of the issues presented in this case may move the Court for permission to file briefs amicus curiae. | [
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On order of the Court, the application for leave to appeal the September 20, 2018 judgment of the Court of Appeals is considered, and it is DENIED, because we are not persuaded that the questions presented should be reviewed by this Court. | [
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On order of the Court, the application for leave to appeal the July 19, 2018 order of the Court of Appeals is considered. We DIRECT the Wayne County Prosecuting Attorney to answer the application for leave to appeal within 28 days after the date of this order.
The application for leave to appeal remains pending. | [
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Sawyer, J.
We are asked in this case to determine whether services performed by an attorney in Detroit on behalf of a client located outside the city while that attorney is physically located in his or her office in the city-is to be considered in-city or out-of-city income for purpose of § 23 of the City Income Tax Act (CITA). Petitioner maintains that the relevant consideration is where the client receives the services, while respondent and the Tax Tribunal maintain that the relevant consideration is where the work is performed. We agree with petitioner, and we reverse the Tax Tribunal and remand.
Petitioner is a law firm with a primary office in the city of Detroit but with additional offices located elsewhere. Petitioner represents clients both within Detroit and outside Detroit. Under § 18 of CITA , petitioner must determine the percentage of its business income that is derived from its business activities in Detroit. Petitioner uses §§ 20 through 24 the business allocation percentage method, in making this determination. This method requires the taxpayer to calculate the business allocation percentage under three different methods and then average the three to arrive at the business allocation percentage. The three factors are: (1) the property factor under § 21, which considers the percentage of the business's tangible personal and real property that is located within the city, (2) the payroll factor under § 22, which considers the percentage of total compensation that is "for work done or for services performed within the city," and (3) the sales factor under § 23, which considers the gross revenue "derived from sales made and services rendered in the city" compared to all gross revenue.
This case involves tax years 2010-2014 (the subject years). The parties agree on the computation of the first two factors (the property factor and the payroll factor), but disagree as to the computation of the sales factor. As noted, the dispute involves whether to interpret the § 23 phrase "services rendered" as referring to where the client receives the services (petitioner's interpretation) or where the work is performed (respondent's interpretation). Specifically, petitioner states that it calculated its in-city gross revenue by summing the gross revenue collected from clients located within the city of Detroit. According to petitioner, it had used this methodology in the past, but it was not until the subject years that the city objected and calculated the sales factor on the basis of the billable hours recorded for work performed within the city, regardless of the location of the client. The difference is not insignificant. For the subject years, under the city's methodology, slightly over 51% of petitioner's gross revenue would be considered in-city, while under petitioner's methodology, it would be slightly less than 11%.
In the Tax Tribunal, the parties filed cross-motions for summary disposition. The administrative law judge (ALJ) determined that § 23 was ambiguous and unclear. The ALJ concluded that because services are intangible, they cannot be delivered in the same manner as tangible property and that there was no reason to overrule the city's construction of the statute. Initially, we note that both parties agree that the tribunal erred by determining that § 23 is ambiguous. Of course, they offer differing interpretations of the statute. But, as an initial matter, we agree that the statute is unambiguous. Accordingly, we must interpret the plainly expressed meaning of the statute as contained in the words used by the Legislature. And we conclude that the plainly expressed meaning does not support respondent's position or the conclusion of the Tribunal.
We begin by observing that the Legislature used two different terms in drafting the payroll factor under § 22 and the sales factor under § 23. The payroll factor refers to "services performed," and § 23 refers to "services rendered." We agree with petitioner that these phrases must be given two different meanings because when the Legislature uses different words, the words are generally intended to connote different meanings. Simply put, 'the use of different terms within similar statutes generally implies that different meanings were intended.' 2A Singer & Singer, Sutherland Statutory Construction (7th ed.), § 46:6, p. 252. If the Legislature had intended the same meaning in both statutory provisions, it would have used the same word." Therefore, because § 22 refers to where the work is done or performed, the Legislature likely intended that the § 23 phrase "services rendered" have a different meaning.
The tribunal deals with this issue by also noting the directive of the Supreme Court in G C Timmis & Co. v. Guardian Alarm Co . that statutory
language does not stand alone, and thus it cannot be read in a vacuum. Instead, "[i]t exists and must be read in context with the entire act, and the words and phrases used there must be assigned such meanings as are in harmony with the whole of the statute ...." Arrowhead Dev. Co. v. Livingston Co. Rd. Comm., 413 Mich. 505, 516, 322 N.W.2d 702 (1982). "[W]ords in a statute should not be construed in the void, but should be read together to harmonize the meaning, giving effect to the act as a whole." Gen. Motors Corp. v. Erves (On Rehearing), 399 Mich. 241, 255, 249 N.W.2d 41 (1976) (opinion by COLEMAN , J.). Although a phrase or a statement may mean one thing when read in isolation, it may mean something substantially different when read in context. McCarthy v. Bronson, 500 U.S. 136, 139, 111 S.Ct. 1737, 114 L.Ed.2d 194 (1991) ; Hagen v. Dep't of Ed., 431 Mich. 118, 130-131, 427 N.W.2d 879 (1988). "In seeking meaning, words and clauses will not be divorced from those which precede and those which follow." People v. Vasquez, 465 Mich. 83, 89, 631 N.W.2d 711 (2001), quoting Sanchick v. State Bd. of Optometry, 342 Mich. 555, 559, 70 N.W.2d 757 (1955). "It is a familiar principle of statutory construction that words grouped in a list should be given related meaning."
Third Nat'l Bank in Nashville v. Impac Ltd., Inc., 432 U.S. 312, 322, 97 S.Ct. 2307, 53 L.Ed.2d 368 (1977) ; see also Beecham v. United States, 511 U.S. 368, 371, 114 S.Ct. 1669, 128 L.Ed.2d 383 (1994). [Alterations in original.]
In our view, however, this strengthens, rather than weakens, petitioner's interpretation. While the Legislature does not give much direct guidance in § 23 to the meaning of "services rendered," it does give explicit guidance to "sales made in the city." MCL 141.623(1) provides, in part, as follows:
For the purposes of this section, "sales made in the city" means all sales where the goods, merchandise or property is received in the city by the purchaser, or a person or firm designated by him. In the case of delivery of goods in the city to a common or private carrier or by other means of transportation, the place at which the delivery has been completed is considered as the place at which the goods are received by the purchaser.
The following examples are not all inclusive but may serve as a guide for determining sales made in the city:
(a) Sales to a customer in the city with shipments to a destination within the city from a location in the city or an out-of-city location are considered sales made in the city.
(b) Sales to a customer in the city with shipments to a destination within the city directly from the taxpayer's in-city supplier or out-of-city supplier are considered sales made in the city.
(c) Sales to a customer in the city with shipments directly to the customer at his regularly maintained and established out-of-city location are considered out-of-city sales.
(d) Sales to an out-of-city customer with shipments or deliveries to the customer's location within the city are considered sales made in the city.
(e) Sales to an out-of-city customer with shipments to an out-of-city destination are considered out-of-city sales.
There is a very obvious common thread here: what is relevant is not the location of the taxpayer (or even the customer), but the destination of the goods. If the destination is within the city, then it is a sale made in the city. If the destination is outside the city, then it is not a sale within the city. This employs a "destination test" for the sales factor.
Returning to the meaning of the word "render," petitioner supplies a contemporary definition of the word from the 1969 edition of Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary, wherein the relevant definition of "render" is "to transmit to another: DELIVER." This is in contrast to the Tribunal's opinion, which looked to an online definition of "render": " 'to do (a service) for another.' " The opinion then equated "do" with "perform" to reach the conclusion that "render" is "synonymous with perform." We find this conclusion to be dubious and unnecessarily convoluted. Why would the Legislature use the word "render" to mean "perform" by way of the verb "to do," when it would have been much simpler and clearer to simply reuse the § 22 word "perform"? This neatly illustrates the principle that the Legislature employs different words when it intends different meanings.
The tribunal finds a need for its strained conclusion because it observes that services "cannot be 'delivered' in the same manner as tangible items." It then invokes an irrelevant quotation, typically attributed to Abraham Lincoln, that " 'A lawyer's time and advice [are] his stock in trade.' " It is true that services are different than tangible items. But that does not mean that services cannot be delivered. And, with all due respect to President Lincoln, a lawyer's time and advice can result in a tangible item. For example, a lawyer's time and advice may well result in the drafting of a will, a complaint, a contract, a brief, etc. And those items may well be delivered to the client in a different location than where the lawyer performed the drafting. Moreover, even the advice itself may be delivered to a different location. For example, a lawyer in Detroit may have a telephone conversation with a client located in Ann Arbor. The lawyer's advice during that conversation is delivered to the client in Ann Arbor.
In sum, after considering the Legislature's use of the word "rendered" in § 23-rather than reusing the § 22 word "performed" and in relation to services-and considering that term in the context of how it treats the sale of tangible goods, we conclude that the relevant consideration in § 23 is where the service is delivered to the client, not where the attorney performs the service. Therefore, for purposes of § 23, when a service is provided to a client outside the city of Detroit, it is to be considered an "out-of-city" service, while a service provided to a client in the city of Detroit is to be considered an "in-city" service.
The Tax Tribunal's grant of partial summary disposition in favor of respondent is reversed, and the matter is remanded to the Tax Tribunal for further proceedings consistent with this opinion. We do not retain jurisdiction. Petitioner may tax costs.
Murphy, P.J., and Beckering, J., concurred with Sawyer, J.
MCL 141.623.
MCL 141.618.
MCL 141.620 through MCL 141.624.
MCL 141.624.
MCL 141.621.
MCL 141.622.
MCL 141.623.
For the subject years, the back taxes, plus interest and penalty, exceed $1 million.
Of course, this only accounts for one-third of the final business allocation percentage.
This would seem to be a necessity for respondent because otherwise it would have to deal with a principle of law that the tribunal overlooked. Namely, that "ambiguities in the language of a tax statute are to be resolved in favor of the taxpayer." Mich. Bell Tel. Co. v. Dep't of Treasury , 445 Mich. 470, 477, 518 N.W.2d 808 (1994).
Whitman v. City of Burton , 493 Mich. 303, 311-312, 831 N.W.2d 223 (2013).
U.S. Fidelity & Guaranty Co. v. Mich. Catastrophic Claims Ass'n (On Rehearing ), 484 Mich. 1, 14, 795 N.W.2d 101 (2009).
468 Mich. 416, 421-422, 662 N.W.2d 710 (2003).
See Hellerstein & Hellerstein, State and Local Taxation , Thomson West, (8th ed.), p. 658, 659 (2005).
Section 23 was enacted by 1964 PA 284.
Respondent pursues the same reasoning by citing a number of sources to suggest an equivalency between "render" and "perform." But only two examples come close to equating the two: Thesaurus.com gives "performed" as a synonym of "rendered," and Black's Law Dictionary (Revised 4th ed) gives a definition of "render" to mean "perform ... services," though respondent leaves out a semicolon and intervening words to reach that definition in Black's. The other examples involve some variation of doing or providing a service. | [
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] |
On order of the Court, the application for leave to appeal the September 19, 2017 judgment of the Court of Appeals is considered, and it is DENIED, because we are not persuaded that the questions presented should be reviewed by this Court. | [
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On order of the Court, the application for leave to appeal the March 1, 2018 order of the Court of Appeals is considered, and it is DENIED, because we are not persuaded that the question presented should be reviewed by this Court. | [
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On order of the Court, the application for leave to appeal the January 16, 2018 judgment of the Court of Appeals is considered, and it is DENIED, because we are not persuaded that the questions presented should be reviewed by this Court. | [
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On order of the Court, the application for leave to appeal the October 26, 2017 order of the Court of Appeals is considered, and it is DENIED, because the defendant has failed to meet the burden of establishing entitlement to relief under MCR 6.508(D). | [
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On order of the Court, the application for leave to appeal the January 3, 2018 order of the Court of Appeals is considered, and it is DENIED, because the defendant has failed to meet the burden of establishing entitlement to relief under MCR 6.508(D). | [
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On order of the Court, the application for leave to appeal the November 29, 2017 orders of the Court of Appeals is considered, and it is DENIED, because the defendant has failed to meet the burden of establishing entitlement to relief under MCR 6.508(D). | [
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On order of the Court, the application for leave to appeal the August 10, 2017 judgment of the Court of Appeals is considered, and it is DENIED, because we are not persuaded that the question presented should be reviewed by this Court. | [
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On order of the Court, the application for leave to appeal the March 15, 2018 judgment of the Court of Appeals is considered, and it is DENIED, because we are not persuaded that the question presented should be reviewed by this Court. | [
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