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Cooley, O. J.»
In this case the owner of a lot in the city of Detroit seeks to recover possession from a party1 claiming to be tenant, but whose tenancy she denies.
The facts are that on June 3, 1884, the respondent, as party of the first part, entered into a written agreement with the complainant, as party of the second part, whereby he agreed to build and finish for her a stable on the lot in question for a stipulated price, he furnishing some of the materials, but she the major part. The stable was to be finished by July 1, 1884, and the complainant was to pay the respondent $200 for his labor, and the market value for such materials as he should furnish. It was further agreed as follows : “The said sums of money are to be paid by the said party of the second part, giving to the said party of the first part a lease of said stable, which said lease is to continue and to remain in force until the said party of the first part shall have received from the rents, or from said party of the second part, the sums of money above provided for. If the party of the first part decides to retain possession of said stable himself, the reut is to be fixed at the rate of twenty-five dollars per month. If he decides to rent it to some other person, the rent is not to be less than twenty-five dollars per month.”
The stable was not finished as soon as agreed, and when it was finished," a dispute arose between the parties as to the sum to be paid therefor. Some negotiations for a settlement of the dispute were had between the parties, but they came to nothing, and, respondent refusing to surrender possession, this proceeding was instituted. On trial in the circuit court the complainant had judgment, and the respondent brings the case here on writ of error.
In support of this judgment it is contended that the contract between the parties, in so far as it contemplated a tenancy, amounted only to an agreement for a lease, and not to an actual leasing; and People v. Gillis 24 Wend. 201; Jackson v. Delacroix 2 Wend. 433; McGrath v. Boston 103 Mass. 369; and Morgan v. Powell 8 Jur. 1123, are cited. None of these cases is in point. A mere agreement for a lease does not create a tenancy, or give to the party with whom it is made a right to possession; and that is what is decided in the cases referréd to. But in this case the respondent was to have a building only, and was himself to build it. It would be in his possession for the purposes of ■construction until completed, and the contract contemplated that the possession he then had should be retained by him as a tenant until the rents should pay for the construction. The tenancy, therefore, began immediately on the completion.
The judgment must be reversed and judgment entered for the defendant on the finding, with costs.
The other Justices concurred. | [
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Champlin, J.
Plaintiff brought an action, based upon the common counts in assumpsit, to recover from defendant $221.06 for ten and one-half months’ services as secretary and treasurer at the rate of $250 a year, and also including some small items for postage, etc. The defendant pleaded the general issue.
The defendant is a corporation, organized in October, 1882, under How. Stat., ch. 124. The plaintiff was duly elected its secretary, and his compensation fixed at $250 for the first year, which has been adjusted. At the expiration of his first year’s services he wished to resign, but was requested by the different members of the board of directors to continue to discharge the duties of that officer for the company, but no compensation was agreed upon for such services. The officers of the corporation held for one year, and until their successors were elected or appointed. There had been no election of officers, and consequently no one to succeed the plaintiff as secretary. He served ten months and a half after the expiration of the first year. Evidence was introduced of the services rendered the corporation, and of the reasonable worth of such services, and the jury, from the evidence, rendered a verdict for the plaintiff.
A by-law adopted by the corporation provided • that “ no debts shall be contracted by the company except by order of the board of directors, and not unless there are funds in the treasury to meet the same.” The defendant claims that by reason of this by-law, and the fact that there was no money in the treasury to pay the secretary for his services, he is not entitled to recover. But it is apparent that the by-law was not intended to apply to cases of this kind ; and if it did, it would be no defense when the corporation has received the consideration of the indebtedness contracted. The case presents no error of law, and
The judgment is affirmed.
The other Justices concurred. | [
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Campbell, J.
On the 10th of January, 1884, plaintiff, in the evening, slipped on a cross-walk at the corner of Prospect and Division streets, in Detroit, and fell and broke her arm. The occasion of her fall was claimed to be a small ridge of ice formed by the trampling of snow, and melting and freezing, until the surface was uneven. She recovered below, and the city brings error.
The case seems to have been fairly presented in all re spects, so as to raise two questions closely connected, which, are — -first, whether such a condition of things is such as is covered by the statute which gives a remedy for injuries on highways and cross-walks; and second, whether there-is any liability without further notice than appeared here. Upon the question of damages the verdict was reasonable, and there are no other disputed points requiring attention.
It has been the settled law of this State that the right to recover depends entirely upon the statute, and the main question is dependent on its construction. Under our Constitution the title of" an act is significant, and usually controlling in determining its scope, and in this case is of some importance. The body of the statute must reasonably harmonize with it, and in this instance there is substantial harmony.
This law is entitled “ An act for the collection of damages sustained by reason of defective public highways, streets, bridges, cross-walks and culverts.” Pub. Acts 1879, p. 223 ; How. Stat. §§ 1442-1446. In the body of the act the action is given for injuries by neglect to keep these in good repair, and in a condition reasonably safe, and fit for travel, by the township, village, city, or corporation whose duty it is to keep the same in good repair. § 1442. By section 1445 it is made the duty of townships, villages, cities, or corporations to keep in good repair, so that they shall be safe and convenient for public travel at all times. And power is given to levy such sum beyond the means formerly provided by law, not exceeding five mills on the dollar in each year, as will enable them to keep these easements “ in good repair at all times.” The liability is not to apply unless the municipality has had reasonable time and opportunity, after the ways become “ unsafe or unfit for travel,” to put them in “ proper condition for use, and has not used reasonable diligence therein.” § 1443.
This statute covers all classes of municipalities, and undertakes to deal with duties common to all of them. It was not designed to put villages and cities under any different obligations than townships, in regard to the good repair of such ways as are to be kept in order. And, so far as our attention has been called to them, the statutes existing elsewhere have made no essential difference. Cities naturally have many more ways to look after, but the failure to do so involves no different considerations. The judge who tried this case expressed some doubt about it, but left it to be determined by appellate proceedings, should the jury think a case made out under his charge.
The decisions upon the liability of municipalities for winter obstructions to ways, although several cases have been decided, are not as numerous as might be expected if there were any general agreement that ice and snow were to be removed at the peril of the corporation. Mr. Dillon, in his work on Municipal Corporations, has very little to say about it, and the works on Negligence recognize the diversity of ruling under statutes and the local common law. The New Eng. land cases which were cited, and others which have been examined, appear to rest chiefly on ancient statutes which refer expressly to the duty of keeping ways clear of snow and ice. The later Massachusetts authorities are more guarded than the earlier ones, and have required stricter proof of negligence than formerly. The cases are very fully collected in 2 Eng. & Am. Corp. Cas. 565, 571, 572, 579, 588; 4 id. 626, 627. They agree that there is no responsibility unless there has been such an accumulation as will amount to an obstruction of the way which is dangerous, and they also agree that a city is not liable for the manner in which its walks and other structures and ways are planned. It may perhaps be said that if the duty is absolute to remove such slippery accumulations, there was enough to go to the jury in this case, provided the city was sufficiently notified. But the more important inquiry is whether the statute covers such a case.
The natural meaning of the act, both in the title and in the body, is to create liability only for having ways out of repair and defective on that account. Several authorities treat the class of obstructions in question as involving want -of repair and defects. But in the absence of statutes which ■provide for them as such, it is not a natural construction, and the cases are more consistent which deal with these things as ■acts of negligence at common law. A great deal, however, ■may fairly depend on local usage in determining duties con-cerning highways in winter. Where it is customary to treat the removal of snow and ice as a regular part of highway •management, the failure to look after it may be properly regarded as wrongful and negligent. In the eastern states this is done much more generally than elsewhere, and, as already •suggested, the reported cases on the subject do not indicate •anything like universal usage in that direction. There is ■probably not a single northern city or town where such acci•dents as that appearing on this record do not occur every ■year. The reports would present much more numerous ■precedents if it were the general supposition that such actions' would lie.
We have never had a Michigan statute which made ex-press provision for removing snow and ice; and the laws -regulating highway labor, and the expenditure of highway money, are ¿11 framed on the theory that work will be done ■when the earth is uncovered. Our cities are empowered to ■clean their streets, and frequently to remove snow and filth; but this has seldom if ever been made obligatory, or treated as having anything to do with street repaks or defects. It is possible that highway money may have been expended in •towns and villages to clear the tracks in winter; but if so, the instances are exceptional, and not within the language of any statute. The powers and duties of cities concerning highways, as laid down by the general incorporation act, are, ■except as designated, put on the same footing as those of townships. How. Stat. § 2635. They are empowered to require abutters on the streets to remove snow and ice from the sidewalks, and to do it for them on default; but no such ■reference is made as to cross-walks. §§ 2636-2641. The village act is still narrower in its operation, although similar. Now. Stat. § 2855.
•Our statutory system has been ^devised to meet the neces-sities of a rapidly developing country, thinly settled in many places, and with cities covering much larger spaces than.' would be required for a stationary population. It would be a great hardship and involve ruinous expense if all of the-multitudinous ways that are subject to be affected by winter-storms are to be constantly watched and diligently kept in thoroughly good condition. Most communities may be relied on to do what is necessary and feasible. But no amount of diligence can supply an adequate force and adequate-means to detect the inevitable accumulations of snow trampled into hardness on every cross-walk or in every roadway. In the city of Detroit it is estimated that there are more than 10,000 cross-walks inside of the suburbs. Except during winter there is not much risk that dangerous defects will be numerous or unnoticed. A walk properly laid may be relied on, except as against very long wear or active mischief. But a few passers-by will trample the snow into-ridges, and the work of removing them would be enormous. The charter makes no adequate provision for doing it,, or for finding out its necessity. The municipal police, although required to use vigilance, and be faithful in doing so, is not a city agency in any sense, and there is no-other agency in the appointment of the city, and for which-the city could justly be held responsible, that could gather information in winter that would be at all available to secure-any universal and efficient care of the streets and cross-walks. In Rhode Island, after the decision in Providence v. Clapp 17 How. 161, which construed the statutes as binding the-the city by constructive notice of ice accumulations, the law was so changed as to exonerate from liability unless express notice was given to the city authorities of the danger existing. Such a rule is just and sensible, where the liability exists at all, because such dangers are .apt to exist in many places at the same time. It would certainly be a violent presumption that any proper city official of Detroit actually knew of the existence of the ice-ridge on this particular-cross-walk. And it would be still more singular if at the same time there were not several hundred, if not several thousand, similar places in the city.
It is possible that some legal duty ought to exist for clearing off such ridges as they are raised by the feet of passengers ; but to provide for it by means which will be reasonable and not oppressive on the many towns and municipalities throughout the State will be a task of some difficulty. We are satisfied no such liability has thus far been provided for.
We think there was no cause'of action made out, and that the judgment must be reversed. As the want of jurisdiction appears on the record, there is no ground for a new trial.
Sherwood and Champlin, JJ., concurred. Coolet, C. J., did not sit. | [
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Sherwood, J.
The petitioners'in this case are all legatees under the following clause of the last will of the late William Hutchinson, of Three Rivers, in St. Joseph county, deceased, viz.:
“ Fifth. To my nephew, Albert H. Knorr, I give, devise and bequeath the sum of one hundred and fifty dollars, and no more, being the amount of a certain promissory note given to the Manufacturers’ National Bank of Three Rivers, which I paid for him, and the residue of the remaining one-fifth of my estate, after deducting therefrom the one hundred and fifty dollars aforesaid, I give, devise and bequeath to the children of my said nephew, Albert H. Knorr, or to the survivors of them, to be placed at interest by my executor, and divided equally between them when they severally become of age ; and should any or either of them die before coming of age and leave children, then the share of the child deceased shall be given to them. And 1 do nominate and appoint Joseph B. Millard, of Three Rivers, Michigan, to be the executor of this my last will and testament.”
The following clause of the petition represents the condition of the said Albert PI. Knorr and his children : The petitioners are all minors, the youngest having been born since the death of the testator, and the petition is presented and filed by their next friend, Tindal PI. Calam, and represents that the children of said Albert “ are in a destitute condition, and unable to support and educate themselves, and unless a portion of the funds in the said executor’s and trustee’s hands is_ used, your petitioners will be compelled to rely upon the charity of the public for their supportand prays that the executor of said last will, who is defendant in this case, and who has the trust funds in his hands, “ may by an order or decree require the said Joseph B. Millard to pay out of the income from the said trust funds in his hands such an amount to be used in the support and education of petitioners as may be necessary for that purpose, and as to the court may seem just.”
The defendant appeared and answered the petition, and in the response thereto admits the probate of the will, and his appointment and acceptance of the trust as executor thereof, and that petitioners are the children of Albert H. Knorr, and are all minors ; that he has the legacies devised to them, but does not admit that the father is unable to support them, or that they are unable to support themselves, and denies that they are destitute, and avers that the court has no authority to determine the matter mentioned in the petition, or grant the relief prayed for, or that the petition can be filed by next friend, and asks that the petition be dismissed, with costs.
Proofs were taken in open court, after which, upon the ■hearing had upon the petition, answer, and proofs taken, Judge Pealer made the following decree:
“ It is ordered, adjudged and decreed that the defendant Joseph B. Millard, executor and trustee for said three petitioners as aforesaid, pay out of the income of the fund in his hands to the guardian of said Joseph, Mattie and Reginald Knorr the sum of one hundred dollars for each of them, and that each year thereafter he pay the said three petitioners’ guardian the sum of one hundred dollars each until each shall come of the age of eighteen years, to be used by said guardian in the support and education of said petitioners, except such sum as may be necessary to meet the expenses of litigation in this matter, which sura the said guardian is hereby authorized to use for that purpose, and account for in settlement with probate court. It is further ordered that said defendant Joseph B. Millard pay the said sum of money above set forth within ten days from service upon him of a copy of this order, and that the first of the year above mentioned dates from the tenth day of November, 1884, and that all and every sum paid pursuant to this decree be allowed him in settlement of his accounts with probate court. It is further ordered that the petition be dismissed as to Kittie and Dora Knorr, without costs. And it is further ordered that the costs and expenses of said Joseph B. Millard, as such trustee, in the defense of this cause, including the register’s fees in this cause, be allowed him in his settlement as such trustee in his account with the probate court.”
The proceeding seems to be proper, and one indicated in the case when the matter was before this Court in Knorr v. Millard 52 Mich. 542. In that case the Court said : “ But inasmuch as these bequests are not contingent except as to time of payment, and as the chances of all the children are .equal, the power has been recognized in the court of chancery, in its administration of trusts, to provide for making necessary advances out of the income when the infants are otherwise likely to suffer, even where by the terms of the .trust itself an accumulation is contemplated. The doctrine is fully discussed and cases cited in Perry on Trusts, §§ 615-617 and notes. Our statutes have expressly provided for ithe application of this same doctrine -to trusts in land. Comp. L. § 4106 [How. Stat. § 5555.] We see no reason? why, on a proper original application to the circuit judge sitting in equity, on a petition with sufficient showing, he-may not, if in his opinion the exigency warrants it, give such, relief as will be proper, under such safeguards and conditions-as will secure its honest use.”
The infants appear by next friend in making and filing-the petition, and taking the proceedings had in this case. This was proper, and the proofs taken fully support the averments contained in the petition, so far as it relates to the condition of the parents, and that of the minor children mentioned in the decree. We think the allowance made for the-support and education of these minor children reasonable and’ proper.
The birth of the youngest child after the death of the testator does not affect his right to share in the fund with the-rest of the children, and the decree at the circuit is in all things
Affirmed. No costs will be given.
The other Justices concurred. | [
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Champlin, J.
The respondent was charged before a justice of the peace with not keeping a room in which liquors were sold, closed between the hours of nine and ten o’clock at night. He was arrested and brought before the justice, when he pleaded guilty to the complaint. He does not appear to have been represented by attorney or counsel on that occasion. The justice imposed the least penalty provided by statute for such offense, and respondent thereupon appealed to the circuit court.
The statute giving justices of the peace jurisdiction in criminal cases provides: “If the accused shall plead guilty to such charge, the court shall thereupon convict him of the offense charged, and render judgment thereon.” How. Stat, § 7098. Section 7109 provides: “The person so charged with, and convicted by any such justice of the peace of any such offense, may appeal from the judgment of such justice of the peace to the circuit court: Provided, said person shall enter into a recognizance to the People of the State of Michigan, in a sum not less than fifty nor more than five hundred' dollars, within ten days after the rendition of the judgment^ with one or moi’e sufficient sureties, conditioned to appear before said court, on the first day of the next term thereof, and prosecute his appeal at said term to effect, and abide the orders and judgment of said court.”
Respondent filed a petition in the circuit court for leave to withdraw his plea of guilty, and to enter a plea of not guilty, and for a trial of the charge against him upon the merits. He stated that he was induced to plead guilty through a misapprehension of the facts and law, and would not have so pleaded had it not been for such misapprehension ; that he had fully and fairly stated the case in the cause to L. A. Tabor, his counsel, who resides at Lawton, and that he had .a good and substantial defense to said charge, as he was advised by his said counsel, after such statement made as aforesaid, and which he verily believed to be true. The petition was duly verified by the oath of the petitioner.
Hpon the hearing of the petition, the court made the following order, as appears from the journal entry thereof:
“The People <o. Ralph G. Richmond.
In this cause the respondent, having prayed the court for leave to withdraw the plea of ‘guilty’ by him heretofore pleaded at the court below, and to plead over ‘not guilty,’ and L. A. Tabor, Esq., having been heard in support thereof, and the prosecuting attorney in opposition thereto, and it appearing to the court that the showing made is sufficient to warrant the granting of the relief prayed, therefore it is ordered that the prayer of the respondent be, and the same hereby is denied as made, without prejudice. And it is further ordered that said respondent have leave, if he so desires, to make a further and additional showing in the premises at any time ' before the opening of court on Friday next, in the afternoon; and that if, upon such showing, it appear that the defendant was improperly induced to plead guilty, and that his plea was not understanding^’ and voluntarily made, and that he had a defense to the charge as set forth in the complaint as against him upon the merits, that then and in such case he be allowed to withdraw his plea of ‘guilty’ over.”
The respondenfnot appearing and showing cause pursuant to the exigency of the foregoing order, the court made an■other order requiring respondent to appear before the court for sentence on or before the next Monday after the making •of the order, at which time the respondent appeared in court and protested against being sentenced upon his former plea ■of guilty ; but the court proceeded to sentence him to pay a fine of $25, together with costs of prosecution, taxed at $1.95, on or before the first day of May then next, and also that he be imprisoned in the county jail for a period of ten days from and including the first day of May next, and in default of paying said fine before the expiration of said term of imprisonment that he stand imprisoned and be further detained in said county jail for the further period of sixty days thereafter, unless such fine and costs be sooner paid. From this action of the circuit court respondent has appealed to this Court.
The Attorney General insists that the jaroceedings were entirely regular, and warranted by the authority of the following; cases: Com. v. Winton 108 Mass. 485; Com. v. Mahoney 115 Mass. 151; Com. v. Blake 12 Allen 188; Com. v. Chapman 11 Cush. 422; Wickwire v. State 19 Conn. 478; Strahan Case 7 Cox Crim. Cases 85.
The general rule undoubtedly is that upon appeal the case stands in the appellate tribunal in the same plight it was in, so far as the pleadings are concerned, in the court below. In the case of Mahoney he had pleaded guilty in the municipal court, and was sentenced, but appealed to the superior court, where the district attorney moved for sentence. The defendant objected, and claimed a trial by jury. Gray, C. J. said: “A defendant in a criminal case, who has once pleaded to the charge against him, has no right to withdraw his plea, but is confined to the issues of law or fact thereby raised or left open, unless the court in which the case is pending sees fit to exercise the discretion of allowing him to withdraw it and plead anew. If he appeals from a judgment against him in the court in which his plea is first made, •>the appeal indeed vacates the judgment, but it does not multiply his grounds of defence or enlarge the issue once joined between the Commonwealth and himself. The same defences are open to him in the appellate court as in the court below, and no other. If he pleads guilty upon- his first arraignment, and his plea is received by the- court and recorded, it is an admission of all facts well charged" in thé indictment or complaint, and a waiver of his right of trial- by jury thereon, and, unless withdrawn by special leave of court, or a motion is interposed in arrest of judgment for legal defects apparent on the record, leaves nothing to be done but to pass "sentence. Gen. Sts. c. 158, § 5; Commonwealth v. Winton 108 Mass. 485.”
The decisions in Massachusetts are in conformity to the strict rule of pleading and practice under the criminal law as administered in England and in several of the States of the Union. But in this State the statute has relieved the administration of the criminal law of much of its severity, and has prescribed rules intended to protect the accused from inconsiderate action, and secure to him a fair trial and just punishment. The statute authorizing the appeal was intended to-secure a retrial of' the cause in the circuit, if such retrial is-desired by the respondent. It makes no distinction as to the right of appeal between a conviction based upon a plea of guilty, and one of not guilty and trial before a jury.. The-appeal-bond in each instance requires the accused to prosecute his appeal to effect, and this contemplates a prosecution in the usual way of trial and verdict. On the appeal the accused may stand upon his plea of guilty entered in the court below, if he chooses to do so, in which case it would be the duty of the court, before proceeding to sentence, to investigate the case and the circumstances of such plea, and ascertain whether it was made freely, and with full knowledge of the- nature of the accusation, and without undue influence. How. Stat. § 9558;. This statute was enacted to protect all persons accused of crime, standing before the court on a plea of guilty, and is not limited in its scope and application- to- cases where the plea is to an information. It is as applicable to a case appealed, where the warrant stands as the information,, on the- one hand, as it is to a ease of a party indicted, on the other. In most cases, the party appealing does so to obtain a retrial on the merits, and not for a modification of the sentence. It' is obviously so in this case, as the judgment of the court below was the minimum which the law authorized for tbe ofíense charged.
In all cases of appeal from a criminal conviction on a plea of guilty, we think it is the right of the accused to withdraw his plea of guilty, and have the case retried upon the merits. We think the object of the law granting a right of appeal in case of conviction was for the purpose of according to the accused a retrial in the circuit or appellate court. This end would be defeated if it rests in the discretion of the appellate court to permit a withdrawal of the plea of guilty for the purpose of pleading to the merits. Under the construction which we give to the statute, the accused was entitled as matter of right to withdraw his plea of guilty, and interpose the plea of not guilty. This construction we think is in accord with the principles of justice, and the manifest intent of the legislature. It follows that the
Judgment must be set aside, and the record remanded to the court below, with leave to respondent to withdraw his plea of guilty, and to interpose a plea of not guilty.
The other Justices concurred. | [
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Sherwood, J.
The plaintiff brought an action upon the common counts in assumpsit against the defendant to recover for a balance due him for timber and plank claimed to have been sold and delivered to defendant and used by it in the construction of its road.
Plaintiff claimed to have made the contract with defendant’s chief and assistant engineers, and to have received payments from time tó time on his contract from defendant’s-paymaster. The defense was the general issue and set-off. In the circuit plaintiff introduced evidence tending to-show that he had entered into contracts with one Ironside, as assistant engineer, with the approval of one Howard, as-chief engineer of defendant company, and also of receiving payments from one Carroll .as paymaster of defendant company. He also introduced proof tending to show delivery and v^lue of the timber and plank as sold and delivered.
To meet this case made by the plaintiff the defendant proved the execution of a contract by its president and secretary, under its corporate seal, entered into previous to the-delivery of the timber and plank by plaintiff with a corporation called the “New York, New England & Western Investment Company,” by which, for a certain consideration-therein named, the latter named company agreed to build: and construct the whole line of defendant’s road, and complete the same in a first-class manner, and put on the iron and rolling stock without any expense to defendant company. It also introduced evidence tending to show that the investment company did go on and construct the road, and that defendant company had nothing whatever to do with the-building thereof; that Howard, Ironside, and Carroll were-agents of the investment company, employed and paid by it,, and were not employed or paid by defendant company, and had no authority to act for it whatever, and also that they never had assumed or agreed to pay any of the debts of the-investment company.
The circuit judge instructed the jury that if they should find that the dealings of the plaintiff were with the investment company, through their agent, Mr. Ironside, then that would end the case in favor of defendant company. And to-make the point more emphatic the learned judge said : “ And in this connection the court desires to call your attention to-one fact in reference to this matter, and that is this: The: •claim on the part of the defendant is that the investment company was the company acting and operating in the building of this road ;■ that if a party dealt with that investment company, and that investment company was owing that party for materials furnished, any statement or agreement on the part of the defendant company would not bind the defendant company without an express promise to pay that indebtedness ; and that I conceive to be the law of the case.”
The defendant’s counsel submitted several special questions of fact for the jury to pass upon ; the first three of which and the sixth were as follows: (1) Was there a contract made by the railroad company defendant, with the iñvestment company to construct the railroad for defendant ? (2) Did the investment company construct the road? (3) Was the investment company to furnish the material for that purpose ? (6) Has the defendant ever assumed any of the investment company’s indebtedness for building the road? These were questions of fact which, under the evidence and charge of the court, it was competent and necessary for the jury to answer. They were material to the issue, and if answered in accordance with what the defendant claimed the evidence established, would have ended the case in defendant’s favor. The reply made to each of these questions was “ Unknown to the jury.”
The evidence did or did not prove the facts inquired after-If it did, the jury should have answered accordingly. If it did not, they should have returned negative answers to the first three questions, and they should have answered the sixth according as they found the fact to be. • The result is a mis trial.
• The judgment must be reversed and a new trial had.
The bill of exceptions does not state that it contains all the evidence. It is unnecessarily prolix, containing over one hundred and thirty pages. It ought not to have contained more than fifty. The appellant will not be allowed for printing but fifty pages of record.
Campbell and Ohamflin, JJ. concurred. Cooley, O. J. •did not sit. | [
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Cooley, C. J.
When this casewas before the Court on a was that there was some evidence the record tending to show negligence on the part of the authorities conducing to the plaintiffs injury, and she was entitled to have it submitted to a jury. 50 Mich. On a second trial she has recovered judgment, and the is now brought here by the defendant.
no showing of negli- ; but I am constrained to say that while it is very weak, ought not, perhaps, to have led to a verdict for plaintiff, it substantially the same as that given on the first trial, and the decision made in reviewing the former trial should therefore control.
on the court upon the reception of evidence from physicians. Plaintiff claimed to been seriously and permanently injured, and she called physician who attended her on that occasion, and obtained evidence from him which tended to support her claim. He testified that he had known the plaintiff before her injury, and she seemed to be a strong, healthy, robust woman. defense undertook to show that the plaintiff, instead of healthy before, was afflicted with chronic ailments, and this purpose they called two physicians who testified that attended upon her professionally, and were able to tell whether her constitutional health was impaired before the of the alleged injury. They were then asked to state -whether it was impaired in fact; but having stated, in response to an inquiry by the court, that such information as they had -on that subject was obtained professionally, while in attendance upon the plaintiff as her physician, and was necessary to enable them to prescribe for her, the proposed evidence was excluded. It is said that this was error, because the plaintiff waived her privilege to have the seal of professional confidence preserved unbroken when she put her own physician upon the stand to testify to her condition. Doubtless she ■did so as to him to the extent to which she carried his examin- • ation; but it does not appear that he testified to any professional knowledge acquired in a relation of confidence, previous to the injury; and a waiver of her privilege in his case to permit him to disclose what he learned of her condition at ■that time could be no waiver of a similar privilege in the . case of others relating to other occasions. If the other physicians had been called by her, and partial examination gone into on her behalf, it would have been different; but as the ■case stood, there seems to have been no error in excluding their evidence. How. Stat. § 7516; Campau v. North 39 Mich. 606; Page v. Page 51 Mich. 88; Storrs v. Scougale 48 Mich. 388.
■Objection was made that the plaintiff was allowed to prove what she earned in working by the day and otherwise at manual ■labor before the injury. This, it is said, bore on the question, 'of damages, and was improper, because she was a married woman, and her services belonged to her husband, who might ■bring suit for loss of them. But an inspection of the record shows that the evidence was given to show the plaintiff’s ■previous bodily condition, and that no damages were claimed in respect to loss of compensation or profits from labor.
It was claimed in the case that the plaintiff, on her own showing, was guilty of contributory negligence, and instructions were requested from the judge to that effect. She certainly appears to have had as much notice of the defect in the walk as the village authorities, and it would seem that ■she ought to have avoided the in jury. But she had the excuse ■that she was hastening late in the evening for a physician for her daughter, who had been taken ill suddenly, and her negligence was not so far unquestionable as to justify positive-instructions upon it. Detroit &c. R. Co. v. Van Steinburg 17 Mich. 99; Grand Rapids &c. R. Co. v. Martin 41 Mich. 667; Hassenyer v. Michigan Cent. R. Co. 48 Mich. 205.
I find no error in the record, and think the judgment should be affirmed.
Sherwood, J. concurred.
Campbell, J.
In this case the injui’y done to Mrs: Dottom was not caused by any defect in the plank bridging laid across the road-side ditch in which she fell, but by the removal of’ the bridging itself, which was done by some unknown person in the evening before she fell in. This removal was not made known, and could not very well be, to the city, and its'removal could not be imputed as corporate negligence.
There was some testimony tending to show more or less defects in the bridging, but they had nothing to do with the injury in question. Plaintiff acted on the supposition that there was a bridging in place, and there is no special reason to indicate that it would not have been entirely safe for her to cross it, if in place. She was familiar with the premises, and was not in any fear about the crossing. The mischief being the immediate result of what the corporation was not in fault for, it cannot be transferred to something else, so that recovery may be had for a grievance that did not exist.
In my opinion, there was nothing authorizing the plaintiff to go to the jury, and I think the judgment should be reversed.
ChampliN, J. concurred. | [
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Coolet, C. J.
The information on which the respondent was convicted, charged that on the first day of November, in the year 1884, at the township of Port Huron, in said St. •Clair county, and on -divers other days and times between .that day.and the first day of March, 1885, at the township aforesaid, he did unlawfully keep and maintain a certain-house of ill-fame, resorted to for the purposes of prostitution and lewdness, contrary to the form of the statute, etc. The judgment upon this conviction was that the respondent be-confined in the house of correction at Ionia for a period of nine months.
The statute under which the conviction took place is the following: “Every person who shall keep a house of ill-fame, resorted to for the purpose of prostitution or lewdness, shall be punished by imprisonment in the county jail not more than one year, or by fine not exceeding three hundred dollars.” Rev. Stat. 1846, ch. 158, § 10 ;• How. Stat. § 9286.
The respondent contends that this statute was repealed by implication in the passage of Act 136 of 1883 (Pub. Acts, p. 141), the first section of which enumerates the classes of persons who are to be deemed disorderly persons, and specifies, among others, “all common prostitutes ; all keepers of bawdy-houses, or houses for the resort of prostitutes; all drunkards, tipplers,” etc. The second section prescribes the punishment on conviction of being a disorderly person, which on a- first conviction is not to exceed $50 fine, with costs of prosecution, or three months’ imprisonment. This, it is said, covers the ground of the other statute, and, being subsequent in. time, necessarily repeals it.
Repeals by implication are not favored. Brown v. McCormick 28 Mich. 215; Breitung v. Lindauer 37 Mich. 217; Gordon v. People 44 Mich. 485; Patrick Ryan's Case 45 Mich. 173. The question of repeal is largely one of intent, and if the two statutes can stand and both have effect, they must be allowed to do so.
No words are made use of in the Act of 1883 expressive of an intent to repeal the statute first above recited. The purpose to repeal, if it existed, must therefore be found in the fact that it seems to provide for the punishment of the same criminal conduct. It will be seen, however;, that the offenses punished under the two statutes are, in designation at least, different; the one being the offense of being keeper of a house of ilhfame, and the other, the offense of being a disorderly person. It may be plausibly suggested that it was intended that the same conduct might, at the discretion of the prosecuting officer, be punished under either designation, as the case should seem to require. The same statute also enumerated among disorderly persons “all persons knowingly selling or giving intoxicating liquors to drunkards or tipplers, or other disorderly personsthough it seems highly improbable that it was intended to repeal other legislation on that subject.
On the question whether one statute was intended to be left unaffected by another, it is sometimes well to examine the history of legislation on the subject or subjects to which they refer. In this case it will be found particularly useful.
The statute above recited, for the punishment of keepers of houses of ill-fame, first appears as part of the Revision of 1838, p. 647, and has been continued in force from that time to the present without any alteration whatever. But the Revision of 1838 also contained a chapter “Of Disorderly Persons,” with an emimeration similar to that of the act of 1883 ; “all keepers of bawdy-houses or houses for the resort of prostitutes” being specified among others.
As the Revision was adopted as one act, no question can be made of the purpose that the whole should have effect. It is true that the leading purpose of the chapter on disorderly persons was to provide for their being required to give security for their good behavior; but it contained provisions under which they might be imprisoned at hard labor. Rev. Stat. 1838, p. 201. Like provisions are found in the Revised Statutes of 1846, p. 1S2, and these were carried into the compilation of 1857, p. 493; and with a slight change in 1865, not material to the present subject, into that of 1871, p. 644, and of 1881, How. Stat. § 1985. And the act of 1883 is, by its title, “An act to amend chapter fifty-three of the Compiled Laws of 1871, relative to disorderly persons,” which chapter 53 is chapter 39 of the Revised Statutes of 1846, slightly amended in 1865, as above stated.
This history of legislation makes it perfectly evident that a legislative purpose has existed in this State from the very first, to make the keepers of bawdy-houses liable to be dealt with as'disorderly persons, though they were expressly 'made punishable under the proper designation of their offense. A change, therefore, in the statute specially aimed at disorderly persons, as such, affords no ground for an inference of an intent to change the statute for the punishment of keepers of houses of ill-fame as such. The legislative purpose that the enactments on the one subject should be ! unaffected by those on the other, has been manifest in all the | legislation from 1838 to the present day.
There is no error in the record, and the conviction must stand affirmed.
The other Justices concurred. | [
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Cooley, J.
In October, 1865, complainant received, from Charles L. Moody and Lucy his wife a mortgage on certain lands in Kent county, conditioned for the payment of four hundred dollars in two years from date with interest. Moody then owned the lands, but on the sixth day of September, 1866, he sold the same to Silas Powell for the sum of one thousand five hundred dollars, all but four hundred of which was paid. The deed given to Powell was a warranty deed, containing a covenant against incumbrances, except the mortgage to complainant, and the covenant of quiet possession was made “subject to said excepted mortgage” to complainant. Complainant avers that in the negotiations between Moody and Powell it was expressly agreed that the latter should assume the payment of complainant’s mortgage as so much of the purchase price of the lands, and that complainant, at Powell’s request, communicated through Moody, gave a written consent to postpone payment of the mortgage for three years, which Powell required before he would complete the purchase. These averments of complainant are supported by the testimony of Moody, and denied by Powell, but it is not disputed except in an evasive way by Powell that the amount of the mortgage to complainant was taken into account as a part of the purchase price of the lands when Powell bought. That fact is clearly established.
It appears now that, unknown to either complainant or Powell, there was a prior mortgage on the same lands held ]by one Wabeke. When this came to Powell’s knowledge does not distinctly appear. He paid interest on complainant’s mortgage regularly for seven or eight years without raising any question respecting the other. Complainant testifies that Powell himself first told him of the prior mortgage in 1874, and said he should pay it. He also says that when he called on Powell for the annual interest falling due on his mortgage in October, 1875, Powell told him to wait until the next month, as he had got the Wabeke mortgage to pay and could not on that account pay complainant’s interest sooner. This statement is denied by Powell, but it is not disputed that for some reason he allowed the interest on complainant’s mortgage to remain unpaid for the year last named.
Meantime Wabeke had filed a bill in equity for the foreclosure of his mortgage, making Moody, Powell and complainant defendants, and on what purported to be personal service of process, took decree December 7,1874, for a sale of the mortgaged premises at any time after October 1, 1875. A sale was made under the decree October 30, 1875, and Powell, jointly with his wife, became the purchaser for the amount due to Wabeke and costs.
Complainant first heard of this sale three days after it was made. He testifies that he never knew of the Wabeke foreclosure proceedings and was never served with process therein. On the other hand, the officer swears that he served the process personally; but he appears not to have known complainant at that time, and it is quite possible that there may have been some mistake on his part. It is scarcely credible that com plainant would have allowed the Wabeke foreclosure proceedings to proceed without giving them any attention had he been aware of them, unless he had been so far quieted by Powell’s assurances that he would take care of that mortgage as to have dismissed the proceedings from his mind altogether.
It is not necessary, however, to inquire into the question of fact in dispute between complainant and the officer, or into the conclusiveness, as matter of law, of the officer’s return. Complainant has filed his bill setting forth all the facts as he understands them, and asking that the lands be decreed to be chargeable with the amount of his mortgage notwithstanding the Wabeke foreclosure and sale, and the court below has granted the prayer of his bill.
It is very evident that when Powell bought the lands, they became in his hands, as between Moody, complainant and himself, a fund for the payment and satisfaction of complainant’s mortgage. If he had in the trade agreed to pay the mortgage, the question whether he might be charged personally with the payment would have arisen; but the court below did not charge him personally, and so far as complainant’s remedy against the land is concerned, we need not look beyond the fact that Powell retained from the purchase price the amount of the mortgage for the express purpose of meeting it. Miller v. Thompson, 34 Mich., 10; Crawford v. Edwards, 33 Mich., 354. And the land being a fund in his hands for the purpose, he was not at liberty to deal with it in a manner inconsistent with the obligation. It is true that, having like complainant been ignorant of the Wabeke mortgage when he bought of Moody, the hardship of being compelled to pay that mortgage is as great upon him as it would be upon complainant; but that was one of the risks he assumed in his purchase. He now owns the land; and had complainant paid and taken up the Wabeke mortgage, he would have been entitled to tack it to bis own and foreclose for both, while on the other hand if Powell had paid and taken it up, he would have been entirely without remedy against any one except as the covenants in his deed from Moody might have afforded indemnity. And we do not think that the circumstance that he bought in the land at the foreclosure sale can help him under the circumstances. See Huxley v. King, ante p. 73. Wé are convinced from the evidence that he .had given complainant to understand that he should pay off the Wabeke mortgage; and under the circumstances he was not at liberty to buy in the land to complainant’s prejudice. We have no occasion to decide whether or not he might have done so had there been no such understanding.
Mrs. Powell was joint purchaser with her husband at the foreclosure sale, and the commissioner’s deed was made to the two jointly. There is no showing whether any money of her own was used in the purchase, but it is said that this fact must be assumed, and that, as the bona fieles of her action is not assailed, she is entitled to protection, and the sale consequently cannot be disturbed. But by our statute husband and wife under a grant made to them jointly take by entireties (Comp. L., § 4112; Fisher v. Provin, 25 Mich., 347), and therefore whatever would defeat his title would defeat hers also.
The decree must be affirmed with costs.
The other Justices concurred. | [
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• Campbell, C. J.
Fellows sues as a judgment creditor to set aside a conveyance made by Smith to his wife Fanny, and a subsequent one from her to Garnsey, as fraudulent against creditors. The conveyance was made in August, 1873, for a nominal consideration of $5,000. The debt now in judgment then existed.
An answer under oath was put in which avers in substance that the consideration of the deed arose in this wise: Smith was very sick and had been for some time, and did not expect to live long, and conveyed the land in consideration that she would pay certain debts, and for some she had already paid amounting to between $3,000 and $4,000. It also states that about $2,000 of the consideration was for the support and maintenance received by Smith from his wife before and after the deed, he being helpless and she maintaining him. It also claims the judgment was fraudulently obtained on a debt that had been paid.
There is no pretense that Garnsey was a purchaser for value.
Mrs. Smith and her husband were both sworn as witnesses. She testified that in addition to the deed of land, she received a mortgage of $2,250, and $500 in personal property. Also that no amount of debts to be paid was agreed upon, and no amount named for taking care of him. She shows that she paid a large amount of money out of the mortgage and personalty and out of money borrowed on property purchased for her previously by her husband. The debt now in judgment belonging to complainant is upon the purchase money of this other parcel.
Smith was also sworn, and testifies there was no agreement to pay any unsecured debts except one to Almedia Ballard.
Upon the whole case, while we do not think any fraud was intended, yet we think the conveyance is shown to have been without any legal consideration and voluntary. Its purpose was not a wrongful one, but Mrs. Smith paid nothing of her own for it and incurred no liability; and what she has paid out since was not only not any part of an agreed consideration, but seems to have been no more or very little more than she had means of paying derived from her husband beyond this land.
Where a conveyance from a husband to a wife is a voluntary one, without valuable consideration, it is void in law as against creditors, because it transfers property they could have reached had no such transfer been made. An actually fraudulent design is not necessary to defeat a voluntary conveyance as against existing creditors.
The decree below was therefore correct in setting aside the conveyance as against the levy made under the judgment, and must be affirmed with costs against the appealing party.
The other Justices concurred. | [
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Graves, J.
Blakeley brought assumpsit for money had and received to recover back a sum of money alleged to have been illegally claimed and collected as a special tax for a street improvement in the city. He obtained judgment in the Superior Court and the city brought error.
The question is raised that a large part of the amount adjudged against the city was in fact paid some time after the warrant for collection had run out, and as a consequence that the payment should be held a voluntary one. This point is not authorized by the record. In submitting the ease the judge distinctly assumed that the tax was demanded under color of process in the marshal’s hands and which he held out as in force and as about to be executed in case of non-payment, and that Blakely in fact paid under protest. To this there was no exception. Moreover, the judge had ground for his assumption. The substantial point in controversy related to the original validity of the tax roll and not to minor incidents, and although several charges for the city were asked, there were no requests referring to the present objection, — so far from it, that one stated expressly that the money was collected and paid over as a tax.
The further point that as the fund is not for city use, the city is not liable, is untenable. If the money was illegally exacted by the marshal under color of city authority, and was by him paid to and received by the city, the latter cannot escape liability by reason of the special object of the tax. Where the party entitled demands restoration, it is no answer for the city to say that it holds the fund for somebody else. Joyner v. Third Sch. Dist. in Egremont, 3 Cush., 567.
The assessment here in question, like that in Warren v. Grand Haven, 30 Mich., 24, was for a special object, and the proceeding necessarily involved, as it did there, a just allowance for benefits or advantage from the improvement to each one assessed. But the roll contained no return or certificate by the commissioners nor any paper making known the manner in which they proceeded. They barely subscribed their names.
The judge ruled that the case was governed by Warren v. Grand Haven, supra, and that the roll was invalid. An effort is now made to distinguish the cases, but we are unable to find any distinction in principle. Indeed the cases are very similar in their facts and in principle identical.
In the former case the proceedings were regulated by an ordinance made under authority given by the charter, and it devolved the duty of making assessment, upon the mayor and required that he should subscribe the roll and return it as speedily as might be to the common council. He appended a certificate to the roll, but it failed to show that the assessment had been made on the basis prescribed by the ordinance.
In this case the proceedings are regulated directly by the charter itself, and an assessment is required to be made by commissioners, and the law provides that the roll shall be subscribed by them or a majority of those who shall have acted in the premises, and shall be returned as speedily as may be to the common council of the city. 2 Sess. L., 1871, pp. 399, 400; act 218, tit. VI., § 40, and the second section thereafter (§ 42) founds the right to take further steps upon the filing of such “return.”
These regulations, no less than the nature of the thing itself, import a necessity for some certificate declaratory of the mode in which the commissioners have acted and making, known that they have complied with the duty imposed upon them by law.
The promissory oath taken at the beginning is not enough. The city and all parties in interest are entitled to be distinctly informed after the event as to what has been done and thereby to be enabled to see whether in truth those conditions have been complied with, which the law holds as imperative. The question is fully discussed in the case before cited, and no further comment is needed.
We see no objection to the allowance of interest. The ground of action is that the city has without any right held and retained the money of defendant in error against his claim, and this being established, it is no more than just that he should recover interest at seven per cent., the rate which the judge permitted.
No error being established, the judgment should be affirmed with costs.
The other Justices concurred. | [
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Campbell, C. J.
The single assignment of error in this case is that the circuit judge erred in recalling a jury immediately after their discharge, to answer certain special questions submitted to them, but not answered when they gave in their general verdict.
Tho action was trespass for shooting a horse. The jury rendered a verdict for $175 damages. The special questions referred to some facts supposed to form part of tho res gestee. The jury had been discharged, and some had got out of the court room and into the street when the failure to find on tho special points was noticed and they were called back and directed to answer the questions. Their answers were consistent with the general verdict, and made no change in the judgment proper to be rendered on it.
It is plain that this action, whether regular or irregular, put the defendant below in no worse position than he would have occupied without it. If he has no complaint to make which would avoid the general verdict, no error has arisen to his prejudice. He has not set up any objection to the discharge of the jury before they had completed their findings, and he has taken no exception to any previous action of the court on the trial. Having waived any ground of complaint which might have existed in the way of maintaining the general finding, the judgment rendered was inevitable.
Judgment must be affirmed with costs.
The other Justices concurred. | [
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Campbell, C. J.
Plaintiff in error was informed against for murder in the Washtenaw circuit, and put in a plea of not guilty at the January term, 1877. On the 27th day of March, 1877, on motion of his own counsel and by consent of the prosecuting attorney, he withdrew his plea of not guilty, and put in a plea of guilty of manslaughter. On the 28th day of March, 1877, he- was sentenced on his plea of guilty.
Error is brought on this judgment, and the only, error assigned alleges as its foundation that the judge1 before pronouncing sentence did not make any investí-j gation into the nature of the case, and into the circumstances of the plea of guilty, to satisfy him that such plea was made freely and with full knowledge in Henning of the nature of the accusation against him, and without undue influence, as the judge was required to do by statute.
This assignment follows the form and substance of the statute. L. 1875, p. 140.
We declined to hold in Edwards v. People, 39 Mich., that it was necessary to the validity of a sentence- that it should appear absolutely on the record how thi&vetat utory duty was performed. In that case we held that enough appeared to show the sentence was imposed without such precautions as the law required.
In the present case the record raised no such plain presumption, and when the case was brought to our attention to determine how the facts should be inquired into, we had no difficulty in holding that the proper method was by obtaining a certiorari on a proper showing in aid of the writ of error to obtain a return from the judge touching the facts which attended the proceeding before him. Such a writ was issued.
The judge returns in substance that he had repeated interviews with the prisoner’s counsel and friends, and made full inquiry into the matter, and that the change of plea was made with every circumstance of fairness and deliberation, and that he became fully satisfied in advance that Henning’s plea of guilty might be properly received; and that it was put in in accordance with all the conditions which the statute was designed to require, and was voluntary and free from undue influence. The return is very full and satisfactory on this subject, and is here appended.
The judge having been thus satisfied upon such full investigation, in exact accordance with the statute, no error was committed in imposing sentence, and the judgment must be affirmed.
The other Justices concurred.
The following is the return of Judge Huntington:
George Henning, plaintiff in error v. The People of the State of Michigan, defendants in error.
In obedience to the writ of certiorari hereto attached, I, the undersigned circuit judge, by whom said defendant was sentenced, do hereby certify and return that. no personal interview out of court was had by me with the defendant after plea and before sentence, respecting the circumstances under which the plea was made, or the nature of the case, nor was any such interview or communication ever had by me with said defendant personally, except upon the occasion of imposing sentence, and that in the presence of the prosecuting attorney; but several interviews were had by me out of court with the defendant’s counsel, at their request, and in the presence of .the. prosecuting attorney, respecting the nature of the case and the circumstances of the offense and with reference to a contemplated plea of guilty of manslaughter, and I became satisfied from such interviews that it would be proper to receive such a plea if interposed; that at such interviews the defendant was represented by A. Felch, C. Joslin, and T. J. Hovey, as his counsel; the defendant’s brother was also present. Interviews were also had upon the subject referred to . with the defendant’s counsel, or some of' them, when the prosecuting attorney was not present. Counsel for the defendant was also heard in open court after the plea was interposed in his behalf, and in his presence on the same day the plea was received and on the day before senténce.
I also certify and return that from such interviews and the proceedings in court referred to, I became satisfied and am still satisfied that said plea was voluntary and not the result of undue influence.
(Signed) G. M. Huntington,
Circuit Judge. | [
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Marston, J.
The action in this case was replevin. The evidence tended to show that the plaintiff had consigned a number of plows to Roberts & Son to be by them sold on commission; that Roberts & Son had made an assignment to defendant Coomer; that the property in question was described and included in the inventory of the property assigned, but was not removed nor any actual possession thereof taken by the assignee, he permitting the assignors to remain in possession of the property. There was also evidence tending to show that Roberts & Son received the plows by purchase and not to be sold on commission. The court charged the jury that if Roberts & Son purchased the property from the plaintiff the latter could not recover, while if the property was received by them on commission it would be otherwise, and with this part of the charge we do not understand counsel to complain. The material questions relate to the question whether a demand was made before action brought, and whether defendant was in possession of the property.
There certainly was some evidence given tending to show a demand, and the weight and effect thereof was properly submitted to the jury. As to the possession, there was a general assignment made to defendant by Roberts & Son. In the inventory of the property assigned was included the property in question. The assignee, although not in the actual possession of the property, yet had the control of the same, and in permitting the assignors to remain in possession he did not thereby, as to this plaintiff, so sever his right to and control over this property as to prevent them from maintaining this action against him. It may be that the possession of Roberts & Son was such that they could not have maintained replevin against defendant, but that is immaterial in this ease. Where property has been included in an assignment the actual possession thereof cannot be so manipulated between the assignor and assignee as to deprive or to render uncertain the rights and remedies of third persons claiming title thereto. If the ' assignee does not claim the property under the assignment, justice requires that he should clearly make known that fact, and not leave the matter in so ambiguous a light that he might afterwards claim that he did or did not have possession as interest might thereafter demand. This would be but to permit him to take advantage of his own wrong.
"We discover no error and the judgment must be affirmed with costs.
The other Justices concurred. | [
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Cooley, J.
Hanaford, Tristram and Webber, as copartners doing business under the name of Tristram & Webber, were sued on an endorsement made in the copartnership name, upon a note purporting to be given by another copartnership doing business under the name of Reynolds & Prince. The evidence showed that the note was given by the firm last named to obtain a release from execution levy in favor of Heffron of certain property levied upon as the property of Prince, one of its members, and that Webber endorsed it in the firm name of Tristram & Webber. No showing was made that Hanaford ever consented to this endorsement, or that Tristram & Webber ever received or were to receive any benefit from the transaction. Under these circumstances the presumption must be that the endorsement was purely an accommodation endorsement; and a partner not assenting is not bound by it. Livingston v. Roosevelt, 4 Johns., 251; Laverty v. Burr, 1 Wend., 529; King v. Faber, 22 Penn. St., 21. Heffron is of course not a bona Jide holder, and must be supposed privy to all tile facts.
Plaintiff was a witness on his own behalf, and his counsel put to him the question: “At the time Webber endorsed the note did he state any reason to you why he endorsed it in this shape?” Also, “What did he state was the consideration ?” Both questions were overruled. The ruling was correct. Heffron knew he was taking the endorsement of the firm for a debt of a third person, and if Webber had stated at the time that his firm was to or did receive some consideration for the endorsement, it could not have bound Hanaford. A partner’s declarations may bind his associates in partnership matters, but not in concerns foreign to the partnership; and he cannot by his mere admission or •declaration bring a transaction within the scope of the business when upon the facts in proof it appears to have no connection. Webber would have been a competent witness to establish a partnership interest, but his declaration would, as to Hanaford, have been mere hearsay. His authority to speak for his associates must first be shown, and then, perhaps, what he says may bind or :affect them.
The judgment must be affirmed with costs.
The other Justices concurred. | [
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Marston, J.
The bill of complaint was filed in this case in aid of an execution levied upon certain lands. As against defendant G-aius P., relief was granted, and as against Malinda denied, and from the decree complainants appealed.
The bill avers that in August, 1875, Mr. Bennett, one of the firm of Kingsbury & Bennett, represented to complainants that Solomon 0. Kingsbury, one of the members of said firm, was worth about the sum of seventy-five thousand dollars in real estate; that he was authorized by Kingsbury to make this statement; that including the property conveyed to Gaius P. and Malinda he did have real estate of the value stated; that relying upon such statements complainants in the fall of 1875 and winter of ’75-6 sold said firm coal on credit to an amount stated, and the indebtedness therefor not being paid, suit was brought and judgment recovered in October, 1876, upon which execution was issued, etc. The bill farther alleges that Solomon 0. Kingsbury has conveyed certain property, being the homestead valued at $10,000, to his wife Malinda Kingsbury; that at the time of such conveyance, February 11th, 1875, he “was insolvent, and that such conveyance was made with the intention not only to defraud the creditors of said Kingsbury, then holding claims against him, but also to defraud other parties who should deal and do business with said Kingsbury or said firm of K. & B., and become creditors of such firm by reason of the apparent wealth of said Kingsbury and the representations made as to his wealth and responsibility.” The evidence shows that this deed was duly recorded July 14th, 1875, which was previous to the date of the representations made to complainants upon which they rely, and previous to any sales made by them to the firm of Kingsbury and Bennett.
Had complainants exercised usual care and caution they' would have had full knowledge of this conveyance, and that the property described therein constituted no part of the wealth or assets of Solomon O. Kingsbury or of the firm of which he was a member. They had no right to rely upon representations made contrary to what the public records would show to be the fact, and afterwards base a legal or equitable right to relief thereon, to have such conveyance set aside. In proceedings • against the person making the representation such record might be no answer, but in this case it is not claimed that Malinda Kings-bury made, authorized or knew that any such representations were made or to be made, or that she did, or omitted to do, any act which tended in any way to mislead any person. When she placed her deed upon record it thereafter stood as notice to all persons that she claimed to own the premises described therein, and her rights could not thereafter be prejudiced by representations made by her grantor or third parties to which she was in no way privy.
In the absence of a system of registry laws such as here prevails, and where the indicia of ownership were permitted to remain in the person who made the- representations and obtained credit thereon, the reasons for a different conclusion would be apparent, so that the authorities applicable thereto need not be examined.
Here, when the deed was recorded, the transaction became open, and all dealing with the grantor were thereby warned of the change in his condition and could not have given him credit upon the reliance that he or they could resort to this property. Sayers v. Wall, 21 Amer., 303.
The decree must be affirmed with costs.
The other Justices concurred. | [
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Campbell, C. J.
Eesh, who was with his wife in possession of a house granted to him and his wife by the same deed,, obtained insurance on his furniture and other chattels and on the dwelling, describing it as “his frame building, occupied by assured for residence and hotel,” etc.
Being destroyed by fire he made proof of loss, but payment was resisted because he had misdescribed his interest and concealed an incumbrance.
Reference was made in the policy to his written application which was declared to be a warranty, and the policy was to be avoided for any omission to make known a material fact.
In his application there was one express inquiry in the following form: “Question 16. Incumbrance. What incumbrance, if any?”
To this he answered, “None.”
Another question was: “ Title. Is your title to and interest in this property absolute ? If not, state its nature and amount, and give name, interest, and amount of others concerned?”
Answer, “Yes.”
The jury found these answers were filled out in perfect fairness and good faith by the agent from Eesh’s oral answers to his questions, and signed.
In fact, there was a $300 mortgage on the premises, given by Eesh and wife.
The court below allowed him to recover for an undivided half interest in the house, one-half of the insurance money, and left the materiality of the false statements to the jury.
We think this was error. There is no room for disputing the materiality of such inquiries when both parties have made them so plainly conditions of insurance. And the existence of incumbrances would be material unless so trifling as to be manifestly unimportant, whether the conditions are or are not treated as warranties. The misrepresentation of the title was in the highest degree important. Eesh had no absolutely inheritable interest at all. He was neither a tenant in common nor an ordinary joint tenant. His estate in case of his death went by survivorship to his wife, and during their lives, whatever his right may have been, it was not an undivided half of the property. It is impossible to say this was not a material misrepresentation.
There was no waiver, and the policy was avoided by the false statement.
There is no occasion, therefore, to consider the other points in the case. Judgment must be reversed with costs, and a new trial granted.
The other Justices concurred. | [
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Campbell, 0. J.
This suit was brought by School District No. 9 in Midland to recover a sum due plaintiff as its ascertained proportion of the value of school property in the district of which it was formerly a part.
In 1870 the plaintiff district was set off from the defendant district. ■ . The sum of $134.29 was placed on the assessment roll of the township in October, 1870, as the proportion aforesaid to be collected in favor of plaintiff. Instead of receiving this money, plaintiff never obtained any portion of it, and claims it went into the possession of the defendant. An action is now brought for this money as had and received to the use of plaintiff. The court below made no finding on any of these facts, but after setting forth plaintiff’s claim under the issue and testimony, held as matter of law that “the law compels the supervisor to assess it upon the prop erty of district No. 5, and the district should pay it after it is collected.” And the court further held that this payment should be compelled by mandamus and not by suit.
The court, we think, misapprehended the duty of the various officials. The statute is express that the amount placed on the assessment roll for the benefit of the new •district, when collected, “shall be paid over to the assessor of the new district, to be applied to the use thereof, in the same manner, under the direction of its proper officers, as if such sum had been voted and raised by said district for building a school-house, or other district purposes.” Comp. L., § 3647.
The assessor is the lawful treasurer and depositary of ■district funds and all moneys must pass through his hands and be paid out by him on proper orders. The -school moneys are drawn from the town treasurer and placed in the hands' of the assessor on the warrant of the proper district officers. It has been held by this court that the town treasurer has no right to pay school moneys to any one but the assessor, and cannot pay over money on warrants or otherwise to other persons. Fox v. Shipman, 19 Mich., 218. Any other kind of order ;is void upon its face and will not protect the treasurer. Fract. School Dist. No. 4 v. Mallary 23 Mich., 111.
There was no lawful way in which any of this money ■could pass into the hands of school district No. S, the defendant, and therefore there could be no such statutory and legal relations between them in regard to it as •would authorize resort to a mandamus, which can only 'issue against municipal corporations for the payment of money when the obligation to pay it has been determined 'by some legal liquidation. If any of this money is in the hands of defendant it is there wrongfully, and can ■only be liquidated by an action for money had and received. If the town treasurer transferred this fund to defendant instead of to the plaintiff, we do not think, .there is any objection to the form , of action adopted here. And money thus received by the town treasurer on an assessment roll in favor of plaintiff and paid over, would not require any strict proof of the regularity of the proceedings under which it was authorized to be collected. That question could not be raised by the parties who had received it under such circumstances.
But we think it may be open to question whether the facts indicated by the proofs show that defendant is the proper respondent. We have no means of determining the facts, because they have not been found. But we deem it our duty to call attention to this question as it may affect the policy of future proceedings.
The testimony seems to indicate that the town treasurer paid no money to the assessor of defendant, but in some way undertook to settle his accounts with school orders. He certainly had no right to receive school orders on defendant for this particular tax, because defendant had no interest in it. There was no legal way in which he could be discharged from his liability to pay over any moneys to defendant, except through warrant drawn in favor of the assessor and paid directly to him. Unless the assessor received the orders voluntarily he could not be compelled to do so. It is not the town treasurer’s business to determine on the validity and obligation of such orders, and if he took them for taxes he took them at his peril. Whether the defendant ever received this fund from him in money or what was treated by its authorities in some regular way as its equivalent, does not appear. It may have done so, and it may be that the fund was transferred in that way so as to pass into the wrong district, in a shape to be clearly identified. But inasmuch as the township treasurer had no right whatever to use the fund for any purpose except to pay it over to plaintiff, the fund once received by that officer is liable to be accounted for to plaintiff as if never drawn out by anybody. There can be no question of the right of plaintiff to demand all taxes collected for plaintiff from the legal depositary; and it may be difficult to establish any state of facts to create a corporate liability elsewhere.
We think the court erred in its legal conclusions, and we also think it is possible for one district to be liable to respond to another for money had and received. We therefore are required to reverse the judgment with costs and order a new trial. But we call attention to the question whether upon the facts the remedy may not have been improvidently chosen.
The other Justices concurred. | [
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Graves, J.
This is a writ of error to a judgment of the circuit court affirming the judgment of a justice off ■¡¡he peace in an action of replevin. The suit was brought by Saxton against Kelso for “one cow, seven years old, color, red with white,” and “two yearlings, red and white in color.” The animals were seized upon the writ and delivered to Saxton.
Kelso moved to dismiss the case upon the ground that the description was not sufficient, and the justice granted the motion so far as it related to the “yearlings,” but denied it as to the cow, and this refusal to dismiss the entire case is made a ground of error.
The objection to the description was not tenable, and the justice erred in sustaining any part of it. Farwell v. Fox, 18 Mich., 166.
As however the error was in Kelso’s favor he cannot complain of it.
The charge of error that the justice refused to receive testimony as to the value of the yearlings contradicts the record.
When the justice decided the motion the plaintiff in error proposed to go into evidence upon the value of these animals, but the justice advised that it should be deferred until the case relating to the cow should be gone through with, and both parties acquiesced. After this ruling Kelso pleaded the general issue and demanded a jury, and the issue was then tried.
The objections to the rulings by the justice in regard to evidence are all frivolous and require no attention.
After the evidence • was all in, the parties by their attorneys addressed the jury and the case was submitted, no evidence of the value of the yearlings having been introduced, and the jury found in Saxton’s favor as to the cow, and the justice specially returns that when the jury rendered their verdict neither Kelso nor any one in his behalf was present, and that he (the justice), after considerable inquiry, became satisfied that Kelso and his attorney had gone home and would not appear, and that he therefore entered judgment in Saxton’s favor on the verdict for the cow, and on the other hand gave judgment that Kelso should have return of the yearlings.
In this there was no error. In leaving the case and omitting to produce any evidence whatever of the value of the yearlings, the plaintiff in error submitted to have judgment for return of the property instead of judgment for the value.
The judgment is affirmed with costs.
The other Justices concurred. | [
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Graves, J.
Under pretense of bargaining with the -plaintiff to buy his horse and by means of fraud and trick, one Butler got into his hands a formal bill of sale together with the horse, and immediately sold the latter to the defendant who purchased in good faith. The defendant refused to give up the property, and the plaintiff brought replevin.
In hearing the case the judge sat without a jury, and after finding the facts, gave judgment thereon for the defendant. The determination comes before us on a case. According to the state of facts it is too plain to excuse difference of opinion that no contract of sale was consummated between Butler and the plaintiff, and that the latter never delivered the bill of sale or gave possession of the horse, or lost control of him except through' the former’s act of force committed against the plaintiff’s remonstrance. The facts are so conclusive that Butler was a mere wrong-doer, and acquired no shadow of right, that defendant’s counsel confines his defense of the judg-' ment to the claim that the finding is not sufficient to| warrant a judgment for the plaintiff, and this ground is taken on the assumption that Butler received the horse from Kennedy who had lawful possession, and that noth-! ing appears to repel the presumption that Kennedy acted by authority in giving possession.
It is a sufficient answer to say that the effect of the finding is that Parish never gave up control or authorized Kennedy or any other person to meddle with thej horse, and that Butler “took” him, and did not receive him from Kennedy. See Trudo v. Anderson, 10 Mich., 357; Pease v. Smith, 61 N. Y., 477; Bearce v. Bowker, 115 Mass., 129; Cundy v. Lindsay (H. L.) 38 L. T. R. (N. S.), 573.
The judgment must be reversed, and one entered here for the plaintiff with costs of both courts.
The other Justices concurred. | [
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Adams, J.
On June 7, 1950, form letters advising that condemnation was about to be started were sent by the city of Detroit to defendant, the owner of two properties, and to all other persons having, an interest in properties in an area slated for urban renewal. Suit followed and Us pendens were filed. Ten years later the city abandoned the project and discontinued suit.
This condemnation action was begun February 1, 1962, pursuant to PA 1945, No 344 (CL 1948 and CLS 1961, § 125.71 et seq., as amended [Stat Ann 1948 Rev and Stat Ann 1963 Cum Supp § 5.3501 et. seq.]). On trial, appellant contended the taking oc curred in 1950. Testimony was allowed to show that news of the first condemnation proceeding and acts of the city depressed values in the area. The city claimed the reduction in values was due to age of the buildings, stringent economic conditions, automation, and mass exodus to suburbia.
Evidence concerning appellant’s parcel 495 showed that there was due in 1950 on a land contract $3,200-.41. It was later foreclosed and the property repossessed. The property was vandalized, and, in 1959, upon directive from the buildings and safety engineer’s department of the city of Detroit either to restore and recondition the bulding or tear it down, it was dismantled. The city’s appraiser eváluated the parcel as a vacant lot worth $525. Parcel 663, a 4-family flat, was estimated by appellant to have a cash market value of $8,500. Rentals from the property declined from a gross of $956 in 1951 to $25 in 1962. The city appraiser’s valuation was $4,600.
The trial judge instructed the jury:
“Your duty is to find the value of the property at the time of talcing, which is the time of your verdict and at no other time.” (Emphasis supplied.)
The jury’s verdict for parcel 495 was $800. The verdict for parcel 663 was $5,500.
Both parties agree that value should be fixed as of the time of taking; but the city contends that in Michigan, as well as in other jurisdictions, the time of taking is that time when necessity is determined and compensation made or secured. Michigan Constitution 1908, art 13, §1; Anderson Trust Co. v. American Life Insurance Co., 302 Mich 575; Steadman v. Clemens, 321 Mich 54; St. Louis Housing Au thority v. Barnes (Missouri), 375 SW2d 144. Mere announcement of a proposed interstate highway is not a taking of property. Compensation is fixed only when property is actually taken or damaged. Bakken v. State, 142 Mont 166 (382 P2d 550).
Appellant concedes that generally the “taking” is construed in its literal sense, that is, after verdict is confirmed, the deed executed and award paid; but contends that there are unusual situations where the action of the city or other governmental body is such as to amount to a taking of private property, even though there is no eminent domain proceeding, and that in such situations compensation is given for the taking when it occurs. He cites Pearsall v. Board of Supervisors of Eaton County, 74 Mich 558, a road closing case; Ranson v. City of Sault Ste. Marie, 143 Mich 661, a similar case in which the city restricted access to plaintiff’s property; Grand Trunk Western Railroad Company v. City of Detroit, 326 Mich 387, a case where the city attempted to reduce the value of land by restrictive zoning; and Long v. City of Highland Park, 329 Mich 146, a similar zoning case.
Appellee concedes that in cases where property has been flooded because of public construction, the use and enjoyment of land reduced because of ear-rending noise of jet propulsion flights, or where ingress and egress has been made impossible by highway improvements, a taking will be held to have occurred. Cereghino v. State Highway Commission, 230 Or 439 (370 P2d 694); Bacon v. United States (Ct Claims), 295 F2d 936; Johnson v. Airport Authority of the City of Omaha, 173 Neb 801 (115 NW 2d 426).
Appellant claims that the following acts by the city constituted a taking:
“(1) Sent letters to tenants, occupants, et cetera, causing them to move; creating vacancies, forcing reduction in rents as inducements for occupants to stay; difficulty in acquiring new tenants;
“(2) Filing Us pendens, thereby impairing the sales of properties, reducing values and sales prices;
“(3) Refusal of the building department to issue permits for substantial improvements;
“(4) Vacancies followed by lax police protection, causing vandalism;
“(5) Reduction in refuse collections, street cleaning and street repairs and other city services, giving a slum appearance to the neighborhood;
“(6) Intense building department inspection and citations against owners for any violations of the-building code;
“(7) Notices by the building department to repair, board up, or tear down vandalized buildings;
“(8) Razing of buildings vacant and vandalized, or boarding them up, giving tbe area a blighted, deserted, and waste land appearance;
“(9) Refusal by governmental agencies to permit long established licensed businesses to continue in the same building while awaiting the condemnation trial;
“(10) Delaying the trial for over 10 years, then discontinuing the same, followed by new proceedings with appraisals based on 1962 values of now vandalized properties in now ruined areas.”
The principle is firmly established in Michigan law by Pearsall, Ranson, Grand Trunk, and Long, supra, that a city may not by deliberate acts reduce the value of private property and thereby deprive the owner of just compensation. Some of the acts charged against the city of Detroit, such as lax police protection, reduction in refuse collections, street cleaning and street repair, go merely to the performance of city services of a general nature. The issue of satisfactory performance of such services would not be relevant in the absence of proof of calculated action or specific directives by city officials for the purpose of reducing the value of appellant’s properties. On the other hand, many of the acts alleged by appellant, if so performed, — such as sending letters to tenants, filing lis pendens, intense building department inspection and citations against owners for any violations of the building code, and, finally, refusal to permit a long-established business to continue in a building because it was going to be condemned — would fall within the same category as the acts in Pearsall, Ranson, Grand Trunk and Long, supra, and would constitute a taking.
After 1950, appellant continued to rent parcel 663 and to collect payments on the land contract. Evolu tionary changes in the neighborhood, as claimed by the city, may have occurred since institution of the first condemnation proceeding. Such facts could disprove appellant’s claims and support the city’s position that there was no taking until the second condemnation proceeding. When the taking occurred, whether in 1950 or at some later date, is a question of fact which should be determined by the jury. The value of the properties should then be ascertained as of the time of taking.
This result is supported by such cases as City of Cleveland v. Carcione, 118 Ohio App 525 (190 NE 2d 52), and Foster v. Herley, Director of the Detroit Housing Commission (CA 6), 330 F2d 87, which recognize that, where condemnation proceedings are protracted, the whole character of an area may be changed to the detriment of the property owner during the course of the proceedings. If an area has been made a wasteland by the condemning authority, the property owner should not be obliged to suffer the reduced value of his property. The converse is also true. Where condemnation proceedings tend to increase the value of property, the property owner is not entitled to the increased value. See Anderson v. United States (CA 6), 179 F2d 281, and United States v. Chandler-Dunbar Water Power Company, 229 US 53 (33 S Ct 667, 57 L ed 1063).
This appellant property owner raises no question of consequential damage. He seeks recovery for the taking only. First, the date of taking should be determined. Next, the value of the property as of that date is to be ascertained. There should be deducted from the award any amounts that accrued to the owner from his possession of the property or that reflect the value of its use following the taking. In the instant case this would consist of the rentals which Cassese received for parcel 663 and the land contract payments which he received for parcel 495, less any expenses in connection with maintenance, upkeep or repossession, of the properties, such as water and light bills, insurance, taxes, et cetera. Finally, interest should be added from the date of taking to the date of award. See In re Petition of State Highway Commissioner, 279 Mich 285, 296.
We are not unmindful of appellee’s contention that there was no error because at the time this case was tried the jury was the judge of both the facts and the law. The function of a judge in a condemnation proceeding has not been entirely clear in Michigan law. See Comment, Relation of Judge and Jury in Michigan Condemnation Proceedings, 58 Mich L Rev 248. In Toledo, A. A. & G. T. R. Co., v. Dunlap, 47 Mich 456, 466, this Court stated “the Constitution as well as the principles of the common law” made the jury the judge of both law and fact in a condemnation proceeding. From that premise, this Court concluded that the judge acts “in an advisory capacity only.” In re Widening Harper Avenue, 237 Mich 684, 687; In re Acquisition of Land for Civic Center, 335 Mich 582, 591. It is to he noted, however, that in the last cited case this Court, with reference to a charge by the judge, found as follows (p 593):
“The second proposition was stated so clearly by the court as conditional upon an affirmative finding as to the first proposition, that the jury could not be considered to have misunderstood it. No prejudice to defendants could very well have resulted.”
The 1908 Constitution, art 13, § 1, provided:
“Private property shall not be taken * * * for public use, without the necessity therefor being first determined and just compensation therefor being first made or secured in such manner as shall be prescribed by law.” (Emphasis supplied.)
By constitutional mandate, appellant was entitled to just compensation either made or secured prior to the taking. Kauper, Basic Principles of Eminent Domain, 35 MSBJ, Oct p 10; Anderson Trust Co. v. American Life Insurance Co., supra, p 584. If, in fact, the talcing occurred before determination of compensation, the requirement of just compensation still remains. An instruction by the judge to the jury, whether viewed as binding or advisory, that the time of talcing is a time subsequent to when it actually occurred is so erroneous and misleading as to constitute error. The jury should have been properly charged. It was not. The charge could well have caused the jury to make an improper conclusion as to the applicable law.
Whether appellant’s claim, if proved, would, be barred by the statute of limitations is not passed upon, the point not having been raised on this appeal.
Reversed and remanded for new trial. Costs to appellant.
T. M. Kavanagh, C. J., and Dethmers, Kelly, Souris, Smith, and O’Hara, JJ., concurred with Adams, J.
Black, J., concurred in result.
For current provisions, see Const 1963, art 10, § 2.-—Reporter.
“The tei-m ‘taking’ should not be used in an unreasonable or narrow sense. It should not be limited to the absolute conversion of property, and applied to land only; but it should include cases where the value is destroyed by the action of the government, or serious injury is inflicted to the property itself, or exclusion of the owner from its enjoyment, or from any of the appurtenances thereto. * * *
“If the public take any action whieh becomes necessary to subserve publie use, and valuable rights of an individual are thereby interfered with, and damaged or destroyed, he is entitled to the compensation which the Constitution gives therefor, and such damage or destruction must be regarded as a ‘taking.’ ” (p 561.)
“The trial judge referred to other condemnation proceedings now going on and also stated that the city expects to condemn a portion of this property involved, tear down the buildings, and erect or interest private investors in erecting modern multiple dwellings, and that seems to the court to oiler the best solution of the problem. He further stated that the testimony shows that all of this property is to be eventually condemned and used for multiple dwellings, and this seemed the only way that this blighted area could be rehabilitated. The statement is plain and shows, as, does the record, that the plaintiffs’ property is of practically no value for multiple dwellings, that it must be condemned, together with the entire area, before it ean.be properly used for the purposes contemplated. To follow the reasoning of the trial judge, therefore, 2 steps are to be taken: First, to render plaintiffs’ properties, through the zoning ordinance, of little, if. any, value, and then to condemn them. If the new zoning ordinance were set aside as unreasonable and eonfiscatory, as we hold it should be, any claims of defendant minimizing the value or lack thereof of the property for industrial purposes up to the time of the commencement of the condemnation proceedings could be shown in determining the amount of the award in a proper action.” (p 399.)
“We are not in accord with appellants’ contention that interest should not be allowed because there was no physical taking of the various properties but instead the owners have been permitted to continue their occupation and use thereof. If this contention were sound the property owners in cases of this character wherein there is no physical taking of their property, might be indefinitely deprived of payment and wholly without redress for the attendant loss. In such event their constitutional right to ‘just compensation’ would clearly be defeated.” (p 296.)
In that case the Court held that from an inspection of the record there was no prevailing reason for holding the jury had been misled by the eharge to the jury (p 467). | [
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Kelly, J.
Defendant appeals from a Kent county jury conviction of forgery and uttering and publishing a check, claiming that the trial court erred (1) In failing to instruct the jury that evidence of crimes other than the crime charged in the information should be limited to a determination of a fraudulent plan, scheme, or intent, and (2) In failing to specifically instruct the jury that to find defendant guilty the jury must find beyond a reasonable doubt that defendant committed the specific crime charged in the information.
During the weekend of March 25, 1961, a cheek protector and checks bearing the preprinted numbers of 349 to 600 were stolen from the Bos Leather Company, in the city of Grand Rapids, Michigan.
Lily LaQue (who was jointly charged with this crime and who, prior to defendant’s trial, pleaded guilty) testified that on or about March 29, 1961, defendant George Nawrocld came to her apartment, having with him certain checks of the Bos Leather Company; that he asked her to sign certain names to these checks'; that some time late in the night of March 31st or the early morning of April 1st, she and-one Robert Hollenbeck met. Mr. Nawrocld; that on April 1st, defendant, Robert Hollenbeck and herself drove to the city of Wyoming -in a car driven by defendant; that they then continued on to Grand-ville where, while she and defendant sat in the car, Hollenbeck'passed one of the forged checks at the Grandville Super Market; that they then drove to Fred’s Trading Post where a similar transaction of passing a forged cheek occurred; that the three of them finally drove to Eberhard’s Supermarket in the city of Wyoming, and that Mr. Hollenbeck went in and attempted to pass a check in this establishment, but the store manager became suspicious, called the police, and at that point Mr. Hollenbeck was arrested by the Wyoming police department.
Subsequent to the arrest of Hollenbeck, Lily La-Que was arrested, and at a later time defendant was arrested by the Grand Rapids police department.
Robert Hollenbeck’s testimony corroborated the testimony of Lily LaQue.
Defendant did not testify hut, in opposition to the foregoing testimony, filed notice of alibi, and presented witnesses to establish the fact that he was in a gasoline service station, .which he operated in Grand Rapids, during the time that both Lily LaQue and Hollenbeck testified he was with them cashing the forged checks.
In rebuttal to this alibi, the prosecution offered testimony of a service station operator and a service station attendant, whose stations were located in the vicinity of Eberhard’s Supermarket, in Wyoming. Both corroborated Lily LaQue’s testimony that she was in their respective stations at about the time she said they attempted to cash a check at the Eberhard Supermarket, and the service station attendant identified defendant as being with her.
It was-proper — yes necessary, for the prosecution to introduce the -evidence of the passing of the three checks in order to advise the jury of the continuing operation, involving only a few hours, that led up to the offense for which defendant was charged.
The court did instruct the jury that they must find beyond a reasonable doubt that defendant 'did commit the specific crime charged in the information.
Defendant did not request any instructions which the court refused to give, nor did defendant call to the trial court’s attention any objection to the instructions given. '
The jury in this case had the problem of deciding whether they should believe the prosecution witnesses, Lily LaQue and Robert Hollenbeck, or defendant’s alibi witnesses, and the court properly instructed the jury in this regard, stating:
“If you find that the people have not established each and every element of its case as charged by them by evidence beyond a reasonable doubt, then your verdict would be not guilty. I will repeat. If you should find that the alibi is sustained by the defendant, of course then he could not be at the scene of the crime, and your verdict then would be not guilty. If you find he has not sustained the alibi, you must still go on and determine whether the prosecutor has proved each and every other element of the case, as I have outlined to you, by evidence beyond a reasonable doubt.”
We find no error. Affirmed.
Addendum :
The principles of law majored in my Brother’s dissent are misapplied to this appeal and to emphasize this point further attention is directed to the record.
Testimony was offered by the people to establish the following:
Defendant Nawrocki and Lily LaQue had been on intimate terms for a period of time previous to the date of passing the forged checks (April 1,1961). He paid for her rent and food and gave her spending-money.
Lily LaQue filched Robert Chivis’ driving license while drinking with him at a bar. Two days before the forged checks in question were presented for payment, defendant brought to Lily LaQue’s apartment checks of the Bos Leather Company and, under defendant’s directions and instructions, she wrote in the name of Robert Chivis as payee,
On the night before the checks were passed, defendant advised Lily LaQue that the man he had depended upon to accompany him and pass the checks had failed him, and, when they saw Eobert Hollenbeck passing the car in which they were seated they called him over to their car.
Hollenbeck (21 years of age) was acquainted with Lily LaQue but had never met Nawrocki. Nawrocki, after inquiring as to Hollenbeck’s weight and height and comparing same with the descriptions on Eobert Chivis’ driving license, decided that he would come close to fitting the height and weight descriptions and offered him the job of accompanying him the next morning, making some easy money by passing the forged checks.
Lily LaQue’s direct examination related the trip in the car defendant drove during the 2-hour period from the time she and Hollenbeck got in the car to the time Hollenbeck was arrested while passing the third forged check; how defendant, becoming apprehensive over the delay in the third store, drove away as the police car drove up, and how she and defendant stopped later at a gasoline station and defendant had her enter the station and flush the remaining forged checks down the toilet.
There was no objection to this testimony, and, to the contrary, defense counsel cross-examined in detail in regard to everything that happened from the time Lily LaQue got into the car on the morning of the arrest until she left defendant’s presence.
Lily LaQue’s testimony was corroborated by Hollenbeck’s testimony and neither was broken down by cross-examination.
I quote from appellant’s brief as' follows:
“Other than the fact that some checks were stolen from the Bos Leather Company and other than the fact that two of these checks were passed, one at the Grrandvilie Super Market and one at Fred’s Trading Po'st and that a third was attempted to be cashed at Eberhard’s and that Lily LaQue and Robert Hollenbeck pleaded guilty to these passings, the facts are in dispute.”
The one and commanding fact in dispute was injected into the case by defendant’s “notice of alibi” and defendant’s witnesses offered in support of same, namely: That defendant was in his gasoline station or obtaining parts for an automobile at the Michigan Automotive Supply Store at the time Lily LaQue and Hollenbeck claimed he was driving them on the forged checks trip. The court commented upon this in his instructions as follows:
“If you find that the people have not established each and every element of its case as charged by them by evidence beyond a reasonable doubt, then your verdict would be not guilty. I will repeat. If you should find that the alibi is sustained by the defendant, of course then he could not be at the scene of the crime, and your verdict then would be not guilty. If you find he has not sustained the alibi, you must still go on and determine whether the prosecutor has proved each and every other element of the case, as I have outlined to you, by evidence beyond a reasonable doubt.”
Defense counsel recognized that the filing of that alibi put in issue everything that was claimed happened during that trip, and, to sustain defendant’s contention that he was not even with them, counsel cross-examined in detail in an endeavor to discredit the State’s witnesses.
In relating what happened during that 2-hour trip, Hollenbeck testified that, before cashing one check and after cashing another, defendant (evidently attempting to reassure Hollenbeck on his first forged check venture that he should not worry) told Hollenbeck of claimed successful forging experiences he (defendant) had had in the past.
Defendant’s trial counsel, evidently contending that Hollenbeck’s testimony was a complete lie, refused to major or dignify any part of his testimony by either objection or instruction.
Present counsel on appeal now asks this Court to reverse because the trial judge, of his own accord, did not take a contra-view as to how the defense should have been conducted, and did not, without request, call to the jury’s attention that if they believed defendant had told Hollenbeck he had previously passed forged checks and that defendant was telling the truth when he made that assertion, yet they must confine their deliberations as to the guilt of defendant only to the offense charged in the information and not in respect to previous criminal acts.
Defendant did not testify. The people offered no proof of defendant’s previous arrests or convictions. Defendant did not in any way object during trial as to how the trial was conducted.
After the alibi notice the people took the only course open, namely, offering the proof of the two witnesses who had pled guilty as to defendant’s part in the whole transaction by what he did and what he said during the two hours defendant claimed he was not with them. This was not error, especially in the absence of any objection by defendant.
Affirmed.
Dethmers, Black, O’Hara, and Adams, JJ., concurred with Kelly, J.
CL 1948, § 750.248 (Stat Ann 1962 Rev § 28.445).—Reporter.
CL 1948. § 750.249 (Stat Ann 1962 Rev § 28.446).—Reporter.
Robert Hollenbeck was charged; pleaded guilty and was sentenced for this offense before defendant’s trial. | [
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Smith, J.
The question is, as defendant says, whether “circumstances surrounding the presentment of a copy of the summons and complaint” to the sheriff’s office by plaintiff’s counsel, “as disclosed by the affidavits,” were sufficient to toll the 3-year statute of limitations.
The cause of action arose out of an accident occurring June 6, 1960, in Midland county. On June 6, 1963, plaintiff’s counsel filed a complaint in the Midland circuit and summons was issued. Defendant’s address was alleged to be in Midland. On the same date of filing, plaintiff’s counsel took a copy of the complaint and summons to the sheriff’s department in Midland. What happened there is essentially what the case is all about.
The question is whether the statute was complied with. CLS 1961, § 600.5856 (Stat Ann 1962 Rev § 27A.5856), provides as follows:
“The statutes of limitations are tolled when * * *
“(3) the complaint is filed and a copy of the summons and complaint in good faith, are placed in the hands of an officer for immediate service, but in this case the statute shall not be tolled longer than 90 days thereafter.” (Emphasis supplied.)
Defendant’s motion for accelerated judgment, which was denied by the trial court, was supported by 3 affidavits: one, from a process server in another county, Genesee, who received summons and complaint on June 26, 1963, and made service upon defendant June 27th, approximately 3 weeks after the statute had run, unless, of course, the statute was tolled. Other affidavits by the undersheriff of Midland county and defendant’s counsel present matters for interpretation.
The undersheriff deposed that in the early part of June 1963, he had spoken to an individual “who wanted the summons and complaint to be served.” There is no doubt that this was one of plaintiff’s attorneys. Further, the undersheriff deposed as follows :
“3. I had personal knowledge that Mr. Catsman [defendant’s president] resided in Flint, Michigan, and I advised this individual [plaintiff’s counsel] to take his papers to the Genesee county sheriff’s department for service of process.
“4. These papers toere not placed in my hands, for service of process, nor did 1 accept them for service of process and this individual departed without turning them over to me or the Midland county sheriff’s department for service.” (Emphasis supplied.)
In opposition to defendant’s motion for accelerated judgment, plaintiff countered with affidavit of counsel which is quoted in part as follows:
“That on June 6,1963, Alan J. Long, affiant herein, did file the plaintiff’s complaint with regard to the above-entitled cause with the county clerk, Midland county. Summons was then and there issued and the affiant, at the same time, delivered a copy of the complaint and summons to the sheriff of Midland county by handing said copy of complaint and summons to an officer at the desk in the sheriff’s department. Said officer accepted the summons and copy of the complaint and after having examined same noti fied the affiant that the defendant could not be found in Midland county and instructed the affiant to take the copy of the complaint and summons to the sheriff in Genesee county for service. Whereupon the affiant caused the copy of the complaint and summons to be given to the sheriff in Genesee county on June 26, 1963.” (Emphasis supplied.)
Affiants’ allegations, conclusionary in part (as to “placed”, “accepted” and “delivered”), cannot obscure what happened. On the last day, when the clock was ticking away, plaintiff’s counsel took complaint and summons to the sheriff’s office. The undersheriff, upon viewing the papers, advised counsel that defendant was not in Midland but in Genesee county. Whereupon, plaintiff’s counsel left and took the papers with him. There is no claim that the officer refused the papers. Although the respective affiants plead opposite conclusions, there is no dispute as to essential objective facts. Plaintiff’s counsel obviously agreed with the officer’s advice because he took the papers and left. At that point, having assumed responsibility for getting the papers to Genesee, it would seem that if counsel were intent upon in good faith placing the papers in the hands of an officer for immediate service, he could have done either one of two things: first, traveled the relatively short distance between Midland and Flint, 58 miles by expressway, or mailed the papers immediately to the Genesee county sheriff under appropriate instructions. He did neither, but waited for nearly three weeks before placing summons and complaint in the hands of the officer in Genesee county. When there is no claim or showing of arbitrary refusal of papers by an officer, it is difficult to see how a last minute’s march up to the wrong sheriff’s office, under the circumstances, can operate to toll the statute. We think that it cannot be said that summons and complaint in good faith were placed in the hands of an officer for immediate service, within the meaning of the rule.
Reversed and remanded. Costs to defendant.
T. M. Kavanagh, C. J., and Dethmers, Kelly, Black, Souris, O’Hara, and Adams, JJ., concurred.
CLS 1961, § 600.5805 (Stat Ann 1962 Rev § 27A.5805).—RePORTER.
See GCR 1963, 116.—Beporter. | [
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Dethmers, J.
Plaintiffs brought ejectment in circuit court to recover possession from the State highway commissioner of a strip of land approximately 9 feet wide, and for damages.. Plaintiffs said it was a part of their land adjacent to a highway to the south of it. Defendant said it was a part of the highway. The trial court found for plaintiffs as to title, free from easement, reserving for future determination, however, plaintiffs’ claim for damages or compensation for use of the premises. Defendant appeals.
From 1849 to 1884, a married woman, Ann E. Fitzhugh, owned the land in question. Plaintiffs trace title hack to her. In 1868, her husband, William D. Fitzhugh, and another, entered into a contract with the local commissioner, acting on behalf of the State, agreeing to construct a road along the center line of what is now the said highway adjacent, on the south, to her land. It was to be 4 rods wide, thoroughly cleared and grubbed for a width of 17 feet on each side of the center line and the roadbed was to be 22 feet in width. Mrs. Fitzhugh did not sign or enter into the agreement nor convey any part of the land or grant an easement thereover for highway purposes. In 1872, after Fitzhugh and his associate had completed the road, the local commissioner executed an acceptance.
In 1924, the State highway commissioner caused a concrete roadbed, 20 feet wide, to be constructed on the road, with a 6-foot shoulder on each side. To the north of the shoulder was a Y-ditch. Plaintiffs came into possession, under land contract, in 1932, and received a deed in 1941. In 1958, defendant widened the pavement so that the north curb was 29-1/2 feet north of the road’s center line. At one point there is a catch basin 22 feet north of that center line. The road was not an old trail nor on a section line.
Several witnesses of advanced years testified as to the public use, maintenance by road officials and width of the road for a half-century back, and also about maintenance of the disputed strip, next thereto, by plaintiffs and their predecessors in title as a private parking place and means of ingress and egress from their places of business. There had been no clear line of demarcation between the two in the early days, except that the road was covered with crushed stone and gravelled while the strip claimed by plaintiffs was covered with cinders. The testimony of these oldsters satisfied the trial judge, correctly we think, that the disputed strip had not been used by the public or maintained by road officials as a public road, but exclusively by plaintiffs and their predecessors as private property which was an adjunct and convenience to their business places conducted next thereto. Their memories of the width of the road as used and maintained all confirmed plaintiffs’ contention that the strip had not become part of the public road by user. The trial court so found.
Before trial, defendant entered a special appearance and moved to dismiss on the ground that the circuit court was without jurisdiction to entertain this suit. Motion was denied. In the court below defendant urged that plaintiffs were seeking relief in circuit court by mandamus against a State officer contrary to CL 1948, § 636.3 (Stat Ann § 27.2230) The court below properly observed that this is not mandamus but ejectment, which must be commenced and tried in the county where the property is located (CLS 1956, § 610.1 [Stat Ann 1959 Cum Supp § 27.641] ) and that under CL 1948, § 606.1 (Stat Ann § 27.542), circuits courts have jurisdiction of all civil actions not excepted in the Constitution or prohibited by law, neither of which is the case here.
We agree with, the trial court that Hunt v. State Highway Commissioner, 350 Mich 309, is authority for the proposition that suits against State officers for the recovery of property are not suits against the State with jurisdiction exclusively in the court of claims or subject to the doctrine of sovereign immunity. See, also, Hawkins v. Hillman, 268 Mich 483. We do not agree with defendant’s latest contention that if plaintiffs are entitled to ejectment, nevertheless, their claim for attendant damages is beyond the jurisdiction of the circuit court. In reality, the claim is not for damages but compensation for use of the premises, allowable under GCP 1963, 754.4. Denial of the motion to dismiss is affirmed.
The disputed strip lies within the distance of 2 rods north of the center line of the road. Defendant says, with some discrepancies in his brief as to statutory citations, that this case is premised upon PA 1909, No 283, ch 1, § 20, the general highway law, entitled “laying out * * * highways”, being CL 1948, §221.20 (Stat Ann 1958 Rev § 9.21). This section re-enacts PA 1881, No 243, ch 1, § 20, which, in turn, incorporates the provisions of PS 1846, ch 25, § 29. Section 20 provides that all highways used as such for 10 years, regardless of whether any record or proof exists that they were ever established as highways or not, and all roads which have been laid out and used as such for 8 years shall be deemed public highways and that when they become such by time and use shall be 4 rods in width. Defendant claims that the road was created by user, under that statute, and is, therefore, 4 rods wide. For this conclusion defendant relies on Bumpus v. Miller, 4 Mich 159, and Kruger v. LeBlanc, 70 Mich 76. If they were authority therefor, we agree with the trial court that the later decisions of this Court, in Wayne County Savings Bank v. Stockwell, 84 Mich 586, Smith v. State Highway Commissioner, 227 Mich 280, and Trowbridge v. State Highway Commissioner, 296 Mich. 587, are to the contrary, holding that a highway by user becomes such to the width and extent used. We agree with the trial court that privately owned land cannot become public road by user beyond the portion used as such merely by the above noted statutory pronouncement to that effect. To so hold would be violative of Constitution of 1850, art 18, § 14, Constitution 1908, art 13, § 1, which prohibited taking by the public of private property except upon determination of necessity and just compensation "being first made or secured".
DeFlyer v. Oceana County Road Commissioners, 374 Mich 397, holds that public use and maintenance of a portion of the land dedicated by an owner for road purposes constitutes an acceptance by the public or highway authorities of the whole. In that case it was held that there had been actions on the part of the landowners which had been the equivalent of a common-law dedication upon which the acceptance operated. In other cases with like holdings, dedication had occurred. In the instant ease there had been no dedication, except as such may be implied or presumed from user for more than the statutory period of repose (Kruger v. LeBlanc, supra; Campau v. City of Detroit, 104 Mich 560), but such implied dedication, as last above indicated, applies only to the extent of the user. And for good reason, because the implications of dedication resulting from the owner’s permitting uninterrupted public user as a road for the statutory period arises from the fact that such user and statute governing same give the owner notice that, if he means to dispute the rightfulness of the public user, he must assert his right within the statutory period by physical action or suit. Ellsworth v. City of Grand Rapids, 27 Mich 250. Such notice could not he said to apply to lands not included in the public user. Certainly the owner is not required to dispute the rightfulness of a nonexistent user. The acceptance, by user, cannot exceed the amount of actual or implied dedication.
The fact that Mrs. Fitzhugh, in a deed conveying the property to one of plaintiffs’ predecessors, made reference to the center line of the street in question works no estoppel of plaintiffs to assert their claim to the strip, inasmuch as that reference in the deed related only to the existence of the highway and not to its width.
The judgment of the court below sets forth the description of plaintiffs’ property and of the easement for highway purpose acquired by user, including location of a catch basin installed for road purposes, as the court found it to he, with the disputed strip being outside the easement.
The judgment is affirmed. Costs to plaintiffs.
Kelly, Black, Souris, Smith, and O’Hara, JJ., concurred with Dethmers, J.
T. M. Kavanagh, C. J., concurred in result.
Adams, J., did not sit.
For current provisions, see PA 1961, No 236, § 4401, CLS 1961, § 600.4401 (Stat Ann 1962 Rev § 27A.4401) and GCR 1963, 714.1, as amended effective January 1, 1965, 373 Mich cix.—Reporter.
For current provisions, see PA 1961, No 236, § 1605, CLS 1961, § 600.1605 (Stat Ann 1962 Rev § 27A.1605).—Reporter.
For current provisions, see PA 1961, No 236, § 601, CLS 1961, § 600.601 (Stat Ann 1962 Rev § 27A.601).—Reporter.
See Const 1963, Art 6, § 13.—Reporter.
For current see Const Art 2.—Reporter.
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Kelly, J.
(for remand to commission). Under the provisions of article 4, § 6, of the Constitution of 1963, petitioners filed their “petition for review” requesting that this Court: (1) review the AustinKleiner plan which, pursuant to this Court’s order, was adopted by the commission on legislative apportionment June 23, 1964, and under which plan the 1964 legislative elections were subsequently held; (2) authorize petitioners to take depositions of appropriate witnesses, including the members of the commission on legislative apportionment; (3) conduct a hearing in open court with opportunity for oral argument; (4) declare the plan in violation of the cited provisions of the Michigan Constitution of 1963 and the Constitution of the United States, and take the following action:
(a) Rescind the order of this Court dated June 22, 1964, and declare the plan void and of no effect, for any elections subsequent to the primary and general elections of 1964;
(b) Remand the plan to the commission and order that the commission prepare and adopt a new apportionment plan which complies with the requirements of the Michigan Constitution of 1963, interpreted in the light of the constitutional requirements and guidelines established by applicable decisions of the Supreme Court of the United States.
On January 14,1965, this Court denied petitioners’ motion for discovery. February 5, 1965, motion for reconsideration having been filed, this Court entered an order scheduling the cause for oral argument on May 11, 1965, and amending the January 14, 1965, order, as follows:
“Whether, and if so to what extent, petitioners’ offer of proof should be granted and proof taken, may be briefed and will be decided after oral argument has been completed and considered.”
Oral argument was held on May 11, 1965, and subsequent to said argument intervenors filed a rejoinder brief on June 21, 1965, and petitioners a surrejoinder brief on July 22, 1965.
Tbe first question to be answered is: Should petitioners’ offer of proof be granted and proofs ordered taken?
Defendants oppose petitioners’ request, claiming: (1) “Petitioners’ charge of political gerrymander approaches naivete” and, when the Con-Con records are considered, “the present allegations of partisan gerrymandering are curious, to say the least”; (2) “This Court should not presume to 'outrun’ the United States Supreme Court in formulating rules which the Supreme Court to date has declined to make”; (3) The petition is a “plea to engage in a fishing expedition”; (4) If this Court follows previous decisions of this Court the petition for discovery will be denied; (5) The disputed questions do not meet the test of relevancy and competency and the “intentions or motivations” of the commissioners are immaterial.
Defendants’ objection (1): Minimizing the charge of gerrymandering, defendant Secretary of State Hare states:
“Petitioners’ charge of political gerrymander approaches naivete when it is considered that under Constitutional mandate the apportionment commission must be composed of four Democrats and four Republicans. Const 1963, art 4, § 6. It being constitutionally required that the commission be selected by the political parties, it would seem implicit that partisan political considerations enter into any product of the commission. If petitioners are on sound ground in contending that an unlawful partisan gerrymander is in the Austin-Kleiner plan, then perhaps the apportionment commission itself must fall as being a built-in gerrymandering device.”
Intervening defendants, carrying forward defendant Hare’s thought that we should expect and not be surprised with gerrymandering tactics, state: “The present allegations of partisan gerrymandering are curious, to say the least. The Con-Con records reveal some interesting things, however, which do not square with the present expressions of horror,” and, to sustain their point, quote, among others, Constitutional Convention Delegate and Committee Chairman John Hannah, as follows:
“Mr. Chairman, members of the committee, I only want to reiterate the point that Judge Dehnke has made. This is a matter that received long and careful consideration by the committee. The committee felt very strongly that this apportionment commission should be, as he indicated, persons with strong political feelings, selected by the two political parties to do this specific job. * * *
“The State is divided into four districts and each party would select one member of the commission from each of the four districts. The reason for that is: in the view of our committee it is desirable that this commission first of all be partisan; secondly, that it be reasonably objective; and thirdly, that it have some knowledge of all of the areas of the State for which it is going to be responsible for drawing-new district lines.”
Defendants’ objection (2): Defendant Hare stresses the point under the heading “Austin-Kleiner contains no unlawful gerrymander” (emphasis ours), and states:
“Since early in the last century when Governor Gerry was accused of devising legislative districts to accommodate his political needs, the lawfulness of such a practice has been debated. To this date no court has decreed that per se such an alignment of election districts is unlawful.”
Intervenors also stress this point as follows:
“Whatever the Con-Con history, it is revealing that plaintiffs cite no precedent for the proposition that partisan gerrymandering, if proved, would constitute a violation of the Federal Constitution. Clearly, the courts have declined to so hold. * * *
“Clearly there is no basis for a conclusion that gerrymandering constitutes a Federal cause of action. What standards would be controlling are not remotely suggested by plaintiffs. No definitions are suggested. * * *
“This Court should not presume to ‘outrun’ the United States Supreme Court in formulating rules which the Supreme Court to date has declined to make.”
Defendants’ objection (3): Claiming petitioners endeavor to engage in a “fishing expedition,” intervening defendants set forth petitioners’ claims under the heading “Alleged ‘Facts,’ ” as follows:
“Building surmise upon conjecture and sprinkling both with liberal doses of hindsight and circular reasoning (e.gthe Democrats won so they must have gerrymandered; they gerrymandered to win), plaintiffs would ‘prove’ an unlawful partisan gerrymandering.
“Plaintiffs scarcely bother to define the term — and since they deal without precedent, it is no wonder they do not.
“Essentially however, the ‘factual’grievances appear to be three (1) the Democrats won the legislature — handily; (2) some Republican incumbents were obliged to run against others in the primary; and (3) certain districts are irregularly shaped. Further allegations suggest a combination of these elements.”
Defendants’ objection (4): Defendants call to this Court’s attention four of our recent decisions, claiming that if we follow same it will result in a rejection of the petition for discovery. A resume of the facts involved in those four cases and the holdings of this court follow:
Insealator, Inc., v. Wallace, 357 Mich 233. This appeal involved the claim of a manufacturer’s agent that the corporation not only refused to pay him commission but altered its books to disguise the fact it owed him the claimed amount.
In our decision, after calling attention to the fact that Court Rule No 35, § 6 (1945), provided that the deposition of an officer of a corporation “may be used by an adverse party for any purpose,” we held (pp 252, 253):
“The court offered to go through the depositions and make a ruling as to the admissibility of testimony therein. Insealator insisted that they should be admitted in their entirety under this rule. The court properly ruled them out on objection to the effect that they contained irrelevant and immaterial testimony. Opportunity was afforded counsel to use them to contradict or impeach. This counsel apparently did not care to do. No error exists by reason of their exclusion under these circumstances.”
Banaszkiewicz v. Baun, 359 Mich 109. This appeal involved a suit for specific performance of an alleged oral agreement under which decedent was to leave all of his property upon his death to plaintiff.
In a 4-3 decision, this Court held (quoting syllabus 9):
“There is no conflict of purpose between the so-called dead-man’s statute barring testimony of an opposite party as to matters equally within the knowledge of a deceased person, and the court rules relative to discovery permitting depositions ‘of any person’ as both are intended to aid in arrival at truth and justice in litigation, hence, there is no unfairness in permitting defendants and their counsel to know what plaintiff’s claims are and the foundation therefor and, at the same time, not waive their right to bar plaintiff’s testimony at the trial on matters equally within knowledge of deceased as to alleged oral agreement to leave property to plaintiff (CL 1948, § 617.65 [Stat Ann § 27.914]; Court Rules No 35, § 6a, Nos 40, 41 [1945] ).”
In Schechet v. Kesten, 372 Mich 346, we were confronted with the statute barring a physician from disclosing information he had obtained from a patient, and we held, in regard to discovery, interrogatories, and physician-patient privileges, as follows:
“Requirement of circuit judge of defendant physician that he answer interrogatories, put to him by plaintiff in action for libel and slander in report to credentials and executive committee of hospital in which defendant was chairman of department of surgery, which interrogatories required answers privileged from disclosure was reversibly erroneous, as the statutory privilege is an absolute bar even to the disclosure of the names of the patients not involved in the action (CL 1948, § 617.62 [Stat Ann § 27.911]; PA 1961, No 236, § 2157 [CLS 1961, § 600-.2157 (Stat Ann 1962 Rev § 27 A.2157)]).” (Syllabus 2.).
Board of Education of Presque Isle Township School District No. 8 v. Presque Isle County Board of Education, 364 Mich 605, presented the question of whether the school code had given to the county and State boards of education the power to attach or annex an inoperative school district to an operating district by direct order and subject only to winding up processes. In that case we held:
“A legislator’s present recollection of what he understood as to the language enacted into law may not be used in interpreting the statute as enacted.” (Syllabus 6.)
Defendants’ objection (5): Intervening defendants state:
“Plaintiffs’ assertion that due process requires ‘a determination of disputed questions of fact on the basis of evidence’ is only partially correct. The disputed questions must be relevant and the evidence must be competent. We have previously demonstrated at length, without necessity for present repetition, that the matters which plaintiffs would prove have no legal relevancy. The State and Federal standards sought to be shown simply do not exist and there certainly is no right to introduce proofs which, if true, would not establish a cause of action. Moreover, there is no right to introduce incompetent proofs on any issue.
“The ultimate issue in this case is whether the Austin-Kleiner plan complied with necessary constitutional requirements. This is a matter which can and must be determined from the plan alone, and/or available public records or matters susceptible of judicial notice, and not from the professed intentions or motivations of one or more commissioners.”
Our comment on these five objections of defendants follow in the same sequence as listed above:
Answer to objection (1): We do not share the view of the defendants that gerrymandering was expected or condoned, or that the people through their dele gates created a plan that was an invitation to both parties to select their four best gerrymanderers, who would consider the welfare of the party above the welfare of the voter or the State.
Article 4 of the Constitution shows that the delegates selected a plan which, with its adherence to county, city, and township lines, compactness, rectangular or nearly uniform or square lines, et cetera, would make gerrymandering most difficult.
We believe that outstanding and dedicated Delegate John Hannah (President of Michigan State University), when he recommended that the commission consist of four Democrats and four Republicans, being “persons with strong political feelings,” did so with the thought that each 4-member group would be capable of preventing the other one from indulging in gerrymandering.
Answer to objection (2): Petitioners answer the claim of defendants that if we would grant petitioners’ request we would be outrunning the United States Supreme Court by calling attention to the fact that until Baker v. Carr (1962), 369 US 186 (82 S Ct 671, 7 L ed 2d 629), claims regarding apportionment of State legislatures were not justiciable at all; that from a fair reading of recent cases one can only conclude that a plan which intentionally operates to nullify the fair and effective representation of members of one particular political party is as much a denial of equal protection of the laws as districts of grossly disparate population; that on March 15, 1965, the New York supreme court, New York county, in In re Orans’ Petition, 45 NY Misc 2d 616 (257 NYS2d 839), affirmed by 15 NY2d 339 (258 NYS2d 825, 206 NE2d 854), held that gerrymandering constitutes a violation of the State’s constitutional provisions, which were very similar to Michigan’s; and that “The argument of defendant and intervening defendants that there is no law against gerrymandering suggests that although gerrymandering may he immoral, or unfair, or a sharp practice, nevertheless since there is no case law which says it is illegal, it should be condoned by this Court. The people of the State of Michigan are entitled to a higher standard of law.”
It is not necessary for us to analyze or pass judgment on the presence or absence of Federal decisions in re gerrymandering. Suffice to say, there is no Federal decision that even intimates that this Court cannot or should not grant the petition if we deem it advisable.
Answer to objection (3): Petitioners’ request is not a plea to be allowed to engage in a “fishing expedition” and is not limited by the three reasons set forth above by intervening defendants. This fact is established by petitioners’ offer to prove the following:
“Austin and Kleiner and others who actually participated in the drawing of the Austin-Kleiner plan obtained and utilized extensive data and records of past voting results in each precinct, city, township, and county, specifically including the results of the 1962 State treasurer election, which data and records were compiled and tabulated by and with the support of the Democratic party and the International Union, UAW. The purpose of utilizing such data and records by Austin, Kleiner and their aides, was creation of an apportionment plan most favorable to the Democratic party and its candidates.
“Different variations of a plan with districts of equal population were drawn from time to time in the course of preparing the Austin-Kleiner plan, each of which was tested by application of such data and past voting records, and such plan was successively revised and redrawn in attempts to maximize Democratic party voting strength, or to minimize Republican party voting strength.
“The draftsmen of the plan, after its adoption, openly boasted of their success in achieving their objectives and also stated openly that they intended the plan as ‘a negotiating document’ and had not expected to be able to get it adopted in its original form.
“The plan accomplishes such gerrymandering by apportioning the districts without any regard for political subdivision or natural or historical boundary lines, and by constructing unnaturally-shaped districts in order to join geographically separated concentrations of voters of one or the other party, or to split up certain of such concentrations.
“The intentional acts of malapportionment and gerrymandering for political advantage incorporated by the draftsmen of the plan include the following:
“(a) By deliberately joining areas which the 1962 election results showed to have voted for a particular party’s candidates, the draftsmen drew five house districts in Genesee county which canceled out Republican voting strength there altogether. Based on the 1962 results, all five districts would have gone to Democratic party candidates, although Republicans pulled approximately 45% of the overall vote. The actual results of the 1964 contests in these districts were that all five seats went to Democrats, although Republicans polled 39% of the vote.
“(b) By contrast, the same technique of joining areas of known voting behavior was employed to maximize Democratic party voting strength in the ¡five house districts in Kent county. There, the 1962 'election results showed that two of the five seats would have gone to Democratic candidates while the Democratic party polled approximately 40% of the overall vote. In 1964 the Democrats won their two seats handily.
“(c) Similarly, the 10 house districts encompassing* Oakland county (plus three townships of Genesee county) were drawn in such a way that the Republicans could count on five ‘safe’ seats while polling*, according to the 1962 election results, 60% of the vote. (The actual results of the 1964 contests in these districts were that the Republican candidates took four seats while polling 50% of the vote.) This was accomplished by dividing up cities so that areas of high Republican voting strength were impacted and extra Democratic pluralities could be added to areas of marginal Republican voting strength.
“(d) By crossing county lines to join together physically-separated cities which the 1962 election results showed to demonstrate Democratic party voting patterns, ‘safe’ Democratic senate seats were created in the senate districts 33 and 34. District 33 was formed by separating the city of Manistee, the county seat of Manistee county, from the rest of its county and joining it with a group of counties extending south to include the city of Muskegon, 75 miles away. Similarly, the cities of Saginaw and Bay City, respectively the county seats for their counties, were joined together into district 34, with a few intervening townships from both counties, while the rest of the surrounding townships from both counties, were formed into a horseshoe-shaped district 35. Based upon 1962 election results, districts 33 and 34 would be Democratic seats, while the adjoining districts 35 and 36 would be Republican districts, although any other configuration which did not involve the joining of the cities would not have resulted in a Democratic district in either area. These four seats came out exactly as predicted in 1964, two Republican and two Democratic.
“(e) In the case of senate district 17, the city of Pontiac, the county seat for Oakland county, together with seven townships in the northwestern part of the county, was joined with all of Lapeer county in order to cancel out Republican voting strength in Lapeer county.
“(f) Other house districts were drawn in such a way as to split up parts of cities which were disclosed by the 1962 election results to be strong areas of Republican party voting, by dividing them into separate pieces and combining them with other cities for the purpose of diffusing and ultimately destroying the voting power of those concentrations, as in the case of house districts 31, 32, and 33, which cut into three parts the northwest quarter of the city of Dearborn, an area shown by the 1962 election results to have returned a high Republican vote.
“(g) In certain districts, such as house districts 43 and 51, townships where incumbent Republican legislators resided were unnaturally and unnecessarily detached from the rest of their counties and combined with territory containing another Republican incumbent in order thus to defeat one of them or force him to move away from his constituency.”
Answer to objection (4): In 1931 this Court by Court Rule No 41 provided:
“Any party to an action or suit may cause to be taken by deposition * * * at any time after action commenced and before trial, the testimony of any other party, or any person who has verified a pleading of another party, which is material and necessary in the prosecution or defense of the action or suit.”
Two years later this rule was construed twice by this Court. Justice Wiest, in Nestle v. Fleming (1933), 262 Mich 417, in construing this rule, stated (pp 418, 419):
“The party invoking the rule must definitely state the subject or subjects of intended inquiry and thus show the materiality and nature thereof, and may not, at the examination, go beyond such specifications.
“Eight to take the deposition can be tested by motion to vacate the notice. The issue then is whether the reasons for the notice and the information sought disclose a bona fide need in framing an issue or preparing for trial. The examination must not be for the purpose of enabling one party to merely pry into the case of the other to learn its strength or weakness, but only to seek information essential to the framing of appropriate issues and preparation for trial thereof. * * *
“We must assume that the right accorded by the rule is invoked in good faith, and we cannot anticipate an abuse nor hold that possibility of abuse warrants inhibition of the right.”
In Vincent v. Van Blooys, 263 Mich 312, this Court commented on the fact that, while (p 314),
“Court Eule No 41 was adopted from the New York practice, * * * the case concerns a rule of court, not a statute, and the rule is an experiment in this State, no discourtesy can be imputed to this Court for failing to find and follow a precedent from the New York conflict.
“Mr. Ragland [on discovery before trial] adduces evidence of the advisability of a liberal construction (page 130). This Court, speaking through Mr. Justice Wibst, has departed from the narrow New York construction, and has taken the broader trail. Nestle v. Fleming, 262 Mich 417.
“Aside from its advantage to a party in discovering the opponent’s claim, the rule has a public purpose which should be served in its interpretation, arising from reducing the time of the trial by narrowing the issues, obtaining admissions of fact, fixing the claims of the parties when the incidents are fresh in their minds, and otherwise fostering accuracy and celerity of trial, and also from inducing settlements, which are made more easy when the respective claims are known. A rather liberal construction will obviate the necessity for taking the time of the court in haggling over the limitations of the examination. Experience will disclose the evils which may develop and suggest the remedy.”
In Hallett v. Michigan Consolidated Gas Co. (1941), 298 Mich 582, holding that rules relative to discovery should be liberally construed, we stated (p 592):
“Comparatively recent procedure for compelling discovery of the facts and circumstances of a con-' troversy in advance of joining issue or in advance of trial is well established. * * * The recent trend and purpose of statutes and court rules is to provide accurate information in advance of trial as to the actual facts and circumstances of a controversy. We have already said such rules must be liberally construed. They should promote the discovery of the true facts and circumstances of a controversy, rather than aid in their concealment.”
A majority of the present members of this Court during recent years have not only carried forward the liberal policy of the last 25 years but have extended it, earning for the State the reputation of being a leader among the States that advocate liberal use of discovery.
The present request for discovery is vastly different from the discovery involved in the cases which defendants cite and to which we have referred above. We are not now deciding whether a plaintiff should have help in discovery as he seeks money judgment, or a defendant receive help as he prepares his defense but, rather, whether petitioners (34 influential citizens living in various parts of this State) should be given the opportunity to present evidence which, they claim would prove that the plan this Court ordered adopted is not a plan of apportionment but rather a plan of malapportionment.
Previous decisions of this Court constitute no bar to petitioners’ request if we deem it advisable.
Answer to objection (5): In reply to defendants’ claim that “this is a matter which can and must be determined from the plan alone, and/or available public records or matters susceptible of judicial notice,” petitioners answer:
“Fortson [Fortson v. Dorsey, 379 US 433 (85 S Ct 377, 13 L ed 2d 290)] states clearly that an apportionment scheme which does not disclose a mathematical disparity, nevertheless may be shown to ‘designedly or otherwise * * * operate to minimize or cancel out the voting strength of racial or political elements of the voting population.’ Petitioners should be granted an opportunity to prove that the Austin-Kleiner Plan is such a scheme. The issue is primarily a factual one, yet this Court refused petitioners the right to present evidence and thereby place the facts before the Court. The proof required to establish such allegations must be substantial. Honeywood v. Rockefeller (ED NY 1963), 214 F Supp 897; Wright v. Rockefeller (1964), 376 US 52 (84 S Ct 603, 11 L ed 2d 512), affirming (SD NY 1962) 211 F Supp 460. As indicated by the Honeywood Case, supra, ‘direct’ evidence of the use of improper standards is the best evidence. To restrict petitioners to the official record of proceedings, as does this Court’s order of February 5, 1965, prohibits obtaining such direct evidence, since the plan was not prepared in the councils of the commission.”
When this Court on June 17, 1964, entered the order that voided this Court’s adoption of the Hanna Plan under date of May 26, 1964, we directed the commission on legislative apportionment to “pro ceed to adopt a plan * * * in accordance with, the constitutional requirements and guidelines provided by the United States Supreme Court in Reynolds v. Sims, 377 US 533 (84 S Ct 1362, 12 L ed 2d 506) * * * requiring that the districting and apportionment of both houses of State legislatures shall be as nearly as practicable on an equal population basis.”
That our words “as nearly as practicable” were strictly interpreted is shown by defendant Hare in his brief where he states:
“Defendant Hare agrees that as a practical matter 100% mathematical precision in the drawing of legislative districts cannot be achieved. However, this must be the target of those who would apportion, and any built-in devices such as the county-line requirement, which impede achievement of this aim, must fail. It cannot be denied that a mandatory and arbitrary requirement that county lines be observed in an apportionment scheme will result in some deviation from equality of population among the districts.”
Intervening defendants interpreted our order to mean: “Any disparity which is unnecessary and avoidable is inexcusable.”
Sustaining the Austin-Kleiner Plan, defendants repeatedly throughout their briefs call attention to how nearly equal in population each district is with the other, resulting in population from a high of 207,094 to a low of 205,067 in the senate districts.
Petitioners, contending that other standards, such as the adherence to county and other political subdivision boundary lines, et cetera, were disregarded, ask us to consider the following from Reynolds v. Sims, 377 US 533, 577-579 (84 S Ct 1362, 12 L ed 2d 506):
“By holding that as a Federal constitutional requisite both houses of a State legislature must be apportioned on a population basis, we mean that the equal protection clause requires that a State make an honest and good faith effort to construct districts, in both houses of its legislature, as nearly of equal population as is practicable. We realize that it is a practical impossibility to arrange legislative districts so that each one has an identical number of residents, or citizens, or voters. Mathematical exactness or precision is hardly a workable constitutional requirement. * * *
“A State may legitimately desire to maintain the integrity of various political subdivisions, insofar as possible, and provide for compact districts of contiguous territory in designing a legislative apportionment scheme. Valid considerations may underline such aims. Indiscriminate districting, without any regard for political subdivision or natural or historical boundary lines, may be little more than an open invitation to partisan gerrymandering.”
It is not our intention in this opinion to pass judgment upon the dispute between petitioners and defendants as to standards. However, we do agree with petitioners’ contention that the mere dividing of the State into districts of equal population does not and would not condone, justify, or excuse a method or system where, by the use of previous election results, districts can be formed giving one political party advantage over the other.
Petitioners commence their brief under the heading “statement of facts,” as follows:
“By way of introduction to this statement of facts, the unique nature of this proceeding must be emphasized. Despite the fact that the proceedings raise disputed questions of fact, this Court has.not allowed the presentation of proofs offered by petitioners in support of their fact allegations. There is no record except the pleadings. Therefore, this proceeding resembles one in which a motion for summary judgment in favor of the defendants had been granted, and now the most favorable view must be taken of petitioners’ allegations of fact and offer of proof. Thus, where relevant, those allegations of fact and the offer of proof in support thereof will, for purposes of this brief, be regarded as if actually proved.”
In spite of petitioners’ contentions, defendants have only presented this Court with a general denial. We have searched the brief of defendant and the briefs of intervening defendants in vain for any specific denial of petitioners’ claim, such as the planners’ use of voting results as they changed and re-changed the boundary lines of districts in their endeavor to create districts most favorable to the Democratic party and its candidates.
Petitioners in their reply brief commented upon defendants’ seemingly avoidance, as follows:
“Petitioners have offered direct proof of the fact that Austin and Kleiner and their aides who drew the plan used past records of partisan election results, specifically the 1962 State treasurer’s contest, to successively revise the districts to maximize Democratic party voting strength and to minimize Republican party voting strength. This offer of direct proof is noticeably missing from the categories of proofs which intervenors castigate as inadequate.”
We are not impressed with defendants’ claim that even conceding that petitioners could prove what they claim, such proof would not be relevant or competent. Conceding for the sake of argument that after considering said proof this Court would consider it irrelevant or incompetent, then certainly, this Court can reject it without the fear of improper influence that might result had it been submitted to a jury.
"We agree with defendants that the ultimate issue in this case should not be determined from the “professed intentions or motivations of one or more commissioners.” The test should not be what they intended to do, nor what they would have liked to have done, but, rather, what did they do.
Conclusion
We are granting petitioners’ request for the right to take proof and depositions because defendants have failed to present a convincing reason why petitioners’ request should not be granted. In addition, we are conscious of the fact that the present apportionment plan never received a majority vote of approval of the commissioners, nor a unanimous vote of approval of this Court; that unusual, hasty, and brief consideration was given to the plan because of pending elections; that we have always given lib eral construction to the rule of discovery and have held, “We must assume that the right accorded by the rule is invoked in good faith, and we cannot anticipate an abuse nor hold that possibility of abuse warrants inhibition of the right.”
An order will be issued providing that the depositions will be taken under the direction and supervision of the presiding circuit judge of the county of Ingham; that said depositions will be taken as soon as possible and continued on to completion without delay; that 24 copies of the report of such hearing on depositions will be filed with the clerk of the Supreme Court and placed before the members of this Court, so that this Court can reach final determination in sufficient time to not unduly impede the coming 1966 elections.
Addendum, October 27, 1965.
I was assigned this case under our rotation assignment system. This addendum is being added because after originally writing under such assignment opinions have been served challenging the propriety and the right of this Court to grant discovery claiming the question was moot because the majority of this Court made known by the 1964 order that the Austin-Kleiner Plan was confined to the 1964 election and that said plan would be a nullity thereafter.
This present contention was not referred to in my opinion nor in the pleadings, briefs, or arguments of counsel for petitioners, defendant, or intervening defendants. I disagree that we have not. the right and duty to dispose of the discovery question but after studying the opinions served and realizing that of the five Justices, other than myself, who have as of this date written opinions, three have expressed the thought that the commissioners should try anew to reapportion for the 1966 election, I have concluded to join with them with the understanding expressed, that the commission shall immediately convene and shall conclude its work within 90 days and that we retain jurisdiction of all matters now before us, including the matter of discovery.
Dethmeks, J., concurred with Kelly, J.
Black, J.
(for immediate mandate to commission) By this paragraph 8 proceeding the Court’s original jurisdiction has been duly invoked. Our impending action or inaction is due to guide Michigan’s governmental destiny; crucially at least for the coming second half of this decennium. And what we do now will determine largely whether the Court has served or failed to serve both of the Constitutions to which it is supremely and unitedly bound.
The mentioned proceeding was submitted to us May 11th last on thoroughgoing briefs and oral arguments. Though many less important matters have in the interim come to submission and decision, this one remains undetermined either as to procedure or substance. In the meantime the clock is ticking off that limited number of days and weeks left for final districting and apportionment of the legislature in time for the elections of 1966. We have failed so far to comply with the primary mandate of said paragraph 8; referring to our obligation to order the commission on legislative apportionment to perform its duty, that is, “proceed to district and apportion the senate and house of representatives according to the provisions of this Constitution.” That duty, when it is' finally performed and upheld on “review” under paragraph 8, will effect the districting and apportionment of the legislature for the remainder of such decennium. It should he performed in pursuance of order to he entered here, and due time for such performance should be allowed. But time is fleeting; hence these purposeful presents.
Now then, the above considered: From and after our coming November session I mean to share no longer, with other members of the Court, the responsibility for "further delay of orderly disposition of this gravely consequential proceeding. Censure and; upshots ignored, the present motion for entry of an essential procedural order will be tendered to the clerk for filing at that time and copies will be sent to all involved counsel.
No one, bent other than on pretense, can deny the pressures and counter-pressures of politics to which this Court has been subjected since paragraph 7 and now paragraph 8 have required action of the Supreme Court of Michigan. Last year two members of the Court voted first (May 26, 1964; 372 Mich at 480-482) to effectuate under paragraph 7 the so-called Hanna plan. Then (June 22, 1964; 373 Mich 250-255) the two voted to effectuate under’ paragraph 7 the so-called Austin-Kleiner plan; which' last plan was the one which the Court ordered into effect for the 1964 legislative elections (see 372 Mich at 480-482; 373 Mich at 248-255). Even the baited subject of amount of salary, to be paid in the fuhire to Supreme Court Justices, appeared in a measure which was proposed in and passed by the senate during the current legislative session, and then was held up by the house. And this is to say nothing of what is rancorously implicit as well as explicit in the previous deadlocks of the half Republican and half Democratic commission on legislative apportionment. With respect to those deadlocks we were called upon to act, and did act provisionally (see In re Apportionment of Legislature—1964, 372 Mich 418, 461; 373 Mich 247), under paragraph 7 of said section 6.
The circumstances now are progressively emergent. The question of need under the Constitution for timely judicial action is foremost. The next is that the Court should dispel promptly any notion that its members are shrinking from procedural and substantial decisions on account of fear of personal or political consequences.
Pursuant to the procedure set forth in said paragraph 8, I stand for entry of an order directing the commission to do what is required of it and what it has not yet done, that is, “district and apportion the senate and house of representatives according to the provisions of this Constitution.” That task is assigned to the commission by the Constitution; whereas our task under said section 6 is limited to supervision and seeing firmly to it that the commission proceeds to conclusion of its due duties in accordance with constitutional requirements.
Bear in constant mind that the present invocation of original jurisdiction is before us under paragraph 8 of said section 6; whereas last year’s proceeding arrived under and was determined pursuant to provisional paragraph 7 of said section 6 (see In re Apportionment of Legislature—1964, all opinions and orders cited supra). Now we have before us an out-and-out judicial proceeding; a proceeding which is attended automatically by those broad equitable powers which, since the handing down of Baker v. Carr, 369 US 186 (82 S Ct 691, 7 L ed 2d 663), the courts have utilized and are now utilizing as they go about this business of supervising, with applicable constitutional limitations in mind, the assigned duties of those who must district and apportion legislative assemblies.
Refer now to the Court’s orders of June 17 and 22, 1964 (373 Mich 247, 248, 249, 254, 255). Then the time limit was critical. The commission was directed to adopt the Austin-Kleiner plan for the imminent 1964 elections, subject expressly to any paragraph 8 proceeding such as is before the Court instantly. The concluding paragraph of the June 17th order, along with the final two paragraphs of the supplementing order of June 22d, stress the temporally ordered character of the AustinKleiner plan. And quoted paragraphs 7 and 8 of said section 6 made it so in any event. To quote the aforesaid paragraph of the June 17th order (373 Mich 248, 249):
“Any plan adopted by the commission on legislative apportionment or, in the event said commission is unable to agree upon a plan, any plan thereafter directed to be adopted by this Court shall be subject to the provisions of paragraphs 6 and 8 of said section and article: Provided, however, That because of the necessity of insuring orderly election procedures for the year 1964, in no event will the litigation permitted under paragraph 8 of said section 6 affect, alter, change, or amend the plan adopted by the commission under either paragraph 5 or paragraph 7 of said section 6, insofar as 1964 legislative elections are concerned.”
I hold (a) that it is the constitutionally exclusive duty of the commission on legislative apportionment to district and apportion the senate and house of representatives; (b) that that duty cannot, under said paragraph 8 or otherwise, be taken over by this Court without violating the plain directions which appear in said section 6 of article 4; (c) that the commission on legislative apportionment has not as yet performed its duty for the entire remainder of the present decennial period, and (d) that it is our peremptory responsibility under said paragraph 8 to instruct the commission as follows: =
1. To proceed anew with such work and deliberations as will enable the commission to district and apportion the senate and house of representatives according to now ascertainable as well as applicable constitutional requirements, and to do so pursuant to the procedures that are exacted by said'‘section 6;
2, To complete the work'.thus required of the commission within 60 days from and after the date of entry' of such order.
Our order should additionally provide:
3. In event of another deadlock of the commission, continuing through expiration of such 60-day period, that the secretary of the commission should report such fact promptly to this Court with accompanying petition for instructions whereby that deadlock may be broken by such mandatory order as the Court may enter pursuant to its broad powers as on mandamus to a State officer, and
4. For specific retention of jurisdiction over the present proceeding until some “final plan” is reviewed here and found consonant with constitutional requirements.
Summary.
First: There remains time for contemplative work and deliberately effective action by the commission, provided we direct the commission — now — to proceed. Since the commission arrived at its time-pressured stalemate last year, a. selective if constitutionally circumscribed discretion has been confided, to the districting and apportioning authorities of the respective States, by the mentioned apportionment decisions of the Federal Supreme Court. This should render the commission’s task much less difficult. .
Second: We should not presume that the commission will not — given time as above — agree upon and adopt a plan according to its prescribed duty. This is especially so now that controlling guidelines, formerly in bitterly contested legal doubt, have become an understood part of our Constitution by the immediate force of section 1 of the first article thereof and the final force of article 6 of the National Constitution. Nevertheless, if it should turn out that a majority of the commission, aided thus by time and supreme authority, again cannot agree, this Court can and should break the deadlock by peremptory order framed generally to the procedure which is set forth in our general election law when two or more persons, being candidates for the same constitutional office, have received an equal number of votes. A public drawing of lots, to determine what 7 members of the commission are to vote upon that necessary “final plan,” will take care of any such possible repetition of disagreement.
Third: It is said that the Court should proceed now to “review,” principally upon depositions to be taken, the provisionally effected Austin-Kleiner plan. I respectfully suggest that we cannot do so. The Austin-Kleiner plan is not a “final” one we may review under said paragraph 8. No “final plan” has as yet been adopted for want of a “concurrence of a majority of the members of the commission.” See paragraphs 5, 6, and 8 of said section 6, and the absence of the word “final” from paragraph 7. Thus, by operation of paragraph 8 and the timely institution of this original proceeding, the question of the constitutionality of the Austin-Kleiner plan has become moot. What this Court needs, prior to “review” under paragraph 8, is that which has not as yet come into being, a “final plan.”
Now if the Court should attempt “review” of the provisionally adopted and nonfinal Austin-Kleiner plan, and for such purpose should authorize the taking of what bids fair to become a politically contentious and trenchantly sensational series of discovery depositions, any such movement sidewise would require constant supervision of such depositional taking on expectably regular motions and orders. Worse, it would consume more and more nonexpendable weeks and months of time between this date and the deadline of next June. It would — Michigan politics considered — foreclose all chances of final “review” under paragraph 8 and final effect of any final plan prior to such deadline. And it would disgust the people of Michigan the more with their Supreme Court.
I vote for prompt entry of an order as outlined above.
Since the foregoing declaration of intention to file and serve was communicated to other members of the Court, Justice Souris has written again that section 6 of said article 4, along with just about all of the critical rest of said article 4, is unconstitutional. See Justice Souris’ opinions of last year, 372 Mich 418, 461-469, and 373 Mich 247, 257-262. At that time comment was unnecessary. Now it is imperative lest a gymnastically swinging majority of this Court is induced to take over the cliff, into the abyss of one-party partisanship, that which the Constitution refers to as the “legislative power of the State of Michigan.”
Now I think all reasonable viewers of the Constitution of 1963 (distinguishing them purposely from those feverishly intense liberals who look exclusively to Washington, or in lieu thereof to their own manufactured dixits, for “the rule of law”) will agree that the people of a State, choosing so to do, may validly provide by their Constitution that an appointed commission, rather than the legislature, shall regularly district and apportion the legislature of that State. The people of Michigan have done so, by said section 6, and no specific clause or word of that section is pointed out as being offensive to any other constitutional provision. It is simply said that section 6, procedural entirely in its nature, is so intertwined with earlier sections of substance (said to be wholly invalid) that all are inseparable “and that the constitutional invalidity of 1 or more of said sections invalidates the remainder.” (Quotation from Justice Souris’ former opinion, 373 Mich at 259.)
Let us examine this argument; an argument which, to the time of 1964 writing, was pressed upon the Court by no one excepting Justice Souris. In a preliminary way, I must observe that it really is just a matter of accidental coincidence that this motion to butcher-cleave section 6 from our Constitution would, if granted, leave a grateful as well as gleeful Democratic legislature pretty much free to district and apportion itself at leisurely will, just as was so disgracefully known over the years when a Republican legislature was continuously charged and continuously failed with that duty. Sirrah, it must be said again that the Supreme Court of Michigan is loftily separated from partisan politics.
The question of severability depends in the last analysis upon the will of the people themselves ; not upon the fragmented and abstruse utterances of convention delegates who, even as selectively and restrictively quoted by Justice Souris, touched neither directly nor indirectly upon that precise question (see Bacon v. Kent-Ottawa Authority, 354 Mich 159, and citations therein contained) . To test the question of severance of section 6 one need but point out that the section pertains exclusively to constitutional procedure and not to constitutional substance. It is fully operative with or without any preceding article 4 section of substance provided the following portion of sections 1, 2 and 3 of said article 4 (with which no Justice dare quarrel) is regarded as constitutionally intact. Such portion reads:
“Sec. 1. The legislative power of the State of Michigan is vested in a senate and a house of representatives. .
“Sec. 2. The senate shall consist of 38 members to be elected from single member districts at the same election as the governor for four-year terms concurrent with the term of office of the governor.
“Sec. 3. The house of representatives shall consist of 110 members elected for two-year terms from single member districts apportioned on a basis of population as provided in this article. The districts shall consist of compact and convenient territory contiguous by land.”
Now I am unable to find anything in section 6 which prevents due application thereof to any plan of districting and apportionment of the Michigan legislature which the commission, going on with its wort under current guidelines, may decide to adopt and place in effect, subject of course to review, for constitutional test, under paragraph 8 of the section. So there is nothing difficult about the point raised by my Brother Souris. All we need do is weigh his conclusion that section 6 is inseparable from that which immediately precedes it and, therefore, that section 6 cannot be made operative and sufficient to accomplish its procedural purpose. If he is right, and I suggest he is not, then this Court has been fooling around with unconstitutional procedure, under said paragraphs 7 and 8, éver since February 4, 1964, that being the date of filing here of the first of the paragraph 7 plans. See details, 372 Mich at 419.
So far as concerns my Brother’s allegation, which Í now reduce in paraphrase to save a wearisome number of words, that one voting for the instru ment in 1963 would have voted the other way had he believed the so-called 80-20 formula would be held subordinate to the equality clause of the first article thereof, it is sufficient to say that that kind of reasoning, if majority-accepted, would require that the Court annihilate either the whole of the Constitution of 1963, or at very least all of article 4 thereof. The latter course would mean government without a legislature with the Supreme Court really supreme. I shrink from such heady stuff.
Further, when Justice Souris says:
“In short I do not believe the people of this State would have delegated the apportionment of legislative power to commissioners, neither elected by the people nor selected by any of the people’s elected representatives, but, instead selected by the State organizations of the major political parties, except for the fact that the proposed constitution permitted those commissioners to function only within rigid limitations imposed by constitutionally stated mathematical formulae.”; •
I feel obliged to rejoin that I in turn “do not believe” the people ever would have delegated the apportionment of legislative power to the legislature, again that is. (See article 5, § 4, Const 1908, and the amendment thereof which was ratified at the general election of November 4, 1952.) Assuming that each of us now may state his beliefs and disbeliefs as testimony to the way a majority of those voting viewed the new instrument in April of 1963, I do not believe that a voting majority of the electors would have voted for the proposed constitution had it not included section 6 or some separate-from-the-legislature counterpart thereof. Surely my Brother forgets that the people of Michigan learned, over a long period of years, one thing the hard way, that is, they could not trust any legislature to district and apportion itself according to any validly im posed constitutional principle or plan which might collide with self-perpetuation in office.
This question of severability is no point of constitutional interpretation at all. It is simply a political question; whether a majority seated here wants the constitutionally appointed commission to district and apportion the legislature hereafter, or whether it wants the legislature restored to that body’s former position of substantial control over its own political destiny. "Which is to say in short shrift that I view with disfavor any and all attempts to strike down, for no reason of prima facie legal value, any part of any Constitution.
I stand as before for entry of an order as outlined above.
O’Hara, J.
(for remand to commission). I regret that I am unable to agree with Mr. Justice Kelly’s conclusion. I accept his statement of the nature of the pending proceeding. However, I believe the function of the Supreme Court under paragraph 8, § 6, article 4, of the Constitution of 1963, is unique in our jurisprudence. It follows therefore that unique procedure to effect its terms may well result.
I think it impractical to attempt to dispose of the petition before us within the limitations of existing judicial precedent. Indeed, I must record that I believe there may exist a serious conflict between the limitation in section 2 of article 3, restricting the judicial branch to the exercise of judicial xiower and the duties cast upon this Court by article 4. Only the language of extension in article 3 “except as expressly provided in this Constitution,” saves an irreconcilable conflict.
I hold our order of June 17, ,1964, and its supplement of June 22, 1964, were conditional as clearly as they could be made conditional by express language. The language was not included idly.
The primary responsibility of the districting and apportionment of this State was constitutionally imposed upon the commission on legislative apportionment. It should discharge its duty.
I voted to direct the commission to adopt the alternate Austin-Kleiner plan because it then most closely complied with the basic Federal mandate to apportion both houses of the State legislature as nearly as possible on a “one-man—one-vote” basis. This was the sine qua non of Federal constitutionality.
The State constitutional requirements that the geographic integrity of senatorial districts existing at the time of reapportionment remain unaltered; that the single member representative districts be compact, contiguous, and as nearly square in shape as possible; that representative areas consisting of more than one county, entitled to more than one representative, be divided into single member districts as equal as possible in population but adhering to county lines, I do not believe have yet been considered by the commission. These guidelines, while they cannot supersede the basic equality of population factor, may be considered. Whether these State constitutional requirements are infirm by reason of their unseverability from the now known federally unconstitutional 80-20 formula, I do not pass upon. Nor need this issue be passed upon here. Federally constitutional or not, they are still sensible, voter-expressed guidelines for legislative districting and apportionment. If they are respected, and if determined effort is made to effect them, then much of the alleged partisan political districting in the conditionally approved plan could be eliminated.
I would remand the conditionally approved alternate Austin-Kleiner plan to the commission for further consideration in light of the additional guidelines set forth herein. I would retain jurisdiction of the pending cause. If within 60 days of our order of remand, the commission has not agreed on a plan, I would direct that all plans be resubmitted to this Court for our further action in relation thereto. All without prejudice to our ultimate disposition of the pending “petition for review.” No costs.
Adams, J.
(for remand to commission). I agree that this matter should be remanded to the commission on legislative apportionment. Not until June 15, 1964, with its decision in Reynolds v. Sims, 377 US 533 (84 S Ct 1362, 12 L ed 2d 506), did the United States Supreme Court state even the basic standards to be followed in apportionment of State legislatures. Chief Justice Warren recognized this fact, saying (p 559) :
“Of course, in these cases we are faced with the problem not presented in Gray —that of determining the basic standards and stating the applicable guidelines for implementing our decision in Baker v. Carr." (emphasis suplied.)
On June 17, 1964, we instructed the commission on legislative apportionment to devise a plan in accordance with the standards and guidelines furnished by the United States Supreme Court. The commission was allowed until 5 p.m., Friday, June 19th, to adopt such a plan. In the event the commission failed to reach agreement within that time, the individual members were allowed to submit plans by 12 noon of the next day. This brief period was dictated by the impending 1964 elections. The secre tary of State had informed this Court that orderly elections would be impossible unless a plan was ordered and placed in effect by Thursday, June 25, 1964. See In re Apportionment of Legislature— 1964, 373 Mich 250, 253.
The four Democratic members of the commission had foreseen the overriding guideline in Reynolds v. Sims and had, on May 11, 1964, submitted to this Court the alternate Austin-Kleiner plan based upon the formula of one man-one vote. The four Bepublican members of the commission apparently had not foreseen this development. At any rate, they did not submit a plan in accordance with that formula. During the brief time allowed the commission to attempt to devise a plan in accordance with Reynolds v. Sims, the Democratic members made no revisions or changes in the alternate Austin-Kleiner plan they had submitted May 11, 1964. The Bepublican members were unable to devise a plan that met the Federal standard.
It may be proved that the alternate Austin-Kleiner plan is the only feasible one for districting the State legislature in accordance with Federal standards. However, I believe the entire commission should be afforded an opportunity to consider 'the standards and guidelines furnished by the United States Supreme Court and to devise the best plan it can. It did not have that opportunity in the brief time given it in June of 1964.
"While the United States Supreme Court iterates and reiterates that “population is * * * the controlling consideration in the apportionment of seats in the particular legislative body” (Reynolds v. Sims, supra, 581), the Court does recognize other standards and guidelines which either are to be or may be applied. Those standards and guidelines can best be determined from a thorough reading and rereading of Reynolds v. Sims. It may be help ful, however, to point out that the Court does not approve gerrymandering. These quotations from the majority opinion in Reynolds v. Sims should suffice:
“The existing apportionment, and also to a lesser extent the apportionment under the Crawford-Webb act, presented little more than crazy quilts, completely lacking in rationality, and could be found invalid on that basis alone.” Ibid, 568. (Emphasis supplied.)
“Indiscriminate districting, without any regard for political subdivision or natural or historical boundary lines, may be little more than an open invitation to partisan gerrymandering.” Ibid, 578, 579.
“And a State may legitimately desire to construct districts along political subdivision lines to deter the possibilities of gerrymandering.” Ibid, 581. (Emphasis supplied.)
Going to the question of permissible State standards, it is to be noted that the Court said:
“A State may legitimately desire to maintain the integrity of various political subdivisions, insofar as possible, and provide for compact districts of contiguous territory in designing a legislative apportionment scheme.” Ibid, 578.
Recently, in WMCA, Inc., v. Lomenzo, 382 US 4 (86 S Ct 24, 15 L ed 2d 2), the United States Supreme Court affirmed the judgment in WMCA, Inc., v. Lomenzo (DC SD NY), 238 F Supp 916. Of this action, Mr. Justice Harlan stated:
“The three-judge court * * * rejected contentions that apportioning on a basis of citizen population violates the Federal Constitution, and that partisan ‘gerrymandering’ may be subject to Federal constitutional attack under the Fourteenth Amendment. In affirming this decision, this Court necessarily affirms these two eminently correct principles.”
I do not regard the affirmance in Lomenzo as a definitive statement of the position of the United States Supreme Court on gerrymandering, especially in view of Reynolds v. Sims, supra, and Fortson v. Dorsey, 379 US 433, 439 (85 S Ct 498, 13 L ed 2d 401). In this latter case, the Court stated:
“It might well he that, designedly or otherwise, a multi-member constituency apportionment scheme, under the circumstances of a particular case, would operate to minimize or cancel out the voting strength of racial or political elements of the voting population. When this is demonstrated it will he time enough to consider whether the system still passes constitutional muster. This question, however, is not presented by the record before us.”
At any rate, it seems clear that a State may forbid political gerrymandering, and I interpret the provisions of the Michigan Constitution with regard to compactness, shape, et cetera, as being precisely for that purpose. Though the Federal standards are overriding and must he followed, I see no reason why the standards and provisions in our own State Constitution should not also be applied if it is possible to do so. I do not regard the failure of the 80-20 formula as having destroyed these standards. The commission should apply them, if at all possible, always remembering that the United States Supreme Court said:
“We hold that, as a basic constitutional standard, the equal protection clause requires that the seats in both houses of a bicameral State legislature must he apportioned on a population basis.” Reynolds v. Sims, supra, 568.
I will vote in favor of a suitable order to remand to the commission on apportionment.
Souris, J.
(for adjournment of proceedings). Consistent with the judgments I announced on April 10, 1964, in In re Apportionment of State Legislature —1964, 372 Mich 418, 461-469, and again on June 24, 1964, in In re Apportionment of State Legislature— 1964, 373 Mich 247, 257-262, I would deny relief requested in the petition now before this Court purportedly pursuant to authority found in the eighth paragraph of section 6, article 4, Constitution of 1963. It was my judgment in 1964, as it is now, that, except as set forth in the margin, none of the first six sections of article 4 legally survived our finding that the 80-20 formula for apportioning the senate and the .7% formula for apportioning the house violated the equality clause of the Fourteenth Amendment of the United States Constitution. My reasoning can be found in my separate opinion of June 24, 1964 in In re Apportionment of State Legislature — 1964, 373 Mich 247, 257-262.
While this Court’s majority (the Chief Justice and Justices Black, Smith, O’Hara and Adams) did not discuss the issue of severability in the June, 1964, opinions reflecting its decision (see the Chief Justice’s opinion at 373 Mich 250, 251 and Justice O’Hara’s concurring opinion at 373 Mich 250, 255), by that decision the majority rejected, sub silentio, the contention I made first in my opinion of April 10, 1964, 372 Mich 418, 461-469, and which I repeated in my opinion of June 24, 1964, 373 Mich 250, 257-262, that most of the first six sections of article 4 of the Constitution of 1963, including all of section 6 which purported to authorize creation of the legislative apportionment commission and the procedures for Supreme Court review of its work, were invalid because legally inseparable from the constitutionally invalid apportionment formulae of article 4. With due respect for my colleagues’ judgment, I cannot join now, as I could not in June of 1964, in any decision of this Court which in my judgment erroneously perpetuates the legislative apportionment commission notwithstanding the constitutional invalidity of its creation.
I cannot accept the suggestion, implicit in the Court’s 1964 decision and in its current decision, that the people of this State intended the legislative apportionment commission, the members of which are selected by the two or three major political parties of the State, to wield such extraordinary powers of government without the precise limitations the people attempted invalidly to impose upon the commission in the form of the 80-20 and the .7 % formulae, limitations which the constitutional convention debates demonstrate were crucial to the delegate majority’s willingness to repose the decennial task of reapportionment in the commission.
Delegate Yeager, a member of the convention’s legislative organization committee, expressing his opposition to a proposal to permit the house of representatives to be apportioned upon a population basis with no greater population variance between districts than 15%, said the following:
“The reason I could not support this amendment is because in establishing the apportionment commission before our committee to take care of the periodic reapportioning on the basis of the census, we made the commitment and came up with the proposition that we would allow no discretion or very little discretion to such an apportioning body, and it would simply be a physical act of following a specific, well defined formula within the constitution. And this was the basis and the theory upon which the apportioning commission was established. This does not take away that discretion. As a matter of fact, it allows a great deal of discretion, and for these reasons I could not support this proposition relating to a population basis in the house.” 2 Constitutional Convention Record, p 2140.
Shortly thereafter, in support of his own proposal to increase the house formula from .7% to .75%, a proposal which did not pass, Delegate Yeager said:
“As I stated earlier, when the Cushman-Hodges amendment was up, one of the stipulations the committee went into quite thoroughly was in having an apportionment commission that was going to be working within the Constitution with defined formulas which would allow as little discretion to such a commission as possible. This was done frankly to eliminate political trading as much as possible within this commission. We feel that this formula of allotting the first seat based on the .75% and distributing the balance of the seats on equal proportions is a definable formula, and leaves very little discretion with that body. The minority report, on the other hand, would have left a great deal of discretion with that body, and if you drew the lines one way you got an entirely different deviation from the other.” 2 Constitutional Convention Record, p 2142.
The report of the legislative organization committee to the convention, which accompanied the committee’s proposal of the subsequently adopted apportionment formulae, described the committee’s objectives in these terms;
“The majority of the committee feels this plan offers many advantages. It is responsive to population shifts so that the precise balance of population and area can be maintained. It limits considerably; the discretion of the apportioning commission because it is based on a clearly stated formula rather than vague guides. Most important, the plan achieves precisely what it is designed to accomplish, a blend of population and area factors in a logical and effective way.” 2 Constitutional Convention Record, p 2036.
Delegate G. E. Brown emphasized the importance of limiting the proposed legislative apportionment commission’s discretion in comparing a committee’s proposal that the method of equal proportions be used in apportioning the house with a counter proposal made by that committee’s minority members:
“Now, in the discussion of the committee in arriving at a decision to use the method of equal proportions after setting up the legislative areas at 7/10 of 1 per cent, the committee was concerned with minimizing the discretion which an apportioning body or commission might exercise with respect to the assignment of seats after the first initially given, not only for this decennial census, but for every decennial census. It was felt that a formula that will eliminate, to the extent possible, discretion in the apportioning body will prove to be a fairer and more equitable way of distributing house seats, not permitting the gerrymandering and the malapportionment that can exist when a great deal of discretion is left to the apportioning body, which up until the time we adopted Committee Proposal 79, of course, was the legislature. * * *
“The second point is that there is a discretionary assignment of the additional seats under the minority proposal. In each case it leaves almost complete discretion to the apportioning body insofar as the adjustment of initially setting up the districts, and then secondly, assigning the additional seats. Too, by using the method they use, the deviation should be limited on an absolute basis; but in our case the legislative areas are set up by a certain formula, the additional seats are assigned by a priority list.” 2 Constitutional Convention Record, pp 2132, 2133.
Judge Dehnke, another delegate, described the role of the proposed legislative apportionment commission in these terms:
“If the proposal for the apportionment commission is adopted, the Constitution itself will set up pretty strict rules to govern the determination of this commission. The commissioners will not be left free to ramble at will. And it’s a matter of the decision by each member within those prescribed limits that is important, and we won’t be involved in calling in any adding machine to make the computation.” 2 Constitutional Convention Record, p 2021.
Finally, Delegate Plank described the proposed commission’s role accurately, as well as trenchantly, in the following colloquy with Delegate Danhof:
“Mr. Danhof: Now, I further take it from the makeup of this particular commission, being 4 members from each of the political parties — and we will stick with 2, since we don’t have a third one getting close to 25 per cent of the vote — that as a very practical matter, if we put 4 Republicans and 4 Democrats together in a room and tell them to come up with a plan, there’s going to be a little horsetrading going on in order to come up with a plan. I mean, was this some of the philosophy that was behind the committee’s thinking?
“Mr. Plank: Well, we had both groups in our committee, and it’s pretty difficult to come up with much horsetrading with the formulas we have so designed.” 2 Constitutional Convention Record, p 2024.
Upon completion of its work, the convention adopted an Address to the People for distribution before the election on the question of adoption of the proposed constitution. In the preface thereto, the legislative apportionment commission’s process of apportionment was characterized “as mathematically exact a system as possible for assigning a prescribed number of seats in each chamber”. 2 Constitutional Convention Record, p 3359. The address speaks in terms of “providing the formula for the apportionment of senate seats” and “the application of a mathematical formula to the population of each of the previously established representative areas”. 2 Constitutional Convention Record, pp 3369, 3370.
But even without the benefit of these forthright descriptions, from the convention debates and the Address to the People, of what was done to make certain the legislative apportionment commission’s powers would he rigidly proscribed by the formulae we have determined to be constitutionally invalid, the document itself dispels any notions to the contrary. See sections 2 and 3 of article 4 set forth in the margin. The simple truth is this: If anyone in this State voted for or against the proposed constitution because he believed the legislative appor tionment commission would have any significant discretionary authority, he could not have read, with any understanding, the proposed constitution’s article 4 language, the Address to the People or the Preface thereto. Furthermore, if there were any astute electors who believed, as some most certainly did, that the 80-20 formula and the .7% formula ultimately would be declared constitutionally invalid, hut who nonetheless voted for the proposed constitution that first Monday in April of 1963, it hardly can he suggested seriously that they would have believed or intended that the legislative apportionment commission nonetheless would survive such declaration of unconstitutionality in order to preside over the apportionment of the legislative power of this State guided only by the Federal constitutional language of equality which had not then yet been defined judicially with regard to its applicability to legislative apportionment by any court with authority in this State.
In short I do not believe the people of this State would have delegated the apportionment of legislative power to commissioners, neither elected by the people nor selected by any of the people’s elected representatives but, instead, selected by the state organizations of the major political parties, except for the fact that the proposed constitution permitted those commissioners to function only within rigid limitations imposed by constitutionally stated mathematical formulae. Nor can I believe that the people of this State would have intended that, in the event the mathematical formulae were declared unconstitutional, the commissioners selected by the political parties would be empowered to allocate the legislative power of the State on the basis of a then undefined Federal constitutional standard of equality.
For these reasons, it was my judgment in 1964, as it is now, that the legislative apportionment commission no longer exists as a constitutional body exercising powers under article 4 of the Constitution of 1963.
The legal effect of what this Court did in 1964 was to require the legislative elections of that year “to be conducted in districts set forth in the alternate Austin-Kleiner plan and the State’s legislative power to be apportioned as provided therein, not pursuant to any of the provisions of section 6 of article 4 of the Constitution of 1963, but rather in exercise of this Court’s general equitable power to provide by judicial decree a provisional legislative reapportionment pending valid legislative or constitutional enactments providing for periodic reapportiomnent.” 373 Mich 250, 261, 262. In the interim, however, no action has been taken, either by the legislature elected pursuant to that alternate Austin-Kleiner plan or by the people of this State, to adopt legislation or to amend the Constitution of 1963 to provide for a permanent valid plan for periodic reapportionment. As I view the current situation, it is too late, as a practical matter, for the people to initiate either corrective legislation or constitutional amendment. See the requirements for popular initiative of legislation in section 9, article 2, and for constitutional amendment by petition of the people in section 2 of article 12.
Therefore, unless the legislature itself acts promptly to provide by legislation or by constitutional amendment for legislative reapportionment at the very least for the 1966 election, there will be no valid legislative districts for that election excepting only as this Court might be required to exercise again its general equitable powers to provide another provisional legislative reapportionment plan for one year (as was judicially ordered for New
York and affirmed on October 11, 1965 by the United States Supreme Court in WMCA, Inc., v. Lomenzo, 382 US 4 [86 S Ct 24, 15 L ed 2d 2]; Travia v. Lomenzo, 382 US 9 [86 S Ct 49, 15 L ed 2d 10]; and Screvane v. Lomenzo, 382 US 11 [86 S Ct 90, 15 L ed 2d 15]), or for two years (which was the legal effect of what this Court did in 1964) or for such other period as this Court may determine necessary to permit adoption of an appropriate law or constitutional amendment and election of a legislature thereunder.
Under the best of circumstances, little time remains for legislative action. Whatever is done, be it by statute or by constitutional amendment, it must be effective at least seven weeks before the August 2, 1966, primary, by which time candidates for nomination to legislative office must qualify. CLS 1961, § 168.534, as amended by PA 1963 (2d Ex Sess), No 57 (Stat Ann 1965 Cum Supp § 6.1534), and CLS 1961, § 168.551, as amended by PA 1963 (2d Ex Sess), No 57 (Stat Ann 1965 Cum Supp § 6.1551). If the legislature undertakes to accomplish this current task of reapportionment by constitutional amendment, two-thirds of the members elected to and serving in each house must agree upon any such proposed constitutional amendment and such proposal must be submitted to the electors, in this instance because of time necessity, at a special election to be held not less than 60 days after agreement by the legislature and at least 45 days before the amendment must become effective if it is to apply to the 1966 primary and general election. See section 1, article 12, Constitution of 1963.
While it may be argued that statutory action effectively is precluded by this Court’s 1964 decision in which the legislative apportionment commission is treated “as if” it continued in legal existence, perforce of constitutional origin and, therefore, beyond statutory command by the legislature, that decision, whether legally right or wrong, is no obstacle to the legislature’s proposal of a constitutional amendment to rectify the egregious errors made by the Constitutional Convention of 1963 and by the people themselves in adopting the Constitution of 1963 with its invalid article 4 provisions. Sooner or later a constitutional amendment must be adopted to provide Michigan with a permanent method for periodic legislative reapportionment, hopefully one which will not again regularly inject the judiciary into what is essentially a legislative function of government (Reynolds v. Sims [1964], 377 US 533 [84 S Ct 1362, 12 L ed 2d 506]) excepting only in performance of the judiciary’s traditional role of adjudicator of litigation between contesting parties. Until such a constitutional amendment is adopted, it should be evident from these current opinions that this Court will be decreeing legislative apportionment annually or biennially. Unless such a constitutional amendment is adopted promptly, this Court will have to prescribe a plan of legislative apportionment for 1966, either by resort to what I consider legally improper reference back to the commissioners designated by the major political parties pursuant to section 6 of article 4 or by exercise again of our general equitable powers in order to avoid disruption of the legislative process.
As indicated in the forepart of this opinion, I would deny the relief requested by petitioners. They have proceeded under section 6 of article 4 of the Constitution of 1963, a provision no longer valid. Furthermore, petitioners’ principal claim against the alternate Austin-Kleiner plan, adopted by this Court in 1964, is that it comprises a political gerrymander. Because I view our 1964 action, as I did when it was taken, as merely a judicial decree of provisional reapportionment for that year’s legislative elections without commitment to further judicial decree of its use in future elections in the event appropriate statutory action or constitutional amendment were not accomplished, such claims of political gerrymander need not be considered by this Court. Notwithstanding the foregoing, I would not dismiss the proceedings. I would, instead, treat the petition as one seeking to invoke our general equitable power to provide by judicial decree a provisional legislative reapportionment for the year 1966 or until adoption of valid statutory or constitutional enactments providing for periodic legislative reapportionment. In order to accord the legislature time within which to take corrective action such as indicated above, I would adjourn further proceedings in this matter until February 15, 1966, or until the further order of this Court.
Smith, J.
(for dismissal of petition). The opinion of Mr. Justice Kelly comprehensively details the original positions of the respective parties. The gist of petitioners’ claim, seen most plainly from the offer of proof, is that the apportionment plan ordered by this Court discriminates against partisan voters of one party in favor of partisan voters of another party. The claim is one of gerrymandering, or design of representative districts for partisan advantage. Petitioners sum up their “essential position” as follows:
“Article 4 of the Michigan Constitution of 1963 contains a number of State standards. Reynolds and its companion cases nullified two of those standards (80-20 and .7 per cent). The remaining State standards survive and are important to the people of Michigan. Although these standards survive, Reynolds imposes restrictions upon their application in order to give effect to the equal protection clause. The Federal and State equal protection clauses are, for purposes of this litigation, coequals.
“The requirements of these clauses are flexible, not rigid; and they do not require complete annihilation of the remaining State standards. Both can be given proper effect. Neither should extinguish the other. Accordingly, it is our position that the State standards should be applied to the greatest extent permitted by the equal protection clauses, as indicated in our briefs and in argument before this Court. This the Austin-Kleiner plan fails to do.” (Petitioners’ surrejoinder brief.) (Emphasis supplied.)
Predicated upon this “essential position”, petitioners seek the following relief: (1) that the plan ordered adopted by this Court and pursuant to which the present legislature (house and senate) was elected in November 1964 be declared void for any future elections, and (2) that the plan be remanded to the apportionment commission “with a proper statement of standards to be followed in preparation of a revised plan”, or, in the alternative (3) petitioners be permitted to present proofs that the apportionment commissioners and their helpers, advisers, and assistants had the intent to gerrymander legislative districts, and that this indeed was accomplished by the use of prior election results showing partisan distribution in various political subdivisions of the State.
I am unable to agree with any disposition of the petition which would declare the plan void and/or remand the plan to the apportionment commission or send the case to the Ingham circuit court for proof-taking.
It is well to reiterate what we are doing in this paragraph 8 proceeding. Said paragraph reads in pertinent part as follows that “Upon the application of any elector * * * the Supreme Court, in the exercise of original jurisdiction, * * * may review any final plan adopted by the commission, and shall remand such plan to the commission for further action if it fails to comply with the requirements of this Constitution.” (Emphasis supplied.) Obviously, a remand is required only if the Court first finds that the plan previously adopted fails to comply with the requirements of “this Constitution”, as that phrase may be interpreted. Also, quite obviously, we are not required to remand the plan to the commission for a determination if the plan measures up to constitutional requirements, nor for the purpose of determining if the commission can draw a better, nicer, or less controversial plan. Any remand must be predicated upon a finding that the plan fails to comply with constitutional requirements.
Two other preliminaries ought to be disposed of at the outset, too. One is that the plan ordered adopted by this Court must certainly bear the presumption of constitutionality. This is not only elemental law but also good common sense in this particular situation. This Court and the apportioning commission spent nearly the entire late winter and early spring of 1964 immersed in every conceivable kind of plan and proposal, preliminary to the order resulting in the present plan. Much of what is presently claimed by the petitioners was reviewed in simple substance before entry of the final order. If anything should bear a presumption of constitutionality, then it is the present plan.
The last preliminary item is that the burden of proof is on petitioners to show unconstitutionality. This, too, is elemental. In present context, it means that this petition must allege facts plainly showing that the plan is unconstitutional.
Assuming all well-pleaded facts to be true, for the purpose of this proceeding, I think the petition fails and should be dismissed. As before mentioned, the gist of petitioners’ claim is that the plan was gerrymandered for partisan purposes. In this connection, petitioners say that, conceding Reynolds v. Sims wiped out the 80-20 and .7 per cent provisions of the apportionment formulae, certain “antigerrymandering” standards remain. It is these standards which petitioners claim the plan has ignored and which results in its invalidity.
The single most important question is that of severability and I think, therefore, that we should speak forthrightly about it; severability is, after all, a State question, not a Federal question. Guinn v. United States, 238 US 347 (35 S Ct 926, 59 L ed 1340). Reiterating, petitioners concede that the 80-20 provision of the senate formula and the .7 per cent (moiety) clause of the house formula do not survive Reynolds. “However”, petitioners say, “Article 4 of the Michigan Constitution of 1963 contains other standards which petitioners contend are valid standards which do not deprive persons of equal protection of the laws. These standards are: (1) the adherence to county and other political subdivision boundary lines, (2) the division of counties into classes, (3) the use of the method of equal proportions, (4) the preservation of existing senate districts at the time of reapportionment, (5) requirements of compactness, contiguity, convenience, and uniformity of shape.”
These “standards” are not severable from the 80-20 and .7 per cent provisions of the apportionment formulae for house and senate. This can be seen most clearly from reading the reasonably brief sections of article 4 of the Michigan Constitution of 1963, quoted fully in the margin of Justice Souris’ opinion. One part of each formula complements the other; neither stands in isolation. Each was designed to be mandatory for area and population situations as applicable. The apportionment article of our Michigan Constitution thus had no discretionary features. And short of writing a new apportionment article by judicial interpretation, we are likewise in no position to say under what conditions the various standards may apply. It is not for the Court to say which standards must be obeyed and which may be ignored. Once the 80-20 and .7 per cent provisions have fallen, is this Court to make rules as to what remaining standards hold priority over others? Would the preservation of existing (prior to 1964) senate districts take precedence over contiguity? Absent 80-20 and .7 per cent provisions, can we make a true division of counties into classes? The answers are obvious and demonstrate in brief tlie interdependence and nonseverability of standards in the apportionment formulae. The results tliat could be anticipated from tlie “flexible” operation of such standards, for which petitioners contend, would be wholly foreign to the article 4 apportionment scheme as proposed by the Constitutional Convention and adopted by the people. This, by analogy, is in plain violation of a basic canon of construction that where provisions found to be unconstitutional are of such key significance that to follow remaining provisions would operate to defeat the intent of the lawmakers, then the entire operative section must also fall. Connolly v. Union Sewer Pipe Co., 184 US 540 (22 S Ct 431, 46 L ed 679), People v. Sperry & Hutchinson Co., 197 Mich 532. This in no way suggests that other portions of article 4 are not severable. The point is that only the apportionment schemes for house and senate are rendered invalid by Reynolds v. Sims.
Once it is concluded that Reynolds excised entirely the apportionment formulae of article 4 because of the nonseverability of interdependent provisions, we have the question of the validity of the Austin-Kleiner alternate plan which was adopted by the commission on order of this Court. The question seems to be raised of whether proponents of the plan, and this Court, were too religious in following the mandate of Reynolds v. Sims. I should hope not. Surely everyone must agree that the central holding of Reynolds is that both houses of a legislature must (not may) be apportioned on a population basis with all districts to be of equal population, as nearly as practicable. Permissively, the several States may provide for some deviations from the principle by giving representation to various political subdivisions and may provide for compact districts of contiguous territory if substantial equality is maintained. But the problem of designing new apportionment criteria consonant with Reynolds v. Sims and companion cases, employing various standards in permissible deviation from the population principle, is neither the province of this Court nor of the apportionment commission. It is more properly within the province of the people, to be accomplished by appropriate amendments to the Michigan Constitution.
In the meantime, the strict mandate of Reynolds should be followed strictly. What the present plan does is to follow the unavoidable mandate of Reynolds by apportioning on the basis of population districts as nearly equal as practicable. The proponents of such plan have employed, and we have approved, certain equitable, common-sense standards, similar in some respects to certain of the “standards” in the apportionment formulae of article 4. We said in the adopting order:
“Subject to this controlling objective of substantially equal 'population, and to the extent it would not be subordinated, districts by such plan are formed as compact, contiguous, and regular in shape, and do follow county, city, and township boundaries as nearly as practicable.” In re Apportionment of State Legislature—1964, 373 Mich 250, 254. (Emphasis supplied.)
These equitable, common-sense standards of compactness, contiguity, regularity, and boundary-following are not provisions severed from the apportionment formulae, as I have said, but are the normal and reasonable standards which should be followed in any apportionment scheme, where possible. But that the proponents of the plan sought to follow these standards was fortuitous and not required by Reynolds.
I do not read Reynolds as requiring or mandating such standards, because in discussing similar standards, Reynolds uses the permissive “may”, over and over again. It says that States may employ such standards. This is in contradistinction to the mandatory language employed in the essential holding of Reynolds:
“We hold that, as a basic constitutional standard, the equal protection clause requires that the seats in both houses of a bicameral State legislature must be apportioned on a population basis.” Reynolds v. Sims, 377 US 533, 568. (Emphasis supplied.)
I think, therefore, that because the present plan follows the essential mandate of Reynolds v. Sims in making districts as nearly equal as practicable, it is in conformity with the requirements of the Constitution. It is valid and should not be tinkered with. Depending upon one’s point of view, a “better” plan can always be drawn, but this is little reason for again disturbing the geographical makeup of districts.
Petitioners say, however, that even if the standards are found to be nonseverable the plan is invalid because it is in violation of the due process and equal protection clauses of the Constitution. The first reason, they say, is that it “fragmentizes certain communities, thus denying fair and effective representation to the residents thereof.” The trouble with this argument is that it has one standard for non-populous areas and another for the metropolitan areas. Examples given in support of the argument are from out-State areas; no mention is made of the absolute necessity of dividing up the city of Detroit and other large cities into several representative districts. I do not understand the argument that larger cities may be divided up but not smaller cities and other political subdivisions. I quite agree that, consonant with the principle of population representation, all existing boundaries should be maintained. This is precisely what we found the plan accomplished.
Gerrymandering is really the thrust of petitioners’ claim. They are aggrieved that the districts, although as nearly equal as practicable, allegedly are designed to maximize the representation of members of one party and minimize those of the other major party. This has always been and will continue to be a serious issue, especially with loyal partisans. It is only minimally the question of which set of officeholders predominate, but to a considerable degree it involves the projection of principles from the party platform into the realities of the body politic. Obviously, this is an extraordinarily sensitive area for any court, for almost inescapably to rule in favor of one party’s position is to rule against the other. No wonder there is a dearth of decisions in this precise category.
The only holding, as distinguished from obiter dicta, which we have been able to find is in the case of WMCA, Inc., v. Lomenzo (DC SD NY, 1965) 238 F Supp 916. In this case, plaintiffs tended to show that one of the plans adopted by the legislature of the State of New York was in violation of the Fourteenth Amendment as being gerrymandered for partisan political advantage. A three-judge Federal district court held that the claimed gerrymandering did not render the New York apportionment plan in violation of the Fourteenth Amendment where the alleged gerrymandering was not based on race, color, or previous condition of servitude and did not produce districts of unequal population. In discussing the impact of Reynolds v. Sims, the court had this to say (p 626):
“In short, Reynolds v. Sims concerned arithmetic and not geometry.
“Since plaintiffs have neither argued nor proved that the alleged political gerrymandering has produced districts of unequal populations, this suit does not come within the purview of Reynolds v. Sims. It is true that the opinion in that case treated partisan gerrymandering as an evil which a State may legitimately seek to preclude. Id. at 578, 579, 581 (84 S Ct 1362, 12 L ed 2d 537, 538). But Fortson v. Dorsey, 379 US 433, 439 (85 S Ct 501, 13 L ed 2d 405), makes it clear that the Supreme Court has refrained from condemning partisan gerrymandering as unconstitutional.”
Just recently, October 11, 1965, the United States Supreme Court affirmed the judgment without opinion. However, in a special concurrence, Mr. Justice Harlan had this to say:
“In WMCA, Inc., v. Lomenzo, 238 F Supp 916, the three-judge court found that plan A satisfied this order; in so doing it rejected contentions that apportioning on a basis of citizen, population violates the Federal Constitution, and that partisan ‘gerrymandering’ may be subject to Federal constitutional attack under the Fourteenth Amendment. In affirming this decision, this Court necessarily affirms these two eminently correct principles.” WMCA, Inc., v. Lomenzo, 382 US 4 (86 S Ct 24, 15 L ed 2d 2).
I doubt whether this represents the final chapter in rulings concerning partisan political gerrymandering, but the quoted case must certainly stand for the general proposition that in circumstances so far presented to the United States Supreme Court, it has not found that such geriwmandering has presented a reviewable Federal constitutional question. The dicta in Reynolds seems to indicate a disposition on the part of that Court to leave it to the States to develop and apply rational apportionment schemes which could make partisan gerrymandering difficult, for the Court observes in Reynolds, at page 578:
“A State may legitimately desire to maintain the integrity of various political subdivisions, insofar as possible, and provide for compact districts of contiguous territory in designing a legislative apportionment scheme. Valid considerations may underlie such aims. Indiscriminate districting, without any regard for political subdivision or natural or historical boundary lines, may be little more than an open invitation to partisan gerrymandering.” (Emphasis supplied.)
Partisan gerrymandering presently presents no Federal question, and it is clearly suggested that States are free to develop antigerrymandering standards. As I have already indicated, the development of such standards in a rational apportionment scheme is not the province of this Court.
Petitioners’ due process argument must be rejected out of hand. It contends that this Court failed to follow fair procedures in ordering the plan adopted. They stress that only 5 days elapsed from the time of Reynolds v. Sims to a decision by this Court. Such argument patently ignores these facts:
1. The apportionment commission had under active consideration, many months before Reynolds, the first Austin-Kleiner plan which was based upon equal population for districts as was the second or alternate Austin-Kleiner plan which this Court ordered adopted.
2. Although the Michigan Constitution of 1963 does not provide for a hearing on the adoption of a plan, this Court allotted 2 full days (March 2 and 3,1964) to the apportionment commissioners for the presentation of arguments on their respective plans. At this time, criteria for each plan was fully explored.
3. At the hearing, the Court was advised that in the event additional one-man, one-vote plans were desired for consideration by the Court, same could be supplied “in 24 hours.”
The point of all this is that neither this Court nor the apportionment commission came into a consideration of the matter afresh. The fact is that the entire question had been under active consideration for several months. The order of June 22,1964, directing the adoption of the second or alternate Austin-Kleiner plan was the culmination of many weeks of consideration. I have never heard that the commissioners complained of any “undue haste.” I assume that they were as concerned about orderly processes as we were and hence comported themselves in a highly cooperative manner.
Finally, as to the order of June 22, 1964, I must disagree with those of my brothers who say that the order was provisional and adopted only for the primary and general election of 1964. My understanding of it, then as now, is that it was found to be the plan which most accurately complied with constitutional requirements, and for that reason was adopted, not just for the 1964 elections but until such time as it might be shown to be not in most accurate compliance. We anticipated that the plan might be challenged in paragraph 8 proceedings, but the language appearing in the opinion-order which stated that the plan “shall be placed in effect for the primary and general elections of 1964” was adequately explained in the predicate of the selfsame statement, to-wit, that such was being done “irrespective of whether or not said plan shall be challenged upon the application of any elector pursuant to the final paragraph of said section 6 of article 4.” The final paragraph is paragraph 8. What we in tended by that language was to advise the people and the legislators that this Court had no intention of enjoining or otherwise interfering with orderly election processes, irrespective of whether a paragraph 8 proceeding might be commenced before the 1964 elections. This was a simple recognition of the fact that we had already passed the point of no return for that year, if we contemplated orderly election processes.
For the reasons given, I vote to dismiss the petition. I would award no costs.
T. M. Kavanagh, C. J., concurred with Smith, J.
November 2, 1965.
Upon due consideration of the respectively submitted opinions of the Justices, dealing as same do with the validity as well as present interpretation and applicability of section 6 of article 4 of the Constitution of 1963:
Ordered, pursuant to the specific mandate which appears in paragraph 8 of said section 6 (“shall direct the secretary of State or the commission to perform their duties”), that the commission on legislative apportionment proceed anew with such work and deliberations as will enable the commission to district and apportion the senate and house of representatives according to now ascertainable as well as applicable requirements of the Federal Constitution and of the Michigan Constitution.
Ordered Further:
1. That the commission complete the work thus required of it within 60 days from and after the date of this order.
2. Ill event of another deadlock of the commission, continuing through expiration of such 60-day period, that the secretary of the commission report promptly to this Court with petition for entry of such further mandatory order as the Court may, at the time, choose to enter pursuant to its broad powers as on mandamus to a State officer.
3. That the Court retain jurisdiction over and with respect to the present proceeding until the requirements of paragraph 8 of said section 6 have been completely fulfilled, including review by this Court, if then necessary, of any final plan which the commission may adopt, and including retention of power to remand any such plan to the commission for further action if, upon final hearing aided by such depositions as may be taken pursuant to future order or orders, it is determined by the Court that such final plan fails to comply with all controlling constitutional requirements.
Joi-in R. Dethmers
Harry F. Kelly
Eugene F. Black
Michael D. O’Hara
I concur with all of the above order except numbered paragraph 3 with which I do not agree.
Paul L. Adams
Chief Justice Kavanagh and Justices Souris and Smith dissent from entry of the foregoing order, not alone because of the views expressed in the opinions herein each signed, but in addition for the reason that the majority’s order requires the commission to devise a plan of reapportionment of leg islative power in accordance with standards not defined in any one of the four opinions signed by the aforesaid majority of five Justices of the Court.
Thomas M. Kavanagh
Theodore Souris
Otis M. Smith
Supplemental Opinion (filed November 20,1965).
Black, J.
Since our opinions released November 2d have been viewed publicly by some members of the constitutional commission as having failed to provide expected “guidelines,” I deem it in order that this addendum be filed and distributed immediately to members of the commission and to all presently involved counsel.
The guidelines, said to be lacking, were promulgated by supreme authority when the apportionment decisions of 1964 were handed down (June 15, 1964; Reynolds v. Sims through Lucas v. Forty Fourth General Assembly of Colorado, 377 US 533-765 [84 S Ct 1362-1489, 12 L ed 2d 506-652]). Justice Adams reviewed these guidelines with due accuracy in his opinion filed November 2d. Had it not been for disagreement of interpretation with respect to one part of paragraph 8 of section 6, one of us believing that the Court as yet has no “final plan” before it to “remand,” (376 Mich 442 et seq.) and the other concluding “that this matter should be remanded,” (376 Mich 454) I could and would have indorsed Justice Adams’ said opinion.
To make sure that members of the commission understand that at least two members of the Court are in agreement that the mentioned apportionment decisions provide all guidelines needed by the commission, I now record unconditional indorsement of all portions of Justice Adams’ said opinion, save only tbe first and final sentences thereof. It is imperative, in my view, that we remember at all times that “remand” under paragraph 8 is due and proper only when the commission has, by its own independent action, adopted a “final plan,” that such plan has been brought before the Court in pursuance of original proceedings, and that the plan has been found by the Court as failing to comply with constitutional requirements.
This last was made explicit by paragraph “3” of the order which, shortly after release of our opinions on November 2d, was signed by Justices Dethmers, Kelly, O’Hara and the writer.
See PA 1964, pp 603-619.—Reporter.
Constitutional Convention, 1961.—Reporter.
Official record, 2 Constitutional Convention 1961, pp 2027, 2800.— Reporter.
See currently GCR 1963, 302.4(2).—Reporter.
See, currently, CLS 1961, § 600.2160 (Stat Ann 1962 Rev § 27A-.2160), GCR 1963, 302.1, 310, 311.—Reporter.
Const 1963, art 4, § 2.—Reporter.
Reynolds v. Sims (1964), 377 US 533 (84 S Ct 1362, 12 L ed 2d 506); Fortson v. Dorsey (1965), 379 US 433 (85 S Ct 377, 13 L ed 2d 290); Wright v. Rockefeller (1964), 376 US 52 (84 S Ct 603, 11 L ed 2d 512).
See, currently, GCR 1963, 302.1.—Reporter.
See GCR 1963, 301 et seq.—Reporter.
In re Apportionment of State Legislature—1964, 373 Mich 247, 248.—Reportes.
May 26, 1964: Majority vote of our Court disapproved the Austin-Kleiner Plan and approved the Hanna Plan;
June 11, 1964: Legislature by special enactment postponed primary election from August to September 1 (PA 1964, No 280 [CL 1948, § 200.51 et seq. (Stat Ann 1965 Cum Supp § 6.686[1] et seq.)]);
June 15, 1964: United States Supreme Court decision in Reynolds v. Sims, 377 US 533 (84 S Ct 1362, 12 L ed 2d 506);
June 17, 1964: This Court’s order giving the commission until 5:00 p.m. on June 19, 1964, to adopt a plan meeting the requirements of Reynolds v. Sims, with the provision that if the commission should bo unable to agree upon a plan within the time stated individual members of the commission would have until 12:00 noon the following day, June 20th, to submit individual plans to the Court, and a final provision that “further oral arguments or briefs will not be permitted by the Court”;
June 19, 1964 (Friday) : Commission met pursuant to Court order;
June 20, 1964 (Saturday) : Commission not being able to agree by majority vote on any plan by Saturday noon, one plan by the Democratic members of the commission and several plans by the Republican members thereof filed;
June 22, 1964 (Monday): Our Court ordered the Austin-Kleiner Plan to be adopted. (See 373 Mich 247 and 373 Mich 250.)
Nestle v. Fleming, supra.
Justices Black, O’Hara, Souris, Smith, and Adams.
All references in this opinion to paragraphs by number are to those which appear in section 6 of article 4 of the Constitution of 1963. Paragraph 8 is quoted infr.
For my view of what was intended by the phrase, “according to-the provisions of this Constitution,” see 372 Mich 448-456. By force of the National supremacy clause “this Constitution” includes the equality clause of the Fourteenth Amendment as well as our own equality clause. The latter appears in article 1, § 1 of the Constitution of 1963.
See SB 364, 1965.—Reporter.
Paragraphs 7 and 8 (Const 1963, art 4, § 6) read as follows:
“If a majority of the commission cannot agree on a plan, eaeh member of the commission, individually or jointly with other members, may submit a proposed plan to the Supreme Court. The Supreme Court shall determine which plan complies most accurately with the constitutional requirements and shall direct that it be adopted by the commission and published as provided in this section.”
“Upon the application of any elector filed not later than 60 days after final publication of the plan, the Supreme Court, in the exercise of original jurisdiction, shall direct the secretary of State or the commission to perform their duties, -may review any final plan adopted by the commission, and shall remand such plan to the commission for further action if it fails to comply with the requirements of this Constitution.”
The so-called apportionment decisions, on which the Court had been waiting since March 5, 1964 (372 Mich 418), were not handed down until June 15, 1964 (Reynolds v. Sims through Lucas v. Forty-Fourth General Assembly of Colorado, 377 US 533-765 [84 S Ct 1362-1489, 12 L ed 2d 506-652] ) and the deadline date given us by the secretary of State (373 Mich 250, 251, 253) was due to arrive in three days.
See CLS 1961, § 168.551 (Stat Ann 1956 Rev § 6.1851) .—RePORTER.
“The question in interpreting a constitution is not so much how it was understood by its framers as how it was understood by the people adopting it.” 11 Am Jur, Constitutional Law, § 84 page 707. Bor the new test, see 16 Am Jur 2d, Constitutional Law, § 88, p 274.
See, also, the copious citations appearing in Lockwood v. Commissioner of Revenue, 357 Mich 517, commencing at 567.
June 17, 1964: “The Court’s orders of February 6, 1964 and of May 26, 1964, authorizing and directing procedures to be followed under the 7th paragraph of section 6 of article 4 of the Constitution of 1963, are modified to the following extent:
“The commission on legislative apportionment is directed to proceed to adopt a plan for districting and apportioning the senate and house of representatives in accordance with the constitutional requirements and guidelines provided by the United States Supreme Court in Reynolds v. Sims, 377 US 533 (84 S Ct 1362, 12 L ed 2d 506); WMCA, Inc., v. Lomenzo, Secretary of State, 377 US 633 (84 S Ct 1418, 12 L ed 2d 568); Maryland Committee for Fair Representation v. Tawes, Governor, 377 US 656 (84 S Ct 1429, 12 L ed 2d 595); Davis v. Mann, 377 US 678 (84 S Ct 1441, 12 L ed 2d 609); Roman v. Sincock, 377 US 695 (84 S Ct 1449, 12 L ed 2d 620); and Lucas v. Forty-Fourth General Assembly of the State of Colorado, 377 US 713 (84 S Ct 1459, 12 L ed 2d 632), decided June 15, 1964, requiring that the districting and apportionment of both houses of State legislatures shall be as nearly as practicable on an equal population basis. The commission is allowed until 5 p.m., Friday, June 19, 1964, to adopt a plan in accordance with said constitutional requirements. In the event the commission is unable to agree upon a plan, each member of the commission, individually or jointly with other members, may submit additional proposed plans to this Court within the time limit of 12 noon, Saturday, June 20, 1964. Further oral arguments or briefs will not be permitted by the Court.
“Any plan adopted by the commission on legislative apportionment, or, in the event said commission is unable to agree upon a plan, any plan thereafter directed to be adopted by this Court shall be subject to the provisions of paragraphs 6 and 8 of said section and article: Provided, however, That because of the necessity of insuring orderly election procedures for the year 1964, in no event will the litigation permitted under paragraph 8 of said section 6 affect, alter, change, or amend the plan adopted by the commission under either paragraph 5 or paragraph 7 of said section 6, insofar as 1964 legislative elections are concerned.”
June 22, 1964: “This matter having been brought to this Court under the provisions of article 4, section 6 of the Constitution of the State of Michigan, and various plans having been heretofore submitted under said article and section by the members of the commission on legislative apportionment, and the Court having given due consideration to the matters so brought before it, Therefore, It Is Ordered that the commission on legislative apportionment be, and it hereby is, directed to adop>t and publish forthwith, as provided in section 6 of article 4 of the Constitution of the State of Michigan of 1963, the Austin-Kleiner plan filed May 11, 1964 whieh plan shall be placed into effect for the primary and general elections of 1964 irrespective of whether or not said plan shall be challenged upon the application of an elector pursuant to the final paragraph of said section 6 of article 4.
“Considering the limited time which remains for the giving of notices of 1964 legislative elections, no motion or applicaton for a stay of this order will be entertained by this Court. Any person deeming himself aggrieved by this order may, for the purposes and requi sites of USSO Rules 18, 50, and 51, proceed to move or apply forthwith for a stay pursuant to said rules, in the same manner as if he had previously and vainly moved or applied to this Court for sueh stay.”
Const 1963, art 4, §§ 2, 3.—Reporter.
Gray v. Sanders, 372 US 368 (83 S Ct 801, 9 L ed 2d 821).— Reporter.
369 US 186 (82 S Ct 671, 7 L ed 2d 629).—Reporter.
“See. 1. The legislative power of the State of Michigan is vested in a senate and a house of representatives.
“See. 2. The senate shall consist of 38 members to be elected from single member districts at the same election as the governor for four-year terms concurrent with the term of office of the governor. * * *
“Sec. 3. The house of representatives shall consist of 110 members elected for two-year terms from single member districts apportioned on a basis of population.”
1 Constitutional Convention Record, p 99.—Reporter.
“See. 2. The senate shall consist of 38 members to be elected from single member districts at the same election as the governor for four-year terms concurrent with the term of office of the governor.
“In districting the State for the purpose of electing senators after the official publication of the total population count of eaeh Federal deeennial census, eaeh county shall be assigned apportionment factors equal to the sum of its percentage of the State’s population as shown by the last regular Federal deeennial census computed to the nearest one-one hundredth of one percent multiplied by four and its percentage of the State’s land area computed to the nearest one-one hundredth of one percent.
“In arranging the State into senatorial districts, the apportionment commission shall be governed by the following rules:
“(1) Counties with 13 or more apportionment factors shall be entitled as a class to senators in the proportion that the total apportionment factors of such counties bear to the total apportionment factors of the State computed to the nearest whole number. After eaeh such county has been allocated one senator, the remaining senators to which this class of counties is entitled shall be distributed among sucli counties by the method of equal proportions applied to the apportionment factors.
“(2) Counties having less than 13 apportionment factors shall be entitled as a class to senators in the proportion that the total apportionment factors of such counties bear to the total apportionment factors of the State computed to the nearest whole number. Such counties shall thereafter be arranged into senatorial districts that are compact, convenient, and contiguous by land, as rectangular in shape as possible, and having as nearly as possible 13 apportionment factors, but in no event less than 10 or more than 16. Insofar as possible, existing senatorial districts at the time of reapportionment shall not be altered unless there is a failure to comply with the above standards.
“(3) Counties entitled to two or more senators shall be divided into single member districts. The population of such districts shall be as nearly equal as possible but shall not be less than 75 percent nor more than 125 percent of a number determined by dividing the population of the eounty by the number of senators to which it is entitled. Each such district shall follow incorporated city or township boundary lines to the extent possible and shall be compact, contiguous, and as nearly uniform in shape as possible.
“See. 3. The house of representatives shall consist of 110 members elected for two-year terms from single member districts apportioned on a basis of population as provided in this article. The districts shall consist of compact and convenient territory contiguous by land.
“Each eounty which has a population of not less than seven-tenths of one percent of the population of the State shall constitute a separate representative area. Each county having less than seven-tenths of one percent of the population of tlio State shall be combined with another county or counties to form a representative area of not less than seven-tenths of. one percent of the population of the State. Any eounty which is isolated under the initial allocation as provided in this section shall be joined with that contiguous representative area having the smallest percentage of the State’s population. Eaeh sueh representative area shall be entitled initially to one representative.
“After the assignment of one representative to each of the representative areas, the remaining house seats shall be apportioned among the representative areas on the basis of population by the method of equal proportions.
“Any county comprising a representative area entitled to two or more representatives shall be divided into single member representative districts as follows:
“(1) The population of such districts shall be as nearly equal as possible but shall not be less than 75 percent nor more than 125 percent of a number determined by dividing the population of the representative area by thc4'number of representatives to which it is entitled.
“(2) Such single member districts shall follow city and township boundaries where applicable and shall be composed of compact and contiguous territory as nearly square in shape as possible.
“Any representative area consisting of more than one county, entitled to more than one representative, shall be divided into single member districts as equal as possible in population, adhering to eounty lines.”
While both Justices Black and O’Hara now read our second order of June 17, 1964 as providing a legislative reapportionment plan only for the year 1964, there is no basis in that order for sueh a reading. The order purports to be entered under paragraph 7 of section 6 of article 4, which paragraph contemplated adoption of a plan to be used in every legislative election thereafter until the succeeding decennial reapportionment. Furthermore, the order specifically provides that any plan adopted pursuant thereto would be subject to the judicial review provided by the eighth pararajih of section 6, article 4, but, because of time limitations, the order provided that sueh review under paragraph 8 would not affect the plan’s use in the 1964 election. Unless that decretal language was merely doubletalk, it surely meant that any plan adopted would be subject to paragraph 8 review, but only with regard to use of the plan in elections subsequent to 1964. If the plan to be adopted pursuant to that order of July 17, 1964, were intended by the Court’s majority only for use in 1964, as now suggested by my Brethren, then why did they provide for review thereof, but only after the 1964 election? Indeed, where in paragraph 7 of section 6 of article 4, pursuant to -which they purported to be acting, is the Court given any right to order a plan adopted for one year only? Such right exists only in the exereise of our general equitable powers, but those powers could be exercised by the Court only after a finding that section 6 was constitutionally invalid. That is precisely what 1 urged the Court to find in April (372 Mich 418, 461-469) and in June (373 Mich 250, 257-262) of 1964 and what I again urge upon the Court.
Cf. Petitioners’ original position with the summary of “essential position” quoted above.
Reynolds v. Sims, 377 US 533 (84 S Ct 1362, 12 L ed 2d 506).— REPORTER.
Const 1963, art 4, § 6, par 8.—Reporter.
That is, section 2, except paragraph 1 thereof, and section 3, except paragraph I (and deleting the last sentence) and sections 4 and 5, all of article 4. | [
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Adams, J.
These are husband and wife companion cases for alleged medical malpractice. The claim of injury to Mrs. LaBar arises out of an inter-muscular shot which was administered July 30, 1960, in the upper arm, allegedly damaging the radial nerve.
Suits were begun March 27, 1962. Pretrial was completed January 17, 1963. The cases were ready at the November, 1963, term. Plaintiffs requested adjournment to the January, 1964, term which was granted upon stipulation.
The deposition of defendant Joseph E. Cooper was taken on May 16 and May 27, 1963. He testified:
“Q. And Doctor, when you mention shots being given in the upper arm, where is the acceptable place in the upper arm for administering inter-muscular shots?
“A. Personally acceptable or medically acceptable?
“Q. Medically acceptable.
“A. Medically acceptable is usually in the upper half of the arm; mostly it is recommended if it must be given in or near the tip of the deltoid muscle. I personally do not adhere to this and haven’t for many years. My training was to give intermuscular shot in the giutaneous area since it is much less apt to cause pain and discomfort and there’s remote or slight chance of any nerve injury.”
He could not remember giving any orders as to where Mrs. LaBar was to receive the shot. Prior to when she was given it, he had expressed himself, time and again, to the nursing staff about the proper place for administering such a shot.
“The reason for my mentioning it was that even in the doctors’ offices in the area, this is, the upper arm is the popular spot to receive injections and having observed many many sore arms and lumps as the result of injections in this area and having been taught, where I was schooled, that this was not the proper or the best place to give them, I frequently expressed my opinion as I was taught and for the reason I’ve seen many sore arms, I could see no reason for it when the injection could go equally as well in the buttocks.”
Before the doctor’s deposition was taken, the plaintiffs’ allegations of malpractice had consisted primarily of a charge that defendants negligently injected or caused to be injected a needle in Mrs. LaBar’s arm which damaged the left radial nerve, causing nerve palsy and ensuing injuries.
Two weeks before the January, 1964, term was to begin, and some sis months after Dr. Cooper was deposed, plaintiffs’ attorneys moved to amend the declarations, primarily to charge Dr. Cooper with general acts of negligence in sending Mrs. LaBar to the hospital when he knew the standard of care employed by the nurses was faulty and that shots were administered by them in a dangerous place. The trial judge denied the motions and this Court granted leave to appeal.
I.
The trial judge stated:
“Prior to filing the motions the statute of limitations, both as to malpractice and ordinary negligence, had run. Prior to the effective date of GCR 1963, the motion would have been denied, because of the running of the statute.”
Michigan General Court Rules 118.1 and 118.4 read as follows:
“.1 Amendments. A party may amend his pleading once as a matter of course at any time before or within 15 days after a responsive pleading is served or, if the pleading is one to which no responsive pleading is required and the action has not been placed upon the trial calendar, he may amend it at any time before or within 15 days after it is served. Otherwise, a party may amend his pleading only by leave of court or by written consent of the adverse party. Leave shall be freely given when justice so requires. All amendments shall be filed in writing, dated, and numbered consecutively. Unless otherwise indicated therein, an amended pleading shall supersede the former pleading.” (Emphasis supplied.)
“.4 Relation Back of Amendments. Except for the purpose of demanding a trial by jury under sub-rule 508.2, the amendment relates back to the date of the original pleading whenever the claim or defense asserted in the amended pleading arose out of the conduct, transaction, or occurrence set forth or attempted tobe set forth in the original pleading.” (Emphasis supplied.)
GCR 1963, 118 is an adoption of Federal Rule 15. The purpose of its adoption is stated by Honigman and Hawkins, 1 Michigan Court Rules Annotated, page 416:
“The relationship between the original pleading and a proposed amendment becomes important when the date of filing the amendment raises a question of limitations. The doctrine of ‘relation back’ was devised by the courts to associate the amended matter with the date of the original pleading, so that it would not be barred by the statute of limitations. But some restrictions had to be placed upon the doctrine, or claims clearly barred could be resurrected by pleading them in an amendment to an unrelated claim which was not barred. Previous Michigan cases had set this restriction in terms of whether the amended matter involved a new cause of action.
“Sub-rule 118.4 is intended to introduce a more liberal and workable test, borrowed from the Federal rules. See committee comment (5), supra. The test is no longer conceptual, but rather functional. The amendment relates back to the date of the original pleading and, therefore, is not barred by limitations, whenever the claim or defense asserted in the amendment arose out of the conduct, transaction, or occurrence set forth or attempted to be set forth in the original pleading. It is thus beside the point that the amendment introduces new facts, a nevo theory, or even a different cause of action, so long as it springs from the same transactional setting as that pleaded originally. The new test satisfies the basic policy of the statute of limitations, because the transactional base of the claim must still be pleaded before the statute runs, thereby giving defendant notice within the statutory period that he must be prepared to defend against all claims for relief arising out of that transaction.” (Emphasis supplied.)
Defendants place great stress upon their substantive rights by virtue of the statute of limitations, asserting that the Supreme Court lacks the power to change by court rule the substantive law. Mr. Justice Black, speaking for the United States Supreme Court, in the case of Tiller v. Atlantic Coast Line Railroad Company (1945), 323 US 574, 581 (65 S Ct 421, 89 L ed 465) said:
“The original complaint in this case alleged a failure to provide a proper lookout for deceased, to give him proper warning of the approach of the train, to keep the head car properly lighted, to warn the deceased of an unprecedented and unexpected change in manner of shifting cars. The amended complaint charged the failure to have the locomotive properly lighted. Both of them related to the same general conduct, transaction and occurrence which involved the death of the deceased. There was therefore no departure. The cause of action noto, as it was in the beginning, is the same — it is a suit to recover damages for the turongful death of the deceased, ‘The effect of the amendment here was to facilitate a fair trial of the existing issues between plaintiff and defendant.’ Maty v. Grasselli Co., 303 US 197, 201 (58 S Ct 507, 82 L ed 745). There is no reason to apply a statute of limitations when, as here, the respondent has had notice from the beginning that petitioner was trying to enforce a claim against it because of the events leading up to the death of the deceased in the respondent’s yard.” (Emphasis supplied.)
We adopt the above reasoning of the United States Supreme Court.
Federal courts uniformly hold that amendments, which conform to FRCP 15, should be decided on their merits, not on technicalities. Copeland Motor Co. v. General Motors Corp. (CA 5), 199 F2d 566, 567, 568; Cooper v. American Employers’ Insurance Company (CA 6), 296 F2d 303, 306. For a recent application of this rule, see Link Aviation, Inc., v. Downs (1963), 117 App DC 40, 42 (325 F2d 613, 615), and the cases cited therein. See, also, the discussion in United States v. Memphis Cotton Oil Co., 288 US 62, 67-69 (53 S Ct 278, 77 L ed 619); 3 Moore’s Federal Practice, § 15.02[1], p 814; 1A Barron and Holtzoff, § 442, p 712.
Under prior decisions, before adoption of the General Court Rules of 1963, we have generally followed the rule that an amendment which states a new cause of action is barred. Gorman v. Newaygo Circuit Judge, 27 Mich 138, 140; Michigan Central R. Co. v. Kalamazoo Circuit Judge, 35 Mich 227; Nugent v. Kent Circuit Judge, 93 Mich 462, 463; Wingert v. Wayne Circuit Judge, 101 Mich 395, 397; Bockoff v. Curtis, 241 Mich 553, 558; O’Rourke v. Deffenbaugh, 280 Mich 407, 414, 415; Talbot v. Stoller, 366 Mich 296, 301. However, in adopting new court rules it was our intention to depart from some of the strictures of the old rule and to permit an amendment which arises “out of the conduct, transaction, or occurrence set forth, or attempted to be set forth in the original pleading.” GCR 1963, 118.4. The test, therefore, is no longer whether an amendment states a new cause of action, but is whether it arises out of the conduct, transaction, or occurrence alleged in the original pleading sought to be amended. From the effective date of the new court rules, the old rule cited in the cases immediately above was meant no longer to be followed. Accordingly, the new court rules govern in this case.
II.
If the amendments were not barred by the running of the statute of limitations, there remains the question of exercise of discretion by the trial judge. Defendants also opposed the motions on the ground that the cases had been pretried, placed on the calendar, and adjourned over one term at the request of the plaintiffs.
The trial judge stated:
“Granting of the motions would require the allowance of additional time to defendants to answer, require further discovery depositions subjecting defendants to further expense in attending or participating or to peril of nonattendance, and the possibility of further delay through requests for further pretrial conference. The transaction occurred nearly 4 years ago. The case should be heard and disposed of before time dims further the memories of witnesses.”
There is nothing in the record before us to support the judge’s statement that further discovery depositions would be required. No such claim was made by counsel for either of the parties. It would appear that all medical witnesses had been deposed. Fur ther pretrial would at best be summary and could be disposed of quickly. There can be no claim of surprise. The testimony upon which plaintiffs’ new theory is based comes from defendant Cooper’s own mouth. The amendments were based upon the same transaction as the original declaration. They merely sharpened the precise issue of malpractice or negligence in order that defendants might know the legal theories upon which plaintiffs were proceeding. From the record before us, no reason appears why the amendments could not have been allowed and the cases tried as scheduled.
It should always be borne in mind that GCR 1963, 118 provides that leave to amend shall be freely given when justice so requires, and that R J A § 2301 (CLS 1961, § 600.2301 [Stat Ann 1962 Rev § 27 A-.2301]) provides for amendment either in form or substance for the furtherance of justice.
While the conclusions upon which the trial judge based his exercise of discretion are before us, his findings are not. Consequently, we are unable to say whether he exercised his discretion properly. The cases are remanded to the trial judge for further disposition in the light of this opinion. In the event the motions are denied, such exercise of discretion should be supported lay specific findings as to reasons for the same.
Reversed and remanded. Costs to appellants.
T. M. Kavanagh, C. J., and Dethmers, Kelly, Black, Souris, Smith, and O’Hara, JJ., concurred.
CLS 1961, § 600.5805(3) (Stat Aim 1962 Rev § 27A.5805[3]).— Reporter.
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Smith, J.
This is an appeal from a circuit court order reversing an employment security commission appeal board decision which, itself, reversed a decision of a commission referee.
The issue was whether or not John Losada, claimant, was disqualified for unemployment benefits for allegedly failing without good cause to accept suitable work when offered him. Two days after layoff, Losada was offered a choice of two jobs, each somewhat different from his customary employment and each at an hourly rate slightly less than he had enjoyed before layoff.
Relevant statutory provisions read as follows:
“Sec. 29(1) An individual shall be disqualified for benefits: .
“(a) For the duration of his unemployment in all cases where the individual: * * * (5) has failed without good cause to accept suitable, worlc when offered him. * * *
“An offer of employment in the individual’s customary occupation, under the conditions of employment and remuneration substantially equivalent to those under which the individual has been customarily employed in such occupation, shall be deemed suitable worlc. In determining whether or not any worlt is suitable for an individual, the commission shall consider the degree of risk involved to his health, safety and morals, his physical fitness and prior training, his experience and prior earnings, his length of unemployment and prospects for securing locad work in his customary occupation, and the distance of the available work from his residence.” Michigan employment security act, CLS 1961, § 421.29, subd(1) (a) (5) (Stat Ann 1960 Rev § 17.531 subd [1][a][5]). (Emphasis supplied.)
Disqualification under this section depends upon two essential findings of fact: (1) that suitable work was offered; and (2) that claimant failed without good cause to accept. It seems patent that the first issue which must be determined is whether the work offered was suitable. If the work is found to be not suitable, there is no necessity to make a finding as to whether claimant failed without good cause to accept such work. If, on the other hand, work offered is found to be suitable then the issue of good cause must be determined.
Further, the section sets out in definitive fashion, guidelines to be used in determining suitability. As appears from the statutory, quote above, certain work is “deemed” suitable. In determining suitability, otherwise, the commission is required to “consider” a number of factors. The problem here is that neither the commission referee nor the appeal hoard appears to have considered either set of criteria of suitability in arriving at respective decisions. Both appear to have, centered the whole focus upon the issue of whether claimant refused to accept with good cause.
In each opinion (that of the referee holding for disqualification and of the appeal hoard, reversing) repeated references are made to the “good cause” issue in the findings of fact but none to the “suitability” issue. Nor does it appear in either opinion inferentially, by the manner in which the facts were discussed, that either agency viewed the facts from the standpoint of full statutory criteria. After discussing only the “good cause” issue, both opinions announce conclusions or holdings in statutory language as if both good cause and suitability had previously been decided as matters of fact. In view of the state of the record, therefore, we decline to enter upon a precedential decision of the issues, particularly where, as here, we would be interpreting suitability provisions of the statute for the first time. Before there can be conclusions of law, there must be findings of fact. Wickey v. Employment Security Commission, 369 Mich 487. Resultingly, the circuit court order reversing the appeal board and reinstating the referee’s decision must be reversed, the referee’s decision being deficient in law. On remand the circuit court will remand to the appeal board for further proceedings.
Reversed and remanded. No costs, neither party having succeeded fully.
T. M. Kavanagh, C. J., and Adams, J., concurred with Smith, J.
Souris, J.
After having been laid off in April, 1960, from his job as a cutter in the trim shop of plaintiff’s Dodge assembly division Losada was offered a job as a spot welder or a medium press operator in plaintiff’s Conant stamping' division, which is located in the same building complex as the assembly division in the Dodge main plant. He refused these jobs because taking them would have required him to leave the assembly division, in which he began employment by Chrysler in November, 1954, and to lose his seniority in that division, although he would be entitled in the stamping division to credit for the seniority he had accumulated in the assembly division. Donald Hawk, who works in the employment office of the assembly division, testified that the only circumstances under which Losada might return to the assembly division would be if Losada were laid off from the stamping division while there was a shortage of workers in the assembly division. In that case Chrysler is obligated by its collective bargaining agreement to offer work in the division in which new workers are required to employees in other divisions who have been laid off, before seeking workers from the general public. Thus, if Losada were laid off from the stamping division, and if there were a shortage of workers in. the assembly division, and if there were not enough other, laid-off workers with more seniority than Losada to fill the vacancies in the assembly division, then Losada would be offered work in the assembly division.
Losada was denied unemployment compensation benefits upon the ground that he refused without good cause to accept suitable work offered to him. Mr. Justice Smith is correct in stating that such disqualification for benefits requires determination of two issues: (1) did claimant refuse an offer of suitable work, and (2) if so, was such refusal without good cause? I think, however, that Justice Smith errs in characterizing both of these issues as issues of fact.
Whether a claimant has been offered suitable work is indeed a question of fact. See Dynamic Manufacturers, Inc., v. Employment Security Commission (1963), 369 Mich 556, 560. This is made amply clear by the legislature’s provision of standards to be considered in determining suitability of proffered work:
“An individual shall be disqualified for benefits:
“(a) For the duration of his unemployment in all cases where the individual has: * * * failed without good cause to accept suitable work when offered him. * * *
“An offer of employment in the individual’s customary occupation, under the conditions of employment and remuneration substantially equivalent-to those under which the individual has been customarily employed in such occupation, shall be deemed suitable work. In determining whether or not any work is suitable for an individual, the commission shall consider the degree of risk involved to his health, safety and morals, his physical fitness and prior training, his experience and prior, earnings, his length of unemployment and prospects for'securing local work in his customary occupation, and the distance of the available work from his residence.
“Notwithstanding any other provisions of this act,, no work shall be deemed suitable and benefits shall not be denied under this act to any otherwise eligible’ individual for refusing to accept new work under any’ of the following conditions: (a) If the position offered is vacant due directly to a strike, lockout or other labor dispute; (b) if the remuneration, hours or other conditions of the work offered are substan tially less favorable to the individual than those prevailing for similar work in the locality; (c) if as a condition of being employed the individual would be required to join a company union or to resign from or refrain from joining any bona fide labor organization.” CLS 1961, § 421.29 (Stat Ann 1960 Rev § 17.531).
Justice Smith writes that neither the referee nor the appeal board passed upon the factual issue of whether Losada had been offered suitable work, but rather devoted their attention to the issue of good cause. While it is true that neither said in so many words that the jobs in the stamping plant were suitable, it is evident from a reading of the opinions that the jobs were considered suitable and that, therefore, attention was focused upon the question of good cause for refusal. However, inasmuch as this case of Losada must for another reason be remanded for further proceedings before the appeal board, at that time the board may make a specific finding as to the suitability of the job in the stamping plant.
As to the issue of good cause, however, it is an issue of law, in my view. Although the appeal board must determine the facts from which the conclusion of good cause or its absence is drawn, once the facts are found that conclusion remains one of law, not of fact, and is reviewed by us as such. See the dis cussion of our proper scope of review in such, circumstances in my opinion in Wickey v. Employment Security Commission (1963), 369 Mich 487, 493, as to which there was unanimous agreement by the Court.
The decisions of other jurisdictions construing unemployment compensation act provisions similar to the Michigan statute here involved confirm the conclusion that “good cause” is a question of law and not of fact. Thus in Barclay White Co. v. Unemployment Compensation Board of Review (1947), 356 Pa 43 (50 A 2d 336), the Pennsylvania supreme court reviewed a trial court decision upholding a board of review’s decision that an employee had not refused (p 45) “without good cause * * * to accept suitable work.” The employee had refused a job at a nonunion plant on the ground that to accept it would subject him to expulsion from his union. The Pennsylvania court noted that findings of fact supported by evidence were binding upon it in the absence of fraud. The employee did not argue that the offered work was not suitable, and the court found evidence to support a conclusion that it was indeed suitable. The court decided, however, that the employee’s refusal of the work was without good cause:
“The decisive question in ascertaining whether or not claimant is entitled to unemployment benefits for the three weeks in question is: Did he have ‘good cause,’ within the legislative intent, for refusing the ‘suitable work’ to which he had been referred? The unemployment compensation law contains no definition of ‘good cause,’ and, therefore, the duty devolves upon the courts to determine the intent of the legislature in the use of those words.” 356 Pa 43, 47 (50 A 2d 336, 339).
Another example of an appellate court discharging the necessary legal function of defining “good cause” is found in Syrek v. California Unemployment Insurance Appeals Board (1960), 54 Cal 2d 519 (7 Cal Rep 97, 354 P 2d 625). The unemployment insurance code provided that an employee would be disqualified for benefits if he (p 529) “without good cause, refused to accept suitable employment when offered to him”. The appeal board had denied the employee benefits on the ground that his refusal to accept civil service jobs because he conscientiously objected to a required “loyalty oath” was without good cause. The appeal board was sustained by the trial court, which was reversed by the intermediate appellate court, whose opinion was adopted by the California supreme court in its affirmance (p 529):
“ ‘Section 1257 of the unemployment insurance code provides that: “An individual is also disqualified for unemployment compensation benefits if: * * * (b) He, without good cause, refused to accept suitable employment when offered to him, or failed to apply for suitable employment when notifiled by a public employment office.” Section 1258 of the same code defines “suitable employment,” so far as relevant here, as “work in the individual’s usual occupation or for which he is reasonably fitted. * * *” The work itself, which was offered to appellant, prescinding from the loyalty matter, seems to be conceded to have met the definition of “suitable employment.” But section 1257 recognizes a second element, that of “good cause.” The term is not defined in the code. We believe that the term “good cause” as used in the statute means an adequate cause, a cause that comports with the purposes of the-unemployment insurance code and with other laws'.. Regarding it so, we believe that appellant had good cause for his refusal, from the standpoint of public interest and from that of individual rights.’ ” 54 Cal 2d 519, 529 (354 P2d 625, 630, 631).
As was noted in Wickey, supra, a conclusion of law requires as a basis findings of fact. The record now before us does not provide an adequate factual basis upon which to draw a legal conclusion concerning the existence or absence of good cause for Losada’s refusal of work in the stamping plant. For example, no evidence was presented relating to the factual probability of Losada’s transfer back to the assembly division. Nor was there evidence presented as to the probable economic significance, in addition to the wage differentials mentioned by Justice Smith, of employment in the stamping division instead of the assembly division. It might be, for example, that work in one was relatively steady while the other was comparatively intermittent. Until a more comprehensive factual groundwork is laid, I would decline to pass upon the question of good cause, considering the inadequate factual record now before us, and so perforce would remand to the circuit court for its remand to the appeal board for further proceedings.
Black, J.
The respective opinions Justices Smith, Souris, and O’Hara have prepared leave me —with all outsiders — in that precedentary state of doubt which seems to plague the profession of Michigan more today than ever before. To puzzled lawyers, and to the employment security commission, it must be said that all we will have put forth in this case of Losada is a result; a result which will be determined only when the wheel of chance settles and stops as judicial signatures are counted in our conference room on July 13th next.
No member of the Court, writing so far, seems interested in direct quotation of what was actually presented to and decided by the appeal board. Here it is:
“The basic issue involved herein is whether or not the claimant failed without good cause to accept an offer of available suitable work and should be disqualified under the provisions of section 29 (1) (a) (5) of the act.
“We find that the refusal of jobs offered was with good cause and that such good cause was because acceptance thereof would have caused the claimant to lose his seniority in the plant in which he previously had been employed and for the type of work which he was performing at the time of his separation. It is accordingly held that the referee’s decision holding that the claimant would be disqualified under the provisions of section 29 (1) (a) (5) of the act cannot be sustained.
“The decision of the referee is hereby reversed.
“It is held that the claimant did not fail without good cause to accept suitable work on April 15, 1960 and that he will accordingly not be disqualified under the provisions of section 29 (1) (a) (5) of the act.”
The quoted first paragraph presented the only controlling question the appeal board was asked to decide. Palpably, that question was one of fact. There being fair evidentiary support for the conclusions reached by the appeal board, I hold that the circuit court should have affirmed. My vote, then, is to reverse and remand for entry of order affirming the appeal board’s decision.
The decision of the appeal board appears in full as follows:
“This matter is before the board upon an appeal by the claimant from a referee’s decision dated July 21, 1960 which held as follows: “ ‘The notiee of redetermination is affirmed.
“ ‘Claimant failed, without good cause, to aecept suitable work on April 15, 1960, and he is disqualified as of that date for the duration of his unemployment.
“ ‘The wages lie earned with the Chrysler Corporation prior to that date may not be used to compute or pay him benefits.
“ ‘He did not establish a benefit year by the claim he filed April 19, 1960.’
“The claimant filed a new claim for benefits on April 19, 1960 following a layoff for lack of work with the Chrysler Corporation on April 13, 1960. On April 15, 1960 the claimant was offered work with his separating employer which he refused to accept and on May 9, 1960 the commission issued a notice of claim denied holding that the claimant refused without good cause to accept an offer of available suitable work with his separating employer and that he would be disqualified under the provisions of section 29 (1) (a) (5) of the act. On May 10, 1960, the claimant requested a redetermination whieh the commission issued on May 23, 1960 whieh affirmed its determination of May 9, 1960. On May 24, 1960 the claimant filed an appeal to a referee who, after hearings were held on June 29 and July 12, 1960, issued his decision of July 21, 1960 quoted above. The claimant then filed a timely appeal to this board.
“The claimant was employed by the Chrysler Corporation from November 29, 1954 until April 13, 1960 when he was laid off for lack of work. He actually last worked on April 8, 1960 and was absent from work on April 11, 1960 for personal reasons. When he reported for work on April 12, 1960 he was given a disciplinary layoff covering April 11, 12 and 13 of 1960 and as of that last date was laid off for laek of work. During his period of employment he worked as an assembler as well as a trimmer and cutter. At the time of his layoff he was classified as a trimmer and his base rate was $2.47 per hour. On April 15, 1960 he was called in by the employer and offered work as a press operator at the base rate of $2.32 per hour or as a spot welder at a base rate of $2.37 per hour. The two jobs which were available and which he was offered were in the same building but were actually in a different plant whieh operated in that building. One of the jobs offered was available on two different shifts and one of the shifts paid a premium of 11 cents an hour in addition to the rate of $2.37 per hour. The claimant refused to accept either of the jobs offered because if he had accepted one of them his seniority would have been transferred to the new plant and there would have been little likelihood of his recall to his former job. The claimant maintains that his experience was primarily as a trimmer and cutter and that he desired to maintain his recall to that type of work in the plant in whieh lie was last employed. At the hearing before the referee on July 12, 1960 the employer’s representative agreed in his testimony that the claimant’s seniority would be transferred to the new plant, that there would be very little likelihood of claimant being recalled foi his former employment and that he did not lose his seniority as a result of his refusal to accept the jobs offered.
“The basic issue involved herein is whether or not the claimant failed without good cause to accept an offer of available suitable work and should be disqualified under the provisions of section 29 (1) (a) (5) of the act.
“We find that the refusal of jobs offered was with good cause and that such good eatise was because acceptance thereof would have caused the claimant to lose his seniority in the plant in which he previously had been employed and for tbe type of work which he was performing at the time of his separation. It is accordingly held that the referee’s decision holding that the claimant would be disqualified under the provisions of section 29 (1) (a) (5) of the aet cannot be sustained.
“The decision of the referee is hereby reversed.
“It is held that the claimant did not fail without good cause to accept suitable work on April 15, 1960 and that he will accordingly not be disqualified under the provisions of section 29 (1) (a) (5) of the act.
“It is further held that the wages earned with the Chrysler Corporation prior to April 15, 1960 may be used as the basis for computing or paying benefits for any period subsequent to that date.
“It is also held that a benefit year may be established as a result of the claim filed on April 19, 1960.” (Emphasis supplied.)
The hearing referee denied benefits, but was reversed by the appeal board which was in turn reversed by the eircuit court.
As further indicating the factual nature of this inquiry, consider how the second paragraph of the above-quoted material was amended by PA 1963, No 226:
“An offer of employment in an occupation in the vieinity of his residence at which the individual earned wages in his base period under conditions of employment and remuneration substantially equivalent to those under which the individual has earned wages in such occupation during his base period, shall be deemed suitable work. In determining whether or not any other work is suitable for an individual, the commission shall consider the degree of risk involved to his health, safety and morals, his physical fitness and prior training, his experience and prior earnings, his length of unemployment and prospeets for securing local work in his customary occupation, and the distance of the available work from his residence.”
While we agree that the question of good cause is one for the Court, we do not necessarily agree with the Pennsylvania court’s determination in the Barclay White Co. Case.
Since the present opinion was written Justice Smith’s opinion has been amended so as to include full quotation of the appeal board’s decision. | [
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Black, J.
Defendant was tried, convicted, and sentenced for having unlawfully possessed a narcotic drug. Following Ms appeal to tMs Court, the prosecuting attorney filed a confession of error and moved to remand with instructions to set aside the defendant’s sentence, vacate the judgment of conviction, dismiss the information, and to discharge defendant. Defendant, apparently desirous of a precedent, opposes the motion and requests that his appeal go on to formal decision.
I would purposely refrain from determining the merit of defendant’s presented claim of error, there being no need for such determination considering the prosecutor’s confession. The confession instead should be accepted as fair basis for the latter’s motion and grant thereof. In that view the cause should be remanded to circuit for entry of an order or orders accordingly. I vote accordingly.
•Kelly, Souris, Smith, O’Hara, and Adams, JJ., concurred.
T. M. Kavanagh, C. J., and Dethmers, J., did not sit.
CL 1948, § 335.153 (Stat Aim 1957 Rev § 18.1123).—Reporter.
The prosecutor requested that the trial judge charge the jury as follows. Such request was granted.
“You do not need to undertake to determine whether or not Ronnie Miles knew that the cigarette contained marijuana. If you find the other two points and that you don’t have any doubt or any reasonable doubt that he had the cigarette in question in his hand, in his possession, and that you have no reasonable doubt it contained marijuana, you would bring in- a verdict of guilty whether or not he knew that there was any marijuana in the cigarette or not.”
By his confession the prosecutor has agreed with defendant’s counsel that such charge constituted reversible error. | [
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Souris, J.
The principal question presented to us in this appeal is whether the ad damnum clause of a complaint may be amended to increase it to conform with the amount awarded by the jury.
Plaintiff sued for his damages resulting when defendants’ automobile collided with the rear end of plaintiff’s automobile. The ad damnum clause in his complaint was for $30,000. The jury returned á verdict in the amount of $35,000. Following the jury’s verdict, but before entry of judgment thereon, the trial judge granted plaintiff’s motion to amend his ad damnum clause to conform with the $35,000 awarded him by the jury. However, the trial judge then granted the defendants’ motion for a new trial unless the plaintiff would agree to remit the sum of $5,000. See NCR 1963, 527.6.
Notwithstanding plaintiff’s duly filed consent to the remittitur, defendants appealed, as then permitted to do as a matter of right, claiming that the .trial court erred in permitting plaintiff to amend his ad damnum clause and claiming, further, that the jury’s verdict was so grossly excessive, even as reducedby the trial judge’s order of remittitur, that a new trial should have been granted unconditionally.
It is our conclusion that the trial judge should not have permitted amendment of the ad damnum clause but that he should have, instead, entered- judgment in the amount of $30,000. It is also our conclusion that the proofs were sufficient to support such a judgment and, therefore, that the defendants’ motion for new trial should have been denied unconditionally.
The only time this Court ever has considered squarely the question whether an ad damnum clause may be amended after verdict to increase the amount demanded to conform with the amount awarded by the jury was in the case of Kenyon v. Woodward (1868), 16 Mich 326. In that case suit was on the •common counts to recover on a promissory note. The ad damnum was for $500, but the verdict returned by the jury was in the amount of $603.25. After judgment had been entered on the full amount of the jury’s verdict, on plaintiff’s motion the trial court permitted amendment of the declaration to increase the ad damnum from $500 to $700. On appeal this Court reversed the judgment as to the excess over $500 and affirmed as to the balance. The reasoning of the Court, which we believe to be sound, was as follows:
“There was never any issue for trial before the jury for any amount above $500, and the plaintiff in error had not only the right so to consider it, but was, by correct practice, required to measure his action accordingly; since nothing could properly be tried which was not within the issue.
“As the plaintiff in error, therefore, has had no regular opportunity to controvert the right of the defendant in error to recover anything beyond $500, it is quite apparent that while the verdict and judgment over that sum were erroneous when given, the error could not be cured by the amendment which was made.” 16 Mich 326, 331.
We do not consider Cicotte v. County of Wayne (1886), 59 Mich 509, reasoned authority for a contrary conclusion. In that case the jury returned a verdict in a principal amount well within the ad damnum, but it also awarded interest which, when added to the principal amount, resulted in a total verdict in excess of the ad damnum. Having noted the foregoing facts, this Court said (p 513), “It is conceded that if the verdict was right, there is power to increase the ad damnum clause to cover it.” The variance between the ad damnum and the verdict was not an issue on appeal and we do not consider the quoted statement which merely recites the parties’ concession as authority for the unsupported proposition stated.
In Zeilman v. Frey (1921), 213 Mich 504, while the jury’s verdict was well within the ad damnum clause, it exceeded the amount claimed by plaintiff in each count of his declaration. No objection was made by the defendant until the appeal. This Court, noting that the plaintiff’s bill of particulars amply and fully advised the defendant of the amount of plaintiff’s claim, permitted amendment of the declaration’s separate counts to conform with the verdict. Aside from the fact that in Zeilman the defendant made no objection to the variance until after the appeal had been taken, the factual circumstances significantly distinguish Zeilman from the case at bar. In Zeilman, as this Court noted, the defendant was fully apprised by the bill of particulars and by the ad damnum clause of the extent of plaintiff’s claim and the jury’s verdict did not exceed such amount, whereas in this case of Phillips there was nothing in the pleadings, including the ad damnum clause, to forewarn defendants that they might be held liable by the jury for more than $30,000.
While in this State we liberally allow the amendment of pleadings, see GCR 1963, 118.3 and revised judicature act, PA 1961, No 236, § 2301 (CLS 1961, § 600.2301 [Stat Ann 1962 Rev § 27A.2301]), such amendments are not allowed when prejudice would result and when the substantial rights of the parties would be affected adversely. To allow the amendment of an ad damnum to conform with a jury’s verdict in an amount in excess of the amount claimed would prejudicially and adversely affect the substantial right of the party against whom the award was made to defend against the award to the extent it was in excess of the ad damnum.
While it may be true that the ad damnum not infrequently is grossly exaggerated, nonetheless it serves to limit the amount of the defendant’s maximum potential liability. Such limitation, as gross as it sometimes is, may well be pertinent to the trial strategy adopted by a defendant. For example, a defendant might be willing to concede liability provided damages to be awarded by the jury are limited to a specified amount. The ad damnum serves this function, at the very least. Conceivably, a defense counsel engaged by an insurance company to repre sent its insured might be willing to concede liability within the policy limits but not beyond. If the ad damnum is within those limits, and if it effectively limits the defendant’s potential liability by jury verdict, such concession of liability might well be made whereas no skilled attorney would so much as consider such a concession if the extent of liability were in practical fact not limited by the ad damnum.
Upon return of the jury’s verdict for $35,000 in this case, the trial judge should have entered his judgment only in the amount of $30,000, the excess being beyond the authority of the jury to award. Entry of judgment in that fashion clearly is indicated by Kenyon v. Woodward, supra, where on appeal this Court reversed so much of the trial court’s judgment entered on the jury’s verdict which exceeded the ad damnum clause and affirmed the judgment in the amount of the ad damnum.
Instead of proceeding as indicated in the preceding paragraph, however, what the trial judge actually did in this case accomplished the same practical result. After permitting amendment of the ad damnum to conform with the award made by the jury’s verdict, which amendment we find to have been erroneously permitted, the trial judge ordered plaintiff to remit the $5,000 in excess of his ad damnum or suffer a new trial. This the plaintiff was willing to do and we may consider it to have been done reserving to the defendants, however, their right to challenge the $30,000 judgment as excessive because not supported by the proofs.
The defendants’ claim in this regard is that plaintiff suffered “only” soft tissue injuries and that his proofs of actual out-of-pocket damages, comprising lost earnings and medical expenses, amounted only to approximately $4,000 and that the balance of his claims were highly speculative in nature. Suffice it to say that defendants’ counsel has made a per suasive jury argument on this appeal, hut it is an argument we are precluded by our limited appellate function from considering. The fact of the matter is that this record discloses plaintiff offered ample proofs to support his claim for medical expenses paid and earnings lost to date of trial in an amount in excess of $4,000 and, in addition, to support his claim that his employment skills were permanently impaired and that he had suffered and would continue to suffer pain from his injuries. All such proof provided fair support for the jury’s verdict.
While it may be conceded that a jury could have viewed skeptically plaintiff’s proofs that his future earnings impairment over the 15 years he claimed remained of his laboring expectancy had a present value of $10,000, the controverted evidence was such that the jury could have accepted plaintiff’s claim with respect thereto. Nor are we in a position to hold as a matter of law that the jury could not have found plaintiff to be entitled to in excess of $16,000 compensation for his past, present, and future pain and suffering resulting from his injuries.
Affirmed. Costs to plaintiff.
T. M. Kavanagi-i, C. J., and Dethmers, Kelly, Black, Smith, O’Hara, and Adams, JJ., concurred. | [
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Smith, J.
The claimant of unemployment benefits, Della M. Morris, was hired by the telephone company April 3, 1957. On March 1, 1961, claimant filed application for leave of absence due to pregnancy, the leave to commence on March 6, 1961, and extend to March 5, 1962. With approval of her employer, the employee-claimant left her duties March 6, 1961, although formal authorization of leave by the employer was not completed until March 27, 1961, and when so approved was for the period requested, that is, March 6, 1961 to March 5, 1962.
Claimant’s child was born April 26, 1961, not many weeks after she left her duties with the company. On May 31, 1961, claimant contacted the company about returning to work, but was advised that no work was available. On July 12,1961, she applied for unemployment benefits which were denied by the commission whose decision was upheld hy the referee. The appeal board reversed the referee and the circuit court reversed the appeal board.
The issues here are similar to the ones in American Telephone & Telegraph Co. v. Employment Security Commission, 376 Mich 271. As to the proper in terpretation of section 29(1) (d) of the Michigan employment security act (CLS 1961, § 421.29 [1] [d] [Stat Ann 1960 Rev § 17.531(1) (d)]), then, the case cited controls, insofar as applicable, and as may be limited by special concurrences. This includes the point made in the opinion of Mr. Justice O’Hara that (p 286) “to come within the proviso in the statute excepting claimants from the disqualification for pregnancy, application for reinstatement must be made as the statute requires ‘at the termination of such leave.’ ” Claimant herein, having applied for reinstatement before expiration of the leave, does not come within the excepting proviso.
The reasons above are sufficiently dispositive of the case. However, to set another possible contention at rest, we say that if we were deciding the factual question we would hold, as did the circuit court, that the findings of the appeal hoard are contrary to the great weight of the evidence.
Affirmed. No costs, a question of statutory construction being involved.
T. M. Kavanagh, O. J., and Dethmers, Kelly, Souris, O’Hara, and Adams, JJ., concurred with Smith, J.
Black, J., concurred in result. | [
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Smith, J.
This time in this case, the chief question for review concerns jury instructions. Other facets of the case are contained in 2 prior reports. Essentially, the facts are that a collision occurred in the early afternoon of April 20,1956, at a grade crossing-in the village of Gregory, between one of defendant’s trains and a truck driven by plaintiff. At the point where the accident happened, defendant’s single track crosses highway M 36 almost at right angles. The crossing was marked by a crossbuck sign which was reflectorized, but without warning lights or other crossing protection. Plaintiff’s counsel conceded in his opening statement that the crossing is in the business section of the village and, for a distance of more than 300 feet north of the tracks, the frontage on M 36 (Main street in Gregory) is occupied by dwellings and buildings.
One of plaintiff’s pleaded claims was that defendant was negligent in failing to provide more adequate crossing protection such as lights, gates, and a warning bell, and as a result thereof plaintiff was not warned of the approaching train in sufficient time to avoid collision with it. Among the proofs were the following: obstructions to plaintiff’s view of any' oncoming trains occasioned by buildings and other objects abutting the highway and the railroad right-of-way; trains making the crossing at various times not according to any particular schedule; relative silence of diesel engines as compared with steam locomotives formerly in use, and other proofs. Defendant offered counter proofs, so it is clear that the adequacy of crossing protection was in issue. (See direct quotation from plaintiff’s brief.)
As to the same issue, plaintiff requested an instruction that the presence of a crossbuck warning sign would not relieve the railroad of its duty to furnish other protection if special conditions required, citing and relying upon McParlan v. Grand Trunk W. R. Co., 273 Mich 527.
The following charge was given:
“Now, in regard to this question of special conditions, if you find, and by a preponderance of the evidence, that the area of highway M 36 north from the crossing in question here was a business or residence district as I have defined it for you, then the speed limit there would be 25 miles per hour and there tvould not have been shown special conditions in this case under which the railroad would be required to furnish flashers, bells, gates, or watchmen at this crossing, and no negligence could be charged to the railroad for failing to furnish any extra safeguard other than the regular railroad signs; and in this case it is not disputed that the regular railroad sign was furnished.
“Now, on the other hand, jurors, if you find by a preponderance of the evidence that the area of highway M 36 north from the crossing in question here was not a business or residential district; then this question is presented for your consideration; and in that connection I instruct you as follows:
“As to the lack of adequate signs, signals, gates or flagman at the crossing, I instruct you that the presence of the crossarm sign does not relieve the railroad company from the necessity of furnishing further safeguards if there are special circumstances which would reasonably require them.” (Emphasis supplied.)
In the light of the concession made by plaintiff’s counsel in his opening statement that the crossing was located in the business section of Gregory and in the absence of any evidentiary conflict with reference thereto during the trial, there was no occasion to submit to the jury, as the trial judge did, the question whether the crossing was or was not within a business, residential or other area. Furthermore, by his quoted instruction the trial judge effectively took from the jury its exclusive right to determine whether, in light of all the facts and circumstances surrounding this business district grade crossing, reasonable prudence required the railroad to maintain devices warning motorists of its approaching trains in addition to the wooden crossbuck sign required by law and present at the crossing. This error, fatally affecting one of the key issues pleaded by plaintiff and supported by his proofs, requires reversal and remand for new trial.
Since the trial of this case of Bauman and .about one year after denial of plaintiff’s motion for new trial, this Court reviewed comprehensively the common-law duty of railroads to maintain grade crossing protective devices in addition to those required by statute, in Emery v. Chesapeake & O. R. Co. (1964), 372 Mich 663. In the Emery Case, plaintiff, at night, drove his automobile into the side of a train, striking the 31st and 32d cars of a 56-car train. The only warning device at this single-track grade crossing was a standard wooden crossbuck sign. The crossing is in the city of Flint. This Court held that (p 681) “the trial judge properly submitted for jury determination the question whether the physical circumstances existing at the grade crossing involved in this case required defendant railroad in the exercise of ordinary care and prudence commensurate with such circumstances to provide warning devices in addition to the ordinary wooden crossbuck sign.”
In Emery, we admonished bench and bar that the common-law duty of railroads to use “ordinary care and prudence commensurate with all the circumstances” should be applied without encumbrance by “the analysis-crippling semantics of ‘special conditions’ ”, or “unusual conditions” or “special circumstances.” By analysis of the following cases, it was demonstrated that beginning with early Michigan decisions, the rule has been most often applied in its broad perspective, without the “analysis-crippling semantics.” Staal v. Grand Rapids & I. R. Co., 57 Mich 239; Guggenheim v. Lake Shore & M. S. R. Co., 66 Mich 150; Freeman v. Duluth S. S. & A. R. Co., 74 Mich 86 (3 LRA 594); and Barnum v. Grand Trunk W. R. Co., 148 Mich 370. It was also held in the Emery Case, that although the rule had been accurately stated in McParlmi v. Grand Trunk W. R. Co., supra, in that case, however, the rule was improperly applied.
The Court further held in Emery that the “trial judge erred in his conclusion, in granting defendant’s motion for judgment non obstante veredicto, that absent proof of ‘unusual conditions’ at this crossing, as a matter of law defendant was under no obligation to maintain additional warning devices.” The Court said at page 680:
“McParlan, Staal, Guggenheim, Freeman, and Barnum should no longer be misconstrued as the sources of a truly exceptional and equally erroneous rule (nor should those cases be misapplied to reach a result) by which railroads are relieved of their common-law obligation to maintain such grade crossing safeguards as ordinary prudence requires upon 'judicial determination of the absence of ‘special cir cumstances.’ The decisions discussed above were true to the common law in recognizing that responsibility for determination of that which ordinary prudence requires is placed squarely and exclusively in our system of justice upon the jury and it is not a responsibility subject to a judge’s determination of the presence of a factual condition precedent. Only in McParlan did the Court fail to apply that rule, while at the same time acknowledging its existence.”
Not to be overlooked in our Emery opinion is its second part, p 681 et seq., in which, by reference to Walsh v. Grand Trunk W. R. Co. (1961), 363 Mich 522, we considered the adequacy of Emery’s proof linking defendant railroad’s breach of its common-law duty and Emery’s injuries by the chain of proximate causation. In that case, we found legally sufficient evidentiary support for the inference of causation the jury necessarily drew in rendering its verdict for Emery. In Walsh, on the other hand, as in Baldinger v. Ann Arbor R. Co. (1964), 372 Mich 685, decided with Emery, we found the plaintiffs’ proofs of causation legally insufficient. As in every other assertion of actionable common-law negligence, before a highway traveler injured by collision with a train at a grade crossing is entitled to have submitted to a jury his claim that the physical circumstances existing at the grade crossing required the railroad in the exercise of ordinary care and prudence commensurate with such circumstances to provide warning devices in addition to those required by statute and actually maintained by the railroad, he must offer proof legally sufficient to support a jury finding that failure to provide such additional warning devices proximately caused the collision. It is not enough to prove even the most blatant disregard by a railroad of its common-law duty if the evidence shows such breach of duty had nothing whatever to do with plaintiff’s damage or if the evidence offers no more than a conjectural choice as to proximate cause, as in Walsh, supra.
We believe the proofs offered by plaintiff, described below, were legally sufficient to have supported a jury finding that defendant’s alleged breach of duty proximately caused the collision. We conclude that the jury instruction quoted above was reversibly erroneous because it pre-empted the jury’s exclusive right to determine what additional warning devices, if any, the physical circumstances of the grade crossing required of defendant to satisfy its common-law duty of due care.
We know of no case where the common-law duty of railroads as to crossing protection is, as a matter of law, solely dependent upon whether the crossing is in a business or residence district or in the open country. Certainly, facts and circumstances will vary between crossings in a business or residence district as they will vary in the open country. Thus, unless no reasonable minds can disagree, it remains a jury question, in view of all the facts and circumstances, whether crossing protection, in addition to that provided by statute, is reasonably required. The quest remains constant. Thus while we found in Baldinger, supra, that plaintiff’s view was not so obstructed that she could not see defendant’s train approaching an open country crossing, we drew no distinction between an unobstructed crossing in open country and an unobstructed crossing in a city, nor was a distinction otherwise drawn between country and city crossings in Emery, a city crossing case. Neither in Barnum, supra, a city crossing ease, nor in any other of the principal cases cited, is there any suggestion that the variable common-law duty, which depends upon all relevant factual circumstances, is altered one whit merely by tbe fact that tbe crossing is in a residence or business district or in open country. There being no support for it in either reason or authority, we are constrained to hold that the charge as given constituted reversible error.
Before discussing the proximate cause issue, one other point should be made about the instruction. The trial judge’s opinion denying plaintiff’s motion for new trial does not state why he pre-empted this determination from the jury, if it found from the evidence, as it would have had to do, that the crossing was in a business or residential section while permitting the jury to determine whether or not the crossing was in such section.
As we have noted, the record discloses proofs which clearly entitled plaintiff to submission to the jury of the issue of the railroad’s alleged breach of its common-law duty to provide adequate warning devices at its grade crossing and that such breach of duty proximately caused the collision. We do not agree with Justice Black’s conclusion that plaintiff’s causation proofs support only his subsequent negligence theory of recovery and that they do not support a theory based upon the “dangerous crossing” rule. As we view that evidence, it supports both theories on the issue of causation.
Plaintiff, suffering retrograde amnesia, was unable to testify regarding events immediately preceding the collision, but other witnesses testified fully, if contradictorily. Viewing such testimony and other evidence in the light most favorable to plaintiff, we must conclude that plaintiff’s southeastward view of defendant’s westbound 10-car train, traveling at 30 miles per hour as he approached the grade crossing, was blocked by a two-story building located, at its nearest point to the intersecting highway and track, 35 feet from the center line of the 20-foot highway and 62 feet from the northernmost track. The intersection of the highway and track, in its northeast quadrant, was at an angle of 93°25'. Thus, when plaintiff was 100 feet from the track, his vision eastward along the track was blocked beyond 96 feet from the intersection by the building described. At 90 feet from the track, he had a view of only 142 feet eastward from the intersection. At 75 feet, his view extended 219 feet. Other obstructions, along the roadway and, as well, along the track, substantially, if not completely, blocked plaintiff’s view of westbound rail traffic before he arrived at a point 100 feet from the grade crossing. There were, likewise, obstructions to plaintiff’s westward view as he approached the grade crossing.
Absent any direct evidence of plaintiff’s speed, we must assume for our purposes on this appeal, that he was not exceeding the statutory 25-mile speed limit. The evidence indicated that at that speed, plaintiff was traveling 37 feet per second. Thus, while less than three seconds away from the crossing 100 feet distant, plaintiff’s eastward view of defendant’s track was obstructed as was the corresponding northward view of the train crew. Within this all-too-brief span of time plaintiff, and indeed any other traveler approaching the crossing within the speed limit, had to look not only eastward, but westward as well, which the record indicates plaintiff did after he had passed a point 75 feet from the crossing. Even were the jury to assume that an average motorist traveling in a vehicle at 25 miles per hour on dry asphalt could, theoretically, stop the vehicle in 67 feet, as the jury was advised by a documentary exhibit introduced in evidence, it would have been entitled to find, entirely consistent with plaintiff’s alternative theory of subsequent negligence, that plaintiff’s first perception of defendant’s westbound train occurred so near the crossing, that he applied his brakes in panic, skidded onto the railroad track and stalled his engine in a frantic effort to back away from the onrushing train. The jury would have been entitled to find, if properly instructed, that the physical circumstances existing at the grade crossing “required defendant railroad in the exercise of ordinary care and prudence commensurate with such circumstances to provide warning devices in addition to the ordinary wooden crossbuck sign” (Emery, supra, p 681) and that the absence of such additional warning devices caused plaintiff to react as he did, upon sudden perception of the unexpected train, in his futile effort to avoid collision. Consequently, we hold it was reversible error for the trial judge to refuse to submit to the jury the issue of defendant’s common-law duty to furnish warning devices in addition to those required by statute.
We agree with Justice Black, and for the reasons he has stated, that the trial judge’s jury submission of plaintiff’s subsequent negligence theory was likewise erroneous.
Reversed and remanded for new trial. Costs to plaintiff.
T. M. Kavanagh, C. J., and Dethmers, Souris, and Adams, JJ., concurred with Smith, J.
Twice before this case has come before the Court for review. In the first instance, we ruled on a venue question. Bauman v. Grand Trunk W. R. Co., 353 Mich 279. In the second instance, this Court found that the trial court abused its discretion in refusing a continuance motion where the principal attorney became seriously ill during trial. Bauman v. Grand Trunk W. R. Co., 363 Mich 604.
“2. Where the declaration alleged that defendant was negligent in failing to provide more adequate safeguards at the crossing, was it proper to instruct the jury that no negligence could be charged to defendant for such failure if the crossing was in a business or residence district?
“Plaintiff’s declaration alleged:
“ 'That the negligence and unlawful conduct of the defendant, consisted of the following: * * *
“‘(e) Failing to provide a flagman or watchman to warn and apprise plaintiff that he was approaching a railroad crossing at the time the train of the defendant was approaching said highway and railroad crossing;
“‘(d) In failing to provide or operate a protective gate or gates, across said highway at said railroad crossing;
“‘(e) In failing to provide and furnish an automatic eleetric bell or other warning or signal device at said railroad crossing to warn and apprise the plaintiff of the approach of any train of cars of said defendant to said crossing on said railroad’ (19a-20a).
“There was evidence before the jury of all of the following facts:
“(a) Obstruction to plaintiff’s view in approaching the crossing (Exhibits 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5, pp 2a-6a, 52a-54a).
“(b) The train running on no scheduled time (304a).
“(c) An average of 600 motor vehicles on a State trunkline highway passing over this crossing daily (104a), contrasted with conditions at the crossing some 40 years earlier showing horsedrawn vehicles and only an occasional automobile over a dirt road, with the same erossbuek sign then in plaee, the only change being reflectorized letters thereon (Exhibit 11, pp 240a-244a).
“(d) The old noisy steam locomotive (Exhibit 11) replaced by the comparatively silent diesel engine.
“(e) School children, including those of kindergarten age, passing over the crossing several times daily (pp 111a, 112a).
“(f) Operation of the engine at the time of the accident by an inexperienced acting engineer (pp 290a-303a).
“(g) Failure of the acting engineer to sound the bell or whistle of the engine as it approached the crossing (pp 52a-57a, 95a-100a).
“(h) Failure to have the station agent, standing nearby, give plaintiff any warning signal of the approaching train (482a).
“Whether or not these combined conditions and circumstances would require defendant, in the exercise of reasonable care, to provide some signal beyond the old crossbuck sign, to warn motorists of the ap proaehing train, was a question for the jury. But the trial court told the jury that they could not consider this issue at all if the crossing was in a business or residence district.”
See CLS 1956, § 466.13 (Stat Ann 1957 Cum Supp § 22.272).— Reporter.
The trial judge was reversed for granting defendant’s motion for judgment non obstante veredicto.
It was suggested during oral argument before this Court, and we are inclined to agree, that the trial judge probably reasoned that if the collision occurred in a business or residential section where State law (CLS 1956, § 257.627 [Stat Ann 1952 Rev § 9.2327]) imposes a 25-mile speed Emit, the plaintiff would have had sufficient time to stop had he been traveling within the speed limit even after he had passed beyond the obstructions to his view along the tracks and, thus, that as a matter of law he was not entitled to a verdict based upon this claim of common-law negligence. If this were the judge’s reasoning, the factual record does not permit such a conclusion as a matter of law. See our discussion of that factual record, infra.
There was evidence that skid marks leading up to the track, 60 feet in length, indicated plaintiff’s speed was 33 miles per hour. However, the evidence was such that the jury could have concluded that the skid marks were not made by plaintiff’s truck. Furthermore, the estimate of speed from the length of the skid marks did not take into account which tires, front or rear, commenced the skid marks, nor in determining perception reaction time did the witness who made the estimates of speed consider that plaintiff’s position in the truek cab was some undisclosed distance from the front wheels of the truck. Thus, absent evidence of the truck’s wheelbase and the distance from plaintiff’s position in the cab to the front of the truek, both crucial to an accurate estimate of plaintiff’s speed, the jury would have been entitled for those additional reasons, although we do not suggest by saying this that a jury cannot disbelieve opinion evidence even in the absence of apparent-reason, to disregard the opinion testimony of plaintiff’s speed. | [
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T. M. Kavanagh, C. J.
Appellant Wender Presses, Inc., appeals, on leave granted, from an order of affirmance by the State tax commission of the city of Detroit’s refusal to exempt certain machinery equipment under the public warehouse exemption provisions of the general property tax act.
Appellant is a Michigan corporation organized for the purpose of dealing and trading in used equipment. It purchases used machinery equipment from many places around the United States and abroad and resells it to the trade. Some, but not all, of appellant’s inventory is shipped from the situs of pur chase to Detroit for storage. Most of the inventory is sold and shipped to appellant’s purchasers outside the State of Michigan.
Appellant agrees that only those items of inventory destined for sale and use outside the State of Michigan are entitled to exemption.
Pursuant to the statute, appellant filed a personal property tax information sheet and return with the board of assessors of the city of Detroit, together with a request for exemption of the personal property in storage in a public warehouse. The request for exemption listed 9 pieces of machinery equipment located in the Machinery Storage & Terminal Warehouse, 1957 Clay, Detroit, and 16 pieces of machinery equipment located in the Midland Public Warehouse, 6660 Mt. Elliott, Detroit.
The board of assessors for the city of Detroit refused appellant’s request for exemption. Appeal was taken to the board of review of the city of Detroit. The board of review on March 28, 1963, affirmed the decision of the board of assessors. Appellant then took an appeal to the State tax commission, and by an order dated January 7, 1964, the State tax commission affirmed the exemption refusal.
Appellant claims that, to be entitled to the exemption, it is only necessary to show 4 things: first, that the goods in issue are all “located in a public warehouse”; second, that appellant is the owner of the goods in question within the terms of section 9 of the statute; third, that appellant is a resident of and authorized to do business in Michigan; fourth, that appellant has filed with the board of assessors a statement under oath that the machinery involved in this appeal is not for sale or use in and will be shipped to a point or points outside the State of Michigan.
The pertinent part of the statute involved reads as follows:
“Sec. 9. The following personal property shall be exempt from taxation, to wit; * * *
“Twelfth, All products, materials and/or goods processed or otherwise and in whatever form but expressly excepting alcoholic beverages, located in a public warehouse, dock or port facility on December 31, 1958, and each December 31 of each year thereafter, if such products, materials and/or goods have been designated as in transit to destinations out of State pursuant to the published tariffs of any railroad or common carrier by the filing of the freight bill covering such products, materials and/or goods with the agency designated by such tariffs, so as to entitle the shipper to transportation rate privileges: Provided, That to obtain exemption the owner shall be required to file a sworn statement with, and in the form required by the assessing officer, of the tax district in which the warehouse, dock or port facility is located, at a time between the tax day, December 31, and before closing of the assessment rolls by the assessing officer, describing the products, materials and/or goods and reporting its cost and value as of December 31 of each year: Provided, That the status of persons, and products, materials and/or goods for which exemption is requested shall be determined as of December 81, which shall be the tax day. The assessment on the basis of average monthly inventory shall not apply in valuing products, materials and/or goods for which exemption is requested: Provided, That any property located in any public warehouse, dock or port facility on December 31 of each year, -which is exempt from taxation under this provision but which is not shipped outside the State of Michigan pursuant to the particular tariff under which such transportation rate privilege was established, shall be assessed upon the next succeeding or any subsequent assessment roll by the assessing officer and taxed at the same rate of taxation as other taxable properties for the year or years for which such property was exempted, to the owner at the time of snch omission; or if the owner or person entitled to possession of such products, materials and/or goods shall be a resident of or authorized to do business in Michigan and shall file with the assessing officer, with whom statements of taxable property are required to be filed, a statement under oath that said products, materials and/or g’oods are not for sale or use in, and will be shipped to a point or points outside the State of Michigan.”
The twelfth subdivision of section 9 of the general property tax act provides two distinct bases for exemption of personal property from the property tax.
The first applies to personalty located in a public warehouse, dock, or port facility, on December 31st of the tax year, which has been designated as in transit to points out of the State and as to which freight bills have been filed as provided by the statute.
The second basis for exemption applies to such personalty located in a public warehouse, dock, or port facility, on December 31st of the tax year, which is owned or possessed by a Michigan resident or one authorized to do business in Michigan and which is not for sale or use in Michigan being, instead, destined for shipment outside the State.
In both instances there is provision made for subsequent assessment of the property tax upon per sonalty claimed to be exempt but which subsequently was not shipped outside the State.
Appellant claims exemption in this case under the second provision. . It contends it is not necessary to have the goods “in storage” in a public warehouse on the tax day, but only to have them located in a public warehouse on the tax day.
An examination of the entire section, and particularly the last paragraph of the twelfth subdivision, reading:
“For the purpose of this section, a public warehouse, dock or port facility, is defined as any warehouse, dock or port facility owned Or operated by any person, firm or corporation engaged in the business of storing products, materials and/or goods for hire for profit who issues a schedule of rates for storage of such products, materials and/or goods and who issues warehouse receipts pursuant to the provisions of Act No 303 of the Public Acts of 1909:. Provided, That no portion of a public warehouse, dock or port facility leased to a tenant or no portion of any premises owned or leased or operated by a consignor or consignee or any affiliate or subsidiary of such consignor or consignee shall be deemed to be a public warehouse, dock or port facility,”
clearly indicates that the legislature intended the exemption to apply only to property located in a-public warehouse, as therein defined, for the purpose of storage. The portion of the statute above quoted refers- to “any warehouse * * * engaged-in the business of storing products, materials and/or goods -for hire for profit who issues a schedule of rates for storage of such products, materials and/or goods and who issues warehouse receipts.”
Appellant contends that the reference to a “schedule of rates for storage” is for definitional purposes only and that so long as goods are located in a warehouse, it does not matter for what purpose they are so located. The exemption, however, is clearly limited to storing products in a public warehouse for sale and/or use outside of Michigan.
The record discloses testimony that appellant Wender Presses was actually doing the things which a person would do in operating a used machinery business, such as having machinery on display, repairing of machinery, the ¡repainting of machinery, and other things which would be done ordinarily in an ordinary place of business and not in a public warehouse where machinery is completely and solely under the control of the warehouse.
In answer to a question, Mr. Goodman, the attorney for Wender Presses, replied as follows:
“I believe that the machinery is displayed, that is customers are shown the ■ machinery in the warehouse, I think that is correct.”
Subsequently, to another question he replied:
“Yes, buyers are brought to the warehouse to look at the machines, machinery is sometimes painted.”
The board of assessors as well as the State tax commission found as a fact that the machinery was not “in storage” in a public warehouse within the meaning of the act. They therefore denied appellant the exemption. We conclude they were correct in so finding and denying the exemption.
Affirmed. A public question being involved, no costs are taxed.
Dethmers, Kelly, Black, Souris, Smith, O’Hara, and Adams, JJ., concurred.
CLS 1961, § 211.9 (Stat Ann 1960 Rev § 7.9).
“or if the owner or person entitled to possession of such products, materials and/or goods shall be a resident of or authorized to do business in Michigan and shall file with the assessing officer, with whom statements of taxable property are required to be filed, a statement under oath that said products, materials and/or goods are not for sale or use in, and will be shipped to a point or points outside the State of Michigan.” | [
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Souris, J.
Mary Baier died testate on May 16, 1938. Her will provided, in pertinent part, that sub stantially all her property vest in a trust for the benefit of her children. Upon her daughter Amelia’s death, the trust was to terminate with one-third of the residue going to plaintiff Estella Baier Dow, one-third to Charles Baier, both children of testatrix, and one-third to certain named grandchildren of testatrix. The will also provided:
"2 * * *
“J. Should my son Charles A. Baier die without issue, his share of said estate shall lapse whether the same be way of residue or income therefrom. Should my daughter Estella Dow (nee Baier) die, her share shall go to her children by right of survivorship. * * *
“4-b. In the event of the death of my son, Charles A. Baier without issue, it is my intention that his share shall go to the survivors, whether under the trust herein created or under the will. I have no desire to devise or bequeath any property or residue of my estate to his widow. Should my son, Charles A. Baier, leave any heirs at law other than his widow, his share shall then go to his heirs at law.”
Amelia Baier died on May 22, 1945. Plaintiff, Estella Baier Dow, who had been appointed administratrix de bonis non of the Mary Baier estate, thereupon petitioned the probate court to
“order a distribution to the sole heirs and beneficiaries as above stated of the remaining assets on hand and the residue of said estate * * * all in accordance with the provisions of the last will and testament of Mary Baier, deceased.”
On January 9, 1947, the probate court entered an order which provided that:
“the residue of said estate, remaining in the hands of the said fiduciary and including the Federal income tax refund, be and the same is hereby assigned to Estella Baier Dow (nee Baier) and. Charles A, Baier, children of said deceased, each a two-sixth (2/6) part thereof, and to Mary Shirley Dow, Lawrence Frederick Dow and Frederick Baier Dow, grandchildren of said deceased, each an equal one-third (1/3) share in the remaining two-sixth (2/6) part, said persons being the only residuary devisees and legatees of said deceased, in accordance with the provisions of said will.”
No appeal was taken from this order.
Charles Baier received as his share certain cash, stock and bonds, the title to which he placed in his name and the name of his wife, Irene. Charles died without issue on October 24, 1959, and his wife succeeded to his estate without probate proceedings. She died July 5, 1961, and defendant Scully was appointed administrator of her estate.
By complaint filed herein on May 21, 1962 plaintiff sought to obtain from the Irene Baier estate those assets which Charles Baier had received from the Mary Baier estate. Plaintiff argues that the assets Charles Baier received from the Mary Baier estate pursuant to the probate court order of January 9, 1947, were subject to an executory limitation over in her favor and in favor of other heirs of Mary Baier in the event that Charles died, as he did, leaving no issue. Plaintiff further argues that she has successfully traced the assets received by Charles into the estate of his wife Irene; that by the executory limitation, those assets should have been distributed upon Charles’ death to the other beneficiaries under the will of Mary Baier; and that, consequently, the chancellor erred in construing that will as having given Charles an absolute estate in those assets upon termination of the trust.
It is not necessary for us to consider whether the chancellor correctly construed the will, since in the view which we take of this proceeding the chancellor was foreclosed from a consideration of this matter by the January 9, 1947 unappealed decree of the probate court. The case of Loesch v. First National Bank of Ann Arbor (1930), 249 Mich 326, controls our decision in this case of Dow. As quoted by this Court in its opinion, testator’s will, in the Loesch Case, provided (p 327):
“ ‘Should mji wife, Julia Watkins Brown, survive me, it is my will that sbe shall have tbe use and control of all property, personal and real, tbat shall be bolden by me at the time of my decease for her sole benefit and use during her natural life, with tbe stipulation tbat sbe may remember tbe following persons who are dear to me because of ties of friendship.’ ”
Tbe probate court entered tbe following order (p 327) :
“ ‘That tbe residue of said estate be and tbe same is hereby assigned to Julia W. Brown, widow of said deceased, sbe being only residuary devisee and legatee, in accordance with tbe provisions of tbe said last will and testament of said deceased.’ ”
Mrs. Brown died without surviving children nearly 14 years later, still possessing some of the shares of stock sbe bad received under her husband’s will. Plaintiffs, Mr. Brown’s heirs, thereupon filed a bill in chancery alleging tbat the probate order was ambiguous and seeking its construction. Tbe chancellor found tbat under the will Mrs. Brown bad only a life estate and held tbat plaintiffs, as Mr. Brown’s heirs, were entitled to that portion of bis estate which remained at Mrs. Brown’s death.
This Court wrote in Loesch, at pp 329, 330:
“The first consideration is whether the above quoted order of assignment is ambiguous. The time has long passed when the question can be raised as to whether this order assigning the stock to Mrs. Brown was or was not in accordance with the terms of her husband’s will. After due notice the order of assignment was entered May 19,1914. No appeal was taken. The order was never questioned during the years prior to Mrs. Brown’s death in March, 1928. We have carefully considered the briefs filed by plaintiffs’ counsel, but we are unable to agree with them that there is a doubt or uncertainty as to the meaning and intent of this order which assigned the residue of Elbridge Gerry Brown’s estate ‘to Julia W. Brown, widow of said deceased, she being only residuary devisee and legatee, in accordance with the provisions of the said last will and testament of said deceased.’ In the order of assignment no reference is made to Mrs. Brown as having only the income or use during her lifetime of the property which passed under the order of assignment. This was a final order. It closed the estate of Elbridge Gerry Brown. The casual reference in this order that Mrs. Brown was the only residuary devisee and legatee ‘in accordance with the provisions of the said last will and testament of said deceased’ should not be construed to embody the terms of the will itself in the order, which is plain and specific in its provisions that the residue of the estate ‘is hereby assigned to Julia W. Brown, widow of said deceased.’ Nor is the order rendered ambiguous or inoperative because of this reference to Mrs. Brown as the only ‘residuary devisee and legatee,’ when in fact the will contained no provision whatever as to a residuary devisee or legatee. It seems clear that the foregoing recital in the order is indicative of the construction the probate judge placed upon Mr. Brown’s will; and, whether right or wrong, such construction is not now open to review. We hold that the order of assignment entered on May 19, 1914, is not ambiguous. The final decree of a court of competent jurisdiction made and entered in a proceeding of which all parties in interest have due and legal notice and from which no appeal is taken cannot be set aside and held for naught by the decree of another court in a collateral proceeding commenced years subsequent to the date of such final decree. The foregoing proposition of law is so axiomatic and has been applied so many times in this court to final orders of probate courts that citation of authorities is unnecessary; but the following may be noted: Clark v. Fredenburg, 43 Mich 263; Byrne v. Hume, 84 Mich 185; Riebow v. Ensch, 220 Mich 450; Chapin v. Chapin, 229 Mich 515; Calhoun v. Cracknell, 202 Mich 430, and Thompson v. Thompson, 229 Mich 526.”
This passage is applicable to the facts of the case at bar. The decree of the probate court here is as unambiguous as was that in Loesch, and since the probate court was one of competent jurisdiction, its decree “right or wrong” is not, some 15 years after its entry, open to belated and collateral review. See CL 1948, § 704.39 (Stat Ann 1962 Rev § 27.3178 [290]), which has been applicable in pertinent part since prior to entry of the probate court order.
The chancellor’s order dismissing plaintiff’s complaint is affirmed. Costs to defendants.
T. M. Kavanagh, C. J., and Dethmers, Kelly, Black, Smith, O’Hara, and Adams, JJ., concurred. | [
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Smith, J.
Defendant, on January 26, 1956, was jury-convicted of robbery armed. By leave granted, defendant is here on appeal from an order denying Ms motion for leave to file a delayed motion for new trial and other relief.
Defendant argues 2 points: first, that the fruit of an illegal search and seizure (automatic pistol) was erroneously admitted into evidence although no motion to suppress ivas made before trial; and, second, that the testimony of an accomplice ivho confessed during a period of alleged illegal detention should have been excluded at defendant’s trial. The brief amicus, in general support of defendant’s first contention, phrases the question in this manner: “Was it proper for the trial court, on the ground that a motion to suppress had not been filed prior to the trial, to allow the introduction of a gun into evidence over defense counsel’s objection that it had been illegally seized, where defendant had been unrepresented by counsel at the examination in which the gun was not offered in evidence?” By way of reply, the prosecuting attorney rejects the arguments of defendant and of the amicus curiae, adding that the search and seizure was not illegal.
The first question is whether the court in defendant’s 1956 trial should have granted defendant’s motion to suppress, under the circumstances. Two men, one armed with a pistol, robbed a saloon employee of money sometime after midnight on the morning of September 26, 1955, in the city of Flint. Two suspects, one of whom was defendant, were arrested in the apartment of a third person about 8 a.m. that same morning.
An officer testified that he was admitted to the apartment by the third party who was a tenant from whom permission to search was obtained, there being no warrant. A .38 caliber Colt automatic pistol was found in the apartment during the search. Witnesses testified that defendant wielded the pistol during the robbery. The pistol was not introduced at the preliminary examination in municipal court, although defendant was identified as the gun-wielding robber. Defendant was not represented by counsel at the examination. After the binding over to circuit court, the prosecuting attorney filed an information describing the weapon as “a .38 caliber Colt automatic pistol, serial No. 36144.” Defense counsel was appointed in circuit court on December 15, 1955, and the case was tried January 26, 1956. At trial, defense counsel made the following motion when the prosecutor offered the pistol into evidence:
“I object to this being offered into evidence. There has been no showing of a search warrant,— or it was admittedly taken from the home of the defendant without a search warrant. I object.”
The trial judge treated it as a motion to suppress on account of an alleged illegal search and seizure. He denied the motion, ruling that defendant’s failure to move in advance of trial served as a waiver. As to the illegal search and seizure question, we limit review to the question of whether, under the circumstances, the trial court should have entertained defendant’s motion to suppress first made during trial of the case.
It is said in People v. Heibel, 305 Mich 710, 712, 713:
“The rule is well established that the illegality of seizure of evidence, where such illegality is known before trial, must first be raised by a motion to suppress the evidence, timely made. The legality or illegality of the search and seizure is a collateral matter and the court will not turn aside from the trial of the case to consider such a collateral matter.”
It has been held, however, in People v. Bass, 235 Mich 588, 593, that under a court rule the trial court had discretion to permit a defendant to move to suppress during trial, hut in that case the trial court’s refusal was held not an abuse of discretion where defendant knew of the search the day after officers searched his home and seized certain evidence. This Court said: “Knowing that the officers had made the search and had the evidence secured thereby in their possession, it was the duty of defendant to so inform his attorney.”
Although the discretionary feature of the rule came into being on application of a court rule, it is consonant with the general application of the law and is expressly adopted as such. In restatement, the rule is as quoted above from People v. Heibel, supra, to which may be added: “except under special circumstances the trial court may, within its sound discretion, entertain at trial a motion to suppress.” We dare not attempt to define “special circumstances” for by inclusion in the definition we may be construed as excluding other valid circumstances. However, we cite this situation as an example: where facts constituting the illegality are not known before trial, it is consonant with the general rule for the trial judge to exercise his discretion and turn aside from the trial of the case and consider such a motion. This does not mean that defendant must have had an awareness of the law, but that he had knowledge of factual circumstances constituting the illegal seizure. See Isaacs v. United States (CA 10, 1960), 283 F2d 587, for application of similar principle under Rule 41(e) of the Federal rules of criminal procedure. In such a situation, if the fac tual circumstances are known to defendant in advance of trial, he is responsible for communicating them to his lawyer immediately and his lawyer, in turn, is responsible for making a proper motion in advance of trial. People v. Bass, supra. If, however, factual circumstances are not known sufficiently in advance of trial to permit such a motion then the trial court may exercise its discretion and consider the motion at trial.
In the instant case, we do not find that the trial court abused its discretion by refusing defense counsel’s motion to suppress under the circumstances before him at the trial. There was no claim either then or now that defendant did not know of the factual circumstances surrounding the alleged illegal seizure. In truth, all facts seem to point to the conclusion that defendant was indeed aware. The warrant accused defendant of being armed with “a gun” at the time of robbery. At the preliminary examination, he was identified as the gun wielder; in circuit court, the information not only made the same accusation but specifically identified the weapon by manufacture, model, and serial number. At the very least, we may say that defendant must have been keenly aware by the time of his arraignment in circuit court that he was accused of being armed with a weapon which had been completely and minutely identified. Having been so accused and the alleged weapon so identified and directly tied to defendant, the suggestion is very strong that he knew how the police secured the weapon. All of this would go to the question only of whether factual circumstances surrounding the alleged illegal seizure were known to defendant prior to trial. As to this point, of course, we return to the crucial factor that neither defendant nor his counsel asserted at trial that defendant had no knowledge of the factual circumstances. The burden of asserting and proving was upon the motioner. People v. Robinson, 344 Mich 353, 364. Defendant motioner did not sustain his burden. In addition, it is plain that between the appointment date of defense counsel (December 15, 1955) and the trial date (January 26,1956), time was ample in which to bring a pretrial motion to suppress. We conclude, therefore, that the trial judge did not abuse his discretion under circumstances therein presented.
Defendant’s second argument is that the confession of his accomplice, Dolphus Miller, was obtained as a direct result of illegal detention and that such confession should not have been admitted into evidence at defendant’s trial. Defendant says the rule in People v. Hamilton, 359 Mich 410, should be extended to include confessional testimony of an accomplice. The record shows that Miller was represented by counsel at both the preliminary examination and trial of defendant where Miller appeared as a witness for the people. In both proceedings, Miller testified as to his guilt and also that of defendant. At the preliminary examination, Miller was offered to defendant for cross-examination but the offer was declined. At trial, defendant’s counsel cross-examined Miller.
In the Hamilton Case, where a defendant was not arraigned without unnecessary delay, according to a relevant statute, his detention was unlawful, and where such illegal detention was continued for the purpose of extracting a confession, and where during such detention defendant was denied even limited conference with his counsel, a confession obtained during such detention was thereby rendered involuntary, hence, inadmissible at defendant’s trial. It is unnecessary to discuss extending the rule in Hamilton to confessional testimony of an accomplice, because nothing appears of record to show that Miller was illegally detained or, if so, that it was for the purpose of extracting a confession. We need go no further, inferring nothing as to the merits of the question.
Affirmed.
Dethmers, Kelly, Black, Souris, O’Hara, and Adams, JJ., concurred with Smith, J.
T. M. Kavanagh, 0. J., concurred in result.
See CL 1948, § 750.529 (Stat Ann 1954 Rev § 28.797).
That Rule 41(e) is a restatement of existing Federal law and practice, with certain minor exceptions, see Notes of Advisory Committee on Rules, Rule 41(e), Federal rules of criminal procedure, 18 USCA, and cases cited thereunder.
Corroboration of a kind is found in the affidavit of one Russell Haines, tenant in the searched apartment in 1955. His affidavit, made November 28, 1961, was filed in support of defendant's present motion. Deponent says the police “began searching the apartment” while Ferguson (defendant) “was getting dressed.”
Const 1908, art 2, § 16, now in Const 1963, art 1, § 17. CL 1948, § 764.13 (Stat Ann 1954 Key § 28.872), repealed in 1961, and reenacted by PA 1964, No 58 (CL 1948, § 764.13 [Stat Ann 1965 Cum Supp § 28.871(1)]), and CL 1948, § 764.26 (Stat Ann 1954 Rev § 28.885). — Reporter. | [
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O’Hara, J.
This appeal brings up the continuing effort of John N. Lenz to obtain judicial relief from what he has alleged was an actionable denial, by the then mayor of Detroit, of administrative due process. See Lenz v. Mayor of Detroit, 338 Mich 383, decided December 29, 1953; Lenz v. Mayor of Detroit, 343 Mich 599 (certiorari denied 351 US 983 [76 S Ct 1050, 100 L ed 1497]) decided December 1, 1955, and Lenz v. City of Detroit, 361 Mich 166, decided September 16, 1960. The appeal before us presents for review a judgment that Lenz take nothing by his November 29, 1961 declaration in assumpsit. The gist of that declaration is a demand for damages caused by Detroit’s alleged breach of Lenz’ contract of employment with the city.
The point made in this latest action is familiar. Lenz says he has a right of action against Detroit because his discharge by the city from employment was illegal in that it was accomplished in violation of section 2 of the veterans’ preference act (CL 1948, § 35.402 [Stat Ann 1961 Rev § 4.1222]). Now, as against his former failure to present claim for damages under title 6, chap 7, § 11 of the charter of Detroit and our adjudication that such presentment was a condition precedent of suit for damages by Lenz (361 Mich 166), Lenz says that he presented (January 17, 1961) his claim pursuant to said section 11; that it has been denied by the common council of Detroit, and that he is free to present that claim in the courts for meritorious determination.
We hold that the section 11 filing by Mr. Lenz of his-claim was too late and that the right of action pleaded here was barred by expiration of the regular six-year statute of limitations (CLS 1956, § 609.13 [Stat Ann 1959 Cum Supp § 27.605] ). Mr. Lenz’ right to file under section 11 accrued, along with his right to seek reinstatement by constitutional writ, when the then mayor of Detroit discharged him February 6, 1950 (for the mayor’s letter of discharge, see 338 Mich 390, 391). Most certainly his right to file under section 11 accrued December 29, 1953, when this Court quashed the circuit court’s writ of mandamus and dismissed Lenz’ then effort to have the mayor’s order of discharge set aside. Yet he presented no claim, under section 11, until January 17, 1961. By that time the right of action pleaded here had become extinct.
There is a suggestion in the briefs that the proceedings instituted by Mr. Lenz, first by mandamus to compel reinstatement and then by certiorari to review his discharge, somehow tolled the running of the statute. No authority for the proposition is cited and we find none. The question is governed by the rule of General Discount Corp. v. City of Detroit, 306 Mich 458, 464. That case turned upon another tardy presentment under section 11. The ruling was that the “statute could not be tolled” when, prior to presentment under section 11, “the six-year period had already expired.” We must adhere to such ruling.
The judgment of the circuit court, entered March 27, 1963, is affirmed. No costs.
T. M. Kavanagh, C. J., and Dethmers, Kelly, and Smith, JJ., concurred with O’Hara, J.
For current provisions see PA 1961, No 236, § 5813 (CLS 1961, § 600.5813 [Stat Ann 1962 Rev § 27A.5813]), | [
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T. M. Kavanagh, C. J.
Plaintiffs filed a bill to quiet title in the Calhoun county circuit court on September 27,1960. They prayed that a deed dated' October 22, 1958, given by them to John C. Mackie, State highway commissioner, be declared void, or, in the alternative, that it be corrected to show only the rights the State of Michigan conld take in said land, namely the surface rights for highway purposes only; that an oil and gas lease given by the conservation department of the State of Michigan to The Ohio Oil Company, as authorized by the administrative board of the State of Michigan, be set aside and held as void; and that plaintiffs be declared by decree to be the owners of all oil and gas that may be discovered or found upon the property involved.
Defendant State highway commissioner answered denying plaintiffs were entitled to the relief prayed. Defendant conservation department also answered denying that plaintiffs were entitled to the relief sought.
Defendant Marathon Oil Company in its answer prays that plaintiffs’ bill to quiet title be dismissed; and in the event it is not dismissed, defendant prays that its oil and gas lease to the property be decreed to be a valid lease, alleging itself to be an innocent purchaser for value.
The principal facts upon which the suit was based were stipulated to by the parties and are as follows:
“Plaintiffs, prior to October 22, 1958, were the owners in fee simple of a farm described as the north 250 acres of the fractional section 19 of the township of Sheridan, Calhoun county, Michigan. In connection with the construction of an interstate highway (hereinafter called 1-94) traversing the State of Michigan from the city of Detroit to the city of Benton Harbor, the defendant, John C. Mackie, State highway commissioner, determined that a strip of land 250 feet in width across the southern portion of plaintiffs’ realty was needed for the right-of-way for 1-94. The 250-foot strip consisted of approximately 19.5 acres of plaintiffs’ farm.
“The 250-foot strip was necessary for trunk line highway and right-of-way purposes.
“In the planning, construction, and maintenance of the proposed limited access highway, the State highway commissioner had no need for any oil, gas, or minerals underlying the 250-foot strip of land.
“Pursuant to the authority vested in the highway commissioner under Michigan statutes, he sent representatives of his office to visit plaintiffs. Plaintiffs were informed by these representatives of the forthcoming highway construction over their land and that plaintiffs could either sell right-of-way to the State peaceably or the State would take it by condemnation and that plaintiffs’ damages would be determined by commissioners. Plaintiffs entered into an agreement with the highway commissioner on October 22, 1958. Said agreement, being a warranty deed from plaintiffs to defendant, John C. Mackie, State highway commissioner, is recorded in liber 762 of deeds at page 487, in the office of the register of deeds for the county of Calhoun, State of Michigan, and is made a part of this statement of facts by reference thereto. * * * This deed was prepared by the highway department and was on a form deed used by said department.
“There was no.discussion as to whether, by virtue of said deed, they would lose any rights to oil and gas under the highway right-of-way. Plaintiffs were paid the sum of $1,925. The defendant, Marathon Oil Company, was not a party to, and had no knowledge of, negotiations conducted between plaintiffs and representatives of the State highway commissioner.
“In December, 1958, the first oil well in the Albion field was discovered in Calhoun county, in Albion township, which is directly south and adjoining Sheridan township. * * *
“On November 11, 1958, plaintiffs entered into an oil and gas lease with McClure Oil Company, which lease was subsequently assigned to the defendant, Marathon Oil Company. McClure Oil Company paid plaintiffs a good and sufficient consideration for said lease. The description contained therein was prepared by said company and represents the parcel said company was interested in leasing, and what said company intended to lease. Said lease is recorded in liber 761 at page 539 of deeds, in the office of the register of deeds for the county of Calhoun, State of Michigan * * * .
“During the spring and summer of 1960, two oil wells, which are producing oil and gas in commercial quantities, were drilled on a portion of plaintiffs’ land north of the highway right-of-way. There is a strong possibility that there is oil and gas underlying the 250-foot strip of land where 1-94 is now constructed over plaintiffs’ land.
“On June 10,1960, the department of conservation leased the oil and gas rights under the 250-foot strip to defendant, Marathon Oil Company, following approval of said lease by the conservation commission on May 13,1960, and the State administrative board on June 7, 1960. * * * The defendant, Marathon Oil Company, paid the department of conservation á good and sufficient consideration for said lease. The defendant, Marathon Oil Company (formerly The Ohio Oil Company) was aware of the fact that the highway commissioner had purchased the 250-foot strip by virtue of the warranty deed of October 22, 1958, referred to above, and that interstate highway 1-94 was being constructed thereon.
“1-94 is a limited access highway upon which construction was completed in the summer of 1960 in the vicinity of plaintiffs’ farm. Access to said highway may only be made at specified interchanges, none of which are located on plaintiffs’ land.
“In some instances, along 1-94 in Calhoun county, where ownership of land and the oil, gas, and mineral rights was in different ownership than the surface rights, the highway commissioner, in acquiring right-of-way for 1-94, did not acquire the oil, gas, and mineral rights. He only acquired the right of the surface owner, despite the fact that the ownership of the oil, gas, and mineral rights was of public record. In other instances, subsequent to the discovery of oil and gas in the Albion field, even in Sheridan township, where ownership was not divided, and the highway commissioner filed a determination of necessity, the following language was used therein:
“ ‘Reserving unto the grantor all oil and gas with and underlying the above described land. However, said grantor, her heirs, assigns and representatives are hereby forever barred from ingress to and egress from said above described land for removal of said oil and gas.’
“It is possible to drill on land outside of the right-of-way and recover oil and gas which may be underlying 1-94 without disturbing the construction or travel upon 1-94.”
Plaintiffs’ argument is that the statute provides that the State highway commissioner must take property for trunk line highway purposes in the name of the State of Michigan and any excess property must be taken in his own name—that of John C. Mackie as State highway commissioner; that the whole of the 19.5 acres taken were for trunk line purposes, and the deed from plaintiffs to John C. Mackie as State highway commissioner is void since the commissioner is only authorized by statute to take excess lands not for highway purposes in his own name; that the highway commissioner is limited by the constitutional provision of eminent domain and his statutory authority to only take land for highway purposes; and that, therefore, he had no right to negotiate to take land for any purpose other than excess property or for property on which to build buildings, and to do otherwise is in excess of the authority granted to the State highway commissioner.
Plaintiffs in their bill offered to return the consideration paid by the commissioner if the deed is determined null and void. They argue that the highway department would then be free to pursue whatever course is authorized by statute to acquire the land in question.
The trial judge in a written opinion correctly ruled on the questions involved in this case. We adopt that opinion as the opinion of this Court:
“Section 2 of the limited access highway act [CLS 1961, § 252.52 (Stat Ann 1958 Rev § 9.1094[2])] provides as follows:
“ ‘The State highway commissioner, boards of county road commissioners, and cities and villages, either acting alone or in cooperation with each other or with any Federal, State or local agency having authority to participate in the construction and maintenance of highways, are hereby authorized to establish, open, discontinue, vacate, close, alter, improve, maintain and provide for the public use of limited access highways.’ * * *
“Section 3 of this act [CLS 1961, § 252.53 (Stat Ann 1958 Rev § 9.1094[3])] is as follows:
“ ‘For the purposes of this act, the aforesaid agencies may acquire private property and property rights by purchase, gift, devise, or condemnation, and the provisions of any existing laws of this State shall apply. All property rights acquired under the provisions of this act shall be in fee simple or other appropriate estate.’ (Emphasis supplied.)
“The agencies described in section 2 (including the State highway commissioner) may acquire property by purchase or condemnation. Since the agencies, exclusive of the highway department, cannot possibly take title other than in the name of the agency, e. g., board of county road commissioners, cities and villages, and the State highway commissioner is named in section 2, along with, and in the same context, as the other agencies, it follows that the legislature intended that property, acquired for trunk line limited access highway purposes, whether acquired by purchase or condemnation, be acquired in the name of the State highway commissioner.
“These statutes (sections 2 and 3 of the limited access highway act) do not make different provision for taking title of property, to be used for trunk line highway purposes, as distinguished from property which is or proves to be excess to the immediate needs of the highway department.
“Section 24 of PA 1925, No 352, as amended [CL 1948, § 213.194 (Stat Ann 1958 Rev § 8.195)], which authorizes the sale and conveyance of excess property by reference is incorporated into the limited access highway act and reads in part as follows:
“ 'That in those eases where the title to excess lands, acquired by the State highway commissioner under any law of this State, has been taken in the name of the State of Michigan, it shall be lawful for the State highway commissioner, and he is hereby authorized and empowered to sell and convey said lands as if the title thereto had originally been taken in his name as hereinbefore provided.’ (Emphasis supplied.)
“The authority vested in the State highway commissioner to dispose of excess land, whether title be taken in the name of the commissioner, or in the name of the State, is consistent with the proposition set forth in 49 Am Jur, States, Territories, and Dependencies, § 56, [p 269]:
“ ‘A State board empowered to take and hold the title to property for State purposes does not own such property in any proprietary sense. It is State property, to all intents and purposes, the same as where the title thereto is formally vested in the State.’
“Since title to gas and oil rights, which prove to he excess, if taken in the name of the State, can he disposed of by the commissioner, as if taken in Ms own name (section 24 of the highway condemnation act), logic also permits disposition of ‘excess’ gas and oil rights actually taken in his own name, especially since acquisition in his own name was required by the limited access highway act.
“Pursuant to authorization set forth in section 3 of the limited access highway act, the highway commissioner acquired title in fee simple to the parcel in question. The act does not qualify the legal concept of ‘fee simple’ estate as embracing anything less than the entire bundle of rights including subsurface gas and oil rights. As stated in Attorney General v. Pere Marquette R. Co., 263 Mich 431, 433 (94 ALR 520) fee simple title includes oil, gas, and minerals in the soil; and as an incident of ownership, the right to sell or lease or use the property in any lawful way. When the railroad purchases the fee, it may sell such portion as is not required for railroad purposes, including the gas and oil rights, as freely as could an individual.
“The State highway commissioner, who possesses the broad power to plan and construct trunk line highways, is not restricted, by Constitution or statute, as to the type of estate in land he may purchase.
■ “Article 13, § 1 of the 1908 Constitution provides that:
“ ‘Private property shall not be taken by the public nor by any corporation for public use, without the necessity therefor being first determined and just compensation therefor being first made or secured in such manner as shall be prescribed by law.’
“Even if the acquisition had been by condemnation, in which event the Constitution requires determination of necessity, nevertheless:
“ ‘Highway officers are authorized to condemn land in excess of the amount needed for right-of-way proper, if the public interest will be best served by such taking and the discretion so vested will not be interfered with by a court in the absence of a clear abuse of such discretion.’ New Products Corporation v. State Highway Commissioner, 352 Mich 73.
“Any question relating to abuse of discretion could arise only in the exercise of the power of condemnation involving an involuntary surrender of title, the judicial review of which can only be accomplished in accordance with the special provisions ' delineated in the condemnation act itself.
“The language of the constitutional provision refers to property rights ‘taken’ by condemnation (involving a determination of necessity) and does not refer to such rights acquired by purchase.
' “The land in question was acquired by purchase. The deed granted a fee simple estate to John C. Mackie, Michigan State highway commissioner, without any reservation of gas and oi.l rights.
“The fact that the commissioner chose to exclude gas and oil rights from other parcels taken in condemnation subsequent to the execution and delivery of the. deed involved herein and subsequent to the discovery of oil and gas in the area is of no legal significance here and has no bearing upon the issue in this case.
“In view of the foregoing, we consider it unnecessary to discuss the subject of estoppel, laches, and purchase in good faith.
“A decree may be presented dismissing the bill of complaint, but without costs, since a public question is involved.”
The highway commissioner properly took title to the parcel conveyed by plaintiffs by warranty deed' with no reservation or estate reserved' to plaintiffs. Such conveyance was absolute, without limitation, and this Court will not now entertain protests by plaintiffs to the contrary.
We further conclude that the lease given to Marathon Oil Company by tbe conservation department was a valid agreement and within the scope of the estate conveyed to the highway commissioner by the plaintiffs.
The judgment of the trial court is affirmed. No costs are allowed, a public question being involved.
Dethmers, Kelly, Black, Souris, and O’Hara, J J., concurred.
Smith and Adams, JJ., did not sit.
CL 1918, §213.172 (Stat Ann 1958 Rev §8.172). Amended by PA 1962, No 22, not applicable here, to provide that fluid mineral and gas rights should be deemed excluded from such releases or conveyances unless specifically included therein, and that exercise of such rights should not interfere with the use of such property.
Const 1908, art 13, § 1. For current provision, see Const 1963, art 10, § 2.—Reporter.
CL 1948, § 225.2b (Stat Ann 1958 Rev § 9.204).—Reporter.
CL 1948, § 213.171 et seq. (Stat Ann 1958 Rev § 8.171 et seq.). | [
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Dethmers, J.
Plaintiff sued for damages resulting from personal injuries sustained when, as a pedestrian, he was crossing a street and was struck by an automobile owned and operated by defendant. During pendency of suit defendant took plaintiff’s discovery deposition. Thereafter defendant filed answer denying his negligence and liability and raising the affirmative defense of plaintiff’s contributory negligence. At the same time, defendant moved for summary judgment in his favor on the ground that plaintiff’s deposition disclosed that there was no genuine issue of fact. It was defendant’s position that plaintiff’s deposition showed him to be guilty of contributory negligence as a matter of law. Defendant’s motion was granted. Plaintiff appeals.
Plaintiff’s deposition contained his testimony to the effect that he was 39 years of age when, as a pedestrian, he undertook to cross the 2 southbound lanes of a 4-lane, divided highway. Each lane was 10 feet in width. There was a 3-foot island between the 2 northbound and 2 southbound lanes. The time was 7:15 a.m., on March 30, 1962, the weather was good, and it was broad daylight with no need for cars to have headlights on. He was about to cross the highway from west to east. At about 3 feet west of the west edge of the pavement he stopped, looked to his left, north, and saw a car coming. He waited for it until it passed. He looked north again, had a clear, unobstructed view, and saw no traffic approaching from the north within 3 blocks, 900 to 1,050 feet. He then walked onto the pavement and started to cross. His testimony, once, was that he crossed the 10-foot westerly lane and went another 7 feet to within 3 feet of the center divider and, at another time, that he had crossed the 10-foot westerly lane and gone about 3 or 3-1/2 feet into the easterly lane before he again looked to the north and saw defendant’s car, for the first time, approaching him in the easterly lane within 5 feet north from him, just an instant before it struck him. All this appears from plaintiff’s deposition. There is no dispute on the facts in this connection.
Plaintiff crossed at a point on the street other than at a crosswalk at an intersection. Chapter 7, § 7.6, of the ordinances of the city of Southfield, where the accident occurred, required a pedestrian crossing at such a place to yield the right-of-way to all vehicles on the highway. Chapter 7, § 7.9, forbade crossing at the place where plaintiff did so, there being no marked crosswalk there.
The trial court concluded that plaintiff’s failure to look north, to his left, and' see defendant’s car approaching from the time plaintiff was standing 3 feet west of the westerly edge of the pavement until he had progressed across an additional 10 feet of the westerly lane and then either 3 or 7 feet more across the easterly lane, a total of either 20 feet or 16 feet, depending on which of plaintiff’s 2 versions is accepted, in broad daylight, on a clear day and dry pavement, with no obstruction or unusual circumstances or unexpected actions to excuse him, rendered plaintiff guilty of contributory negligence as a matter of law. Accordingly, on the basis of plaintiff’s own testimony, viewed in the light most favorable to him, the court entered the summary judgment for defendant.
Plaintiff’s reasoning is, essentially, that, despite what he concedes was the rule in what he terms “the older opinions of this Court” to the contrary, under the later holdings of this Court whenever a pedestrian is struck on the street by a motor vehicle the question of his contributory negligence is necessarily one of fact for the jury, never one of law for the court. Cited for this by plaintiff are the following: McKinney v. Yelavich, 352 Mich 687; Vandervelt v. Mather, 353 Mich 1; Shaw v. Bashore, 353 Mich 31; Steger v. Blanchard, 353 Mich 140; Baker v. Gushwa, 354 Mich 241; DeLuca v. Wonnacott, 358 Mich 319; Huhta v. Maloney, 363 Mich 348; Knickerbocker v. Samson, 364 Mich 439.
With respect to some of these cases, in seeking to distinguish them on the facts, the defendant points out that (1) in Huhta the accident happened at night and there were proofs that defendant was driving without lights, and so plaintiff’s failure to see defendant’s car was held to present a question of fact as to his contributory negligence; (2) in Knickerbocker a heavy fog, coupled with defendant’s excessive speed, was held to present a question of fact as to plaintiff’s contributory negligence in failing, to see defendant’s car; (3) in McKinney the question was rendered one of fact by tbe fact that plaintiff was crossing a street at a crosswalk at a complex 6-way street intersection, starting out under the protection of a green signal light which was still in his favor when defendant struck him; (4) in Vandervelt plaintiff was crossing in a crosswalk with a green traffic light in his favor and it was held that he did not have to anticipate that defendant would run a red light; (5) in Steger plaintiff attempted to cross a highway in a school zone, heavily congested with traffic and school buses and she could not see defendant’s approaching vehicle until it crested a hill a short distance away. In contrast, defendant points out that in the case at bar there was no darkness nor fog, no traffic congestion, nothing unusual or unexpected to prevent or make it difficult for plaintiff to see defendant’s car earlier or to excuse him for failure to do so. Consequently, defendant contends, even under those decisions it could not be said that plaintiff’s contributory negligence here presented any question of fact, but only one of law.
Defendant might have gone on to consider also the other cases cited by plaintiff. In Shaw the accident occurred on a hazy, misty evening when visibility was poor. In Balter plaintiff had his truck in a driveway, about to enter but stopped just at the edge of the highway pavement when struck. Defendant’s car came over the crest of a hill at a high, unlawful rate of speed and the sides of the pavement were slushy. In Be Luca the plaintiff was a 9-year-old child who took one step out from behind a parked car, at the same time looking in the direction from which defendant approached, and she was immediately struck. All of these cases are equally distinguishable on the facts from those at' bar in a controlling respect. Here there were no unusual or extenuating circumstances excusing plaintiff’s failure to see defendant’s car until it was too late.
Despite the comfort which plaintiff’s brief writer professes to take, in this respect, from what he considers to be the abandonment of the older and the following of a new trend in the later decisions of this Court, a perusal of such recent cases as Hett v. Duffy, 346 Mich 456, and Shumko v. Center, 363 Mich 504, touching this subject, discloses that even today in this Court there is still some life left in the old theory of contributory negligence as a matter of law under certain circumstances. We think they exist here and that, accordingly, the summary judgment in favor of defendant should be affirmed, with costs to him.
Kelly and O’Hara, JJ., concurred with Dethmers, J.
See GCR 1963, 117.—Reporter. | [
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Black, J.
Plaintiff recovered judgment in the principal suit against defendant Last. The judgment not being paid, plaintiff sued out garnishment against the American Fellowship Insurance Company, designated herein as the garnishee. The garnishee filed disclosure denying liability, alleging that Last’s policy of liability insurance, which by the garnishee had been issued to Last and was in effect at the time plaintiff’s right of action against Last accrued, included under the heading “risks excluded” this clause:
“The company shall not be liable for any loss or claim arising while the automobile shall be rented or used for the transportation of passengers for a .specific charge. Under clauses H, I, and J, the company shall not be liable for any claim as a result of any injury to an employee of the insured while engaged in the business of the insured.”
The disclosure concluded:
“Garnishee further asserts that at the time plaintiff’s alleged cause of action arose, principal defendant James Last’s vehicle was leased to principal defendants James Gallo and Joe Bono, d/b/a Gallo Landscaping Company, for a specific charge and was being operated by an employee of the said James Gallo and Joe Bono, d/b/a Gallo Landscaping Company.”
' The first question is whether the garnishee stands legally estopped from defending on strength of such “risks excluded” clause. The second is whether proof or stipulated fact justifies the garnishee’s contention that plaintiff’s right of action accrued when Last’s insured motor vehicle was “rented or used for the transportation of passengers for a specific charge.” The circuit court ruled that the garnishee was so estopped and entered judgment accordingly. This appeal followed.
The point of estoppel turns upon these facts. The automotive collision which gave rise to plaintiff’s cause against Last occurred July 21, 1959. Plaintiff’s suit against Last was commenced October 1, 1959. Present counsel for the garnishee appeared and answered in his behalf. The same counsel conducted for Last all of the proceedings iisted in the calendar entries to and including rendition of the jury’s verdict and entry of plaintiff’s judgment against Last. The judgment was entered October 11, 1962. Such proceedings included the taking of all discovery depositions; the handling for Last of all proceedings leading up to and including the preparation and filing of the rule-required pretrial statement and, of course, whatever pretrial negotiations toward settlement counsel for plaintiff and counsel for the insurer carried on ex parte Last. Finally, the specific defense against policy liability, pleaded as above by the garnishee, does not seem to have been raised until its disclosure was filed.
What the garnishee did to its insured, and to plaintiff in turn, fully deserved the trial judge’s condemnation as recorded. Manifestly exasperated by the garnishee’s tactics, Judge Kaufman finally remarked to its counsel: “You want your cake and you want to eat it too.” As the discourse appears by transcript, the judge’s remark was stimulated by the garnishee’s continued retention of control over Last’s defense, and over pretrial settlement negotiations, thus denying to Last fair and timely opportunity to protect his rights (a) by a before-trial suit for declaration of rights against his insurer, or (b) independent negotiation of settlement with plaintiff at some figure less than the jury’s substantial verdict, or (c) submission at trial of possibly available evidence that his motor vehicle was not being operated, at the time of this collision, in violation of- the “risks excluded” clause. To this we add that the record leaves no doubt that the garnishee, certainly by the time its answer for Last was filed in the principal suit, was possessed of all knowledge of facts which might tend to prove or disprove application of its presently pleaded “risks excluded” clause. Yet it gave no notice at all, to Last or anyone else, until February 27, 1962.
The garnishee relies upon a letter which, on the last given date, was mailed by it to Last. The letter is headed “notice of reservation of rights.” It reads:
“Whereas American Fellowship Mutual Insurance Company, hereinafter referred to as the company, has heretofore issued to you its policy of insurance, No. E-143822, insuring you against liability imposed upon you by law resulting from the operation of a 1950 Ford truck, motor number 98EQH8537, owned by you and described in said policy, and
“Whereas by reason of an accident involving said motor vehicle, while being operated by Homer Allen on July 2, 1959, which occurred on Dix at Moran Roads, Lincoln Park, Michigan, you have been sued by Dolores Tackett and Gertrude Meirthew in the circuit court for the county of Wayne, State of Michigan, for damages and injuries sustained in said accident, and
“Whereas certain summons and other pleadings issued out of said actions and served upon you have been tendered to the company;
. “Now therefore you are hereby notified that the company will defend said actions pending against you through its regular attorneys, and will pay its said attorneys for all services in connection therewith, but the company in undertaking your defense, does so under a reservation of rights, and without prejudice, and subject to the conditions, limitations, exclusions and agreements of said policy, and subject to the express understanding that by so doing the company does not waive any of its rights to rely upon the provisions of said policy, and does not waive any defense it may have to any claimed liability under said policy.
“It is understood that the company does not undertake to pay any final judgment which may be rendered against you in said actions.
“You are also notified that you may, if you so desire, employ counsel at your own expense to assist in defending you in said actions.”
We hold the notice legally insufficient; also that it came too late to avoid presumptive prejudice of Last’s rights and plaintiff’s consequential rights. The notice was vague and uncertain. It smacks of bad faith for want of specific reference to that clause of the policy the garnishee has pleaded. In no field of law is legal duty more rigidly enforced than in instances as at bar. The insurer must fulfill its policy-contracted obligation with utmost loyalty to its insured; not for the purpose of developing, secretly or otherwise, a policy defense. When a conflict of interest — even a mere possibility thereof — arises, the law suggests (if it does not require) that the insurer act promptly and openly, on peril of estoppel, preferably upon a record made in the pending case (if pending as here) with the court fully apprised of all necessary details; also that the insurer act thus on time for arms’ length actions which may protect the respective rights of both parties to the' contract of insurance.
The rule we apply was quoted from Fidelity & Casualty Co. of New York v. Board of County Road Commissioners of Schoolcraft County, 267 Mich 193, 198, in Beals v. Central Mutual Auto Ins. Co., 269 Mich 477, 481:
“We think the true rule is stated in Fidelity & Casualty Co. of New York v. Board of County Road Commissioners of Schoolcraft County, 267 Mich 193, where this court said:
“ ‘It seems to be well settled also that when an insurer, although obligated to defend under the terms of its policy, with knowledge of or means of ascertaining facts which, if established, will relieve it from liability at the suit of the insured, undertakes and prosecutes the defense, without giving reasonable notice to the insured that it does not consider itself liable to it under the policy, it is estopped to deny its liability. But if notice be given that in the event of certain facts being established it will disclaim liability and the insured, after such notice, makes no objection to its further defense of the action or proceeding, no estoppel can be based thereon.’ ”
To summarise: This insurer’s notice failed the quoted “reasonable” test because it was unreasonably and prejudicially tardy. It failed that test because it left Last in the dark as to the nature of the policy defense or defenses the insurer had in mind; if indeed it had any in mind save such as might be conceived later as the principal case proceeded.
During oral argument of this case question was raised whether plaintiff is entitled to assert and depend upon Last’s rights. To this there is a short answer. Refer to CLS 1961, §§ 500.3004, 500.3006 (Stat Ann 1957 Rev §§ 24.13004, 24.13006) and Flanagan v. Harder, 270 Mich 288, 291, 292. When plaintiff recovered her judgment against Last, she succeeded under the statute to Last’s herein affirmed rights and thereupon became possessed of right to proceed, as the statute says, against the insurer by “an action in the nature of a writ of garnishment,” subject only to such valid defenses as may have been possessed by the insurer against Last. For due preservation of such defenses, see CLS 1961, § 500-.3012 (Stat Ann 1957 Rev § 24.13012).
The conclusions reached above sustain the circuit court’s judgment regardless of judicial answer to the second question posed by the garnishee, that is, factual applicability of the first sentence of the “risks excluded” clause. As to that point it is sufficient to say that no claim was or is made, either that Last’s motor vehicle had been rented for the transportation of passengers for a specific charge or, at the time of this automotive collision, -was being used for the transportation of passengers for a specific charge. In its brief, under the heading “statement of stipulated facts,” the garnishee states fully its factual position as follows:
“Garnishee further asserted that at the time the plaintiff’s cause of action arose, the principal defendant, James Last’s vehicle was leased to principal defendant, James Gallo and Joe Bono d/b/a Gallo Landscaping Company, for a specific charge and was being operated by an employee of the said James G-allo and Joe Bono d/b/a Gallo Landscaping Company.”
The circuit court’s judgment was rightfully entered as against the garnishee’s assignments of error. It is affirmed, with costs to plaintiff.
T. M. Kayanagh, C. J., and Dethmers, Kelly, Souris, Smith, O’Hara, and Adams, JJ., concurred.
For an instructive and exhaustive annotation, see 38 ALR2d 1148, “Liability insurance: insurer’s assumption of or continuation in defense of aetion brought against the assured as waiver or estoppel as regards defense of noneoverage or other defense existing at time of accident.”
For the original wording of these sections, see CL 1948, § 522.33 (Stat Ann § 24.296). The original section was replaced by 5 sections which were enacted and appear now as sections 3004, 3006, 3008, 3012, and 3030 of the insurance code of 1956, PA 1956, No 218 (CLS 1961, §§ 500.3004, 500.3006, 500.3008, 500.3012, 500.3030 [Stat Ann 1957 Rev §§ 24.13004, 24.13006, 24.13008, 24.13012, 24.13030]). | [
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O’Hara, J.
Appellants here are telephone operators employed or formerly employed by appelleeutility. Each asked for and received a maternity leave of absence. In each case it was given for a specified period. Each, at differing times both prior to and upon termination of the leave granted, sought reemployment from appellee. Each was refused reemployment on the ground of lack of work. Each filed for employment security benefits. By administrative determination and redetermination benefits to each were denied. Each appealed to a referee. Different referees reached different conclusions, resulting in affirmance or reversal of the commission. Each claim was appealed to the appeal board. All claimants were granted benefits by the board. The employer appealed all cases to the circuit court of Ingham county. The circuit judge reversed the appeal board in all cases. All claimants are before us as appellants.
The provision of the Michigan employment security act which controls reads:
“Sec. 29. (1) An individual shall be disqualified for benefits: * * *
“(d) For the duration of her unemployment when it is found by the commission that total or partial unemployment is due to pregnancy: Provided, That this provision shall not apply to an individual who-has received a leave of absence, dne to pregnancy, from her employing unit and applies for reinstatement at the termination of such leave but is not reemployed by such employing unit. Leave of absence as used in this section shall mean an authorized absence from employment with an assurance of reemployment by the employing unit.”
Claimant-appellants contend that:
(1) The circuit court exceeded the settled permissible bounds of judicial review of the appeal board’s findings.
(2) Each of them received a leave of absence as defined in the statute with an assurance of reemployment.
(3) The appellee-employer acquiesced in the construction of the act which awarded them benefits.
The appellee contends that:
(1) The circuit court’s finding was well within the scope of judicial review.
(2) Claimant-appellants did not receive a leave of absence with assurance of reemployment within the meaning of the quoted statute.
(3) It did not acquiesce in a construction of the statute entitling claimant-appellants to benefits.
As previously noted, referees for the commission —lawyers all, who daily hear contested cases under the act — divided as to its construction. Circuit judges, all of whom have had measurable experience in these appeals, were likewise divided. There is no' controlling precedent of this Court except as to the varied contentions as to the scope of review. As' to this issue we hold that the opinion of Mr. Justice Souris in Wickey v. Employment Security Commission, 369 Mich 487, controls and we do not find that the trial judge offended against it. In fact, the circuit court demonstrated that he fully apprehended the scope of review in his observation:
“The court does not find any disputed issue here with respect to assurance, but if there are then it must be said that the findings of the appeal board are against the great weight of the evidence.”
Judge Salmon considered the real issue to be construction of the statutory phrase with an assurance of reemployment by the employing unit. He construed it as a matter of law, as was his duty. It is axiomatic that the overriding consideration in this respect is the determination of legislative intent.
“The fundamental rule of construction of statutes is to ascertain and give effect to the intention of the legislature.” (June v. School District No. 11, Southfield Township, Oakland County, 283 Mich 533, 543 [116 ALR 581].)
It is equally as fundamental that in such determination words are given their ordinary meaning. See People v. Powell, 280 Mich 699, 703 (111 ALR 721). When the legislature used the phrase “leave of absence,” we must presume it was used in its normally accepted meaning. It seems to us that “leave of absence” generally speaking, means a temporary authorized release from one’s duty for a stated period with the right or duty to return at the end thereof. If then, as we conclude that is what the phrase connotes in its ordinary meaning, what was the legislative reason for adding “with an assurance of reemployment by the employing unit?” We look first to the statute itself for any significant language of clarification. We think when the legislature included the admonition “as used in this section,” it was stating clearly and unequivocally that whatever variations the term might im port when used by the military establishment, educational institutions, or any other entity which may grant leaves of absence, the phrase “as used in this section” obligates us to respect the definition specified in the statute. Our coordinate governmental branch tells us that whatever we may think “leave of absence” means, whatever the marines or the University of Michigan might consider it to be, however one of a hundred and one different employers use the term, or how six different dictionaries may define it, “leave of absence” as used in this section of the statute “shall mean an authorized absence from employment with an assurance of reemployment by the employing unit.” We would be hard put to give to the statute any meaning other than that accorded it by the trial judge.
We think it further significant, as did the trial judge, that the collective bargaining agreement between appellants’ duly constituted bargaining agent and appellee recites:
“Except as otherwise stated with respect to leaves of absence for union duties and military leaves, the granting of a leave without gay does not include the assurance that an employee’s position will be available to him at the termination of his leave. 'The company may, however, reinstate the employee in the same or similar capacity if such a position is available when the employee’s leave is terminated.” (Art 8, paragraph 8.12) (Emphasis this Court’s.)
To this extent then we affirm Judge Salmon’s construction of the statute. The variant holdings of the referees, of the appeal board and the different circuit courts of the State are bound hereby. Leave of absence for the purpose of this section of this statute must include in it an affirmative commitment by the employer to reemploy. The commitment in the words of the trial judge must he “sure, certain and definite.”
We turn now to whether in these cases such “sure, certain and definite” assurance of reemployment was given. We decline to accept the “waiver” theory urged by appellants. They contend that because in prior instances they were rehired upon application, and that because certain referee decisions which granted benefits to these claimants and to others similarly situated went unappealed, appellants thereby acquired some manner of vested right to benefits in the instant cases. As noted by appellees in their brief, the facts in the unappealed referee cases might very well have varied from those in the cases at bar, and we may not accept the employer’s choice not to appeal them as controlling here. Neither is the “past practice” of rehiring controlling. In discharge for misconduct cases a course of employer conduct might lull employees into the well-founded belief in and reliance upon an employer’s interpretation of what constitutes “misconduct.” Misconduct is not, as is the involved term here, expressly defined in the statute. Here public policy — the wisdom or efficacy of which cannot be our concern as a Court — imposes a disqualification for benefits when unemployment is “due to pregnancy.” There follows the statutorily defined exception in cases of authorized leave with assurance of reemployment. Under the test we have heretofore adopted that such assurance be “sure, certain and definite” an employer option to reemploy, when labor market conditions permit, cannot be held to alter the plain meaning of the statute when it is invoked. The legislature did not inhibit the employer from reemploying an employee granted a maternity leave. It did affirmatively provide for disqualification when her unemployment is due to pregnancy unless the statutory exception obtains.
We must now determine under the interpretation of the statute which we have held reflects the legislative intention, whether there was testimony from which the appeal board could have found as a matter of fact that claimant-appellants received sure, definite and certain assurance of reemployment.
We have combed the record with care. We find abundant testimony that the employer did not advise any claimant-appellant that she would not be reemployed. We find abundant testimony that each claimant-appellant fully expected to be reemployed. We find ample testimony to establish that when work was available no other employee similarly situated as claimant-appellants was ever refused reemployment upon application therefor.
Nowhere, however, can we find any testimony that upon application for maternity leave, the employer affirmatively gave to any appellant affirmative assurance of reemployment. None the less, the appeal board so found in the following variations in language :
(Coleman): “It is the practice of employer to reinstate employees absent on a pregnancy leave.”
(Fuller): “Claimant had reasonable assurance when she commenced her leave that she would resume her work upon the termination of that leave.”
(Messer): “The facts strongly indicate that the claimant had reasonable assurance when she commenced her leave that she would resume her work upon the termination of that leave.”
(Charboneau): “On the basis of her past experience with maternity leaves of absence, had reasonable assurance when she commenced her leave that she would resume her work upon the termination of that leave.”
In the case of appellant Coleman where the appeal board affirmed the referee without opinion, the finding was a finding of ultimate fact. That fact was that it was the practice of the employer under these circumstances to reemploy. In her case Judge Salmon was eminently correct in holding that this finding of fact was not dispositive of the appeal; that no controlling issue of fact existed, and that only a legal question of statutory interpretation was involved.
In the other 3 cases we have what more properly should be designated legal conclusions from facts. As pointed out by Mr. Justice Dethmers in George F. Alger Co. v. Public Service Commission, 339 Mich 104, at pp 111, 112:
“Because there is no dispute concerning what external acts defendants carried out, * * * the commission was not, at that juncture, deciding a question of fact, but, rather, the legal one of what acts are necessary, under the statute, to avoid forfeiture. Hence, there was, in this respect, no substituting of the circuit court’s opinion for that of the commission on a question of fact.”
That is the precise situation here. The appeal board was deciding the question of what external acts constituted an assurance of reemployment. In this very difficult of delineation area we must carefully distinguish between an administrative body’s arriving at a legal conclusion from adduced fads and drawing conclusions or inferences of fact from testimonial facts themselves. However metaphysical this may sound, the concept must be articulated in decision language because upon that language depends the whole process of adjudication by an administrative body.
We cannot here undertake to make the distinction for every commission, board, or bureau functioning in every separate area entrusted to its expertise because few, if any, statutes delegating authority to the particular body are identical. Each is a complex of legislative delegation with restrictions, limitations and varying scopes of statutory judicial review. We do undertake here to distinguish between the instances where an administrative body, under the legislative delegation of power is authorized by the terms of the statute to make ultimate conclusions of fact, which conclusions of fact, if testimonially supported, become binding upon courts on review, as opposed to cases such as this where the involved section of the statute includes its own legislatively created legal definition of a term used within the statute. Had the statute in this case entrusted to the commission the right to determine tuhat constituted a leave of absence and what the incidents of a leave of absence were, any court would be chary of substituting its determination for that of the commission. As Mr. Justice Holmes so incisively held in Chicago, B. & Q. R. Co. v. Babcock, 204 US 585, 598 (27 S Ct 326, 329, 51 L ed 636):
“Within its jurisdiction, except, as we have said, in the case of fraud or a clearly shown adoption of wrong principles, it [the agency] is the ultimate guardian of certain rights. The State has confided those rights to its protection and has trusted to its honor and capacity as it confides the protection of other social relations to the courts of law.”
The situation is not in principle different here. In the field of employment security there has been entrusted to the commission the major task of administering a most salutary social enactment. Absent “adoption of wrong principles” in the words of Mr. Justice Holmes, the commission’s statutory interpretation should be accorded great weight by the courts. We believe here, however, there was an “adoption of wrong principle” by this appeal board. The present appeal board faced conflicting- circuit court opinions construing the statutory phrase “with an assurance of reemployment.” In 1956, the Monroe county circuit court held that the above phrase in no way limited the meaning of the term “leave of absence.” Of this decision the appeal board 3 years later (1959) said:
“This appeal board considers that the court’s comment on the ‘assurance of reemployment’ phase in the cited case [Monroe county] implies an interpretation which would render the legislature’s definition of leave of absence as stated in section 29(1) (d) vain and fruitless contrary to fundamental principles of statutory interpretation.”
This decision was affirmed by the circuit court of Macomb county.
Two years later (1961) in the instant cases, the appeal board reversed itself and readopted the earlier “no restriction” construction. In 1963, Judge Salmon reversed the appeal board’s reversal of its prior holding.
Under the foregoing circumstances we admit to some difficulty in applying Justice Holmes’ view that the statutory interpretation of the involved administrative agency be given great weight by the courts. We reaffirm here, however, the rule of statutory construction that the proper office of a proviso in a statute is to qualify or restrain some preceding-general provision. See Moeller v. Wayne County Board of Supervisors, 279 Mich 505.
We think the circuit judge here correctly applied the well-settled rules of statutory construction as they had previously been applied by the appeal board and affirmed by the circuit court of Macomb county.
As to all claimant-appellants, the order of the circuit court reversing the appeal board and affirming the administrative redetermination of the commission disqualifying them for benefits is affirmed for the reasons hereinbefore set out. As to claimant-appellant Coleman, whose application for reinstatement was made 5-1/2 months prior to the termination of the leave of absence granted, we further hold that to come within the proviso in the statute excepting claimants from the disqualification for pregnancy, application for reinstatement must be made as the statute requires “at the termination of such leave.”
No costs, a public question being involved.
Dethmers, J., concurred with O’Hara, J.
Kelly and Black, JJ., concurred in result.
CLS 1961, § 421.29 (Stat Ann 1960 Rev § 17.531).
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Dethmers, J.
This is an unemployment compensation case. The appeal here is by employees, defendants, from a circuit court order denying benefits.
Involved is the eligibility of defendants for unemployment insurance benefits for the period from June 30, 1961, to July 17, 1961. During that time the employer, plaintiff-appellee, closed its plant. Defendants say this was an attempt by plaintiff to impose a vacation involuntarily upon its employees. Defendants were members of a labor union which had a collective bargaining agreement with plaintiff containing, inter alia, the following provisions :
“Eligible employees may take their vacations once during each calendar year upon application under the following procedure:
“(a) Applications made between January 1st and May 31st shall be granted in the order in which application is made.
“(b) Applications made between June 1st and December 31st shall be granted on a seniority basis. Such applications under this provision must be made at least 30 days before the starting date of the vacation.
“(c) It is understood that no classification shall be reduced by vacation leaves under either (.a) or (b) above so as to impede the ordinary course of production. Any vacations denied shall be determined under (a) by denying the latest application and under (b) by denying the' application of the junior employees.
- “(d) Only one application shall be accepted from' any employee during a calendar year. If an employee desires to split his vacation period, the .dates for all time to be taken must be, indicated on this one application. In the event an application is denied, the employee may reapply.
“(e) The date of vacation payment may not be prior to June 25th' of any calendar year.”
“Section 6. If production does npt .permit the granting' of time off from work, the company agrees to pay a bonus in lieu of vacations. " The amount of the bonus to be compúted -according' to sections 1 through 5 above. Such bonus in lieu of Vacations will be paid on the last pay day before July 4, 1959, to those employees who are eligible.”
“Any employee, otherwise qualified, who is laid off and who has worked at least 6 months since the last May 31st, shall be given a check in lieu of vacation to be computed according to the applicable percentage under this article, upon giving the company a 10-day notice.”
Plaintiff had posted notice to employees that it would close for annual vacation on June 30th and reopen on July 17th. The plant was closed on June 30th and on that date defendants received payments from plaintiff in amounts calculated according to the labor agreement’s vacation plan. Plaintiff’s president testified that management had expected an increase in business after the 4th of July and they found it advantageous to get vacations out of the way so that attendance thereafter would be good and production would not be broken by employees being off for vacation.
Plaintiff contends that payments made on June 30th were vacation payment and, hence, defendants were not unemployed within the meaning of the act because, under the meaning of section 48 of the Michigan employment security act (CLS 1961, § 421.48 [Stat Ann 1960 Rev § 17.552]) there had been remuneration payable to them with respect to the period in question.
Defendants’ position is that the payments to them represented a bonus due them under the labor agreement, and, accordingly, these were not remuneration with respect to that period so as to disqualify them for unemployent compensation benefits.
Applicable is Renown Stove Company v. Unemployment Compensation Commission, 328 Mich 436, as relates to the claimants in that case belonging to the International Molders & Foundry Workers’ Union, employed under an agreement providing for paid vacations during a mutually agreed upon time with, an alternative in the employee to elect to receive a bonus in lieu of vacation. In upholding their rights to unemployment compensation benefits, this Court said (p 443):
“It will be noted that under the contract the employer did not have the option of laying employees off for 1 or 2 weeks, declaring the layoff to be a vacation and designating the 40 or 80 hours’ pay in lieu of vacation provided for in the contract, to be, in fact, vacation pay; on the contrary, the option rested with the employees to elect whether they would take vacation with pay or a bonus of 40 or 80 hours’ pay in lieu of vacation with pay. The employees covered by this contract exercised their option and elected to receive a bonus * * * as they had a right to do under the contract. The payment so received was, therefore, a bonus and not vacation pay and, in consequence, the employees involved did not receive a vacation with pay.”
In this case of Rich, too, employees had the right to select their period of vacation or, under certain circumstances, to receive a bonus in lieu of vacation. The reasoning above quoted from Renown applies to the very comparable facts in this case.
As for the contract before us, its provision for bonus in lieu of vacation, if the employer deemed production to be such as not to permit vacations, would have entitled claimants to the bonus even though they had performed services during and received remuneration for every week in the year. We think that, under Hubbard v. Unemployment Compensation Commission, 328 Mich 444, this provision of the agreement and the facts in this case call for holding that the June 30th payments were bonus.
Decision of the circuit court is reversed and the ruling of the appeal board granting benefits to defendants herein is affirmed, with costs to them.
Kelly, O’Hara, and Adams, JJ., concurred with Dethmers, J.
Black, J., concurred in result. | [
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Souris, J.
(for reversal). Plaintiff Bunda brought suit under the wrongful death act, CL 1948, § 691.581 et seq. (Stat Ann 1959 Cum Supp § 27.711 et seq.), against defendants Hardwick and Brown for damages arising out of the death of her husband. On March 27, 1960, at about 7:30 p.m., Mr. Bunda was driving a station wagon northeasterly on three-lane highway US 25 in St. Clair county, when he collided, in the center lane, with the rear of an automobile being driven by Michael Bycerz. No one was injured by this collision.
Mr. Bycerz drove his vehicle off the highway, but the engine of Mr. Bunda’s station wagon could not be started and, therefore, that vehicle was not then moved off the highway. It remained approximately in the center lane, facing northeasterly.
While Mr. Bunda was standing near his disabled vehicle (and, according to some witnesses, within the light from its headlights), it, he, and Mr. Bycerz were struck by an automobile driven by defendant Hardwick, who was traveling southwesterly. Mr. Bunda was rendered unconscious and was bleeding from the nose, but there was evidence offered at trial that he was still alive after this second collision. However, Mr. Bunda was shortly thereafter run over by defendant Brown’s northeasterly bound vehicle and, when next examined, was dead.
Defendant Brown was defaulted prior to trial for failure to respond to a summons. At trial the jury returned a verdict of $90,000 against defendants Brown and Hardwick, and Mr. Hardwick alone appeals.
Appellant’s claimed errors may be grouped into two general categories: Those relating to the trial itself, and those relating to the circuit judge’s jury instructions. We shall consider them in that order.
I.
A.
Mr. Hardwick argues that the circuit judge erred in refusing to permit him to introduce a certificate of birth of a child born to Mrs. Bunda from which he claims the jury might have inferred that Mrs. Bunda had remarried. He relies upon Jones v. McMillan (1901), 129 Mich 86; Hewitt v. East Jordan Lumber Co. (1904), 136 Mich 110; Sipes v. Michigan Central R. Co. (1925), 231 Mich 404; and Stuive v. Pere Marquette R. Co. (1945), 311 Mich 143, all of which were cited in Wechsler v. Mroczkowski (1958), 351 Mich 483, as authority for the proposition that remarriage acts to mitigate or bar damages in actions brought under the wrongful death act for the death of a spouse. That proposition was not in issue in Wechsler and was mentioned therein only in rejection of the suggestion that the rationale behind such proposition, by analogy, be extended by this Court to permit proof of the adoption of a decedent’s minor children after decedent’s death in bar or mitigation of the infants’ claim for damages for the wrongful death of their parent. We there said (p 489):
“No cases relating to barring or mitigation of damages by post-deatli adoption are cited to us. We are asked by counsel for appellee to extend to the instant situation the Michigan cases wherein Michigan, among a small minority of the States, has held that remarriage of a spouse acts to mitigate or bar damages under the statute pertaining to actions for wrongful death. Jones v. McMillan, 129 Mich 86; Hewitt v. East Jordan Lumber Co., 136 Mich 110; Sipes v. Michigan Central R. Co., 231 Mich 404; Stuive v. Pere Marquette R. Co., 311 Mich 143.
“This we decline to do. On grounds of public policy, we decline to hold post-death adoption as a bar to a child’s claim for pecuniary injury due to the wrongful death of a parent. Such a rule would sanction a substantial economic barrier to adoption of children wrongfully orphaned.
“Further, in Restatement of Torts we find this statement of the rule:
“ ‘The fact that support, education or other gratuities have been received from third persons, although induced by the death, or that the survivors will be cared for by third persons, does not mitigate the damages.’ 4 Restatement, Torts, Damages, § 925h”
While it is true that Jones, Hewitt, Sipes, and Stuive collectively seem to commit Michigan, exclusively among the States, to a radical rule permitting proof of remarriage in bar or mitigation of a widow’s damages in a suit for the wrongful death of her spouse, their precedential value is dubious. In the first place, the “rule” when first applied by this Court seems to have had its genesis, in 1925 in the Sipes Case, as the result of a mistaken reading of some rather cryptic language which appeared in 1901 in the Jones Case. Second, in none of the four cases relied upon by the appellant was any reasoned consideration given to the so-called “rule”. Third, the rule, if it be that, patently is inconsistent with this Court’s reasoning in a directly related matter, the exclusion of evidence of payments from a collateral source in bar or mitigation of damages for negligent injury or wrongful death. The first two reasons stated for regarding the “rule’s” precedential value of dubious force can be considered together in a review of the four cases relied upon in support of it; the “rule’s” inconsistency with our collateral source rule will be considered subsequently.
The first suggestion that this Court should approve a jury’s consideration of the probability of the remarriage of a widow suing for damages for the wrongful death of her husband occurred in 1804 in the Hewitt Case. There, this Court affirmed a jury verdict in favor of the plaintiff widow. During the trial the jury was instructed that the widow’s life expectancy was 26 years according to the mortality tables, and it was also instructed, however, that she might not live that long. On appeal, defendant’s attorney claimed that the circuit judge also should have told the jury that it could consider the “possibility” of the widow’s remarriage in assessing her damages and cited, in support of his claim, the case of Jones v. McMillan, supra. This Court, without so much as suggesting even its agreement with defense counsel’s reliance upon the Jones Case, refused to consider the defendant’s claim on appeal simply because defendant’s counsel had failed to make any requests to the circuit judge for any instructions relating to the use to which the jury might put mortality tables. Thus, it can hardly be claimed that this Court in Hewitt anounced any such rule as we are asked on this appeal to apply.
Turning now to the Jones Case upon which reliance was placed by the defendant’s counsel in the Hewitt Case on appeal, we find that this Court reversed a jury verdict in favor of plaintiff whose husband was found to have been wrongfully killed in defendant’s service. While the case was reversed for several prejudicial errors not pertinent hereto, this Court planted its reversal also on the ground that the circuit judge erroneously instructed the jury that it was bound to determine damages on the basis of the probable support decedent would have contributed to his widow during her life expectancy as shown in the mortality tables and to his children until they attained age 21, which instruction was given without any of the customary limitations such as the probability of the widow’s or of the children’s death prior to the stated ages, the probability of changes in decedent’s earning capacity had he not been wrongfully killed and the probability of the emancipation of the minor children by marriage prior to their attaining the age of 21. After quoting the charge as given erroneously by the circuit judge, this Court added the following short paragraph of discussion, which defense counsel in Hewitt seized upon and which, I submit, this Court misconstrued in Sipes, as I hope later to demonstrate :
“The jury would naturally award damages for the entire expectancy, as shown by the tables, for the widow, and up to the age of 21 for each child, without considering the possibilities of death, marriage, and earning capacity of deceased in either case.” 129 Mich 86, 91.
The use of the word “marriage” in the above passage is, as I view the cases, the cause of our subse quent difficulty. Defense counsel in Hewitt seized upon the unqualified use of the word to argue to this Court in Heioitt that it referred to the widow’s marriage after the decedent’s death and so, too, did this Court construe that word and that curt passage in Sipes. However, it seems highly unlikely to me that this Court would in such an oblique way announce a new rule in Michigan, particularly one so radical, without careful and definitive statement of its reasons for doing so. It seems far more likely to me that this Court, when it spoke as quoted above in Jones, meant only that the jury should have been permitted to consider, in mitigation of plaintiff’s damages, the probability of her death before the end of her normal life expectancy or the death of any or all of the surviving minor children prior to their attainment of the age of 21, or of the marriage of any of the children before attainment of age 21 and, as well, fluctuations in the earning capacity of decedent had he lived. Such a reading of the quoted passage, particularly its reference to the matter of marriage, limiting that reference to the “possible” marriage only of the surviving children of decedent, is entirely consistent with the law as it existed prior thereto. See Rouse v. Detroit Electric Railway (1901), 128 Mich 149, and Ormsbee v. Grand Trunk W. R. Co. (1917), 197 Mich 576.
In 1925, when Sipes was decided, this Court seems finally to have adopted the contention made futilely by defense counsel 21 years earlier in Hewitt. In Sipes, this Court reversed a judgment in favor of plaintiff widow. Among the errors discussed by the Court was defendant’s claim that the jury should have been instructed to consider the “possibility” of the widow’s remarriage in assessing her damages. The entire discussion of this Court on that point is set forth herewith:
“The widow was 21 years of age at the time of the trial and defendant requested the court to instruct the jury to consider, in fixing the period of loss of support, the possibility of her remarriage. This was covered by the tenth request and was not given, nor the substance thereof included in the charge. The possibility of so young a person contracting another marriage should have been permitted to temper the thought of celibacy for 39 years. Jones v. McMillan, 129 Mich 86.” 231 Mich 404, 407.
The Sipes Case is interesting for at least two reasons. First, of course, is the Court’s planting the relevance of the jury’s consideration of the “possibility” of remarriage upon Jones v. McMillan, which as we have seen, gave no reasoned attention to the issue nor, it is apparent, did the Court in Sipes. Second, while the Court found the award to Flossie Sipes of $15,166.66 excessive because based “upon a mere speculative supposition of increase in earnings under problematical future opportunities” (231 Mich 404, 406), the question of a “possible” remarriage of Mrs. Sipes, and presumably, the “possible” benefit to her therefrom, was considered not too speculative a ground for reducing any damages the jury might otherwise find should be awarded.
The fourth case in which this issue has been before this Court is Stuive, supra, decided in 1945. In that case plaintiff had remarried at the time of suit to recover damages for the wrongful death of his first wife. Defendant objected that plaintiff had been awarded damages for loss of the household services of his deceased wife for a period even after plaintiff’s remarriage when, presumably, his new wife performed such household services for him. This Court’s entire discussion of the issue, in Stuive, covers four lines of our reports:
“We have examined the instructions given the jury and conclude that they were informed that the loss of the wife’s services as a housekeeper was limited in time up to the time of plaintiff’s remarriage.” 311 Mich 143, 151.
Thus it is seen that the rule we are asked to apply has its origin in a shorthand expression casually delivered by the Court in Jones in 1901 and mistakenly adopted as a rule of law by this Court in Sipes in 1925, and only twice thereafter, in Stuive in 1945 and in Wechsler in 1958, even having been mentioned by this Court. Furthermore, in none of the cases cited was any reasoned thought given by this Court to the question of relevance of evidence of remarriage, or of evidence of the probability thereof, to the damages sustained as the result of the death of a spouse. Had such thought been given to the question of relevance, I am convinced that the “rule” never would have been adopted, not alone because no rational argument can be made that such evidence is relevant, but also because such “rule” would be at war with established principles of Michigan law regarding the admissibility of evidence in mitigation of damages, and, as well, with evidentiary principles adopted by other jurisdictions which have considered the question.
In Motts v. Michigan Cab Co. (1936), 274 Mich 437, cited with approval in Royer v. Eskovitz (1960), 358 Mich 279, and Canning v. Hannaford (1964), 373 Mich 41, this Court considered whether an employer’s payments to an injured employee, plaintiff, when he was unable to work, would bar or mitigate his recovery from the defendant tort-feasor for loss of earnings. We concluded that such payments would not, reasoning thusly:
“This doctrine is evidently analogous to that followed generally throughout the courts of this country, that a recovery of damages for loss, injury or death, from a tort-feasor, is not barred by the receipt by the injured or his beneficiaries of money paid by’ an insurance company on an insurance policy for the same respective loss, injury, or death.
“In Roth v. Chatlos, 97 Conn 282, 287, 288 (116 A 332, 22 ALR. 1554), the court said:
“ ‘Evidence was also excluded, and properly, that the plaintiff was insured against loss from the payment of a hospital hill incurred in the effort to cure the injuries suffered through the negligence of defendant.
“ ‘The authorities, both numerically and in weight, agree that a defendant owes to the injured compensation for injuries the proximate cause of which was his own negligence, and that their payment by third parties cannot relieve him of this obligation, and that, whether the motive impelling their payment he affection, philanthropy, or contract, the injured is the beneficiary of their bounty and not him who caused the injury. In short, the defendant has no equitable or legal claim to share in the amount paid for the plaintiff. The majority rule of the cases is that an injured person is entitled to recover as damages for reasonable medical, hospital, or nursing services rendered him, whether these are rendered him gratuitously or paid for by his employer. Such service or such payment is for the benefit of the injured person. It is a gift to him. But since it is one of the elements of injury, he is entitled to recover the reasonable value of the service.’ ” 274 Mich 437, 444, 445.
See, also, 4 Bestatement, Torts (1939), § 920, which states the general rule as follows:
“Where the defendant’s tortious conduct has caused harm to the plaintiff or to his property and in so doing has conferred upon the plaintiff a special benefit to the interest which was harmed, the value of the benefit conferred is considered in mitigation of damages, where this is equitable.”
Comment e to that section provides this significant and pertinent qualification:
“The rule stated in this section does not apply where, although a benefit is received because of the harm, such benefit is the result of the forethought of the plaintiff or of a gift to him by a third person. The plaintiff is not barred from recovery merely because he suffers no net loss from the injury, as where he is insured or where friends make contributions to him because of the loss. If his things are tortiously destroyed, the insurance carrier is subrogated to his position. In other cases the damages which he is entitled to recover are not diminished by the fact that, either as a matter of a contract right or because of gifts, the transaction results in no loss to him. Where a person has been disabled and hence cannot work but derives an income during the period of disability from a contract of insurance or from a contract of employment which requires payment during such period, his income is not the result of earnings but of previous contractual arrangements made for his own benefit, not the tort-feasor’s. Likewise, the damages for loss of earnings are not diminished by the fact that his employer or a third person makes gifts to him even though these have been given because of his incapacity. Further, he may be able to recover for the reasonable value of medical treatment or other services made necessary by the injury although these have been donated to him.”
If a defendant cannot show the certain benefit accruing from receipt of insurance as a mitigation of damages (Motts, supra) and if post-death adoption of a decedent’s minor children neither bars nor mitigates their claim for damages for the wrongful death of their parent (Wechsler, supra), it is quite, illogical to permit a defendant to show either that plaintiff has remarried or, worse, that because she is young and attractive, she might sometime in the future remarry. "We think the proper rule is stated in The City of Rome (SD NY 1930), 48 F2d 333, cited with approval in Wechsler, supra, wherein the court denied defendant the right to go into the question of remarriage, approving this language of a commissioner in admiralty:
“I have not stopped a widow’s pecuniary loss at the date of her remarriage. It would be pure assumption to do so; there is no evidence before me to indicate whether she is as well off pecuniarily, or better or worse, by reason of her remarriage. Nor do I think that any such consideration would be relevant. It may often happen that, by reason of inheritance, or insurance, or by reason of her own industry and superior capacity, a widow may be much better off pecuniarily after her husband’s death than she had ever been in his lifetime. No one has .ever suggested that such considerations must be taken into account in computing her pecuniary loss. Her remarriage is analogous. The fundamental question is, not her financial situation after her husband’s death, but what she might reasonably have expected to receive from him had he lived.” 48 F2d 333, 338.
The court then went on to say:
“If we should enter upon an inquiry as to the relative merits of the new husband as a provider, coupled with his age, employment, condition of health, and other incidental elements concerning him, unavoidably we should embark upon a realm of speculation and be led into a sea of impossible calculations.” 48 F2d 333, 343.
In an annotation, “Remarriage of surviving spouse, or possibility thereof, as affecting action for wrongful death of deceased spouse”, 87 ALR2d 252, 253 (1963), it is stated:
“All of the American jurisdictions which have considered the question, except Michigan, hold that the surviving spouse’s remarriage, or the possibility thereof, does not affect the damages recoverable in an action for wrongful death of the deceased spouse. Two reasons are offered in support of this rule: (1) the cause of action arises at the time of the decedent’s death, and the damages are determinable as of the same time; and (2) the rule providing for mitigation of damages on account of the surviving spouse’s remarriage is highly speculative, because it involves a comparison of the prospective earnings, services, and contributions of the deceased spouse with those of the new spouse.”
I would hold that evidence of plaintiff’s remarriage or the probability of her remarriage is irrelevant and, therefore, was properly excluded, in determining the damages she suffered upon the death of her spouse. Insofar as Jones, Hewitt, Sipes, Stuive, and Wechsler, supra, suggest the contrary, I would overrule them.
B.
Appellant asserts prejudicial error was committed by the circuit judge in overruling his objection to what appellant characterizes as “the repeated effort of plaintiff’s counsel to exact a pledge from prospective jurors to bring in a verdict for a large sum, namely $150,000.” During the voir dire examination, plaintiff’s counsel asked the jurors the following question:
“Mr. Walsh: Do any members of this jury panel * * * have any feeling in an action like this for a man’s death, have any fixed thoughts or feelings as to an amount of a verdict that should be rendered or some top amount beyond which you would not be willing to go or feeling that there should only be a certain amount awarded; in other words, a limit that would arbitrarily impose in their mind on what the value ought to be put on the economic losses to this family from the death of Mr. Bunda? In other words, in this case we have asked damages in the amount of $150,000. Mr. Bunda, I think you will find, was 37 years of age at the time of his death. Are there any members of the panel who would feel that no man’s life would be worth $150,000?”
To this question defendant’s counsel made only the following objection:
“Mr. Bush: Your Honor, for the record I would rise to make an objection that that is improper interrogation on voir dire examination.”
In what respects counsel thought the quoted examination “improper”, and on what specific ground he then desired the circuit judge to bar such inquiry, do not appear in the objection as made. "We do not read G-CR 1963, 507.5 to mean that an objection now may be made without stating grounds therefor in sufficient detail to inform not only the circuit judge, but also opposing counsel, precisely what defect is claimed. The mere assertion that “that is improper interrogation on voir dire examination” neither sufficiently identifies what portion of the interrogation is objectionable nor does it specify in what respects it is challenged as “improper”. In short, defense counsel’s objection was too indefinite.
“It presented to the mind of the court no distinct matter to be passed upon, and, in view of the circumstances, was very little, if any, better than no explanation at all; and the point does not appear to us to call for indulgent treatment.” Jennison v. Haire (1874), 29 Mich 207, 211.
In the same case, the following apt statements appear:
“It [the objection] was too indefinite. The occasion required a distinct and suggestive statement. By that which was made the court was left in a state of complete uncertainty respecting the specific defect relied on by the objecting party, and no other duty was raised than to overrule the objection.” Id., p 212.
“The precise and only ground on which the judgment entry was objected to was, that the judgment was not properly rendered. This objection, like others which have been noticed, was too general and unspecific to bind the court to entertain it. The objecting party, in view of the circumstances, should have so presented his point as to have drawn the attention of the court to the defect or difficulty complained of. This was not done, and there was nothing to indicate the subject pointed at.” Id., p 214.
On appeal, for the first time, defense counsel asserts that the quoted voir dire examination, to which he made his “for the record” objection, had as its improper objective the jurors’ pledge to return a verdict for plaintiff in a stated amount. The assertion, untimely as it is, does not characterize fairly the quoted examination. Neither in what preceded the objection nor in what followed, significantly without further objection, did plaintiff’s counsel seek to extract any pledge from the jurors. In his subsequent voir dire plaintiff’s counsel sought from the jurors only their assurance that they would not be unwilling to award the full amount of damages proved to be due plaintiff even if such proof might indicate plaintiff was damaged in the amount of $150,000, the full amount for -which suit was brought.
In Spelker v. Knobloch (1958), 354 Mich 403, this Court reiterated the principle that the scope of voir dire examination largely is within the discretion of the circuit judge There, this Court found no abuse of judicial discretion in the circuit judge’s refusal to permit a plaintiff’s attorney to mention a specific sum sought as damages during voir dire examination, that attorney having failed in the trial court even to attempt to rephrase his question to the jurors and, obviously, having failed to persuade this Court that the circuit judge’s ruling prejudiced plaintiff’s case.' Thus, in this case of Bunda, had a properly specific objection been made to the questions asked by plaintiff’s counsel during the voir dire, the circuit judge, on the authority of Spelher v. Knobloch, would not have abused his judicial discretion had he sustained such an objection. However, Spelher does not consider the converse situation presented by this appeal, whether a circuit judge’s refusal to sustain such an objection constitutes an abuse of judicial discretion. Since we should reverse and remand for new trial, for errors to be discussed, infra, and since this issue may arise again in the event of a retrial, I consider it appropriate to examine the issue on its merits.
I would not consider it an abuse of judicial discretion for a circuit judge to permit questions to be asked on voir dire such as were asked in this case since, as will be demonstrated, infra, there are prospective jurors who would refuse to award what they' regard as large verdicts, regardless of evidence which might justify such verdicts. A litigant’s right to trial before an impartial jury (Const 1963, art 1, § 14) requires that he be given an opportunity to obtain the information necessary to challenge such individuals for cause or peremptorily. Of interest is the case of Murphy v. Lindahl (1960), 24 Ill App 2d 461 (165 NE2d 340, 82 ALR2d 1410), which discusses the problem thusly (pp 470, 471) :
“Complaint is made of error during the voir dire. Plaintiff’s attorney sought to elicit answers showing the attitude of the prospective jurors toward returning a $300,000 verdict, the amount sued for. One woman answered that under no circumstances would she affix her name to such a verdict. One man answered, ‘I would not sign a verdict. I don’t think the injury would be worth $300,000.’ Questions were asked of the female prospective jurors as to how they might react to evidence showing the crushed and bleeding leg of plaintiff. One woman was excused for cause, because she said such evidence would make her sick.
“Plaintiff was entitled to a voir dire examination sufficient to show that each juror accepted was free from bias, prejudice or an opinion implying a prejudgment of the case, which would not readily yield to contrary evidence, so that he could fairly and impartially try the case according to law and the evidence, and render a true verdict. Questions which are designed to obtain a pledge from the prospective juror as to how he would decide the case on an assumed state of facts, or to obtain a statement showing which party he would favor in a supposed state of the evidence, are improper. People v. Robinson, 299 Ill 617, 619 (132 NE 803); People v. Wiggins, 231 Ill App 467, 477.
“The instant record shows that some prospective jurors may have had fixed opinions, which indicate bias or prejudice against large verdicts, and which might not readily yield to proper evidence. Questions which tend to be gruesome and inflammatory should be avoided, but again the instant case demonstrates that it is possible for a prospective juror to be so sensitive to some evidence as to make effective and impartial jury duty improbable. ¥e see no abuse of discretion in the instant case.”
Veniremen holding views such as those expressed in Murphy are subject to challenge for cause under GCR 1963, 511.4, which lists as grounds:
“(4) that the person shows a state of mind which will prevent him from rendering a just verdict, or has formed a positive opinion on the facts of the case or as to what the outcome should he;
“(5) that the person has opinions or conscientious scruples which would improperly influence his verdict.”
If a plaintiff were not permitted to ask questions like those asked in Murphy, he would be deprived unfairly of his right to challenge such persons for cause.
In the annotation, Propriety of inquiry on voir dire as to juror’s attitude toward amount of damages asked, 82 ALR2d 1420 (1962), it is said, with support of cited cases:
“The cases here discussed have generally recognized the rule that the trial judge ordinarily has a wide measure of discretion in controlling the scope of inquiry on voir dire and that the allowance or denial of a particular inquiry constitutes reversible error only where that discretion was clearly abused and prejudice resulted. In most of the cases the view has been taken that possible prejudice against large verdicts is a matter as to which the trial court can properly permit inquiry, so long as the question is not so phrased as to amount to an attempt to pledge the juror to a particular award. It has been so held in several actions for personal injury.”
Further evidence that some prospective jurors have acquired prejudices against large verdicts is found in Moore v. Ready Mixed Concrete Co. (Mo, 1959), 329 SW2d 14, 21:
“A more serious question arises in connection with contentions of error in regard to questions propounded to the jury panel by plaintiff’s counsel upon the voir dire examination. That complaint is based upon the following: ‘Mr. Hardy: Now, in this case I state that the amount sued for is $300,000. Naturally, this jury will be the final judge of the amount, if any,"of the damages to which Mr. Moore is entitled, but in filing this case the figure of $300,000 was not just picked out of the air. We intend to prove damages amounting to more than that. * * * Is there any one on the panel that if the plaintiff’s evidence shows you that Bob Moore has been ruined for life, and that he has been damaged at least $300,-000, and under the court’s instructions as to the law you feel he is entitled to recover, is there anyone who would have any hesitancy for any reason in bringing in a verdict of $300,000 for him, if the evidence shows he is entitled to it? Mr. Howard L. McIntosh: I am afraid I would.’ Without any specific challenge being made the court excused Mr. McIntosh. Mrs. Eobinson (of the jury panel) then asked that the question be repeated. At that point counsel for defendants (out of the hearing of the jury) moved that the panel be discharged upon the ground that the question imposed upon the panel a commitment of a willingness to return a verdict for $300,000. The motion was overruled.
“Thereafter, the following occurred: ‘Mr. Hardy : My last question was that in view of the fact that the plaintiff is here seeking damages in the amount of $300,000, if we prove damages to Mr. Moore of $300,000 or more, and if under the court’s instructions concerning the law it is shown that we are entitled to recover, would you have any hesitancy in bringing back a verdict that large? Mrs. Eobinson : I believe so; being a business womanyes.’ ”
Although the Missouri court said that it was unnecessary to consider the question directly, it stated that any possible prejudice which might have resulted to .defendant was corrected by the trial judge’s instruction to the jury that they had not been committed by the voir clire examination to return a verdict for any particular amount.
Some courts, however, have expressed concern that the mention upon voir dire of a monetary amount would permit “adroit and resourceful” coun sel in final argument to convince the jury that they had already committed themselves to return a verdict in the mentioned amount. See Henthorn v. Long (1961), 146 W Va 636, 652, 653 (122 SE2d 186). Such an argument begs the question, in that it assumes that counsel will be permitted to question jurors in such a. manner as to exact an express or implied pledge on their part. Of course, counsel can, and should, be barred from doing so. It would not, however, be an abuse of judicial discretion to permit counsel to question jurors to determine whether they would be willing to return a verdict for plaintiff in the amount requested if they find upon all evidence adduced at trial that he is entitled to such amount. A plaintiff who is not permitted to ask such questions may end up with jurors like Mrs. Robinson in Moore, supra, who rvould hesitate in returning a verdict to which plaintiff was legally entitled. A fair trial is predicated upon an impartial jury, and to deny plaintiff the right to make inquiries of this nature might subject him to a jury prejudiced against awarding him what lawfully may be due him. If such interrogation by plaintiff’s counsel be allowed, defendant, of course, would be entitled to have the jury instructed, at the time of the voir dire as well as in the formal charge to the jury, that such voir dire inquiries are in no way binding upon them, as was done in Moore.
C.
Defendant next argues that knowledge that he carried automobile liability insurance was conveyed improperly to the jury when the following colloquy occurred between plaintiff’s counsel and a witness, Mr. Rycerz, upon redirect examination:
“Q. Mike, prior to this suit and back in about. December of last year were you asked for and didj you give a statement to a man who came out to your house representing Mr. Hardwick; do you recall that?
“A. He said he was a representative from the Triple A.
“Mr. Bush: Just a moment, Your Honor, this is all irrelevant and immaterial. This man is Mr. Walsh’s witness. I presume he does not intend to impeach him.
“Mr. Walsh: I intend to employ a statement to refresh the witness’ recollection. I do not care about any—
“Mr. Bush: May I address the court, Your Honor?
“The Gourt: You may proceed.
“Mr. Bush: I should like to address the court, if I may, Your Honor. As I understand it, this is a witness on direct examination by Mr. Walsh and there is no question of any impeachment proceedings.
“The Court: No.
“Mr. Bush: I think under those circumstances it would be improper to use the tactics that he is using.
“The Court: I do not believe he is going to impeach him.
“Mr. Bush: That would be the only purpose for using a prior writing, Your Honor, and basis that I know of in the lav/.
“Mr. Walsh: I would suggest and submit to the court that I can use it to refresh recollection if it has this effect and I would propose to do so.
“Mr. Bu,sh: If we are going to get into a legal discussion, Your Honor, I would suggest that we take a short recess before there is any ruling on a matter of this importance.
“The Court: You may proceed.”
We have examined the testimonial context in which this exchange took place and are convinced that the circuit judge was warranted in refusing to grant defendant’s motion for mistrial, made one week later. The following language from Trafamczak v. Anys (1948), 320 Mich 653, 662, is relevant:
“In the case at bar it does not appear that any attempt was made by counsel for the plaintiff to make any use whatsoever of the statement concerning insurance. Neither does it appear that the matter was designedly injected into the case. The form of counsel’s question was not such as to call for any statement from the witness as to what defendant had said with reference to insurance.”
D.
One more alleged error in the trial proceedings remains to be considered. During the trial one of plaintiff’s counsel informed the circuit judge that Mrs. Bunda had told him that she heard someone in the jury room, near the open door of which she was sitting, say that defendant Brown had not appeared for trial because he had no insurance. A hearing on the matter was held in the judge’s chambers and the following discussion occurred:
“Mr. Walsh: * * * I gather that the court officer was present with the jury in the jury room.
“Eugene Stewart [court officer]: Yes, I was there, BiH.
“The Court: Did you hear any discussion in that regard ?
“Eugene Stewart: I did not get in any discussion about it. One of the other ones answered. He heard that he did not have insurance.
“The Court: One of the men jurors?
“Eugene Stewart: One of the other men there.
“Mr. Walsh: It was not your voice that answered the question, Gene?
“Eugene Stewart: I said I don’t know what it is; he might be in jail, I don’t know; I don’t know anything about it, Bill.
“Mr. Walsh: As I say, to the extent I asked my lady she admits she did not see Gene, she was not watching Gene, he was around and all she was doing —it was a voice thing, but I thought I should bring it to the court’s attention, perhaps, to have the court bring it to Gene’s and see if this occurred.
“Eugene Stewart: I never get into any of those discussions, Bill. The only thing I answer if they ask me anything about hours or anything, then I will answer it, but otherwise about the case that is to be saved until after.
“Mr. Bush: Did the conversation take place inside the jury room, Gene?
“Eugene Stewart: Inside the jury room right here about a quarter after 1. I said he could be in jail for all I knew, I didn’t know, but I don’t know anything about the case, only what I am hearing here.
“Mr. Bush: But you did not directly make any reference to the presence or absence of insurance on the part of the defendant Brown?
“Eugene Stewart: No, I don’t know.
“Mr. Walsh: As I say, I am delighted to hear that myself. It certainly worried me.
“Eugene Steivart: Somebody, asked the other day about insurance and I told them that it could not be said in the courtroom in certain cases that I knéw of. * * *
“The Court: There was no one in the jury room outside of the jurors at this time?
“Eugene Stewart: No. The only one in there was Judge Kane.
“The Cotirt: Well, I am sure he would not raise the insurance question.
“Mr. Walsh: Did you say Judge Kane was the,re at the time ?
“Eugene Stewart: He was playing euchre. * * *
“Mr. Walsh: I have noticed in this case, Tour Honor, that you have not been admonishing the jury at the day’s end and as they hit breaks that they are not to consider the case until it ends and that they are not to talk with themselves either.
“The Court: I usually do that toward the end of it, but I will do that tonight.”
On the basis of this hearing defendant moved for a mistrial and renewed his motion at the end of plaintiff’s proofs. The motion should have been granted.
The conduct of the court officer as disclosed by this record should not have been tolerated. It is clear that he conversed with jurors in the jury room during the trial and that he listened to them discussing the case prior to deliberation, which is in itself improper, and against which a jury should be instructed at the very beginning of a trial and periodically thereafter. It is clear, also, that in the course of one such conversation the court officer answered a question concerning insurance by saying that in certain cases insurance could not he mentioned. Whether the jury inferred from this answer that appellant was or was not insured is irrelevant, since whichever inference they drew would mean that the issue of appellant’s being insured had been injected into the case in violation of CLS 1961, § 500.3030 (Stat Ann 1957 Rev § 24.13030), now a rule of this Court by virtue of GCR 1963,16. See Darr v. Buckley (1959), 355 Mich 392.
Had these conversations occurred after the jury had retired for deliberation, it could not be questioned that a new trial would have been in order. People v. Kangas (1962), 366 Mich 201, 206. Plaintiff argues, however, that because these conversations occurred during trial, but before the jury had retired to deliberate upon its verdict, they were not improper. The argument is unsound.
A jury is summoned to decide a case solely upon the basis of testimony and other evidence presented in open court. To permit a court officer to associate unnecessarily with the jurors, and to answer questions upon points of procedure, and who knows what else, deprives litigants of the right to a decision grounded solely upon evidence produced in open court. See, generally, Turner v. Louisiana (1965), 379 US 466 (85 S Ct 546, 13 L ed 2d 424). The court officer who is put in charge of a jury to prevent, as far as is practicable, outside sources from influencing its verdict, should not be permitted to be the source of such influence.
A court officer should not converse with the jurors at any time, except as necessary to direct them where to go and when. If they ask him any questions in any way related to the case on trial, he should tell them that he is not permitted to make any comment upon the case or its conduct, but that he will take to the judge any written questions they may have. Except in unusual circumstances, see, for example, Hampton v. Van Nest’s Estate (1917), 196 Mich 404, 409, there is no need for the court officer even to be in the jury room when the jurors are there. The judge should inform the jury even prior to trial that this must be the type of relationship it has with the court officer.
The reversal of this case probably would not have been necessary had the circuit judge instructed the jurors not to discuss the case among themselves until they retired for deliberation, or had he instructed his court officer to refrain from untoward fraternization with the jurors. This latter point we emphasize, since apparently our admonition in People v. Kangas, supra, is not yet being heeded by all circuit judges. We there were careful, at p 208, to “caution trial judges that bailiffs, sheriffs, and other court personnel should be warned about practices involving associations with jurors both in and out of the courtroom which might create the opportunity to influence their decisions.”
II.
Since this case should be retried, it is not inappropriate to discuss some of the alleged instructional errors which may arise again upon retrial.
A.
Defendant Hardwick requested an instruction that if the Hardwick-Bunda collision were caused by Mr. Hardwick’s negligence, plaintiff could not sue under the wrongful death act unless the injuries inflicted to Mr. Bunda in that accident were fatal. Defendant argues that if his negligence were found to have caused the Hardwick-Bunda collision, then Mr. Bunda’s widow could not recover against him under the wrongful death act, but rather her remedy against him would be under the survival act, CL 1948, § 612-.32 (Stat Ann § 27.684). The assumption implicit in this argument is that Mr. Hardwick’s asserted negligence was not a proximate cause of Mr. Bunda’s death, and that, since Mr. Hardwick did not cause that death, he may not be sued under the wrongful death act, plaintiff’s remedy being properly under the survival act. We do not agree.
The wrongful death act, at the time, read pertinently :
“Whenever the death of a person or injuries resulting in death, shall be caused by wrongful act, neglect or default, and the act, neglect or default is such as would (if death had not ensued) have entitled the party injured to maintain an action and recover damages, in respect thereof, then and in every such case, the person who, or the corporation which would have been liable, if death had not ensued, shall be liable to an action for damages.” CL 1948, § 691.581 (Stat Ann 1959 Cum Supp § 27.711).
The jury was entitled to find that the injuries resulting in Mr. Bunda’s death were caused by Mr. Hardwick even if Mr. Bunda would not have died as the result of injuries directly incurred in the Hardwick-Bunda collision. Section 443 of Restatement, Torts 2d (1965) states the correct rule:
“The intervention of a force which is a normal consequence of a situation created by the actor’s negligent conduct is not a superseding cause of harm which such conduct has been a substantial factor in bringing about.”
Illustration 3 of section 443 covers the situation hypothesized by Hardwick:
“3. A car negligently driven by A strikes B and leaves him unconscious on the highway. Shortly afterward B is run over and further injured by a. car negligently driven by C. A is subject to liability to B for both injuries.”
And see Comstock v. General Motors Corporation (1959), 358 Mich 163 (78 ALR2d 449); Prosser, The Law of Torts (3d ed 1964), p 315.
B.
Defendant relies also on Maddux v. Donaldson (1961), 362 Mich 425 (100 ALR2d 1) to relieve himself of liability for Mr. Bunda’s death. His reliance upon Maddux is misplaced. He cites this language in particular (p 432):
“It is our conclusion that if there is competent testimony, adduced either by plaintiff or defendant, that the injuries are factually and medically separable, and that the liability for all such injuries and damages, or parts thereof, may be allocated with reasonable certainty to the impacts in turn, the jury will be instructed accordingly and mere difficulty in so doing will not relieve the triers of the facts of this responsibility.”
The language quoted states the law correctly, but it does not serve to relieve defendant Hardwick of liability for Mr, Bunda’s death if Mr, Hardwick’s actions were a proximate canse of that death. This is shown hy language in Maddux which appears after that just cited, quoting the 4 Restatement, Torts (1939), § 879, and an illustration thereof:
“Concurring or Consecutive Independent Acts.
“Except as stated in section 881 [referring to the apportionment of damages in a nuisance case], each of two persons who is independently guilty of tortious conduct which is a substantial factor in causing a harm to another is liable for the entire harm, in the absence of a superseding cause. * * *
“2. A negligently knocks B into the street, the impact causing B no substantial harm. Before B can arise, however, he is negligently run over by C who is acting in the scope of his employment as D’s servant. B is severely hurt thereby. For this harm B is entitled to a judgment for the entire amount of harm from A, C or D or all of them.” See 362 Mich 425, 433, 434.
Mr. Hardwick’s situation is analogous to A’s in the illustration, and thus even under Maddux he properly may be held liable for Mr. Bunda’s death.
C.
Defendant alleges that the instruction given concerning his duty to drive so as to be able to stop within the assured clear distance ahead was erroneous. ¥e have read the charge dealing with this matter and are convinced that read'in its entirety it was not reversibly erroneous.
D.
Defendant objects because the circuit judge instructed the jury that there was a presumption, which could be overcome by credible evidence, that Mr. Bunda was in the exercise of due care when struck by Mr. Hardwick’s vehicle. The evidence in this case tending to establish Mr. Bunda’s alleged contributory negligence was not so free from doubt or uncertainty as to have precluded a finding by the jury that he was free from contributory negligence at the time he was struck by Mr. Hardwick. Thus, the circuit judge did not err in informing the jury of the presumption. See Hill v. Harbor Steel & Supply Corporation (1965), 374 Mich 194, 208—210.
No other alleged instructional error merits discussion.
III.
The questions raised by defendant on this appeal were not waived, as claimed by plaintiff, because he failed to move for a new trial and instead appealed directly. All of the alleged errors considered were ruled upon by the circuit judge during the proceedings below. To preserve such points for appellate review it is not necessary for counsel again to ask the circuit judge to reverse himself, by ruling differently upon questions he already has ruled upon. See Kiernan v. Van Schaik (CA 3, 1965), 347 F2d 775, 777:
“The error was not waived because it was not assigned in the motion for new trial. Objections to rulings made at trial are ripe for review and need not be reiterated in the court below on a motion for new trial. This is equally true whether no such motion is made or the objection is not included as a ground for new trial when a motion is filed. See 6 Moore, Federal Practice (2d ed 1953), § 59.14.”
This case should be reversed and remanded. Costs maybe assessed.
T. M. Kavanagh, C. J., and Dethmers, J., concurred with Souris, J.
See, currently, CLS 1961, § 600.2922 (Stat Ann 1962 Rev § 27 A.2922).
Throughout the eases which discuss this issue, reference is made to the “possibility” of remarriage, suggesting, it seems to me, that the jury might be permitted on this unique occasion to speculate about such “possibility”. I fail to see why such an issue, even if otherwise appropriate for jury consideration, should merit deviation from the law’s traditional concern only with the probability of future events and not their mere possible occurrence.
From what follows it should be apparent that I do not agree, with the holding of the Court in Spelker v. Knobloch. However, it is not necessary for purposes of this decision to consider overruling Spelher. It will be time enough to consider that when we are again ijace'd with the necessity of reviewing a circuit judge’s refusal; to permit’mention during vbir dire óf a specific sum sought as damages.
See, currently, CLS 1961, § 600.2921 (Stat Ann 1962 Rev § 27 A.2921).
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W. R. Brown, J.
The significant issue raised in this appeal is whether employees who decline to cross a picket line and attend work during a strike because of reasonable fear of violence are nonetheless entitled to unemployment compensation benefits. We hold that they are.
Plaintiffs are a group of foremen who were employed by defendant Tecumseh Products Co., on November 15, 1974, at the start of a strike that lasted until April 1, 1975. The foremen maintained union membership solely to keep seniority in case of a cutback of employees. They did not participate in union activities nor did they vote on the strike nor stand to benefit by the strike. For the initial two weeks of the strike, the employer conducted training sessions at a location away from the main plant. Thereafter, the foremen were instructed to report to the plant, entailing the crossing of a picket line.
The foremen testified before the hearing referee that they were subjected to threats of violence. One of the foremen testified that when he attempted to drive across the picket line, his vehicle was forced to a stop by one of the strikers who "crawled out of his truck, ripped his coat off and jerked me out of the car”. The foremen decided not to cross the picket line for fear of physical harm. In February, 1975, the employer obtained an injunction against the strikers.
The Employment Security Appeal Board as well as the circuit court ruled that plaintiffs were not entitled to unemployment benefits by virtue of MCLA 421.29(8) and (8)(a)(iv); MSA 17.531(8) and (8)(a)(iv). These statutory provisions read in relevant part as follows:
"(8) An individual shall be disqualified for benefits for any week with respect to which his total or partial unemployment is due to a labor dispute in active progress * * * in the establishment in which he is or was last employed * * * . An individual shall not be disqualified under this subsection if he is not directly involved in the dispute.
"(a) For the purposes of this subsection an individual shall not be deemed to be directly involved in a labor dispute unless it is established that:
"(iv) His total or partial unemployment is due to a labor dispute which was or is in progress in a department or unit or group of workers in the same establishment.”
The lower court and administrative bodies ruled that since plaintiffs were employed in the "same establishment”, and could have gone to work "but for” the labor dispute, plaintiffs were ineligible for benefits. While we acknowledge the rule that a peaceful strike at a single place of employment bars even nonstriking employees from unemployment compensation benefits, Noblit v The Marmon Group, 386 Mich 652; 194 NW2d 324 (1972), we hold it inapplicable to these facts calling for application of the "actual violence” exception to the general rule that workers involved in a labor dispute are not entitled to unemployment compensation benefits.
The referee made the finding that "the claimants 'feared bodily harm’ if they crossed picket lines”. There is no dispute as to this factual finding and it is supported by competent, material, and substantial evidence on the whole record. Thus, our review is to determine whether the law was properly applied to the facts. Baker v General Motors Corp, 74 Mich App 237, 244-245 n 2; 254 NW2d 45 (1977).
The error of law below is in the focus on the "same establishment” language of the statute. In order to come within the labor dispute disqualification, the unemployment must first be "due to” a labor dispute. Under similar predecessor statutes , the Michigan Supreme Court recognized that fear of violence would exempt a worker from the labor dispute disqualification. Dynamic Manufacturers, Inc v Employment Security Commission, 369 Mich 556, 558-559; 120 NW2d 173 (1963). Decisions in other states likewise recognize this exception. See Clary v Central Foundry Co, — Ala —; 333 So 2d 824 (1976), Haskon, Inc v Coleman, 310 A2d 657, 660 (Del Super, 1973), Sangamo Electric Co v Donnelly, 26 Ill 2d 348, 354; 186 NE2d 230, 233-234 (1962), Achenbach v Review Board of Indiana Employment Security Division, 242 Ind 655, 664-665; 179 NE2d 873, 878 (1962), Schooley v Board of Review, 43 NJ Super 381, 385; 128 A2d 708, 710 (1957), Kennecott Copper Corp v Employment Security Comm, 81 NM 532, 533; 469 P2d 511, 512 (1970), Blankenship v Board of Review, 486 P2d 718, 721 (Okla 1971), Unemployment Compensation Board of Review v G C Murphy Co, 19 Pa Com 572, 578; 339 A2d 167, 171 (1975).
However, this exception has a narrow application. We adopt the standards set forth in Anno., Refusal of Non-Striking Employee to Cross Picket Line as Justifying Denial of Unemployment Compensation Benefits, 62 ALR3d 380, § 4[a], p 397. For a claimant to be entitled to unemployment benefits during a strike, the claimant must show the following:
"(1) that he was willing to cross a peaceful picket line, (2) that he made a reasonable attempt to cross the picket line in question, or (3) that his sole reason for failing to cross the picket line was a well-founded and reasonable apprehension of violence to his person.”
Applying these standards, we hold that plaintiffs were entitled to unemployment compensation benefits. Plaintiffs had continued working after the strike commenced and testified to a willingness to continue to do so. The referee’s finding that plaintiffs "feared bodily harm” is supported by the record as a whole and the record also shows that there were unsuccessful attempts to cross the picket line. With the threats of violence present, plaintiffs’ unemployment must be deemed involuntary and not "due to” a labor dispute. Thus, we reverse and remand to the Employment Security Appeal Board for further proceedings.
Reversed and remanded.
The then applicable statutes, contained in 1955 PA 281, § 29(l)(b), read as follows:
"(b) For any week with respect to which his total or partial unemployment is due to a stoppage of work existing because of a labor dispute in the establishment in which he is or was last employed: Provided, however, That no individual shall be disqualified under this section if he shall establish that he is not directly involved in such dispute. For the purpose of this section, no individual shall be deemed to be directly involved in a labor dispute unless it is established:
"(1) That, at the time or in the course of a labor dispute in the establishment in which he was then employed, he shall in concert with 1 or more other employees have voluntarily stopped working other than at the direction of his employing unit, or
"(2) That he is participating in or financing or directly interested in the labor dispute which caused the stoppage of work: Provided, however, That the payment of regular union dues shall not be construed as financing a labor dispute within the meaning of this subsection, or
"(3) That at any time, there being no labor dispute in the establishment or department in which he was employed, he shall have voluntarily stopped working, other than at the direction of his employing unit, in sympathy with employees in some other establishment or department in which labor dispute was then in progress, or
“(4) That at any time, there being no labor dispute in the particular department or unit in which he was then employed, or there being no labor dispute among the grade or class of workers within the employing unit to which he belongs, he shall have become unemployed because of a stoppage of work in his particular department or unit, or among the grade or class of workers to which he belongs, which stoppage of work is due to a labor dispute which was or is in progress in some other department or unit or among a different grade or class of workers of the same employing unit by whom he was then employed.” | [
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H. L. Heading, J.
Plaintiff appeals from the final order of the trial court dismissing his complaint against defendants. We find the decision of the trial court to be correct, and affirm.
Plaintiff was elected to the office of supervisor of Saginaw Township, taking office on November 20, 1976. On December 13, 1976, he proposed to the township board that the position of township manager be eliminated and the responsibilities of the post be assumed by plaintiff as township supervisor. The proposal was adopted by the board on January 10, 1977. On March 30, 1977, defendant-inter venor Committee to Recall Woods filed recall petitions containing more than 6,200 signatures with the Saginaw County Clerk. Subsequently, the County Elections Scheduling Committee scheduled a special election on the issue for May 31, 1977.
On April 18, 1977, plaintiff filed this action, praying that the recall petitions be declared invalid and that the township clerk be enjoined from conducting the special election. The Committee to Recall Woods intervened as a defendant, and all remaining defendants other than the township clerk were dismissed by stipulation of the parties. The sole issue for determination by the trial court w;as whether the reasons for recall stated in the petitions failed to meet the requirement of MCLA 168.952; MSA 6.1952, that recall petitions clearly state the reason or reasons for the recall demand.
The reasons set forth in the challenged petitions were as follows:
"(1) That Mr. Woods misled the voters in his campaign for Supervisor by failing to disclose his plan for changing the Township Manager form of government without study and without a vote of the electorate; and/ or
"(2) That the Township residents should have been allowed an opportunity to vote on such an essential matter as changing the existing form of Township government and significantly increasing the powers of the Supervisor.”
The trial court found that the reasons were stated with sufficient clarity "to enable the officer and electors to identify the transaction and know the charges made in connection therewith”, People, ex rel Elliot v O’Hara, 246 Mich 312; 224 NW 384 (1929). We agree.
In his opinion, the trial court also noted the following provision of Const 1963, art 2, § 8:
"Laws shall be enacted to provide for the recall of all elective officers except judges of courts of record upon petition of electors equal in number to 25 percent of the number of persons voting in the last preceding election for the office of governor in the electoral district of the officer sought to be recalled. The sufficiency of any statement of reasons or grounds procedurally required shall be a political rather than a judicial question.” (Emphasis supplied.)
Plaintiff’s argument on appeal is not that he does not understand the charges against him, but that the charges are not grounds for recall. This is a challenge, not to the clarity, but to the sufficiency of the reasons for the recall, and is a matter not within the jurisdiction of this or any other court by the express terms of the constitutional provision quoted above.
Affirmed. No costs, a public question being involved. | [
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C. L. Bosman, J.
Plaintiff appeals a judgment entered on a jury verdict for defendants. This action arises out of an incident in which plaintiff, a 15-year-old boy, sustained injuries on defendants Pardonnet’s farm. On December 29, 1970, plaintiff, having heard that defendants Pardonnet and Haughton, partners in a dairy farm, were hiring, went to defendants’ farm seeking employment. When told that there were no job openings plaintiff, instead of leaving the farm, went to visit his step-uncle who lived on defendants Pardonnet’s farm and worked there as a tenant farmer.
After spending the afternoon in his step-uncle’s house, plaintiff and his step-cousin left the house after supper to look around the barnyard. Plaintiff, feeling the need to urinate, headed toward a dark area of the barnyard where his leg became entangled in an underground feed auger resulting in severe permanent injuries to his leg. Defendant Avco Corporation was the manufacturer of the auger which was installed on the farm in 1964.
Plaintiff claims defendant Avco’s failure to cover the auger with adequate plates, and to install a cut-off switch to make the auger inoperative when the protective cover was out of place, constituted negligence. Plaintiff’s first claim of error is the trial court’s instruction to the jury that they could find the plaintiff either an invitee, a licensee or trespasser. It was defendant Pardonnet’s claim that previously he had forbidden the tenant cousin from going in the area of the premises where plaintiff was injured.
The status of a person on the land of another is ordinarily a question of fact for the jury. Nezworski v Mazanec, 301 Mich 43; 2 NW2d 912 (1942), Hranach v Proksch Construction Co, 69 Mich App 540; 245 NW2d 345 (1976). It cannot be said that the evidence demonstrated plaintiff was a licensee or invitee as a matter of law.
Since hiring an employee is part of a business enterprise, plaintiff could be deemed to be an invitee if defendant Pardonnet had made any type of overture to the general public regarding the hiring of employees.
"A business visitor is a person who is invited to enter or remain on land for a purpose directly or indirectly connected with business dealings with the possessor of the land.” 2 Restatement Torts, 2d, § 332(3), p 176.
However, upon being advised that there was no work available plaintiff did not leave the property but remained for the purpose of visiting his step-uncle and cousin. His status of invitee would last only as long as he remained on the property within the scope of that status.
"The possessor of land is subject to liability to another as an invitee only for harm sustained while he is on the land within the scope of his invitation. Thus an invitee ceases to be an invitee after the expiration of a reasonable time within which to accomplish the purpose for which he is invited to enter, or to remain. Whether at the expiration of that time he becomes a trespasser or a licensee will depend upon whether the possessor does or does not consent to his remaining on the land:” 2 Restatement Torts, 2d, § 332, Comment 1, p 181.
If plaintiff was a guest or licensee of his cousin he could gain no better right to enter the defendants’ property than his cousin. Thus, a jury could find that plaintiff’s cousin was forbidden to be in the area where plaintiff was injured and plaintiff through this relationship could be considered a trespasser.
We conclude that the status of plaintiff is one dependent on the facts to be determined by the jury and find that the trial court did not err in instructing the jury on this point.
Plaintiff also contends that the court committed error in giving defendant Avco’s requested instruction No. 10 following the giving of SJI 25.21 and 25.23 on implied warranty. Avco’s requested instruction No. 10 reads as follows:
"If the manufacturer does everything necessary to make a machine function properly for the purpose for which it was designed, if the machine is without any latent defect and if its functioning creates no danger or peril that is not known at the time, then the manufacturer has satisfied the law’s demand.
"We have not yet reached that state where the manufacturer is under the duty of manufacturing a machine accident-proof or foolproof.”
The first paragraph of requested instruction No. 10 is a clear misstatement of the law in Michigan. The test for assessing a manufacturer’s liability to persons injured by their product is whether the risk to the plaintiff is unreasonable and foreseeable by the manufacturer, not whether the risk is patent or obvious to the plaintiff. Casey v Gifford Wood Co, 61 Mich App 208, 218; 232 NW2d 360, 364-365 (1975), Coger v Mackinaw Products Co, 48 Mich App 113; 210 NW2d 124 (1973).
In Javis v Board of Education of the School District of Ypsilanti, 393 Mich 689, 700; 227 NW2d 543 (1975), the Supreme Court issued a strong endorsement of the Michigan Standard Jury Instruction. In that case they adopted the Missouri Rule regarding deviation or modifications of the standard instructions by a trial court, quoting Brown v St Louis Public Service Co, 421 SW2d 255, 259 (Mo, 1967), as follows:
"Accordingly, where there is deviation from an applicable MAI (Missouri Approved Instruction) instruction which does not need modification under the facts in the particular case, prejudicial error will be presumed unless it is made perfectly clear by the proponent of the instruction that no prejudice could have resulted from such deviation.”
In the present case SJI 25.21 and 25.23 as given were correct and adequately covered the law. It was the defendant’s requested instructions which misstated the law and requires us to reverse and remand for a new trial.
Plaintiffs final contention of error is the trial court’s exclusion from evidence of certain safety standards. The trial court excluded the safety standards of the International Labor Office because they were promulgated after sale of the auger.
Many jurisdictions, including Michigan, Coger v Mackinaw Products Co, supra, now allow safety standards to be admitted at trial as evidence of prevailing community standards. However, most states also require that the standards must have been promulgated prior to the production or construction of the device in question. George v Fox West Coast Theatres, 21 Ariz App 332, 337; 519 P2d 185, 190 (1974), Dominick v Brockton-Taunton Gas Co, 356 Mass 669; 255 NE2d 370 (1970), Lemery v O’Shea Dennis, Inc, 112 NH 199, 201; 291 A2d 616, 618 (1972).
The rationale behind the rule is that subsequently promulgated standards may simply reflect a new consensus in the industry rather than a codification of the prevailing view in the industry at the time the product in question was manufactured, and thus, such standards are not really relevant to the case. This is the accepted view in Michigan. See Carreras v Honeggers & Co, Inc, 68 Mich App 716; 244 NW2d 10 (1976).
We conclude the trial court’s exclusion was not erroneous.
Two other standards that were excluded from evidence were the documents containing an official set of orders by the California Department of Industrial Relations specifying certain safety devices that had to be installed in auger-type devices in California and the safety standards of the American Society of Agricultural Engineers (A.S.A.E.). Both standards were in effect at the time the auger in question was sold. This ruling is erroneous. The California standard should have been admitted to show the state of the art at the time the auger was sold. The jury could consider this evidence in deciding which safety devices the defendant Avco knew or should have known were feasible at the time the auger was sold. Merchants National Bank of Aurora v Elgin, Joliet & Eastern R Co, 49 Ill 2d 118, 125; 273 NE2d 809, 813 (1971).
The A.S.A.E. recommendations also should have been admitted in the evidence upon proper foundation, since they were promulgated prior to sale of the auger and do establish a reliable indicator of the prevailing opinion of the industry concerning the safety devices which should be included on augers.
Reversed as to Avco Corporation, affirmed for defendants Pardonnet and Haughton. Costs to plaintiff against Avco and to defendants Pardonnet and Haughton. | [
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P. R. Mahinske, J.
This workers’ compensation appeal involves the problem of what standard to apply in thé case of an employee who suffers from a non-work-connected eye disease, obtains medical treatment which corrects his vision to near normal, and then loses all vision in one eye, partially as the result of work-related causes. We hold that the proper standard is the aggravation of preexisting infirmity standard of Deziel v Difco Laboratories, Inc, 394 Mich 466, 475-476; 232 NW2d 146 (1975).
Plaintiff William G. Moser began working for defendant Ford Motor Company in 1934. At the hearing plaintiff testified that he first noticed eye problems in 1957 or 1958 when exposed to welding flashes. However, he did not seek medical treatment until May, 1971. At this time bilateral cataracts were diagnosed, and a cataract extraction was performed on plaintiffs right eye. The natural lens was removed, and plaintiff was fitted with a contact lens to replace it. This produced corrected vision of 20/25 to 20/30 in the right eye.
Plaintiff returned to work with the use of the contact lens. In August, 1971, plaintiff was struck in the head by a conveyor hook at work, causing blurring in the right eye. On October 22, 1971, plaintiff was placed in the hospital for repair of the retinal detachment in the right eye. He again returned to work, and in March, 1972, slipped and fell at work and experienced blurred vision. This incident resulted in a recurrence of retinal detachment in the same area that had been repaired in October, 1971. A second operation was then performed on plaintiff’s right eye. While recuperating from this operation plaintiff fell at home and suffered another retinal detachment in a new location. Repair was attempted but was unsuccessful; no useful vision remained in plaintiff’s right eye. Nevertheless, plaintiff returned to work on June 16, 1972, and worked until his retirement in September, 1972. Further medical treatment cannot restore the vision to plaintiff’s right eye.
Based upon the above evidence, the administrative law judge found that plaintiff did receive personal injuries arising out of and in the course of his employment with defendant in October, 1971 and March, 1972. Payment for specific loss of one eye was awarded.
Defendant employer appealed the above finding. The Workmen’s Compensation Appeal Board (WCAB) affirmed, notwithstanding the fact that the original loss of natural lens of plaintiff’s right eye was not employment related. The WCAB held that plaintiff’s loss of the right eye occurred as a result of his two work-related injuries of October, 1971, and March, 1972. The board found that after the replacement of plaintiff’s natural lens, he did have an eye to lose.
The defendant employer appeals, arguing that plaintiff did not have an eye to lose because he lost the natural lens of his right eye as a result of surgery to correct a nonoccupational cataract condition. Defendant cites as authority for its position Lindsay v Glennie Industries, Inc, 379 Mich 573; 153 NW2d 642 (1967), wherein it was held that an eye is lost, within the meaning of the Workers’ Disability Compensation Act, when the natural lens is removed. Defendant maintains that Lindsay requires reversal of the instant case. Defendant points to the Lindsay Court’s holding that in a specific loss situation, whether an eye is lost is to be measured by the uncorrected vision test and not by the corrected vision test.
Plaintiff-appellee argues here for affirmance of the findings and award below. Plaintiff concedes he had no useful vision in the right eye without a corrective lens. With the employment of the corrective lens, plaintiff had an eye that did function and was industrially useful until an industrial accident and injury changed the previous loss of vision (which was correctable) to a loss of vision that was permanent and total.
MCLA 418.361(1X1); MSA 17.237(361X1)0) provides that 80 percent loss of vision of one eye constitutes the total loss of that eye. In applying this provision the Lindsay Court said at 578:
"We treat this case as one of first impression. We hold the surgical removal of the natural lens made necessary by an injury arising out of and in the course of claimant’s employment is loss of an eye within the meaning of the amended statute.
"We recognize that substituting an artificial lens has 'restored’ vision to the otherwise sightless eye. We point out that a specific loss award is not made as compensation for diminution of the use of the involved organ or member. It is not awarded to compensate for loss of earnings or earning capacity. It is awarded irrespective of either fact or both. If opthalmological advances and refinements in the use of contact lens has in fact rendered the amended statute inconsonant with its original legislative intent, it is the province of the legislature to say so. We construe the statute in the plain meaning of its wording.”
This Lindsay directive to the Legislature was ten years ago.
In a situation almost identical to the case at bar the Court deferred response, Hilton v Oldsmobile Division of General Motors Corp, 390 Mich 43, 47; 210 NW2d 316 (1973), stating that this precise question was not before it. Then in Hakala v Burroughs Corp, 393 Mich 153; 224 NW2d 27 (1974), the Court split on the question of whether to employ the uncorrected vision standard, the corrected vision standard, or one or the other depending upon the circumstances. Finally, on rehearing of the Hakala case, Hakala v Burroughs Corp (On Rehearing), 399 Mich 162; 249 NW2d 20 (1976), the Court refused to adopt either standard for cases not presenting the specific question decided in Lindsay, supra. Rather, the Hakala Court stated at 169:
"Section 10(a), the specific loss provision, defining loss of an eye 'for the purpose of this act [as an] 80% loss of vision’, does not indicate whether a corrected or uncorrected vision test should be applied. The Legislature has here, as in other statutes, adopted an inartful standard and left to the courts the task of devising common-sense rules for its application in particular factual situations. Our conclusion in Lindsay that an uncorrected vision standard should be employed for purposes of determining entitlement to specific loss benefits where a worker suffers a work-related injury to his eye does not compel use of an uncorrected vision test in all cases. Until the Legislature speaks with greater clarity, the courts should decide second injury cases guided primarily by the legislative purpose in enacting the Second Injury Fund — to help the handicapped obtain and maintain employment.”
Hakala was heard in 1974 and reheard in 1976— again the Legislature was reminded to act and it has not.
Common sense should dictate the outcome of this appeal. The fact that Hakala was a Second Injury Fund case has no real bearing on the outcome of the case at bar; specific loss or no specific loss is the basic issue, coupled with the issue of an eye or no eye to lose. See Nulf v Browne-Morse Co, 76 Mich App 344; 256 NW2d 591 (1977), where in another Second Injury Fund case with facts quite similar to plaintiff Moser’s, this Court ruled that the plaintiff did have an eye to lose.
It is the opinion of this Court that these complex corrected vision-uncorrected vision specific loss cases, which are born of inartful legislative language that has gone without amendment for 10 years after notice by our Supreme Court, are adequately resolved by application of the rule set out in Deziel v Difco Laboratories, Inc, 394 Mich 466, 475-476; 232 NW2d 146 (1975). Faced with the case of a person disabled by the stresses of a job which would not have disabled a "normal” individual, the Deziel Court stated:
"The Workmen’s Compensation Act, MCLA 418.301; MSA 17.237(301), requires that injuries to be compensable must arise 'out of and in the course of employment. In cases such as these which are asserted to involve preexisting conditions the question of whether a disability arose out of the employment is resolved by the fact finder only upon inquiry regarding the work connection. The legal principle to be applied is that set forth by Professor Larson in § 12.20 of his treatise, Work men’s Compensation Law, at 3-231: whether 'the employment aggravated, accelerated, or combined with the disease or infirmity to produce the * * * disability’.
"To apply that principle the decision maker must resolve three questions of fact and law:
"1) Is the claimant disabled?
"2) If so, is the claimant disabled on account of some 'personal injury’?
"3) Did the claimant’s employment aggravate, accelerate, or combine with some internal weakness or disease to produce the personal injury?
"If those questions are answered in the affirmative and supported by the record, the decision maker must then find as a matter of law that the claimant had a personal injury, which arose out of the employment, and that compensation must be awarded.”
The administrative judge below, sitting as the fact finder, answered these questions in the affirmative. The Workmen’s Compensation Appeal Board affirmed. The board’s findings are supported by the record made.
The Workmen’s Compensation Appeal Board is hereby affirmed. Costs to plaintiff. | [
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H. L. Heading, J.
Defendant was charged with inciting, inducing or exhorting another to commit murder, MCLA 750.157b; MSA 28.354(2). At his preliminary examination, the magistrate refused to bind defendant over for trial, on grounds that the prosecution was required to establish, as part of the corpus deliciti, that a murder had actually occurred. The prosecutor appealed this decision in Circuit Court for Jackson County, which reversed. On remand, defendant was bound over for trial as charged.
Prior to trial, a second count of inciting, inducing or exhorting another to commit felonious assault, MCLA 750.157b; MSA 28.354(2), was added to the information, and defendant pled guilty to that offense. Defendant was sentenced to a term of two years, eight months to four years imprisonment. He appeals as of right, alleging inter alia that the statute under which he was charged is void for vagueness and overbreadth.
Testimony at the preliminary examination tended to show that defendant accompanied one Kyle Anderson and two others to a certain location, where they asked to see "Tom”. As Thomas Matthias approached the automobile in which defendant and his companions were sitting, defendant handed a shotgun to Anderson, saying, "Shoot him. Blow him up.” Anderson apparently complied, and Matthias suffered wounds which ultimately caused his death.
The statute under which defendant was charged provides:
"Any person who incites, induces or exhorts any other person to unlawfully burn any property, to murder, to kill, to wound or to commit an aggravated or felonious assault on any person or to do any act which would constitute a felony or circuit court misdemeanor, that may endanger or be likely to endanger the life of any person, or who aids and abets in any such inciting, inducing or exhorting shall be punished in the same manner as if he had committed the offense, incited, induced or exhorted.”
Defendant first contends that the statute is void for vagueness under the Due Process Clause, US Const, Am XIV, because the terms "incites, induces or exhorts” do not define with sufficient clarity the conduct proscribed, and have a chilling effect on his First Amendment freedom of speech. We do not agree.
Laws must define prohibited conduct with sufficient specificity to give persons of ordinary intelligence reasonable notice of what is prohibited, to provide standards for enforcement and, where First Amendment freedoms are involved, to avoid an unnecessary chilling effect. Grayned v City of Rockford, 408 US 104; 92 S Ct 2294; 33 L Ed 2d 222 (1972), People v Dempster, 396 Mich 700; 242 NW2d 381 (1976). Given the inherent limitations of language, however, courts do not demand mathematical precision, but only reasonable certainty. Grayned, supra, Kalita v Detroit, 57 Mich App 696; 226 NW2d 699 (1975), lv den 394 Mich 810 (1975).
The three terms used in the statute to describe the prohibited conduct are given similar definitions by Webster’s New World Dictionary, 2d Ed (Collins & World Publishing Co, Inc, 1974). A fair reading of the definitions is that the terms "incite, induce or exhort” are essentially synonymous, and refer to conduct intended to bring about action on the part of another person. Cf. People v O’Neal, 22 Mich App 432; 177 NW2d 636 (1970).
We think that the statute as written sufficiently informs a potential defendant that he is to refrain from conduct calculated to cause another person to commit an offense described in the statute. MCLA 750.157b; MSA 28.354(2) is not unconstitutionally vague.
Defendant next contends that the challenged statute is void because it is overly broad, prohibiting speech protected by the First Amendment as well as speech which may properly be regulated.
It is well-established that one to whom a statute may constitutionally be applied may not challenge that statute on grounds of overbreadth, Broadrick v Oklahoma, 413 US 601; 93 S Ct 2908; 37 L Ed 2d 830 (1973). In the area of First Amendment rights, however, the rule has been relaxed to permit challenges to overly-broad statutes by persons whose conduct would have been prohibited even by a narrowly-drawn statute, in order to provide the "breathing space” which the First Amendment requires, Broadrick, supra, Dombrowski v Pfister, 380 US 479; 85 S Ct 1116; 14 L Ed 2d 22 (1965), Sponick v Detroit Police Department, 49 Mich App 162; 211 NW2d 674 (1973). We need not expand upon the question of defendant’s standing to raise the overbreadth issue, however, because we find the statute to be within constitutional limits.
Defendant contends that the statute under which he was charged cannot stand under the rule of Brandenburg v Ohio, 395 US 444; 89 S Ct 1827; 23 L Ed 2d 430 (1969). The Court in Brandenburg, 395 US 444, 447-448, said:
"[T]he constitutional guarantees of free speech and free press do not permit a State to forbid or proscribe advocacy of the use of force or of law violation except where such advocacy is directed to inciting or producing imminent lawless action and is likely to incite or produce such action. As we said in Noto v United States, 367 US 290, 297-298 [81 S Ct 1517; 6 L Ed 2d 836] (1961), 'the mere abstract teaching * * * of the moral propriety or even moral necessity for a resort to force and violence, is not the same as preparing a group for violent action and steeling it to such action.’ See also Herndon v Lowry, 301 US 242, 259-261 [57 S Ct 732; 81 L Ed 1066] (1937); Bond v Floyd, 385 US 116, 134 [87 S Ct 339, 17 L Ed 2d 235] (1966). A statute which fails to draw this distinction impermissibly intrudes upon the freedoms guaranteed by the First and Fourteenth Amendments.” (Footnote omitted. Emphasis supplied.)
The Ohio statute struck down in Brandenburg, supra, by its terms prohibited mere teaching or advocacy of the use of violence for political ends. The Michigan statute challenged here is limited to inciting, inducing or exhorting criminal acts. Defendant contends, however, that our statute lacks the requirement of imminence imposed by Brandenburg. We disagree. The terms used in the statute clearly indicate that it is intended to prohibit only the sort of call to action which the Supreme Court in Brandenburg distinguished from mere advocacy. The words "incite, induce or exhort” themselves imply imminence of action. The natural and expected result of incitement, inducement or exhortation is action by the person incited, induced or exhorted. Merely teaching or advocating the necessity of lawlessness, without urging immediate acts of lawlessness, would not fall within the terms of the statute and could not be punished thereunder. It is only conduct such as defendant’s — urging the immediate commission of a dangerous felony or misdemeanor — which constitutes inciting, inducing or exhorting and is prohibited by MCLA 750.157b; MSA 28.354(2). Brandenburg v Ohio, supra, does not invalidate a narrowly-drawn statute such as the one before us, which proscribes only speech which is clearly within the power of the state to regulate, Hess v Indiana, 414 US 105; 94 S Ct 326; 38 L Ed 2d 303 (1973).
Defendant’s final claim is that he was improperly bound over. He contends that there was insuf ficient evidence of the element of intent to bind him over, and that the trial court made no finding of probable cause. We have reviewed the record and conclude that there was sufficient evidence to establish the element of intent. We also find that the testimony at the preliminary examination showed that there was probable cause to charge defendant with the offense. Although, for purposes of clarity, it would be better for the magistrate to make an express finding of probable cause, no such specific finding is required by the applicable statute, MCLA 766.13; MSA 28.931.
Affirmed.
Incite: "to urge to action; stir up; rouse” (p 710). Induce: "to lead on to some action * * * ; prevail on; persuade” (p 718). Exhort: "to urge earnestly by advice, warning, etc.” (p 491). | [
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J. H. Gillis, P. J.
Plaintiff, a former employee of defendant company, brought an action to compel the payment of funds allegedly due him under a profit sharing plan. The administrative committee of the profit sharing plan decided that plaintiff had forfeited his benefits under a provision of the profit sharing plan as plaintiff had, after resigning from defendant company, gone to work for a competitor. The relevant provision states:
" * * * [A]nd provided further that upon severance of employment for the conviction of a criminal act, for fraud, stealing, unlawful conversion and use of company assets, or if a participant engages, directly or indirectly in the production, manufacture, distribution, or sales of any products or services, similar to or competitive with, those manufactured or sold by the company, either for his own benefit or for the benefit of any other person, firm, or corporation whatsoever, or if a participant disseminates or conveys, in any manner or form, information of a confidential nature, which information if disseminated or conveyed becomes detrimental to the best interests of the company, then that participant shall forfeit all credits to his account, made by the employer and earnings and adjustments thereon. ” (Emphasis supplied.)
The trial court, sitting as a trier of fact, interpreted this provision to apply only to competitive activities engaged in while employed by defendant. The trial court therefore held that the administrative committee had improperly forfeited plaintiffs benefits under the profit sharing plan. As "exemplary” damages, the trial court ordered plaintiffs benefits to be paid in a lump sum, rather than over a 15-year period as provided in the profit sharing plan. Defendant appeals as of right, claiming that the trial court erred in interpreting the forfeiture provision of the plan, because another clause of the plan makes interpretations of the language of the plan by the administrative committee binding absent bad faith. Defendant also claims that the court erred in awarding a lump sum distribution as punitive damages.
I.
We must first consider the validity of a provision in a profit sharing plan under which benefits are forfeited when an employee engages in competitive activities.
Despite a statute outlawing as against public policy "all agreements and contracts by which any person * * * promises or agrees not to engage in any * * * trade, profession, or business * * * ”, two Michigan cases have held that forfeiture of benefits provisions in pension or profit sharing plans are not per se illegal or void.
In Couch v Administrative Committee of the Difco Laboratories Inc Salaried Employees Profit Sharing Trust, 44 Mich App 44; 205 NW2d 24 (1972), this Court held that a forfeiture provision in a profit sharing plan was not within the statu tory prohibition on contracts not to compete, reasoning that such a forfeiture provision merely restrains an employee from engaging in competitive employment while the statute bars agreements which prevent competitive activities.
The Court in Couch, however, did not hold that all forfeiture provisions were valid; it did not have before it the question of whether unlimited restraints were valid absent an applicable statute:
"It has been suggested by some commentators that the touchstone for determining the validity of agreements of this kind, absent a legislative solution, is the reasonableness of the restraint; that the courts should not enforce an unreasonable condition. Couch has not contended that this noncompetition clause should be denied enforcement because it constitutes an unreasonable or unconscionable restraint.” Couch, supra, at 49-50.
In Woodward v Cadillac Overall Supply Co, 396 Mich 379; 240 NW2d 710 (1976), the Supreme Court reaffirmed Couch. The Court held that a noncompetitive forfeiture provision was not an illegal contract not to compete under MCLA 445.761; MSA 28.61. The majority went even farther than Couch, however, holding that any restriction on unlimited forfeiture provisions was for the Legislature to decide, not the courts.
Based on Woodward, supra, we hold that the noncompetition forfeiture provision in the instant case is valid despite being unrestricted in time and area.
II.
Defendants contend that the administrative committee’s interpretation of the terms of the plan is final, absent bad faith and that the trial court erred in construing the terms of the noncompetition forfeiture provision.
The relevant portion of the profit sharing plan provides:
"The Committee shall have the power and duties specified in this instrument and, not in limitation, but in amplification of the foregoing, shall have power to construe the Plan, to determine all questions arising thereunder, including, particularly, questions submitted by the Trustee on all matters necessary for proper discharge of its duties, powers and obligations, and to establish policies with respect to the status of Participants under the Plan. The decisions of the Committee made in good faith upon matters within the scope of its authority shall be ñnal, but the Committee shall at all times act uniformly and without discrimination and shall from time to time set forth rules of interpretation and administration, subject to modification as appropriate in the light of experience.” (Emphasis supplied.)
A review of the record reveals that the committee was not acting in good faith when it interpreted the profit sharing plan.
The evidence presented at trial reveals: 1) strained relations between plaintiff and the chief operating officer of the company (also a committee member); 2) a recent reduction of almost 50% in plaintiffs salary; and 3) an ambiguous profit sharing plan.
Under these circumstances the trial judge could have, and should have found bad faith.
Having determined that the committee was acting in bad faith, there is no question that the trial court possessed the authority to review and construe the plan.
In 60 Am Jur 2d, Pensions and Retirement Funds, § 75, p 952, the following is stated:
"Private pension and retirement plans are liberally construed in favor of the employee, it being the general rule that pension plans formulated by an employer are to be construed most strongly against the employer, although there is some intimation that this rule does not apply to a gratuitous, noncontractual plan. However, where two constructions of a pension plan are possible, one of which requires a finding of fraudulent intent and the other of which permits a conclusion of good faith on the part of the employer, the courts will not hesitate to adopt the latter interpretation. And even where the plan creates a contractual obligation, the rights and obligations of the parties must be measured by the terms of the contract under the ordinary rules of construction.”
The trial court analyzed the agreement and found that the competitive activity must occur while the participant is employed in order to bring into play the forfeiture provision. An examination of the language of the provision reveals that it is capable of two interpretations, and is therefore ambiguous. Any ambiguity in a contract is construed most strongly against the drafter. Stark v Kent Products, Inc, 62 Mich App 546; 233 NW2d 643 (1975), lv den, 395 Mich 779 (1975). Also, pension plans are to be construed in favor of the employee. Becker v Pension Fund, Central States, Southeast and Southwest Areas, 59 Mich App 684; 229 NW2d 888 (1975), lv den, 395 Mich 795 (1975).
An application of these well-settled rules of construction to the instant matter affirms the trial court’s interpretation of the plan.
III.
Defendants also contend that the trial court erred in awarding a lump sum distribution as "exemplary” damages. The rule as to punitive or exemplary damages in contract actions is stated in Isagholian v Carnegie Institute of Detroit, Inc, 51 Mich App 220, 222; 214 NW2d 864 (1974):
"Punitive damages are not ordinarily recoverable for breach of contract. 5 Corbin on Contracts, § 1077, pp 437-446; 11 Williston on Contracts (3d ed), § 1358, pp 301-306; 1 Restatement Contracts, § 342, p 561. In those contract cases where punitive damages have been allowed there has been a showing that 'the defendant acted recklessly, negligently, or maliciously’. Harbaugh v Citizens Telephone Co, 190 Mich 421, 428; 157 NW 32, 34 (1916).”
Hence, the judgment must be modified to provide that plaintiff be paid in conformity with the terms of the profit sharing plan.
Affirmed and remanded for entry of an order not inconsistent with this opinion. Costs to appellee.
R. E. Robinson, J., concurred.
Plaintiff claimed and was awarded $31,687.48.
Plaintiff did not deny that he engaged in competitive activity after termination of his employment with defendant.
MCLA 445.761; MSA 28.61.
Judge, now Justice, Levin authored the opinion of the Court in Couch v Administrative Committee of the Difco Laboratories Inc Salaried Employees Profit Sharing Trust, 44 Mich App 44; 205 NW2d 24 (1972).
See, also, Bannert v American Can Co, 525 F2d 104 (CA 6, 1975) (following Michigan law).
The forfeiture provision at issue in Couch restrained competitive activities for only one year. | [
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Bronson, P. J.
Defendant was convicted by a jury of first-degree murder. MCLA 750.316; MSA 28.548. He appeals as of right.
The primary evidence against defendant at trial was the testimony of a police officer to whom defendant had confessed. According to that testimony, defendant and two others robbed the decedent, Percy Ward. About a week later, after learn ing that Ward was going to kill them they "got a plan together”. The three lured Ward to a house and beat him. They then drove Ward to an alley, where Ward was shot. Defendant did not admit shooting Ward, but stated that he remained in a car the whole time. Other evidence at trial established the beating of Ward by defendant and two others, that defendant and the others took Ward from the house and that Ward was killed by a shotgun blast to the back of his head from very close range.
Defendant contends that the prosecution failed to establish the corpus delicti of first-degree murder aliunde defendant’s confession.
Traditionally, the corpus delicti of murder could be established by proof: 1) of a death, and 2) that such death was caused by a criminal agency or instrumentality. People v Allen, 390 Mich 383; 212 NW2d 21 (1973), People v Coapman, 326 Mich 321; 40 NW2d 167 (1949), People v Mondich, 234 Mich 590; 208 NW 675 (1926), People v Sparks, 53 Mich App 452; 220 NW2d 153 (1974), People v Kozlow, 38 Mich App 517; 196 NW2d 792 (1972). In People v Allen, supra, however, the Michigan Supreme Court, adopting the opinion of Judge (now Justice) Levin, held that to establish the corpus delicti of first-degree murder, the prosecutor must introduce evidence of each element of the crime, including evidence of the element distinguishing first-degree from second-degree murder:
"Whatever may be the correct etymological definition of the term 'corpus delicti,’ and, although there are quotations in Michigan cases from other authorities to the effect that the corpus delicti of an offense is established upon showing a specified injury and someone’s criminality as the source of the injury, the law in this state is clear that the corpus delicti of an offense is not established until the people have introduced evidence from which the trier of fact may reasonably find that acts constituting all the essential elements of the offense have been committed and that someone’s criminality was responsible for the commission of those acts.
"Second-degree and first-degree murder are separate offenses. Offenders are subject to significantly different penalties: persons convicted of first-degree murder must be sentenced to life imprisonment and may not be paroled; persons convicted of second-degree murder may be sentenced to life imprisonment — parolable after ten years imprisonment — but, in the discretion of the sentencing judge, they may be sentenced to any term of years, and many are placed on probation. A definitional difference which makes for such a radical difference in the law’s view of an offender’s culpability and in the punishment to which he may be or must be subjected is clearly an essential element.” (Footnote omitted.) 39 Mich App at 495-502.
In Allen, the defendant was charged with felony murder. The language of Allen, however, indicates that the more strict corpus delicti rule applies to all first-degree murder:
"Just as the people must establish with evidence the essential element distinguishing second-degree murder from first-degree murder in order to convict an accused person of the aggravated offense, so, too, in order to prove the corpus delicti, that distinguishing element must be established by evidence independent of the accused person’s confession. Otherwise the policy underlying the rule requiring that all the elements of the offense be established independently of a confession— consistently enforced in many Michigan cases — would be eroded in the category of cases where the stakes are the highest, where the accused person has the most to lose and where one would think that the law would be the most solicitous of his rights.” (Emphasis in original. Footnote omitted.) 39 Mich App at 503-504.
Nevertheless, this Court subsequently held in People v Sparks, supra, that where the element distinguishing first-degree from second-degree murder is premeditation and deliberation rather than felony murder, evidence of premeditation is not required under the corpus delicti rule.
The Supreme Court denied leave to appeal in Sparks in a somewhat ambiguously worded order:
"On order of the Court, the application for leave to appeal is considered, and the same hereby is denied, because the appellant has failed to persuade the Court that the questions presented should be reviewed by this Court. In denying leave, this Court does not wish to be understood as accepting the distinction between felony and premeditated murder in the application of the rule enunciated in People v Allen, 390 Mich 383; 212 NW2d 21 (1973), drawn by the Court of Appeals in deciding this case.” People v Sparks, 393 Mich 135; 224 NW2d 481 (1974).
We hold that, under People v Allen, supra, the corpus delicti of first-degree murder includes the element of either an enumerated felony or premeditation. See People v Oster, 67 Mich App 490; 241 NW2d 260 (1976), People v Juniel, 62 Mich App 529; 233 NW2d 635 (1975). But see People v Norwood, 68 Mich App 730; 243 NW2d 719 (1976). Three factors mandate this result. First, as stated above, the language used in Allen was not confined to felony murder. Second, the Michigan Supreme Court in Sparks expressly withheld approval of the distinction between first-degree and felony murder in its order. Third, the rationale behind Allen, which is that the corpus delicti must be established to prevent persons from being convicted for a crime, which may not have actually been committed, on the basis of often untrustworthy evidence, applies equally to first-degree and felony murder.
Applying the Allen rule to the case at bar, we find that the corpus delicti of first-degree premeditated murder was not established. Apart from defendant’s confession, prosecution witnesses testified to the following:
1) On the evening of August 18, 19 or 20, 1973, defendant and two friends beat Percy Ward in the basement of Wesley Warren’s home;
2) After Warren’s request that the men take Ward to the hospital, they picked up Ward and carried him from the house;
3) Percy Ward died as a result of a shotgun wound to the back of his head from very close range in the early morning of August 21, 1973.
No evidence from which premeditation or deliberation could be inferred was presented aliunde defendant’s confession. Under Allen, defendant’s conviction for first-degree murder must be reversed. As the corpus delicti of second-degree murder was established aliunde defendant’s confession and as we find that there was sufficient evidence to support a jury verdict of guilty of second-degree murder, this case is remanded for entry of convic tion of second-degree murder and resentencing. See People v Allen, supra.
39 Mich App 483; 197 NW2d 874 (1972).
The Court’s reasoning may have been that there was sufficient evidence in that case apart from the confession. The Court of Appeals opinion states:
"The circumstances of the killing itself make premeditation and deliberation a reasonable inference.” People v Sparks, supra, 53 Mich App at 459.
To prove the defendant guilty of second-degree murder the prosecution must establish, beyond a reasonable doubt, the following: (1) that a death occurred, (2) which was caused by the defendant, (3) without justification or excuse and (4) with malice aforethought. MCLA 750.317; MSA 28.549; CJI 16:2:04, People v Fountain, 71 Mich App 491; 248 NW2d 589 (1976). In the instant case the prosecutor presented evidence on each of these elements from which the jury could conclude that the defendant committed the offense. First, the medical examiner testified that Percy Ward was killed on August 21, 1973. Second, the defendant admitted that he assaulted the deceased, carried him into Ward’s car, and followed that car into an alleyway where the deceased was shot. From this the jury could infer that the defendant aided and abetted Marshand Reid and Howard Thomas in the murder of Percy Ward. Third, since Percy Ward had been lured to an apartment, struck unconscious by the defendant, beaten by the defendant and his companions, carried out of the house, placed in a car, transported to an alley and shot, the jury could infer that the defendant had no legal justification for aiding in the killing of the deceased. Fourth, since Percy Ward was shot in the back of the head at close range with a shotgun the jury could infer that he was murdered with malice aforethought: See People v Martin, 392 Mich 553; 221 NW2d 336 (1974), People v Morrin, 31 Mich App 301; 187 NW2d 434 (1971), People v Rosemary Gibson, 71 Mich App 543; 248 NW2d 613 (1976). | [
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T. M. Burns, J.
In this case, the Civil Rights Commission and Elmer Boyd claim that Boyd was discharged from his employment at Chrysler Corporation, Mack Avenue Stamping Plant, because of his race. The procedural history of this case can be found in the report of a prior appeal in this matter, Civil Rights Commission v Chrysler Corp, 64 Mich App 393; 235 NW2d 791 (1975). Pursuant to the remand ordered in that opinion, the circuit court has now passed on the merits of Boyd’s claim and found that his discharge was not racially motivated, but rather the result of his poor work performance, as claimed by the employer.
Boyd was discharged from his job as a hi-lo driver on April 25, 1968. Boyd was originally hired by Chrysler in 1944 and, although his specific job inside the plant had varied, he had been a hi-lo driver since that time. Boyd’s service with Chrysler was lengthy, but his last years were checkered with disciplinary proceedings, disciplinary layoffs and at least one previous discharge.
The discharge with which we must concern ourselves was precipitated by Boyd’s transfer from a job inside the plant to an outside job at the salvage yard adjacent to the plant. This transfer was necessitated by Boyd’s presentation of a doctor’s certificate which, after evaluation by the Chrysler medical staff, prevented Boyd from working inside the plant near smoke, gas or other airborne debris. There were no jobs which would meet this medical classification inside the plant. The company was thus put to the choice of transferring Boyd to a different department or providing him with this outside job. Boyd replaced a white man on the job outside.
Boyd’s primary duty at the yard was to load bins of scrap brought from inside the plant by others onto his hi-lo and dump them in trailers for later removal from the grounds. The yard supervisor, O. C. Buckner, also had certain duties in relation to the scrap and was to aid Boyd in the performance of his duties.
I
At the time of Boyd’s discharge, § 3 of the fair employment practices act, 1955 PA 251, MCLA 423.303; MSA 17.458(3), made it an unfair labor practice for an employer to discriminate in any matter related to employment because of race. Even though this statute has since been repealed, see footnote 1, our review proceeds as if under the prior act.
A panel of this Court recently noted that the Constitution provided for de novo review in the circuit court but made no provision for further review and concluded that Court of Appeals review was limited to whether the commission’s decision was supported by competent, material and substantial evidence on the whole record. Civil Rights Commission ex rel Dixon v Ford Motor Co, 75 Mich App 59; 254 NW2d 652 (1977). We do not believe the Ford panel correctly decided this question. Review in the Court of Appeals must be of the circuit court’s decision, not that of the commission. To hold otherwise would render the constitutionally required de novo review in the circuit court, Const 1963, art 5, § 29, meaningless. Also, we measure the circuit court’s findings not by the standard of the Administrative Procedures Act (APA), MCLA 24.201 et seq.; MSA 3.560(101) et seq., but rather, by whether the findings are clearly erroneous under the standard of GCR 1963, 517.1. This was made clear by the Legislature for future cases in the 1976 act, MCLA 37.2606(3); MSA 3.548(606)(3), which provides for review from the circuit court "in the same manner and form as other appeals from that court”.
II
"The crux of a civil rights suit is that similarly situated people have been treated differently because of their race.” Franklin v Crosby Typesetting Co and International Typographical Union, 411 F Supp 1167, 1172 (ND Tex, 1976).
The allegation that Boyd’s discharge was racially motivated is based on the premise that Boyd’s job as a hi-lo driver and Buckner’s job as yard supervisor were so intertwined that Boyd’s performance was necessarily tied to Buckner’s. Boyd was fired for his failure to adequately perform his job, and yet no disciplinary action was taken against Buckner.
The type of discrimination alleged here has been labeled "disparate treatment”. To make a prima facie showing of discrimination, the one claiming disparate treatment must show that he was a member of the class entitled to protection under the act and that, for the same or similar conduct, he was treated differently than one who was a member of a different race. Pompey v General Motors Corp, 385 Mich 537, 542, 549; 189 NW2d 243 (1971). Cf. McDonald v Sante Fe Trail Trans portation Co, 427 US 273, 282-283; 96 S Ct 2574; 49 L Ed 2d 493 (1976).
In this case, the hearing examiner heard all the testimony and concluded that Boyd had failed to carry his burden of showing that race was the reason for his discharge. The commission, based on this same evidence, found that Boyd’s performance was directly related to Buckner’s and that Chrysler’s failure to provide adequate training, plus its failure to discipline Buckner, raised an inference that Boyd’s discharge was racially motivated.
The circuit court also made its decision on the basis of the record made before the administrative law judge. This was proper. Burrell v Annapolis Hospital, 36 Mich App 537; 193 NW2d 900 (1971). Although the circuit court’s opinion is not as concise as it could have been, it concluded that Boyd failed to show, by a preponderance of the evidence, that his discharge was racially motivated. We review that conclusion to determine if it is clearly erroneous.
Ill
In deciding whether Boyd has made a prima facie showing of disparate treatment, several principles must be kept in mind. First, the prima facie showing of discrimination which Boyd is responsible for making is not merely presentation of enough evidence to avoid a directed verdict, as if this were a jury trial, but rather, presentation of enough evidence to entitle him to a judgment if a nondiscriminatory reason for the discharge is not shown. Flowers v Crouch-Walker Corp, 552 F2d 1277, 1283, n 4, (CA 7, 1977), Woods v North American Rockwell Corp, 480 F2d 644, 647 n 3 (CA 10, 1973).
Second, all the evidence presented must be considered, there is no need to ignore opposing evidence to determine if Boyd has made a prima facie case. If the company can refute a claim of disparate treatment, it need not shoulder the burden of proving a valid nondiscriminatory reason for the discharge. Henry v Ford Motor Co, 553 F2d 46 (CA 8, 1977).
With these principles in mind, we examine the evidence which plaintiffs claim raises the inference of discrimination.
IV
The Attorney General states that the sole claim of discrimination here is based on the theory of disparate treatment. A necessary part of determining whether similarly situated persons were treated differently is to determine whether, in fact, they were similarly situated. Chrysler contends that the jobs were not so interrelated as to cause performance at one to equal performance of the other.
Boyd had been a hi-lo driver since he was hired by Chrysler in 1944. Buckner’s duties did not include driving a hi-lo. Boyd claims that although he was a competent hi-lo operator, he needed instruction and assistance from Buckner in order to perform this particular job.
No evidence was presented which would indicate that Buckner, or anyone else, gave more instruction or more assistance to white drivers who held this job before Boyd. The employer cannot be held liable for failure to train an employee to perform a particular task absent a showing that this failure constituted dissimilar treatment. Long v Ford Motor Co, 496 F2d 500 (CA 6, 1974).
Nor can we conclude that Buckner’s cooperation was essential to Boyd’s job performance. Boyd’s job was to pick up the bins of scrap on the prongs of his hi-lo and dump them into trailers. A part of Buckner’s job was to make sure that the scrap in these bins was properly sorted before being dumped into the appropriate trailer and to remove usable material which had erroneously been scrapped. The only testimony on the point shows that 80% of the bins brought from inside the plant required no sorting by Buckner.
Boyd argues that he could not dump even these bins because he needed Buckner to identify the type of scraps, see note 5, and point to the proper trailer. The record contains photographs of the various types of scrap involved in this operation. They seem easy enough to distinguish from one another. Indeed, Boyd’s own testimony establishes that he could distinguish one type of scrap from another even though he could not name them. The testimony indicated that a new driver may need help in identifying the types of scrap for the first few days, but not thereafter. Boyd had been on the job a sufficiently long period to be able to identify these types of scrap.
Even if his theory concerning the lack of cooperation by Buckner is given full credit, Boyd’s testimony at the hearing before the commission included a different reason for his poor work performance. At the hearing, Boyd testified that he was often away from his hi-lo warming himself in the guard shanty because of the cold and a troublesome hemorrhoid condition.
Based on our review of the entire record, we conclude that Boyd did not make a prima facie showing that he was treated differently than any other similarly situated person. He was not simi larly situated with Buckner and he presented no proof as to any other individual. The circuit court was not cl.early erroneous in finding that Boyd had failed to sustain his burden of proof.
Affirmed.
The Civil Rights Commission was given authority over such claims by the Legislature in the original civil rights commission act, 1963 PA 45 (2nd Ex Sess) (MCLA 37.6; MSA 3.548[6]), after the commission was created in Const 1963, art 5, § 29.
By 1976 PA 453, effective March 31, 1977, the Legislature repealed the former unfair employment practices act, 1955 PA 251, MCLA 423.301 et seq.; MSA 17.458(1) et seq., the Fair Housing Act, 1968 PA 112 (MCLA 564.101 et seq.; MSA 26.1300[101] et seq.) and the original civil rights commission act, 1963 PA 45 (2nd Ex Sess). The basic purpose of these former acts was reinacted by the same bill as the Michigan Civil Rights Act, MCLA 37.2101 et seq.; MSA 3.548(101) et seq. The new act specifically prohibits an employer from discharging an employee on account of race. MCLA 37.2202(l)(a); MSA 3.548(202)(l)(a). The lack of a savings clause in the new act will not affect liabilities accrued under the old act. 73 Am Jur 2d, Statutes, §391.
The panel in Civil Rights Commission ex rel Dixon v Ford Motor Co, 75 Mich App 59; 254 NW2d 652 (1977), drew its scope of review from Const 1963, art 6, § 28 and MCLA 24.306; MSA 3.560(206), i.e., whether the decision was supported by competent, material and substantial evidence on the whole record.
In Pompey v General Motors Corp, 385 Mich 537; 189 NW2d 243 (1971), the Supreme Court held that the statute created a private cause of action and that one who had been the victim of discrimina tion need not proceed through the Civil Rights Commission. The Court also held that the complaint in Pompey stated a prima facie case of racial discrimination. An examination of the complaint filed in that case shows that plaintiff alleged that he was a Negro, that he and other white crane operators were similarly situated in that they had been disciplined and suspended for infraction of company rules, and, that only plaintiff, a Negro, had been demoted because of the infractions.
We think that an alternative prima facie case would be available to one who showed that he was black, that he was discharged, and that the person discharging him was predisposed to discriminate against blacks and had actually acted on that disposition in discharging him. Taylor v Safeway Stores Inc, 365 F Supp 468 (D Colo, 1973) affirmed in part, reversed in part, 524 F2d 263 (CA 10, 1975).
We agree with the position taken by all the parties in this case that it is appropriate to rely on Federal decisions in making our decision. Federal legislation (Civil Rights Act of 1964, Title VII [42 USC 2000E, et seq.]), also prohibits racial discrimination in employment. The Federal courts have had a much greater opportunity to review questions dealing with racial discrimination in employment than have the state courts. We believe that Federal precedent, although not binding, is persuasive in determining what the substantive law of racial discrimination in employment is at the present time.
There were five categories or types of scrap: (1) welding rod, (2) galvanized metal, (3) number one baling material, (4) heavy prepared or unprepared pieces and, (5) junk of all kinds including ducts, steel tables, steel chairs, banding iron, wire mesh, fencing and anything else that is worthless.
Dumping the scrap was Boyd’s primary job. Because he never dumped all of the available bins he did not do the secondary tasks which were part of this job. Additional workers were brought from within the plant to do these tasks and relieve the dangerous condition which resulted. The testimony by Chrysler employees showed that only Boyd had trouble completing all of the tasks which were part of this job.
Buckner’s cooperation was needed if the bin brought from inside the plant needed to be chained to the prongs of the hi-lo. Because of the construction of some hins, this was necessary to prevent dumping a bin into the trailer when the scrap was dumped. Testimony shows that this was necessary for only two or three bins a day. There was no testimony that Buckner was unavailable to chain the bins when necessary.
Other testimony, supported by photographs, showed that the operator’s area on Boyd’s hi-lo was enclosed and heated. We also note that Boyd’s work in the salvage yard took place entirely during the day and entirely during the month of April.
We also note that Boyd made no complaint about either of these conditions until after his discharge. The company could not be expected to help Boyd cope with these problems, and thus aid his job performance, unless it was aware of them. | [
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Per Curiam.
Plaintiff-appellant George Teman was injured on June 12, 1980, while attempting to open a rear trailer door of a tractor-trailer. Plaintiff was working as a warehouseman for Meijer Wholesale, Inc. Plaintiff brought suit under the no-fault insurance act, seeking damages under the parked vehicle exception, MCL 500.3106; MSA 24.13106. Plaintiff filed a total of four complaints, the last of which alleged inter alia that plaintiff sustained injuries when he was attempting to open the trailer door; that at that time he had one foot on the rear ledge of the trailer; and that plaintiff intended a continuing use of the trailer in that he intended to go in and out of the trailer to unload the contents thereof.
Plaintiff appeals as of right from the grant of summary judgments for the defendant-appellee. Ingham County Circuit Court Judge Thomas L. Brown granted judgments in favor of the defendant-appellee pursuant to GCR 1963, 117.2(1) (failure to state a claim upon which relief can be granted) because plaintiff did not allege that he entered the vehicle.
The plaintiff first raises issues of jurisdiction and the statute of limitations. These issues were apparently decided in favor of the plaintiff at the trial court level, and they need not be discussed here.
The question to be decided by this appeal is whether the plaintiff stated a claim upon which relief could be granted. The appellee moved for summary judgments for failure to state a claim upon which relief can be granted. GCR 1963, 117.2(1). This motion tests the legal sufficiency of the claim, and not the competence of the evidence or the factual support therefor. Bashara, The Elusive Summary Judgment Rule: Sifting Through the Maze, 1976 DCL Rev 397, 401.
"A motion under GCR 1963, 117.2(1) is to be tested by the pleadings alone. The motion tests the legal basis of the complaint, not whether it can be factually supported. Crowther v Ross Chemical & Manufacturing Co, 42 Mich App 426; 202 NW2d 577 (1972), inter alia. The factual allegations of the complaint are taken as true, along with any inferences or conclusions which may fairly be drawn from the facts alleged. Sullivan v The Thomas Organization, PC, 88 Mich App 77, 82; 276 NW2d 522 (1979). Unless the claim is so clearly unenforceable as a matter of law that no factual development can possibly justify a right to recover, a motion made under this subrule should be denied. Staffney v Fireman’s Fund Ins Co, 91 Mich App 745, 751; 284 NW2d 277 (1979).” McCallister v Sun Valley Pools, Inc, 100 Mich App 131, 135; 298 NW2d 687 (1980), lv den 411 Mich 905 (1981). See, also, Escobar v Brent General Hospital, 106 Mich App 828, 833; 308 NW2d 691 (1981); Bashara, supra, pp 401-403.
Plaintiff argues that his injury was sustained while entering into or alighting from the vehicle. MCL 500.3106(c); MSA 24.13106(c). Appellee argues first that since the plaintiff did not allege that he was "entering into” the vehicle, he has not stated a claim for which relief can be granted. However, plaintiff has alleged that he had his foot on the back ledge of the truck and that he was attempting to open the door with the intention of going in and out of the trailer to unload the cargo therein. We are of the opinion that opening the door is part of the process of "entering into” the vehicle. Hence, we are of the opinion that the plaintiff has stated a claim under § 3106(c) of the no-fault insurance act.
Appellee next claims that plaintiff’s allegations do not contain a sufficient causal link between the injury incurred and the use of the parked vehicle. There is a two-tier analysis that is generally applicable to § 3106 situations. First, the injury must fit within the exceptions delineated by § 3106. We have found that plaintiff has stated a claim under § 3106(c). The next step is to determine if there is a causal connection between the injury incurred and the ownership, operation, maintenance, or use of the motor vehicle. Dowdy v Motorland Ins Co, 97 Mich App 242; 293 NW2d 782 (1980); Shinabarger v Citizens Mutual Ins Co, 90 Mich App 307; 282 NW2d 301 (1979). Appellee claims that Dowdy is controlling in this instance. We disagree. In Dowdy, plaintiff had backed his truck carrying steel into an unloading area. As the plaintiff-driver was loosening the chains that held the load on the truck, a bundle of steel that had previously been unloaded from another truck fell from its stacked position and injured the plaintiff. This Court agreed with the trial court that there was no causal connection between the plaintiff’s injury and the ownership, operation, maintenance, and use of the motor vehicle.
In the instant case, plaintiff was attempting to open the trailer’s door so as to unload the contents of the trailer. This Court stated in Shinabarger: "We agree that loading is use of a motor vehicle * * *”. 90 Mich App 315. We think that attempting to open the trailer door with the intention of unloading the contents of the trailer is a sufficient allegation of causal connection between the injury and use of the vehicle. The vehicle was more than merely the scene of the accident. It was the plaintiff’s attempt to open the door of the trailer as part of the process of entering the vehicle that caused his injuries.
Summary judgment was improper in the instant case. Plaintiff has stated a claim upon which relief can be granted, and he has alleged a sufficient causal connection for him to maintain the action.
Reversed. | [
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Per Curiam.
The plaintiff, Judith M. Bradford, was injured while operating a power press. She sued the manufacturer of the press, the E. W. Bliss Company, and the manufacturer of the die being used on the press, General Motors Corporation (GM). The plaintiff settled with the E. W. Bliss Company. General Motors sued the plaintiff’s employer, Wyandotte Tool Company (Wyandotte) in a third-party action for indemnity. The trial court granted Wyandotte summary judgment on GM’s indemnity claim and granted GM a directed verdict on the main action. The plaintiff appeals the directed verdict for GM. In a cross-appeal, GM appeals the summary judgment for Wyandotte. GM’s cross-appeal is contingent upon this Court’s reversing the directed verdict and remanding the action for further proceedings. Because we affirm the directed verdict, we will not address GM’s issues on cross-appeal.
Wyandotte does not produce parts for GM. Instead, GM’s dies are only tested at Wyandotte’s facility. When new dies are made, GM tests them for quality of the products stamped. Because GM cannot afford to shut down its assembly lines to use the presses for test stamping, GM sends the dies to Wyandotte to test them so that testing will not interfere with ordinary manufacturing operations. The plaintiff was injured during this process when her hand was caught between the upper and lower dies. According to testimony, the machine was not guarded according to OSHA standards and the dies did not have built-in guards.
I
In her first issue, the plaintiff argues that granting the directed verdict was error because the proofs demonstrated that GM negligently furnished defective dies to Wyandotte. The plaintiff argues that GM had a duty to put enclosure guards on its dies. These guards would prevent a press operator from placing her hand between the dies.
In Fredericks v General Motors Corp, 411 Mich 712; 311 NW2d 725 (1981), the Supreme Court rejected the argument raised here. In that case, a press operator sued GM when his hand was caught between the dies of a power press. The dies were owned by GM, although built by another company, and were used by the plaintiff’s employer to manufacture parts for GM. A directed verdict was granted for GM. The Supreme Court upheld the directed verdict, stating:
"A product is defective if it is not reasonably safe for its foreseeable uses. An unguarded die may be used in a reasonably safe manner in a guarded press or in an unsafe manner in an unguarded press. At the time of plaintiffs injury 1967 PA 282 required that '[e]ach employer shall establish and maintain conditions of work which are reasonably safe and healthful for employees’. In light of this statutory duty imposed on Manistee Drop Forge we cannot hold as a matter of law that it was foreseeable to defendant that the product it supplied would be used in an unsafe manner rendering it defective.” Fredericks, 720-721.
Fredericks controls this case. When Bradford was injured in 1973, the statute referred to in Fredericks was still in effect. 1967 PA 282; MCL 408.852; MSA 17.49(2), replaced by 1974 PA 154; MCL 408.1009; MSA 17.50(9); MCL 408.1011; MSA 17.50(11). GM, then, was justified in expecting Wyandotte to fulfill its statutory duty to provide a safe workplace, including machines properly guarded under OSHA and MIOSHA. Under Fredericks, the dies involved here were not unsafe for their foreseeable uses. The plaintiff did not establish a prima facie case that GM knew or should have known of Wyandotte’s dangerous work site, which would render the dies unsafe. The granting of a directed verdict was proper.
II
The plaintiff next argues that GM had a nondelegable duty to ensure that its dies were used safely by Wyandotte because the work undertaken was intrinsically dangerous absent special precautions. In this regard, the plaintiff argues that Wyandotte is an independent contractor.
Michigan has adopted the Restatement rules of nondelegability of risks of intrinsically dangerous activities. McDonough v General Motors Corp, 388 Mich 430, 438-439; 201 NW2d 609 (1972). The Restatement rules are:
"One who employs an independent contractor to do work which the employer should recognize as likely to create during its progress a peculiar risk of physical harm to others unless special precautions are taken, is subject to liability for physical harm caused to them by the failure of the contractor to exercise reasonable care to take such precautions, even though the employer has provided for such precautions in the contract or otherwise.” 2 Restatement Torts, 2d, § 416, p 395.
"One who employs an independent contractor to do work involving a special danger to others which the employer knows or has reason to know to be inherent in or normal to the work, or which he contemplates or has reason to contemplate when making the contract, is subject to liability for physical harm caused to such others by the contractor’s failure to take reasonable precautions against such danger.” 2 Restatement Torts, 2d, § 427, p 415.
There is substantial overlap between §§ 416 and 427. Comment a to § 416, 2 Restatement Torts, 2d, p 395. We note first that, contrary to the defendant’s argument, these sections are not necessarily limited to landowner cases. See Comment d to § 416, 2 Restatement Torts, 2d, p 397 (trucks). We do, however, agree that the plaintiff failed to show a "peculiar risk” (§ 416) or "special danger” (§ 427). When machines are properly guarded, as Wyandotte’s should have been, the operation of a power press does not rise to such a danger that public policy should hold GM, as the entruster of the dies, nearly strictly liable for harm. The trial court did not err by directing a verdict on this theory of recovery.
III
The plaintiffs third argument is divided into two parts. She first argues that GM negligently selected Wyandotte as a contractor. She then argues that GM negligently entrusted the dies to Wyandotte with reason to know Wyandotte would use them negligently. Both theories require that GM knew or should have known about Wyandotte’s unguarded machines. See Fredericks v General Motors Corp, 411 Mich 719. The plaintiff showed that GM engineers visited Wyandotte to check on progress. These engineers were quality control experts checking the stampings. They had no expertise in occupational safety enabling them to discern safety problems. The plaintiff did not show actual knowledge by GM of the deficiencies. In fact, the plaintiffs proofs showed only that GM employees had been at Wyandotte. The plaintiff did not show that these employees were familiar with the safety features on the press. Absent more convincing proof, and considering Wyandotte’s affirmative legal duty to provide a safe workplace, we conclude that the trial court properly entered a directed verdict. The evidence did not show that GM knew or should have known of the unguarded nature of Wyandotte’s presses.
IV
As her final issue, the plaintiff argues that the trial court erred in excluding "deposition” testimony. The deposition was actually taken in conjunction with the Fredericks case. The plaintiff sought to introduce not the deposition, but an incomplete three-page portion of the deposition, quoted in the Court of Appeals Fredericks case, 48 Mich App 585-587. We agree with the defendant that this evidence is irrelevant. The Fredericks testimony dealt with the Manistee Drop Forge plant, and not with GM’s knowledge of the Wyandotte facility. The plaintiff argues that the statement is an admission, but even this is not shown. The evidence rules require that a statement concern a. matter within the declarant’s scope of employment. MRE 801 (d)(2)(D). This foundation may have been present in Fredericks but was not offered here. We will not presume it.
In view of our affirmance, we need not consider GM’s third-party complaint.
Affirmed.
The plaintiff presented evidence of total injuries from presses. On appeal, she argues that "it must be assumed” that the high rate of injury includes guarded machines. It is insufficient trial proof to assume on appeal.
Vannoy v City of Warren, 15 Mich App 158, 163; 166 NW2d 486 (1968), aff'd 386 Mich 686; 194 NW2d 304 (1972).
MRE 402.
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Per Curiam.
Plaintiff appeals as of right from the trial court’s order granting defendant’s motion for summary judgment.
Plaintiff owned a house insured under a standard homeowners’ policy issued by defendant. The policy contained the language mandated by MCL 500.2832; MSA 24.12832, to the following effect:
"The insured shall give immediate written notice to this Company of any loss, * * * furnish a complete inventory of the destroyed, damaged and undamaged property, showing in detail quantities, costs, actual cash value and amount of loss claimed; and within sixty days after the loss, unless such time is extended in writing by this Company, the Insured shall render to this Company a proof of loss, signed and sworn to by the insured, stating the knowledge and belief of the insured as to the following: the time and origin of the loss * * *
"No suit or action on this policy for the recovery of any claim shall be sustainable in any court of law or equity unless all the requirements of this policy shall have been complied with, and unless commenced within twelve months next after inception of the loss.” (Emphasis added.)
On February 8, 1980, plaintiffs house suffered severe water damage. Plaintiff testified at the evidentiary hearing held in this case that he notified defendant of this loss by telephone one or two days later. Defendant, however, had no record of this call. Plaintiff filed a written claim of loss in September, 1980.
In November, 1980, plaintiff brought this action to recover under his policy. Subsequently, the defendant moved for summary judgment on the ground that plaintiff had failed to file written proof of loss within 60 days following the loss.
The court, we conclude, properly granted defendant’s motion. The cases cited by defendant and the trial court, Fenton v National Fire Ins Co, 235 Mich 147; 209 NW 42 (1926), Helmer v Dearborn National Ins Co, 319 Mich 696; 30 NW2d 399 (1948), Dailey v Mid-States Ins Co, 321 Mich 438; 32 NW2d 698 (1948), and Peck v National Liberty Ins Co, 224 Mich 385; 194 NW 973 (1923), remain dispositive in situations such as the present one, where the policy includes standard language contained in MCL 500.2832; MSA 24.12832 requiring a written proof of loss within 60 days of the loss. Regardless of whether plaintiff provided oral (telephone) notification of his loss, his claim is precluded by his undisputed failure to file any written proof of loss until seven months had passed. See lines 157 through 160 of MCL 500.2832; MSA 24.12832, providing that there can be no recovery on any claim unless all of the policy requirements (including the timely filing of a written proof of loss) have been complied with.
All of the cases relied upon by plaintiff are distinguishable. None of those cases involved situations in which the policy contained an explicit time requirement for the filing of a written proof of loss. Compare, for example, Kermans v Pendleton, 62 Mich App 576; 233 NW2d 658 (1975) (policy required notice of loss "as soon as practicable”). Cf., Kennedy v Dashner, 319 Mich 491; 30 NW2d 46 (1947); Motor State Ins Co v Benton, 35 Mich App 287; 192 NW2d 385 (1971), lv den 386 Mich 758 (1971).
We also agree with the trial court that defendant did not waive compliance with the proof of loss requirement even if, as plaintiff contends, one of defendant’s representatives denied his claim during the course of a phone call. The fact remains undisputed that there has been no written waiver of any policy provision, as is required by MCL 500.2832; MSA 24.12832 (lines 49-55).
Affirmed. | [
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Per Curiam.
This is an action for personal protection benefits under a no-fault automobile insurance policy. The circuit court granted accelerated judgment for defendant pursuant to GCR 1963, 116.1(5) on the ground that the one-year limitation period contained in MCL 500.3145(1); MSA 24.13145(1) had expired before plaintiff gave notice to the insurer or brought suit. Plaintiff appeals by right.
Plaintiff first argues that MCL 500.3145(1); MSA 24.13145(1) is a notice provision rather than a statute of limitations and that his action therefore should not be dismissed absent a showing of prejudice to defendant through lack of notice. We reject this argument for the reasons stated in Davis v Farmers Ins Group, 86 Mich App 45; 272 NW2d 334 (1978), lv den 406 Mich 868 (1979).
Plaintiff also argues that he gave notice to his employer, defendant’s insured, within the one-year period. Plaintiff points out that the statute allows notice to be given "to the insurer or any of its authorized agents” and argues that, because his employer was defendant’s insured, an implied agency relationship was created. Plaintiff has cited no authority for this novel proposition and we can find none. Even if we assume that the statutory term "authorized agents” encompasses agencies created by implication, no such agency was created here. In Weller v Speet, 275 Mich 655, 659; 267 NW 758 (1936), the Court explained:
"An implied agency must be an agency in fact; found to be so by reasonable deductions, drawn from disclosed facts or circumstances. While it cannot exist contrary to the express will of an alleged principal it may spring from acts and circumstances within his control and permitted over a course of time by acquiescence or in recognition thereof.”
Nothing that plaintiff has pled, argued, or submitted by way of affidavit or other evidence suggests that the foregoing test was met here. This was not a case, for example, in which plaintiff’s employer held itself out, with defendant’s knowledge and without objection by defendant, as defen dant’s agent. Plaintiff relies exclusively on defendant’s contract to insure plaintiffs employer. We cannot say that such a contract implicitly authorizes the insured to act as the insurer’s agent.
Plaintiff also argues that, while the original accident occurred on January 4, 1979, and while notice was not given to defendant until defendant received a letter dated January 28, 1980, he did not become disabled until June 12, 1979, and the statutory period did not begin to run until that date. This argument is without merit in view of the express language of MCL 500.3145(1); MSA 24.13145(1), which provides in part:
"An action for recovery of personal protection insurance benefits payable under this chapter for accidental bodily injury may not be commenced later than 1 year after the date of the accident causing the injury unless written notice of injury as provided herein has been given to the insurer within 1 year after the accident or unless the insurer has previously made a payment of personal protection insurance benefits for the injury.” (Emphasis added.)
Plaintiff suggests that he suffered further, unspecified accidents which aggravated his original injury to the point of disability. Because these subsequent accidents were not the accident out of which plaintiffs claim for benefits arose, they were not the accident to which MCL 500.3145(1); MSA 24.13145(1) refers.
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C. W. Simon, J.
A Recorder’s Court jury found defendant guilty of second-degree murder, MCL 750.317; MSA 28.549, and felony-firearm violation, MCL 750.227b; MSA 28.424(2). Defendant was sentenced to serve from 8 to 30 years imprisonment on the murder charge and to a mandatory term of 2 years on the felony-firearm count. He appeals his conviction and sentence by right.
Because of several errors in the trial, we reverse and remand for a new trial.
Defendant was originally charged in the Wayne County Juvenile Court with first-degree murder, assault with intent to murder, and felony-firearm violation. The court waived its jurisdiction and defendant was ordered to stand trial as an adult.
The facts are not in serious dispute. On the evening of December 15, 1979, a disco dance was held at the Park Avenue Club in downtown Detroit. The defendant and Patrick Perry were hired by the dance promotor, Robert Jordan, to assist in maintaining order and in collecting an admission charge. Between 2:00 and 2:30 a.m. on the morning of December 16, 1979, there was a fist fight at or near the entrance to the club. The participants, Charles Neely (Dirty Mike) and another man called Dirty Disco, were observed by a small crowd of 15-20 persons.
During the course of the fight, the homicide victim, Richard T. Wilson (Preacher) and his friend, Hudson Ray, Jr., approached the fight, apparently to observe the action. As Wilson approached, the defendant came toward him and said, "Do you remember * * *”. Soon after, witnesses heard a series of five or six shots. Minutes after that, Wilson collapsed and died inside the Park Avenue Club.
Hudson Ray, Jr., said that the defendant pushed Wilson, then shot him twice. Ray also testified that three other men with the defendant attacked him before the shots were fired. At the sound of the shooting the crowd outside the Park Avenue Club panicked and ran. Ray said that he ran and that while he was running he heard three or four more shots.
Ray ran into an attended parking lot and sought refuge in the lot caretaker’s booth. While there, he saw the defendant and three or four others run by. The defendant hid behind parked cars, then ran north on Park Avenue. Feeling that matters had settled, Ray returned to the Park Avenue Club and summoned police.
Teresa Squire, defendant’s sister, and her friends, Reginald Stringer and Felecia Denson, testified that they were near the entrance to the Park Avenue Club when the first shots were fired. All three witnesses testified that, as the defendant moved toward Wilson, Wilson reached into his pocket for something or made a sudden movement. All testified that both the defendant and Hudson Ray ran from the scene when the shots were fired; Ray toward Park Avenue, and the defendant east, toward Woodward Avenue.
Ms. Squire and Ms. Denson said that they saw Neely (Dirty Mike) with a gun and, after the shots were fired, they ran back into the Park Avenue Club. Witness Andrea Johnson testified that both defendant and Neely were armed. She also told the jury that Neely had threatened to shoot "someone” that night. Stephanie Taylor stated that Neely threatened to hit her with his gun. Defense counsel and the prosecution stipulated Neely (Dirty Mike) died on April 20, 1980, in an unrelated incident.
Examination of evidence collected at the scene and the autopsy conducted on the victim’s body confirmed that a number of shots had been fired near the Park Avenue Club entrance. The deceased expired from two wounds to his chest. Police ballistics experts testified that the four .32 caliber slugs which were recovered from the victim and the doorway to the Park Avenue Club probably came from the same weapon.
The defense presented no witnesses at trial.
During the course of trial, the prosecutor established that Teresa Squire, Felecia Denson, and Reginald Stringer had not told police about seeing Neely (Dirty Mike) with a gun at the time of the shooting or that they had seen the defendant run before the shooting commenced. The prosecutor argued that the three res gestae witnesses "conveniently surfaced just before the trial”. However, Squire and Stringer had testified on cross-examination that they both told this version of the shooting to defendant’s court-appointed attorney in the juvenile court proceedings, John Minock.
To rebut the inference made by the prosecutor that the defendant’s sister and her friends had fabricated the story about Neely’s being armed, defense counsel sought to have defendant’s appointed attorney in the juvenile court proceedings testify concerning his conversation with Squire, Denson, and Stringer.
When attorney Minock first appeared in court, the trial judge instructed him that if he took the witness stand the testimony he gave could not and would not be limited to conversations with the witnesses but that Minock would be required to answer all prosecution questions on cross-examination. The court discussed at length concerning its view of the attorney-client privilege. When Mr. Minock again appeared with his attorney present, the court and Minock’s attorney had a long discussion regarding the waiver of defendant’s attorney-client privilege if Minock took the stand. _
Judge Moore ruled that, if attorney Minock testified, the prosecution could cross-examine him on matters within the attorney-client privilege. Minock did not testify. On appeal defendant urges that the actions and ruling of the trial court were erroneous and we agree.
Michigan has long recognized that a party does not waive the attorney-client privilege by presenting his or her attorney as a witness to testify regarding matters not communicated by the client. Steketee v Newkirk, 173 Mich 222, 232; 138 NW 1034 (1912); In re Dalton Estate, 346 Mich 613, 620-621; 78 NW2d 266 (1956). Here, defense counsel sought the testimony of attorney Minock to rebut the prosecutor’s argument that the testimony of the defendant’s sister and her two friends was a recent fabrication, dreamed up for the trial. Given the fact that the three were eyewitnesses to the shooting and that their testimony directly contradicted the testimony of witness Hudson Ray, Jr., we find that the error cannot be harmless.
While prior consistent statements of a witness are not admissible as substantive evidence, such statements are admissible to support the witness’s testimony in rebuttal of an allegation of a recent fabrication. People v DeLeon, 103 Mich App 225, 233; 303 NW2d 447 (1981). Thus, the testimony of attorney Minock, relevant and probative concerning what the defendant’s sister and her friends told her they had seen at the scene of the shooting, was, we find, improperly excluded by the trial court’s ruling that, if Mr. Minock testified, defendant would waive the attorney-client privilege.
Coercion of this type, for whatever reason, by the prosecutor or by the court is not permitted. People v Pena, 383 Mich 402, 406; 175 NW2d 767 (1970); People v Collier, 105 Mich App 46, 53; 306 NW2d 387 (1981); People v Jackson, 114 Mich App 649, 661-662; 319 NW2d 613 (1982). See, also, Webb v Texas, 409 US 95; 93 S Ct 351; 34 L Ed 2d 330 (1972).
During defense counsel’s opening statements, he told the jury:
"You’re also going to hear that my client is 17-years-old and has never been in trouble, never been convicted of a crime before.
"Mr. Baker: Objection, your Honor. Never been in trouble.
"The Court: Yes, sir. You should not have said that counsel. I’m going to allow for there to be inquiry into that. That is not a true statement and you should not have made it, counsel, to this jury.
"Mr. Kriger: You will hear, ladies and gentlemen, that my client has never been convicted of a crime. Never been found guilty of any crime in his entire life.
"Perhaps, I misspoke myself when I said he has never been in trouble. My apologies to that. I didn’t mean to represent that he’s never been in trouble but you’ll see that he’s never been found guilty of any crime at any time in his life.”
Following this opening statement, out of the jury’s presence, defense counsel called his error to the trial judge’s attention:
"Mr. Kriger: One other thing for the record. In my opening statement I stated that my client had never been in trouble.
"The Court: Right.
"Mr. Kriger: Perhaps I misspoke myself and before I had an opportunity to correct it the court interjected that that wasn’t a true statement, that in fact, he was going to let them go into that. I don’t think that was proper.
"The Court: All right, counsel, your objection is the record.”
The court later held that defendant’s character as a law-abiding citizen had been placed in issue and defendant could be cross-examined as to his "trouble” if he took the stand. Later, defense counsel said defendant would not take the stand for reasons clearly on the record.
From our reivew of the record, we are convinced that defendant’s counsel’s misstatement, corrected by him, in the jury’s presence, did not place this defendant’s character as a law-abiding citizen in issue. Counsel’s immediate correction, along with an admonishment by the court, was sufficient to apprise the jurors that the defendant had indeed "been in trouble” previously, though he had not been convicted of a felony.
As a result of the court’s ruling, defendant did not take the stand.
Juvenile court charges are not convictions in the criminal law and may not be used to impeach a defendant. MRE 609(d); MCL 712A.23; MSA 27.3178(598.23). People v Luther, 20 Mich App 42, 44-45; 173 NW2d 797 (1969); People v Ball, 33 Mich App 288, 290; 189 NW2d 816 (1971). The ruling by the trial judge that defense counsel’s opening statements placed the defendant’s character in issue and that, therefore, defendant’s character could be attacked by his prior record in the juvenile courts was error.
Finally, we believe that it was not error for the trial judge to refuse to instruct the jury on self-defense. During the course of the trial, witnesses Teresa Squire, Reginald Stringer, and Felecia Den-son all testified that the deceased moved suddenly as if reaching into his pocket or jacket immediately prior to the shooting. The trial judge ruled that he would not give a requested instruction on self-defense because there was insufficient evidence to support such an instruction. Defense counsel registered an objection.
While it is true that the existence of some evidence on the issue of self-defense would make mandatory an instruction, People v Hoskins, 403 Mich 95, 100; 267 NW2d 417 (1978), defense counsel sought to manufacture a self-defense theory from the innocent act of placing a hand in a pocket. Did the deceased reach for cigarettes, money, or glasses, or any of the many things that citizens carry in the pockets of their clothing? The inference that the victim was reaching for a gun or other weapon is not supported by any evidence of agression on his part; no fighting words, no argument, and no offensive posture.
Moreover, the defense stance throughout the trial, if witnesses Squire, Stringer, and Denson can be believed, was that when the shooting began defendant ran the other way and he did not have a weapon at all. The testimony of these witnesses was that Charles Neely (Dirty Mike) was the man who did the shooting. Thus, we find no evidence or theory which would support an instruction that the defendant acted in self-defense. The trial court properly refused to give the instruction. People v Morris, 99 Mich App 98, 100-101; 297 NW2d 623 (1980).
Evidence of an earlier altercation between the defendant and the deceased was properly admitted at trial.
We have examined the other issues raised in defendant’s appeal and conclude that they merit no further analysis.
Reversed and remanded for a new trial.
"The Court: This man (attorney Minock) has not been here in court. The only thing he would know is something by hearsay, maybe what Mr. Kriger would have told him, the purpose for his calling him.
"Mr. Burgess, I don’t have any problems with that. The only thing I am saying, sir, and I will let you answer, I know you are a learned lawyer. Answer me this, Mr. Burgess, is your client limited to answering only those questions that Mr. Kriger wants to in all of the matters that he may have consulted in reference to Mr. — the defendant in this case, Mr. Squire? Is he limited? Is the prosecutor limited from going into those areas?
"Mr. Burgess (attorney Minock’s counsel): Well—
"The Court: Let me give you a for instance. Suppose the prosecutor says to him, 'Did you have a conversation with Mr. Squire?’ Let me give you a scenario. Okay, he is going to get up. Let’s assume Mr. Minock is going to get up and he’s gonna say, I talked to A, B, C, D, E Witnesses, and they said this and this and this, and I told them after they said that, this: It was advice. I was the lawyer representing Mr. Squire. All right, sit down. Cross-examine. Now Mr. Baker gets up. Mr. Minock, did you also have conversation with Mr. Squire about this matter? And his answer has got to be yes. Did you talk about what happened? And his answer will be, yes.
"Mr. Burgess: About what matter?
"The Court: This whole matter.
"Mr. Burgess: Of the witnesses?
"The Court: No, about this matter of the shooting on Park at the Park Club on Elizabeth.
"Mr. Burgess: How is that relevant to this issue?
"The Court: The relevancy, Mr. Burgess, is can he be limited only to that one thing. Can I say to the prosecutor, you cannot go into whether or not he had a conversation with Mr. Squire. Now, you tell me.
"Mr. Burgess: Your Honor, as I see the issue again, let me — I guess it seems to me that this issue might be solved somewhat as if counsel would make an offer of proof, and your Honor would rule on it prior to the jury coming in.
"Mr. Burgess: Well, your Honor, I think — one last point and I won’t belabor this — but I think that you put your finger on it. This is a unique situation. We have an attorney testifying. I think that your Honor has the power to control the testimony in the cross-examination.
"The Court: I will allow everything that is relevant, Mr. Burgess. I am telling you that’s what I’m saying. I am going to allow, I am going to allow the prosecution as much scope to cross-examine this witness as I have allowed the defense to cross-examine any other witness.
"Mr. Burgess: I understand that. May I make a statement, and I will finish up here.
"I think your Honor, that that is, what in effect will do, it will prevent Mr. Minock from taking the stand and offering testimony, and I think that his testimony can be very narrowly limited. And that, your Honor, under these circumstances that you have got an attorney, and since you really by allowing the cross-examination to be so expansive, invading the attorney-client privilege without any purpose, without any necessity to do so, that your Honor really should narrow it to that issue alone.
"The Court: It has nothing to do with what we are talking about. You are talking about for a motion. If he came in here for a motion, fine, you can have it. You can have that. But we are not here for a motion, we are here in trial. And if he testifies — listen, I will tell you my ruling. My ruling is, if he takes the stand and testifies, he’s a witness for all purposes.” | [
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Per Curiam.
Plaintiffs sued the defendant for injuries plaintiff Robert Ovist received while repairing a portion of US-41 highway in the City of Hancock which had caved in due to a broken water line. The trial court granted the defendant a summary judgment based upon governmental immunity under MCL 691.1407; MSA 3.996(107) and MCL 250.61; MSA 9.901. Plaintiffs were granted leave to file a delayed appeal to this Court.
Plaintiffs first argue that the summary judgment was improper because they had pled facts showing the existence of a nuisance, which is an exception to governmental immunity. The nuisance the plaintiffs allege concerns: (1) the condition of the water line which the city built and had a duty to maintain; and (2) the city’s direction of trafile around the construction site.
The nuisance exception to governmental immunity was set forth in Rosario v Lansing, 403 Mich 124; 268 NW2d 230 (1978), and Gerzeski v Dep’t of State Highways, 403 Mich 149; 268 NW2d 525 (1978). In interpreting the scope of the exception provided for in these two cases, this Court held:
"[A] cautious reading of these cases persuades us that at present only intentionally-created or continued nuisances in fact will defeat a claim of governmental immunity.” Ford v Detroit, 91 Mich App 333, 336; 283 NW2d 739 (1979).
In order to prove the existence of an intentional nuisance, the plaintiff must show that the defendant who created or continued the nuisance knew or must have known that his or her actions were substantially certain to cause harm to the plaintiff. Ford, supra.
With respect to the plaintiffs’ allegation that the defendant’s water line constituted a nuisance, the plaintiffs admit that the. facts they alleged do not show the existence of an intentionally created nuisance. Thus, the trial court was correct in granting a summary judgment on this count since the plaintiffs failed to state a claim upon which relief could be granted. Plaintiffs’ claim that the defendant’s direction and control of traffic constituted a nuisance must also fail for the same reason. Plaintiffs did not plead the existence of an intentionally created nuisance, in fact, the plaintiffs’ complaint did not allege nuisance at all but sounded in negligence. Ovist v Dep’t of State Highways & Transportation, 119 Mich App 245; 326 NW2d 468 (1982).
Plaintiffs next argue that their negligence claim against the defendant should not have been defeated by governmental immunity because the defendant, in maintaining the water line and in controlling the work and traffic at the construction site, was engaged in a proprietary function and not a governmental function.
This Court is split on the issue of whether the construction and maintenance of a city water line is a proprietary function or a governmental function entitled to immunity. In Ross v Consumers Power Co, 93 Mich App 687; 287 NW2d 319 (1979), and Rubino v Sterling Heights, 94 Mich App 494; 290 NW2d 43 (1979), two panels of this Court held that the construction of a water drain and the operation of a municipal water system are not governmental functions entitling the governmental agency involved to immunity from tort liability. The Court reasoned that such activity was neither the essence of governing nor something that could be accomplished effectively only by the government. Ross, supra, pp 697-698; Rubino, supra, p 498. However, in Davis v Detroit, 98 Mich App 705; 296 NW2d 341 (1980), and Scott v Detroit, 107 Mich App 194; 309 NW2d 201 (1981), different panels of this Court held that the construction and maintenance of the sewer system in the City of Detroit constituted a governmental function entitling the city to immunity from tort liability for injuries occurring in connection with the system. In Davis, the Court pointed to the size of the particular project, in terms of cost, volume, and water pollution control, as evidence that it could only be effectively maintained by the government. Davis, supra, pp 709-710. The Court in Scott addressed the same questions in relation to the same construction project and, relying on the decision in Davis, supra, concluded that the magnitude of the project in question rendered any activity related to it a governmental function. Scott, supra, pp 199-200.
We are persuaded that the maintenance of the public water line in this case is a proprietary function of the city, thus it is not entitled to immunity from tort liability for injuries occurring in connection with the line. Further, this project is small in nature in comparison to the one at issue in Davis and Scott, supra, and thus, even under the criteria of those cases, we do not consider its maintenance to involve an activity that can only be carried out effectively by the government or that is necessary to the policies and continued operations of the state because of the lack of comparable activity in the private sector. Ross, supra, p 697.
Although we conclude that the plaintiffs’ negligence claim against the defendant for its maintenance of the water line should not have been defeated on the basis of governmental immunity, we reach the opposite conclusion regarding the plaintiffs’ claim that the defendant was negligent in directing traffic around the construction site. This Court has previously held that police activity in directing traffic is a governmental function entitled to immunity. See Austin v City of Romulus, 101 Mich App 662, 672; 300 NW2d 672 (1980); Summerville v Kalamazoo County Road Comm, 77 Mich App 580; 259 NW2d 206 (1977); Cole v Rife, 77 Mich App 545, 553; 258 NW2d 555 (1977).
We affirm the trial court’s summary judgment with respect to the plaintiffs’ claims against the defendant for nuisance and for negligence in the direction and control of traffic. We reverse the summary judgment with respect to the plaintiffs’ claim against the defendant for negligence in maintaining the water line and remand this case back to the trial court for further proceedings.
Affirmed in part, reversed in part, and remanded.
The Michigan Supreme Court recently affirmed the decision in Ross by an equally divided Court. We agree with the opinion written by Justice Kavanagh which states:
"There are many activities contributing to the common good which are engaged in by state agencies. Providing a comprehensive system of drains is surely one of them. As in the case of supplying water, power, transportation and other services sometimes supplied by public utilities, however, the fact that a state agency engages in an activity does not convert the activity into a function of government.” Ross v Consumers Power Co, 415 Mich 1, 29-30; 327 NW2d 293 (1982). | [
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Per Curiam.
Defendant appeals as of right from the trial court’s order denying her motion for relief from a June 5, 1985, judgment on a jury verdict in favor of plaintiff in this action for fraud. Specifically, defendant challenges the court’s jury instructions on exemplary damages.
The action arose out of an incident wherein defendant misrepresented information on plaintiff’s credit application, causing plaintiff to render printing services to defendant on credit for which defendant did not pay. In plaintiff’s complaint, it alleged it suffered damages of $19,817.25 due to the credit it extended on the basis of defendant’s misrepresentations.
The court instructed the jury as follows on exemplary damages:
If you find an act to have been done with design and from willful and malicious motives, the law compels full compensation, and full compensation may not be awarded solely by the payment of the actual value. Where the act complained of arises from willful, malicious conduct, exemplary damaged [sic] may be recoverable. You are not to award these damages as a punishment to the wrongdoer, but to compensate the injured party, so that you are still thinking in terms of compensation.
The jury awarded plaintiff $19.817.25 in compen satory damages and $17,880 in exemplary damages.
On November 6, 1985, defendant filed a delayed motion for judgment notwithstanding the verdict, solely on the grounds that there was insufficient evidence of a fraudulent misrepresentation on her part. On November 21, 1985, the trial court denied the motion. The order did not state whether the court denied the motion because the motion was untimely or whether the court denied the motion on the merits. On December 2, 1985, defendant filed in this Court a claim of appeal from the order denying her motion for judgment notwithstanding the verdict. This Court dismissed the appeal because of the untimeliness of the motion. On January 17, 1986, defendant filed in this Court a delayed application for leave to appeal. In this application, defendant again alleged that there was insufficient evidence of a fraudulent misrepresentation, and also alleged that the instructions on exemplary damages were improper. On July 2, 1986, this Court denied defendant’s application "for lack of merit in the grounds presented.” On August 19, 1986, this Court denied defendant’s motion for rehearing.
On September 18, 1986, defendant filed in the trial court a motion for relief from the June 5, 1985, judgment, pursuant to MCR 2.612(C)(1)(f), on the grounds that the instructions improperly allowed the jury to award exemplary damages. Following a hearing on November 26, 1986, the court denied the motion. Regarding exemplary damages, the court stated:
In my view, punitive damages are pretty much what the language suggests. They are to punish the alleged wrongdoer for his or her awful conduct. We do not have punitive damages in Michi gan, even though the courts have finally concluded. [sic] We do have however, still with us until they decide that we are not going to have them any longer, that which is called exemplary damages. Well, in my view, they are to make an example of a wrongdoer, and that wrongdoer’s particular course of conduct for the purpose of being a deterrent to others of our society who might also choose to follow that course of conduct.
Mr. Peters, given your interpretation and drawn from, you know, not irresponsibly appellate opinions talking about the opportunity here for double recovery, I suggest to you there would be no exemplary damages. And the appellate court[s], although if we review the cases, appear to have had a great deal of trouble sorting out the differences, if any, between punitive and exemplary damages. They have at last writing left us with at least exemplary damages. I think they are an additional award for the same circumstances as an example, given a particularly reprehensible course of conduct not for punishment.
I suggest to you that Mrs. Mitan’s conduct should be reviewed as perhaps being criticized through an award of damages as being so bad as to be made an example of for other members of the public. The request for a reduction or a modification of the judgment is denied.
A written order denying defendant’s motion was entered on December 8, 1986. Defendant appeals as of right from this order.
Initially, we must address plaintiff’s claim that defendant’s appeal is barred by the law of the case. Plaintiff claims that this Court’s July 2, 1986, denial of defendant’s application for leave to appeal "for lack of merit in the grounds presented” bars the reraising of this issue.
The term "law of the case,” as generally used, designates the principle that if an appellate court has passed on a legal question and remanded the cause to the court below for further proceedings, the legal questions thus determined by the appellate court will not be differently determined on a subsequent appeal in the same case where the facts remain the same. [Allen v Michigan Bell Telephone Co, 61 Mich App 62, 65; 232 NW2d 302, lv den 395 Mich 793 (1975).]
The only issue raised in defendant’s previous application was whether she should have had an appeal as of right; no substantive challenge to the award of exemplary damages was presented. Because this Court did not previously decide the issue of the propriety of the jury instructions on the merits, the doctrine of the law of the case does not preclude defendant’s appeal.
Plaintiff also claims this appeal is barred by MCR 7.205(F), which in part states:
If an application for leave to appeal in a civil action is filed more than 18 months after entry of the order or judgment on the merits, leave to appeal may not be granted.
Plaintiff claims that, in actuality, defendant’s appeal from the December 8,1986, order denying her motion for relief from the judgment is a second attempt at a delayed appeal from the June 5,1985, judgment. We disagree. Defendant’s appeal is from the order denying her motion for relief from the judgment, and since the appeal was brought well within eighteen months of the order, the appeal is timely. Plaintiff also alleges that the motion for relief from the judgment was not brought in the trial court within a "reasonable time,” as required by MCR 2.612(C)(2). Although the motion was made fifteen months after the judgment, we feel that under the circumstances this was a reason able time, as defendant did raise this issue in its application for leave to appeal with this Court on January 17, 1986, seven months after the judgment.
Having determined that defendant is not precluded from raising this issue, we now address the merits. Defendant filed her motion for relief from the judgment pursuant to MCR 2.612(C)(1)(f). MCR 2.612(C)(1)(f) states:
(1) On motion and on just terms, the court may relieve a party or the legal representative of a party from a final judgment, order, or proceeding on the following grounds:
(f) Any other reason justifying relief from the operation of the judgment.
The requirements which must be fulfilled for relief under GCR 1963, 528.3, the predecessor of MCR 2.612(C), were succinctly stated in Lark v The Detroit Edison Co, 99 Mich App 280, 284; 297 NW2d 653 (1980), lv den 410 Mich 906 (1981):
[E]ach case must be examined on its facts to determine whether this extraordinary relief is necessary. Three requirements must be satisfied: (i) the reason for setting aside the judgment must not fall under subrules [a] through [e], (n) the substantial rights of the opposing party must not be detrimentally affected if the [judgment] is set aside, and (m) extraordinary circumstances must exist which mandate setting aside the judgment in order to achieve justice.
The trial court’s decision on a motion for relief from a judgment pursuant to MCR 2.612(C) is discretionary and will not be disturbed on appeal absent a clear showing of an abuse of discretion. Lark, supra, p 282. We feel that the trial court did abuse its discretion, as exemplary damages were not proper under the circumstances of this case and their imposition enabled plaintiff to receive a double recovery. Initially, we note that defendant did not object to the instruction on exemplary damages. Failure to make a timely and specific objection to jury instructions precludes appellate review unless manifest injustice would result. Manifest injustice results where the defect in instruction is of such magnitude as to constitute plain error, requiring a new trial, or where it pertains to a basic and controlling issue in the case. Joba Construction Co, Inc v Burns & Roe, Inc, 121 Mich App 615, 639; 329 NW2d 760 (1982). We feel that manifest injustice would result if plaintiff’s award of exemplary damages is not vacated.
Although a plaintiff’s status as a corporation does not preclude it from receiving exemplary damages, exemplary damages will not be awarded to compensate a purely pecuniary grievance susceptible to full and definite monetary compensation. Joba Construction, supra, pp 642-643. Exemplary (formerly punitive) damages are compensation for injury to feelings. Veselenak v Smith, 414 Mich 567, 572-573; 327 NW2d 261 (1982). They are awardable where the defendant commits a voluntary act which inspires feelings of humiliation, outrage, and indignity. The conduct must be malicious or so wilful and wanton as to demonstrate a reckless disregard of the plaintiff’s rights. Id., p 574. The purpose of exemplary damages is not to punish the defendant, but to render the plaintiff whole. When compensatory damages can make the injured party whole, exemplary damages must not be awarded. Hayes-Albion Corp v Kuberski, 421 Mich 170, 187; 364 NW2d 609 (1984), reh den 421 Mich 1202 (1985). In the instant case, plaintiff requested $19,817.25, which was the amount unpaid on defendant’s account. The jury awarded this amount. This amount was plaintiff’s pecuniary, economic damages. Because $19,817.25 made plaintiff whole, an additional amount for exemplary damages is not allowed by law. Plaintiff has not alleged that its feelings were hurt by a malicious, wilful, and wanton act of defendant. Thus, exemplary damages are unwarranted. Further, the trial court erred when it stated at the hearing on defendant’s motion for relief from the judgment that the purpose of exemplary damages is to make an example of the defendant, and to deter others. The Michigan Supreme Court has clearly held that the purpose of exemplary damages is to compensate for injury to feelings. Veselenak, supra, p 573.
Therefore, we vacate the award of exemplary damages in the amount of $17,880, and remand for entry of judgment based upon the compensatory damages which the jury determined that plaintiff had sustained.
Acceptance of the claim of appeal was erroneous; this appeal should have been by leave, since the order appealed from did not affect with finality the rights of the parties as prevously determined. Gherardini v Ford Motor Co, 394 Mich 430; 231 NW2d 643 (1975). Inasmuch as we have found merit, we exercise our discretion to treat the claim of appeal as an application, and grant the application. MCR 7.216(A)(3) and (7). | [
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Shepherd, P.J.
Claimant appeals from a September 15, 1986, opinion and order of the Crime Victims Compensation Board denying claimant’s claim for multiple benefits under the crime victim compensation act, MCL 18.351 et seq.; MSA 3.372(1) et seq. We granted leave to appeal.
Claimant is the widow of Danny W. Fortune, who was murdered in Detroit on August 8, 1985. Claimant was pregnant at the time of her husband’s death and had one minor child, Trent, age two. Danny Fortune had a salary of approximately $50,000 per year and was the sole means of support for his spouse and minor child.
On October 7, 1985, claimant filed a timely application for compensation with the board. On the basis of the papers filed in support of the claim and investigation reports, the board determined that claimant was properly entitled to benefits under the act. On March 24, 1986, claimant was awarded $6,700 which represented compensation for funeral expenses and loss of support.
On April 17, 1986, claimant filed an appeal requesting a hearing before the board on behalf of the decedent’s two minor children, who, according to claimant, received no consideration in the award. Claimant claimed a ceiling of $15,000 "per claimant,” or a total of $45,000, was appropriate as to her and the two minor children. On July 16, 1986, the board held an evidentiary hearing with regard to the maximum, aggregate award authorized by the act. The board first determined that 1976 PA 223 was applicable in this case and that amendments made in 1985 would not be applied. Under the applicable law, the board determined that the Legislature intended that no more than $15,000 be paid per incident of criminal activity. The board denied claimant’s application for multiple awards for loss of support, however, the board awarded additional benefits of $8,300, bringing the total award to the maximum of $15,000. On March 31, 1987, we granted claimant leave to appeal.
The purpose of the act, 1976 PA 223, MCL 18.351 et seq.; MSA 3.372(1) et seq. (since amended, 1985 PA 157), is to provide compensation to certain victims of crimes. Pertinent to the present case are the following sections of 1976 PA 223:
Sec. 1. As used in this act:
(b) "Claimant” means a victim or intervenor who is a resident of this state and who files a claim pursuant to this act.
(d) "Intervenor” means a person who goes to the aid of one who has become a victim of a crime and who suffers personal injury.
(g) "Victim” means a person who suffers a personal physical injury as a direct result of a crime.
Sec. 4. (1) Except as provided in subsection (2), the following persons are eligible for awards:
(a) A victim or an intervenor of a crime.
6>) A surviving spouse, parent, or child of a victim of a crime who died as a direct result of the crime.
(c) Any other person dependent for his principal support upon a victim of a crime who died as a direct result of the crime.
Sec. 6. (1) When accepted for filing, a claim shall be assigned by the chairman to a member of the board. All claims which arise from the death of an individual as a direct result of a crime shall be considered together by the same board member.
Sec. 11. (1) An award made pursuant to this act shall be in an amount not more than an out-of-pocket loss, including indebtedness reasonably incurred for medical or other services necessary as a result of the injury upon which the claim is based, together with loss of earnings or support resulting from the injury. The aggregate award under this act shall not exceed $15,000.00 per claimant.
Claimant argues that the Legislature intended in 1976 PA 223 to allow multiple claims with a maximum of "$15,000 per claimant.” In this case that would result in a maximum award of $15,000 per survivor, or $45,000 in aggregate. Claimant relies on certain claimed ambiguities in the statute and the use of the term "claimant” in decisions of Michigan’s appellate courts in reference to dependents filing claims under the act to support her claim that the Legislature intended to allow multiple claims and limit awards to $15,000 per claimant.
If we carefully parse the statute, it admits of certain ambiguities because its provision under § 4 indicates that those eligible for an award include the spouse, child of a victim, or dependent but without any language limiting the number of claims or whether all claims are limited by an aggregate amount. There is no specific language limiting an award to $15,000 per occurrence. Nor is there any specific language indicating an award can only be made to a "claimant” as defined in the statute as a "victim or intervenor.” Nor is § 6, requiring all claims to be heard by one board member, relied on by the board in this case, decisive on the maximum aggregate amount issue.
On the other hand, the term "aggregate” in § 11 combined with § 6 seems to imply that only one award should issue under the act and that the award is capped at $15,000. Furthermore, the board asserts in its appeal brief that it has adhered to this interpretation since the inception of the act. Generally, the construction of a statute by those charged with the duty to interpret it should be accorded some deference and not be overturned without cogent reasons. See Oakland Schools Bd of Ed v Superintendent of Public Instruction, 401 Mich 37, 41; 257 NW2d 73 (1977); Magreta v Ambassador Steel Co (On Rehearing), 380 Mich 513, 519; 158 NW2d 473 (1968).
In any event, apparently aware that the statute admitted of some ambiguity, the Legislature moved to clarify the statute. 1985 PA 157. Pertinent to our purposes are the changes made in the following sections:
Sec. 1. As used in this act:
(b) "Claimant” means a victim or intervenor who is injured in this state, or any other person eligible for an award pursuant to section 4(1), who files a claim pursuant to this act.
Sec. 6. (1) When a claim is accepted for filing, an investigation and examination shall be conducted to determine the validity of the claim.
The investigation shall include an examination of papers filed in support of the claim, official records and reports concerning the crime, and an examination of medical and hospital reports relating to the injury upon which the claim is based. All claims which arise from the death of an individual as a direct result of a crime shall be considered together, and the total compensation awarded for all claims which arise from the death of an individual shall not exceed the maximum aggregate award.
Thus, the Legislature expanded the definition of claimants and quite specifically set forth $15,000 as the maximum compensation allowed arising out of the death of one individual. We conclude that the Legislature sought merely to clarify the statute by this amendment. We find the board’s interpretation under the act prior to the amendment to be in accord with the Legislature’s intent.
Affirmed.
G. B. Ford, J., concurred. | [
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M. J. Kelly, J.
The personal representative of decedent’s estate petitioned the probate court to determine whether estate taxes on decedent’s estate should be apportioned pursuant to the Uniform Estate Tax Apportionment Act, MCL 720.11 et seq.; MSA 27.3178(167.101) et seq., or whether the estate taxes should be paid from the residue of decedent’s trust. From a determination that estate taxes should be apportioned pursuant to the act, petitioner appeals as of right. Petitioner is joined in this appeal by appellees, great-grandchildren of decedent, represented by the guardian ad litem.
On October 11, 1979, decedent, with the assistance of her attorney, executed her will and a revocable inter vivos trust. The will provided in part:
First: I make no direction for the payment of funeral expenses, lawful claims, costs of adminis tration, and taxes assessed by reason of my death, as I have provided for their payment under a certain Agreement hereinafter mentioned.
Second: All of the rest, residue and remainder of my estate, of whatsoever kind and character and wheresoever situated, whether real, personal or mixed, I give, devise and bequeath to the Trustee, namely: American Bank & Trust Company, to be added to or become a part of that certain Trust established under an Agreement dated the eleventh day of October A.D., 1979, wherein I am the "trustor”. My intention is to identify the said Trust Agreement and not to incorporate it by reference into this Will, nor to cause the residue of the estate after delivery thereof to the Trustee under said Trust to be subject to the jurisdiction of the Probate Court, but to add such residue to the property constituting the trust estate under said Trust Agreement, and to have the same held, managed and controlled as constituting a part of said trust estate. If, for any reason, the said Trust shall not be in existence at the time of my death, or if for any reason a Court of competant [sic] jurisdiction shall declare this testamentary transfer to the Trustee of said Trust to be invalid, then I declare that the said residue shall be held, managed, invested and reinvested in exactly the same manner as described in said instrument of Trust, and any amendments thereto, for the period beginning with the date of my death, by the same Trustee who is to serve hereunder; and for that purpose, I do hereby incorporate this same instrument of Trust and any amendments thereto, by reference, into this, my Last Will and Testament. The operation of this paragraph shall not be affected by subsequent revocation of the said Trust Agreement, but that Agreement, and any amendments thereto, shall remain in effect for the purpose of expressing the Trusts imposed by my residuary estate and of defining the duties, powers, authority and immunity of the Trustee.
The pertinent part of the trust provides:
Upon the death of said Trustor, the Trustee shall pay all of the Trustor’s lawful debts, together with funeral expenses, as well as any other expenses incident to Trustor’s death, as well as all inheritance, estate and succession taxes of every description occasioned by Trustor’s death and properly assessed in respect of all property comprising Trustor’s gross estate for death tax purposes, whether or not such property passes undér this agreement, under Trustor’s Will, or otherwise, and the Trustee shall not seek contribution from anyone for any portion of the taxes so paid.
The trust went on to provide that after the payment of all trustor’s lawful debts, funeral expenses, and other expenses incident to the trust- or’s death (including estate taxes), seven specific bequests were to be made (including a class gift to decedent’s great-grandchildren). After that, the residue would be distributed in equal shares to decedent’s children, or their respective children, share and share alike. Respondents are grandchildren of the only child of decedent who predeceased decedent. Under the trust they share one-quarter of the remaining residue following payment of expenses and the seven specific bequests. The amount they take increases if taxes are apportioned and diminishes if taxes are paid pursuant to the trust. The amount is substantial. Decedent’s gross estate for federal income tax purposes is approximately 2.7 million dollars, federal estate taxes alone exceed $800,000.
That portion of the Uniform Estate Tax Apportionment Act relied on by the probate court provides:
Unless the will otherwise provides, the tax shall be apportioned among all persons interested in the estate. The apportionment shall be made in the proportion that the value of the interest of each person interested in the estate bears to the total value of the interests of all persons interested in the estate. The values used in determining the tax shall be used for that purpose. In the event the decedent’s will directs a method of apportionment of tax different from the method described in this act, the method described in the will shall control. [MCL 720.12; MSA 27.3178(167.102).]
The trial court found that the intent of the drafters of the act was that a contrary method of apportionment must be set forth in the will itself, or the act will apply. Based on the statement of the testator in the will that she was not providing for payment of taxes in her will and the fact that, although the testator identifies the trust agreement in her will, the testator states that it was not her intention to incorporate the trust by reference into her will, the trial court rejected petitioner’s argument that the intent of the testator was that taxes be paid according to the trust agreement. The trial court concluded that § 2 of the tax apportionment act applied since the testator did not direct in her will a method of apportionment of estate taxes different from the method described in the act.
The principal reason and purpose of the enactment of an estate tax apportionment statute "is to avoid the result sometimes attendant upon the general rule that the burden of estate taxes . . . falls upon the residuary estate and, usually, the natural objects of the testator’s bounty.” Anno: Construction and application of statutes apportioning or prorating estate taxes, 71 ALR3d 247, 255. In particular, enactment of a tax apportionment statute is an attempt to avoid the hardship that results when the residual estate becomes liable for estate taxes on property not included in the probate estate of the decedent. Id. For example, the gross estate for federal estate tax purposes includes jointly held property and proceeds from life insurance policies on decedent, categories that do not pass through the probate estate. See 26 USC 20.2041 and 20.2042. The aim of an apportionment statute is to promote the presumed intent of most testators by enacting a "burden on the recipient” rule as opposed to a burden on the residue, in order to ensure an equitable allocation of the burden of the tax among those actually affected by that burden. See 71 ALR3d 270.
Petitioner, joined by appellees great-grandchildren (represented by the guardian ad litem), reason that the intent of the testator should prevail over application of the apportionment statute. They contend that decedent’s intent here is clear: the trust agreement requires the trustee to pay all estate and inheritence taxes and the will states that the testator makes no direction for payment of taxes "as I have provided for their payment.”
Taking this language, coupled with the facts that the trust and will were executed on the same day and the trust contains virtually all the assets of the decedent’s estate (with the exception of certain life insurance proceeds amounting to approximately $880,000), and these assets all went into the trust, these two parties contend that the intent of the testator was clear. They conclude that decedent’s intent was that all taxes be paid out of the residue of the trust.
"The primary goal of the Court in construing a will is to effectuate, to the extent consistent with the law, the intent of the testator.” In re Edgar Estate, 425 Mich 364, 378; 389 NW2d 696 (1986). Here, however, appellant’s construction of the intent of the testator is not consistent with the law. The law in Michigan provides that "unless the will provides otherwise” taxes are to be apportioned. MCL 720.12; MSA 27.3178(167.102). "[T]he right to alter or omit apportionment may he exercised by will only.” Detroit Bank & Trust Co v Grunewald, 26 Mich App 495, 499; 182 NW2d 628 (1970).
Although not directly addressed in Michigan, other jurisdictions which have adopted the Uniform Estate Tax Apportionment Act have held that a directive against apportionment should be expressed in clear and unambiguous language. See In re Estate of Hilliar, 498 P2d 1237, 1239 (Wyo, 1972); In re Ogburn’s Estate, 406 P2d 655, 657-658 (Wyo, 1965). There is said to be a strong policy in favor of apportionment and the burden of proof rests with those arguing against it. See In re Ogbum’s Estate, supra, and 71 ALR3d 310. Here, while it is true that the will states that the decedent has provided for the payment of estate taxes, the will does not inform how. The will does not "otherwise provide.” The will does not "provide” nor does it "direct a method.” The only instrument which appellant contends does inform how taxes were to be paid was specifically not incorporated by reference into the will by the testator. Based on a reading of the will, specifically that part which states that the will does not provide for payment of taxes and does not incorporate the trust by reference, we cannot conclude that the trial court erred in its conclusion that the will does not provide for other than proration of estate taxes. Appellant has failed to carry its burden against apportionment. Contrary to its argument, we find the intent of the testator is not clear.
The guardian ad litem makes an additional argument that, regardless of whether proration is applicable, appellees’ (the great grandchildren’s) shares should not be charged with estate taxes. The guardian ad litem’s argument relies on that phrase in §2 of the act that provides: "the tax shall be apportioned among all persons interested in the estate.” Section 1 of the act, the definition section, provides in part:
"Person interested in the estate” means any person entitled to receive, or who has received, from a decedent or by reason of the death of a decedent any property or interest therein included in the decedent’s estate. It includes a personal representative, guardian, and trustee. [MCL 720.11(c); MSA 27.3178(167.101)(c).]
From this definition, since persons interested in the estate includes a trustee, the guardian ad litem concludes that the only persons interested in the estate, and thus liable for estate taxes, are the trustee (the sole devisee under the will) and the beneficiaries of the life insurance policies on decedent. The guardian ad litem concludes that since the trustee is contractually bound by the trust agreement, it is responsible for all estate taxes, with the exception of those taxes chargeable on the life insurance proceeds.
However, since the only matter up for decision of this Court is whether the trial court erred in determining that estate taxes should be prorated, and not who were "interested persons” for purposes of tax apportionment, the guardian ad litem’s additional argument, although engaging, addresses a matter not yet before this Court.
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Per Curiam.
Margaret Doebler executed her will on February 12, 1985, and died on May 12, 1985. On May 28, 1985, Norman Miller, the personal representative designated in the will, filed a petition for commencement of supervised proceedings. On July 2, 1985, the will was admitted to probate by the Oakland County Probate Court and on August 6, 1985, the probate court appointed Norman Miller the estate’s personal representative.
On November 7, 1985, the personal representative filed an inventory listing, among other things, real estate in Troy, Michigan, with a state equalized valuation of $54,800, the subject of this action. Two offers of purchase were made and accepted by the personal representative, both "subject to probate court approval as may be required, to be obtained by seller as soon as reasonably possible.” (Emphasis added.) On February 28, 1986, the personal representative signed an acceptance of an offer by Reza and Shahnaz Mohajer-Shojanee to purchase the property for $75,000. On April 19, 1986, the personal representative signed a second acceptance of an offer to purchase the Troy property by Beztak Properties for $256,000.
On May 8, 1986, the Mohajer-Shojanees instituted suit in Oakland Circuit Court for specific performance of the purchase agreement. The personal representative filed a motion for summary disposition alleging that probate court approval was a condition of the purchase agreement. The Mohajer-Shonajees argued that probate court approval was not required. The trial judge withheld a ruling until the probate court issued its determination as to whether probate court approval was required for the personal representative to sell assets from the estate. The probate judge determined that the powers given the personal repre sentative in the will, those enumerated under § 334 of the Michigan Revised Probate Code, MCL 700.334; MSA 27.5334, were exercisable by the personal representative without probate court approval. The personal representative and the heirs-at-law appeal the probate court decision. We affirm.
The estate and the heirs-at-law argue with slight variation the single theory that a supervised proceeding requires adherence to procedural requirements of notice to interested parties and probate court approval before real estate can be sold and, despite language to the contrary in a will, the representative cannot act as an independent personal representative.
The Mohajer-Shojanees argue that the will gave the personal representative power to sell the real estate, there was a written contract to sell to them, and no probate court approval was or is required to make the contract valid and binding on the parties. They assert the fact that in a supervised administration a personal representative may request the court to approve the sale of real estate does not in any way negate his power to sell it without court approval.
The question on appeal is whether the personal representative could sell the property without probate court approval, even though the petition is granted as "petition for commencement of proceedings — supervised.”
The personal representative’s power over the estate was stated in the seventh paragraph of the decedent’s will as follows:
Seventh: I confirm that my Personal Representative shall have all the powers set forth in Section 334 of the Revised Probate Code, being Public Act 642 of Michigan, 1978, which I incorporate in my Will as said Code exists on the day of my Will, except as other provisions of my Will specifically provide to the contrary. In the administration of my estate, my Personal Representative may exercise such powers and all of the other powers herein set forth.
As cited in decedent’s will, the powers of an independent personal representative are enumerated in MCL 700.334; MSA 27.5334 which states, in pertinent part:
Except as restricted ... by an order in a supervised proceeding, an independent personal representative acting reasonably for the benefit of the interested persons, may properly do any of the following:
(f) Acquire or dispose of an asset, including land in this or another state ....
* * *
(w) Sell . . . real . . . property of the estate . . . without security for unpaid balances unless the amount of the unpaid balance exceeds $500.00.
The probate code also states the power of an independent personal representative over title to property in MCL 700.331; MSA 27.5331:
Until termination of his or her appointment, unless earlier restricted by order of. the court, an independent personal representative shall have the same power over the title to property of the estate that an absolute owner would have, in trust, however, for the benefit of interested persons. The power may be exercised without notice, hearing, or order of the court.
Pursuant to MCL 700.351; MSA 27.5351, the personal representative petitioned the probate court to grant the estate supervised status. A probate judge can transform an independent proceeding into a supervised proceeding only on a finding that it is necessary for the protection of persons interested in the estate to switch to a supervised estate. MCL 700.352; MSA 27.5352. The probate court cannot restrict the powers of an independent personal representative unless specifically ordered. MCL 700.353(4); MSA 27.5353(4).
In the instant case, all the parties framed their arguments upon the assumption that, after the petition for supervised status was filed, this was a supervised estate. There is nothing in the record before this Court that supports that assumption.
There is no finding by the probate judge that the estate should be supervised for the protection of interested persons. There is no mention that the estate is supervised in the August 6, 1985, letter of authority appointing the personal representative and defining his powers. The letter of authority grants to the personal representative "full power and authority to take possession, collect, preserve, manage and dispose of all of the property of the estate . . . unless hereinafter limited.” In the section of the letter entitled "restriction,” only one word appears, "none.” Nothing on the record demonstrates that this is a supervised estate.
It will be helpful to note here that, even if it could be shown that this was a supervised estate, probate court approval is not necessary before real property could be sold from the estate by the personal representative:
When power to sell . . . property of the estate is given in a will, the fiduciary, if authorized to execute the power, may proceed under the power without authorization of the court, or may proceed under the provisions of this act. [MCL 700.664; MSA 27.5664.]
This approach supports the position drawn from Michigan common law as stated by Michigan Supreme Court Justice Thomas M. Cooley:
And we do not think there is any policy of the State which restricts the power of control which one may exercise over his estate, in favor of probate supervision. Clearly the words of a will are not to be given an unnatural interpretation on any supposition that the testator confided less in the judgment and fidelity of his chosen executors than in the person who might chance to be judge of probate at some future time when his estates might need to be sold. The law of this State favors testamentary arrangements; and when they contravene no rule of law, they should be fairly interpreted and enforced according to their real intent. [Tracy v Murray, 49 Mich 35, 38; 12 NW 900 (1882).]
The decision of the probate court is affirmed. | [
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Per Curiam.
Defendant pled guilty in Bay Circuit Court to violation of probation and unlawfully driving away an automobile, MCL 750.413; MSA 28.645. On April 7, 1986, he was sentenced to forty to sixty months imprisonment for each offense, with the sentences to run concurrently. Defendant appeals as of right from his sentences, requesting this Court to remand his case to the circuit court for a hearing and resentencing in accordance with United States v Tucker, 404 US 443; 92 S Ct 589; 30 L Ed 2d 592 (1972), and People v Moore, 391 Mich 426; 216 NW2d 770 (1974). Defendant asserts that he is entitled to a Tucker hearing because the sentencing judge imposed the sentences in reliance on a prior juvenile delinquency adjudication in which defendant had not been represented by counsel. We disagree and affirm defendant’s convictions and sentences.
In People v Watroba, 89 Mich App 718, 723; 282 NW2d 196 (1979), this Court stated the threshold prerequisites which must be met by a defendant seeking a Tucker hearing, namely, prima facie proof (1) that his prior conviction was constitutionally infirm, and (2) that such conviction was considered by the court in imposing sentence. Having made the threshold showing, however, defendant is not automatically entitled to a Tucker hearing. A Tucker hearing is mandated only where it appears from the totality of the circumstances that defendant’s sentence might have differed had the sentencing judge known of the infirmity of the prior conviction.
Under the rule of Tucker and Moore, a criminal conviction obtained in violation of a defendant’s right to counsel cannot be used to enhance a sentence. Other panels of this Court have noted that there is no such thing as a "juvenile conviction.” People v Covington, 144 Mich App 652; 376 NW2d 178 (1985), remanded 425 Mich 853 (1986), lv den 426 Mich 866 (1986), citing Kent v United States, 383 US 541, 556; 86 S Ct 1045; 16 L Ed 2d 84 (1966); People v Daniels, 149 Mich App 602; 386 NW2d 609 (1986). Accordingly, these other panels have concluded that the rule of Tucker and Moore is not applicable to constitutionally infirm juvenile delinquency adjudications used to enhance an adult criminal sentence, even where the delinquency adjudication was violative of defendant’s right to counsel. Covington and Daniels. Defendant cites our Supreme Court’s remand of Covington, 425 Mich 853 (1986), for the converse proposition, i.e., that Tucker and Moore are applicable to delinquency adjudications. Daniels expressly relies on Covington.
In our view, the continued viability of this Court’s opinions in Covington and Daniels are suspect in view of the Supreme Court’s remand in Covington, albeit an unexplained remand. Beyond that, given the continued viability of Tucker and Moore as our premise, we disagree with the rule as stated by the Covington and Daniels panels. As to the argument that delinquency adjudications are not "criminal convictions,” the United States Supreme Court in In re Gault, 387 US 1, 49-50; 87 S Ct 1428; 18 L Ed 2d 527 (1967), stated:
Against the application to juveniles of the right to silence, it is argued that juvenile proceedings are "civil” and not "criminal,” and therefore the privilege should not apply .... However, it is also clear that the availability of the privilege does not turn upon the type of proceeding in which its protection is invoked, but upon the nature of the statement or admission and the exposure which it invites. . . .
It would be entirely unrealistic to carve out of the Fifth Amendment all statements by juveniles on the ground that these cannot lead to "criminal” involvement. In the first place, juvenile proceed ings to determine "delinquency,” which may lead to commitment to a state institution, must be regarded as "criminal” for purposes of the privilege against self-incrimination. To hold otherwise would be to disregard substance because of the feeble enticement of the "civil” label-of-convenience which has been attached to juvenile proceedings.
The Court affirmed this same line of reasoning in a delinquency case involving double jeopardy. Speaking for the Court in Breed v Jones, 421 US 519, 529; 95 S Ct 1779; 44 L Ed 2d 346 (1975), Chief Justice Burger said:
We believe it is simply too late in the day to conclude, as did the District Court in this case, that a juvenile is not put in jeopardy at a proceeding whose object is to determine whether he has committed acts that violate a criminal law and whose potential consequences include both the stigma inherent in such a determination and the deprivation of liberty for many years. For it is clear under our cases that determining the relevance of constitutional policies, like determining the applicability of constitutional rights, in juvenile proceedings, requires that courts eschew "the 'civil’ label-of-convenience which has been attached to juvenile proceedings.”
We cannot agree with the underpinnings of the panels’ decisions in Covington and Daniels, resting as they do on the " 'civil’ label-of-convenience.” We conclude, contrary to those decisions, that a constitutionally infirm juvenile delinquency adjudication obtained in violation of the juvenile’s right to counsel cannot be used to enhance a criminal sentence. See also Batzer, Direct Appeals from Michigan Juvenile Court Delinquency Adjudications and Dispositions: A Note on the Non-Cases, 24 Wayne L Rev 1239 (1978).
In this case, defendant presents a letter from the Genesee County Probate Court as prima facie proof that he was not represented by counsel at a December 31, 1982, juvenile delinquency adjudication regarding unlawful use of an automobile. Defendant also refers this Court to a comment by the sentencing judge that defendant had a "terrible” juvenile record, which included five breaking and entering adjudications and six adjudications involving stolen automobiles.
Our review of the record satisfies us that, had the sentencing court been aware that defendant was without counsel in a 1982 juvenile delinquency adjudication and had it further been aware that the adjudication without the benefit of counsel could not be used to enhance defendant’s sentences, the sentences would not have been different. First, the 1982 adjudication is but one of eleven encompassed in the sentencing judge’s comment that defendant’s juvenile record was "terrible.” Moreover, the record shows that the sentencing judge’s primary concern was to protect society from a defendant who had not been deterred by his conviction and sentence for a similar crime only one month prior to the instant offense. It was the fact that defendant had" a number of juvenile adjudications, of which there remains more than an ample supply even after the challenged adjudication is factored out, that the sentencing court also considered. We see no need, if we may borrow Justice Blackmun’s metaphor from his Tucker dissent, to engage the trial court in the futile exercise of marching up the sentencing hill again, only to hand out the same sentence and march back down again.
Affirmed.
The term "deliquent” or "delinquency” is not found in the juvenile code, MCL 712A.1 et seq.; MSA 27.3178(598.1) et seq. Rather, the code speaks of the juvenile court’s having "jurisdiction” over a child who is found to have committed certain acts, including those acts that would be crimes if committed by an adult. An adjudication that a child is within the court’s jurisdiction by reason of having committed these acts is commonly called an adjudication of delinquency.
We do not wish to imply that all delinquency adjudications obtained without the benefit of counsel are constitutionally infirm. There could have been, for example, a proper waiver of the right to counsel. | [
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Doctoroff, J.
Defendants appeal by leave granted from the decision of the trial court denying their motion for summary disposition on the basis of the statute of limitations and res judicata. MCR 2.116(C)(7). We reverse.
On January 7, 1979, plaintiff was involved in an automobile accident with a City of Detroit police car driven by defendant Bobby Bugaski. On April 24, 1980, plaintiff filed suit against defendants for injuries she sustained as a result of the accident. Plaintiff alleged that her injuries included severe headaches, pain in her lower back, and shock to her nervous system. On July 13, 1983, the trial court granted defendants’ motion for summary judgment on the basis that there was no genuine issue of material fact as to the issue of serious impairment of bodily function under MCL 500.3135; MSA 24.13135. We affirmed the trial court in Sherrell v Bugaski, 140 Mich App 708; 364 NW2d 684 (1984).
On November 21, 1985, plaintiff discovered that she had a herniated disc, which she alleges was the result of the automobile accident. On May 8, 1986, plaintiff once again filed a negligence action against defendants. Defendants then filed a motion for summary disposition, which was denied.
On appeal, defendants raise two issues. They claim that the trial court erred by denying their motion for summary disposition on the basis that plaintiff’s suit was not barred under the doctrine of res judicata and by denying it on the basis that the period of limitations had not expired.
First as to the issue of res judicata, we find that the trial court erred by denying defendants’ motion for summary disposition on this basis.
The doctrine of res judicata is a manifestation of the recognition that interminable litigation leads to confusion and chaos for the litigants and results in the inefficient use of judicial resources. Rogers v Colonial Federal Savings & Loan Ass’n of Grosse Pointe Woods, 405 Mich 607, 615; 275 NW2d 499 (1979). Under the broad application of res judicata that has been adopted in Michigan, claims that were actually litigated are barred from the second action as well as those claims arising out of the same transaction which plaintiff could have brought, but did not. Gose v Monroe Auto Equipment Co, 409 Mich 147, 160; 294 NW2d 165 (1980). This Court in Ward v DAIIE, 115 Mich App 30, 37; 320 NW2d 280 (1982), set forth the elements of res judicata:
The doctrine of res judicata provides that where two parties have fully litigated a particular claim and a final judgment has resulted, that claim may not be relitigated by either party. In Tucker v Rohrback, [13 Mich 73, 75 (1864)] the Supreme Court delineated three prerequisites for a prior judgment to constitute a bar in a subsequent action: (1) the former action must have been decided on the merits; (2) the same matter contested in the second action must have been decided in the first; and (3) the two actions must be between the same parties or privies.
There is no question but that the suit which plaintiff filed in April, 1980, was against the very same defendants as are being sued in the instant case. Additionally, there is little dispute that plaintiff’s first, suit was decided on the merits presented. The trial court in the 1980 suit granted defendants’ motion for summary disposition because there was no genuine issue as to the damages plaintiff sustained in the accident; as a matter of law, therefore, there was no serious impairment of bodily function. This Court affirmed in Sherrell, supra. The previous decision was thus final and was made on the merits. See Carter v SEMTA, 135 Mich App 261, 265; 351 NW2d 920 (1984), lv den 422 Mich 881 (1985).
Plaintiff in argument would have us accept that the second Ward element is not present in this case. She asserts that, because she had an additional injury which manifested itself only after the first lawsuit, the same matter is not being contested in the instant case as was decided in the prior suit. In support of this contention, plaintiff relies on Horan v Brown, 148 Mich App 464, 466; 384 NW2d 805 (1986), lv den 425 Mich 876 (1986), in which the Court held that a claim under the no-fault act does not accrue for purposes of the statute of limitations until the resulting injuries have been discovered. Further, plaintiff asserts that the application of res judicata is limited to those claims which she could have raised in the first lawsuit, Courtney v Feldstein, 147 Mich App 70, 75; 382 NW2d 734 (1985), lv den 424 Mich 901 (1986), contending that she could not have raised this injury in the first lawsuit as she had not discovered it.
We must disagree with plaintiff’s reliance on Horan and her conclusions. Plaintiff’s claim is barred by the doctrine of res judicata, as the matter raised in the present case was certainly adjudicated in the prior lawsuit. Ward, supra. Here, as in the first lawsuit, plaintiff is suing defendants for negligence in operating a motor vehicle. The previous suit was dismissed expressly on the issue of lack of damages. Simply because the facts on the issue of plaintiff’s damages have changed, the application of res judicata is not barred. The only instance where a change in fact may cause an evasion of the application of res judicata is in an area of law where there are important competing considerations, such as worker’s compensation. See Gose, supra, p 176. In worker’s compensation cases, the remedial purpose of the statute is to maintain the fiscal integrity of persons whose wage-earning ability has been suspended or terminated. Id. Thus, an injury discov ered after a lawsuit would be considered in recalculating a plaintiffs damages and res judicata would not apply to bar such recalculation.
No such important remedied policy applies in the present personal injury case. As Justice Levin, dissenting on other grounds, pointed out in Gose:
In a negligence action, the trier is required to predict the likely future complications and damages and to ascertain a lump sum to compensate for past, present and future damages. There is no modification of the verdict even where the passage of time proves the prediction erroneous, and a second suit for damages resulting from the same breach is not permitted even if there has been a change in physical condition or other circumstance. In this context, the defendant is entitled to rely on the plaintiffs having presented all claims arising from the breach. He only expects to have to defend one suit. [Id., p 199. Emphasis added.]
We therefore conclude that plaintiffs change in physical condition does not warrant suspending the application of res judicata to bar her claim. We thus reverse the trial court’s denial of defendants’ motion on this basis.
We turn now to the second issue raised by defendants, that the trial court erred by denying their motion for summary disposition, determining that the period of limitations had not expired.
MCL 600.5805; MSA 27A.5805 provides in relevant part:
(1) A person shall not bring or maintain an action to recover damages for injuries to persons or property unless, after the claim first accrued to the plaintiff or to someone through whom the plaintiff claims, the áction is commenced within the periods of time prescribed by this section.
(8) The period of limitations is 3 years after the time of the death or injury for all other actions to recover damages for the death of a person, or for injury to a person or property.
Without question, plaintiff’s present claim was not filed within three years of the date of the accident, but rather 7½ years later. Plaintiff argues, however, that the period of limitations does not begin to run until the cause of action accrues. She would have us hold that the claim did not accrue until May, 1985, when she discovered her herniated disc, and relies on Horan, supra, for the proposition that a cause of action under the no-fault act does not accrue until the person discovers or should have discovered the serious impairment of bodily function. While that may be correct, plaintiff fails to see that her claim had already accrued under the law when she filed her first suit in April, 1980. Simply because plaintiff’s injury failed to rise to the requisite level for recovery in the first suit does not mean her claim had not yet accrued. As the Supreme Court stated in Connelly v Paul Ruddy’s Equipment Repair & Service Co, 388 Mich 146, 151; 200 NW2d 70 (1972):
Once all of the elements of an action for personal injury, including the element of damage, are present, the claim accrues and the statute of limitations begins to run. Later damages may result, but they give rise to no new cause of action, nor does the statute of limitations begin to run anew as each item of damage is incurred.
Thus, plaintiff’s cause of action accrued when she discovered the injuries for which she sued in the first action she filed in 1980.
Additionally, the statute of limitations was not tolled during the pendency of plaintiff’s first lawsuit.
MCL 600.5856; MSA 27A.5856, provides:
The statutes of limitations are tolled when:
(1) the complaint is filed and a copy of the summons and complaint are served on the defendant, or when
(2) jurisdiction over the defendant is otherwise acquired, or when
(3) the complaint is filed and a copy of the summons and complaint in good faith, are placed in the hands of an officer for immediate service, but in this case the statute shall not be tolled longer than 90 days thereafter.
This statute permits the tolling of the statute of limitations during the pendency of a prior suit between the parties where the prior action was not adjudicated on the merits. Meda v City of Howell, 110 Mich App 179; 312 NW2d 202 (1981).
Plaintiffs prior suit against defendants was dismissed on a motion for summary disposition because there was no issue of material fact as to whether a serious impairment of body function existed. A dismissal on motion by the defendants, after judicial consideration, as opposed to a ministerial procedural dismissal, is an adjudication on the merits. See Carter, supra, p 265. Thus, the statute of limitations in the present case was not tolled during the pendency of plaintiffs first suit.
We, therefore, hold that plaintiffs claim had already accrued by the date of her previous lawsuit, that the statute of limitations was not tolled, and that plaintiffs claim is barred by the running of the period of limitations. The trial court therefore erred by failing to grant defendants’ motion for summary disposition on this basis.
Accordingly, we reverse the order of the trial court denying defendants’ motion for summary disposition and grant judgment to defendants. | [
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Per Curiam.
These consolidated cases were brought by former employees of defendant who alleged employment discrimination under the Michigan Handicappers’ Civil Rights Act. In both cases defendant’s motions for summary disposition, brought pursuant to MCR 2.116(C)(8)and (10), were granted. Each trial court concluded that plaintiffs’ claims were preempted by federal labor law, specifically, § 301 of the Labor Management Relations Act, 29 USC 185.
The basis for each former employee’s claim is similar. Both plaintiff Patrick Metro and plaintiff Willie Griffin were members of the United Auto Workers union and subject to a collective bargaining agreement between the union and defendant.
Plaintiff Patrick Metro had been employed by defendant since 1963. After being transferred to defendant’s Michigan Casting Center in 1975, Metro fractured his hip. He returned to work at the casting center in 1977. Subsequently, the Michigan Casting Center closed and Metro was called back to work in the Rouge Complex, pursuant to the collective bargaining agreement. Metro was offered work at the Dearborn Assembly Plant, but declined this position. Metro was then offered two other entry level positions; however, his physical limitations (the result of his hip injury), led to his disqualification and consequent layoff. On Au gust 13, 1982, Metro’s application for disability retirement was granted. Later, Metro became aware that other employees, with less seniority than he, were performing jobs compatible with his medical restrictions. Consequently, on April 3, 1984, Metro filed this action alleging handicap discrimination and retaliation in anticipation of a workers’ compensation claim.
Plaintiff Griffin’s fact setting is remarkably similar. Griffin had been employed by defendant since 1967. He too was transferred to the Michigan Casting Center, where he worked until that operation was closed in 1981. Griffin had also previously suffered an injury which resulted in permanent medical restrictions on him. Despite his physical limitations, Griffin had been able to perform his job as a maintenance worker while he was assigned to the Michigan Casting Center. Subsequent to the closing of the Michigan Casting Center, Griffin had a right to exercise his seniority and bump into entry level positions in the Rouge Complex. Griffin was offered a production job on September 2, 1982, but his medical restrictions made it impossible for him to perform this operation. He was consequently disqualified and laid off. On June 28, 1984, Griffin filed suit against defendant, alleging handicap discrimination and retaliation in anticipation of a workers’ compensation claim.
The claims of plaintiffs are now limited to their discrimination claims. The workers’ compensation claims were abandoned. The trial court in Metro, at the hearing on defendant’s motion, summarized Metro’s factual argument (which is essentially the same claim made by Griffin): Metro claimed that after he was laid off employees of defendant with less seniority were performing jobs compatible with his restrictions, that defendant refused to permit him to bump into one of those positions because defendant required him to first complete a thirty-day qualification period at an entry level position before he could exercise his seniority right to bump into a favored position, that this thirty-day period for qualification was not mandatory, but per the collective bargaining agreement it could be waived, and that defendant’s only motivation not to waive the requirement was discrimination.
The sole issue on appeal is whether the trial courts erred in these two cases by ruling that plaintiffs’ claims of handicap discrimination were preempted by federal labor law. Although "not every dispute concerning employment, or tangentially involving a provision of a collective-bargaining agreement, is preempted by §301 or other provisions of the federal labor law” the Supreme Court has held that "questions relating to what the parties to a labor agreement agreed, and what legal consequences were intended to flow from breaches of that agreement” are preempted by § 301 of the Labor Management Relations Act, 29 USC 185. Allis-Chalmers Corp v Lueck, 471 US 202, 211; 105 S Ct 1904; 85 L Ed 2d 206 (1985).
Although plaintiffs argue that resolution of their claims would not involve interpretation of the collective bargaining agreement, both plaintiffs rely on provisions in that agreement as a basis for their discrimination claim. It is clear that both plaintiffs rely on seniority rights, which are derived solely from the collective bargaining agreement. Likewise, both plaintiffs argue that the collective bargaining agreement gave defendant the discretion to waive the thirty-day qualification period, and its refusal to do so stymied plaintiffs from bumping into favorable positions.
It is as obvious to this Court as it was to the two trial courts that resolution of plaintiffs’ claims involves interpretation of the collective bargaining agreement. Therefore, the trial courts’ determinations, that federal labor law governs, were not erroneous. Cuffe v General Motors Corp, 166 Mich App 766; 420 NW2d 874 (1988). The claims of plaintiffs are inextricably intertwined with the provisions of the collective bargaining agreement and any discrimination claim is dependent upon analysis of the terms of the collective bargaining agreement.
The general rule is that, where federal labor policy governs, an individual employee must attempt to use the contract grievance procedure agreed upon by the employer and the union. Republic Steel Corp v Maddox, 379 US 650, 652; 85 S Ct 614; 13 L Ed 2d 580 (1965). Cuffe, supra. The grievance procedure afforded by the collective bargaining agreement provided plaintiffs their exclusive remedy (there being no issue raised as to the union’s breach of its duty of fair representation).
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Per Curiam.
Third-party defendant, Westfield Insurance Company, appeals as of right from an order of the Kent Circuit Court entered on January 21, 1987, granting motions for summary disposition, pursuant to MCR 2.116(C)(9), filed by appellees Linda Buckley, personal representative for the estate of Craig M. Buckley, Frank Rusche, and the Kent County Road Commission, while denying a similar motion filed, pursuant to MCR 2.116(0(10), by Westfield. We reverse the trial court’s grant of summary disposition in favor of appellees and remand the case for further proceedings.
The record reveals that on September 7, 1983, Craig Buckley, Linda Buckley’s husband, was killed when his vehicle was struck by a large commercial trailer on Alpine Street in Grand Rapids. The trailer was being hauled by a dump truck, which was driven by Frank Rusche during the course of his employment, when it separated from the dump truck, crossed the center line on Alpine Street and collided with Craig M. Buckley’s vehicle. The dump truck and trailer were owned by Myles Rusche, who is Frank Rusche’s father, and were insured by defendant Frankenmuth Mutual Insurance Company. Moreover, at the time of the accident, Myles Rusche and his wife, Helen Rusche, maintained no-fault insurance coverage on their 1976 Pontiac and 1980 Datsun automobiles with Transamerica Insurance Corporation of America. Finally, Frank Rusche and his wife, Cheryl Rusche, maintained their own no-fault insurance coverage on their 1977 Chrysler and 1980 Volkswagen automobiles with Westfield.
The present litigation was commenced by Transamerica Insurance Corporation of America against Linda Buckley, as the personal representative of the estate of her deceased husband, Craig M. Buckley, Frankenmuth Mutual Insurance Company, Frank Rusche, Cheryl Rusche, Myles Rusche and Helen Rusche, seeking a judicial declaration that, among other things, there existed no insurance coverage under its policy with Myles Rusche and Helen Rusche for loss resulting from the September 7, 1983, accident. Thereafter, Frank Rusche, Myles Rusche and Helen Rusche filed a third-party action against Westfield, seeking a declaration that coverage for loss resulting from the accident was provided under the no-fault policy between Westfield and Frank and Cheryl Rusche. In a consent judgment entered on November 22, 1985, it was stated that the Transamerica policy did not provide coverage for the accident and that, therefore, Transamerica Insurance Corporation of America would not be obligated to pay any judgment entered in a wrongful death action commenced by Linda Buckley. After this consent judgment was entered, the Kent County Road Commission, the deceased’s employer, which had paid workers’ compensation benefits to the survivors of Craig Buckley, entered the litigation as an intervening silent-party plaintiff in order to protect its right to reimbursement of benefits it had paid to the decedent’s survivors under the Workers’ Disability Compensation Act, MCL 418.101 et seq.; MSA 17.237 (101) et seq. Ultimately, Frank Rusche, Linda Buckley and the Kent County Road Commission filed motions for summary disposition against Westfield, pursuant to MCR 2.116(C)(9), failure to state a valid defense, asserting that Westfield’s liability was established under the terms of its policy with Frank and Cheryl Rusche. Westfield also filed its own motion for summary disposition pursuant to MCR 2.116(0(10), no genuine issue as to any material fact and the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law, asserting that the terms of its policy specifically excluded its liability. On September 26, 1986, a hearing on the summary disposition motions was conducted in the Kent Circuit Court. On January 21, 1987, the court entered an order granting summary disposition in favor of Frank Rusche and others and denying summary disposition in favor of Westfield. It is from this order which Westfield now appeals.
The insurance policy between Westfield and Frank and Cheryl Rusche, in pertinent part, provides:
Westfield Insurance Company . . . Agrees with the insured ... in consideration of the payment of the premium . . . and subject to all of the terms of this policy .... To pay on behalf of the insured all sums which the insured shall become legally obligated to pay as damages because of:
A. bodily injury, sickness or disease, including death resulting therefrom, hereinafter called "bodily injury,” sustained by any person;
B. injury to or destruction of property, including loss of use thereof, hereinafter called "property damage”;
arising out of the ownership, maintenance or use of the owned automobile or any non-owned automobile, and the company shall defend any suit alleging such bodily injury or property damage and seeking damages which are payable under the terms of this policy, even if any of the allegations of the suit are groundless, false or fraudulent; but the company may make such investigation and settlement of any claim or suit as it deems expedient. [Emphasis added.]
In the section of the policy regarding exclusions from coverage, it is further provided in subparagraph h that the policy does not apply
to a non-owned automobile while maintained or used by any person while such person is employed or otherwise engaged in (1) the automobile business of the insured or of any other person or organization, (2) any other business or occupation of the insured, but this exclusion (h)(2) does not apply to a private passenger automobile operated or occupied by the named insured or by his private chauffeur or domestic servant or a trailer used therewith or with an owned automobile. [Emphasis added.]
The issue on appeal concerns whether Frank Rusche — who was driving the dump truck which was owned by Myles Rusche and from which the trailer that killed Craig M. Buckley separated — is covered by the policy with Westfield, which, in one section, provides for coverage for injury and property damage arising out of the use of a nonowned automobile, and in another section excludes from coverage injury and property damage arising out of the use of a nonowned automobile by an insured during the insured’s employment. Westfield maintains that the exclusion is unambiguous and applicable in this case, whereas appellees assert that the exclusionary language, when read in light of the section broadly providing coverage for damages arising out of the use of a nonowned automobile, is ambiguous and must, therefore, be inter preted against Westfield, which drafted the policy. Moreover, appellees argue that the policy holder had a reasonable expectation that he would be covered in a circumstance such as that involving the death of Craig M. Buckley based on certain representations made by an insurance agent.
We find without merit appellees’ contention that the policy language is ambiguous because one clause grants coverage for injury and damage arising out of the use of a nonowned automobile and another clause denies such coverage if the nonowned automobile is used in the course of employment. In determining whether an ambiguity exists in a particular clause in an insurance policy, the document must be read as a whole. Boyd v General Motors Acceptance Corp, 162 Mich App 446, 452; 413 NW2d 683 (1987). Moreover, if an insurer intends to exclude coverage under certain circumstances, it should clearly state those circumstances in the section of its policy entitled "Exclusions.” Powers v DAIIE, 427 Mich 602, 632-633; 398 NW2d 411 (1986). Finally, an insured is obligated to read his or her insurance policy and to raise questions concerning coverage within a reasonable time after issuance of the policy. Parmet Homes, Inc v Republic Ins Co, 111 Mich App 140, 145; 314 NW2d 453 (1981), lv den 415 Mich 851 (1982).
In this case, the possibility of coverage for injuries and damages resulting from the use of a nonowned, nonpassenger automobile in the course of the business or occupation of the insured arises only if the clause in the policy excluding such coverage is wholly ignored. That clause is listed in the section of the policy prominently entitled "Exclusions,” and its language is clear and easily understood. Under the terms of the policy itself, the clauses listed in the "Exclusions” section con cem circumstances under which liability for bodily injury and property damage does not attach. The language of the policy could not be clearer, and its meaning could not be more explicit. Under these circumstances, we cannot agree with appellees that the insurance policy issued by Westfield to Frank and Cheryl Rusche contains any ambiguity regarding liability for injuries and damages resulting from the use of a nonowned, nonpassenger automobile in the course of the business or occupation of the insureds.
We also find without merit appellees’ contention that the insureds under the Westfield policy could have reasonably expected coverage for liability resulting from the accident in this case. Essentially, appellees, citing Industro Motive Corp v Morris Agency, Inc, 76 Mich App 390; 256 NW2d 607 (1977), argue that coverage exists, "notwithstanding the actual language of the policy,” because the insurance agent from whom Frank and Cheryl Rusche purchased their insurance policy represented to the Rusches that they were "all covered” for their insurance needs. However, Industro Motive Corp is distinguishable from the case at bar. In that case, an insurance agent told the insured that coverage identical to that provided under another insurance company’s policy could be obtained at a lower rate. The insured was given a written binder by the agent describing protection identical to that provided under the other insurance company’s policy and the insured relied on the agent’s representations in canceling its existing policy and purchasing the new coverage through the agent. This Court found that the insured was entitled to rely on the terms of the written binder, and thus that the insurer was estopped from denying liability under the terms of the written binder, until alerted to deviations from those terms in the provisions of the insurance policy itself. Under the peculiar facts in that case, which were likened to cases in which an insured seeks to renew an insurance contract with an insurer, this Court concluded that a departure was warranted from the general rule that "an insured has an obligation to read the policy and to air discrepancies in coverage within a reasonable time.” Industro Motive Corp, supra, p 396.
In the present case, no circumstances exist under which the general rule might properly be avoided. This is not a case involving, or similar to, contract renewal. Moreover, under the rule of "reasonable expectation,” which requires a court to ascertain and enforce the meaning of a policy provision as reasonably expected by an insured, the court must presume that the insured actually read the language of the insurance contract in issue. Powers, supra, pp 631-633. As already determined, if the language in the insurance policy in this case had been read, the insureds could not have reasonably expected coverage for damages and injuries sustained as a result of Frank Rusche’s use of a nonowned, nonpassenger vehicle during the course of his employment, since such coverage was disavowed in unambiguous terms in the "Exclusions” section of the insurance policy issued by Westfield.
The circuit court’s grant of summary disposition in favor of appellees is reversed and the case is remanded for further proceedings.
Reversed and remanded. | [
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Shepherd, J.
This case returns to us on remand and involves an interpretation of MCL 691.1402; MSA 3.996(102), one of the exceptions to governmental immunity to tort liability. Plaintiff appealed a trial court denial of his request for a jury instruction to the effect that the "maintenance of the highway includes maintenance of lighting along the highway.” We previously concluded that the county had the duty to repair and maintain the street lighting in this case because the illumination constituted part of the "improved portion of the highway designed for vehicular travel.” Zyskowski v Habelmann, 150 Mich App 230; 388 NW2d 315 (1986). The Supreme Court vacated our decision and remanded for reconsideration of "all the issues on appeal. . . including, but not limited to, the issue whether MCL 41.261; MSA 5.2491 precludes the county road commission from maintaining lighting installations within a city or village corporate limits, and, if so, whether that preclusion obviates the imposition of liability . . . pursuant to MCL 691.1402; MSA 3.996(102).” 429 Mich 873 (1987).
Plaintiffs decedent was struck and killed by a motorist during the early morning hours of March 15, 1980, while walking on Outer Drive in Detroit’s River Rouge Park. Decedent had a blood alcohol level of .18 percent at the time of his death. He was struck by a vehicle driven by defendant Habelmann, who testified that he was driving between twenty-five and thirty miles an hour when he simultaneously saw and hit a brown object that appeared in his path.
The complaint alleged, inter alia, negligence against the city and the county for their failure to maintain the street lights along the road. Outer Drive is a county road over which the county admitted jurisdiction for maintenance and repair. According to the lower court testimony, although the county owns the lights, the city, pursuant to a 1928 agreement, was responsible for the maintenance and relamping of the lights. The lights are ornamental in nature and style and, according to a city official, were strictly intended for ornamental use. At the close of proofs, the trial court directed a verdict for the city on the negligence issue. The jury found no cause of action on the remaining negligence and nuisance counts against all of the defendants.
On appeal, plaintiff first argued that the trial court should have instructed the jury "that maintenance of the highway includes maintenance of lighting along the highway.” The trial court declined to give the instruction and instead gave the jury a general instruction that the governméntal agency having jurisdiction of the road had a duty to maintain the road in reasonable repair "so that it is reasonably safe and convenient for public travel.” In our previous decision in this matter we held:
In effect, the court left the hotly contested issue of duty to maintain the lighting to the jury. We agree with plaintiff that the question of whether the county had a duty to maintain the lighting as part of the maintenance of the road under MCL 691.1402 [MSA 3.996(102)] is a question of law for the court and not a factual issue for the jury. See Anderson v Macomb Road Comm, 143 Mich App 735; 372 NW2d 651 (1985), Moerman v Kalamazoo Road Comm, 129 Mich App 584; 341 NW2d 829 (1983), rev’d on other grounds on reh 141 Mich App 154 (1985). The trial court’s failure to make this legal determination requires reversal.
* * *
We conclude that once the county installed the lights along Outer Drive, it assumed a duty to maintain the lights in proper repair. While the reasonableness of the county’s actions and the adequacy of the lighting (as well as the cause of the accident) were questions for the jury, the determination of which governmental agency had the statutory duty to repair and maintain the street lighting and whether the lights were part of the “improved portion” of the road were questions for the court. Accordingly the verdict with respect to defendant road commission’s negligence must be reversed. [150 Mich App 238, 239-240.]
We affirmed the lower court’s decision on all other grounds. 150 Mich App 253.
In general, all governmental agencies are immune from tort liability while engaged in the exercise or discharge of a governmental function. MCL 691.1407; MSA 3.996(107). Plaintiffs claim is based on MCL 691.1402; MSA 3.996(102), the highway maintenance exception:
Sec 2. Each governmental agency having jurisdiction over any highway shall maintain the highway in reasonable repair so that it is reasonably safe and convenient for public travel. Any person sustaining bodily injury or damage to his property by reason of failure of any governmental agency to keep any highway under its jurisdiction in reasonable repair, and in condition reasonably safe and fit for travel, may recover the damages suffered by him from such governmental agency. The liability, procedure and remedy as to county roads under the jurisdiction of a county road commission shall be as provided in section 21, chapter 4 of Act No. 283 of the Public Acts of 1909, as amended, being section 224.21 of the Compiled Laws of 1948. The duty of the state and the county road commissions to repair and maintain highways, and the liability therefor, shall extend only to the improved portion of the highway designed for vehicular travel and shall not include sidewalks, crosswalks or any other installation outside of the improved portion of the highway designed for vehicular travel. [Emphasis added.]
At common law, a governmental agency acting in performance of a governmental function was immune from tort liability. Statutes imposing liability in derogation of the common law are to be strictly construed. See Johnson v Bd of Co Road Comm’rs of Ontonagon Co, 253 Mich 465, 468; 235 NW 221 (1931); Tibor v State Highways Dep’t, 126 Mich App 159, 162; 337 NW2d 44 (1983). See also Ross v Consumers Power Co (On Reh), 420 Mich 567, 618; 363 NW2d 641 (1984) (noting broad statutory grant of governmental immunity from tort liability limited only by "four narrowly drawn” statutory exceptions). On reconsideration, we are convinced that the language of the § 2 exception to immunity evinces an intent to limit the imposition of tort liability in highway maintenance cases. The first sentence of the statute sets forth the duty in terms of "reasonable repair.” Such a phrase suggests that only the physical structure of the road itself was contemplated. Liability extends "only to the improved portion of the highway designed for vehicular travel.” We note that this Court has previously interpreted the exception to include situations related to the physical structure of the roadway, see e.g., McKee v Dep’t of Transportation, 132 Mich App 714; 349 NW2d 798 (1984) (road shoulder), and traffic signals whose essential function is to control the flow of traffic. See e.g. Lynes v St Joseph Road Comm, 29 Mich App 51; 185 NW2d 111 (1970). On reconsideration, we decline to extend the exception to the facts in this case. We therefore hold that the illumination or lack of illumination does not constitute part of the "improved portion of the highway designed for vehicular travel” such that the county can be held liable for its failure to repair and maintain the lighting under the statutory exception to governmental immunity. MCL 691.1402; MSA 3.996(102).
We therefore reverse this aspect of our previous holding. In all other respects, we affirm our previous decision.
Our decision does not rest on MCL 41.261; MSA 5.2491. Our reading of that act indicates that it does not speak to the question of which governmental entity has a duty to maintain roadways so that they are reasonably safe for public travel but, rather, was designed to provide an arrangement for counties and townships to divide the cost of maintaining lighting along county roads outside municipal boundaries. Thus, to answer the only specific question posed by the Supreme Court in its order on remand, the statute does not preclude imposition of liability since the statute deals with the delegation of costs and tax responsibility between the county and township boards relative to county road lighting costs.
The judgment of the circuit court is affirmed. | [
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Per Curiam.
In this consolidated appeal, plaintiff, Rhonda Green, appeals as of right from the May 30, 1986, order of summary disposition in favor of defendants, Dr. S. Raja Sekharan and Alexander Blain Memorial Hospital and the July 11, 1986, order of summary disposition in favor of Dr. Richard Gallucci. We affirm.
On September 13, 1982, plaintiffs decedent, Annie B. Moore, entered defendant hospital for numerous surgical procedures including removal of lipoma from the right hip and surgical correction of hypoplasia of the breasts bilaterally. Approximately one month later, on October 7, 1982, Ms. Moore died allegedly due to complications from the surgery. On September 19, 1984, plaintiff, Rhonda Green, the decedent’s daughter, filed suit against defendants alleging medical malpractice. In October, 1985, the various defendants moved for summary disposition on the basis of MCR 2.116(C)(4) in that the court lacked jurisdiction of the subject matter because Ms. Moore had signed an arbitration agreement with defendants.
An evidentiary hearing on the motion was held on April 28,1986. Elizabeth Bradley, an accredited records technician at the hospital, produced a copy of the agreement to arbitrate which Moore had signed. She also produced a participation agreement entered into by the hospital and Dr. Sekharan.
Margaret Young, the hospital’s admitting clerk, testified regarding the standard admission procedure. She stated that upon admission each patient is given a copy of the signed arbitration form and an arbitration booklet. While Young could not specifically recall admitting Moore, she was sure that she had followed the standard admission procedure.
Green testified that she took her mother to the hospital and that her mother had gone into the admissions office while Green waited for her in the hallway. After her mother was admitted, Green looked through her mother’s personal belongings and did not find an arbitration booklet or a copy of the arbitration agreement.
At the conclusion of the hearing, the trial court granted summary disposition to the hospital and Dr. Sekharan. Summary disposition was not granted to Dr. Gallucci due to his failure to produce a copy of the participation agreement between himself and the hospital.
Another hearing was held on June 13, 1986, to reconsider Dr. Gallucci’s motion for summary disposition. At this hearing, Dr. Gallucci presented a participation agreement that he entered into with the hospital on August 26, 1982. Thereafter, the trial court granted Dr. Gallucci summary disposition. The instant appeals followed.
Plaintiff essentially raises two issues on appeal. First, she claims that the trial court erred in ruling that she had failed to prove the invalidity of the arbitration agreement pursuant to the Mai- practice Arbitration Act (maa), MCL 600.5041 et seq.; MSA 27A.5041 et seq.
In McKinstry v Valley Obstetrics-Gynecology Clinic, PC, 428 Mich 167; 405 NW2d 88 (1987), the Supreme Court resolved the conflict among panels of this Court regarding the burden of proof in establishing the validity or invalidity of an arbitration agreement signed pursuant to the maa. The Court held that the burden of demonstrating the existence of an arbitration agreement that conforms to the strict requirements of the statute rests with the party seeking to enforce the agreement. Once prima facie evidence of such an agreement has been shown, the statutory presumption of validity is made out, and the burden of going forward with evidence to rebut the presumption then shifts to the party seeking to avoid the agreement. Id., p 173.
In this case, defendants had the burden of demonstrating that the arbitration agreement conformed to the requirements of the statute. Plaintiff claims that the court’s finding that the agreement complied with MCL 600.5041(6); MSA 27A.5041(6) was clearly erroneous. We disagree.
Section 5041(6) provides:
The form of the agreement promulgated shall be accompanied by an information brochure which clearly details the agreement and revocation provision. The brochure shall be furnished the person receiving health care at the time of execution. The person receiving health care shall be furnished with either an original or duplicate original of the agreement.
In this case, defendants demonstrated that the arbitration agreement complied with the provisions of the maa. In order to rebut the presumption of the agreement’s validity, plaintiff was re quired to demonstrate noncompliance. Plaintiff argues that, because she did not locate an information brochure or an original or duplicate original of the arbitration agreement, defendants did not comply with the provisions of the maa. However, defendants presented evidence through Young’s testimony that it was customary admissions procedure to furnish each patient with an arbitration booklet and a copy of the arbitration agreement. Evidence of the habit of a person or of the routine practice of an organization is relevant to establish that the conduct of the person or organization on a particular occasion was in conformity with the habit or routine practice. McKinstry, supra, p 182. Thus, we cannot conclude that the trial court clearly erred in finding that plaintiff did not meet her burden of demonstrating that the instant arbitration agreement was invalid. MCR 2.613(C).
Secondly, plaintiff argues that she is not required to arbitrate her claims against defendants Sekharan and Gallucci since they failed to execute a valid arbitration participation contract with defendant hospital. Both doctors Gallucci and Sekharan had signed participation agreements with the hospital. However, neither of these agreements was signed by the hospital.
In Wiegand v Tringali, 22 Mich App 230, 234; 177 NW2d 435 (1970), this Court indicated the following regarding the intent to be bound by those who did not sign:
[T]hose who do sign the writing may have intended to be bound by its terms even though less than all the named persons sign. Their intention governs. The intention of the parties is a fact to be decided upon the evidence, not by invoking our personal, professional, or judicial experience.
In our case, mutuality of assent between the hospi tal and doctors was established when the hospital offered the participation agreements to the doctors and the doctors accepted them by signing. At that moment, a binding contract was established.
Plaintiff’s reliance on Brown v Considine, 108 Mich App 504; 310 NW2d 441 (1981), is misplaced. In Brown, the issue was whether a doctor-hospital participation agreement signed after the plaintiff’s hospitalization bound plaintiff to arbitrate with the doctors. Here, these participation agreements had been signed prior to plaintiff’s decedent’s hospitalization. Thus, plaintiff is required to arbitrate her claims.
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Per Curiam.
Defendant pled guilty to larceny of property valued in excess of $100, MCL 750.356; MSA 28.588, and to being a fourth-felony offender, MCL 769.12; MSA 28.1084. Defendant’s plea was given in exchange for dismissal of two counts of possession of stolen property with a value over $100. Defendant was sentenced to two to fifteen years in prison. Defendant’s motion to withdraw his guilty plea or for a resentencing was denied. An untimely claim of appeal was treated by this Court as an application for delayed appeal, and was granted.
Defendant’s first argument is that he should have his guilty plea set aside or he should be resentenced because the court failed to comply with MCL 769.13; MSA 28.1085. As noted by the trial court at the hearing on defendant’s motion for resentencing, this statute is often inconsistently applied. MCL 769.13; MSA 28.1085 provides that after conviction of a crime and either before or after sentencing, a defendant may be charged as an habitual offender. The statute further provides: "If the accused pleads guilty to the information or if the jury returns a verdict of guilty, the court may sentence the offender to the punishment prescribed in section 10, 11, or 12 and shall vacate the previous sentence.” This Court has consistently vacated sentences for underlying felonies when the trial court has imposed concurrent sentences for the underlying felony and the habitual offender charge. People v Nathaniel Johnson, 113 Mich App 414, 422; 317 NW2d 645 (1982); People v Thomas Johnson, 133 Mich App 150, 157; 348 NW2d 716 (1984). In both of these cases, the underlying felony and habitual offender sentences were imposed in one sentencing proceeding.
Likewise, in People v Gren, 152 Mich App 20; 391 NW2d 508 (1986), defendant was sentenced in one proceeding for an underlying felony and an habitual offender charge. The court first ordered a sentence for the underlying felony, then vacated that sentence and ordered an enhanced sentence based on defendant’s habitual offender status. Although it was not error warranting reversal, this Court noted that defendant should be sentenced only once for the underlying offense based on the sentence range established by the habitual offender statutes. Further, it was noted that a defendant could be sentenced twice only when the habitual offender status is discovered after conviction and sentencing for the underlying felony. In such a case, it is necessary to vacate the sentence for the underlying felony before resentencing the defendant within the habitual offender sentencing range. That was the situation in People v Miller, 152 Mich App 508; 394 NW2d 459 (1986), where defendant was sentenced for the underlying felony and several months later was sentenced for his habitual offender status. This Court said that defendant’s sentence for the underlying felony should be vacated.
It is clear that a defendant should not be given concurrent sentences for an underlying felony and an habitual offender charge. Two sentences should not be imposed because the habitual offender charge is a means of sentence enhancement rather than a substantive offense. Therefore, if defendant has not yet been sentenced for the underlying felony, the trial court should do so based on the sentencing ranges in the applicable habitual offender statute. Only when defendant has already been sentenced for the underlying felony in a prior proceeding should that sentence be vacated and a new sentence imposed based on the sentencing ranges in the applicable habitual offender statute.
In the present case, defendant had not been sentenced for the underlying felony when his habitual offender status was determined. Therefore, the trial court properly imposed one sentence for the underlying offense that took into consideration defendant’s habitual offender status and was within the sentence range of the applicable habitual offender statute.
Defendant’s second argument is that the trial court failed to articulate reasons for the sentence imposed as required by People v Coles, 417 Mich 523; 339 NW2d 440 (1983). A review of the entire proceeding reveals that the court decided to impose a lenient sentence because defendant had not had a felony conviction since 1980 and he had obtained his ged while in the Oakland County Jail. The court also considered defendant’s three prior felony convictions and his family background. We believe that the purposes of articulation, which are justification of the sentence and development of a rational policy on which to sen tence in the future, have been met in this case. Coles, supra, p 549.
Affirmed.
We cannot imagine a case in which such an error would require setting aside a guilty plea or resentencing, as defendant argues. Errors of this nature may be corrected through this Court’s power to vacate one of the sentences. However, in the interest of economy, it is preferable that trial courts follow the proper procedure. | [
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Boyle, J.
Two issues are presented in this review of the plaintiff’s award of damages for violators of the Civil Rights Act, MCL 37.2101 et seq.; MSA 3.548(101) et seq. First, we must consider whether a derivative cause of action for loss of consortium is precluded by the Civil Rights Act. In our view, there is nothing in the statute which suggests a legislative purpose to preclude this derivative cause of action, and, indeed, to conclude otherwise would undermine the legislative purpose underlying the act. Thus, we believe, contrary to the partial dissent of Justice Griffin, that a derivative claim for loss of consortium should be recognized under the Civil Rights Act.
Second, we must consider whether exemplary damages, apart from actual damages, may be awarded for violations of the Civil Rights Act. In this respect, we are in agreement with Justice Griffin and conclude that exemplary damages may not be awarded apart from actual damages. However, we would emphasize that, under longstanding Michigan law, the award of exemplary damages was duplicative of certain aspects of actual damages.
Michigan has long recognized a cause of action for loss of consortium in favor of spouses, Montgomery v Stephan, 359 Mich 33, 38; 101 NW2d 227 (1960). But see Sizemore v Smock, 430 Mich 283, 299; 422 NW2d 666 (1988) (concurring opinion of Justice Griffin suggesting that Berger v Weber, 411 Mich 1; 303 NW2d 424 [1981], is no longer to be regarded as precedent). A claim for loss of consortium is simply one for loss of society and companionship. As Justice Griffin explains, a claim for loss of consortium is usually considered to be derivative, but only in the sense that it does not arise at all unless the other, impaired spouse has sustained some legally cognizable harm or injury. Thus, courts have consistently treated loss of consortium not as an item of damages, but as a separate cause of action. Montgomery, supra. See also Prosser & Keeton, Torts (5th ed), § 125, pp 931-934. This fact is often obscured by the use of the term "derivative” and also by the common procedural requirement that the claim be joined with that of the impaired spouse. As one commentator has explained:
So far as damages are based on intangible losses of society and affection, there is some risk that a jury hearing the husband’s claim will consciously or not, include something in the verdict for the wife’s loss as well, and vice versa. To minimize this risk, some courts have required that the main claim and the consortium claim be tried together, at least in the ordinary situation. [Prosser & Keeton, supra, p 933. See also Rusinek v Schultz, Snyder & Steele Lumber Co, 411 Mich 502, 508; 309 NW2d 163 (1981).] .
In our view, the partial dissent of Justice Griffin obscures the fact that loss of consortium is a separate cause of action and thus misstates the issue presented in this case. The question is not whether a cause of action is available under the Civil Rights Act, but whether there is anything in the act which would preclude this independent cause of action. We believe that this question must be answered in the negative.
In Boscaglia v Michigan Bell Telephone Co, 420 Mich 308; 362 NW2d 642 (1984), we considered a distinctly different question — whether Michigan’s Fair Employment Practices Act, 1955 PA 251, authorized a claim for loss of consortium. In doing so, we principally relied upon the remedial language of the fepa and its focus on equitable relief. Boscaglia, supra at 322. That language specified:
If, upon the preponderance of the evidence on the record considered as a whole, the [fair employment practices] commission shall determine that the respondent has engaged in or is engaging in any unfair employment practice, the commission shall state its findings of fact and shall issue and cause to be served on such respondent an order requiring such respondent to cease and desist from such unfair employment practice and to take such further affirmative or other action as will effectuate the purposes of this act, including, but not limited to, hiring, reinstatement or upgrading of employees with or without back pay, or admission or restoration to union membership, including a requirement for reports of the manner of compliance. [1955 PA 251, § 7(h).]
In addition, the Boscaglia Court noted that title vn of the federal Civil Rights Act of 1964, 42 USC 2000e-5(g), was similarly limited to equitable remedies and had been construed to preclude a cause of action for loss of consortium. Boscaglia, supra at 323.
The Civil Rights Act, 1976 PA 453, which supplanted the fepa, is not limited to remedying discrimination in employment, but extends to public accommodations, services, and educational institutions. In language befitting this comprehensive scheme, art 8 of the Civil Rights Act includes its own civil action enforcement provision:
A person alleging a violation of this act may bring a civil action for appropriate injunctive relief or damages, or both. [MCL 37.2801(1); MSA 3.548(801)(1).]
Nothing in the language of this provision suggests a legislative intent to preclude a cause of action for loss of consortium. Indeed, elsewhere in art 8 of the act it is emphasized:
This act shall not be construed to diminish the right of a person to direct or immediate legal or equitable remedies in the courts of this state. [MCL 37.2803; MSA 3.548(803X1).]
The interpretive provision of § 803 of the Civil Rights Act mirrors the interpretive provision of Const 1963, art 5, § 29:
Nothing contained in this section shall be construed to diminish the right of any party to direct and immediate legal or equitable remedies in the courts of this state.[ ]
It is therefore apparent that the legislative purpose underlying the civil enforcement provision of the Civil Rights Act was intended to provide all rights embraced in Const 1963, art 5, § 29.* More over, it is apparent that Const 1963, art 5, § 29 itself cannot be construed to limit the legal and equitable remedies of the Michigan citizen. A right of action for loss of consortium is not only an existing legal remedy, but one which was in existence long before the adoption of Const 1963. Montgomery, supra.
Nothing in the language of the statute itself warrants such a restrictive interpretation. The partial dissent has fixed upon the opening clause of §801(1), which provides: "A person alleging a violation of this act . . . .” The partial dissent asserts that a spouse in an action for loss of consortium is not such a person. This is obviously incorrect. However, it is undisputed that loss of consortium is a derivative cause of action and the complaining spouse must allege a violation of the act to substantiate the claim. Thus, the clear language of the statute would support recognition of a cause of action for loss of consortium. Hiltz v Phil’s Quality Market, 417 Mich 335, 343; 337 NW2d 237 (1983). Moreover, the fact that the act itself does not confer civil rights upon the spouse is entirely irrelevant to whether an independent cause of action exists for loss of consortium.* * Properly perceived, Craig Eide’s claim for loss of con sortium is not a claim under the Civil Rights Act, but a claim at common law. Prosser & Keeton, supra.
Assuming that any construction of §801(1) of the act is necessary, it must first be compared with the correlative language of its statutory predecessor, the fepa. The opening clause of the fepa, § 7(b) was: "Any individual claiming to be aggrieved by an alleged unlawful employment practice . . . .” As we emphasized in Boscaglia, the complainant in a derivative cause of action, such as loss of consortium, does not claim to be aggrieved by an alleged unlawful employment practice, but by the subsequent injury to the impaired spouse. Boscaglia, supra at 322. In contrast, the opening clause of the civil enforcement provision of the Civil Rights Act is: "A person alleging a violation of this act . . . .” It is presumed that a change of language in a statute is intended to change the result of the statute. 2A Sands, Sutherland Statutory Construction (4th ed), § 45.12, pp 54-55. We would, therefore, construe this broadening of the statutory language to imply a broadening of the remedy to which it is addressed. Such a construction is also consistent with the well-established rule that remedial statutes are to be liberally construed to suppress the evil and advance the remedy. 3 Sands, Sutherland Statutory Construction (4th ed), § 60.01, p 55. Therefore, in our view, neither the clear language of the act nor conventional rules of statutory construction support the partial dissent’s view that § 801(1) precludes a claim for loss of consortium.
We have addressed the intrinsic analysis of the partial dissent because we believe that it is ultimately flawed. However, we cannot embrace the partial dissent’s implicit assumption that resolution of this question may be found in the letter of the statute. As this Court has previously explained:
The Civil Rights Act did not merely codify preexisting statutes and procedural remedies. It worked an extensive expansion of the preexisting substantive provisions of civil rights legislation. [Matras v Amoco Oil Co, 424 Mich 675, 696-697; 385 NW2d 586 (1986).][ ]
In our view, the comprehensive nature of the Civil Rights Act makes it qualitatively different from any predecessor statute, such as the fepa, and far greater than the sum of these "parts.” The fepa remedies provision was modeled after the federal Fair Employment Practices Act, Boscaglia, supra at 323, which was in turn modeled after the Labor-Management Relations Act, 29 USC 160. Albemarle Paper Co v Moody, 422 US 405, 417-419; 95 S Ct 2362; 45 L Ed 2d 280 (1975). All are essentially administrative schemes that focus upon the employment relationship, and the equitable remedies provided therein were designed to address problems in that relationship. See 1955 PA 251, § 7(h). The Civil Rights Act is much broader in scope. To focus upon any particular language of the statute, much less a flawed reading of that language, is to ignore the manifest breadth and comprehensive nature of this remedial statute.
This Court was acutely aware of the limitations of the fepa when it fashioned a judicially created, private remedy for racial discrimination in employment. Pompey v General Motors Corp, 385 Mich 537; 189 NW2d 243 (1971). Our restraint in further extending this judicially created remedy under Boscaglia was heavily influenced, if not solely dependent upon, the limitations of the fepa remedy. No such limitation is presented under the Civil Rights Act. Indeed, the Court of Appeals and federal courts have consistently extended the remedies provided under the Civil Rights Act to damages for humiliation, embarrassment, and outrage. See, e.g., Schafke v Chrysler Corp, 147 Mich App 751, 754; 383 NW2d 141 (1985), lv den 424 Mich 892 (1986); Slayton v Michigan Host, Inc, 122 Mich App 411, 416-417; 332 NW2d 498 (1983); Freeman v Kelvinator, Inc, 469 F Supp 999, 1004 (ED Mich, 1979).
Finally, we believe that the partial dissent is flawed in its continuing reliance upon federal precedent under title vn of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, 42 USC 2000e-5(g). While we have previously noted the refusal of federal courts to recognize claims for loss of consortium under title vii, Boscaglia, supra, we have not based our interpretation of Michigan law upon them. Again, it must be emphasized that a claim for loss of consortium is an independent cause of action and not merely an item of damages. That claims for loss of consortium are not properly brought under title vii is apparent from the language of its remedies provision:
If the court finds that the respondent has intentionally engaged in or is intentionally engaging in an unlawful employment practice charged in the complaint, the court may enjoin the respondent from engaging in such unlawful employment practice, and order such affirmative action as may be appropriate, which may include, but is not limited to, reinstatement or hiring of employees, with or without back pay (payable by the employer, employment agency, or labor organization, as the case may be, responsible for the unlawful employment practice), or any other equitable relief as the court deems appropriate. [42 USC 2000e-5(g).]
The title vii remedies provision does not merely omit loss of consortium, but actually limits the claimant to equitable relief. In contrast, loss of consortium is a legal remedy and therefore unavailable under title vii. Hooten v Pennsylvania College of Optometry, 601 F Supp 1151, 1155, n 2 (ED Pa, 1984); Pryor v United States Gypsum, 585 F Supp 311, 317 (WD Mo, 1984). Furthermore, although title vii does not preclude an independent action under state law or other federal statutes, Johnson v Railway Express Agency, 421 US 454, 459; 95 S Ct 1716; 44 L Ed 2d 295 (1975), the extremely limited scope of federal common law following Erie R Co v Tomkins, 304 US 64, 78; 58 S Ct 817; 82 L Ed 1188 (1937), does not extend to title vii. Northwest Airlines, Inc v Transport Workers Union, AFL-CIO, 451 US 77; 101 S Ct 1571; 67 L Ed 2d 750 (1981). See, generally, 19 Wright, Miller & Cooper, Federal Practice and Procedure, §4514 et seq., pp 217 if. Indeed, it is doubtful that even a pendent state claim for loss of consortium could be maintained in a title vii action because of stringent jurisdictional limitations over pendent parties. Fritts v Niehouse, 604 F Supp 823 (WD Mo, 1984).
Michigan law is not bound by these statutory and jurisdictional restraints. The Michigan Civil Rights Act now contains its own civil enforcement provision, allowing both legal and equitable remedies without qualification. Michigan common law is not limited by the Erie doctrine and has in fact long recognized the right of each spouse to an independent action for loss of consortium. Boscaglia simply provides no authority in this case. As explained by Justice Smith in Montgomery, supra at 38, "Our oath is to do justice, not to perpetuate error.” Finding no other principled basis either within or without the opinion of the partial dissent for this restriction of the civil rights of Michigan citizens, we conclude that Craig Eide has properly stated a claim for loss of consortium under Michigan law.
As we have previously noted, we agree with the conclusion of the partial dissent that the award of exemplary damage to Mrs. Eide was in error. The judgment of the circuit court is, therefore, affirmed in part and reversed in part. This matter is remanded to the circuit court for entry of judgment in accordance with this opinion._
Brickley, Cavanagh, and Archer, JJ., concurred with Boyle, J.
Const 1963, art 5, § 29 provides in full:
There is hereby established a civil rights commission which shall consist of eight persons, not more than four of whom shall be members of the same political party, who shall be appointed by the governor, by and with the advice and consent of the senate, for four-year terms not more than two of which shall expire in the same year. It shall be the duty of the commission in a manner which may be prescribed by law to investigate alleged discrimination against any person because of religion, race, color or national origin in the enjoyment of the civil rights guaranteed by law and by this constitution, and to secure the equal protection of such civil rights without such discrimination. The legislature shall provide an annual appropriation for the effective operation of the commission.
The commission shall have power, in accordance with the provisions of this constitution and of general laws governing administrative agencies, to promulgate rules and regulations for its own procedures, to hold hearings, administer oaths, through court authorization to require the attendance of witnesses and the submission of records, to take testimony, and to issue appropriate orders. The commission shall have other powers provided by law to carry out its purposes. Nothing contained in this section shall be construed to diminish the right of any party to direct and immediate legal or equitable remedies in the courts of this state.
Appeals from final orders of the commission, including cease and desist orders and refusals to issue complaints, shall be tried de novo before the circuit court having jurisdiction provided by law.
Further indication that the interpretive language of Const 1963, art 5, § 29 was intended to preclude this article from restricting any known legal or equitable remedies can be gleaned from the debate on the Garvin Amendment which would have given the Civil Rights Commission exclusive jurisdiction during the processing of complaints before the commission. The Garvin Amendment ultimately failed, but in support of it, Delegate William Ford remarked:
What is happening here, when we look at it in the first instance, is that we are creating an administrative body which we hope will have the general characteristics of an administrative body and that when the legislature defines its powers, the legislature is going to be directed to do certain things, but is not going to be restricted any more than necessary. It is possible to construe this language to be a restriction on the legislature never to ever give to this administrative body original jurisdiction over any matter involving civil rights in the first instance.
There isn’t anyone, I am sure, including Mr. Garvin, who would advocate an administrative remedy to the exclusion of your rights in the court, but the whole principle of administrative law is that you have a specialized tribunal that deals with special subject matter and has people especially trained to deal with that subject matter, and because they are dealing only with a certain limited area, have day to day actual knowledge of the conditions that exist. [2 Official Record, Constitutional Convention 1961, p 2192.]
Contrary to the assertion of the partial dissent, the Civil Rights Act does not confer civil rights only upon employees and applicants for employment. The act also creates a cause of action for discrimination in public accommodations, MCL 37.2301 et seq.; MSA 3.548(301) et seq., education, MCL 37.2401 et seq.; MSA 3.548(401) et seq., and in housing, MCL 37.2501 et seq.; MSA 3.548(501) et seq. Furthermore, it is misleading to suggest that civil rights of employees and job applicants are "created” by the Civil Rights Act since, in my view, these rights are created in the United States or Michigan Constitutions, and the act merely creates certain remedies for their violation.
Although the partial dissent quotes the House Legislative Analysis, Second Analysis, HB 4055, December 30,1976 (as enrolled), it does so selectively. The full text of the analysis of the civil action provision explains:
The bill would allow a person alleging a violation of this Act to bring a civil action in the circuit court for injunctive relief, damages, or both. The Act could not be construed to diminish the right of a person to legal or equitable remedies in Michigan courts. [Emphasis added.]
We are not persuaded by the partial dissent’s suggestion, contrary to Matras, that the Civil Rights Act merely codified existing rights. Read in its full context, Department of Labor Analysis, HB 4055, April 5, 1976, provides scant support for the general statement that the purpose of the bill was merely to codify remedies. In any case, the Department of Labor’s unique vantage suggests a rather limited analysis of the act, consistent with the scope of that department’s interests. See opinion of Justice Griffin, post, p 46, n 10.
See n 3.
The New York decision cited in Boscaglia, Hart v Sullivan, 84 AD2d 865, 866; 445 NYS2d 40 (1981), aff'd 55 NY2d 1011; 449 NYS2d 481; 434 NE2d 717 (1982), was based upon New York statutes which, like the fepa, have very limited remedy provisions. See NY, Civil Rights Law, § 40-c, 40-d (McKinney). See also NY, Executive Law, § 297(9) (McKinney).
As one federal court has explained, the back pay authorized under title vii is properly understood as restitution and not damages. Torres v Claytor, 25 FEP Cases 998, 1000 (SD Cal, 1978).
It is interesting to note that when federal common law is available, the United States Supreme Court has recognized a cause of action for loss of consortium. See American Export Lines, Inc v Alvez, 446 US 274; 100 S Ct 1673; 64 L Ed 2d 284 (1980) (recognizing a cause of action for loss of consortium under general federal maritime law). | [
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Campbell, C. J.
Judgment was rendered against Bell as a partner of Andrew H. Brandow, for a quantity of lumbering supplies purchased by Brandow and used by the firm in their lumbering business. The partnership being unknown to Ardis and the goods sold to Brandow, certain questions were argued concerning the sufficiency of the finding to show a joint liability.
But as a judgment was rendered for interest without such data as to enable us to determine what amount ■was due or what deduction if any to make from the judgment, — inasmuch as the dates of sales and period of credit are not set forth, we are compelled to treat the finding as defective and amounting to a mistrial, and the case will have to go back for a new trial. Under these circumstances, and with the light of the argument, the parties can have no difficulty in procuring on a new trial the full determination of all the facts in the cause, which will probably settle without further controversy whether the goods were or were not so furnished as to hold Bell.
We shall not, therefore, attempt to pass upon the partnership liability, or determine how far the presumptions reach under the findings.
For the imperfection of the finding upon the question of interest the judgment must be reversed and a new trial granted.
The other Justices concurred. | [
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Cooley, J.
The question in this case is whether a garnishee proceeding has been discontinued by a failure of the plaintiffs to appear on the return of a summons to show cause.
The principal suit was by Tower & Mills against Zachariah York, and William W. and Harvey E. Johnson were garnished as debtors of York. The garnishee summons was issued August 22, 1876, returnable August 28, 1876. The garnishees appeared and made disclosure, and thereupon, in pursuance of the statute, the proceedings were continued without day. September 11, 1876, the justice issued a summons, returnable September 18, 1876, requiring the garnishees to appear and show cause why judgment should not be entered against them on the disclosure. On the return day of this summons neither party appeared. The statute provides that on such failure of the plaintiff to appear, judgment of non-suit shall be entered against him. Comp. L., § 5373. Afterwards, however, the plaintiffs came in and took out a new summons to show cause, and in response to that the garnishees appeared and judgment was taken against them without objection.
It appears that on the day the garnishee process was taken out, York made an assignment of the demand to Franklin Dexter. It is not claimed that this assignment was obtained before the process was served, nor, on the other hand, is it claimed that Dexter had any notice of the proceedings which finally resulted in a judgment against the garnishees. The present suit is by Dexter on the York demand, and the question is whether' the judgment already obtained by Tower & Mills against the Johnsons is a bar. The circuit court held that it was not.
We think the judgment correct. When the plaintiffs failed to appear on the return of the summons to show cause, the proceedings came to an end, and from that time Dexter held his demand unaffected by them. It cannot be pretended that had Dexter immediately brought suit against the Johnsons, they could have interposed any defense based on those proceedings. The suit had gone down as much as it would have done had the summons been an original one for the commencement of suit. The statute makes no provision for keeping the case alive under such circumstances. How then can Dexter be affected by any proceedings after-. wards taken to which he was not a party, and of which he had no knowledge?
Perhaps as between themselves and Tower & Mills, the garnishees may have bound themselves by their voluntary appearance; but this would have been on the ground of waiver, and they had no power to waive a compliance with the law for Dexter. His rights are not changed by any thing that took place after the statutory non-suit. It follows that the judgment must be affirmed with costs.
The other Justices concurred. | [
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Cooley, J.
The bill in this cause was filed to restrain a private nuisance. The chief complaint made by it was that defendant, wdio was the owner of a saw-mill and foundry on the waters of a stream which empties into Grand Traverse Bay, was accustomed to cast the sawdust into the stream, whereby the water was rendered ■ unfit for use, the valuable fish therein destroyed or driven away, and complainant’s dam for his own mill below gradually filled up. A further grievance, but one which the bill made less prominent, was, that the mill-dam of defendant at times detained the water unreasonably, and at other times allowed it to flow by in unusual quantities, so that complainant was hindered in the operation of his own mill. The evidence in the case was directed mainly to the first alleged grievance, but the circuit judge found it not established. The second he found was established, whereupon he proceeded to decree that the defendant
“be restrained and enjoined from allowing the water of said stream to flow over his dam in quantities greater than is required to run both his foundry and saw-mill at one time. And when defendant is running his saw-mill or foundry, that defendant allow only such quantity of water to escape into complainant’s pond as is sufficient to run both defendant’s saw-mill and foundry, and when so using the water of said stream in running said mill and foundry, he allow no water to run over his slash hoards or waste-gate into complainant’s mill-pond, and that at all times during the ordinary working hours of the day that defendant shall allow the water in said stream to flow over his dam into complainant’s pond at least to the natural flow of said stream.” Also that he “refrain from allowing more water to escape through or over said mill-dam of said defendant into the mill-pond of said complainant than is sufficient to run the saw-mill and foundry of said defendant, at one time, and also that he desist and refrain from detaining the water in said stream during the ordinary working hours of the day from flowing into the pond of said complainant over the dam of said defendant to at least the natural flow of said stream.”
This decree is subject to serious criticism in that, if construed literally, it imposes upon the defendant the burden of protecting the complainant against anything, whether attributable to his own act or neglect or not, whereby more water would be made to flow over his dam than would be sufficient for the operation of his machinery. It is not likely this was intended, but the terms of the decree are imperative, and if allowed to stand would be likely to lead to controversy and difficulty. He must not “ allow” the water of the stream to flow over his dam in quantities greater than is required to run his machín - ery. No misconduct of the defendant could authorize the court to place him under such an injunction. But if we assume that the meaning of the court was only this: that the defendant should not by his own act or default cause the water to flow over his dam in quanti ties greater than would be required to operate his machinery, and greater than were accustomed to flow, the decree is still objectionable in that it undertakes to fix definitely the rights of the complainant and to secure them to him, unlimited and unaffected by the corresponding rights of the defendant, which are the same in kind and in every respect as perfect and complete.
In Dumont v. Kellogg, 29 Mich., 420, 423, it was said that “as between two proprietors neither of whom has acquired superior rights to the other, it cannot be said that one has no right to use the water to thé prejudice of the proprietor below him, or that he cannot lawfully diminish the quantity which would descend to the proprietor below, or that he must so use the water as not materially to affect the application of the water below, or materially to diminish its quantity. Such a rule would be in effect this: that the lower proprietor must be allowed the enjoyment of his full common law rights as such, not diminished, restrained, or in any manner limited or qualified by the rights of the upper proprietor, and must receive the water in its natural state as if no proprietorship above him existed. Such a rule could not be the law so long as equality of right between the several proprietors was recognized, for it is manifest it would give to the lower proprietor superior advantages over the upper, and in many cases give him in effect a monopoly of the stream.”
The rule which the decree in this case prescribes is not quite so broad as the one above shown to be objectionable, but the differences are not very essential. When defendant is operating his machinery he must restrain the flow of water past him within limits which are precisely indicated, whether a proper adjustment of the right to use, as between himself and the lower proprietor, would require this or not. He could not put in new machinery and operate it by an additional flow of water without a violation of the injunction. He could not take away his dam for repairs without an apparent breach of the rule of action prescribed for him. He must not during the working hours of the day detain the water in the least, so as to prevent its flowing over his dam into complainant’s pond “at least to the natural flow of said stream.” This is no regulation of rights, but it is a subordination ’ of defendant’s rights to those of complainant. The latter must have at least the natural flow of the stream during the whole working hours of the day, and he must be protected against any greater flow than is required for operating defendant’s present machinery. The purpose here, apparently, is to protect the complainant against any incidental injuries or inconveniencies that might arise from the use of the same stream for milling purposes by the proprietor above; but this is more «than he is entitled to, because he cannot have a protection so broad without imposing upon one whose rights are equal and co-ordinate the whole burden of such incidental. injuries and ineonvenieneies. Unless the stream is one of remarkably even flow, and with sufficient water in ordinary stages to operate the machinery upon it, the injustice and inequality of any rule which should preclude the upper proprietor from gathering at any time the waters during the working-hours of the day, and from permitting them to flow by him at any time in greater quantities than t'he needs of his machinery would require, would be apparent. It .would enable the lower proprietor to make a use of the stream from which the upper would at times be excluded, and without the burden of restraints which to the other might at times be very serious. It would also enable him to annoy the other by insisting upon requirements which might benefit him much lqss than they would inconvenience his neighbor.
But we are of opinion that complainant in this ease did not make out a clear right to any injunction at all. The evidence is very meagre, but at the best it only tends to show that complainant’s rights are violated provided his theory of his rights, namely, that he is enti tied to an--unrestricted flow of the stream during the whole working hours of the day, is sustained. When this theory is rejected, the case falls. We are not satisfied that defendant has exercised his rights unfairly; but if he has in any particular exceeded due bounds, the intention to do so is not sufficiently manifest to justify the process of injunction. In the case of rights like those here in question, that process is not only troublesome but susceptible of great abuses, from the extreme difficulty of laying down any precise rule that will fit the varying circumstances. Except in very clear cases it is generally better to leave the parties to their legal remedy in the recovery of damages.
Our conclusion is that the decree should be reversed and the bill dismissed with costs of both courts.
Campbell, C. J., and Graves, J., concurred. Marston, J., did not sit in this case. | [
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Marston, J.
The facts in this case are very much the same as when the case was here before. See Crippen v. Hope, 34 Mich., 55.
On the trial below in the present case the plaintiff (defendant in error) sought to avoid the force and effect of the settlement "upon which the case was before decided, by evidence tending to prove that such settlement was procured by the defendant through fraud and misrepresentation.
Counsel for defendant, to meet this theory of the case, requested the court to charge the jury that “ if the plaintiff sought to avoid the settlement on the ground of fraud, he could only do so by returning or offering to return what property he had obtained by virtue of the agreed settlement, and if he, after the discovery of any fraud, did not offer to return the property obtained as aforesaid to defendant, he thereby ratified the settlement and cannot recover.”
There was evidence tending to show that the defendant had performed his part of the agreed terms of settlement, as stated in the previous decision. It also appeared in this case that, according to the terms of settlement, defendant was to give his note for $10 to the plaintiff, and that this was done at the time the settlement was made, and there was no evidence tending to show that this note, or any part of the property delivered by defendant to plaintiff had ever been returned by the latter, or any offer made by him to return the same.
This request, which was refused, it will be seen from what has been said, clearly should have been given, unless the reasons given by the court for refusing the same are deemed sufficient.
This request was handed to the court at the close of the charge, and for this reason the court refused to give it, it being the practice in that court to present the requests to charge at an earlier stage of the case.
While the practice referred to may be, and undoubtedly is an excellent one, yet it must be apparent to any one that the charge of the court may itself develop the necessity of counsel’s calling the attention of the court to some point that has been overlooked and asking a direct charge thereon. Counsel need not in the first instance make any requests, or they may request the court to charge upon some particular part of the case. In either event they are justified in assuming that the court will fully in the charge cover all the essential parts of the case, and if after the charge has been given they see that some essential has been overlooked, no practice or rule of that court adopted for mere convenience, will deprive them of their right to present a request covering the omission. It might indeed be said that the duties of counsel and court in this respect were reciprocal; that of counsel in good faith to present such requests as he desired the court to give the jury, in time to enable the court to examine them before commencing his charge to the jury, and of the court to permit counsel at any time before the jury had retired, at least to hand in any farther requests which he might consider essential to a proper protection of the rights and interests of his client.
That the request refused in this case was a vital one under the evidence there could be no doubt; indeed the entire case might turn upon the giving or refusal of this request. And an examination of the charge as given fails to show that it covered this point.
Upon cross-examination a question was asked Winter Griffs whether he was present at a settlement made between the parties to this suit. This was objected to as not proper on cross-examination. A question was also raised as to the right to introduce impeaching testimony showing the reputation of the witness sought to be impeached some five years previous to the time of the trial, and at a place where he no longer resided and had not for some years. We do not discover anything in these rulings or in the other errors complained of, prejudicial to the rights and interests of the defendants, nor are they likely to arise again in the same form on a new trial.
The judgment must be reversed with costs and a new trial ordered.
The other Justices concurred. | [
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Campbell, C. J.
Beecher was complained of for “ ob structing and encumbering” an alleged public alley in Detroit “with certain large timbers placed above and diagonally across said public space, at the height of fifteen feet or thereabouts above the ground level of said space.”
The facts found by the recorder’s court show that Beecher owns the land on either side of this space from Woodbridge street to Detroit river, and is roofing it over at a height of about fifteen feet. The strip of land in question is 16 feet wide and was originally a part of the bed of Detroit river. While in this condition of land covered with water,, it was marked in 1831 on a plat made by the city, which then owned the tract, in the same manner as alleys were generally marked. The space was used by private parties as a passage for water-logs to furnish water to the citizens, and the city purchased these in 1834. In 1851 the owners of land adjoining on the east (now owned by Beecher) leased the end next to the rivei-, and put in a box drain at the expense of the city to drain Woodbridge street and a block adjoining. The same owners, under a contract with the city, the terms of which are not found in full, filled up and planked this space as far as the end of their buildings. The finding concludes as follows: “ This space was always considered and treated by the adjoining owners as belonging to the city; it was never assessed as private property; a public sewer was built through it about seven years since, and no objection was made to it by the adjoining owners; when Woodbridge street was paved, the city paid for the paving in front of this space, as being a public alley. The river front of this space was too narrow .for large boats to land there and unload freight, but this was occasionally done by small sail boats and scows, and goods and baggage were conveyed from them over the slip without any charge.” As to the question of obstruction, the court finds: “All the obstruction, if any, consists of two or three .timbers, extending across said space from one side to the other about twelve or fifteen feet from the ground.” Upon this Beecher was adjudged guilty of the obstruction.
The object of the power granted to the city to prevent obstructions to various easements of a public character, is not to settle the title, which cannot be tried by a municipal court under city ordinances. Horn v. The People, 26 Mich., 221; Roberts v. Highway Com’rs of Cottrellville, 25 Mich., 23.
Neither can any such interference in a summary proceeding be had except where some way actually used has been interrupted in its user or enjoyment. A theoretical easement not actually used is not within the law. Tillman v. The People, 12 Mich., 401; Jackson v. People, 9 Mich., 111.
In the present case the land could not originally have been an alley, because it was covered by open water. Its uses since, appear to have been for the passage under its surface of drains and water pipes, and as a wharf, or an appendage to a wharf. Under the facts found the use of it as an alley has been for the convenience of adjoining property, and not for any public right of way. In these respects it comes within the principles of Horn v. People and Tillman v. People above cited. It can make no difference that the city may possibly own the fee; neither can the city try as a violation of an ordinance an invasion of its private property.
The finding if otherwise correct, shows no obstruction. Assuming that alleys may under some circumstances •involve public easements in the nature of ways, yet their primary purpose, even then, is not to be substitutes for streets, but to serve as means of accommodation to a limited neighborhood for chiefly local convenience. Nothing can be treated as a punishable obstruction that does not interfere with its accustomed uses. It cannot be said 'that covering it in by a roof is necessarily any obstruction whatever. There are many arcaded sidewalks which are a great convenience to foot passengers, and it can seldom happen. that a roof twelve or fifteen feet high can interfere seriously with any of the ordinary uses of an alley. In the present case the court did not' find in fact that there was any obstruction, but decided it as a question of law, — which it is not in most cases, if at all. The case of Regina v. Betts, 16 Q. B., 1022, is directly in point. See also Clark v. Lake St. Clair etc. Ice Co., 24 Mich., 508.
For these reasons the conviction must be quashed.
Marston and Graves, JJ., concurred. Cooley J., did not sit in this case. | [
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Cooley, J.
This was an action upon a judgment purporting to have been rendered by the county court of county Essex, in the province of Ontario, Dominion of Canada, in favor of McEwan against Zimmer. The only question which the record presents is one of jurisdiction in the county court of Essex to render the judgment, and this arises upon the service which was made on the defendant. Zimmer, it appears, was proceeded against as a non-resident under certain provisions of the statutes known as the Consolidated Statutes of Upper Canada, of which the sections which bear upon the casé are the following:
' “43. In case any defendant being a British subject, •is residing out of Upper Canada, the plaintiff may issue a writ of summons in the form (A) No. 3, which writ shall bear the indorsement contained in the said form, purporting that such writ is for service out of Upper Canada, and the time for appearance by the defendant shall be regulated by the distance from Upper Canada of the place where the defendant is residing, having due regard to the means of, and necessary time for postal or other communication. (19 V., c. 43, s. 35.)
“44. Upon the court or judge being satisfied that there is a cause of action which arose in Upper Canada, or in respect of the breach of a contract made therein, ■and that the writ has been personally served upon the defendant, or that reasonable efforts have been made to effect personal service thereof upon the defendant, and that it came to his knowledge, and either that the defendant willfully neglects to appear to such writ, or that he is living out of Upper Canada, in order to defeat or delay his creditors, such court or judge may from time to time direct that the plaintiff shall be at liberty to proceed in the action in such manner and subject to such conditions as to such court or judge (having regard to the time allowed to the defendant to appear being reasonable and to the other circumstances of the case) may seem fit; but the plaintiff, before obtaining judgment, shall prove the amount of the debt or damages claimed by him in such action, either before a jury on an assessment in the usual mode, or by reference in the manner hereinafter provided, according to the nature of the case, as such court or judge may direct. (19 V., c. 43, s. 35.)
“45. In any action against a person residing out of Upper Canada and not being a British subject, the like proceedings may be taken as against a British subject resident out of Upper Canada, except that the plaintiff shall, instead of the summons mentioned in the forty-third section, issue a writ of summons according to the form (A) No. 4, and shall in manner aforesaid serve a notice of such last mentioned writ upon the defendant, which notice shall be in the form also contained in the said form No. 4; and such service or reasonable efforts to effect the same, shall be of the same force and effect as the service or reasonable efforts to effect the service of a writ of summons in any action against a British subject resident abroad, and by leave of the court or a judge, upon their or his being satisfied by affidavit as aforesaid, the like proceedings may be had and taken thereupon.” (19 V., c. 43, s. 36.)
Zimmer, it was conceded, was not a British subject, and the record of the judgment in the county co.urt shows that the only service made upon him was made at the city of Detroit in this State. It also shows that he did not in any manner respond to the service, and that judgment was taken against him by default. No property appears to have been attached in the province, and no jurisdiction to render the judgment is claimed unless the service in Detroit conferred it. The only question the record presents may therefore be stated as follows: Whether it is competent for a foreign court to make service of its process in this State, and on the authority of such service to proceed to judgment against a party who refuses to recognize the jurisdiction.
We had , not supposed until this suit was brought to our attention that such a jurisdiction could seriously be contended for. The rule laid down by Judge Story in his Conflict of Laws has been supposed to be of universal acceptance, that “no sovereignty can extend its process beyond its own territorial limits, to subject either persons or property to its judicial decisions. Every exertion of authority of this sort beyond this limit is a mere nullity, and incapable of binding such persons or property in any other tribunals.” Confl. of Laws, § 539. Mr. Wharton repeats this rule as one not questioned, Confl. of Laws, § 712; and it is believed to have been reeog nized in every ease arising in the courts of this country in which the exact point has been presented. If any case is an exception, it has escaped our attention.
It is urged, however, that the rule in Great Britain and the British provinces is otherwise, and that comity requires that we recognize and accept the rule of jurisdiction that prevails where the judgment was rendered. The obligations of international comity, we trust, will never be questioned in this State, especially when they are invoked in behalf of our neighbors of the Dominion, with whom our relations are so intimate, and it may be added, so friendly and cordial. We should certainly never have the assurance to demand from them more than we would freely and voluntarily concede to them. True comity is equality; we should demand nothing more and concede nothing less.
The English decisions having direct bearing on the question are not very numerous. Douglas v. Forrest, 4 Bing., 686, was an action in England upon a Scotch judgment, obtained without personal service, and after notice to the defendant by the process called “ horning,” which may or may not have ever come to his knowledge.1 The validity of the judgment was recognized, and the action sustained. But an inspection of the case and a reading of the opinion of Chief Justice Best will disclose the fact that the rule as laid down by Mr. Justice Story in his treatise on the Conflict of Laws is in no manner assailed or questioned. The defendant was executor of a Scotch estate, and it was in that capacity that he was sued; and the jurisdiction was supported on the express ground that the estate was within the jurisdiction of the Scotch court, and that the defendant himself owed allegiance to that country. “To be sure,” says the Chief Justice, “ if attachments issued against persons who never were within the jurisdiction of the court issuing them, could be supported and enforced in the country in which the person attached resided, the legislature of any country might authorize their courts to decide on the rights of parties who owed no allegiance to the government of such country, and were under no obligation to attend its courts, or obey its laws. We confine our judgment to a case where the party owed allegiance to the country in which the judgment was so given against him, from being born in it, and by the laws of which country his property was, at the time those judgments were given, protected. The debts were contracted in the country in which the judgments were given, whilst the debtor resided in it.”
In Becquet v. MacCarthy, 2 B. & Ad., 951, the judgment in question was rendered in one of the British colonies, and by the law of the colony if the defendant was absent and could not be personally served, the service was permitted to be made on the King’s Attorney General for the colony. It was so made in that case — the defendant, who was an official lately domiciled in the colony, being then absent. The substituted service was sustained as sufficient. It was made within the jurisdiction of the court, and the case is therefore not analogous to the present, and we have no occasion either to approve or question it. Our laws provide in some cases for a substitute for personal service, where the party is within the jurisdiction or only temporarily absent; and where the substitute is such as with reasonable certainty will bring the proceeding to the knowledge of the respondent, it is perhaps competent to give to give to such service the full effect of that made upon a person. But no such question is now before us.
In Bank of Australasia v. Nias, 16 Q. B., 717, the defendant, who was a stockholder in a joint stock company in New South Wales, was sued in England on a liability as such stockholder which it was claimed was established by a judgment against the chairman of the company in New South Wales, under a statute which permitted the chairman to be sued as representative .of the company. The statute was sustained and the .action was supported. Lord Campbell in his opinion declares that the statute was passed for the benefit of the company, and that there was nothing at all repugnant to the law of England, or to the principles of natural justice, in enacting that actions upon contracts made by the company, instead of being brought individually against all the stockholders, should be brought against the chairman whom they had appointed to represent them. The case is treated as one in which the parties, by accepting the benefits of a statute, had consented to certain forms of procedure for which it provided.
A case more important to the present discussion is that of Schibsby v. Westenholz, L. R. 6 Q. B., 155. The action in that case was upon a French judgment, obtained without personal service of process, under a statute not differing essentially from the statute of Upper Canada which is supposed to sustain the judgment now in question. The only difference of moment between that case and the present is, that there the contract on which the French court gave judgment was an English contract, while in this case the judgment was given for services performed by the plaintiff in Canada, and possibly it may be claimed that the implied contract to pay for these services was a Canada contract, though the defendant was not in Canada at the time. Whether this difference has any legal significance will be considered further on. Putting this circumstance aside, the two cases are strictly analogous, and it is fortunate that in passing upon the force that should be given to a Canadian judgment undei: the circumstances we are afforded the light of a decision by one of the courts at Westminster on the very point in dispute.
It should be stated here that the statute of Upper Canada was a substantial reproduction in that province of the provisions of the English common law procedure act (1852), which in terms permit judgment to be taken against persons out of the realm on a service of process made abroad. Thé case was therefore one in which it might be urged with great force that comity required that the courts in England should recognize the validity of judgments obtained in France upon a service precisely analogous to that which the English statute made sufficient to support a judgment in that country. Blackburn, L, in delivering the opinion of the court proceeded to declare as the true principle on which the judgments of foreign tribunals are enforced in England, that stated by Parke, B., in Russell v. Smyth, 9 M. & W., 819, and repeated in Williams v. Jones, 13 M. & W., 633, that the judgment of a court of competent jurisdiction over-the defendant imposes a duty or obligation on the defendant to pay the sum for which judgment is given, which the courts of England are bound to enforce, and that consequently anything which negatives that duty, or forms a legal excuse for not performing it, is a defense to the action, proceeds to say: “We were much pressed on the argument with the fact that the British legislature has, by the Common Law Procedure Act (1852) conferred on our courts a power of summoning foreigners, under certain circumstances, to appear, and in case they do not, giving judgment against them by default. It was this consideration principally which induced me at the trial to entertain the opinion which I then expressed and have since changed. And we think that if the principle on which foreign judgments were enforced was that which is loosely called “comity,” we could hardly decline to enforce a foreign judgment given in France against a resident in Great Britain under circumstances hardly, if at all, distinguishable from those under which we, mutatis mutandis, might give judgment against a resident in France; but it is quite different if the principle be that which we have just laid down. Should a foreigner be sued under the provisions of the statute referred to, and then come to the courts of this country and desire to be discharged, the only question which our courts' could entertain would be whether the acts of the British legislature» rightly construed, gave us jurisdiction over this foreigner; for we must obey them. But, if, judgment being given against him in our courts, an action were brought upon it in the courts of the United States (where the law as to the enforcing foreign judgments is the same as our own), a further question would be’ open, viz.: not only whether the British legislature had given the English courts jurisdiction over the defendant, but whether he was under any obligation which the American courts could recognize to submit to the jurisdiction thus created.” And further on he says that the real question which the court of the United States must pass upon in the supposed ease would be this: Can the island of Great Britain pass a law to bind the whole world? — a question which he ventures to answer without hesitation in the negative.
But for a single remark in this opinion by Mr. Justice Blackburn, it should as it seems to us, be accepted on all sides as covering completely the present case. The remark referred to is in the nature of a suggestion, that if at the time when the obligation was contracted the defendants were within the foreign country, but left it before the suit was instituted, perhaps the laws of the foreign country ought to bind them. The remark was not relevant to any facts then before the court, nor in our opinion does the present case require us to consider how far the suggestion has force. This defendant was not in Canada when the demand accrued, and in no manner has he submitted himself to its laws unless he can be said to have done so in employing the services of the plaintiff in that country. If we might assume — which we cannot under the circumstances — that the supposed contract was a Canada contract, it is not by any means clear to our minds that the fact should affect the decision. If the obligation on the courts of one country to enforce the judgments of another be grounded in comity, it ought to appear that under corresponding circumstances it would be expected in this State that the courts of Canada would enforce a judgment given in Michigan on a Michigan contract against a resident in Canada who was never served with process except in the Dominion. So far is it from being the fact that such an expectation would exist, that the courts of this State are not permitted, by virtue of any statute or of any principles supposed to be derived from the common law to render any such judgment; and should it by inadvertence or by mistake of law be entered up by any court of this State, any other court, and indeed the party defendant himself, might treat it, so far as it assumed to establish a personal demand against him, as an absolute nullity. No better illustration of the views held by our own courts upon this subject can be instanced than the case of foreclosure suits in equity against non-resident mortgagors where, although the case may proceed to decree on notice made by publication, or personally served in a foreign jurisdiction, yet the notice is never accepted as the full substitute for service of process within the State, and though the case goes to a decree for the sale of the land, a personal decree against the party liable for the mortgage debt is never permitted to be taken upon such notice. Lawrence v. Fellows, Walk. Ch., 468; Outhwite v. Porter, 13 Mich., 533; Tyler v. Peatt, 30 Mich., 63. We may then dismiss 'comity from consideration as constituting any basis for the enforcement of the judgment now before us. We should certainly, mutatis mutandis, not expect it to be enforced. And we may add that in the still more pointed case of the attachment of lands of a non-resident as the commencement of a suit to collect a debt, though the statute provides for the case proceeding to judgment against the defendant on proof of the statutory notice by publication, yet the judgment is not regarded as establishing a personal demand against the defendant, and we should neither expect it to be enforced as such abroad, nor enforce it ourselves. This is so well understood in this State that the point is never mooted.
On the other hand, if the obligation to enforce a foreign judgment is to be rested on the duty or obligation of the defendant to pay the sum for which the judgment was given, as Mr. Baron Parke and Mr. Justice Blackburn suppose, then it is important to know from what such duty or obligation springs. It is certain that it cannot spring from the mere fact that some court has assumed to render a judgment, but the proceedings anterior to the judgment must have been such as fairly -imposed upon the party sued the obligation to appear and make his defense to the demand set up, if any he had; and if under the circumstances he was fairly entitled to treat any notice of the suit which may have been given him as unwarranted, and to disregard it, then it seems plain that no obligation to recognize the conclusions of the court in the suit could possibly arise. The question, then, seems to be narrowed to this: whether the service of process beyond the jurisdiction of the court issuing it, can impose upon the party served the obligation to appear in the suit and make there his defense if he has any? If this question must be answered in the affirmative as regards a judgment rendered in Canada, it must receive a like answer when it contemplates a judgment rendered on a like service in New Zealand, or in one of the colonial. courts of the Dutch East Indies. The question, therefore, is not one to be disposed of on a consideration merely of how this defendant might be affected; but it suggests the possible cases of citizens of this country proceeded against in the remotest borders of civilization, on claims which may or may not have a foundation in justice, but which become established claims by default in making answer to a suit upon them.
Now the service of process is for the purpose of notifying the defendant, and giving him a fair opportunity to defend. But the service of process in Michigan, which requires one to appear and answer to a demand in a foreign country would in general be of no value whatever, because a defense abroad would either be practically impossible, or would be so expensive as to exceed in cost tbe importance of the demand. It may therefore justly and emphatically be declared that such service would give no fair opportunity to defend, and consequently could not accomplish the purpose of process. Were the doctrine accepted which would permit it, it might reasonably be anticipated that fictitious claims would be asserted-abroad against Americans who for business or pleasure had visited foreign countries, and would become established claims by default in a defense which a party wrongfully charged could not afford to make. We think the doctrine has no foundation in reason, or in the principles of international law or international comity.
We refer, as supporting these general views, to Bischoff v. Wethered, 9 Wall., 812, and Wood v. Parsons, 27 Mich., 159; also to People v. Dawell, 25 Mich., 267, where the general subject received some attention.
We find no error in the judgment and it must be affirmed with costs.
The other Justices concurred. | [
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Per Curiam.
Where a writ of replevin is dismissed by a justice, and defendant waives return, he has a right to introduce evidence to prove the value of the property, and mandamus will issue to compel the justice to receive it,' in case, he refuses to allow it. People v. Tripp, 15 Mich., 518; People ex rel. Forbes v. Judge of Washtenaw Circ. Ct., 23 Mich., 497.
■ Costs will not be granted against a party interested who has not been brought before this court by notice, in such a case.
Mandamus granted, without costs. | [
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Graves, J.
May 26th, 1870, Barnum sued out a capias against one Hickock, the papers describing him as John Hickock. He was arrested, and subsequently and on August 11th, 1870, the defendants recognized as special bail. He was described in the recognizance as John Hickock. October 24, 1870, Hickock’s counsel admitted in open court that his Christian name was Frelinghuysen H. instead of John, and both parties consenting thereto the court ordered that the records and files in the cause should be amended by inserting Frelinghuysen H. instead of John in describing defendant, and that in all subsequent proceedings he should be referred to under that name. It does not appear that the bail, the defendants here, had any actual notice of this proceeding. April 26, 1871, Hickock’s case was tried and recovery was had against him for $200. July 29, 1871, execution against property issued and was returned unsatisfied. It not only ran against Hickock but also against the bail. June 15, 1876, execution against Hickoek’s body was issued and some time after was returned “unsatisfied.” Suit was then brought on the recognizance of bail, and several objections were urged.
The court ruled out all the proceedings in the original suit on the ground that the amendment in regard to Hickock’s name was made without the assent or privity of the bail, and discharged them. There is no occasion to consider this point. If the ruling was erroneous the plaintiff was not prejudiced. The case he tendered and on which he relied was defective. The law prohibits suit on a recognizance of special bail until the sheriff where the arrest was made shall have returned an execution against the defendant’s body that he “could not be found within his county.” Comp. L., § 5763.
All the showing suggested in regard to this was a return of “unsatisfied” on an execution against the body. There was no claim of any other evidence of compliance with the requirement of the statute on this point, and it is too plain for question that the return “ unsatisfied ” was of no force whatever as a preliminary to an action on the recognizance of bail.
The judgment must be affirmed with costs.
The other Justices concurred. | [
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Graves, J.
This is 'a case on exceptions certified before judgment. The defendant and one William Martin were charged as being present and aiding and abetting one Willard H. Chapman in the murder of Charles P. Ayres. The offense was laid November 12, 1876, at the town of Meridian, in Ingham county. July, 1877, she was tried separately and the jury convicted her of murder in the second degree.
The witness first offered by the people was John P. Marble. At the time of the homicide he was defendant’s husband, but living separate from her and carrying on proceedings against her for a divorce from the bonds of; matrimony. And a few days after the homicide, namely, December 29, 1876, the marriage was dissolved pursuant-to his proceedings therefor, and the marital relation previously existing was entirely extinguished, and under these circumstances the counsel for the people claimed that he was as competent as any one to give evidence against the defendant except as to communications from' one to the other. But the defendant objected that he was incompetent to testify to any thing transacted during the marriage.
The court overruled the objection and decided that Marble was competent to give evidence of the charges in the information. He was accordingly sworn and • examined! There was no controversy about the fact that Ayres was killed in the evening or fore part of the night of November 12, 1876, and on the farm of witness, situated about five miles from Lansing. The witness had lived on this farm with the defendant for several years prior to February 24th, 1876, at which time, however, he left it.-
There were family difficulties and he was of opinion the defendant was unfaithful to him. She had obtained a lease of the farm from him and assumed to manage and control it. At the time of the homicide he was living by himself at Lansing and she was occupying the farm, and the alleged principal, Willard H. Chapman, who was her son by a former marriage, and her alleged co-abettor Martin, with whom, she was suspected of being criminally intimate, were staying there with her.
The witness swore that about eight o’clock in the evening of November. 12th, he, with Ayres and one Morley, left Lansing together in a buggy for his farm; that the object was to get proof of adultery- between defendant and Martin;. that they left the horse and buggy in a piece of woods about one hundred and thirty-five rods from the house and went on foot into the orchard' near the house and sat down under an apple tree. Beferring to a diagram he described their course thereafter and pointed out and explained their movements to places nearer the house and also described the observed doings of Martin and young Chapman, and then stated that himself, Ayres and Morley retired about eight rods to an elm tree and there sat down on some blankets and buffalo robes; that whilst in this position he noticed de fendant Chapman and Martin approaching and not more than fifteen feet distant; that they seemed to discover witness and his party, and that the latter instantly commenced getting up, “ and quicker than you could think they were in front of us and fired on us. All I heard her say was, ‘ Here they are; fire! ’ ”
The counsel for defendant objected that it was not competent for this witness to testify to any thing which the defendant said or did on that occasion, on the ground that she was then his wife. The objection was overruled.
The witness further testified that the firing occurred immediately after defendant’s order; that Chapman fired first, but the intervening time was only long enough to enable this to be distinguished; that Ayres was “shot dead” and Morley got up and started for the road.
The defendant’s counsel objected to evidence of any acts of violence then and there done against Morley, and urged that according to the case shown by the witness the offense charged was completed by the death of Ayres. The court considered it admissible to give evidence of the entire transaction, not to show defendant guilty of Morley’s murder, but to fix the character of the homicide of Ayres, which occurred in the same affray, and to show how and in what way the defendant was connected, if at all, with the death of Ayres; and the objection was overruled.
The witness then testified that immediately after Ayres was shot Morley got up and started for the road and defendant Chapman and Martin immediately pursued him and fired upon him; that after they had gone some two or three rods Morley turned and fired back; that witness had remained at the tree, but seeing the “three pitching into him” — Morley,—he went down to relieve Morley, and on getting nearly up with them the defendant said, “There’s the old man; go for him,” and that they thereupon fired at him two or three times; ■that Morley got away and started for the fence and witness turned to go the other way and was then struck by some one and immediately after was wounded by a pistol shot; that Morley reached the fence at one place and he at another, and hearing firing, witness started to go where Morley was, and getting within eight or ten feet he heard defendant say to Chapman, her son, “’Will, here’s the old man; let’s go for him;” that witness went up to Morley and spoke to him, but got no reply; that the whole affray lasted perhaps a couple of minutes; that he thinks defendant fired at him, and further, that she fired two or three shots; that he had a loaded revolver but did not fire at all. On cross-examination he stated that previous to the night in question he, together with Ayres and Morley, had been about the house on several nights; that on the occasion in question both Ayres and Morley were armed with revolvers, each having a seven shooter; that the night was very dark, neither moon nor stars being visible.
This reference to the evidence and some of the surrounding facts will sufficiently unfold the case to afford an intelligible view of the objections thus far mentioned.
Now it cannot be positively admitted that if Marble had been sworn and examined subject to the authority of the common law, his previous state of marriage with the defendant would have been adequate ground for precluding him from testifying to those matters he was allowed to testify to. At the time of the trial no marriage relation existed, and for the entire period which commenced several months before the events of the fatal night and extended to the divorce, the relation was practically ended. There was no association and no confidential intercourse or communication. There was no amity. They lived apart in a state of mutual distrust and hostility, and the events described by Marble were open and aggressive acts against him and his associates Ayres and Morley, and according to his representation of the circumstances it appeared that the defendant and Chapman' and Martin were acting in concert in waging the violence which was done. In giving evidence, so far as he was permitted, of what occurred on the night of the homicide, he revealed nothing which had come to his knowledge in consequence of the marriage relation, or which had arisen or been confided in the-sacred confidence or privacy of married life. On the contrary, the facts he detailed were' acts of force and violence directed against him and others, and in the presence of others.
There would seem to be some reason for contending that the case would not be subject to the general rule of the common law which will not allow divorced parties to testify against each other concerning matters which occurred during the continuance of the married state, but would be considered as standing on different ground and to be viewed as an exception. Chamberlain v. People, 23 N. Y., 85; Ratcliff v. Wales, 1 Hill, 63; Coffin v. Jones, 13 Pick., 441; Dickerman v. Graves, 6 Cush., 308; Aveson v. Lord Kinnaird, 6 East, 188. But whatever force the point suggested may be supposed to possess, it is quite unnecessary to seek aid from it here.
The statute of 1861, as previously considered by this court, affords a complete answer to the objections founded on the former relation between the witness and defendant. Comp. L., §§ 5966, 5969.
By the terms of the first of these sections Marble was rendered generally competent notwithstanding his former marital relation; and since the relation had ceased when he-was called, and as the prosecution “was not in consequence of adultery,” there was nothing to qualify his general competency save the exception in the second the above named sections, providing that without the consent of both, neither husband nor wife during the marriage or afterwards shall “be examined as to any communication made by one to the other during the marriage.” He was therefore competent at the trial and in this case to testify against the defendant without her consent as to any matter except such a communication, and no part of the evidence he was allowed to give was within the exception. No part of his testimony consisted of matter exposing anything written or spoken under the protection of matrimonial-association. Morissey v. People, 11 Mich., 327; Grimm v. People, 14 Mich., 300; Herrick v. Odell, 29 Mich., 47.
The objection to the evidence" adduced of what occurred on the occasion after the fall of Ayres cannot be sustained. That it was adapted in its nature to prove or help prove a distinct offense could be no ground for rejecting it -if directly pertinent to the case on trial and exposed to no other objection. People v. Doyle, 21 Mich., 221; Com. v. Briggs, 5 Pick., 429; Osborne v. People, 2 Parker C. Rep., 583; Haskins v. People, 16 N. Y., 344; Weed v. People, 56 N. Y., 628; Reg. v. Morey, 1 Cox Crim. C. 236; Rex v. Moore, 2 Car. & P., 235; State v. Harrold 38 Mo., 496; State v. Braunschweig, id., 587; Mason v. State, 42 Ala., 537; Walker’s Case, 1 Leigh (Va.), 576; Rex v. Clewes, 4 Car. & P., 221; Regina v. Cobden, 3 Foster & Finlason, 833; Brown v. Com., 76 Penn. St., 319; Coleman v. People, 58 N. Y., 555. The facts in question were substantial ingredients of the general occurrence, ' and were pertinent. The period between the commencement of the attack and its bloody close was very brief, and as the witness stated, not to exceed about two minutes. There was no intermission. The violence was continuous, and not in stages, and the affair was incapable of being separated into distinct onsets. The parts were a connected cluster of events, and they reciprocally served to color and characterize each other. The transaction was entire, notwithstanding it was made by those participating to cause more than one fatal result; and what occurred after the fall of Ayres was a part of it, and a part proper to be known to judge correctly concerning the precise criminal quality of the act which caused Ayres' death and the true relation, in the sense of criminal law, of the defendañt to that act. People v. Potter, 5 Mich., 1; Maher v. People, 10 Mich., 212; Brown v. People, 17 Mich., 429; Patten v. People, 18 Mich., 314; Hurd v. People, 25 Mich., 405; People v. Knapp, 26 Mich., 112; Lambert v. People, 29 Mich., 71; Wellar v. People, 30 Mich., 16; People v. Roach, 17 Cal., 297; Dunn v. State, 2 Ark., 229; Brown v. Com. supra; Com. v. Eaton, 8 Phila., 428; Heath v. Com., 1 Robinson (Va.), 735; State v. Rash, 12 Ired., 382; Johnson v. State, 17 Ala., 618; Com. v. Sturtivant, 117 Mass., 122; Coleman v. People, 58 N. Y., 555; Chandler v. Allison, 10 Mich., 460.
This disposes of the exceptions to evidence.
The circuit judge gave the jury the measure of belief they must entertain on the evidence to authorize them to find a verdict of guilty, and in so doing he told them they must be satisfied beyond a reasonable doubt. Having stated and repeated this rule, he proceeded to expound it in these terms: “What I mean by a reasonable doubt is, that it must be such evidence as would satisfy you— as you would be willing to act upon in any of your own important concerns — your own business — such evidence as would satisfy you it would be proper for you to act upon in any of your own private concerns; that would be evidence that would satisfy you beyond a reasonable doubt. Thai is what this means.” The defendant excepted to this explanation.
In many, if not most cases, such an exposition of the rule which in this State at le'ast will generally be well enough understood without effort at analytical elucidation or explanation by analogies, would have to be considered misleading as well as inaccurate. But conceding its, imperfection, it nevertheless, seems plain that it could not have produced any practical consequence whatever in this case.
There was no chance for it to disturb the lawful operation of the recognized rule; nothing in the state of things which would allow a mere qualified belief, and hence there was no room for injurious effect. As to all but a very few incidents there was no controversy or any uncertainty whatever, and as to the few about which there was disagreement the evidence was all substantially direct and personal and was given by Marble and defendant. That he was present and was an eye and ear witness was admitted, and he testified that a certain train of facts took place and his version contained nothing improbable. The defendant made her statement, and in some respects it varied from his account and the event of the prosecution depended upon whether the jury would or would not believe her rather than him. They might do so; they could not believe both. The question was which was entitled to belief. It was entirely competent for them to believe him and disbelieve her if their understandings were honestly moved to that result in their investigation of the circumstances. But there was no ground in the nature of things'for any middle position or qualified belief. If Marble was believable at all he was so positively and not merely with some reserve more or less; and the inquiry as to whether he was believable or not was not such in its nature as at any step to involve a belief less implicit. The very nature of the case imposed this necessity. It caused this much to be inevitable and not merely probable, and the charge was very full and fair in regard to the right of the jury to disbelieve Marble, and the result was that they did believe him and his version, and the belief thus formed, considering to what it related and upon what it turned and by what it was engendered, could not have been subject to a “reasonable doubt” in their minds.
The judgment they formed was governed by a rule of mental action admitting no such qualification. Hence it cannot be conceived that they were conscious of any such doubt. Consequently the explanation complained of was something abstract and uncalled for by the case and was wholly ineffective. Being practically harmless no new trial should be granted on account of it. People v. Scott, 6 Mich., 287; People v. Horton, 4 Mich., 67-85; People v. Wiley, 3 Hill, 194; Shorter v. People, 2 Comst., 193; People v. Lohman, 2 Barb., 216-221; People v. Gonzalez, 35 N. Y., 49; Com. v. McCarthy, 119 Mass., 354; Com. v. Barry, 11 Allen, 263; Com. v. Bailey, 11 Cush., 415; Harris v. State, 47 Miss., 318; Wilson v. State, 3 Heisk., 278; Ballew v. State, 36 Tex., 98; Stewart v. State, 1 Ohio St., 66; Sinard v. Patterson, 3 Blackf., 353; Cricket v. State, 18 Ohio St., 9; Kopitoff v. Wilson, 1 Q. B. Div., 377. As already suggested, the defendant made her statement under the statute to the jury, and it tended to show that Martin was her hired man, and that about nine o’clock of the night in question he and her son Chapman commenced loading a wagon with barrels of apples to be ready for an early start for market in the morning; that she had gone to bed; that her son informed her one barrel of apples was missing and took a light to look for it; that he soon returned with Martin and informed her the barrel was found down the road at the sluice way, being about one hundred and ninety-eight feet south of the gate in the lane leading to the house; that her son and Martin proposed to go down where the barrel was and watch and see who should come for it and “thus find out (as the record states it) who had been committing a number of larcenies during the summer to which they had not been able to get a clue;” that on account of “repeated disturbances about the house during the summer in the night time by firing pistols, shouting and blows upon the windows and doors,” she and her son and Martin on going out at night went armed to defend themselves; that her son and Martin started for the apple barrel to watch, and she, being afraid to stay at the house alone on account of former disturbances, went with them; that in going they went by the usual course from the house to the place where the barrel was, and as they passed by a cherry tree there seemed to be some dark objects under it; that she inquired of her son what the objects were and he replied they were “stumps,” and she rejoined, “No, there are no stumps there;” that her son then called, “Who’s there?” on which three pistol shots were discharged at her party, whereupon her son fired “the shot-gun;” that what she and those with her did was in their necessary defense against the attack made by the others; that Marble hated her and had threatened to take her life; that he desired to regain possession of his farm; that he had once been convicted of assault and battery upon her, and that separate proceedings were pending against her son and herself and Martin for the murder of Morley in the same affair.
In giving his charge the circuit judge several times referred to the evidence given on each side and to the facts it tended to make out, and he instructed the jury in substance and effect that if they were satisfied beyond a reasonable doubt that the facts were as claimed by the prosecution, it would be their duty to bring in a verdict against the defendant; but on the contrary, if they were not so satisfied, or if they thought the facts were as claimed by the defense, that then it would be their duty to find the defendant not guilty.
These portions of the charge, with enough of the context to present them correctly, are too long to be here quoted. According to the record they truly recognized in their entirety the states of fact on each side which the evidence given was offered to show and conduced to make out, and fully and plainly covered them and were sufficiently favorable to the defense. We do not affirm their accuracy as against the people. It is enough at present that they did not err against the defense.
When the judge had finished what he had intended to say, the defendant’s counsel addressed him as follows: “I want to call your honor’s attention to one fact — that if the jury should find that the party went out to see who it was that came after the barrel of apples, and without any intent to kill anybody, and while they were going along, as stated by Mrs. Marble, they came upon the party, and Willard Chapman, without any knowledge on the part of his mother, and without saying a word in any way, suddenly took up his gun and fired, that her presence there would not make her guilty of itself.” The judge thereupon observed that “the jury were to determine from the evidence and facts of the ease whether she was there consenting to the transaction; that it was a question for them.”
The failure to charge in the terms of this proposition of defendant’s counsel is made a subject of exception. The response of the court was well enough. It submitted the point of her guilty participation on the whole evidence, and looking at the facts and the whole charge it is manifest the jury must have found as a distinct fact that she was criminally connected with the others, if not the leading assailant. The proposition assumed that the states of fact adduced in the case afforded a ground of charge for a finding that young Chapman, “without saying a word in any way,” suddenly fired the fatal shot, and that the' defendant was not privy to the act nor otherwise connected with it than by being present as a spectator. It also implied that the sense of the jury might be required upon the question of her guilty connection with the affair without permitting them to consider and weigh the tendency to prove it of some of the admitted facts. The assumption was inadmissible. It was repugnant to the case made by the people and in direct contradiction of defendant’s statement and solemn admission.
According to the case shown by the people’s evidence, the defendant ordered the firing, and hence was necessarily privy to it; and according to her own claim and voluntary declaration, she and her son consulted together on the field concerning the “dark objects,” and he thereupon called out, “Who’s there?” at the instant before the firing, and therefore did not suddenly fire “without saying a word in any way.” Whatever was said at the time and place -among these persons was part of the transaction and could not be lawfully excluded from the jury.
It is next to be observed that several circumstances bearing on the question of her complicity were conceded. The hostility between her and Marble; the close connection and unity of feeling subsisting between herself, her son and Martin; their joint movements on the night in question, and as though marshaled to the place of the homicide; the fact that she went and. was there armed with the other two; their conduct there as one band and the talk among them on the spot and at the very time were circumstances adduced by the defendant herself, and they had a tendency to show that she and those with her were combined and acting in concert, and that her will concurred in the commission of the violence which her associates perpetrated. Brown v. Perkins, 1 Allen, 89; 3 Greenleaf Ev., § 41; Com. v. Lucas, 2 Allen, 170; Com. v. Fortune, 105 Mass., 592; Ruloff v. People, 45 N. Y., 213, 217; Kelley v. People, 55 N. Y., 565; Breese v. State, 12 Ohio St., 146; The King v. Cope, 1 Strange, 144; United States v. Cole and others, 5 McLean, 513. Whether this tendency was more or less stringent is not the question. • It is sufficient that the tendency existed, and it would not have been proper to have given the case to the jury on the question of her guilty connection with the affair under an implication that these admitted facts had no. such tendency. McDonough v. Miller, 114 Mass., 94.
No other points have been urged, and a careful examination of the record discloses nothing of which the defendant has any reason to complain.
The exceptions should be overruled and the court should proceed to judgment on the verdict.
Let it be so certified.
Campbell, C. J., and Cooley, J., concurred. Marston, J., did not sit in this case.
(5966.) Sec. 99. No person shall be excluded from giving evidence in any matter, civil or criminal, by reason of crime, or for any interest of such person in the matter, suit, or proceeding in question, or in the event of such matter, suit, or proceeding in which such testimony may bo offered, or by reason of marital or other relationship to any party thereto; but such interest, relationship, or conviction of crime may be shown for the purpose of drawing in question the credibility of such witness, except as is hereinafter provided.
(5969.) Sec. 102. A husband shall not be examined as a witness, for or against his wife, without her consent; nor a wife, for or against her husband, without his consent, except in cases where the husband or wife shall be a party to the record, in a suit, action, or proceeding where the titlo tq the separate property of the husband or wife so called or offered as a witness, or where the title to property derived from, through, or under the husband or wife so called or offered as a witness, shall be the subject matter in controversy or litigation, in such suit, action, or proceeding, in opposition to the claim or interest of the other of said married persons, who is a party to the record in such suit, action, or proceeding; and in all such cases, such husband or wife who makes such claim of title, or under or from whom such title is derived, shall be as competent to testify in relation to said separate property and the title thereto, without the consent of said husband or wife who is a party to tho record in such suit, action or proceeding, as though such marriage relation did not exist; nor shall either, during the marriage or after-wards, without the consent of both, be examined as to any communication made by one to the other, during the marriage; but in any action or proceeding instituted by the husband or wife, in consequence of adultery, the husband and wife shall not be competent to testify. | [
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Cooley, J.
Hemingway sued Ferguson to recover the value of professional services as counsellor at law. There was no dispute that the services had been performed, but Ferguson relied upon an understanding that they were to be rendered for a certain fixed sum, while Hemingway claimed a much larger sum on a quantum meruit.
To prove the understanding relied upon, Ferguson called Charles Draper, Esq., who testified that at Ferguson’s request he wrote a letter to Hemingway stating Ferguson’s desire to employ him to perform the services specified, but that he could only pay forty dollars therefor. To meet this showing Hemingway testified that on the receipt of Draper’s letter he replied to it by mail that he could not accept the proposition, but that he would perform the services for what they were worth. Ferguson afterwards visited Hemingway, and the services were performed, but nothing appears to have been said between them concerning the Draper letter.
Hemingway’s evidence, that he had replied to Draper’s letter, and what the reply was, was objected to by defendant because no notice had been given to produce it. The objection was overruled. The ruling was manifestly in violation of the familiar rule, which excludes secondary evidence until the proper effort has been made to secure the primary and better evidence. It is now urged, however, that the necessity of notice to produce the letter to Draper was obviated by the evidence of Draper that Hemingway did not notify him that he declined Ferguson’s offer, and that he had no recollection of receiving such a letter as Hemingway testified to having written. This appears to us no answer. Had he been called upon in time to produce it, it is possible that ■What had escaped his recollection may have been discovered ; at any rate his duty would have been to make an examination of his files, and we cannot assume the letter would not have been found.
- The point is made on behalf of Ferguson that it was Hemingway’s duty to communicate his refusal to accept the offer to Ferguson himself, Draper not being his agent for any other purpose than to write the letter communicating the offer. We think, however, that the agent to make the offer was agent to receive the response, and that if Hemingway mailed such a letter as he testifies to, that was sufficient. He had a right to suppose it was received, and that Ferguson was expecting to pay him the reasonable worth of his services. It is Ferguson who relies upon a special contract here, and he must make out at least a prima facie case that the minds of the parties met in making it.
For the error in receiving evidence of the contents of the letter to Draper, the judgment must be reversed with costs, and a new trial ordered.
The other Justices concurred. | [
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Cooley, J.
This is a bill for an account of partnership transactions. The defendant is the son-in-law of complainant and had the charge of the business and of keeping the accounts. The circuit judge, who heard the case found it impossible to state full accounts for the reason that the defendant never kept such books as would enable the facts to be shown. He was satisfied from the evidence that there was no loss in the business, and that it would be entirely just to the defendant to require him to account for all the money put into the business by complainant. In these conclusions we entirely agree.
Stating an account, on. this basis, the judge found $1,642.12 due complainant. Several exceptions were taken to allowances and disallowances, which we shall notice.
Complainant was allowed $100 advanced Miller. This was probably an inadvertence: it should have been $75 only, as is now admitted. A charge by defendant of $340, paid by Mm for complainant to one Harrington, was disallowed. The reason for this was, that the payment was the balance due on a lot of land which complainant was giving to defendant’s wife. We are inclined to think that however ungracious this charge may have been, defendant had the right to make it; and that the reasonable deduction from the evidence is that the sum was a loan to complainant.
Defendant charged complainant $500 for the board of himself and wife for a period while the two families lived together. The circuit judge allowed $260, which we think a very large allowance. He also charged $596 as paid by him on some debts owing by complainant when they went into partnership. Of this the judge allowed $300. We find only $96 proved; as to the rest the testimony is too vague for any reasonable inference in defendant’s favor. The burden to make out these payments was upon him, and in some cases we are satisfied he did not pay what he charges.
Defendant also charged complainant $550 which complainant’s wife had loaned complainant through defendant. This was rightly disallowed. The loan has not been repaid and it does not appear that defendant is responsible for it. Complainant’s wife is entitled to look to complainant for it, and it is to be presumed she will do so.
These are all the items which we think require special mention, and on these an error of $161 against defendant would seem to have been committed. But it appears that in the footings of the judge an error of $100 in Ms favor occurred, and we think the allowance in his favor for board might well have been reduced to balance the remaining $61. On the whole we think the circuit judge has taken great pains to state an equitable account between these parties, and that defendant has no reason to complain of his conclusions.
The decree must be affirmed with costs.
The other Justices concurred. | [
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Quinn, J.
Defendant was charged with murder. November 18, 1963, he appeared with counsel before a magistrate and demanded examination, which was set for December 5, 1963. On the latter date and with his counsel present, defendant waived examination and he was bound over to circuit court. At arraignment on the information December 17, 1963, defendant appeared without counsel. When asked if William Christie represented him, defendant said yes. When asked if Mr. Christie was supposed to be present, defendant replied no. The trial judge then indicated on the record that defendant waived the reading of the information, stood mute and the court entered a plea of not guilty.
January 14, 1964, the date set for defendant’s jury trial, he appeared with counsel and pleaded guilty to second-degree murder. The plea transcript indicates defendant pleaded guilty freely, without threats or promises being made to him, and defendant admitted he killed one William Behling. After the plea, defendant was remanded to custody and the trial judge ordered a presentence report. The sentencing transcript of January 17, 1964 indicates the killing occurred during a robbery and that defendant had been in prison- on numerous occasions. Defendant was 36 years of age at this time.
As provided in CL 1948, § 769.18 (Stat Ann 1954 Rev § 28.1088), the sentencing judge filed a statement of facts which he deemed important or necessary for a full comprehension of the case. It reads as follows:
“The above-named defendant pleaded guilty to murder in the second degree. To all intents and purposes it-probably should have been murder in the first degree as what he was after was the old man’s money, and he did- get about $197 from his pocket. And,, as' the testimony shows, the old man died from strangulation when the defendant had a rope around his neck and then took him behind a bunch of trees and buried him in some leaves.”
This man is 36 years of age, with a long criminal record. I have had the pre-sentence report on him and sentence him from twenty (20) to forty (40) years, State Prison of Southern Michigan, with no recommendation.”
February 24, 1967, defendant in propria persona filed application for a writ of habeas corpus with the trial court. This was denied by written opinion dated April 6, 1967. October 10, 1967, defendant’s attorney filed a motion to withdraw the plea of guilty and to set aside the conviction and vacate sentence, or in the alternative to grant leave to file a motion for a new trial. One of the grounds alleged for’ relief in this motion was that defendant’s counsel was not present at the time defendant was sentenced. The remaining grounds of the motion related to alleged noncompliance with OCR 1963, 785.3(1) and (2), 379 Mich xxvi, and CL 1948, § 768.35 (Stat Ann 1954 Rev.- § 28.1058).
Defendant claimed the failure of the trial judge to advise defendant of his right to jury trial before plea violated GrCR 1963, 785.3(1). The alleged noncompliance with GCR 1963, 785.3(2) arose from the trial court’s failure to advise defendant of the nature of the accusation and consequence of plea and to examine defendant sufficiently to determine that the plea was freely, understandingly and voluntarily made, without undue influence, compulsion, or duress,, and without promise of leniency. The latter claim also relates to the alleged noncompliance with CL 1948, § 768.35, supra.
The motion was submitted to the trial court prior to decision of the Supreme Court in People v. Winegar (1968), 380 Mich 719, and the trial court withheld decision on the motion until Winegar was decided. By written opinion filed June 13, 1968, the trial court ruled against defendant on each ground set forth in the motion, except the opinion held it was error to sentence defendant without his counsel present. The opinion ended by denying the motion and directing defendant and his attorney to be present on June 21, 1968 for vacation of defendant’s sentence and resentencing with his attorney present.
The procedure directed by the opinion was adjourned to July 26, 1968. On that date, as soon as the trial judge vacated the sentence of January 17, 1964, defendant moved orally to withdraw his plea of guilty on the grounds he was not guilty and that he pleaded guilty because of coercion, abuse and misapprehension. Defendant offered to take the stand to testify in support of these allegations. This offer was declined by the trial court, and defendant’s motion to withdraw his plea was denied and he was sentenced to the same term as was provided in the vacated sentence, retroactive to January 17, 1964. Defendant appeals.
It is apparent defendant’s plea was made after plea bargaining. The trial court did not abuse its discretion in denying defendant’s written motion to withdraw his plea. In addition to the fact that GCR 1963, 785.3(1) had no application because defendant was represented by counsel, defendant’s claim that he was not advised of his right to jury trial is fatuous. He was 36 years of age, an experienced criminal and he pleaded guilty on the day set for his jury trial. Under the decisions of People v. Dunn (1968), 380 Mich 693, People v. Stearns (1968), 380 Mich 704, and People v. Winegar, supra, and on the record before us, the other errors relied on by defendant in his written motion were not such as would support our finding that the trial judge abused his discretion in denying defendant’s motion.
At the hearing July 26, 1968, however, defendant charged that his plea was the result of coercion, abuse and misapprehension and offered to testify in support of such charges. By declining this offer, neither the trial court nor this Court has any factual record on which to determine the truth or falsity of such charges.
Remanded for an evidentiary hearing to determine the voluntariness of defendant’s plea. In the event that it is determined defendant’s plea was involuntary, the plea shall be set aside, sentence vacated and a new trial ordered. This Court retains no further jurisdiction of this cause.
All concurred.
CL 1948 § 750.317 (Stat Ann 1954 Rev § 28.549). | [
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Per Curiam.
As this ease has already been before our Court, we may dispense with any statement of facts, since they are very adequately set forth in Brewer v. City of Detroit (1968), 11 Mich App 465.
At the time of the aforementioned appeal, the case was remanded to the trial court for further findings of fact to determine what the bus driver “should have known” in determining compliance with the requisite standard of care, and specifically:
“In applying the standard set out in Jaxon, supra, to the facts present in the instant case, it would be necessary to determine as a matter of fact whether the unidentified bus driver acted fin the premises as a reasonably prudent man under the same or similar circumstances’ — vis., icy, slippery conditions present at the bus stop as testified to by Mr. and Mrs. Ales’ testimony which was in no way contradicted or disputed.” (11 Mich App 465, 468)
On July 1, 1968, following a hearing, the trial court reaffirmed its previous decision of no cause of action for plaintiff and the absence of negligence on the part of defendant and set forth further findings of fact as ordered. On July 20, 1968, plaintiff filed a motion for new trial pursuant to GrOK 1963, 527.1. The motion was subsequently denied by an order dated September 20, 1968. It is from this order that plaintiff brings this appeal.
The only issue with which we are concerned, or which has any merit on this appeal, is whether the findings of fact and conclusions of law made by the trial court and dated July 1, 1968, are proper and in compliance with the order set forth in the original Brewer Case.
It is the opinion of this Court that the trial court, on remand, complied with Brewer v. City of Detroit, directing it to make further findings of fact regarding the specific matters mentioned. The trial court clearly found and specifically stated in its opinion:
“Therefore, taking into consideration the aforementioned circumstances, vis., icy, slippery conditions generally prevalent in a widespread area, as well as at the bus stop, this court would determine that the bus driver acted in the premises as a reasonably prudent man under the same or similar conditions.”
It was found that the bus driver should have known of the generally icy conditions and that these hazardous conditions existed all over. There was no evidence of a safer alternative and under the circumstances the onus of negligence could not be placed on defendant. It is evident that these findings are in accord with the order on remand. The evidence adduced adequately supports the findings and decision of the trial court.
We therefore hold that there are sufficient findings of fact to justify a conclusion that defendant’s driver should have known of the icy conditions throughout the city of Detroit on the date of the accident and because of plaintiff’s failure to prove the existence of a safer alternative, the driver acted in the premises as a reasonably prudent man would have acted under the same or similar circumstances and has thus satisfied the duty of care as outlined in Jaxon v. City of Detroit, supra.
Affirmed. Costs to appellees.
Jaxon v. City of Detroit, Department of Street Railways (1967), 379 Mich 405. | [
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Bronson, J.
This appeal is taken from a judgment following a jury verdict of no cause of action rendered in the Wayne county circuit court. It concerns a suit instituted on behalf of Robert Lee Brummitt, a minor, and his father. The action commenced by plaintiff relates to injuries suffered by Robert Lee Brummitt when he ran out from between parked cars into the street and was struck by an automobile driven by Warren Chaney, defendant’s deceased husband. At the time of the accident Robert Brummitt was two years and eight months old.
At trial plaintiff contended that defendant had driven negligently. Defendant attempted to show that he exercised maximum care in his driving and also pleaded the doctrine of sudden emergency.
At trial and through deposition several witnesses testified as to the speed at which defendant was driving when the accident occurred. The defense moved for a directed verdict and this motion was denied by the trial judge. The case went to the jury, which returned a verdict of no cause of action. A motion for new trial was filed by plaintiff, and this motion was denied by the trial judge. Plaintiff appeals from this decision.
Plaintiff claims on appeal that the trial court erred in admitting testimony of the investigating police officer as to the speed at which the vehicle of defendant’s decedent was traveling. Plaintiff further claims that he was denied a fair trial because of allegedly prejudicial statements made by defense counsel during his closing argument.
Police officer Alex Taylor, who investigated the accident, arrived after the accident had occurred. ITe had been a police officer since 1949, and from 1950 to 1965 he investigated accidents for the Accident Prevention Bureau. The only person he remembered talking to was Mr. Chaney. Taylor paced off the two fresh skid marks and recorded a measurement of about 25 feet.
Taylor was asked on direct examination to render an opinion based on his own experience as to the probable speed of defendant’s car at the time of the accident. Plaintiff’s counsel objected on the ground that no proper foundation had been laid, and that Taylor was not qualified to draw such a conclusion. The trial judge permitted the testimony, and Taylor testified that he judged the speed of. defendant’s car to be about 15 to 20 m.p.h.
It was testified to on cross-examination that the day of the accident had been clear and dry;' defendant’s brakes were in good order; and that the skid marks were 25 feet long. Testimony also adduced that Taylor did not know the coefficient of friction on Baldwin street, the efficiency of defendant’s car’s brake lining and tires, the weight of defendant’s car, or whether the skid marks were made by the front or rear tires.
Appellant cites Jackson v. Trogan (1961), 364 Mich 148, to substantiate his view. In Jackson, a young state policeman gave his opinion about the speed of an automobile based on the force of impact and skid marks. The Court in Jackson held that the testimony of the state policeman was inadmissible because there were too many factors open to question in determining speed. In finding the testimony inadmissible, the Court noted in Jackson the inexperience of the witness in investigation of this type of accident. In the case at bar the officer testifying had been investigating accidents for 15 years. The trial judge found Officer Taylor qualified on the basis of his experience to offer an expert opinion. We cannot say that this exercise of the trial judge’s discretion was clearly erroneous.
In the instant case, there is no question that Officer Taylor is highly experienced in this field. Furthermore, there is no question that the determination whether a witness has the qualifications of an expert is clearly a question for the trial judge. The trial judge’s discretion in the matter is only interfered with by an appellate court in the event that that discretion is abused. People v. Hawthorne (1940), 293 Mich 15, cited with approval in Accetola v. Hood (1967), 7 Mich App 83, 86. The question remains, however, whether the expert has available the necessary data at his disposal in order to render an expert opinion within the purview of GCR 1963, 605:
“Questions calling for the opinion of an expert witness need not be hypothetical in form unless the judge, in his discretion, so requires. The witness may state his opinion and reasons therefor without first specifying data on which it is based, bnt upon cross-examination, be may be required to specify such data. The judge, in his discretion, may require that a witness, before testifying in terms of opinion or inference, be examined first concerning the data upon which the opinion or inference is founded. Testimony of expert witness in the form of opinions or inferences otherwise admissible is not objectionable because it embraces the ultimate issue or issues to be decided by the trier of the fact.”
It has been clearly established in Michigan that an expert may render an opinion concerning the point of impact of an accident based merely upon debris found and skid marks. See Dudek v. Popp (1964), 373 Mich 300; Woolner v. Ponicki (1966), 3 Mich App 590; and LaFave v. Kroger Co. (1966), 5 Mich App 446. There is language in each of these cases that would indicate that the experience of the expert may be a key factor.
In People v. Zimmerman (1968), 12 Mich App 241, the issue presented was whether a traffic accident reconstruction engineer could testify in a criminal prosecution as to the speed of defendant’s vehicle at the time of the accident. Judge Fitzgerald made the following statement concerning this area of the law:
“There are no Michigan decisions directly considering the allowance or denial of non-eyewitness expert opinion on the issue of speed in criminal prosecutions, but we are not constrained to state that, thus, such testimony is never admissible in criminal cases. Rather, we believe that it should be admissible whenever speed is a material factor to the case being tried even as to the ultimate issue (GrCR 1963, 605) where the jury, because of its inexperience, would require it to effectively interpret complicated facts in issue, and where the expert is competent, lias conducted scientifically recognized tests based on the facts presented, and does not invade tbe province of the jury by testifying' as to the cause of tbe accident or liability therefor.
“Our willingness to accept such expert opinion evidence as to speed when it is properly presented is reinforced by reference to a number of sources: See 2 Wharton’s Criminal Evidence (12th ed), § 553, p 416; 9C Blashfield, Cyclopedia of Automobile Law & Practice, § 6231, p 382; and by reference to the Michigan law applicable to civil cases. See Dudek v. Popp, supra; but see Washburn v. Lucas (1964), 373 Mich 610, and cases cited therein for suggested restrictions on expert opinion evidence as to causation made by an investigating officer.
“There is no question as to the competence of Mr. Billings to testify as an expert witness on the issue of speed. However, we cannot reach the problem of whether this is necessary testimony, given the facts as presented to the jury for their interpretation, and noting that the relevant issue was the negligence of the defendant, for the trial court never ruled on the issue.” 12 Mich App 241, 246.
The sources cited by Judge Fitzgerald conclude that an expert opinion as to the speed of vehicles is admissible when based upon skid marks on the road. See 2 Wharton’s Criminal Evidence (12th ed), § 553, p 416; and 9C Blashfield, Cyclopedia of Automobile Law & Practice, § 6231, p 382. Although this is a civil action, we find that based on Officer Taylor’s experience in this field, it was permissible for him to give an opinion as to the approximate speed of defendant’s car at the time of the accident.
Plaintiff also argues that certain remarks made by defendant’s attorney in his closing argument were objectionable. He voiced objection at trial, but made no request to charge the jury concerning his objections.
In Clark v. Grand Trunk Western R. Co. (1962), 367 Mich. 396, the Court held at p 401 that it was not fatal for counsel merely to take an exception to the closing argument, and not request the trial court to make a ruling. However, the weight of authority in Michigan seems to he that in order to preserve an objection to the argument made to the jury, the judge must be asked to give an instruction on the subject. In Heck v. Henne (1927), 238 Mich 198, the Court stated the following:
“To save the point for review, it was necessary not only to take an exception, but to also request the court, either then and there, or in final instructions, to instruct the jury to disregard the improper argument.” 238 Mich 198, 205.
This holding was more recently cited with approval in Kujawski v. Boyne Mountain Lodge, Inc. (1967), 379 Mich 381, 385. In plaintiff’s motion for new trial, only one aspect of defendant’s closing remarks is attacked: namely his statement about “putting yourself in defendant’s place.” In People v. Laker (1967), 7 Mich App 425, the prosecutor was trying to create a description of the scene of the crime when he said, “* * * I would like you, for the moment, to put yourself in that hamburger stand * * * .” Defendant raised this objection on appeal, and Judge McGregor ruled as follows:
“The appellant claims that it was prejudicial error to allow this argument, as it improperly put the jury in the place of the complaining witness. The argument is that, in effect, the jurors were asked to become detectives, a practice condemned by the Supreme Court in People v. O’Brien (1893), 96 Mich 630. In this case, however, the prosecuting attorney did not ask the jury to perform any function other than that which the law designated to it. The credibility and weight to be given the testi mony of a witness is within the province of the jury. People v. Hancock (1950), 326 Mich 471; People v. Fleish (1943), 306 Mich 8. What the prosecutor asked the jury to do was not to be detectives, but rather can be likened to asking them to use their common sense in performing their functions, which is not condemned. People v. Ringsted (1892), 90 Mich 371. Accordingly, we find no reversible error on this point.” 7 Mich App 425, 428.
The mere mention of putting themselves in defendant’s place does not constitute reversible error, without a studied purpose to prejudice the jury. Such purpose is not evident in the case at bar.
Finding no reversible error, we affirm.
All concurred. | [
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Per Curiam:.
The plaintiff Gertrude Snyder was riding as a passenger in an automobile manufactured by the defendant which was being driven by her husband, plaintiff George Snyder. The car swerved out of control. Mr. Snyder brought the car to a stop without a collision. The defendant conceded that the cause of the difficulty experienced by Mr. Snyder in operating the car was an improper welding of the right control arm to the rear axle.
At the time of this occurrence Mrs. Snyder was 56 years of age. She testified that when the car swerved out of control she hit the left side of her head and her left arm and hand against the side of the car. She later complained of headaches, faintness and nervousness. Six weeks after the accident she collapsed after experiencing a sudden stiffness of the neck and a terrific headache. She was taken to a hospital where it was determined that she had suffered a subarachnoidal hemorrhage. • -
At the trial the plaintiffs contended that the subarachnoidal hemorrhage was caused by the trauma experienced when the car went out off control;-the defendant asserted thatikwas caused by high bloód pressure and hypertension.
-’The "jury returned avérdict irfffavor of'Mrs. Snyder for $1,000 and of no cause for action against Mr. Snyder.
On appeal the plaintiffs' contend that the trial judge erred in allowing a doctor to testify ove'r their objection regarding Mrs. Snyder’s prior medical history as .sé't :f orth in the medical recó'rds of the-hospital to which she was taken when she collapsed 6 weeks after the car went out of control. We agree.
The record from which the doctor testified could not prove itself. The doctor, was not able to gay who took the history. He testified that it was taken down by an unknown intern or resident, and that the taking of such a history was standard procedure. The person .who took the history was not produced for cross-examination. Until , the alleged fact-that Mrs. Snyder made the statement attributed to her and set forth in the history was'proved or brought within an exception dispensing with such proof, such as the business entry statute (MOLA § 600.2146 [Stat Ann 1962 Rev § 27A.2146]), testimony seeking to prove the contents of her alleged statement was inadmissible. The defendant concedes -that the introduction of evidence of Mrs. Snyder’s medical history cannot be justified under the business entry statute.
There was no evidence of pre-accident high blood pressure other than the history contained in the hospital record, and the defendants’ interpretation of a treating doctor’s record. The treating doctor’s record was difficult, to, decipher,, and the defendants’ interpretation of that.- recotd was disputed by the doctor who wrote it;- The defendants’ debatable ih.terpretation of,-the treating doctor’s record is'not the kind of evidence which would justify excusing the admission of the inadmissible medical history testimony on the ground that this testimony was only cumulative of other evidence, and, therefore, there was no prejudice to the plaintiffs.
The defendants utilized the inadmissible medical history evidence in arguing to the jury that Mrs. Snyder had hypertension before the accident, and that hypertension, rather than an injury suffered in the accident, explained her collapse 6 weeks after the accident.
Reversed and remanded for a new trial. Costs to plaintiffs. | [
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Per Curiam.
This is an appeal by the garnishee-defendant, Jack E. Russell, from a judgment entered against him in the amount of $4,909.62.
In November of 1965, plaintiff, Milton A. Meier, took a default judgment in the amount of $4,909.62 against Romulus Aluminum Foundry, Inc. and others, based on certain promissory notes issued by the corporation. A writ of garnishment was then issued against Russell. When Russell’s disclosure denied the existence of any indebtedness to the principal defendant, the plaintiff demanded an oral examination before a court reporter. Russell submitted to the examination without the assistance of counsel.
Plaintiff subsequently moved that judgment be entered in his favor, contending that certain statements elicited from Russell on examination constituted an admission of liability. Before entry of the judgment, Russell offered testimony designed to explain the meaning of his statements and to show that lie was not indebted to the principal defendant. The trial court declined to hear this testimony and proceeded to base its factual determination entirely on the statements contained in the deposition.
GrCR 1963, 738.9(5) provides that the personal appearance by the garnishee in response to a demand for examination does not constitute a waiver of his right to question the right of the plaintiff to a judg ment based on the garnishment proceedings. GrCR 1963, 738.11(4) provides that upon trial of the issue of the garnishee’s liability, the garnishee may offer any competent evidence provided it does not controvert the disclosure.
Under these rules Russell was entitled to an opportunity to adduce evidence supportive of his position. The trial court erred by denying him this opportunity. The judgment against the garnishee-defendant is therefore vacated, and the matter is remanded for the presentation of garnishee-defendant’s evidence.
Costs to appellant. | [
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Lesinski, C. J.
This is an automobile negligence case in which plaintiff Jacqueline Anderson asserted that defendant Richard Lippes was guilty of wilful and wanton misconduct and sought damages for injuries received while a guest in an automobile driven by him. The injury occurred when the automobile driven by defendant failed to negotiate a curve, left the road, began to roll over, struck a utility pole, then righted itself and eventually stopped in a field. After a jury trial in Washtenaw county circuit court, plaintiffs were granted a verdict of $79,200. Defendants appeal.
Defendants first contend the trial court erred in admitting into evidence the opinion testimony of plaintiffs’ expert as to the speed of Richard Lippes’ automobile at the time of the accident. Defendants contest both the expert’s qualifications and the basis for the expert’s opinion, in contending that prejudicial error occurred.
In determining the admissibility of opinion testimony of a witness, the question of whether the witness is qualified as an expert is left for the discretion of the trial judge, and his decision is to be interfered with only where an abuse of discretion is demonstrated. Coles v. Galloway (1967), 7 Mich App 93. In the instant case, testimony indicated that the witness was a consulting engineer, had been an engineer since 1920, had degrees in electrical and mechanical engineering with postgraduate work in civil engineering, had been employed as a traffic engineer in various large municipalities, liad written articles regarding the visibility of traffic signs and the effects of collisions on motor vehicles, had previously given expert opinions regarding the causes of accidents and had made a study of the damage done to automobiles in accidents where the speed was known. Based upon this background, the trial court found the witness qualified as an expert. We agree. The trial court did not abuse its discretion in determining that the witness was sufficiently qualified to be interrogated as an expert in the instant case.
Defendants further attack the admissibility of the expert’s opinion testimony, claiming there was insufficient foundation for the expert’s conclusion that Richard Lippes’ automobile was traveling at least 55 miles per .hour at the time of the accident. Our research discloses ‘ that court decisions are divided regarding the admissibility of expert or opinion evidence as to speed based upon the appearance or condition of a motor vehicle after an accident, it often being impossible to determine whether court rejection of testimony occurs as a matter of principle, or because of the facts of the particular case. See 93 ALR2d 287 and Supplement. However, in Michigan the Supreme Court stated in Dudek v. Popp (1964), 373 Mich 300, 307:
“We align ourselves with the authorities which hold that one properly qualified in accident investigative background may testify either from personal observation or from properly authenticated, and admitted exhibits that, in his opinion, certain marks are skid marks and that they were made by a given motor vehicle and his reasons therefor. On the same basis and for the same reasons, he may point out in his opinion the point of impact(Emphasis supplied.)
Similarly, this Court in Snyder v. New York Central Transport Company (1966), 4 Mich App 38, held that an expert may give his opinion, based up'on the length of skid marks, as to the speed of á motor vehicle involved in an accident. Michigan courts, therefore, have adopted the principle that under proper factual circumstances, an expert’s opinion testimony as to speed is admissible although based solely upon conditions existing after the accident.
In the instant case, a review of the transcript indicates that plaintiffs’ expert was aware of the type • of automobile involved, its weight, the distance the automobile traveled off the road before colliding with a pole, the manner in which the auto mobile collided with tlie pole, the additional distance the automobile traveled after collision with the pole, and had observed five photographs of the damaged vehicle. While the expert estimated that Richard Lippes was traveling at least 55 miles per hour, he admitted an, error factor of one to five miles per hour by reason of each of nine factors. The defendant himself admitted driving up to 50 miles per hour, although the posted speed limit on the road was 45 miles per hour, and the. posted speed limit for ■ the curve on which the accident occurred was 30 miles per hour. Based upon these particular facts, we cannot conclude that reversible error was committed in the admission of the expert’s conclusion as to the speed of Richard Lippes’ automobile. Even if the testimony should not have been admitted, its consideration by the jury’ was not prejudicial because both the defendant’s and the expert’s estimates of defendant’s speed' were in excess of the speed limit on the road and because defendant’s admission of traveling 50 miles’’ per hour was a close approximation of the speed estimated by plaintiffs’ expert. See Maul v. Filimon (Mo App, 1958), 315 SW2d 859.
Defendants next contend that the trial court erred in admitting into evidence a photograph of the injuries to plaintiff’s face which was taken immedi-, ately after plaintiff arrived at the hospital following the accident. The admitted photograph was one of various photographs offered into evidence by plaintiff in order to assist her plastic surgeon in showing the extent of plaintiff’s facial injuries and in explaining the corrective treatment employed. Defendants objected to the admission of any of these photographs, claiming that they, were highly prejudicial and inflammatory. Over" this objection, the trial court admitted one photograph and permitted the plastic surgeon to testify while projecting the photograph upon a screen in the courtroom. It is to the admission of this one photograph that defendants object.
This Court has recently considered the propriety of the admission of photographs into evidence in People v. Turner (1969), 17 Mich App 123; People v. Brannon (1968), 14 Mich App 690; and People v. Rogers (1968), 14 Mich App 207. In each of these cases this Court recognized that the admissibility of photographs is for the sound discretion of the trial court. Concededly the photographs must be accurate and have probative value. Moreover, these three cases have acknowledged the applicability of the test provided in People v. Becker (1942), 300 Mich 562, that the photograph, to be admissible, must be helpful in throwing light upon some material point in issue.
In application of these tests to the instant case, one issue before the court was the extent of the injuries and the amount of pain and suffering caused to plaintiff. Another issue concerned recovery for the medical expenses incurred in treating plaintiff for her injuries. Both of these issues required a detailed explanation in order that a jury might properly assess the amount of damages to be awarded plaintiff. The photograph was necessary for a proper description of the injuries and of the treatment employed by the plastic surgeon. Therefore, the photograph in the instant case did throw light upon material issues of fact, and had probative value. Since the defendants admitted the accuracy of the photograph, no issue of accuracy is involved in this appeal.
In People v. Jenkins (1968), 10 Mich App 257, 264, this Court recognized that:
“A photograph may he admitted if its value as evidence outweighs its possible prejudicial effect, or may be excluded if its prejudicial effect may well outweigh its probative value.”
Similarly, in Turner, supra, we stated that:
“Photographic evidence relevant to a material point in issue may, nevertheless, be inadmissible if its possible prejudicial effect outweighs its probative value.”
In considering defendants’ claim that the admitted photograph is inflammatory, we have closely examined the exhibit to determine whether it was prejudicial in nature. The exhibit admittedly is gruesome, depicting as it does the plaintiff’s face covered with blood and a mass of small and large and jagged lacerations, her nose smashed and almost completely torn from its position. However, we do not feel the trial court erred in exercising his discretion to admit the exhibit. We are not convinced that the photograph’s prejudicial effect, if any, outweighed its probative value in informing the jury of the extent and nature of plaintiff’s injuries and in explaining the corrective treatment necessitated.
Defendants’ third contention is that the evidence taken in the light most favorable to plaintiff was insufficient to support a verdict of wilful and wanton misconduct. Under Michigan’s guest passenger statute, CLS 1961, § 257.401 (Stat Ann 1968 Eev § 9.2101) :
“No person, transported by the owner or operator of a motor vehicle as his guest without pay ment for such transportation shall have a cause of action for damages against such owner or operator for injury, death or loss, in case of accident, unless such accident shall have been caused by gross negligence or wilful and wanton misconduct of the owner or operator.”
The elements constituting gross negligence or wilfnl and wanton misconduct have been definitively set forth by the Michigan Supreme Court in Tien v. Barkel (1958), 351 Mich 276, 281, 282, as follows :
‘(1) ■Knowledge of a situation requiring the exercise of ordinary care and diligence to avert injury to another; (2) ability to avoid the resulting-harm by ordinary care and diligence in the use of the means at hand; (3) the omission to use such care and diligence to avert the threatened danger, when to the ordinary mind it must be apparent that the result is likely to prove disastrous to another.’ ”
The Tien Court recognized that each guest passenger case is sui generis in its factual circumstances and that Michigan decisions are “ ‘so numerous and in some instances so irreconcilable with other decisions that it would serve no purpose to here set forth in detail each one for the purpose of distinguishing or following it.’ ” Therefore, the Tien Court concluded that it had “arrived at' the point of ‘enlarging that area in which the question of the existence of gross negligence or wilful and wanton misconduct becomes a matter for the jury’ ”, so that “the doubtful case in each instance calís for jury instruction and jury verdict rather than a verdict by order of the court.”
Regarding the factual circumstances necessary to establish liability under the guest statute, Jus tice Talbot Smith stated in Stevens v. Stevens (1959), 355 Mich 363:
“[Liability] is normally imposed not alone ..because a host driver violates warnings, not alone because he speeds, not alone because he is inattentive to traffic or the rules of the road. It is imposed because the conduct, usually made up of the sum total of these factors, manifests a high degree of danger, a manifest probability that harm will result therefrom, and an utter disregard of. the' probable consequences.”
See, also, Prentkiewicz v. Karp (1965), 375 Mich 367.
In the instant case the record, when viewed in á light most favorable to plaintiffs, indicates that the defendant driver called for plaintiff, his date, on Friday about 8 p.m., October 15, 1965, for the purpose of going on a picnic. At that time defendant stated he intended to “rally” on the way to the picnic, “rallying” being defined by plaintiff as “a certain increase in speed, curves were involved, rather than brake you downshift, he downshifted going into the curve and then you accelerate as you come out of the curve.” As part of the prepicnic “rallying”, testimony indicates that defendant would travel at a speed of 60 to 65 miles per hour, would attempt to take curves as fast as he could without losing control, and would accelerate out of the curves. In addition, plaintiff testified that on. route to the picnic site she told defendant he was “ill advised” when he attempted to pass in a no passing zone, and that on one occasion defendant momentarily lost control when his car swerved and skidded.
Upon reaching the picnic site, defendant driver consumed some wine and half a loaf of bread over a two-hour period. At the end of the third hoxCr, defendant driver and plaintiff commenced the return drive, plaintiff falling asleep on the trip.
Defendant admitted driving at speeds from 45 to 50 miles per hour at the time of the accident. Some evidence indicated an even higher speed. He drove at night on a road which he knew from his outward trip to he winding and to contain sharp curves. The jury could have found that although eight refleetorized signs in the four miles prior to the accident limited speed to 45 miles per hour, defendant driver deliberately exceeded the posted speed limit. Moreover, there was sufficient evidence for the jury to find that defendant observed a sign which indicated a sharp left curve and which required a decrease in speed to 30 miles per hour, yet deliberately intended to round the curve at a speed of at least 20 m.p.h. over the 30 m.p.h. limit as part of another deliberate attempt to take curves as fast as possible without losing control and without using brakes. Indeed, defendant indicated the high speed at which he entered the curve when he admitted that he did not recall applying his brakes on that curve because he feared that if he did he would skid out of control. The jury could have found from the evidence that defendant deliberately traveled too fast on the curve and lost control of his automobile, causing the automobile to travel off the road approximately 105 feet while careening on its right two wheels until the top of the automobile struck a utility pole, whereupon the automobile righted itself and traveled another 75 feet. As was stated by the trial judge: out regard to his own safety or that of his passenger.”
“Here there is established sufficiently for the jury to find a coldly calculated choice by the defendant of an unusual, unorthodox manner of driving, with-
Upon the sum total of the factors in this case, we agree with the trial judge that the evidence was sufficient to establish defendant driver’s violation of the statutory duty of care.
Defendants’ final contention on appeal is that the trial court committed error in admitting into evidence testimony regarding defendant driver’s manner of driving on the outbound portion of the trip to the picnic site in order to show the manner of driving and the attitude of defendant driver at the time of the accident.
Concededly, if prior conduct is too remote in time or place, testimony as to such prior conduct will be inadmissible to prove the cause of an accident. However, in a case where gross negligence or wilful and wanton misconduct are at issue, the scope of relevant testimony necessary to ascertain the “sum total” of a defendant’s actions is broad and includes evidence tending to establish a defendant’s state of mind. Thus, Cramer v. Dye (1950), 328 Mich 370, 376, stated:
“ ‘In determining whether or not a host motorist was guilty of wilful and wanton misconduct, the jury could properly consider his reckless state of mind and also Ms persistently reckless course of conduct during the trip from its commencement to the point of the accident.’ ” (Emphasis supplied.)
In Cramer, the Michigan Supreme Court considered the following facts in determining that the issue whether the host motorist was guilty of wilful and wanton misconduct should have been submitted to the jury:
“Defendant had 2 passengers with him in front seat and plaintiff and 2 other minors in rear seat, drove 45 miles an hour rolling his passengers from side to' side in the car, nearly struck 2 mailboxes, entered a through highway without stopping, drove thereupon on both sides of the highway, failed to stop ,at a 2-way intersection stop street, drove on wrong side of highway barely escaping a head-on crash,' stopped at a tavern bar for 45 minutes over protests of passengers, thereafter drove 50 to 55 miles per hour and barely missed another collision, failed to heed a passenger’s protests, was halted 15 minutes by a freight train and subsequently collided with diesel railroad engine after passing around a waiting city bus notwithstanding crossing-flasher lights and engine lights were operating and bell was ringing, saying that ‘this is one train we’re not going to wait for’.” Cramer v. Dye (1950), (syllabus 2), 328 Mich 370, 371.
,Cramer, clearly recognized that even when an event such as a 45-minute stop at a tavern intervenes between the beginning portion of a trip and the concluding portion which ends in an accident, the conduct occurring during- the beginning- portion of the trip is admissible for the purpose of establishing- the state of mind of the defendant during- the remainder of the trip. See, also, Prentkiewicz, supra; Peyton v. Delnay (1957), 348 Mich 238; Rogers v. Merritt (1943), 307 Mich 459. Similarly, in the instant case we concur in the trial court holding that defendant driver’s conduct before the picnic is admissible to reflect defendant driver’s state of mind on the return trip and especially immediately before the accident. Defendant’s admission that on the return trip he chose to drive from 45 to 50 miles per hour indicates that defendant driver persistently pursued his prior course of conduct on the return trip. As such, the prior conduct was not inadmissible as too remote in time or place from the accident.
' Affirmed. Costs to plaintiffs.
All concurred.
See, also, LaFave v. Kroger Co. (1966), 5 Mich App 446.
The standards for admissibility of photographs in civil and criminal eases are similar. See People v. Brannon (1968), 14 Mich App 690, 692, 693, citing both criminal and civil decisions in indicating the standard of admissibility of photographs. See, also, Perri v. Tassie (1940), 293 Mich 464. | [
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Danhof, J.
Plaintiff commenced an original action in this Court for a writ of mandamus against the defendant claiming that the defendant had not performed the legal duty imposed upon it under the provisions of PA 1964, No 289, § 10 (MOLA § 388.690 [Stat Ann 1968 Bev § 15.2299(10)]) in that defendant had failed to make distribution of school aid funds as required by the statute. Defendant denies the allegation, claiming that the statute involved is ambiguous and, therefore, mandamus will not lie; and further, that the defendant has properly interpreted the provisions of the above-cited act.
Plaintiff district came into being on July 25, 1966, being the successor district of seven complete districts lying in Schoolcraft County. The districts before reorganization were: School District of the City of Manistique, City of Manistique; Doyle School District, Doyle Township; Pairview School District, Manistique Township; Germfask School District, Germfask Township; Hiawatha School District, Hiawatha Township; Mueller School District, Mueller Township; and Thompson School District, Thompson Township; these districts were reorganized pursuant to the provisions of PA 1964, No 289. Plaintiff further claims that because of the misapplication of PA 1964, No 289, § 10, it has received school aid payments which were insufficient in the approx imate amount of $56,000 for the school year 1966-1967 and $63,000 for the school year 1967-1968.
We must determine whether mandamus is proper in this case. Our conclusion is that it is. A reading of § 10, supra, shows that it imposes the duty of making apportionments of school aid upon the defendant who is the successor to the superintendent of public instruction. Section 10, supra, reads as follows:
“School districts formed under the provisions of this act shall be entitled to and receive financial aid from the state in the manner provided by legislative appropriation for school aid purposes except that the apportionments of state aid due any school district formed under this act in the 2 fiscal years next following reorganization shall not be less than the aggregate of state aid which would have been due proportionately to the component districts prior to the reorganization. It shall be the duty of the superintendent of public instruction in making apportionments of state aid to adjust the amount of state aid due each such school district accordingly.”
Thus, it is defendant who has the clear legal duty of making the apportionment and distributing school aid according to the statute. The question that must be determined is whether the defendant has complied with the legal mandate which the statute has imposed upon it. Defendant cannot escape the mandamus action by saying its interpretation of the statute makes the statute ambiguous and hence mandamus will not lie; see City of Belding v. Ionia County Treasurer (1960), 360 Mich 336.
Our task is to determine the meaning of PA 1964, No 289, § 10.
As defendant has stated in its brief the primary purpose of PA 1964, No 289 was a comprehensive attempt on the part of the legislature to encourage the elimination of non-high-school districts within the State of Michigan. The provisions of the act concerning reorganization were not continuing, and once the elections required by the act had been held there were no further activities to be conducted. In short, this was a single comprehensive process to obtain reorganization of the school districts of- the State of Michigan. Therefore, in an effort to stimulate reorganization and to make it more attractive, the legislature included § 10 which contained an added inducement to guarantee receipt of school aid in an amount no less than the total which each school district would have received had they not consolidated, and to guarantee to the reorganized district for a period of two years any future increments in school aid. Additionally, § 10 provided that each year for the next two years following reorganization the defendant was to use the school aid formula as then in existence, but the amount to be paid would be no less than what had been received by each district in the year prior to reorganization.
In contrast to PA 1964, No 289, § 10, defendant refers to PA 1957, No 312, § 8 as amended by PA 1968, No 21, § 8a(l) (MCLA 1969 Cum Supp § 388.618a [Stat Ann 1969 Cum Supp § 15.1919 (58a)]). This is a general provision within the school aid act, and the pertinent language has been found in the school aid act since its inception in 1957. As herein relevant, it states :
“Whenever 2 or more districts are reorganized into a single district, either through a procedure of annexation or consolidation, the amount of state aid to be received by such new district during the 2 years immediately subsequent to the annexation or consolidation shall not be less than the total sum of state aid which was received by all of the districts forming the new district during the last fiscal year in which the districts received aid as separate districts” (Emphasis supplied.)
This section deals with annexation and consolidation which occur as a continuing matter and which are, as defendant admits, usually stimulated on the local level. This is in contrast to PA 1964, No 289, in which the stimulation came not from the local level, but from the legislature. Accordingly, it appears to us that while they may be similar, the purposes of the two acts are different.
Defendant claims that we must read § 10, supra, in light of PA 1957, No 812, § 8 and, therefore, an ambiguity is produced and an attempt must be made to harmonize the two statutes. While it is true, as a general proposition, when two statutes deal with the same general subject matter an attempt must be made to harmonize them, it is also true that if a statute is plain on its face and does not deal with the same subject matter we are then compelled to take the specific statute as we find it. It is our duty to read § 10, supra, giving the words their ordinary meaning, in order to ascertain if there is an ambiguity. By so doing we find none.
Defendant seeks to rely upon the fact that the plaintiff district received more dollars in the two ensuing years following reorganization, but it fails to note that this is not as a result of the use of § 10, but rather the result of the fact that the school aid formula was increased in dollar amounts in the succeeding years. The legislature did not intend to deal solely with a dollar amount which might well increase, but rather to deal with an aggregate result produced by the imposition of § 10 on the school aid formula in effect for each year, and to provide that the base amount to be received would be the amount received by each component district prior to reorganization. Accordingly, we hold that it was the defendant’s duty to take the school aid formula then in existence for each of the two fiscal year's immediately following reorganization, and to apply that formula in each of its individual items to the plaintiff district. In no case, however, is the plaintiff district to receive less for each item than the component districts received in the year immediately preceding reorganization.
Defendant raises the proposition that such an interpretation will create administrative difficulties. Plaintiff has demonstrated, and it is not contested, that the present district is composed of seven complete districts. Further, plaintiff has produced figures which it claims to be accurate for the years in question. Defendant argues, however, that certain items of school aid cannot now be determined, because they were based upon the actual money expended by the individual component districts. However, the amounts of school aid paid to the component districts during the year before reorganization constitute a base amount which is due to the plaintiff. Therefore, it is not necessary to determine, or speculate, what might have been expended by the individual districts if they had not been joined by reorganization. .
.. Defendant states that plaintiff is guilty of laches, but the record in this case does not substantiate this claim. The record clearly displays that this plaintiff endeavored to get administrative relief from the defendant’s agents, and received assurance that work was being done on the problem. Defend ant cannot now be heard to complain that the plaintiff was delinquent in pursuing its claim.
Thus, plaintiff is entitled to the writ as prayed, and defendant shall proceed to disburse the school aid funds due to the plaintiff for the school years 1966-1967 and 1967-1968 in accordance with this opinion.
No costs, a public question being involved.
All concurred.
PA 1964, No 287, § 14 (MCLA § 388.1014 [Stat Ann 1968 Rev 5 15.1023(14)]).
See PA 1957, No 312, § 8 (MCLA § 388.618 [Stat Ann 1968 Rev § 15.1919(58)]). Repealed by PA 1968, No 21.
See 2 Sutherland, Statutory Construction (3d ed), § 5201, footnote 1. | [
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T. M. Burns, J.
Defendant, Thomas Ray Sanchez, seeks reversal of a conviction for “wrongfully following” in violation of § 39-1-36 of the code of the city of Detroit. He was convicted in the traffic and ordinance division of the recorder’s court for the city of Detroit in trial without a jury on a general “ogling complaint”. There is sufficient evidence in the record for the trial court to have found, as it did, that defendant “wrongfully followed” complainant within the meaning of the ordinance. "We find, however, that the ordinance to the extent that it makes “wrongfully following” criminal is repugnant to the due process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment, Lanzetta, v. State of New Jersey (1939), 306 US 451 (59 S Ct 618, 83 L Ed 888); Giaccio v. Pennsylvania (1966), 382 US 399 (86 S Ct 518, 15 L Ed 2d 447); and that therefore no conviction under it can he sustained. Winters v. New York (1948), 333 US 507 (68 S Ct 665, 92 L Ed 840).
We are compelled to decide thus because this provision of the ordinance is unconstitutionally vague. By “vague” we do not mean here that sort of vagueness referred to by the Supreme Court of Michigan in People v. Austin (1942), 301 Mich 456, that is, that the ordinance is put in terms which require men of common intelligence to guess as to its meaning and differ as to its application. The vagueness which invalidates this ordinance is its over-breadth of coverage rather than imprecise terminology or phraseology. The conviction cannot be sustained, because the ordinance makes criminal innocent as well as culpable conduct. City of Detroit v. Bowden (1967), 6 Mich App 514. The words used by the legislative adopting body are in this instance unambiguous. When the language is unambiguous, as here, the intention of the legislative body governs. People v. Powell (1937), 280 Mich 699. Therefore, we cannot interpret this provision of the ordinance so as to avoid invalidating it, as we are bound to do where possible. See People v. Schoenberg (1910), 161 Mich 88.
The legislative intent as evidenced by the terms of the ordinance and the brief of the city on appeal, was to make it criminal for one person to “follow” another. The city unequivocally asserts that it is the objective fact of following that is the crime without more. The city says that specific intent is not an element of the crime, and characterizes the conduct prohibited as something akin to speeding or carrying a concealed weapon.
The city claims the ordinance makes acts criminal without proof of intent yet common sense and justice demand that without the specific intent the conduct cannot be wrongful. The difficulty of producing evidence of specific intent in a crime such as this is real, and we sympathize with problems of the police. In that respect, we find ourselves faced here with a situation much like the one which faced us in City of Detroit v. Bowden (1967), 6 Mich App 514. We reiterate here what we said there (p 519) :
. “We do not disparage the difficulties which beset a large metropolitan area and its law-enforcement agencies in coping with the problem which this ordinance seeks to alleviate; rather we proceed cautiously in evaluating any statute or ordinance which seeks to aid the meritorious efforts of those who are charged with our protection. But the ends do not justify the means, and the legislation must pass constitutional muster to warrant our approval, once it is questioned on such ground. As a duly passed legislative act the ordinance is presumed constitutionally valid. Those who seek to defeat it hear the burden of proving that, when tested by constitutional standards, careful judicial scrutiny will find that this presumption has been overcome.”
We cannot continue the presumption of constitutionality when the city which enacted the ordinance defines the conduct prohibited so that it is impossible for it to stand.
The plaintiff tautologically argues that the actions prohibited by the ordinance are not innocent. The conduct made criminal by the ordinance as defined by the plaintiff-city, however, includes innocent coincidence as well as intentional and malicious conduct. A person who only thinks he is being followed may feel as harassed or molested as a person who is actually being followed, or a person may pursue another with evil intent without the person being pursued ever knowing it. Justice prohibits the imposition of criminal sanctions in the first instance for the imagined injury, but it may require criminal sanctions in the second although the person being pursued suffered no discomfort or annoyance.
In City of Detroit v. Bowden, supra, we struck down an ordinance (Detroit city code, § 39-1-52) which presumed that a person who was a known prostitute or panderer was engaged in his “known occupation” whenever he tried to stop another person or motor vehicle by hailing, whistling, or other actions. We do not want people to be molested or annoyed or pursued any more than we wish to have prostitutes soliciting business in our streets, but neither can we allow people to be punished for innocent acts. City of Detroit v. Bowden, supra. The ordinance in question here is in effect just like the ordinance which we found denied due process in the Bowden Case in that it gives rise to conclusive presumption of culpable conduct on proof of what is in itself an innocent act. The ordinance unconstitutionally presumes what should be the ultimate issue: what defendant’s purpose was in going over the same path behind the complainant. City of Detroit v. Bowden, supra; Manley v. Georgia (1929), 279 US 1 (49 S Ct 215, 73 L Ed 575). We will not permit the city to shift the burden of proof to the defendant in such an unconstitutional way. See Heiner v. Donnan (1932), 285 US 312, 329 (52 S Ct 358, 76 L Ed 772), and City of Detroit v. Bowden, supra, p 525.
Detroit city code § 39-1-36 as found in footnote 1 of this opinion prohibits more than just “wrongful following”. We find that the prohibitions are separable. See CL 1948, § 8.5 (Stat Ann 1961 Rev §2.216). Although we strike down the provisions of the ordinance regarding “following or pursuing”, we express no opinion as to the rest of the ordinance.
We find therefore that provisions of Detroit city code § 39-1-36 dealing with “following or pursuing” deny due process and that they are repugnant to both the Michigan and United States Constitutions. City of Detroit v. Bowden, supra, and Lanzetta v. New Jersey, supra; Giaccio v. Pennsylvania, supra. No conviction under an invalid provision of an ordinance can be sustained, Winters v. New York, supra.
Reversed.
All concurred.
“No person shall use indecent or immoral language, nor shall any person improperly, lewdly, wantonly, or wrongfully accost, ogle, insult, annoy, follow, pursue, lay hands on or, by gesture, movement of body or otherwise, wrongfully molest any person in any public street, lane, alley, square, park, public vehicle or space in the city.”
“Wrongfully follow” as defined by the city in its brief on appeal is unjustly or unlawfully moving behind over the same path. | [
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Per Curiam :
This appeal arises from an order of the Macomb county circuit court dated December 5, 1967, modifying an earlier judgment of divorce. Joseph L. Williams, plaintiff, filed suit for divorce in the Macomb circuit court on September 24, 1965, and on October 5, 1965, the complaint was answered by defendant Yivian E. Williams. A cross-bill was subsequently filed by defendant in January of 1966.
It appears from the record that the parties were married July 2, 1955 and separated in 1965. The children of the marriage are Richard J. Williams, born November 13, 1956; Ronald L. Williams, born April 14, 1958; and Terry A. Williams, born April 27, 1965. Prior to the entry of the judgment of divorce, the parties had agreed on a property settlement and custody and support of the minor children. It was agreed that defendant should have custody of the three minor children.
On June 3, 1966, before judgment was entered, defendant removed the three children to the home of her parents in South Carolina without prior approval of the court. On July 11, 1966, an order was entered permitting the father to pick up the children from their mother’s home and return them to Michigan for visitation of approximately two weeks. A judgment of divorce was finally entered on August 12, 1966, giving custody of the three children to defendant, but restricting her from permanently removing them from the State of Michigan without prior consent of the court. On December 5, 1967, the court modified the judgment of divorce and awarded custody of the two oldest children to the plaintiff, in agreement with a recommendation by the friend of the court.
We are asked to address ourselves to the question of whether the circuit court abused its discretion in modifying the judgment of divorce and removing custody of the two oldest children, both under the age of twelve, from the mother and placing them in the custody of the father.
As both parties readily agree, the matter of primary importance in the case at bar is the best interests of the children involved. See Koeppen v. Koeppen (1968), 11 Mich App 147; In re Ernst (1964), 373 Mich 337.
Considerable time has elapsed since the modification of the judgment and the change of custody. The record does not reflect the current circumstances with respect to the children and their parents. We think it would be undesirable for us to attempt to resolve the question of what custody order would be in the best interest of the children on the stale and inadequate record presented.
We therefore remand this ease to the circuit court with instructions to conduct a hearing before a new trial court for the purpose of making further and complete findings of the current facts and for the entry of that custody order which in the court’s judgment will be in the best interest of the children. It is further ordered that said hearing be conducted and the custody order entered if at all possible before August 15,1969.
Remanded. No costs.
Date chosen to permit decision before the opening of the school year. | [
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Fitzgerald, P. J.
Despite the apparent confusion soon forthcoming in the recitation of the facts of this multi-party litigation, the basic issues on appeal are not difficult. Plaintiffs were injured while at work on a blast furnace at McLouth Steel Corporation, hereinafter referred to as McLouth. They were hired by A. E. Anderson Construction Company, hereinafter referred to as A. E. Anderson, the general contractor, to assist in the general work of relining the McLouth furnace. A provision of the contract between McLouth and A. E. Anderson provided indemnity to McLouth in the event that it became subject to claims, demands or liabilities for injuries connected with the work. Plaintiffs’ injuries were allegedly caused by an explosion set off by another employee of A. E. Anderson. They obtained workmen’s compensation from A. E. Anderson, their employer, and then sued McLouth, first in general and gross negligence, then amending their complaint to charge that there was an inherent danger in the ultra-hazardous activities being carried on by A. E. Anderson on the premises of McLouth for which McLouth was liable. Plaintiffs’ wives are also before us, having brought separate actions proclaiming the same issues of law and fact.
Zurich Insurance Company, hereinafter referred to as Zurich, was the workmen’s compensation insurer of A. E. Anderson. It intervened in the action by plaintiffs against McLouth, alleging the same grounds for recovery in order to protect its compensation lien provided by statute. Seeking to invoke the indemnity clause of the contract, McLouth filed an action, later amended, impleading A. E. Anderson as a third-party defendant. Definitely not wishing to get involved, A. E. Anderson moved for summary judgment against McLouth based on Mc-Louth’s alleged failure to state a claim upon which relief to it could be granted. The motion was heard and granted by the lower court. To reiterate with the continuing intent of simplification, we note that McLouth is the plaintiff-appellant on this appeal and A. E. Anderson is the defendant-appellee.
The question presented is whether the “exclusive remedy” provision of the workmen’s compensation act prevents McLouth from obtaining indemnification (1) at common law, or (2) under a contract with the employer Anderson, and (3) if the act does not prevent recovery under a contract, does the McLouth-Anderson contract provide indemnification against the particular claims asserted by the plaintiffs White?
It was manifest to the lower court that, given the “exclusive remedy” provisions of the workmen’s compensation act, an employer such as A. E. Anderson should not be subject to actions apparently founded on negligence liability brought by its employees. Referring to the case of Geurink v. Herlihy Mid-Continent Company (1966), 5 Mich App 154, the court then determined that A. E. Anderson should not have been joined by McLouth in defense of this claim made by the employees. It must be seen, however, that the Geurink court evaluated an indemnity contract which had weathered the examination of a trial as to its validity and applicability. Such a contract made between the principal defendant and the otherwise immune employer, who may have relinquished his shield under the workmen’s compensation act so that he might win the probable battle for the construction contract, may have some effect as shall be seen. But as we do not have before us any litigated aspect of the contract of indemnity, we may only decide whether the trial court erred in finding that a determination of possible obligations under such a contract shall not be included along with the principal suit. Thus, those several questions which arise on this appeal that involve matters which would necessarily require an evaluation of the terms of the indemnity contract, or a determination of disputed facts, will be disregarded.
The definitive ease on third party joinder of employers by a principal defendant where the provisions of the workmen’s compensation act serve to defeat such joinder is that of Husted v. Consumers Power Company (1965), 376 Mich 41. Therein the Court notes that since GCR 1963, 204, does not create substantive rights of recovery from the third-party defendant, such a right must exist independently of the claim and may take the form of indemnity. There being no contract of indemnity in Husted, nor claim of common-law tort indemnity, that court found first that the two cases based upon such a contract cited by Consumers Power were inapplicable and, second, that in the absence of a contract of indemnity while there may be cases where recovery might be had by application of common-law tort indemnity where there is proven proof of freedom from fault involved, Husted was not such a case.
Before analysis of McLouth’s argument that the present case is an exception to the general rule as noted in Husted, it is convenient to delineate the holding of this Court in Oeurinh, supra. There an indemnitee was prevented by the Court from recovering under an indemnification contract containing terms similar to those in this case because there were no provisions included which expressly permitted recovery by the indemnitee in the event of his own negligence. Alleging that the plaintiffs White are suing it for vicarious and strict liability and not for personal fault, McLouth asserts that it is entitled to both protection under the contract and common-law indemnity. Therefore, the omission of the language in this contract dealing with negligence of the indemnitee is not necessarily fatal as McLouth is being sued for vicarious and strict liability and not solely for negligence. McLouth also alleges in the alternative that the contract of indemnification protects it to the extent that it is held liable because of Anderson’s actions or nonactions. It is argued that the substance of the action against McLouth cannot be determined until the trial, and we agree. However, we deduce that given for the moment McLouth’s argument that the actions by plaintiffs White against McLouth are not founded' solely in negligence, then where, in the alternative, does the fault and the duty to compensate for the injuries lie? By including a shifting of these burdens by contract or by the law of torts to the employer, would the principal action then only be a disguised and prohibited action by an employee against his employer? We think not necessarily, and hold that the joinder of the employer as a third-party defendant in a case where vicarious or strict liability is being charged against a principal defendant is permissible where it appears before trial that the employer and the defendant stand in a unique relationship which may have created certain duties and obligations by reason of contract or tort.
We agree with the ¡lusted Court that the cases of Lunderberg v. Bierman (1954), 241 Minn 349 (63 NW2d 355, 43 ALR2d 865) and Westchester Lighting Co. v. Westchester County Small Estates Corp. (1938), 278 NY 175 (15 NE2d 567), may apply where the issue of common-law indemnity is properly pleaded. McLouth did meet its burden of showing that the indemnitor has been charged with some fault or negligence which allegedly caused the breach of its duty to McLouth. Reference to the pleadings filed by the Whites and Zurich shows that a case of vicarious or strict liability has been set out against McLouth. It is noted that the failure of Consumers Power to employ the claim of common-law tort indemnity in Rusted was caused by its not pleading facts that would justify a finding upon proof that it was free of fault. Such an objection cannot be made here as McLouth’s charges against A. E. Anderson were certainly detailed and sufficiently made.
Unlike the situation in most of the cases studied by this Court, we do not know the merits of the contentions made by the Whites, Zurich or McLouth as to who really is primarily liable for the injuries. Basis for recovery has been asserted, but as final determination must await the wisdom of a trial court or a jury, it is impossible to know whether and on what grounds recovery may be allowed to the Whites. Only a thorough examination of the charges made at the trial will determine the likelihood of subsequent success for McLouth in obtaining indemnity from A. E. Anderson on the theories of contractual indemnity or common-law tort indemnity as herein set forth.
Reversed and remanded. Costs to appellants.
All concurred.
GOB 1963, 204.
GOB 1963, 117.2(1).
MOLA § 411.4 (Stat Ann 1968 Eev § 17.144) ; MOLA § 416.1 (Stat Ann 1968 Eev § 17.212).
See 1 Honigman & Hawkins, Michigan Court Eules Annotated, committee notes to GCE 1963, 117, p 353.
Blackford v. Sioux City Dressed Pork, Inc. (1962), 254 Iowa 845, (118 NW2d 559); Ryan Stevedoring Co., Inc. v. Pan-Atlantic Steamship Corp. (1955), 350 US 124 (76 S Ct 232, 100 L Ed 133).
On suits for indemnity between property owners and contractors for injuries to third parties on the job where no contract of indemnity is involved, see 97 ALR2d 616.
Meadows v. Depco Equipment Company (1966), 4 Mich App 370.
On secondary and primary liability in cases alleging a duty to maintain safe premises, see Builders Supply Co. v. McCabe (1951), 366 Pa 322 (77 A2d 368, 24 ALR2d 319) ; 41 Am Jur 2d, Indemnity, §§ 17, 20, pp 704, 706-710.
Although the ease and the annotation deal with liabilities as between owners of motor vehicles and employees of indemnitor employers and injured persons, the principles involved are here relevant. Also, see Burris v. American Chicle Co. (CA 2, 1941), 120 F2d 218; 2 Larson, Workmen’s Compensation, 1968 Supp, § 76.48; Prosser on Torts (3d ed), § 48, Indemnity, pp 279, 280, and cases cited therein,
Mesle v. Kea S. S. Corp. (CA 3, 1958), 260 F2d 747.
Mulcahy v. Argo Steel Construction Company (1966), 4 Mich App 116.
See Brady v. Stanley Weiss & Sons, Inc. (1958), 6 App Div 2d 241 (175 NYS2d 850), and the concurring opinion of Justice Black in Husted, supra. | [
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Per Curiam.
Defendant pled guilty to larceny in a building and, on October 6,1966, was sentenced to two years’ probation. On June 27, 1968, defendant was convicted of violation of probation and sen tenced to two and one-half to four years in prison. Although defendant filed a claim of appeal, his right of appeal had expired 60 days after the imposition of the probationary sentence. Calhoun v. Macomb County Circuit Judge (1968), 15 Mich App 416. This Court having treated defendant’s claim of appeal as a delayed application for leave to appeal and having fully considered the matters raised therein;
It is ordered that the application for leave to appeal he and the same is denied as the Court finds no meritorious basis to grant leave pursuant to GrCR 1963, 803.3.
MCLA § 750.360 (Stat Ann 1954 Bey § 28.592). | [
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T. M. Burns, J.
This is an appeal from the Wayne County Circuit Court wherein the trial judge, sitting without a jury, convicted defendant of possession of marijuana, MCLA § 335.153 (Stat Ann 1969 Cum Supp, § 18.1123), and sentenced him to serve four to ten years in prison.
The record shows that on July 23, 1966, the defendant voluntarily followed his two nephews to Bedford Township Police Headquarters where the boys were questioned about an alleged attempt to commit larceny at the Gay Drugstore in Bedford. From the record on appeal, it appears that when the defendant’s nephews were arrested they were in defendant’s car and that he followed the police immediately to the station. Further, it appears that he parked his car in front of the police station and went inside to wait for his nephews. While he was waiting, the Bedford police called the Detroit police and discovered that defendant had several outstanding traffic warrants. Defendant was placed under arrest to be held for the Detroit police.
At trial, Detective Sergeant Johnson testified that he “inventoried” defendant’s car, while defendant was awaiting removal to Detroit, without defendant’s permission. This “inventory”, which was in reality a thorough search, produced two cigarettes believed to be marijuana and some little particles thought to be marijuana seeds. These were subsequently analyzed and were found to be cannabis sativa or marijuana.
Defendant filed a timely motion to quash the information and suppress the evidence, and this motion was denied by the Honorable Carl M. Weideman on June 28, 1968. Defendant waived his right to a jury trial and was found guilty by Judge Burdick. Defendant appeals from this decision.
The defendant on appeal objects to the failure of the people to produce res gestae witnesses as required. MCLA § 767.40 (Stat Ann 1969 Cum Supp § 28.980); People v. Kayne (1934), 268 Mich 186. The people claim that they made a diligent effort to insure the presence of these witnesses and the trial court agreed. "We do not.
Although the defendant and his nephews were arrested on the same day in July of 1966, and all the police officers who might incriminate the defendant were indorsed on the original complaint, it was not until a motion was made by defendant in January of 1968, that the people asked the court to indorse these possibly very important res gestae witnesses.
The record shows that the police made no attempt to question the two boys who were arrested while in defendant’s car about the marijuana, nor did they make any effort to find these witnesses for over a year and a half after the arrest of the defendant or to preserve their testimony. When they finally did make an attempt to subpoena the witnesses for trial the police relied on the addresses given to them at the time of arrest and assert that they sought to serve these witnesses only to find that they had moved some months before. 'No further attempt was made to locate these witnesses. Compare People v. O’Dell (1968), 10 Mich App 87.
The indorsement of the name of a witness on the information either' voluntarily ' or under order, as in this' case, creates a duty in the -prosecution' to produce such witness at the trial, and the defendant may rely upon the prosecutor to fulfill the obligation. People v. Lummis (1932), 260 Mich 170, People v. Ivy (1968), 11 Mich App 427, 430.
The trial court here improperly attempted to shift the responsibility for the production''of these-witnesses on to the defendant by its implied assertion that since defendant had not been in • custody thfe entire time between arrest and trial he should have found them and produced them. i ■
Although' certainly a showing of due diligenOe' in attempting to produce a witness will -excuse the prosecutor from production) People v. Ivy, supra, People v. Kern (1967), 6 Mich App 406, we cannot help but fold that the trial court erred ih its finding that there was due diligence under the facts of this case. See also People v. Tiner (1969), 17 Mich App 18.
This case seems to us to be paradigmatic of the command set down in People v. Kayne, supra, p 194 under which,
“the state is .required to indorse and call the witness or 'witnesses whose testimony is, necessary to protect the accused from, being the victim of ^ false accusation.” ' .
Therefore, we must reverse the conviction and remand for a new trial. At the retrial, if the people again fail to produce these res gestae witnesses.-and a showing of due diligence is not made,-we’think' it would be proper under People v. Ivy, supra, for..the coujd to consider that the' testimony of such witnesses w-ould. he adverse to the people’s case,
Reversed and remanded.
Bitzgerald, J., concurred-.
Among the res gestae witnesses whieh the people failed to produce at trial was the partner of the arresting officer. This officer was not indorsed, however, and defendant failed to make a timely objection. In fact, defense counsel specifically waived the production of this witness. Compare People v. Tiner (1969), 17 Mich App 18. | [
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Holbrook, P. J.
Defendant, James Stevens, was convicted in the recorder’s court for the city of Detroit without a jury of the crimes of carnal knowledge of a female over the age of 16 years by force and violence, CLS 1961, § 750.520 (Stat Ann 1954 Rev § 28.788); and robbery armed contrary to CLS 1961, § 750.529 (Stat Ann 1969 Cum Supp § 28.797). Defendant was sentenced to prison terms of life on both counts, to run concurrently.
The record discloses that an armed robbery was committed upon the complainant upon her returning home from work at about 11:15 p.m. on May 14, 1964; immediately thereafter the complainant at gun point was forced to proceed into the alley near her home where she was raped, while her hands were tied behind her.
The defendant was arrested June 26, 1964, and waived examination July 1. On July 20, assigned counsel was appointed and on August 5, 1964, counsel for defendant filed a petition for examination by physicians under CLS 1961, § 767.27 (Stat Ann 1963 Cum Supp § 28.967). The petition was granted and a sanity commission was appointed by the court on August 20, 1964, consisting of Dr. Albert J. Wallaert, Dr. Robert C. Behan, and Dr. Louis F. Lawrence. After a hearing, the court, on September 16, 1964, committed defendant to the State hospital at Ionia. It was disclosed at the trial that the main reason defendant was found insane or psychotic was because he claimed amnesia, i.e., no knowledge of the happenings of the day of the crime. His attorney pleaded inability to have him assist in his defense. On February 18, 1966, the medical superintendent of Ionia State Hospital certified the defendant was sane and competent to stand trial. Hon. Gerald W. Groat, judge of the recorder’s court, on February 23, 1966, ordered defendant returned by the sheriff of Wayne county. Judge Groat then referred defendant to Dr. Wallaert to ascertain if he was able to stand trial. This examination took place in April, 1966, and the report was in the affirmative. On June 16, 1966, counsel for defendant filed notice that defendant would interpose the defense of insanity and listed the 3 members of the sanity commission as witnesses. Trial was held on February 27 and March 3 and 17, 1967. The matter was then adjourned until a transcript of the proceedings was furnished the court. On April 21, 1967, the defendant was found guilty on both counts.
At the trial, after the complaining witness, an investigating policewoman and a policeman and a detective of the Detroit police department had testified, the people asked permission to indorse Dr. Wallaert’s name on the information and his name was indorsed after counsel for the defendant stated he had no objection. Dr. Wallaert was called and testified at length concerning the 1964 and 1966 interviews with defendant. The gist of his testimony was to the effect that in his opinion, defendant when he claimed amnesia in 1964 was not sincere and his claimed amnesia was feigned and further that defendant malingered at Ionia for some time before “regaining” his memory. Regarding the 1966 interview Dr. Wallaert testified, among other things, the following:
“Well, when he [defendant] got back from Ionia he states he is better now and that he admits remembering sexually assaulting and robbing the complainant.”
This answer was admitted over objection of defendant’s counsel.
The defendant called Dr. Lawrence of the sanity commission, and also Dr. Jacob Neglius and Dr. Jose Mejia of the medical staff at Ionia State Hospital. They testified at length and the records of the hospital were admitted with defense counsel’s consent. The defendant himself took the stand and testified.
There was considerable evidence introduced concerning the condition of the mind of the defendant as of the date of the crime. There was evidence that defendant at Ionia State Hospital admitted knowledge of the crime so that he could get out of Ionia, i.e., he was told by other patients that this was the only way he could be released from the hospital. Other evidence was to the effect that he had been reading a book on psychiatry and insanity and that his reported hearing voices and so forth had been prompted by reading this book, but that in fact he had heard no voices. There was testimony to the effect that he did not use a gun but fashioned a comb to resemble a gun, and that he admitted his participation in the crime to the doctors at Ionia. All of this testimony bore on the defendant’s sanity or insanity which was definitely contested.
The defendant raises a single question which wo restate as follows: Did the trial court commit error in permitting the member of the sanity commission, Dr. Wallaert, to testify as to ivhat defendant told him upon defendant’s return from Ionia State Hospital concerning his memory of what happened on the night of the crime?
The statute under which the defendant petitioned for a sanity commission does not prohibit a member of the commission from testifying in the main case when and if defendant is triéd. Defendant asserts that the statements made to a doctor under this statute are protected by provisions of the constitution under the self-incrimination privilege.
In 8 Wigmore on Evidence, (McNaughton Rev), § 2265, pp 395-399, it is stated as follows:
“The nest four varieties of situations are more difficult but still without the [self-incrimination] privilege. They include cases in which the evidence can be obtained only if the person cooperates; but even here, except in the extraordinary case, no communication of knowledge is compelled.
“(7) Requiring a suspect to speak for identification.
“(8) Requiring a suspect to write for identification.
“(9) Requiring a suspect to appear in court, stand, assume a stance, walk or make a particular gesture.
“(10) Requiring a suspect to submit to an examination for sanity.”
In the case of People v. Spencer (1963), 60 Cal 2d 64 (31 Cal Rptr 782, 383 P2d 134) where under facts similar to those present in this case (except that in Spencer the charge was murder and the notice of defense of insanity was withdrawn before trial), the court stated in part as follows (pp 82-84):
“Defendant attacks on still another ground the admissibility of quoted testimony (ante, fn. 10) of Dr. George W. Abe relating to statements made by defendant in the course of the psychiatric examination on his plea of not guilty by reason of insanity. Defendant contends that it was error to allow Dr. Abe to so testify on the guilt phase, in view of the fact that defendant had withdrawn his insanity plea at the start of trial. Defendant argues that the admission of such testimony ‘tends to vitiate’ the purpose of Penal Code section 1027 (post, fn. 12) in that ‘the possibility of a free and candid interview with the alienist is impaired’ if the defendant knows that his statements in that interview may be introduced on the guilt phase of the subsequent trial; secondly, defendant argues that the admission of this testimony violates his privilege against self-incrimination. Each of these arguments, however, has been recently considered and rejected by this court (People v. Ditson [1962], 57 Cal 2d 415, 447, 448 [20 Cal Rptr 165, 369 P2d 714]; People v. Combes [1961], 56 Cal 2d 135, 149, 150 [14 Cal Rptr 4, 363 P2d 4]) and no persuasive reason is suggested for disturbing the conclusions there reached. Thirdly, defendant advances the argument that the admission of such testimony ‘would tend to create an invidious discrimination against indigents solely because of their poverty’ and hence violates the Equal Protection Clause (citing such cases as Griffin v. Illinois [1956], 351 US 12, 16 [76 S Ct 585, 100 L Ed 891, 55 ALR2d 1055], and Douglas v. California [1963], 372 US 353 [83 S Ct 814, 9 L Ed 2d 811]). Defendant points out that admissions of an accused to a physician privately employed by his counsel for the purpose of examining him in preparation for trial are held to be protected by the attorney-client privilege (Jones v. Superior Court of Nevada County [1962], 58 Cal 2d 56, 60, 61 [22 Cal Rptr 879, 372 P2d 919]); on this basis defendant argues that he was denied ‘equal protection’ because he had insufficient funds to hire such a physician of his own and hence take advantage of that protection. But by its terms section 1027 operates in the same manner whether the defendant be rich or poor, because in either event it compels the use of court-appointed alienists when a plea of not guilty by reason of insanity is entered. Obviously, the statute seeks the relevant truth — and makes it equally available — as to rich and poor alike. Defendant attempts to overcome this flaw in his position by further proposing that ‘Had defendant been a man of wealth and means, he would have presumably not entered a plea of insanity at all; for his privately employed psychiatrist ivould already, presumably, have reported to employed counsel that there was no basis for such a plea.’ (Italics added.) Whether counsel might nevertheless, in the proper exercise of the discretion which evolves from his responsibility, have felt it advisable to enter, and further explore the tenability of, such a plea would still appear conjectural. We take judicial notice of the fact that the plea of not guilty by reason of insanity has been more often entered than sustained. An established practice of the trial courts such as here challenged, grounded on an enactment of the legislature and sanctioned by our decisions, will not be struck down on rank speculation alone. (Cf. In re Cregler [1961], 56 Cal 2d 308, 313 [14 Cal Rptr 289, 363 P2d 305]). Defendant’s argument, in essence, amounts to no more than an unwarranted criticism of the manner in which his trial counsel conducted this aspect of the defense.” (Emphasis supplied in Spencer.)
This Court held in People v. Ranes (1968), 13 Mich App 182, that a court-ordered psychiatric examination does not violate defendant’s right to counsel or his privilege against self-incrimination.
In People v. Woody (1968), 380 Mich 332, the Court did not rule on the precise question that is presented in the instant case because in that case the question was not raised on trial.
Under the facts in the present case the defendant was always cooperative and never objected to being examined or questioned. This was testified to by Dr. Wallaert and verified by the defendant himself as appears in the record, vis.:
“The Court: I am just thinking — when you were questioned by the — by Dr. Wallaert and the psychologist in 1966, did you make any objection at that time to being questioned?
“A. No, sir, I didn’t.
“The Court: You were willing to be questioned at that time?
“A. Yes, sir.”
It is apparent from a careful reading of the record that the defense in this case was insanity and that all of the facts were fully presented by both sides touching that issue. The defendant was willing to he questioned as is evidenced by his petition and request to the court for the appointment of the sanity commission. Such a commission would be without value without his being fully examined as to all the matters bearing upon his sanity or insanity. He never personally objected. However, at trial his counsel did object to certain parts of the examination results. These were evidently deemed by the attorney for defendant to harm him. The evidence to he derived from such examinations should not be restricted to that which might benefit a defendant. Having determined that the statements of the defendant at the examination were voluntary, we conclude that their admission violates no constitutional rights of the defendant.
Defendant requests that we extend the guidelines set forth in Miranda v. Arizona (1966), 384 US 436 (86 S Ct 1602, 16 L Ed 2d 694, 10 ALR3d 974) to statements made by a defendant to a medical examiner pursuant to appointment of a commission to determine sanity. In the absence of a United States Supreme Court ruling making Miranda, supra, applicable, we are constrained to deny the request of defendant.
Affirmed.
All concurred.
CLS 1961, § 767.27 (Stat Ann 1954 Eev § 28.967).
Federal: Fonquette v. Bernard (CA 9, 1952), 198 F2d 860 (habeas corpus seeking to have set aside a conviction of murder in a state court; after arraignment and before he had counsel, physician examined defendant as to Ms insanity and testified with reference to his conversation with him; objection on ground of self-incrimination overruled).
California: People v. Bundy (1914), 168 Cal 777 (145 P 537) (murder; examination of the accused in jail by two physicians; defendant voluntarily answered questions and lienee waived privilege) ; People v. Strong (1931), 114 Cal App 522 (300 P 84) (statute authorizing medical examination of an accused pleading insanity, provided he consents, held not a violation of the privilege). | [
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Danhof, J.
After the third complete trial, this matter now comes before, an appellate court for the fourth time. We can only echo the admonition of Justice Black when he stated in the last appeal, Bauman v. Grand Trunk Western Railroad Company (1965), 376 Mich 675, 691:
“As against such litigatory background we had best see that our order for a third trial goes down in company with such clear words of guidance, fitted specifically to the evidence-defined issue of causation, as will most likely insure finality of whatever third verdict a third jury will report.”
We have now had the third jury and the third verdict.
The facts of the case are that a collision occurred in the early afternoon of April 20, 1956, at a grade crossing in the village of Gregory involving one of the defendant’s trains and a truck driven by the plaintiff. At the point where the accident happened defendant’s single track crosses highway M-36 at almost right angles. The crossing was marked by a crossbuck sign, which was reflectorized, but was without additional crossing protection. The trial was held before a jury and resulted in a Verdict for the plaintiff. Defendant appeals, alleging several errors committed by the trial judge.
Several of the questions raised by the defendant concern the failure of the trial judge to give certain instructions, and the giving of other instructions defendant considers to be erroneous. Plaintiff has countered these objections by stating that the defendant has not fully complied with GOP 1963, 516.2, in that the defendant did not specifically state the matter to which it objected and the grounds for objection. Prom our reading of the record we eon- elude that the defendant did sufficiently comply with the provisions of GCB 1963, 516.2, albeit counsel could have made more specific the objections to the various instructions. The record discloses that both the plaintiff and the defendant submitted detailed written requests for instructions to the court, that conversations were held in chambers relative to what instructions the court would or would not give, and that at the conclusion of the trial judge’s instructions both plaintiff and defendant indicated to the court either their objections to the instructions or identified by number the instructions which the court failed to give and which they felt should have been given.
We have reviewed the full charge given by the trial judge, and taking it as a whole it adequately states the law applicable to this litigation. Select jortions of the jury’s charge which are extracted from the entire charge, or removed from context, should not be subject to scrutiny in a vacuum. Coon v. Williams (1966), 4 Mich App 325; Huffman v. First Baptist Church of Flushing (1959), 355 Mich 437. As Justice Voelker stated in Huffman v. First Baptist Church of Flushing, supra, p 446:
“Did the instructions as given adequately inform the jury on the applicable law reflecting and reflected by the various evidentiary claims in the particular case? In other words, in the idiom of the day, we simply ask ourselves: Were the instructions understandable and did they give both sides a ‘fair shake’ ?”
Based on this criterion our answer is yes.
Defendant next assigns as error the refusal of the trial court to exclude certain testimony given by the plaintiff and others as to statements made to the plaintiff and others by defendant’s claims agent, Harold Hungerford. Defendant claims that the statements made concerning the manner in which the accident occurred and possible payments to the plaintiff should not have been admitted, because they were beyond the scope of the authority granted to the agent. The trial court admitted the testimony and instructed the jury that if they found that the statements made were within the real or apparent authority given the agent they could properly be considered. We concur. In Kopprasch v. New York Indemnity Co. (1930), 250 Mich 491, the Supreme Court said:
“We quote from Austrian & Co. v. Springer (1892), 94 Mich 343 (34 Am St Rep 350):
‘It is well settled that the authority of the agent must depend, so far as it involves the rights of innocent third persons who have relied thereon, upon the character bestowed, rather than the instructions given. In other words, the principal is bound to third persons, acting in ignorance of any limitations, by the apparent authority given, and not by the express authority.’ ”
Or, as stated in 3 Am Jur 2d, Agency, § 264, p 628:
“All such statements and declarations as are made by the agent within the scope of his employment and with the actual or apparent authority of the principal are binding upon the principal and he is responsible therefor. A principal cannot repudiate statements made by his agent in the course of the employment, and fairly within the line of his real or apparent authority, and he is bound by the agent’s material representations of fact to the same extent as if he had made them himself.” (Emphasis supplied.)
The record discloses that the agent visited the plaintiff in the hospital, identified himself as a claims agent from the defendant, was accompanied by a court reporter in order to take a statement from the plaintiff, received permission from the plaintiff to obtain his medical records, and generally indicated that he was there to talk about the accident. This testimony was sufficient to create a jury question whether or not the statements made by the claims agent were within the scope of his employment and with actual or apparent authority. Accordingly, we find no error in the trial court’s admission of the testimony relative to the statements made by the defendant’s claims agent.
Defendant next claims error in the trial court’s refusal to allow defendant’s expert witness to testify regarding the maximum stopping distance of a motor vehicle going 25 m.p.h. equipped with brakes as required by MCLA § 257.705(b) (Stat Ann 1968 Rev § 9.2405 [b]). The statute sets forth the deceleration rate required on a motor vehicle. We agree with the trial court’s decision and conclude there was no error and that the testimony was irrelevant. The statute cited above relates to the braking requirements of motor vehicles, and it is not determinative of speed, nor would the testimony have any relevancy to the speed of the plaintiff’s automotive vehicle. Further, there is nothing in the record to indicate that defective brakes on the plaintiff’s vehicle were an issue in this case. Accordingly, we find no error in the refusal to admit the testimony. Schmidt v. Willbrant (1946), 313 Mich 450.
Defendant next complains of error in the admission of a letter from the file of the public service commission into evidence by the trial court. The defendant called as a witness the secretary of the public service commission who testified concerning the activities of the commission in regard to the railroad crossing in question. Upon cross-examination the witness produced a letter received from a citizen which was in the files of the pnhlic service commission. Cross-examination is a matter left to the sound discretion of the trial judge and the record does not disclose an abuse of that discretion. Callaghan’s Michigan Pleading & Practice, (2d ed), § 37.174, p 522; Scholnick v. City of Bloomfield Hills (1957), 350 Mich 187. We find no error in the admission of the letter in question.
Defendant next complains of the testimony of two of the plaintiff’s witnesses concerning the stopping distance which would be needed for a train similar to the one involved in the accident. The trial court allowed their testimony under the provisions of GCR 3963, 605, and properly left the weight to be given the testimony to the jury.
Finally, the defendant claims that the verdict was against the great weight of the evidence and contrary to law. The voluminous record in this case contains testimony which, if believed by the jury, was sufficient to sustain the verdict in this case. The questions of negligence and contributory negligence were questions of fact for the jury and were properly left to their determination. Davis v. New York Central Railroad Company (1952), 348 Mich 262.
Affirmed, costs to the plaintiff.
All concurred.
Bauman v. Grand Trunk Western Railroad Company (1958), 353 Mich 279; (1961), 363 Mich 604; (1965), 376 Mich 675. | [
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Quinn, P. J.
December 14,1962, defendant, represented by counsel, pleaded guilty to a charge of assault with intent to commit murder, CL 1948, § 750-.83 (Stat Ann 1962 Kev § 28.278). Thereafter, defendant was sentenced to prison for a term of 19 to 40 years. Judge Hadsell presided at the plea and sentence. Judge Hadsell’s term of office expired January 1, 1967 and he was replaced by Judge Byrns. 378 Mich (v).
Following a remand from the Court of Appeals for that purpose, a hearing was held June 15, 1967 to determine the voluntariness of confessions, admissions and statements against interest made by defendant prior to his plea. As a result of the hearing, the trial court suppressed all confessions, admissions and statements against interest, set aside the plea, vacated sentence and remanded the ease for preliminary examination.
At the conclusion of the examination, defendant was bound over for trial. His motion for change of venue was granted, and he was tried before Judge Byrns and a jury in Kent county. August 24, 1967, the jury returned a verdict of guilty as charged. Thereafter defendant was sentenced to prison for a term of 25 to 50 years, with credit for time already served. His appeal raises 5 issues, 4 of which do not merit discussion.
Defendant contends it was reversible error for Judge Byrns to impose a more severe sentence than did Judge Hadsell. In People v. Poole (1967), 7 Mich App 237, this Court held such action was not error. In People v. Mulier (1968), 12 Mich App 28, this Court held such action was reversible error. The eases are not in conflict, however; factual differences permit each pronouncement to stand without encroaching on the other. In Poole, a different judge imposed the harsher sentence and reason for such action appeared in the record. In Mulier, the same judge imposed the harsher sentence for no reason apparent on the record. The distinction is noted in Mulier at page 33:
“To allow the imposition of a harsher sentence after a rehearing, where the offense, the plea, and the sentencing judge are the same as in the prior proceeding and the record is barren of any grounds tending to support the harsher sentence, unduly infringes upon the constitutional right of appeal.”
This case of Payne is stronger than Poole, supra. In Poole, both convictions were by plea. In Payne, the first conviction was by plea and the second was by jury verdict. A trial affords more opportunity to hear all details, to observe and judge a defendant than does a summary plea proceeding, a fact noted by Judge Byrns. The trial judge noted the right of every citizen to seek appellate relief and the fact that obtaining such relief should in no way affect a subsequent sentence. The trial judge then stated that the sentence he was about to impose was not because defendant had appealed but by reason of the nature of the crime and impressions formed of defendant during 3 days of trial. The trial judge noted that the statute under which de fendant was convicted authorized a life sentence or any term of years, and except for defendant’s past history (poor family background, good school, service and prison records), a life sentence would have been imposed.
On this record, we conclude that we do not have supervisory control over punishment within the provisions of the statute, Poole, supra, and that Mulier, supra, is inapplicable.
Affirmed.
Holbrook, J., concurred.
Addendum July 10, 1969:
Since the majority opinion and the dissent were written, the United States Supreme Court has decided North Carolina v. Pearce and Simpson v. Rice (1969), 395 US 711 (89 S Ct 2072, 23 L Ed 2d 656). A revised dissent has been filed citing these decisions as supporting the position expressed in the dissent. These same authorities are incorporated by reference in the majority opinion as supporting authority. | [
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McGregor, J.
Again, this Court is required to reverse a trial court’s ruling sustaining an insufficient police warning to a criminal defendant regarding his constitutional rights under the Miranda rule, and grant an obviously guilty murderer a new trial.
The strangled body of Cebell Jemison was found-lying in the bathtub by her daughter on Sunday morning, August 21, 1966. The body bore evidence of struggle, in part manifested by contusions and hemorrhages of the larynx. The testimony introduced to convict defendant was mainly circumstantial. Defendant had been living with the victim, but had moved out two weeks before she was murdered. A business card and a card with a written telephone number on it, which had been given to the defendant the day before, were found in the bathtub. Defendant’s glasses were found behind the toilet in the bathroom. A package of Viceroy cigarettes was found floating in the bathtub. Defendant normally smoked this brand; the victim usually did not. By his own testimony, defendant had been with the victim the previous evening and until about 1:10 a.m. on the fatal Sunday morning. A daughter of the deceased testified that she heard defendant threaten to kill her mother during the time that he was living there.
On the morning the victim was murdered, defendant was arrested approaching the victim’s house. He had scratches on his face and an empty eyeglass case in his shirt pocket. The arresting officer attempted to advise defendant of his constitutional rights. The arresting officer’s testimony was as follows:
“Q. When you met the defendant at the front of the house, what conversation did you have with him, if any?
“A. He was coming up to the door, and I met him right at the door, and the door was still open, and I observed that he had scratches on or about his nose; and I also noticed that he had an eyeglass ease in his shirt pocket and the case was empty, so I informed the defendant that he was under arrest for murder, and I immediately told him of his constitutional rights.
“Q. What did you tell him?
“A. I told him that he didn’t have to say anything if he didn’t want to, and that anything he said could be used against him in a court; and I told him that he had a right to have an attorney before he said anything, and that if he couldn’t afford an attorney, the court would appoint one before he said anything.”
An attempt was made again by the interrogating detective at the police station to advise the defendant of his constitutional rights before defendant’s statement and his subsequent signature thereto. Questions by the assistant prosecuting attorney, examining the detective at the trial, disclosed the following :
“Q. And where and when did you first see him?
“A. About 8:20 a.m. on August the 21st of 1966.
“Q. And where?
“A. At the homicide bureau, Detroit police headquarters.
“Q. Do you know who brought him to you?
“A. He was brought in by a scout car.
“Q. Will you describe his appearance at that time?
“A. He was wearing — he was wearing a blue silk head cloth and a green sport shirt, tan pants, black shoes; he had a cast around his body for a back operation, he said, he had a diamond in his left ear, and he had fresh scratch marks on his neck, which were very slightly bleeding.
“Q. Did you make any statement to him about his constitutional rights at that time?
“A. Yes, sir, I did.
“Q. And just what did you tell him?
“A. I showed him a form and read it to him and explained the form to him.
“Q. And what did you state to him?
“A, Do you want me to read the form?
"Q. Yes.
“A. I advise you that you have a constitutional right to refuse to make a statement or to answer any questions put to you. I advise you that anything you may say may he used against you in a court of law, in the event of prosecution, and I advise you you have a right to counsel; and I further advised him if he didn’t have the money to procure counsel, the court would appoint him one.
“Q. Did he make any statement to you?
“A. Yes, sir, he did.
“Q. Did you make any record or notes of the statement?
“A. Yes, sir.
“Q. Did you read it back to him after you made those notes?
“A. Yes, sir.
“Q. Did he sign the statement in your presence?
“A. Yes, sir.
“Q. Is that the statement?
“A. Yes, sir.”
During the trial, the judge, in the absence of the jury, conducted a TYai&er-type hearing as to the voluntariness of defendant’s statement. Although defense counsel objected to the admission of the statement because of a lack of showing of voluntariness, the court found the statement to be voluntarily made. The signed statement was then read to the jury.
Defendant claims that the officers failed to inform him that he was entitled to have counsel present with him during custodial questioning, which was not refuted. "While the defendant raises six issues in his brief, the controlling issue is the question of the applicability of the Miranda rule, requiring that defendant be informed of his right to assistance of counsel, retained or appointed, before questioning and the giving of his statement, and that defendant be informed that he may have counsel present during interrogation. The issue is clearly within the purview of Miranda v. Arizona, supra, fn 1. The defendant made a statement while subject to custodial police interrogation, which was later used in court.
The United States Court of Appeals, Fifth Circuit, has spoken again on the rule announced in regard to a Miranda warning, in Windsor v. United States (CA 5, 1968), 389 F2d 530, 533, 534:
“Appellant contends that the Government agents failed to advise him that he had the right to have an attorney, retained or appointed, present during the initial interrogation when lie gave the incriminating oral statement at his motel or later when he signed the written incriminating statement.
* # #
“In Miranda v. Arizona (1966), 384 US 436, 478, 479 (86 S Ct 1602, 1630, 16 L Ed 2d 694), the Supreme Court said:
“* * * ‘we hold that when an individual is taken into custody or otherwise deprived of his freedom by the authorities in any significant way and is subjected to questioning, the privilege against self-incrimination is jeopardized. Procedural safeguards must be employed to protect the privilege and unless other fully effective means are adopted to notify the person of his right of silence and to assure that the exercise of the right will be scrupulously honored, the following measures are required. He must be warned prior to any questioning that he has the right to remain silent, that anything he says can be used against him in a court of law, that he has the right to the presence of an attorney, and that if he cannot afford an attorney one will he appointed for him prior to any questioning if he so desires. Opportunity to exercise these rights must be afforded to him throughout the interrogation. After such warnings have been given, and such opportunity afforded him, the individual may knowingly and intelligently waive these rights and ag'ree to answer questions or make a statement. But unless and until such warnings and waiver are demonstrated by the prosecution at trial, no evidence obtained as a result of interrogation can be used against him. # # *
“There is no question that Windsor was then in custody and deprived of his freedom. Failure to give the full Miranda warnings at that time was undoubtedly a violation of the prohibition against taking a confession from a defendant while in police custody without first informing him that he is en titled to the presence of counsel, retained or appointed. Merely telling Mm that- he could speak with an attorney or anyone else before he said anything at all is not the same as informing him that he is entitled to the presence of an attorney during interrogation and that one will be appointed if he cannot afford one. The obvious purpose of the agents interrogating him was to elicit an incriminating statement for ‘the investigation was no longer a general inquiry into an unsolved crime,’ but had begun ‘to focus on a particular suspect,’ namely, Windsor. See Escobedo v. Illinois (1964), 378 US 478, 490, 491 (84 S Ct 1758, 1765, 12 L Ed 2d 977).” (Emphasis supplied.)
Although involving a felony committed before June 13, 1966 (the date of the Miranda decision), a more recent decision (April 22, 1969), of the United States Supreme Court has reiterated the applicability of Miranda, in Frazier v. Cupp (1969), 394 US 731, 737, 738 (89 S Ct 1420, 22 L Ed 2d 684, 692, 693):
“[Petitioner was given a somewhat abbreviated description' of his constitutional rights. He was-told that he could have an attorney if he wanted one and that anything he said could be used against him at trial. Questioning thereafter became somewhat more vigorous, * * * Petitioner still was reluctant to talk, but after the officer sympathetically suggested that the victim had started a fight by making homosexual advances, petitioner began to spill out his story. Shortly after he began he again showed signs of reluctance and said, T think I had better get a lawyer before I talk any more. I am going to get into trouble more than I am in now.’ The officer replied simply, ‘You can’t be in any more trouble than you are in now,’ and the questioning session proceeded. A full confession was obtained and, after further warnings, a written version was signed.
* # #
“Petitioner argues that his statement about getting a lawyer was sufficient to bring Escobedo into play and that the police should immediately have stopped the questioning and obtained counsel for him. We might agree were Miranda applicable to this case, for in Miranda this Court held that ‘[i]f * * * [a suspect] indicates in any manner and at any stage of the process that he wishes to consult with an attorney before speaking there can be no questioning.’ 384 US 444, 445. But Miranda does not apply to this case.”
The warnings given the defendant did not comply with the mandatory requirements of Miranda and its progeny. The defendant was not clearly informed that he had the right to counsel and to have counsel with him during interrogation, as recently set forth in People v. Whisenant (1968), 11 Mich App 432. Defendant was not informed that he had a right to appointed counsel during interrogation, if he so desired, as required in Miranda. The fact that the defendant did not request counsel before making a statement does not constitute a waiver of that right. People v. Limon (1966), 4 Mich App 440.
Miranda clearly applies to defendant’s statement, even though it was a statement of avoidance and not a confession; Miranda applies to statements which are exculpatory as well as those which are inculpatory, as long as the obvious purpose of the. interrogator was to elicit an incriminating statement from the accused.
This Court has heretofore interpreted the Miranda requirements in People v. Whisenant, supra (p-437):
“The testimony taken at the Walker hearing held in the case at hand, although indicating a voluntary-confession under former standards, does not demon strate compliance with Miranda, i.e., nowhere .does it appear that defendant was informed of his right to have counsel, retained or appointed, present during questioning and the giving of' his statement. Merely informing defendant at the time of arrest that he had a right to counsel did not meet the requirements of Miranda. ■ '
“Because this Court is bound by the decision of the United States Supreme Court, in Miranda v. Arizona, supra, we are required to hold the alleged confession inadmissible.”
It is unnecessary to consider defendant’s other alleged errors in this limited opinion, as they may not occur in a new trial.
Defendant’s conviction is set aside and the case is remanded for a new trial.
All concurred.
Miranda v. Arizona (1966), 384 US 436 (86 S Ct 1602, 16 L Ed 2d 694, 10 ALR3d 974).
Defendant was convicted of second-degree murder, CL 1948, | 750,317 (Stilt Ann 1954 Bev § 28.549),
People v. Walker (On Rehearing, 1965), 374 Mich 331.
After the court, in the absence of the jury, found the defendant’s written statement was voluntarily made, the assistant prosecuting attorney examined the interrogating detective as follows:
“Q. Now, witness, you have in your hand people’s exhibit number 6, which is the statement whieh you referred to in your earlier testimony?
“A. Yes, sir.
“Q. Would you please relate that to the court and jury?
“A. ‘I have been living common law with Cebell Jemison for 11 months. I was over her house yesterday all day till about 4:30; then I went and drove my 1956 Buict Convertible, color white, license number HB-97S8, to the King Auto Sales, on Eleven Mile, where I picked up CebelPs son, William Jemison’s check. William came with me. We got back to her house about 11 p.m. Me and Cebell then walked over my house, and we had relations, and I took her home about 1 a.m. We didn’t have a fight, and I told her 1 would see her for breakfast in the morning. I didn’t say what time. I then went to a blind pig at Meldrum, between Sylvester and Pulford. I stayed all night, drank beer and played records. I came back to CebelPs house this a.m. and was arrested. I moved from Cebell’s two weeks ago because A.D.C. had been ealled by someone. X left my glasses somewhere last night, I don’t know where. X was drunk. I smoke Vieeroy cigarettes, but I didn’t lose any last night.’
“He then identified the pair of glasses that we recovered at the scene as his, and he stated he was scratched on the neck and nose by an unknown prostitute the night before last.
“Q. Witness, I will show you people’s exhibit 2, and ask if these are the glasses that you showed the defendant?
“A. Yes, these are the glasses.
“Q. And are those the glasses that he identified aa being his?
“A. They are the glasses.
“Q. And he so identified them to you?
“A. He did.” | [
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Banhof, C.J.
Following a jury trial, defendant was convicted of breaking and entering an occupied dwelling with intent to commit larceny, MCL 750.110; MSA 28.305. Defendant pled guilty to being a sixth-felony offender, MCL 769.12; MSA 28.1084. Defendant raises four issues on appeal. We hold that the magistrate abused his discretion in binding defendant over for trial and we reverse on that basis without considering the remaining issues raised.
At the preliminary examination, Janet Hedin testified that she was watching television one afternoon when she heard her doorbell ringing repeatedly. Hedin looked out the window and saw a man she identified as defendant standing at her front door. Defendant began knocking very hard on the window. Defendant then walked to the back of the house where he rang the doorbell and then walked onto the back porch through an unlocked door. Defendant began pushing on the back door of the house. Hedin opened the front door and then slammed it shut. Defendant walked back to the front of the house and began pounding on the front door. Defendant walked away from the house just prior to the arrival of police. Hedin later found screwdriver pry marks around the jamb of the back door.
The police found defendant rummaging through a trash dumpster in a shopping plaza approximately one-quarter of a mile from Hedin’s house. When the police approached defendant, he dropped a screwdriver and a glove. A police officer interviewed defendant after advising him of his rights. Defendant told the officer that he went to Hedin’s house because he needed to use a restroom. Defendant described going to the front door first and then entering the back porch area. The officer asked defendant what he would have done if he had gotten inside the house. Defendant said that he probably would have gotten something to eat and then he would have taken pop cans or something to that effect.
Defense counsel objected to the use of defendant’s statement on the basis that the corpus delicti of the offense had not first been shown. The magistrate allowed use of the statement and then bound defendant over for trial. The magistrate found that defendant’s actions at Hedin’s house and defendant’s rummaging through the dumpster constituted probable cause to believe that he had committed a breaking and entering with intent to commit larceny.
The magistrate’s decision to bind defendant over for trial is reviewed by this Court for an abuse of discretion. It is the duty of the magistrate to bind defendant over for trial if it appears at the conclusion of the preliminary examination that a crime has been committed and there is probable cause to believe that the defendant committed it. People v Dyer, 157 Mich App 606, 608; 403 NW2d 84 (1986); People v Hammond, 161 Mich App 719, 720-721; 411 NW2d 837 (1987). The critical element in this case is intent. Intent to commit larceny cannot be presumed solely from proof of the breaking and entering. People v Noel, 123 Mich App 478; 332 NW2d 578 (1983), lv den 418 Mich 859 (1983). However, intent may reasonably be inferred from the nature, time and place of defendant’s acts before and during the breaking and entering. People v Hughes, 27 Mich App 221; 183 NW2d 383 (1970).
In the present case, the magistrate bound defendant over for trial on the basis of defendant’s actions at the house and defendant’s rummaging through a dumpster soon afterward. However, defendant’s actions at the house showed no more than an intent to commit a breaking and entering. Defendant rang the doorbell repeatedly, pounded on the front door glass, rang the back doorbell, walked into the enclosed back porch and pushed or pried the back door. These actions do not support an inference of intent to commit larceny.
In addition, the magistrate considered defendant’s rummaging through a dumpster after the breaking and entering. It must be shown that defendant had intent to commit larceny at the time of the breaking and entering. People v Tilliard, 98 Mich App 17; 296 NW2d 180 (1980). We do not believe that rummaging through the dumpster after the breaking and entering indicated that defendant had larcenous intent at the time of the breaking and entering. Therefore, intent to commit larceny was not shown by defendant’s actions either at the house or soon after leaving the house.
The only remaining evidence of intent to commit larceny in this case was defendant’s statement to the police that he was going to take some food if he got inside the house. It is well-established that defendant’s confession may not be used until after the prosecution has made a prima facie showing of the corpus delicti of the crime. People v Irby, 129 Mich App 306, 322; 342 NW2d 303 (1983); People v Wise, 134 Mich App 82; 351 NW2d 255 (1984), lv den 422 Mich 852 (1985). This rule applies to preliminary examinations. People v Anglin, 111 Mich App 268; 314 NW2d 581 (1981). Having failed to show intent to commit larceny, the prosecution did not make a prima facie showing of the corpus delicti of breaking and entering an occupied dwelling with intent to commit larceny. Therefore, defendant’s statement to the police could not be considered as evidence of larcenous intent. Since there was no evidence of intent to commit larceny, the magistrate abused his discretion in binding defendant over for trial.
Defendant’s conviction is reversed.
Mackenzie, J., concurred. | [
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Sawyer, P.J.
The trial court granted summary disposition to defendant City of Hazel Park pursuant to MCR 2.116(C)(8), failure to state a claim upon which relief can be granted. Plaintiff now appeals and we affirm.
Defendant Conco Midwest of Arkansas entered into a contract with defendant city to repair the city streets of Hazel Park. Conco then entered into a contract with plaintiff to supply materials for the project. Plaintiff notified defendant city that materials were being supplied. Plaintiff made a number of deliveries of materials from September through November of 1985, with a total value of $17,981.60.
Conco defaulted on payments owed to plaintiff and plaintiff sought relief on the payment bond that Conco was required to furnish to defendant city before being awarded the contract for the project. Defendant city informed plaintiff that the bond had expired in May, 1985. Plaintiff thereafter filed a complaint alleging, inter alia, that defendant city had breached its "statutory duty of insuring that the performance bond was still valid while materials were being supplied to the project.” Plaintiff also brought claims for breach of contract against Conco and the bonding company, defendant Union Indemnity Insurance Company. Subsequent to the filing of the complaint, both Conco and Union Indemnity went into bankruptcy.
Because Conco and Union Indemnity were involved in bankruptcy proceedings, the circuit court action was stayed against all defendants. Plaintiff thereafter filed a motion to sever defendant city from the other defendants, a motion which was granted. Defendant city then moved for summary disposition, which was granted.
Plaintiff first argues on appeal that the trial court erred in granting summary disposition to defendant city for the reason that defendant city owed no duty either to inform plaintiff that the bond had expired or to take steps to insure that the bond was renewed. Plaintiff argues that defendant city had such a duty. We disagree.
By statute, contractors involved in public work projects are required to furnish performance and payment bonds prior to the awarding of a contract. MCL 129.201 et seq.; MSA 5.2321(1) et seq. MCL 129.201; MSA 5.2321(1) establishes the bonding requirement, providing in pertinent part as follows:
Before any contract, exceeding $50,000.00 for the construction, alteration, or repair of any public building or public work or improvement of the state or a county, city, village, township, school district, public educational institution, other political subdivision, public authority, or public agency hereinafter referred to as the "governmental unit”, is awarded, the proposed contractor, hereinafter referred to as the "principal contractor”, shall furnish at his or her own cost to the governmental unit a performance bond and a payment bond which shall become binding upon the award of the contract to the principal contractor.
The question of what duty, if any, the statute creates on the part of a governmental unit to inform those supplying labor and materials that the required bond has expired or to take steps to insure that an expired bond is renewed is an issue of first impression. For the reasons that follow, we conclude that no such duty exists.
We begin by noting that the emphasized language in the above quote indicates that the statute places a requirement on the contractor to furnish the bond rather than on the governmental unit to require the bond. While the importance of this semantic difference may not at first appear clear, the importance becomes more obvious when the predecessor statute is examined. The predecessor statute, which was created by 1905 PA 187 and compiled at MCL 570.101 et seq.; MSA 26.321 et seq., imposed a duty on the governmental body contracting the work to require sufficient security posted by bond for the payment of subcontractors and materials. When the current statutory scheme was enacted, it restricted the applicability of MCL 570.101 et seq.; MSA 26.321 et seq. to construction and maintenance contracts of the State Highway Commissioner. MCL 129.211; MSA 5.2321(11). Furthermore, in enacting the current statutory scheme, the Legislature chose not to include the language of the predecessor statute which imposed a duty upon the governmental body to require the bond. Rather, as discussed above, the language of the current statute places the duty to furnish the bond on the contractor. We believe that this change in language reflects an intent by the Legislature to remove any duty on the governmental unit and place it upon the contractor.
Such a conclusion is consistent with the other provisions of the statutory scheme. The role of the contracting governmental unit in the bonding procedure is limited to an essentially clerical role. MCL 129.203; MSA 5.2321(3) provides that the governmental unit shall specify the amount the payment bond shall be for, but not less than twenty-five percent of the contract amount, and MCL 129.205; MSA 5.2321(5) provides that the bonds shall be filed in the office of the governmental unit awarding the contract. Furthermore, the statute provides a mechanism for a subcontractor or materials supplier to determine whether the principal contractor has furnished the proper bonds. MCL 129.208; MSA 5.2321(8) requires that the appropriate agent of the governmental unit which holds the bond shall furnish to anyone who has made a claim or may have a claim under the bond a certified copy of the bond and the contract for which it was given, with the governmental unit being authorized to charge a reasonable fee for providing such certified copies.
In reading these statutory provisions as a whole, as well as taking into account the change in the language employed by the Legislature in enacting the current statutory scheme, we conclude that the Legislature intended to impose no duty on the contracting governmental unit to insure that payment bonds are kept current or to warn subcontractors or materials suppliers of the expiration of a bond. Rather, we believe that the Legislature saw fit to place the burden on those subcontractors and materials suppliers, by providing that the payment bond be filed with the governmental unit, with whom the subcontractor or supplier could check to determine the existence of the bond, and by providing for a means by which interested parties could obtain a copy of the bond from the governmental unit.
Moreover, in the absence of an explicitly imposed duty on governmental units to supervise the renewal of bonds and to warn subcontractors and suppliers upon the expiration of bonds, it would be inappropriate to imply such a duty from the statutory scheme, particularly since the statutory scheme has provided for a method by which subcontractors and suppliers could ensure the existence of a payment bond. This is particularly true since it would be a herculean task for those governmental units which are engaged in a number of public works projects at any given time to continually check to ensure that a payment bond is still in force for each project and to determine the identity of the various subcontractors and suppli ers and to advise them of the status of the payment bond. Rather, the simpler method is that provided by the statute, which allows for those subcontractors or suppliers who are concerned about the status of the bond to confirm the existence of a valid bond with the governmental unit. Indeed, it is plaintiff’s failure to confirm the existence of the bond at an earlier stage of the project than it did which has led to its current difficulties. Had it refused to deliver any materials until it was ensured that a valid bond was in existence, it would have avoided all of its current problems.
For the above reasons, we conclude that the trial court correctly concluded that defendant city owed no duty to plaintiff to inform plaintiff that the bond had expired or to ensure that the bond was renewed.
The existence of a legal duty owed by the defendant to the plaintiff is an essential element of a cause of action in negligence. Roulo v Automobile Club of Michigan, 386 Mich 324, 328; 192 NW2d 237 (1971). In the case at bar, since defendant city owed no legal duty to plaintiff, plaintiff’s claim against the city is unenforceable as a matter of law and, therefore, the trial court properly granted summary disposition under MCR 2.116(C)(8) for the failure to state a claim upon which relief may be granted. Beaudin v Michigan Bell Telephone Co, 157 Mich App 185, 187; 403 NW2d 76 (1986).
Because we conclude that summary disposition was appropriate due to the lack of a duty to plaintiff by defendant city, it is unnecessary to consider plaintiff’s second argument, whether its claim is barred by the doctrine of governmental immunity.
Affirmed. Defendant city may tax costs. | [
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Beasley, J.
Plaintiff, Deepdale Memorial Gardens, a limited partnership, appeals from a judgment entered in favor of defendants, the Administrative Secretary of Cemetery Regulations for the State of Michigan, A. J. Desmond & Sons Funeral Directors, Inc., and Michigan Funeral Directors Association, Inc. The judgment was awarded pursuant to an order for summary disposition under MCR 2.116(C)(10). On appeal, we affirm the judgment.
Deepdale had sought a declaratory judgment that MCL 339.1812; MSA 18.425(1812), which prohibits a cemetery owner from owning or managing a funeral establishment, was unconstitutional, as applied to Deepdale, as a violation of the Due Process and Equal Protection Clauses of the federal and state constitutions.
In 1984, Deepdale’s request to the State Board of Mortuary Science for a license to operate a funeral home on five acres adjoining its cemetery was denied under § 1812, which provides as follows:
(1) An individual, partnership, association, municipal corporation, body politic, or corporation which owns or conducts, either directly or indirectly, a cemetery or burial ground in this state shall not own, manage, supervise, operate, or maintain, either directly or indirectly, a funeral establishment, or permit an officer, agent, or employee to own or maintain a funeral establishment. This subsection shall not apply to an elected official of a city, village, township, or county who serves as an ex officio member of a local cemetery board as a result of holding that office.
(2) An individual, partnership, association, municipal corporation, body politic, or corporation which owns or conducts a cemetery in this state shall not allow a funeral establishment to be owned or conducted on property owned or leased by the cemetery and used for cemetery purposes or designated as a cemetery.
(3) This section shall not prohibit the owner of a private burial ground used for the interment of the owner’s family or the owner’s descendants to own or maintain a funeral establishment under this article.
On appeal, the issue is: Was MCL 339.1812; MSA 18.425(1812) unconstitutional as applied in the denial of plaintiff cemetery’s application for a funeral establishment license?
In arguing that it was unconstitutional, plaintiff cemetery claimed that the statute violated both the federal and state Equal Protection Clauses. The parties here assumed that the proper test to be applied should be the same for a challenge under either the Due Process Clause or the Equal Protection Clause. While we might not otherwise lump together these constitutional issues, because Deepdale bases its argument on authority and reasoning associated with equal protection analysis, we will treat the issue as an equal protection one. This approach finds support in Fox v Employment Security Comm, where the Supreme Court said:
This Court has held numerous times that the Michigan Const 1908, art 2, § 1, secures the same right of equal protection as does its counterpart in the Constitution of the United States. Gauthier v Campbell, Wyant & Cannon Foundry Company, 360 Mich 510, 514 [104 NW2d 182 (1960)], and cases therein cited. The same provisions in Const 1963, art 1, §§ 1 and 2, must likewise be held to afford the same rights as the Federal equal protection clause.
In Michigan, the leading case regarding this type of Equal Protection Clause issue continues to be the three to two decision in Manistee Bank & Trust Co v McGowan, where the Supreme Court struck down as unconstitutional the guest passenger statute. In the majority opinion in Manistee Bank, Justice Levin said the two principal problems in judicial review under the Equal Protection Clause are, first, the role of the courts in constitutional adjudication, and, second, the test to be applied. He pointed out that, in Manistee Bank, many believed that the Legislature would have been the proper forum for deciding whether to repeal or amend the guest passenger statute. While we would opt in the within case for the view that the Legislature is a more appropriate arena to resolve whether or not cemetery owners should be prohibited from holding funeral director’s licenses, we note that in Manistee Bank Justice Levin not only afforded full judicial review but, in fact, decided that the then forty-five-year-old guest passenger statute was unconstitutional. He also said, "[a]ll agree that the power of the Legislature is not without limits.” Under these circumstances, we hesitate to interpret Manistee Bank to permit us to abstain from judicial review. On the contrary, we believe we are required to afford judicial review of this Equal Protection Clause issue.
In his opinion, Justice Levin indicated the various standards for such judicial review. He said if the interest is "fundamental” or the classification "suspect,” the court applies a strict scrutiny test requiring the state to show a "compelling” interest which justifies the classification. But, if the legislation is principally social and economic, then the traditional equal protection test applies. Obviously, prohibiting a cemetery owner from obtaining a mortician’s license neither involves a fundamental interest nor a suspect classification. The legislation here is social and economic in nature, as is indicated by its purposes.
Justice Levin suggested that there are two traditional equal protection tests. One is that if any conceivable state of facts justifies the classification, the legislation is constitutional (Dandridge test). The other is that if there is a fair and substantial relation to the object of the legislation, then it is constitutional (Reed test). After expounding the pros and cons of the standards, he concluded:
Whatever label is attached to the analysis— whether traditional equal protection, Dandridge test, Reed test, means scrutiny, or "a complete and realistic balancing of interests” — "the governing rule is one of reason: The Equal Protection Clause, like the Due Process Clause, is a guaranty that controls the reasonableness of governmental action.” The classification must be a reasonable one, and it must bear a reasonable relation to the object of the legislation.
What is reasonable is in each instance a matter of judgment. In the final analysis, it is a value judgment and should be recognized as such. "Whether the court upholds or invalidates a statute, the court is making policy, making value judgments.” (Emphasis supplied.)
So, too, is the choice of test a matter of judgment. In my judgment, at least where the challenged statute carves out a discrete exception to a general rule and the statutory exception is no longer experimental, the substantial-relation-to-the-object test should be applied.[ ]
In his written opinion, the trial judge dealt extensively with Manistee Bank, saying:
[S]ome form of the restriction embodied in § 1812 has been in effect for over thirty years. In this sense, it would no longer seem to constitute "experimental” legislation. However, it appears § 1812 has received repeated and recent legislative attention. As recently as December, 1982, the Senate considered and rejected a bill to repeal § 1812. This circumstance indicates the statute may be considered as being still experimental in nature.
The trial judge placed reliance upon McAvoy v H B Sherman Co, saying:
The McAvoy court went on to rule that where, as here, the challenged legislation is primarily social and economic, involving property rights, not fundamental rights, the "substantial relation” test recognized in Manistee Bank is not applicable.
Defendants assert that MCL 339.1812; MSA 18.425(1812) has four purposes:
(1) Preservation and promotion of competition within the cemetery industry and the funeral profession;
(2) Protection of consumers by ensuring the independence of the funeral profession;
(3) Preservation and maintenance of the personal and professional service aspects of funeral directing; and
(4) Ensuring public accountability of funeral professionals._
Noting a senator’s voiced objection to the 1982 repeal bill, the trial judge concluded that § 1812 contained a rational relationship to legitimate governmental purposes and, therefore, awarded summary disposition to defendants. We believe the trial judge reached the correct result. Generally, statutes such as § 1812, which exercise the state’s police power and deal primarily with socioeconomic interests, are reviewed using the traditional rational basis test. A statute is presumed constitutional and the challenger must meet the burden of showing that either: (1) under any reasonable state of facts, the statute does not serve a legitimate governmental purpose; or (2) the classification does not bear a rational relationship to a legitimate state purpose.
Deepdale argues that the higher "substantial relation to the purpose of the statute” standard used by the majority in Manistee Bank is appropriate here. This contention is essentially based on an already quoted portion of one paragraph in the opinion of Justice Levin:
In my judgment, at least where the challenged statute carves out a discrete exception to a general rule and the statutory exception is no longer experimental, the substantial-relation-to-the-object test should be applied.[ ]
We do not agree and reject this higher standard for two reasons. First, we believe that the almost constant legislative attention to the statute in the form of repeal attempts indicates the statute is still somewhat experimental. Also, we believe that the trend in subsequent decisions has been away from the means scrutiny for cases which do not involve fundamental rights or suspect classifications, see Anderson v Grosse Pointe Park Fire Dep’t and Michigan State Employees Ass’n v MESC.
For these reasons, we do not believe that this case falls within the Manistee Bank exception that would require a substantial relation to a governmental purpose. But, if we did, we would nevertheless believe that the Legislation here in question bears a substantial relation to legitimate governmental purposes. While there is plenty of room for a difference of opinion, we would believe that the Legislature had an ample, rational basis to conclude that competition in the cemetery and funeral businesses was preserved by prohibiting one agency from both owning and operating a cemetery and acting as a mortician. Consequently, under either test, we would affirm.
Affirmed.
US Const, Am XIV; Const 1963, art 1, § 2.
379 Mich 579, 588; 153 NW2d 644 (1967).
394 Mich 655; 232 NW2d 636 (1975).
Id. at 666.
Manistee Bank, supra at 668.
See Dandridge v Williams, 397 US 471, 485-486; 90 S Ct 1153; 25 L Ed 2d 491 (1970).
See Reed v Reed, 404 US 71; 92 S Ct 251; 30 L Ed 2d 225 (1971).
Manistee Bank, supra at 671.
401 Mich 419, 453; 258 NW2d 414 (1977).
Anderson v Grosse Pointe Park Fire Dep’t, 134 Mich App 790; 352 NW2d 697 (1984).
McAvoy, supra.
Manistee Bank, supra at 671.
Supra, n 10.
94 Mich App 677, 689; 290 NW2d 729 (1980). | [
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Per Curiam.
Defendant was convicted of assault with intent to rob while armed, MCL 750.89; MSA 28.284, and assault with intent to do great bodily harm less than murder, MCL 750.84; MSA 28.279. He was sentenced to ten to fifteen years and five to ten years respectively on the convictions, the sentences to run concurrently. Defendant appeals as of right. We affirm defendant’s convictions.
Witnesses for the prosecution testified at trial that defendant attacked and beat the victim, a seven-month-pregnant woman, with a baseball bat while she was walking home from grocery shopping on the evening of January 9, 1986. As the victim lay on the ground, defendant demanded the victim’s money. Hearing the victim’s screams, one of the witnesses interceded and chased defendant away. Defendant presented alibi witnesses who testified that defendant was at his sister’s home on the evening of January 9, 1986. The alibi witnesses stated they remembered the date because the gas had been cut off at the sister’s home at 3:00 p.m. that day, and defendant and other members of the family were there all afternoon and evening till about 9:00 or 9:30 p.m. trying to get the gas back on.
Defendant claims that the trial court erred in allowing a gas company employee to testify in rebuttal to defendant’s alibi defense because the witness was not listed on the rebuttal witness list within the prescribed time before trial. MCL 768.20(2); MSA 28.1043(2), MCL 768.21(2); MSA 28.1044(2).
The legislative intent behind the enactment of the rebuttal-of-alibi notice requirement was to prevent surprise at trial. People v Terry Alexander, 82 Mich App 621, 627; 267 NW2d 466 (1978), lv den 406 Mich 936 (1979). However, that was based upon "a system of liberal discovery which gives both parties the maximum possible amount of information with which to prepare their cases and thereby reduce the possibility of surprise at trial.” Wardius v Oregon, 412 US 470, 473; 93 S Ct 2208, 2211; 37 L Ed 2d 82, 87 (1973). Failure to comply with the statutory notice requirements mandates exclusion of the proffered evidence. Id.
MCL 768.21(2); MSA 28.1044(2), which requires the court to exclude rebuttal evidence for failure to file the required notice of rebuttal, applies to both §§20 and 20a of the statute. Sections 20(2) and 20a(7) clearly provide that the notice of rebuttal can be filed "at such other time as the court directs.” This phrase has been interpreted as giving the trial judge discretion to allow the prosecution to file a late notice of rebuttal even though the trial has commenced. People v Stinson, 113 Mich App 719, 724-725; 318 NW2d 513 (1982); People v Williams, 107 Mich App 798, 800-801; 310 NW2d 246 (1981); People v Coulter, 94 Mich App 531, 535; 288 NW2d 448 (1980); People v Fisher, 87 Mich App 350, 355; 274 NW2d 788 (1978). Any other interpretation of the statute would render the phrase "at such other time as the court directs” meaningless. Stinson, supra at 725. We agree with Judge Allen’s dissent in People v Wilson, 90 Mich App 317, 323; 282 NW2d 2 (1979), lv den 407 Mich 947 (1979).
We disagree that the trial court clearly erred in finding due diligence pursuant to MCL 768.20(3); MSA 28.1043(3) by the prosecution in obtaining the name of the rebuttal alibi witness. The trial court’s finding of due diligence will not be reversed on appeal absent an abuse of discretion. People v Smith, 152 Mich App 756, 762; 394 NW2d 94 (1986). "Due diligence is defined as doing everything reasonable, not everything possible.” People v LeFlore (After Remand), 122 Mich App 314, 319; 333 NW2d 47 (1983).
Defendant’s alibi witnesses were apparently uncooperative and refused to give statements to the officer in charge prior to trial. The prosecution was unable to learn about the gas shut-off until the alibi witnesses testified at trial. Therefore, the prosecution could not have known about the gas company rebuttal witness and provided notice until that time. See, e.g., People v Diaz, 98 Mich App 675; 296 NW2d 337 (1980). After arguments on the matter, defense counsel stated: "Having thought the matter out, if the prosecutor wants to check with the gas company as to when the gas was cut off, I don’t have any objection if she wants to do that, if the court feels it’s worth the time.” Under these circumstances, we hold that the trial court did not abuse its discretion in permitting the prosecution to give notice and call the gas company employee as a rebuttal alibi witness after trial had commenced.
We further hold that the evidence by the rebuttal witness as to the date of the gas shut-off was directly relevant to a substantial issue in the case and was properly admitted by the trial court. The decision to admit evidence in rebuttal rests within the trial court’s discretion. If the evidence is improperly admitted during rebuttal, reversal is required only if the error was so egregious as to result in a miscarriage of justice. People v Hubbard, 159 Mich App 321, 327; 406 NW2d 287 (1987). Facts directly relevant to the substantive issues in the case are not considered to be collateral. People v Rosen, 136 Mich App 745, 759; 358 NW2d 584 (1984), lv den 422 Mich 924 (1985).
Defendant had raised the issue of his whereabouts on the date in question. As this went to the absolute ability of the defendant to commit the crime, it is not a collateral matter and the prosecutor could call witnesses to disprove defendant’s alibi. Further, the evidence tended to disprove the exact testimony given by the alibi witnesses. See People v McGillen #1, 392 Mich 251; 220 NW2d 677 (1974); People v Etchison, 123 Mich App 448, 451; 333 NW2d 309 (1983), lv den 417 Mich 1100.14 (1983). The trial court did not commit error in allowing the gas company employee to testify as to the date of the gas shut-off.
Finally, we hold that the trial court did not commit clear error in permitting the prosecutor to endorse Diedre Griffen as a res gestae witness subsequent to the final conference memorandum. MCL 767.40; MSA 28.980. Defendant was given the opportunity to interview Ms. Griffen prior to trial and did, in fact, interview her. Therefore we do not believe that defendant is justified in claiming "surprise” in this case.
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Sawyer, J.
Plaintiff was injured at a company picnic held on July 29, 1972, in Menominee, Michigan. Defendant Badger Manufacturing is a Wisconsin company which does no business in Michigan. Plaintiff received benefits under the Wisconsin workers’ compensation system for a number of years following the accident. In 1982, she applied for benefits under the Michigan system. The hearing referee denied benefits, concluding that Michigan did not have jurisdiction over the claim and that plaintiff would have to look to Wisconsin as her sole source of compensation benefits.
Plaintiff then appealed to the Workers’ Compensation Appeal Board, which reversed. The wcab held that Michigan and Wisconsin had concurrent jurisdiction over the claim and that plaintiff was eligible for benefits under Michigan law. Defendants now appeal by leave granted and we reverse.
Plaintiff was injured while attending a company picnic held at Henes Park in Menominee, Michigan. The wcab summarized the facts as follows:
At the time of injury, and at the time of hearing, plaintiff was a resident of Menominee, Michigan. It is not disputed that she worked for defendant, a Wisconsin employer, under a contract of hire made in Wisconsin. Hér job duties were performed exclusively in Wisconsin. Plaintiff claimed injury while assisting in some games at the employer-sponsored picnic on Saturday, July 29, 1972. While plaintiff was attempting to tie the legs of two boys together in preparation for the three-legged race, one of the contestants apparently pushed plaintiff backward, causing her to sustain injuries to her back.
* * *
Plaintiff, first employed by defendant in 1968, testified she attended her first company picnic on July 29, 1972. Although co-employees had questioned her non-appearance at prior picnics, it was plaintiff’s understanding that attendance was purely voluntary at the annual event. Plaintiff recalled notices were posted in the plant, while Alfred Eisenzoph, plaintiff’s then-foreman, and Fred Morois, employed in the tool room in 1972, also recalled that notices were included in employee pay envelopes. It was further established that defendant paid for all food and drink consumed at the picnic, but sent the notices out only to ascertain the number of employees and/or family members who would be attending the event. It was further established that the event was always held on a Saturday, a non-work day, and no wages were paid to anyone on that date. There was also no evidence to suggest that defendant utilized this picnic to praise individual employees or give out awards, or in any other way use this event as an organized method to further company goals or achievements.
On July 29, 1972, the picnic was held in a public park in Menominee, Michigan, although the plant itself was located across the river in Minette [sic — Marinette?], Wisconsin. In addition to food and drink, organized activities including the three-legged race, were part of the program. Plaintiff volunteered to help in this activity, and while tying the legs of two contestants together in preparation for the race, she was pushed, falling backward and injuring her back.
Plaintiff testified that she, along with several other co-employees, was approached by a former coworker named Carol Denowski who had been previously promoted to the office area. At the meeting, held in the plant cafeteria, plaintiff as well as other co-employees were asked to help out on the game committee, and plaintiff agreed to do so.
Although the wcab’s opinion only makes passing reference to the facts surrounding the organization of various activities at the picnic, it appears from the testimony that various activities were engaged in, such as horseshoes, softball, tug of war, egg throwing and various other games for the children. These activities were organized by those employees who volunteered to do so. A coworker was able to get plaintiff to volunteer to assist with the children’s games. As indicated above, plaintiff was injured when one of the children entered in the three-legged race pushed her and she fell on her buttocks.
The first question for our consideration is whether the "but for” test outlined in Nemeth v Michigan Building Components, 390 Mich 734; 213 NW2d 144 (1973), is applicable to the case at bar. Both plaintiff and the wcab contend that Nemeth controls the case at bar. Defendants, on the other hand, argue that Nemeth is distinguishable from the case at bar and urges us to adopt the test set forth in 1A Larson, Workmen’s Compensation Law, § 22.00, p 5 — 82.
Before we can consider adopting the Larson test, we must determine the applicability of Nemeth to the case at bar since, no matter how appealing the Larson test may be, we cannot prefer it over Nemeth if the Supreme Court case is applicable. We conclude that Nemeth is distinguishable from the case at bar.
In Nemeth, supra, the employee was injured while using an upright radial saw on the employer’s premises after work while working on a personal project for a coworker. The Supreme Court, in an opinion by Justice Levin, applied a "but for” test in concluding that the injury arose out of the employee’s employment:
But for the employment relationship, Nemeth probably would not have been importuned by the fellow employee to use the saw and, but for the employment relationship, he would not have been allowed to use either the employer’s saw or his premises for this purpose. [390 Mich 736-737.]
Justice Levin went on to note that liability has been imposed on employers where the injury occurred during a social activity and that, in Nemeth, the fact that the employer allowed Nemeth to "use the machine after hours similarly served to promote and maintain good employer-employee relationships.” Id. at 738.
A broad reading of the Nemeth decision and its "but for” test would result in plaintiffs being eligible for benefits in the case at bar. However, we do not believe that such a broad reading of Nemeth is appropriate. Rather, we believe that there is an important distinction between an injury sustained at the place of business, albeit while using machinery on a personal project, and an injury sustained at a company picnic held off the premises during nonwork hours. In fact, in the recreational setting, this distinction is considered by one of the factors of the Larson test.
In discussing whether recreational or social activities are within the scope of employment, Larson, supra, § 22.00, p 5 — 82, sets forth the following test:
Recreational or social activities are within the course of employment when
(1) They occur on the premises during a lunch or recreation period as a regular incident of the employment; or
(2) The employer, by expressly or impliedly requiring participation, or by making the activity part of the services of an employee, brings the activity within the orbit of the employment; or
(3) The employer derives substantial direct benefit from the activity beyond the intangible value of improvement in employee health and morale that is common to all kinds of recreation and social life.
The situation in Nemeth is similar to that set forth under the first prong of the Larson test. Although Nemeth was not injured during a lunch or recreation period as a regular incident of the employment, he was injured on the premises during his own personal time. In any event, we believe that the issue of injuries occurring at the company picnic is sufficiently different from Nemeth, supra, to warrant the conclusion that Nemeth does not apply to the case at bar.
Having concluded that Nemeth does not apply, it becomes necessary to determine what test should be applied. We have been unable to find, nor have the parties cited, any cases which con sider the test to be applied in compensation cases where the injury occurs at a company picnic or the like. Inasmuch as it appears that the wcab has applied the Larson test, and we believe that the Larson test represents an appropriate application of the Michigan workers’ compensation act to these situations, we adopt the Larson test.
Our task of applying the Larson test to the case at bar is made considerably easier by the fact that the wcab specifically concluded that plaintiff would not be eligible for benefits under the Larson test:
Generally speaking, none of the three criteria applied to the instant case. In this matter, the company picnic was not held on the premises of defendant, nor was it held during a lunch or recreation period. Under number two, the employer did not require participation, and this was corroborated not only by plaintiff but also by two other co-employees. Finally, under number three, there was no indication that the employer derived any benefit from the activity beyond the presumed value of improvement in employee health and morale as noted by Dr. Larson.
The wcab then went on to consider the more detailed analysis contained in Larson, supra, § 22.23, p 5 — 110, which provides as follows:
EMPLOYER SPONSORSHIP: COMPANY PICNICS AND PARTIES
When the degree of employer involvement descends from compulsion to mere sponsorship or encouragement, the questions become closer, and it becomes necessary to consult a series of tests bearing on work-connection. The most prolific illustrations of this problem are company picnics and office parties. Among the questions to be asked are: Did the employer in fact sponsor the event? To what extent was attendance really voluntary? Was there some degree of encouragement to attend in such factors as taking a record of attendance, paying for the time spent, requiring the employee to work if he did not attend, or maintaining a known custom of attending? Did the employer finance the occasion to a substantial extent? Did the employees regard it as an employment benefit to which they were entitled as of right? Did the employer benefit from the event, not merely in a vague way through better morale and good will, but through such tangible advantages as having an opportunity to make speeches and awards?
The wcab applied these factors to the facts of the instant case as follows:
Again, applying the specific facts to the guidelines delineated by Professor Larson, it is clear that plaintiff’s injury did not arise out of and in the course of her employment by virtue of her attendance at a company sponsored picnic. Addressing each question in turn, we note that the employer did sponsor the event, but that attendance was entirely voluntary on the part of the employees, both hourly and management. The extent of employer interest involved only the numbers of people to attend so as to insure sufficient food and drink. The evidence persuades us that there was no degree of encouragement to attend. The employees were not paid, there was no record made of ¿ttendance or non-attendance, the picnic was scheduled on a non-work day when no work was scheduled, and there was no indication that the employees regarded it as a benefit to which they were entitled. As noted by the three employees who testified, most did not attend the picnic on a regular basis. In fact, Mr. Eisenzoph testified that the picnics started in response to the policy of other companies in the area in holding picnics on an annual basis. He further testified that attendance had dropped from approximately 80 percent in 1972 to about 60 percent in 1982. Finally, there is no indication that the employer reaped any benefit from the event other than the presumed better morale and goodwill generated among the employees. There was no evidence to suggest that the employer used the event to present awards to employees or further the goals or achievements of the company or the individuals.
We see no basis for disagreeing with the wcab's findings in this regard. Thus, we conclude that, in applying the Larson test, plaintiff is ineligible for compensation benefits for her injury which occurred at the company picnic.
For the above reasons, we reverse the decision of the wcab and remand the matter to the wcab to enter an order in favor of defendants. We do not retain jurisdiction. Defendants may tax costs.
The parties do not raise on appeal the question whether Michigan has concurrent jurisdiction with Wisconsin. Rather, the parties have limited this appeal to the question of plaintiffs eligibility for benefits under Michigan law as applied to the factual situation in which her injuries arose. Since the issue is not raised on appeal, we shall assume, without deciding, that the wcab correctly concluded that Michigan shares jurisdiction with Wisconsin.
We note with interest that several decisions of the wcab, which are cited by the wcab panel in the case at bar, applied the Larson test even after the Supreme Court’s decision in Nemeth, supra. The wcab’s opinion cites as examples the decisions in Kissel v Korvettes, 1980 WCABO 2970; Boyle v Oakwood Hospital Corp, 1980 WCABO 2626; Burmeister v City of Grandville, 1981 WCABO 978.
For that matter, we cannot expect the Larson test to perfectly match the Nemeth situation since the Larson test concerns recreational or social activities and not personal use of the employer’s equipment. | [
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Per Curiam.
Following a bench trial, defendant was acquitted of first-degree murder, MCL 750.316; MSA 28.548, and possession of a firearm in the commission of a felony, MCL 750.227b; MSA 28.424(2), on the ground that he was insane when the offenses were committed. Defendant appeals as of right from the order committing him to the Center for Forensic Psychiatry pursuant to § 1050 of the Mental Health Code, MCL 330.2050; MSA 14.800(1050). We agree with defendant that the final paragraph of the commitment order is improper and modify the order accordingly.
Section 1050 of the Mental Health Code, MCL 330.2050; MSA 14.800(1050), sets forth specifically the action a circuit court must take after finding a defendant not guilty by reason of insanity. The section states in pertinent part:
(1) The court shall immediately commit any person who is acquitted of a criminal charge by reason of insanity to the custody of the center for forensic psychiatry, for a period not to exceed 60 days. . . . The center shall thoroughly examine and evaluate the present mental condition of the person in order to reach an opinion on whether the person meets the criteria of a person requiring treatment or for judicial admission set forth in section 401 or 515.
(2) Within the 60-day period the center shall file a report with the court, prosecuting attorney, and defense counsel. The report shall contain a summary of the crime which the patient committed but of which he was acquitted by reason of insanity and an opinion as to whether the person meets the criteria of a person requiring treatment or for judicial admission as defined by section 401 or 515, and the facts upon which the opinion is based. . . .
(3) After receipt of the report, the court may direct the prosecuting attorney to file a petition ... for an order of hospitalization or an order of admission to a facility with the probate court of the person’s county of residence or of the county in which the criminal trial was held. . . . The report from the court containing the facts concerning the crime for which he was acquitted by reason of insanity shall be admissible in the hearings.
(4) If the report states the opinion that the person meets the criteria of a person requiring treatment or for judicial admission, and if a petition is to be filed pursuant to subsection (3), the center may retain the person pending a hearing on the petition. . . .
(5) The release provisions of sections 476 to 479 of this act shall apply to a person found to have committed a crime by a court or jury, but who is acquitted by reason of insanity, except that a person shall not be discharged or placed on leave without first being evaluated and recommended for discharge or leave by the department’s program for forensic psychiatry ....
The discharge provisions are set forth in MCL 330.1476; MSA 14.800(476):
(1) The director may at any time discharge a voluntarily or judicially hospitalized patient whom the director deems clinically suitable for discharge.
(2) The director shall discharge a patient hospitalized by court order when the patient’s mental condition is such that he no longer meets the criteria of a person requiring treatment.
(3) If a patient discharged pursuant to subsection (1) or (2) has been hospitalized by court order, or if court proceedings are pending, the court shall be notified of the discharge by the hospital.
In the instant case, the first paragraph of the court’s commitment order mirrored subsections (1) and (2) of MCL 330.2050; MSA 14.800(1050). However, following those paragraphs, the court stated:
It is further ordered that the employees and agents of the Center for Forensic Psychiatry are restrained from discharging Respondent or authorizing his leave of absence until a petition is filed with this Court upon the Respondent’s behalf, with notice to the Prosecution, and it is established following court hearing or trial that William Carson is no longer a person requiring treatment.
The court relied on Teasel v Dep’t of Mental Health, 419 Mich 390; 355 NW2d 75 (1984).
We find this last paragraph of the court’s order to be contrary to law. There is no provision in the Mental Health Code which allows a circuit court to hold a hearing or trial to determine whether a defendant may be discharged from a mental health facility. Rather, MCL 330.1476; MSA 14.800(476) states expressly that the director of the facility must discharge the defendant. The only provision in the statute providing for a hearing is subsection (3), which states that if, after the defendant’s mandatory sixty-day stay, the facility recommends extended hospitalization, the prosecutor must file a petition in probate court, which must hold a hearing to determine whether the defendant should be hospitalized for an extended period. The offending paragraph in the instant order does not refer to subsection (3) but, rather, states simply that defendant may not be discharged without a trial or hearing in circuit court.
The court’s reliance on Teasel, supra, is misplaced, as Teasel is distinguishable. In Teasel, the Court held that a defendant-patient could petition the circuit court for a writ of mandamus to compel the director of a mental health facility to comply with MCL 330.1476; MSA 14.800(476) before discharging him. Teasel, supra, p 412. Teasel does not allow the circuit court to enter an order like the one at bar. Thus, the portion of the order providing that employees of the Center for Forensic Psychiatry are restrained from discharging defendant until a petition is filed and a hearing held is vacated. The balance of the order shall remain in effect.
Reversed in part.
In re Portus, 142 Mich App 799; 371 NW2d 871 (1985), also cited by the trial court, seems facially supportive of the trial court’s decision. The issue raised here was not, however, raised in In re Portus. In addition, the trial on the issue of continued hospitalization in Portus was conducted in the probate and not in the circuit court. | [
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